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Massachusetts v. Purdue is a lawsuit filed on August 14, 2018, suing the Stamford, Connecticut-based company Purdue Pharma LP, which created and manufactures OxyContin, "one of the most widely used and prescribed opioid drugs on the market", and Purdue's owners, the Sacklers accusing them of "widespread fraud and deception in the marketing of opioids, and contributing to the opioid crisis, the nationwide epidemic that has killed thousands." Purdue denied the allegations. The case On June 1, 2018, Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey notified eight members of the Sackler family Richard Stephen Sackler, Beverly Sackler, David Sackler, Ilene Sackler Lefcourt, Jonathan Sackler, Kathe Sackler, Mortimer David Alfons (Mortimer) Sackler, Theresa Sackler, as well as Purdue's Peter Boer, Judith Lewent, Cecil Pickett, Paulo Costa, Ralph Snyderman, John Stewart, Mark Timney, and Craig Landau of her intention to file a 300-page lawsuit accusing Purdue and eight members of the Sackler family and nine other people currently or formerly associated with the company "of misleading doctors and patients about the risks of OxyContin." Healey alleged that "Purdue deceived patients and doctors to get them to prescribe and take the addictive drug." Healey said in the court complaint that, "Revealing the truth about Purdue's misconduct is important to achieve justice and make sure deception like Purdue's never happens again." On June 16, NBC described Healey's lawsuit that named eight of the Sackler family members, as an "unusual step". On December 21, 2018, AG Healey filed an amended complaint to Massachusetts v. Purdue with 700 redacted sections. Purdue Pharma had unsuccessfully attempted to prevent documents that were part of the AG's complaint, public. According to CNN, in a ruling by Massachusetts Superior Court Judge Janet L. Sanders, an "unredacted amended complaint must be publicly released by February 1". In response, Purdue Pharma filed a motion on January 30 to stay Judge Sanders' order that "could expose details about one of America's richest families and their connection to the nation's opioid crisis." In the lawsuit, Healey said that eight members of the Sackler family are "personally responsible" for the deception. She alleges they "micromanaged" a "deceptive sales campaign." On January 31, Judge Sanders agreed with The Times and other media organizations, that the entire complaint related to Massachusetts v. Purdue, should be made public, in spite of Purdue's efforts to block the release. Background In 1995, Purdue Pharma laboratory tests showed that "68% of the oxycodone could be extracted from an OxyContin tablet when crushed". A July 1996 study co-authored by Paul D. Goldenheim MD - who later became Purdue's chief medical officer - published in the Journal of Clinical Pharmacology reported that the controlled-release (CR) formulation - by mouth - had a variable duration of action ranging from 10 to 12 hours. The report by eight authors said that, "[t]reatment with CR oxycodone was safe and effective in this study, and its characteristics will be beneficial in the treatment of pain." The report said that the study was independent of Purdue Pharma. In 1996, Purdue Pharma "began a massive marketing campaign", based on a "unique claim" for OxyContin, with FDA permission, that, "as a long-acting opioid, it might be less likely to cause abuse and addiction than shorter-acting painkillers like Percocet." By 1998, Purdue's audiotapes, brochures, videotapes, literature and its website "Partners Against Pain", "claimed that the risk of addiction from OxyContin was extremely small." In 2001 New York Times journalist Barry Meier, who is the author of Pain Killer: A Wonder Drug's Trail of Addiction and Death, began investigating Purdue Pharma and OxyContin, then a relatively unknown drug made by a relatively unknown family the Sacklers, who were at that time "one of the wealthiest families in the United States". In an August 24, 2001 taped-interview with three top Purdue executives, CEO Michael Friedman, Howard Udell and Dr. Paul Goldenheim, the executives told Meier that "they had learned of OxyContin’s growing abuse only in early 2000, a statement they also made before congressional committees". The number of prescriptions of OcyContin rose to more than 14 million in 2001 and 2002 up from 316, 000 prescriptions in 1996. This represented almost $3 billion in sales compared to $44 million in 1996. Purdue directly sponsored and/or gave grants for over "20, 000 pain-related educational programs" influencing doctors' prescribing in the United States from 1996 to July 2002. In 2002 during the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Hearing on "OxyContin: balancing risks and benefits", Paul Goldenheim reported that in 2001 alone Purdue spent $200 million marketing OxyContin. A 2004 New York Times review of Meier's 2003 book, Pain Killer, described how "For years, doctors who prescribed OxyContin were told that the risk of addiction to the painkiller was less than 1 percent. Only after the drug had devastated thousands of lives was it revealed that this figure, touted as scientific fact, was based on a small study that had no relevance for the general public." In 2014, the Office of the Attorney General (OAG) of the State of New York began an investigation of Purdue's Abuse and Diversion Detection (ADD) Program and Purdue's unbranded website www.inthefaceofpain.com. In 2015, Purdue entered into an Assurance of Discontinuance with the New York Attorney General. In a 2015 article in the Annual Review of Public Health, researchers wrote that, "Between 1996 and 2002, Purdue Pharma funded more than 20,000 pain-related educational programs through direct sponsorship or financial grants and launched a multifaceted campaign to encourage long-term use of [opioid painkillers] for chronic non-cancer pain. As part of this campaign, Purdue provided financial support to the American Pain Society, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the Federation of State Medical Boards, the Joint Commission, pain patient groups, and other organizations. In turn, these groups all advocated for more aggressive identification and treatment of pain, especially use of [opioid painkillers]." In 2016, investigative journalists Harriet Ryan, Lisa Girion, and Scott Glover of the Los Angeles Times published the results of their extensive investigation into OxyContin, reporting that Purdue had "marketed OxyContin for its supposed ability to provide 12 hours of pain relief", which put it at a competitive advantage over other pain killers. However,"[e]ven before OxyContin went on the market, clinical trials showed many patients weren’t getting 12 hours of relief. Since the drug’s debut in 1996, the company has been confronted with additional evidence, including complaints from doctors, reports from its own sales reps and independent research." In response to the series, Senator Edward J. Markey, (D-MASS) asked the DOJ, the FDA, and the Federal Trade Commission to launch an investigation into Purdue Pharma. In 2017, "Purdue sold $1.74 billion of OxyContin...according to Symphony Health Solutions". Governor Andrew Cuomo said, "The opioid epidemic was manufactured by unscrupulous distributors who developed a $400 billion industry pumping human misery into our communities." On October 30, 2017, The New Yorker published a lengthy exposé on Raymond Sackler, who was the co-founder along with his brother Mortimer Sackler of Purdue Pharma, and the Sackler family, that linked Raymond and his older brother, Arthur Sackler's business acumen with the rise of direct pharmaceutical marketing and eventually to the rise of addiction to OxyContin. The article implies that the Sackler family bears a moral responsibility for the opioid epidemic in the United States. By August 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration continued to approve Purdue's "scientific and medical information it has provided to doctors". By 2018, 27 States and Puerto Rico, including New York, U.S. states, counties and cities, including New York City, Bridgeport, New Haven and Waterbury, had filed lawsuits, accusing "Opioid makers and distributors" of "using deceptive marketing to sell the painkillers". Prior history A 2004 New York Times review of Meier's 2003 book, Pain Killer, described how "For years, doctors who prescribed OxyContin were told that the risk of addiction to the painkiller was less than 1 percent. Only after the drug had devastated thousands of lives was it revealed that this figure, touted as scientific fact, was based on a small study that had no relevance for the general public." The U.S. Department of Justice investigated the allegations. On May 10, 2007, Purdue Frederick Company Inc, a holding company affiliated with Purdue Pharma, along with 3 company executives, pleaded guilty to criminal charges of misbranding OxyContin by claiming that it was less addictive and less subject to abuse and diversion than other opioids" after the U.S. Department of Justice investigated the allegations. They pleaded guilty to a felony charge that it had fraudulently to misled the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and had claimed to doctors and patients that OxyContin would cause less abuse and addiction than competing short-acting narcotics like Percocet and Vicodin." It was fined a total of US$600 million, one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history was put on five years' probation. Purdue Pharma's three top executives, president Michael Friedman, top lawyer, Howard R. Udell, and former chief medical officer Paul D. Goldenheim, pleaded guilty as individuals to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction, a misbranding charge — a criminal violation. At their sentencing hearing in July 2007, Judge James P. Jones of the United States District Court sentenced Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim to three years’ probation", and community service in drug treatment programs and US$19 million, US$8 million and US$7.5 million in fines, respectively, representing $34.5 million in fines. Just before the trial, John Brownlee, the federal attorney in Roanoke in rural Virginia met privately with Barry Meier, author of Pain Killer: A Wonder Drug's Trail of Addiction and Death, to tell him that his August 2001 interview with the three top Purdue executives Friedman, Udell, and Goldenheim, had helped "inform" the DOJ's investigation. Meier and a New York Times photographer met the three executives on May 10, 2007, as they had left the federal courthouse in Roanoke, heading to their corporate jet to go back to Connecticut, just before Brownlee's public announcement of their guilty pleas of "misbranding" OxyContin. According to a May 25, 2018 CNBC article, Rudolph W. Giuliani, who was representing Purdue Pharma as lead counsel and lead spokesmen during their 2006-2007 negotiations with federal prosecutors over charges that the Purdue had misled the public about OxyContin's addictive properties, held meetings with Alice S. Fisher who was head of the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division from 2005 to 2008. Following these meetings, Fisher "chose not to pursue indictments against Purdue Pharma for their role in opioid abuse". Related law suits According to the NPR, the city of Everett, Washington filed a lawsuit in In February 2017, against Purdue Pharma calling for Purdue to cover the costs of the city's opioid crisis which the city claims Purdue caused through their negligence. In January 2018 New York City filed a "lawsuit seeking $500 million from Purdue and seven other opioid makers and distributors to fight the opioid crisis there". A coalition of 41 States is "investigating the opioid industry". In 2016 alone, there were about 3,086 deaths in New York state and over 1,100 in New York City. On December 20, 2018 George Jepsen, the Connecticut Attorney General, brought a lawsuit against Purdue Pharma et al. According to a December 2, 2018 article in Vox opioid companies, including Purdue, have faced an "increasing number of lawsuits from cities, counties, and states blaming the drug manufacturers for irresponsibly fostering the current overdose crisis." According to a January 31, 2019 article in The Guardian, the Oklahoma case against Purdue Pharma will go to trial in May 2019; the first of more than forty states suing Purdue Pharma. New York v Purdue Pharma LP et al New York State Governor Andrew M. Cuomo and Attorney General Barbara D. Underwood announced on August 14, 2018, that they had filed a lawsuit Suffolk County v. Purdue or New York v Purdue Pharma LP et al at the New York State Supreme Court against the Stamford, Connecticut-based company Purdue Pharma LP, which created and manufactures OxyContin, "one of the most widely used and prescribed opioid drugs on the market", and Purdue's owners, the Sacklers The complaint against Purdue Pharma L.P., Purdue Pharma Inc., Pursue Frederick Company, Inc. ("Purdue") and defendants, alleges a "decades-long and continuing pattern of persistent deceptive and illegal conduct, whereby Purdue's misled prescribers and patients about the risks of its opioids, including OxyContin, intentionally understating the risks and overstating the benefits of these powerful and dangerous drugs". They are accused of "widespread fraud and deception in the marketing of opioids, and contributing to the opioid crisis, the nationwide epidemic that has killed thousands." NPR's WSHU described Suffolk County's August 2018 lawsuit as "rare"—while there are "tens of thousands of opioid lawsuits" in the United States naming Purdue Pharma—the Suffolk County lawsuit specifically names the Sackler family. According to an October 30, 2017 The New Yorker, there are eight members of the Sackler family, representing three generations, who were serving on Purdue Pharma's board of directors in 2017. Attorney Paul Hanley, who represents Suffolk County in the lawsuit, said in a radio interview that, the Sackler family "marketed the drug while knowing it was promoting faulty information about it." "[They] were instrumental in developing the entire marketing program for OxyContin, which was predicated upon entirely false science … or no science at all … and because among other things, they have profited grandly from sales of OxyContin." According to Paul Hanley, who is representing Suffolk County in Suffolk County v. Purdue, said that because of the release of new evidence in October 2018, he expanded the 2016 lawsuit to include the Sackler family.

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Alfred Wilkinson may refer to:

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2017 New Japan Pro-Wrestling event The New Beginning in Osaka (2017) was a professional wrestling event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on February 11, 2017, in Osaka, Osaka, at Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium and featured nine matches, five of which were contested for championships. In the main event, Tetsuya Naito defended the IWGP Intercontinental Championship against Michael Elgin. This was the twelfth event under the New Beginning name and the fourth under the New Beginning in Osaka name. Production Background The event aired worldwide on NJPW's internet streaming site, NJPW World, with English commentary provided by Kevin Kelly and Don Callis, the latter of whom replaced Kelly's previous broadcast partner Steve Corino. The event was sold out by January 25. Storylines The New Beginning in Osaka featured nine professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The New Beginning in Osaka was main evented by Tetsuya Naito making his third defense of the IWGP Intercontinental Championship against Michael Elgin. Naito originally won the title from Elgin on September 25, 2016, at Destruction in Kobe. A rematch between the two had been scheduled for Power Struggle on November 5, but on October 10, Elgin suffered a legitimate broken left eye socket, while taking a dropkick from Naito, which forced him to pull out of the match. Elgin remained sidelined until Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2017, during which he won the pre-show New Japan Rumble. Later that same day, Elgin confronted Naito, after he had successfully defended the Intercontinental Championship against Hiroshi Tanahashi, threatening to crush his jaw as revenge for his orbital fracture. The following day, Elgin pinned Naito in a tag team match to cement his status as Naito's next challenger. The match was officially announced on January 10. Another top match would see new IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Hiromu Takahashi make his first title defense against Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) wrestler Dragon Lee. The two had developed a storyline rivalry with each other in CMLL, where NJPW had sent Takahashi on a learning excursion. Takahashi, then known as "Kamaitachi", had entered CMLL wearing a mask, but lost it to Dragon Lee during their rivalry in a Lucha de Apuestas Mask vs. Mask match. The rivalry also made it to Japan during the CMLL and NJPW co-produced Fantastica Mania 2016, when Kamaitachi made a surprise appearance on the January 23 event, attacking Dragon Lee. This led to a match the following day, where Kamaitachi defeated Dragon Lee to become the new CMLL World Super Lightweight Champion. After losing the title back to Dragon Lee on March 4, Takahashi's tour of CMLL ended and he returned to NJPW under his real name in November 2016, winning the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome. The following day, Dragon Lee made a surprise appearance, attacking Takahashi during a match and posing with his IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship belt afterwards, insinuating he wanted a title match. The match was officially announced five days later. Before the title match, Takahashi and Lee faced off during the NJPW and CMLL co-produced Fantastica Mania 2017 tour. During the January 20 event, Takahashi attacked Lee after he had successfully defended the CMLL World Lightweight Championship against Bárbaro Cavernario, but was laid out himself. On the final day of the tour, January 22, Lee attacked Takahashi after a match, but this time Takahashi got the better of the exchange and unmasked his Osaka challenger. Lee stated that were he to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship, he could have title matches in both Mexico and Japan, even bringing up the possibility of defending the title against his older brother Místico. Lee also stated that the title would allow him to realize one of his dreams of taking part in NJPW's annual Best of the Super Juniors tournament. The IWGP Tag Team Championship would also be defended at The New Beginning in Osaka in a three-way match involving Chaos (Tomohiro Ishii and Toru Yano), G.B.H. (Togi Makabe and Tomoaki Honma) and Suzuki-gun's Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Takashi Iizuka. This was originally scheduled to be a rematch from The New Beginning in Sapporo on February 5 with Smith teaming with his regular K.E.S. partner Lance Archer, however, Archer had to pull out of the event due to a herniated disc in his back, leading to Iizuka taking his spot. The New Beginning in Osaka also featured Katsuyori Shibata taking on Will Ospreay. Originally announced on January 10 as a "special singles match", the match was to become a title match, contested for the British Heavyweight Championship, provided that Shibata first retained the title during his tour of English promotion Revolution Pro Wrestling, taking place later in January. On January 21, Shibata successfully defended the title against Matt Riddle in London, England, which led to NJPW officially announcing two days later that the match in Osaka would be contested for the title. As part of NJPW's working relationship with RevPro, Shibata made his debut for the English promotion in July 2016, winning the British Heavyweight Championship from Zack Sabre Jr. the following November. The match between Shibata and Ospreay was set up on January 5, 2017, when Ospreay confronted Shibata and told him that he had something Ospreay wanted. The final title match of the event would see Hiroshi Tanahashi, Manabu Nakanishi and Ryusuke Taguchi defend the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship against the Los Ingobernables de Japón trio of Bushi, Evil and Sanada. Bushi, Evil and Sanada won the title in a four-team gauntlet match at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, but lost it the following day to Tanahashi, Nakanishi and Taguchi in what marked Nakanishi's first title win in seven and a half years. On January 10, NJPW announced a rematch between the two teams for The New Beginning in Osaka. Other notable matches included Kazuchika Okada and Minoru Suzuki facing off in a six-man tag team match, six days after their IWGP Heavyweight Championship match at The New Beginning in Sapporo, where Okada retained the title. Okada teams with his Chaos partners and reigning IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions Roppongi Vice (Beretta and Rocky Romero), while Suzuki teams with his Suzuki-gun partners Taichi and Yoshinobu Kanemaru. Originally Suzuki's partners were announced as Taichi and Taka Michinoku, who challenged Roppongi Vice for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship in Sapporo, however, after losing the match, their Suzuki-gun stablemates El Desperado and Kanemaru stepped up as the next challengers, which led to them being switched as Suzuki's partners on February 6. However, two days later, NJPW announced that El Desperado would be forced to miss the event due to a knee injury, which led to Taichi being added back to the match. switch in the Osaka card the following day. The New Beginning in Osaka was noteworthy for Kenny Omega and the entire Bullet Club stable being absent from the event. Reception Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter gave the main event between Naito and Elgin a full five-star rating, stating that "Naito is clearly New Japan's MVP right now". Results

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This is a list of villains in the television show VR Troopers. Ziktor Industries Ziktor Industries is a company owned by the fictional Karl Ziktor, A.K.A. Grimlord. The company served as his base of operations from the other side of the reality barrier. It is operated as ruthlessly as the virtual world and is poorly regarded by many of Cross World City's citizens. However, no one (the Troopers and Professor Hart included) is aware that Ziktor and Grimlord are the same person. Very little is seen of the building except for the exterior (taken from Metalder) and Ziktor's office. Throughout the show's run, the office scenes mostly serve as a bridge into Ziktor's transformation into Grimlord and most of his actions take place in Virtual Reality than here. The sole pieces of equipment are an energy orb (as seen in season one) or an energy prism (as seen in season two) which Ziktor uses to become Grimlord and an intercom to communicate with agents who eventually become Skugs in each episode. Occupants Ziktor Industries' main occupants are few in number, and the episodes feature Ziktor surrounded by tall, ice cold women in black leather and high heels (all of which really are Skugs), a scientist named Strickland (also a Skug), or other agents he had previously attached to assignments and who arrive to report their progress (who are revealed to be Skugs in each episode). Ziktor also has a pet iguana named Juliet whom he occasionally strokes and pampers while gloating. Major Villains The VR Troopers fight the forces of Grimlord and his minions to keep their armies from invading the Earth reality: Grimlord Grimlord (portrayed by Gardner Baldwin) was the alter ego of billionaire Karl Ziktor, the owner of Ziktor Industries and the primary enemy of the VR Troopers television series. Many years ago, Grimlord was responsible for the capture of scientist Tyler Steele and the near death of Professor Horatio Hart forcing Hart to remain in virtual reality to stay alive. Grimlord, during the same measures taken above, also accessed a source of Tyler's and Hart's experiments in Inter-reality travel and gained the incredible powers required to access cyberspace. Upon arriving in Virtual Reality, Grimlord soon assembled a fierce army of mutants and cyborgs commanding them from a place of authority. In the first season, this was the Virtual Dungeon. In the second season, it was the orbiting Virtual Dark Fortress. He also appointed several mutants and cyborgs as authority figures themselves including General Ivar and Colonel Icebot. In perhaps the greatest irony, Grimlord transformed Tyler into Dark Heart, yet Dark Heart turned traitor after Ryan freed him from execution. When Ryan and Dark Heart confronted Grimlord, he ended up escaping after setting the Virtual Dungeon to self-destruct. When Dark Heart regressed back to Tyler Steele, Grimlord abducted Tyler with his magic as he still needed Tyler for his next plot. Grimlord, like the Troopers, had a civilian identity and can travel between both realities on a regular basis. He uses a transference orb placed on the desk of his office and chants, "Forces of Darkness, empower me! Take me back to my virtual reality!" As the blinds behind him close (showing the Cross World City skyline, which was really a mural of such), the orb sends a current of energy into his body changing his physical appearance. Upon transformation, he is taken to the throne room of his command center. Like most heartless supervillains, Grimlord cared very little for his army and henchmen. Grimlord would generally lose his patience with them quite easily when they report a complication or failure. His constant defeats by the Troopers causes a frequent irradiation in enraged eyes and a clenched fist at the conclusion of every episode. Grimlord is not above destroying his own base to kill the Troopers as displayed three times in the series (twice with the Dungeon, and once with a cave he was temporarily using after the former's final destruction). In the second season, Grimlord attempted to trap Ryan in another dimension just to prevent the Troopers from learning his name in reality. In fact, no one, not even the Troopers or Professor Hart, knew that Grimlord and Karl Ziktor were one and the same. In the second season, Grimlord underwent a drastic change in appearance and format after self-destructing the Virtual Dungeon for a second time. With barely any footage of his counterpart existing for use anymore, Saban upgraded Grimlord into an American exclusive character and base of operations. Siphoning off Tyler Steele's knowledge of Virtual Reality into an energy prism (which resembled a green crystal), Ziktor discarded his traditional orb (which was destroyed by his women) and used this prism to access a whole new army of Virtual creations and a new base of operations called the Virtual Dark Fortress. He now had an appearance that slightly resembled his old appearance with a cape and this form also included having a long tail. He was no longer confined to sitting on a throne and also had the ability to teleport to different places at will. General Ivar General Ivar (voiced by Mike Reynolds) is not only a robot that can transform into a rocket, but also a military strategist and chief commander of much of Grimlord's outer aerial and ground forces. Ivar occasionally battles the Troopers in various vehicles, but seldom fights one on one. In one episode, Ivar had plotted mutiny with the aid of a stolen military brain. His mutiny resulted in what appeared to be his ultimate destruction at the hands of JB. However, Grimlord still thought that Ivar was valuable, so Grimlord's forces retrieved Ivar's remains and rebuilt him. General Ivar (along with Colonel Icebot, Fighterbot, and Air Stryker) is one of the few survivors of the Virtual Dungeon's destruction and remains with Grimlord after he upgrades to the Virtual Dark Fortress. Colonel Icebot Colonel Icebot (voiced by Richard Epcar) is much more reserved than Ivar. He rarely fights at all, and serves as Grimlord's chief science officer as well as commander and developer of many aerial assault vehicles and inventions. In his only battle, Colonel Icebot gained the ability to change into a monster to battle JB and Kaitlin. Following the Virtual Dungeon's destruction, Colonel Icebot serves Grimlord in Season Two in the same capacity as before. Colonel Icebot has no ice attacks or abilities. Virtual Dungeon The Virtual Dungeon is Grimlord's first primary base. The footage of these characters is taken from the Japanese tokusatsu series Choujinki Metalder and Jikuu Senshi Spielban, two of the three such series that VR Troopers is adapted from (and both of which were used in the first season). After Karl Ziktor uses the orb on his desk to turn into Grimlord, he teleports to the Virtual Dungeon where his servants say "Hail, Grimlord! Master of the Virtual World!" The Dungeon also has a self-destruction system (similar to a time bomb) that was used twice: The first was in Part 4 of the "Defending Dark Heart" mini-series, where Ryan and Tyler Steele (as Dark Heart) faced Grimlord, who set the Dungeon to vaporize; and the second was in Part 2 of the "Quest for Power" mini-series when Ryan went in to rescue Tyler and Jeb, as Grimlord set the Dungeon to actually self-destruct with Ryan and Jeb still inside (they eventually survived). In both cases, the system utilized a 2-screen timer that showed the minutes on the left screen and the seconds on the right, and the timer was set to 3 minutes. Key Lieutenants Grimlord has high-ranking lieutenants who are leaders of his many mutants and cyborgs. The original four lieutenants were Decimator, Zelton, Toxoid and Blue Boar. Decimator Decimator (voiced by Michael Sorich) is an expert swordsman and the most active warrior of Grimlords' key lieutenants. Decimator was the first to deal Ryan a mortal blow in the first episode, nearly killing the inexperienced Trooper. He is mostly seen among the armored and cyborg members of Grimlord's army. Ryan and Decimator clashed frequently over the first season until Decimator wasn't seen again since Grimlord destroyed the Virtual Dungeon. Zelton Zelton (voiced by Michael Sorich) is one of Grimlord's high ranked robotic warriors and key lieutenants who is sometimes seen amongst the robotic members of Grimlord's army. In one of his notable battles with Ryan Steele, Zelton was given the ability to transform and utilize the powers of other robotic warriors from Grimlord's army since it was made from the power of them. Regarding his most infamous battle with Ryan, Zelton was able to transform into Cannonbot, Graybot, Metalbot, and Renegade. After a hard and enduring battle, Ryan defeated Zelton. Zelton was impressed by Ryan's skills and saluted him as his equal. Displeased with Zelton's honor, Decimator activated Zelton's self-destruct. Zelton was shortly restored afterwards. Zelton has not been seen since Grimlord self-destructed the Virtual Dungeon. Toxoid Toxoid (voiced by Dave Mallow) is another of Grimlord's key lieutenants. Toxoid was a mutant beast with a high pitched voice that wore green body armor with his skull-like head encased in a clear dome. Toxoid's other abilities included teleportation and shooting goo out of his fingers. He has also had the most opportunities to battle Ryan Steele personally, but either loses or runs away each time. Toxoid is looked down upon the most due to his limited intellect and cowardly behavior. He was often seen among the organic-looking creatures in Grimlord's army. He was never seen again after Grimlord self-destructed the Virtual Dungeon. Blue Boar Blue Boar (voiced by Mike Reynolds) is one of Grimlord's key lieutenants who commands the Gunbots and is seen amongst them and any other weapon-based robot. He is a large red and bluish steel robot with a head closely resembling a boar, as his name suggests. In one hand he held a sword while his other hand was large. This served as a shield plus each finger was a small cannon. In his only notable battle, he fought by Ryan while JB dealt with Vanbot. Ryan managed to defeat him using his "Lightning Hand" command. Even though he was destroyed, Grimlord had him rebuilt. He wasn't seen again after Grimlord self-destructed the Virtual Dungeon. Dark Heart Dark Heart (voiced by Kerrigan Mahan in the first appearance, Richard Epcar in the second appearance) used to be Tyler Steele, father of Ryan Steele. Dark Heart was the fiercest of the mutants in Grimlord's army as well as a key lieutenant. His battle with Ryan resulted in failure however. With Grimlord disappointed, he arranged for Dark Heart's execution. Dark Heart escaped with Ryan's help and joined him in assaulting the Virtual Dungeon. Both of them managed to escape before the Virtual Dungeon self-destructed and Dark Heart was eventually restored to human form after being wounded by Decimator. However, his freedom was short lived as Grimlord transported him back to Virtual Reality as Grimlord still needed Tyler Steele for his next plot. Outside of that, Dark Heart fits the category of Zelton's army. Gunbots and Tankbots Among Grimlord's forces were a group of heavy duty robots known as Gunbots and Tankbots. These robots are commanded by Grimlord and Blue Boar and were most distinguishable by their bulky appearance as well as their massive built-in firearms. They mainly serve as backup or support during a battle whenever a single mutant challenges Ryan. These robots are often transported in black minivans. Air Stryker Air Stryker (voiced by Dave Mallow) is a humanoid helicopter who serves as an aerial lieutenant. He usually fires missiles from his wrist. In one event, he collided with Ryan causing the Trooper to experience amnesia. He continued to do aerial attacks alongside Fighterbot after Grimlord upgraded to the Virtual Dark Fortress in the second season. Fits the category of Blue Boar's army. Fighterbot Fighterbot (voiced by Tom Wyner) is a humanoid jet who is often paired with Air Stryker. He mainly does reconnaissance or aerial assaults with him. Like Air Stryker, General Ivar, and Colonel Icebot, he continued to serve Grimlord after the Virtual Dungeon's destruction. Fits the category of Blue Boar's army. Tankatron Tankatron (voiced by Michael Sorich) is a tank robot that can blast lasers from his ear cannons and finger cannons. He is one of Grimlord's prominent Gunbots. Fits the category of Blue Boar's army. Cannon Nose Cannon Nose is a walking humanoid tank that can blast artillery from his nose. He is one of Grimlord's prominent Gunbots. Fits the category of Blue Boar's army. Ballistix Ballistix is a humanoid rocket silo and one of Grimlord's Gunbots who has missile launchers on his shoulders and on his chest. Fits the category of Blue Boar's army. Renegade Renegade (voiced by Scott Page-Pagter) was a master assassin and marksman dressed in red spandex with white armor and fancied himself as one of the best. When it came to hunting down the rogue robot Dark Heart, Grimlord sent Renegade. When his head was damaged by Ryan, Renegade gained an upgraded head with a winged snake ornament on his forehead. Renegade also lost on his first encounter with Dark Heart; but after their second encounter, he successfully defeated and damaged Dark Heart. Renegade made further appearances in the show. Now with an upgraded and specially made handgun, to fight Ryan, Renegade proved very formidable and would have won against Ryan if the Ghost Biker hadn't saved Ryan. Renegade fits the category of Zelton's army since Zelton briefly took the form of him. Red Python Red Python (voiced by Wendee Lee) is a VR Trooper created by Colonel Icebot when he was finally successful in creating an evil VR Trooper with Tyler Steele's knowledge. However, the Red Python required a human spirit to harness her full powers. Meanwhile, the Troopers made a new friend named Amy (who is played by Wendee Lee herself on screen). Amy was exactly the person Grimlord wanted to become the Red Python. Skugs captured Amy and she was brainwashed and given her new powers. The Red Python proved very formidable and almost killed Kaitlin. JB vowed to get revenge. However, Col. Icebot wasn't as successful as he hoped. The Red Python's powers were slowly becoming unstable and any further battles would lead to her self-destruction. Amy's physical well-being and mental health were also in jeopardy. During her last battle with JB, her powers gave up completely. The Troopers were able to save Amy before she was destroyed. Skugs The Skugs are Grimlord's foot soldiers. Their bodies are black, their heads are gold, and they wear capes. When two or more Skugs touch each other, they vaporize. Some Skugs can take their heads off and use them as bombs. Skugs also occasionally pilot Grimlord's various vehicles and man virtual outposts. Skugs usually take the form of human beings when carrying out Grimlord's agendas and travel in twos or threes. In human form, Skugs apparently gained more individuality and intelligence than they normally have in their true forms, as evidenced by Ziktor's secretaries and inventor Strickland. When confronted by the Troopers, they change into their true form and split into a few more to increase the difficulty against their adversaries. They can shift through solid floors back into virtual reality. If the Troopers can't beat the Skugs in our world, then they must fight them in the "Battle Grid" (which is a last virtual outpost in a black hole) in a life or death situation. These characters are similar to the Putty Patrollers and Z Putty Patrollers and other foot soldiers in future Power Rangers seasons. There are a rare occasion of Skugs known as Mutant Skugs that would often be seen accompanying the mutants and cyborgs associated with Decimator, Zelton, Toxoid, and Blue Boar. The Mutant Skugs were trained in ninjitsu. The Skugs would later be upgraded to Ultra Skugs (see below), powered by Tyler Steele's technology. They begin as regular Skugs in traditional Trooper battles, but can transform to this form of drastically different warriors by posing towards one another in a fighting stance. They are significantly more difficult in this form, however they could still be eliminated the same way as the regular Skugs (that is by knocking them against one another). Virtual Air Force The Virtual Air Force serve as Grimlord's air force which he uses to attack the reality barrier. All of the virtual air forces derive from Jikuu Senshi Spielban. Quantum Cruisers The Quantum Cruisers are a bunch of shark-shaped flying battleships that are often led by General Ivar. They attack with lightning bolts, and bombs dropped from their 'mouths'. All of the virtual battleships from Jikuu Senshi Spielban. Virtual Fighters The Virtual Fighters look like regular fighter jets, except that they have conjoined tail stabilizers that form a triangle, and a curved prong on each side of their nose. The curved prongs fire lightning bolts. All of the virtual fighter from Jikuu Senshi Spielban. Virtual Dungeon's Mutants and Cyborgs Here is a comprehensive list of several other Mutants and Cyborgs they infested the Dungeon (in order of appearance by episode airdate), but made one or few other appearances in the series: Kongbot Kongbot is the first robot that JB and Kaitlin faced as VR Troopers. This member of General Ivar's Machine Men army is a gorilla robot with large, spiked, mace-like fists. Kongbot could launch his fists that exploded upon impact, which he did with his left fist. Unlike most mutants with projectile explosives, his fists did not regenerate. Kongbot had the upper hand in the fight against the VR Troopers, until Professor Hart informed JB that he has a Laser Lance weapon. JB then used the Laser Lance command to destroy Kongbot, he had a hard time aiming it at first while testing it out, but finally impaled Kongbot, who immediately surrendered (which would become a common theme for mutants that faced JB), but JB finished him off anyway. Metaborg Grimlord creates a computer virus to infect all computer systems, including Professor Hart. This allows Grimlord to impersonate the Professor and send the Troopers into danger and on decoy missions. Specifically, JB alone fights Metaborg, while Ryan and Kaitlin are on a wild goose chase in virtual reality. Metaborg belongs to General Ivar's Machine Men army. He first assumes the form of a small tank-like robot, and later transforms into a humanoid. Not only is Metaborg himself strong, but he outnumbers JB with the help of Grimlord's Quantum Cruisers. When the rest of the team caught up to JB, they weakened Metaborg with the VR Double Team, and Kaitlin recharged JB, who then destroyed Metaborg with his Laser Lance command. Then, JB used the Battle Cruiser to locate the virtual underwater base causing the virus and then destroyed it, returning the Professor to normal. Laserbot The samurai-themed robot of General Ivar's Machine Men army attacked the Earth during the same time period when Ryan lost his memory. Laserbot fires lasers from the concealed machine gun-blasters on his arms. In battle, JB blasted the gem in the center of Laserbot's head, causing him to lose some of his power. He then meets his demise courtesy of JB's Laser Lance command after JB ignores the angry robot's threats. Laserbot appears again in "Dream Battle" where he fights JB. JB once again defeats him, this time only by breaking the gem-like apparatus. Laserbot is a member of General Ivar's Machine Men army. The Eliminator This member of General Ivar's Machine Men army resembles the older, boxy computers and was one of the few unanimously recommended by both General Ivar and Colonel Icebot (whom seem to have somewhat of a friendly rivalry), but it is suggested that they combined their knowledge to program it with JB's battle information. It specializes in information, and attacked the Central Library. Unlike other members of Grimlord's army, The Eliminator demonstrates no language abilities. It can, however predict all of JB's moves before they are used, using downloaded battle information, preventing JB from successfully attacking the robot. Every anticipated maneuver is displayed on a monitor on The Eliminator's chest. It lacks battle information on Kaitlin, however, so when she and JB team up for VR Double Team it is stunned long enough for JB to destroy it with his "Laser Lance Command". Slice and Dice: Swordbot Brothers The Swordbot Brothers are recurring villains who are robotic swordsmen. Slice wields a sword while Dice uses a naginata. After Ryan defeats them the first time, they give a clue that his father Tyler Steele still survives. The brothers return throughout the first season. In "Searching for Tyler Steele," Ryan faces Slice after Air Stryker and Fighterbot destroy Tyler Steele's mountain lab. In "Who's King of the Mountain?", Slice later when he assists Rollbot, only to be defeated when Ryan tosses him on a landmine. In "The Couch Potato Kid," Dice participates in Grimlord's obstacle course. In "Virtually Powerless", Dice later went one on one with Ryan to prevent him from saving Dr. Poindexter while he repaired the Virtualizers, but Ryan defeats him with the Internal Gyro Command. After the self-destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Slice and Dice survive as mere heads. They attack Ryan but are soon destroyed, managing to inflict some pain on the weakened Ryan as well. The brothers fit the category of Decimator's army. Hammerbot This hammer-wielding robot works for Grimlord. He is referred to as unbeatable, and destroys Zelton's The "Invincible" Blade to prove the strength of Decimator's army. Hammerbot is defeated, but not destroyed, when Ryan breaks off his helmet. Ryan almost destroys him with his own hammer while Hammerbot is defenseless, but decides to spare his life since the VR Troopers fight fair. Hammerbot fits the category of Decimator's army. The Blade Before his loss to Hammerbot in the Dungeon, he was referred to as The "Invincible" Blade. He can turn his right forearm and hand into a sword blade and his left hand into large pincer claws. Though he was destroyed by Hammerbot, he would later be rebuilt. He also popped up again later to prevent Ryan from escaping with the injured Dark Heart after Ryan had defeated the fake one. He appeared again during Grimlord's no-rules obstacle course and lost there as well. The Blade fits the category of Zelton's army. Spiderbot As its name implies, Spiderbot is a spider-like robot. While Ryan deals with Hammerbot, Spiderbot stirs trouble for J.B. when General Ivar planned to send Spiderbot to ambush Ryan, but J.B. arrived to prevent the ambush. It fights J.B. at the top of the world. Spiderbot has many hidden tricks, such as rocket boots and an electric beam weapon hidden inside its head. After JB blasts off the monster's arms with his gun, Spiderbot uses one last trick, a ring on his back that wraps around JB, restraining him. JB breaks free and destroys Spiderbot; first he stabs it through the stomach with the Laser Lance, he was the first to not surrender, but it did give him 'heartburn' (even mentioned by JB), then cures the 'heartburn' by finishing him off so that he wouldn't continue fighting after the impalement attack (which can be inferred from his non-surrender). Spiderbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Spiderbot makes a return appearance in "Game Over" in JB's virtual training game. Slashbot Slashbot is a robotic samurai armed with a katana. His most notable battle is when Ryan rescues J.B. from Grimlord's dungeon. Ryan defeats him using his "Internal Gyro" command. He survived (or perhaps was rebuilt) as he later returns to fight Dark Heart in the "Defending Dark Heart" saga. Slashbot appears during the "Quest for Power" saga as the very last mutant Ryan faces before the Virtual Dungeon self-destruction is set off (which Grimlord does after Ryan defeats Slashbot with the Lightning Hand command). After the destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Slashbot survives as a mere head. His head attacks Ryan and is soon finished afterward, inflicting pain on the weakened Ryan as well. Slashbot fits the category of Decimator's army. Gunslinger Gunslinger is a rifle-toting cowboy robot Grimlord himself recommends after his Skugs kidnap Kaitlin's cousin Betsy. In his first appearance he speaks like Clint Eastwood combined with stereotypical cowboy language such as "Howdy, pardner", "varmit", and "draw." He wears a brown overcoat and hat, which he dramatically throws off at the start of his battle against JB (His hat explodes on the ground after throwing it), which fails to impress the Trooper. He and J.B. then have a showdown, but Gunslinger has a force-field to deflect JB's attacks. During the battle, one of Gunslinger's bullets creates a hole in the ground, which JB uses as a trench to surprise Gunslinger before he can activate his shield, then replacing his gun temporarily with a sword. When Kaitlin comes to JB's aid, Gunslinger flips his hand around which turns into a gun, with which he shoots Kaitlin several times from a distance, severely wounding her and rendering her unable to continue the fight. As she pleads for JB to destroy the robot for her, JB goes berserk over Gunslinger wounding her and delivers a supercharged flying kick that sends Gunslinger flying after his attempts to shoot JB in midair failed; Gunslinger's shield shorts out from the attack. Gunslinger is shocked and angered by the loss of his shield, and flails around, possibly malfunctioning, whereupon JB makes an unusually aggressive impaling attack. Despite this, Gunslinger doesn't surrender, but continues his raging, apparently trying to reactivate his shield. JB then finishes Gunslinger off permanently with the "Laser Lance" command (surprisingly Gunslinger appears to still be more angry over his lost shield than actual defeat as he continues flailing around before falling over and exploding). Gunslinger fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Graybot Colonel Icebot constructed Graybot as a robot with the ability to disguise himself as a human. He is assigned to befriend the Troopers as a teenager named "Jeremy Gibson" in order to gain access to their secrets. Kaitlin develops a crush on "Jeremy" and is quick to defend him even as Ryan and JB grow suspicious. His virtual alter-ego allowed him to outperform them at reporting, computing, and martial arts. When Kaitlin and JB investigate him, they discover the virtual alter-ego that he is, but their discovery comes too late. Using computer technology, he is able to trap Kaitlin and JB in the lab (and attempt to self-destruct it, but JB stops that from happening) and rig the lab's portal to send Ryan into a virtual combat battle where he appears in his true form. In his true form, Graybot has superhuman strength and shoots lethal arrows from his wrist but demonstrated bad aim, as he mostly misses Ryan. Eventually he is defeated in battle by Ryan. He initially survives Ryan's Lightning Hand Command, but eventually wears out by continuing to battle (rather than retreating to make repairs as Zelton, Decimator, Ivar, and other robots had done before on many occasions after a tough battle). After firing his last arrow and Ryan eventually catching it, he falls in exhaustion and explodes. In "Race to the Rescue," Zelton briefly transforms into Graybot during his battle against Ryan, suggesting he fits the category of Zelton's army, despite being built by Icebot. Drillbot Drillbot is a drill-based robot assigned to steal J.B.'s VR Fighter Bike in order to extract its V6 engine for Grimlord. To lure JB and his bike to him, Grimlord sends the Skugs to hijack a school bus filled with children. Drillbot then appears on the scene and challenges JB to a fight. While JB fights Drillbot, Skugs try to dismantle the VR Fighter Bike to steal the engine, but the bike is given an automated command and escapes the Skugs. Kaitlin saves the kids caught on the bus and quickly arrives to help JB, who destroyed Drillbot with his "Laser Lance command" while riding the VR Fighter Bike. Drillbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Polarbot Polarbot is a shark-headed robot who is armed with cannons on his shoulders, wrist, arms, and chest. A disguised Skug puts JB and Kaitlin under a spell that turns them against Ryan. The source of the spell is linked to Polarbot. When Ryan confronts Polarbot in battle, The Blade, Chrome Dome, and Minotaurbot join him briefly, before Ryan gives them a good pounding, forcing them to retreat. Walrus meat is used as a distraction to appeal to his sharklike nature while Ryan uses the Internal Gyro Command to destroy Polarbot, freeing his friends from the brainwashing. In the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, Polarbot is seen (presumably rebuilt) in the hunt for Dark Heart where he is shot by Dark Heart in battle and is destroyed. In cut footage in "Race To The Rescue, Zelton briefly transforms into Polarbot during his battle with Ryan. Polarbot fits the category of Zelton's army. Mutant Jeb Grimlord creates a special formula to mutate animals and Jeb is his first test subject. Ziktor sets up a fake dog food commercial starring Jeb and slips the formula into Jeb's food. Slowly, Jeb develops unusual behavior and a bad attitude problem. Jeb eventually mutates into a dog monster completely loyal to Grimlord. He is ordered to go on a rampage by releasing animals from zoos. Ryan uses a virtual canine to bring Jeb back to his senses, but Toxoid arrives and sprays Jeb with a disintegrating foam. Jeb is saved just in time and returned to normal back at the lab. Mutant Jeb fits the category of Toxoid's army. "Shish-Kebot" This robot is colored silver and has a bazooka hidden on its shoulder. It can also extend cables from its chest and blast lasers from the cable's tips. Jeb calls this robot "Shish-Kebot" when it's impaled like a shish kebab, but it is called "Unnamed Robot." JB defeats it by impaling it with the Laser Lance command, then finishing it off with repeated Laser Lance slashing. This robot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Magician Magician is a robotic magician/ninja. When Ryan is looking for his father in the woods, Magician appears to attack him. In his next appearance in "A Dirty Trick", Magician masquerades as an actual magician at Tao Dojo and steals JB and Kaitlin's Virtualizers, leaving only Ryan to battle. Magician uses dirty tricks including explosive cards, illusion duplicates, and an alternate dimension in which to fight with Ryan, along with disappearing all the time. Magician loses his magician outfit, and Ryan uses some magic tricks of his own to fight, making it a more even battle. Ryan destroys him with his "Lightning Hand" command and takes back the stolen Virtualizers. In the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, Magician is seen participating in the Dark Heart hunt. In "The Couch Potato Kid," Magician fails the obstacle course. He comes back again for a rematch against Ryan in "Secret Power" while Ryan and the other Troopers worked to stop the reality barrier from shattering under Colonel Icebot's magnetic fields at the North Pole. He tries to stop Ryan from wrecking Icebot's plans, but in the end Ryan is able to defeat him for good using the "Lightning Hand" command. After the destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Magician survives as a mere head. His head attacks Ryan and is soon destroyed afterward, inflicting pain on the weakened Ryan as well. Magician fits the category of Decimator's army. Chainbot Chainbot is a cyborg who wields a tachi and a spiked ball that are on a single chain. When Ziktor's attempt to legally cut down an old forest failed due to the discovery of an endangered insect, Chainbot is assigned to destroy it completely. He is stopped by Ryan, though his destruction isn't shown on screen. After the self-destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Chainbot survives as a mere head. His head attacks Ryan and is soon destroyed afterward, inflicting pain on the weakened Ryan as well. Chainbot fits the category of Decimator's army. Cobrot Cobrot is a female robot with a snake-like tail in place of legs. Colonel Icebot calls her one of the deadliest warriors in Grimlord's army, responding to General Ivar's claims about Metalbot with the assertion that "his" Cobrot's engines would whip the Troopers into whatnot. He also said that she is "all cobra", even though the only thing cobralike about Cobrot is her appearance. When Kaitlin is kidnapped, Cobrot is recommended by Colonel Icebot and she accompanies Metalbot to distract Ryan and JB when attempt to rescue their friend by attacking in a field. Cobrot fights JB in the field while Metalbot goes after Ryan in the quarry. Cobrot blasts arrows from the bow on her hand, and cracks her tail like a whip. She's also skilled at using it to grab and toss JB around. Eventually, JB decided that sniper attacks were worthless after she took away his laser lance and VR laser pistol and focused on direct assault near the end of the battle, so JB charged at Cobrot from the right (side of the screen), she tossed him overhead in the same direction he was charging at (with her arms this time, not her tail) and laughed like the Wicked Witch of the West, then JB got up and charged at her from the left (side of the screen), and she again tossed JB overhead in the same projectile path he was charging, laughing in the same way. Having had enough, JB summons his laser lance and she is destroyed by his "Laser Lance" command. JB doesn't impale Cobrot, even though she is distant from him when he summons the Laser Lance. Cobrot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army, despite her being Colonel Icebot's own creation. Metalbot Metalbot a robotic boxer is one of Grimlord's deadliest robot warriors along with Cobrot. After he's recommended by General Ivar, he ambushes Ryan and JB when they attempt to save Kaitlin. According to General Ivar, his punch is unequal to any opponent's. Metalbot can discharge electricity through tentacles that sprout from his forehead. Metalbot's first defeat is by Ryan's "Laser Fist" command. In "Three Strikes," Metalbot is rebuilt by Colonel Icebot to assist Renegade, Chrome Dome, and Minotaurbot into abducting a young baseball prodigy to bait a trap for Ryan, but Ryan defeats him with his "Lightning Hand" command. In "The Transmutant," Metalbot is among the cyborgs chasing after Ryan before he fights Transmutant. In his most infamous battle with Ryan as seen in "Race to the Rescue," Zelton briefly transforms into Metalbot, therefore he fits the category of Zelton's army. Crabor Crabor is a mutant whose tentacles are loaded with electricity. Grimlord uses Crabor as part of a trap, using Jeb for bait. After Crabor isolates Ryan, he feigns surrender. Ryan almost buys the act, but Crabor intended only to get Ryan's guard down. Crabor's main weapon is his electrocuting tentacles, but can also emit a bad smelling vapor. Crabor loses the battle after Ryan kicks him into the water and retreats to the Dungeon as a failure. He makes other appearances as a background character supporting other mutants. In "The Reality Virus," Crabor fights Ryan once more during a Reality Virus outbreak, where he reveals the ability to produce green slime on his tongue and lug it at opponents, as well as turn his right hand into a crab-like claw and breathe fire. In this encounter, after he uses his Super-Charge command to re-energize himself and get the slime off his armor, Ryan defeats him with his Lightning Hand and flying kick attacks which sends Crabor off a cliff. In "The Transmutant," Crabor is later seen as one of Grimlord's warriors that challenged Transmutant. He survived, but the first clash with Transmutant nearly kills him. In their second battle, he becomes stuck in the rocks. Crabor fits the category of Toxoid's army. Frogbot Frogbot is a kangaroo-headed robot with leaping ability and fire breath. Although listed in the credits as "Frogbot", the pronunciation of his name as what sounds like "Rugbot" by General Ivar led many fans to incorrectly list him as "Rugbot" on fan-created websites. He is sent by General Ivar to prevent the VR Troopers from rescuing Jeb. J.B. faces Frogbot at the same time Ryan fights Crabor. Because of his mobility, he needed to be fought on the VR Fighter Bike for the entire battle. J.B. destroys him using the "Laser Lance" command while riding the VR Fighter Bike. Frogbot stands staggered for a few minutes before falling in defeat, without any attempts at continuing his attacks or attempts to retreat for repairs. Frogbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Torpedobot A humanoid torpedo robot who accompanied Crabor to battle the VR Troopers to prevent them from rescuing Jeb. Torpedobot was armed with a harpoon gun. He observed the battle between Ryan and Crabor waiting for the right moment to strike. Torpedobot self-destructed trying to blow up the ship that Ryan fought Crabor on. He was evidently rebuilt as he made additional background appearances throughout the series. Torpedobot fits the category of Blue Boar's army. Trooper Terminator An ultimate killing machine used by Grimlord to destroy the Troopers. It had deadly guns and heat seeking capabilities. To bring Ryan to the Trooper Terminator, some Skugs stole three puppies. The puppies were placed in a minefield guarded by the Trooper Terminator. Ryan tricked it by heating a rock with his Laser Fist and then throwing the heated rock at it to deter its heat seeking capabilities. While it was tricked, Ryan decapitated it and then he finally destroyed it when he threw Ballistix right onto it, causing a big explosion. Trooper Terminator fits the category of Blue Boar's army as seen in the footage despite the claim that Colonel Icebot had created it. Fistbot Mysterious earthquakes were hitting Cross World City. The Troopers began to investigate, which brought them closer to Grimlord's underground digging operation. Fistbot, a brown boxer mutant armed with flying punching gloves and a powerful upper body armor, was assigned to stop them so Grimlord could dig to the Earth's core. Defeated by Ryan when Ryan scanned him and discovered his legs were his weakness; Ryan tackled/attacked him by going for his legs and threw him into a nearby lake, but didn't destroy him, leaving Fistbot only to be weakened. In the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, Fistbot was seen participating in the Dark Heart hunt where he was shot by Dark Heart in battle which caused him to fall over and explode. After the destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Fistbot survives as a mere head. He attacks Ryan and is soon destroyed afterward, inflicting pain on the weakened Ryan as well. Fistbot fits the category of Decimator's army. Snowbot General Ivar plotted mutiny against Grimlord. Under the advice of a stolen military brain, General Ivar used Snowbot to freeze the military communications network as part of his mutiny. This walrus-like creature had the power to freeze anything with ice blowers built into its hands. JB and Kaitlin's VR suits were overpowered by the cold. After a hasty retreat, the Professor gave them antifreeze protection to withstand the freeze ray. The fight was in the Troopers' favor, but the monster also revealed it had a flamethrower equipped to it for emergencies. To defeat it, Ryan fired an ice beam from the Skybase to freeze the monster in place. This enabled JB to finish it with his "Laser Lance" command. Since he was frozen solid, JB didn't bother impaling him into surrendering and just went right to destroying him. Snowbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Cannonbot A silver wrestling robot used by Grimlord to guard the construction of a Weather Control Device. In battle, he can use wrestling maneuvers, such as a headlock on Ryan. After Ryan knocked him away, into a tree, his head was destroyed. Cannonbot grew a second cannon-shaped head that was his namesake. After blasting at Ryan a few times, he was destroyed in battle against Ryan and his "Lightning Hand" command (the only time that Ryan called it the "Lightning Laser" command). In the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, Cannonbot was rebuilt and returned to prevent Ryan from making off with the real Dark Heart. In his battle against Ryan as seen in "Race to the Rescue," Zelton briefly took the form of Cannonbot since he fits the category of Zelton's army. Diskbot Grimlord released an album known as "Grimlord's Greatest Hits". The CD emitted hypnotic waves that made people into mindless zombies. When JB attacked the CD factory, Diskbot was waiting. Diskbot, a robot with a head that resembled a disc player, used assorted sizes of sharp-edged disks that he shot from his head. The disks could also double as a shield, deflecting JB's Laser Lance (a first at this point for the series), until he ran out of disk projectiles. JB eventually destroyed it in battle with the Laser Lance command. First JB slashed at Diskbot, then impaled him, giving him 'heartburn', then finished him off before he could resume attacks. Diskbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Spitbot A scorpion-like mutant who accompanied Toxoid in an invisibility battle. Spitbot can spew explosive saliva from his mouth. Spitbot had a third, long extra arm coming from his back that he used to shock people with after grabbing them. Spitbot used his third arm to grab Ryan with, but Ryan was able to use it against him by tying him up with it and forcing him to electrocute himself, which almost destroyed him, them he used his Internal Gyro Command to destroy what was left of Spitbot. Before he fought Ryan again as seen in the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, Dark Heart fought against Spitbot. Also at that time, he participated in the Dark Heart hunt. In "The Couch Potato Kid" Spitbot took part the obstacle course where he used his teleportation ability to cheat for victory when it came to crossing a mine field. Spitbot fits the category of Toxoid's army. Dream Master Dream Master is a mutant robot who is capable of attacking the Troopers through their dreams. He seems to resemble a humanoid Greek Olympian and wore a gauntlet on his one arm. He took advantage of Kaitlin's stress by inducing nightmares of her being outnumbered by Skugs. He challenged Ryan to battle, all while instilling Ryan with the fear of never finding his father. Ryan fought against Dream Master's head games and won using his "Lightning Hand" command after redirecting the electric current to Dream Master, thanks to a chain that just happened to be lying around in a box. Ryan used the chain, combined it with the internal generators in his armor by using his Super-Charge command, and after freeing himself, sent the current back at Dream Master. He exploded unusually quickly from the Lightning Hand. In "Mutant Mutiny," Dream Master fought Amphibidor, a mutant who tried to cover up his plans for a mutiny against Grimlord. After a brief battle, Dream Master finally surrendered to Amphibidor. After the self-destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Dream Master survived as a mere head. His head attacked Ryan and was soon destroyed afterward, inflicting pain on the weakened Ryan as well. Dream Master fits the category of Decimator's army. Spikebot In addition to the Dream Master, the robot Spikebot was created to cause more trouble for Ryan. JB intercepted Spikebot, who started out in an alternate form with the word "Edison" written on his body; the reason or purpose of this form was never explained. Spikebot did mention that he would transform into a "more uncomfortable form" into order to battle JB, and thus turned into the second and more powerful version of himself. JB did not seem to care either way, and was quick to say that the robot's new spikier form "was still ugly." Spikebot then commented that flattery would get him nowhere. The battle was brief, as JB made short work of him with the "Laser Lance" command; first stabbing him through the stomach, giving him heartburn (that scene is missing), then finishing him off, and Spikebot fell and exploded rather quickly, too, probably due to the excessive laser lance slashing. Spikebot would make an appearance in "Game Over" episode where he appeared as one of the robots in JB's virtual training game. Spikebot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Pollenbot A large, white, mobile spore that was capable of floating in the air. Pollenbot was created from the same toxins used to poison Kaitlin when she inhaled contaminated flowers given to her from a "secret admirer". J.B. used his gun to suck up Pollenbot and then destroyed it with his Laser Lance. Pollenbot fits the category of Colonel Icebot's monsters. Vacbot A suburban neighborhood was plagued with stories of a haunted house. The house seemed harmless at first glance. Little did anyone suspect, Colonel Icebot was using the house to secretly construct Vacbot in the real world. Vacbot was constructed with various household appliances with a blasting vacuum cleaner for a right arm and a fan in his chest that could blow enemies away. He also could blast freezing ice from a built-in icemaker at J.B. and Kaitlin. He battled Kaitlin and J.B. in Cross World City. After J.B. used his Vortex Command, General Ivar's ground troops attacked and Kaitlin called for the Battle Cruiser leaving J.B. to fight Vacbot alone. Vacbot froze J.B. with his icemaker and J.B. unfroze himself by using a Supercharge command (the same command used by Ryan to repower himself) and then used his Laser Lance to impale Vacbot and then finished him off by slashing him. Vacbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Chrome Dome and "Minotaurbot" Assisting Renegade on his missions were two bumbling (and one can assume lower ranked) robots. One was a black cyborg with a silver head and laser bayonet weapon. The other was a blue robot with a white skull-like face, drill weapon, and laser rifle. These two weren't much use in battle on their own, but they served as a great decoy for Renegade's attacks and ambushes. The black one was once referred to as "Chrome Dome" by Spitbot during the obstacle course episode (and by the end credits). The other robotic warrior is sometimes known as "Minotaurbot", but that appears to be a fan-created name, since there was no official name. They appeared briefly in "The Disappearance" when they attacked Ryan, but their first major appearance is when they appeared with Renegade to help Renegade assist Metalbot into capturing a baseball prodigy. They also accompanied Renegade (who was armed with a Virtual Vaporizer) during his attack on Ryan, who was fighting alone after JB and Kaitlin mysteriously disappeared into the dimension of the Ghost Biker. Later, they accompanied Renegade and Crabor during their battle against the Reality Virus-infected Ryan. They also participated in Grimlord's obstacle course. Due to their aiding of Renegade, and their appearance, they seem to fit into Zelton's army. Shoulderbot A robot with hidden machine gun turrets under his shoulder pads. The Troopers uncovered Grimlord's operation to destroy a dam which would lead to the flooding of Crossworld City. Shoulderbot was sent to stop them so the dam operation could be completed. Shoulderbot attacked Kaitlin, partially by blasting a laser from the reddish circle from his forehead, and nearly destroyed her. Later, JB confronted Shoulderbot and destroyed him using his Laser Lance, first giving him "heartburn", then finishing him off. Shoulderbot laters appear in "Dream Battle" where he fights JB and Kaitlin. In the dream, Shoulderbot attacked Kaitlin and nearly destroyed her again, but she escaped. Shoulderbot was not seen again after Kaitlin's dream ended. Shoulderbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Crainoid When the Troopers were turned into kids, Grimlord took advantage by having General Ivar send Cranoid, a bulky robot with two brains on his chest. Crainoid underestimated young JB and Kaitlin. He was nearly defeated by the VR Double Team, blowing out everything inside of his main frame in the center, including the brains on his chest, but got up and continued to battle, stumbling over declaring that he wasn't dead yet. The loss of his brains resulted in a loss of intelligence as Crainoid still thought he had the upper hand as he mocked JB's Laser Lance as his "kiddie flashlight" after finally regaining composure, right before young JB successfully performed the "Laser Lance" maneuver and destroyed Crainoid's remains, not even bothering to impale him because there was little left to impale anyway. Crainoid fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Venobot A red-eyed cicada mutant. Venobot can emit sonic waves as well as spit a corrosive acid from its mouth. He assisted Renegade in executing Dark Heart. When Strickland had turned JB into the Transmutant as seen in "The Transmutant," Venobot became the first mutant to fight Transmutant. He later joined Bugbot, Crabor, Wolfbot, and the Mutant Skugs in fighting Ryan and Transmutant where he was destroyed. Venobot fits the category of Toxoid's army. Bugbot A red-eyed lizard-like mutant. In "Secret Admirer", he and Wolfbot were escorted with Toxoid to find a flower that increased power. When Ryan showed up on the scene, he kicked Bugbot and sent him off a cliff. Bugbot hit the bottom of the mountain and exploded. In the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, he assisted Renegade in attacking Dark Heart. In "The Transmutant," he became the second monster to fight Transmutant and lose, when Transmuatant sprouted claws and struck him across the stomach. Later on, he accompanied Venobot, Crabor, Wolfbot, and the Mutant Skugs in fighting Ryan and Transmutant where he was knocked down the hill. Bugbot fits the category of Toxoid's army. Rabidspore During the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, Percy attempted to get back on Woody's good side by trying to relocate the virtual deathtrap that he, Kaitlin, and JB were imprisoned in. Unlike most mutants, the Rabidspore demonstrated no language abilities. With a so-called Reality Break Detector, he successfully reopened the portal, but accidentally unleashed this floating organism. Apparently, Rabidspore was standing guard to the dimension. In the first part of "Quest for Power", this same spore-themed mutant accompanied Wolfbot into attacking Ryan and J.B. as a team. Icebot had injected it with the knowledge that Grimlord syphoned from Tyler Steele, making it more powerful. Rabidspore could metamorph itself into a flat starfish-like mass and wrap itself around its opponents, as it did to JB. Soon after it reverted to its original form, J.B. destroyed it with his Laser Lance command. Rather than surrendering when impaled, it simply appeared confused, but the slashing finished it off, but according to JB, the slashing almost didn't work, as the Laser Lance was powering down as JB was finishing his slashing. Rabidspore fits the category of Colonel Icebot's monsters. Fake Dark Heart A second Dark Heart was created and set up for Ryan to save. After Ryan successfully saved this fake Dark Heart, it attacked him. He was defeated when the real Dark Heart shot him. He was later seen in the background again numerous times during the course of Season 1. The bogus Dark Heart also fits the category of Zelton's army since he was seen aiding Renegade and others of that army. Horrorbot A gray robot that looked like a pile of tubes with green boots and armed with a pointed harpoon. Horrorbot is a hunting specialist. On his first appearance, Horrorbot led a hunting party on a wildlife preserve to capture a pair of unusual wombats. By doing so, Ziktor would be able to tear down the preserve. Ryan, with the unlikely help of the wombats, fought against Horrorbot and the Mutant Skugs and defeated Horrorbot with his Internal Gyro Command attack. He would return again in "Friends in Need" assisting Terminoid in tracking down a special formula. He imprisoned Ryan in a deep ditch by blowing him in with a wind attack, and tried to bury the Trooper alive, but Ryan escaped and knocked Horrorbot into the ditch. Horrorbot begged Ryan to save him, which Ryan tried to do. He repaid Ryan's generosity with more aggressive attacks, so Ryan used his "Lightning Hand command" to slice Horrorbot in half and thus defeated him. Since he wasn't completely destroyed and largely remained intact, his remains were able to be salvaged by Grimlord. Horrorbot was rebuilt yet again as he made frequent appearances in the background during the remainder of Season 1. After the self-destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Horrorbot survived as a mere head. His head attacked Ryan and was soon destroyed afterward, inflicting pain on the weakened Ryan as well. Horrorbot fits the category of Decimator's army despite being used by Ivar and Icebot. Footbot It was football season for Cross World City's high school team, but their coach had gone missing (he was captured by Skugs and imprisoned in a sports trading card). Coachless, the team was ready to fall apart until the Troopers and Tao offered their services. Meanwhile, Colonel Icebot created a football-themed robot called Footbot at Grimlord's request. Footbot could remove the football above his head and kick or throw it towards an opponent. When the football struck the opponent, it would detonate like a bomb. A new football would always regenerate after his football weapon was used. Footbot made short work of Kaitlin, taking her out of the battle early on in the fight. Footbot also attacked JB by attacking like a battering ram head-first at JB and knocking him down in the manner of a stereotypical football player. In scenes no longer broadcast, near the end of the battle, JB gave Footbot a taste of his own medicine when he caught the football and tossed it back at Footbot, creating an explosion that temporarily stunned the mutant. Soon afterwards, he was finally defeated by JB and his Laser Lance's finishing maneuver (impalement scene is now missing, but it forced Footbot to surrender), making Grimlord's great "football playing warrior" nothing but a memory. After defeating Footbot, the two Troopers managed to release the coach from his trading card prison just in time to get him back to the game to give his team one final play and the victory. Footbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army, despite being created by Icebot. Terminoid A copper-colored bat-resembling robot. Along with General Ivar, Terminoid captured a pair of foreign scientists in order to steal a special formula that threatened Ziktor's control over the city's energy sources. Before getting the formula, Kaitlin rescued the scientists as JB took him on. Terminoid attacked a lot by biting. JB then found himself outnumbered when faced with both Terminoid and General Ivar. He then whipped out his Laser Lance command and swiped at both of them. He then stabbed Terminoid in the stomach with the Laser Lance, and then took another swipe at Ivar and knocked him down. JB then performed the finishing swipe on Terminoid to destroy him before continuing his attack on Ivar. Terminoid fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Electrobot Grimlord used this electricity-themed robot to charge up the other robots. Electrobot had long cable-like arms and his body resembled that of a blue landmine with microchip detail. Electrobot accidentally destroyed Samson, while Kaitlin had helped by clipping Samson's wires. Electrobot fought JB from on top of a cliff, blasting him with electricity, making him unable to use his laser pistol to counter the attacks. JB was nearly destroyed, but after summoning the Laser Lance he managed to shake off the electrocution attack, much to the surprise of the robot. Eventually, Electrobot was destroyed by JB by the "Laser Lance" command. JB first stabbed Electrobot through his stomach long-range, tickling him which served little purpose beyond causing him to lose his balance and fall off of the cliff so that JB could fight him up close. Electrobot then got up angrily, unharmed and ready to resume his attacks, but was quickly cooled off when JB hurriedly finished him off with the Laser Lance's finishing swipe before he could launch another one, requiring much more slashing than with most bots. Regardless, Electrobot stood staggered for a while before overheating, falling over, and exploding. In "Time Out!," Electrobot's body would be seen in the background of the scrap-pile during Knighttime's mutiny when he created Conatron. Electrobot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army even though he and the other "newer, superior bots" were created by Colonel Icebot. Samson In addition to Electrobot and the Ryan clone, Colonel Icebot constructed new "warriors" for Grimlord's army. However these warriors looked like nothing more than ridiculous wind-up toys. But one in particular proved fierceful in both power and appearance. Icebot named this strongman robot Samson and sent him to do battle with the Troopers. Samson didn't say much and used sheer muscle and brute force against JB and Kaitlin. During an accidental shock from Electrobot, while Kaitlin was snipping his wires, Samson was destroyed. Samson fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Transmutant Strickland invented a special green slime that turned people into monsters. However it only worked in the virtual world and was good for a one time use. When JB was seeking a quiet place to study, he was ambushed by Skugs, but was able to defeat them. Unfortunately however, he was soon taken to the Battle Grid where he was ambushed again and administered the formula. After going back to our reality, JB slowly transformed into a green-skinned, silver-haired mutant with long claws, who would then be known as Transmutant. Transmutant can dissolve into slime. Grimlord tested him in battle where Toxoid used Venobot, Bugbot, and Crabor on him. Under Grimlord's control, he was assigned to kill Ryan. In mid-battle, Ryan saved JB from falling off a cliff. JB was confused with Ryan's actions, as Ryan made an effort to reason with him. Finally free of Grimlord's control, both Troopers fought off Wolfbot, Crabor, Bugbot, Venobot, and the Mutant Skugs together. Once they got back to the lab, JB was restored to normal again. Transmutant seems to fit the category of Toxoid's army. Wolfbot A white-and-brown-furred wolf-like mutant who later had a detachable black spider-like parasite on his back. Wolfbot was extremely ferocious and would use his claws and fangs to attack. Wolfbot also had the ability to shoot webbing to bind his victims. Wolfbot appeared alongside Toxoid to find a powerful flower. In the "Defending Dark Heart" saga, Wolfbot participated in the Dark Heart hunt where it used its webbing on him. In "The Couch Potato Kid," Wolfbot was at the finish line at Grimlord's obstacle course. In "The Transmutant," Wolfbot assisted Crabor, Venobot, Bugbot, and the Mutant Skugs in battling Ryan and JB (when JB recovered from his Transmutant brainwashing). Wolfbot finally battled Ryan solo after getting upgraded with virtual powers extracted from Tyler Steele during the "Quest For Power" saga. Wolfbot was more than a match for Ryan, seeing as how none of his attacks could faze him. As Ryan said, Wolfbot wouldn't even let Ryan get close to finishing him off. No matter what Ryan did, Wolfbot continued attacking like nothing had happened. Later, Colonel Icebot equipped Wolfbot with a giant black spider on his back, which caused even more problems for Ryan, namely tag team attacks. When Wolfbot was attacked with the Lightning Hand Command, the spider instantly revived Wolfbot. When Ryan killed the spider on his back with the very same attack, Wolfbot fell down dead and melted into a pile of smoldering slime. Wolfbot fits the category of Toxoid's army. Rollbot A yellow robot that had the ability to turn into a ball and also had super strength, which he used to toss heavy boulders. He assisted General Ivar into trapping J.B. on an old mountain which was really a dormant volcano. Rollbot kept the Troopers busy with laser-like yellow projectiles and by rolling himself into ball form and crushing Kaitlin. J.B. eventually escaped the trap and formed the VR Double Team with Kaitlin, which created an explosion, but that was only from his ball form being forced back to normal. After the smoke cleared, he could be seen charging in his normal form at JB and Kaitlin, much to their surprise. Even though the VR Double Team had no effect on him whatsoever, the Laser Lance destroyed him just as easily as it did other bots, requiring only a bit more slashing (the impalement even made Rollbot surrender). JB used his Laser Lance to promptly finish off the unharmed and very angry charging Rollbot. Rollbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Combax Inspired by the Troopers, Grimlord sets up his own ruthless obstacle course for his army to sharpen their skills. The one that didn't compete was Combax, a commando-themed robot. Combax refused to participate claiming he was already the best warrior in the competition and Grimlord agreed possibly impressed by the robot's cockiness. Combax then captured Tao's nephew Ricky, which then lured Ryan to the obstacle course with overwhelming odds. Ryan eventually survived the obstacle course and defeated/destroyed Combax with the "Lightning Hand" command. After the self-destruction of Grimlord's dungeon, Combax survived as a mere head. His head attacked Ryan and was soon destroyed afterward, inflicting pain on the weakened Ryan as well. Combax fits the category of Decimator's army. Mechanoid This oversized copper-colored robot was assigned to guard the special transference device that accidentally caused Ryan and Jeb to switch bodies. His bulky structure which Kaitlin described as a "walking jukebox" has a heavy claw arm along with very powerful armor which made the battle difficult for JB and Kaitlin. He kept tossing JB and Kaitlin back and forth and even their VR Double Team attack only tickled Mechanoid. Afterwards, they tried the "hands on" approach, which was met with even less success, as the jukebox monster tossed them over a cliff and seemed to have them cornered at one point, but somehow they found their way back into the battle arena where Dr. Unger's transformation device happened to be. In the middle of the battle, Ryan attempted to transform after hearing that they were being overpowered by Mechanoid, but Jeb was wearing Ryan's Virtualizer. So Jeb ended up transforming to battle Decimator. Meanwhile, JB summoned his "Laser Lance" command, even though it didn't seem to be effective at first. JB's impalement attack only tickled, and in scenes no longer broadcast, Mechanoid mockingly laughed off the initial slashing, soon catching JB's laser lance in his bulky claw arm, knocking JB backwards, pushing him into the ground, and throwing him a great distance. The Skybase was then summoned to use its missiles, generally reserved for aircraft, on Mechanoid, which greatly weakened and stunned the robot, where broadcast scenes resume is when JB came back and quickly repowered the laser lance while slashing more rapidly than before, dodging attacks, and eventually finishing off the now weakened Mechanoid with Laser Lance slashing as he soon overheated and fell backwards and exploded. After Mechanoid was destroyed by JB and the Laser Lance apparently ran out of power afterwards, Grimlord angrily blew up the device causing Ryan and Jeb to switch back. Mechanoid fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army even though it was Colonel Icebot that constructed him. Fiddlebot Grimlord was fed up with Colonel Icebot's robots, so he decided to make one himself. To finish his creation, he ordered Skugs to capture Kaitlin's cousin Keith, a member of the Young Dubliners. Keith was imprisoned within Fiddlebot's body. As Fiddlebot, he could attack simply by playing a fanfare on his fiddle, which in turn would scramble Ryan's circuits, rendering him unable to move. He was impervious to all of Ryan's attacks. Ryan eventually defeated him by distracting him with a surprise "Lightning Hand" attack (which actually didn't harm him, but apparently exposed his power source). The "power cell", which held Keith inside, who powered Fiddlebot, was then removed from the robot by Ryan, and Keith was freed from the virtual imprisonment. Luckily, Keith was completely unharmed and Ryan was then able to rescue Keith. The actual robot's fate remains unknown, since it was never destroyed in battle. Fiddlebot fits the category of Zelton's army, despite being supposedly created by Grimlord. Vanbot Vanbot was a black van-themed robot used to kidnap the pair of alien children. He could disguise himself as a regular van and switch into his true form at will, trapping his occupants inside. JB managed to hang on to his back and shoot his rear end slowing him down so Ryan and Kaitlin were able to rescue the children, and while Vanbot was busy complaining about having his newly repaired rear end shot at and bragging about his equipped features as if he were a real van, JB was able to defeat him with his "Laser Lance" command while riding on his VR Fighter Bike. Vanbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Skullbot A Grim Reaper-themed robot with a scythe blade in place of a left hand. A scientist was delivering a message to Ryan concerning Tyler Steele. Skullbot and the Skugs intercepted the message, replaced the scientist with a robotic double, and set up a fake briefcase filled with explosives. Before his second battle Zelton implanted him with an explosive device. Once the Troopers discovered the fake briefcase, they saved the real scientist and Ryan defeated Skullbot by hitting him where the bomb was triggering it. Skullbot fits the category of Zelton's army. Robot-Faced Skug When JB and Kaitlin were on a mission to rescue the scientist kidnapped by Skullbot and the Skugs, one of the Skugs had a robot face underneath the Skug face. It was much stronger than a normal Skug. Before it even had a chance to attack him, JB managed to destroy it with his Laser Lance command. Amphibidor A green frog-like mutant who can dissolve into slime and return to normal as well as spew acid-like liquid from its mouth. He hated being called "Frogger" by Ryan, because as he said, he does not "hop across roads and rivers to avoid alligators and cars just to get home", and then added that he can go home anytime he wants to before making a snide comment about Ryan's father being unable to get home, they then began to battle after Ryan demanded to know what Amphibidor knew about his father and the monster replied that Grimlord had "special plans" for him, foreshadowing the Quest for Power series. His most prominent episode was Season 2's opener, "Mutant Mutiny", where he planned to start a revolution against Grimlord, but failed when Grimlord found out, in which the aforementioned dialogue took place. To prove himself loyal to Grimlord, Amphibidor fought Dream Master and used his slime-dissolving ability which caused Dream Master to surrender. Amphibidor fought Ryan and eventually damaged his armor. Despite interference from Ballistix and Cannon Nose, Amphibidor was eventually defeated by Ryan's "Lightning Hand" command right before Ryan called him "Frogger" once more just to taunt him while on the ground from the finisher as Amphibidor spewed the liquid all over himself before he exploded right after the usual "see-ya" he said "Looks like it wasn't cars or alligators that kept you from going home, Frogger". Following Amphibidor's destruction, Grimlord informed his warriors to let Amphibidor's fate be a warning to anyone who tries to strike out against Grimlord. Amphibidor fits the category of Toxoid's army. Shark Fin A shaman-like shark-themed robot who fought Kaitlin and J.B. in the present while Ryan traveled into the past to save his younger self from Strickland. Shark Fin was summoned by General Ivar and was used by Grimlord to guard the cave full of crystals used to access time travel. Shark Fin demonstrated irritation towards namecalling, becoming angry every time J.B. called him "fishface", similar to how Amphibidor reacted when Ryan called him "Frogger". In battle, Shark Fin could launch the fin-like blade on the top of his head at J.B. In the end though, J.B. brought about Shark Fin's doom with the usage of his "Laser Lance" command, causing him to finally drop his sword before falling over on top of it, impaled again, but this time with his own sword just before exploding. Shark Fin fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Nameless cyborgs and mutants There were also monsters that Grimlord used who were never named onscreen. Virtual Dark Fortress The Virtual Dark Fortress was the secondary base of Grimlord. It was created with the activation of an energy prism containing a download of Tyler Steele's knowledge of Virtual Reality. The Fortress takes the form of an orbiting station (the exterior of which is borrowed from Space Sheriff Shaider of Japan from which Japanese footage for Season 2 of VR Troopers is taken). The interior however is distinctly American right down to using actors for this footage this time instead of dubbing Japanese footage of the various mutants that inhabited its predecessor, the Virtual Dungeon. Grimlord has fierce new soldiers awaiting his command. When it came to the end of Season Two, JB and Kaitlin sneaked on board to rescue Dr. Poindexter's robot Galileo (whose memory was being drained by Oraclon) and punched in a command to cause Oraclon to overload and the Fortress to be damaged. Thus, the Virtual Dark Fortress seemed to be immobile and unusable. At the end of the final episode, Grimlord ordered for Oraclon to be reprogrammed and the Dark Fortress to be rebuilt as he vowed revenge on the Troopers, but that was Grimlord's last scene. After Karl Ziktor uses the prism on his desk to turn into Grimlord, he teleports to the Virtual Dark Fortress where his servants say "Hail Grimlord! Lord and Ruler of all Reality." General Ivar and Colonel Icebot still remain affiliated with Grimlord and communicate with him through a holographic video screen much like they did in the Virtual Dungeon since they're not inhabitants of the Virtual Dark Fortress. Also, Air Stryker and Fighterbot are still available to carry out aerial attacks against the VR Troopers. Footage for these monsters (except for Transformatron who was American-made) came from either Uchuu Keiji Shaider or Jikuu Senshi Spielban (depending on which category the mutant/cyborg fit), which were both Japanese tokusatsu shows used for the adaptation of VR Troopers. Despera Despera is an advisor and strategist to Grimlord who also created her. She is dressed in an elegant white robe and a horned headdress, and wields a large scepter. She is quick to lose her temper and is an immensely powerful warrior. She is the sister of Desponda. Ryan once clashed with Despera, who battled him through various dimensions. In our dimension, Despera could float and blast purple electricity from the sphere on her staff. In another dimension, Despera seemed to turn invisible and attacked by throwing her staff around like a spear. Ryan also encountered another dimension, while involved in a battle with her, that was like a giant, slowly revolving crystal ball. Ryan escaped this dimension by blasting the crystal ball walls a few times with his laser pistol. Ryan defeated Despera in battle, by tricking her into zapping a trap wall in the temple containing Grimlord's secret identity. While he tried to zap her with his Laser Ray, she was able to block the blast with her scepter, but the blast bounced off and hit the trap wall. She was struck in the shoulder by an arrow, and after removing the arrow, promptly retreated. Oraclon Oraclon is an oracle of data and information. Oraclon gives Grimlord more information on aspects of the Virtual Realm even he has no prior experience with in any way. Oraclon can create monsters for Grimlord to use against the Troopers. He can also be a devastating warrior in his own right. In the episode "Into Oraclon's Web", Oraclon left the Fortress and took on Ryan Steele himself. He is little more than a giant circular head installed in the walls of the Fortress. In battle, he sprouts tentacles, and even a tiny body with legs, to give him mobility. Ryan was able to blast and destroy his tentacled body, thus Oraclon resulted in battling and moving around by floating. Ryan first used his "Laser Saber" command and tried to finish off Oraclon by repeatedly slashing him, but to no avail; Oraclon was too powerful. Later in battle, Ryan discovered Oraclon's only weakness was the area of space between his three eyes. Using his "Laser Saber" command once again, Ryan plunged the sword into that weak spot (his third eye), and then used the finishing swipe which successfully destroyed him. Oraclon is the only member of the Fortress crew to have been killed in battle. Although a line dropped by Grimlord at the end of that particular episode demands that he'd be rebuilt immediately...which he is. However, in the final episode, Kaitlin and JB made his circuits overload while he was trying to drain Galileo the robot of his memory, frying his circuits and computer banks in the process and making the Virtual Dark Fortress unusable until he were to be reprogrammed again. He was the only major villain this season to be destroyed by the Troopers, and he was destroyed twice at that. Doom Master Doom Master is a sword-wielding field operative dressed in black armor was created by Oraclon. Doom Master commands the Vixens and often the Ultra-Skugs personally when the battles require his attention. He is a proud, yet easily irritated warrior who often gets into arguments with the more rational Despera, who is quick to temper when he provokes her. He is also a rival of the mutant known as Arachnobot, whom he destroyed before Arachnobot could destroy Ryan Steele, since he didn't want to be outdone (and replaced) by the mutant. The Vixens The Vixens team of breath-taking and deadly kunoichis trained in the most vicious and dangerous arts of combat. They are created by Oraclon and commanded by Doom Master, and often accompany him in battle. Knighttime Knighttime is an old friend of Grimlord's. Knighttime is an androgynous humanoid with long robes that had the ability to control dreams, much like the Dream Master and speaks telepathically. Knighttime is described as a virtual prince of time travel and hails from a separate, yet savage, virtual reality universe. Knighttime once battled JB in Crossworld City and was revealed to be able to shoot glowing, laser-like projectiles from his mouth. Knighttime put the Troopers into a deep sleep where they dreamt about an apocalyptic version of Cross World City, under Grimlord's totalitarian rule. JB and Kaitlin fought old foes Shoulderbot and Laserbot while Ryan fought a monster that appeared as a giant pair of boot-covered feet. To wake up, the Troopers had to regain control of their dreams and defeat Knighttime. Knighttime appeared once again and sent the Troopers back in time via a time machine. Knighttime was called upon again, this time as temporary leader of Grimlord's army while Ziktor had plans in our reality. Knighttime revealed he could make himself transparent and non-corporeal (ala a hologram). Even later, Knighttime was eventually defeated by Fanbot after betraying Grimlord by both freezing time with his time machine (against Grimlord's permission), and building the scrap-metal robot Conatron to aid him in his conquest of our reality. He believed that Grimlord did not own our reality, so it was okay for him to freeze time and seize it for himself. When neither Ryan nor Grimlord were able to destroy the time machine individually, they both worked together to successfully destroy it. Grimlord would hold Knighttime captive afterwards, hoping to use his power to conquer the real world. Desponda Desponda is Despera's sister. A powerful warrioress that Grimlord hired once to destroy the Troopers and control his Air Castle. She succeeded in capturing the two Kaitlins and JB aboard the Air Castle and seemed to have several forms. She remained in control for most of the battle, engaging in sarcastic banner throughout. JB managed to defeat her with his Laser Lance as well as permanently destroy Grimlord's Air Castle. Initially unimpressed with his laser lance, she soon realized that JB's laser lance was enough to defeat her. His finisher caused her to burst into fire balls instead of falling and exploding as normally would happen when used. Somehow, she survived her defeat, even though she appeared to have been destroyed (similar to how her sister's defeat by Ryan caused an explosion but she escaped to the Virtual Dark Fortress). After the two Kaitlins and JB escaped the ship and ruined Despera's evil plan, Desponda was subjected to a dressing down by Grimlord for her carelessness with his beloved Air Castle and her failure to defeat the VR Troopers, Grimlord vowed never to use another of his allies' relatives to help him again. Desponda was played by Machiko Soga who played the similarly named Bandora in ZyuRanger, who became Rita Repulsa in Power Rangers, another Saban show. Ultra Skugs The Ultra Skugs are an "upgraded" form of Skug used with Tyler Steele's technology. They begin as regular Skugs in traditional Trooper battles, but can transform to this form of drastically different warriors by posing towards one another in a fighting stance. The appearance of the Ultra Skugs is completely different from that of the regular skugs, because the Skugs and Ultra Skugs originated from different Japanese shows. Ultra Skugs wear blue costumes and have monster-like faces. Unlike regular skugs, Ultra Skugs can not be vaporized by a single blast from a trooper's laser pistol, but can only be damaged by such a blast. However, like the regular Skugs, they could still be eliminated by knocking them against one another. Gargantus The Grimstars are often accompanied by a giant rolling robot with a spiked head and a frowning faceplate called Gargantus. Gargantus was first seen in an image that Grimlord shows to Tyler Steele before he upgrades to the Virtual Dark Fortress. Gargantus could shoot lightning from its eyes. Grimstars The Grimstars are flying machines with small short wings and three large thin wheels underneath. They resemble mini-carriages. The grimstars do not appear until the second half of season one. They fight alongside the virtual fighters. In the Troopers' first encounter with Grimstars, their SkyBase was almost destroyed and rendered inoperable, although they did manage to defeat a few Grimstars. The SkyBase got an upgrade using Tyler Steele's technology, allowing them to be able to withstand an assault and destroy all of the attacking Grimstars. Virtual Dark Fortress' Mutants and Cyborgs Here is a comprehensive list of several other Mutants and Cyborgs they are used by the inhabitants of the Virtual Dark Fortress (in order of appearance by episode airdate). Any Mutant or Cyborg that fights Ryan would often drag him to the Indigo Sector: Irradiator Irradiator was the first of a new breed of monsters created by Oraclon. Irradiator was a large white robot with a sharp hook on his right arm and a twin cannon on his shoulder. He is a combination of technology and animal savagery, according to Oraclon. JB and Kaitlin were given a power boost using Tyler Steele's technology to combat the new robot, but that initially didn't seem to aid in defeating him. JB managed to cut off Irradiator's arms and kick off his head, but Irradiator continued to attack. Irradiator used his dismembered body parts as grenades. Luckily for JB, his "Laser Lance Command" was also given an upgrade and power boost, otherwise it would have been ineffective. First JB stabbed him through the stomach, giving him heartburn, then finished him off. The fact that Irradiator did not surrender upon impalement despite the heavy power boost to the laser lance and was still hard to defeat signaled what was to come from Grimlord's new technological capabilities. Even though Irradiator was created by Oraclon, he fit the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Silkoid An oversized silkworm monster with a goofy looking face on its belly. From the top of its head, Silkoid shot strong silky webbing to either restrain a victim or trap them in cocoons. He was first seen in an image as 4 out of 8 monsters that Grimlord shows to Tyler Steele before he upgrades to the Virtual Dark Fortress. He officially appeared when Oraclon created Silkoid by powering up a giant egg that it would then hatch from. Skugs brainwashed a fashion designer and used her to lure JB and Kaitlin into a trap where Silkoid imprisoned them inside cocoons. Ryan was on a race against time because anyone trapped in a cocoon would become monsters themselves in 24 hours. Destroyed by Ryan and his Laser Ray/Laser Saber combo, thus freeing JB and Kaitlin from the cocoons. Silkoid fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Gameoid A grayish-green bug-eyed mutant with horns created by JB. JB was adding the finishing touches to a VR simulation game on his laptop computer to help the Troopers with their training. Gameoid was the embodiment of the Troopers' worst fears. Once Grimlord stole the game, Oraclon extracted the monster to face off with Ryan. Gameoid hatched from one of Oraclon's powered-up eggs. In battle, Gameoid could bind Ryan with a vine-like appendage, and also blast electrical bolts from his bug-eyes at Ryan while they were in the Indigo Zone. Destroyed by Ryan's Laser Ray. When the Troopers returned to the lab, JB was able to successfully erase the game from his computer. Even though JB originally created him, Gameoid fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Octobot An octopus-themed mutant. He had tentacles for arms as well as several other tentacles draped over his body as if part of a robe. He can also shoot slime balls. He spread a substance called the VR Shield on the beach offshore and in the water which would prevent the Troopers from transforming. He was modified with the VR Shield by Colonel Icebot and he trapped Ryan underwater when he was scuba diving upon the discovery of the VR Shield substance. With Ryan's air supply and time running out, JB had to act quickly. He burrowed under the ocean with the Battle Cruiser to attack the lab that was supplying the substance, then went after Octobot who was now on the beach, knowing that when the monster was destroyed, the substance's power would fade. First, he was weakened by the VR Double Team attack, then destroyed by JB's "Laser Lance" command. After he was destroyed, Ryan was rescued and safe from drowning. Octobot fits the category of Col. Icebot's monsters. Scissor Fist Grimlord constructed a device that sent people into a ghostly dimension called the Negative Zone. With JB and Kaitlin trapped in the Negative Zone, only Ryan stood in the way while Jeb, who was the only one able to see the ghostly JB and Kaitlin, had to enter the dimension via a VR Visor interface. Doom Master and the Vixens quickly called for Scissor Fist, a very strange creature with wool spindle for a head and a ram's head embedded on its abdomen. Scissor Fist carried a staff with a giant pair of scissors attached, hence the name. He was defeated in the Indigo Sector by Ryan and his "Laser Saber" command, but not before Ryan summoned the Troopertron (a robot the Skybase transformed into) for the first time to get rid of the incoming air fleet. After defeating Scissor Fist, Ryan managed to locate the Negative Zone device and deactivate it, while Jeb was able to get Kaitlin and JB out of the Negative Zone and bring them back to reality. Scissor Fist fits the category of Oraclon's monsters, despite not being shown as one of Oraclon's creations. Stingbot This yellow-and-gray bee-themed robot was sent by General Ivar to the basement of the Underground Voice Daily to create massive tremors by using his stingers and literally eating his way through the foundation of the building. Stingbot was used as a distraction for the Troopers while a Skug (incognito) went into Kaitlin's purse and replaced her mirror with an identical one which was really the Virtual Mirror Replicator, the device that would eventually create her evil duplicate. Ryan battled against Stingbot in the basement of the building, and in that battle, Stingbot spewed out an acidic liquid that could disintegrate anything instantly. He nearly landed a shot on Ryan but Ryan somersaulted out of the way, causing the liquid to hit a block instead. Stingbot then left just as the replicator was put into Kaitlin's purse, saying his "work was done". Later, he launched another attack on the Troopers, accompanied by Ivar and a band of Skugs, and J.B. and Kaitlin went after them. However, the Troopers were soon joined by Kaitlin's duplicate, who agreed to do so after some convincing from Ryan. When Stingbot tried to disintegrate J.B. and the city, J.B. called for the Vortex Command to take everyone back to Virtual Reality. Stingbot also attacked by launching robotic wasps at J.B. and the two Kaitlins, which then inserted their stingers into the Troopers and tried to fry their circuits. After J.B. got his wasp off him, as well as the others off the Kaitlins, Stingbot spewed more liquid at him, but missed and hit a large rock (which also disappeared). He was then hit by attacks from both of the Kaitlins, greatly weakened as a result. A group of four Skugs rushed at the Troopers to defend Stingbot, and at that point J.B. activated the Laser Lance command. He sliced his way through all of the Skugs, and then to sting the bee himself, he impaled Stingbot, then used the finishing swipe on him, destroying everyone in one fell swoop, and creating a massive explosion. Stingbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men Army. Serpentoid Despite the name, Serpentoid is a red roller skates-themed robot. He had bull-like horns and a big, straight set of teeth on his open mouth, along with body armor and a body that resembled a giant rollerskate. After J.B. knocked out some Ultra Skugs that were loading in boxes of mirror replicators, Despera summoned Serpentoid to confront J.B. When he faced J.B., he spit out spherical projectiles at him, and then he raced off on his rollerskates. When J.B. gave chase, Serpentoid tossed what looked like small umbrellas at him. He can also stretch his arms and neck to fit his needs. Serpentoid also seemed to be somewhat cowardly, and panicked when Ryan used his Drill Tank to destroy the mirror replicator factory. When he was confronted by J.B. and both of the Kaitlins, Serpentoid seemed to cower in fear of the Troopers, and appeared to overheat a bit when attacked by all three before recovering, and in the end J.B. managed to destroy Serpentoid with the "Laser Lance" command. First stabbing him through the stomach, giving him heartburn, then finishing him off. Serpentoid fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Photobot Half movie camera, half robot. Grimlord planned to use him to destroy the Troopers, and then photograph the loss for all to see. In battle, Photobot could blast a power laser from his camera lens-resembling eye. First JB and Kaitlin (who used her "Double Team command" in battle for the first time) attacked with a VR Double team, which didn't help much, and the Laser Lance impalement appeared to only tickle him, but the slashing finished him off as typical. Eventually defeated by JB's "Laser Lance" command while in battle. Afterwards, the two Kaitlins re-merge as one by saying "VR Kaitlin Double Team Retroform command, now!". Though he was created by Colonel Icebot and merely tested by General Ivar, Photobot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Chlorophoid A tree-themed robot who was one of two mutants (the other being Vegbot) created from a deadly vine. One of his main attacks were growing his long vines, that extended from his arms, that could bind and shock enemies. JB temporarily broke free using his VR laser pistols, the Kaitlins did the same. Chlorophoid fought against JB and the two Kaitlins like this for a while, but as soon as JB got free, Chlorophoid was defeated and destroyed by JB's "Laser Lance" command. First Chlorophoid was impaled, he threw his arms up, trying to show surrender while letting out an emphatic "yeeEEOOOoow!", but the vine extensions from his arms were so long that he eventually tripped, and fell, making it easy to slash him to death (even though he already surrendered). Chlorophoid fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army, despite being created from a vine. Vegbot A shrub-themed mutant who was created from the same deadly vine that Chlorophoid was also created. Vegbot was green in color and had actual branches with leaves on the upper half of his body, near his head. He had the ability to wrap vines around an opponent and at one point sprouts one of those vines from his mouth. Vegbot could blast electricity from his eyes and could bind and shock Ryan with his vines. Fought against and defeated by Ryan and his "Laser Saber" command, after Chlorophoid met the same fate with J.B.'s "Laser Lance" command. Vegbot fits the category of Oraclon's monsters, despite being created from a vine. Transgressor Transgressor is a dark green piranha-like mutant with a demonic face, that has very large, bulgy eyes and a red mohawk that runs down along his back. He also has a drill for a right arm and wielded a hammer-like spear and a ball-and-chain weapon in battle. He is sent by Oraclon and accompanies the Grimstars in an attack upon the Troopers. He was aided by Doom Master, who set a trap to capture Ryan in an attempt to retrieve a disk that seemingly contained a program that could destroy the VR Troopers' powers. Transgressor seemed to be unfazed by Ryan's VR Laser Ray. Ryan used the "Laser Ray" Command to destroy his ball-and-chain weapon, causing the ball to actually explode on him, then used the finishing swipe on Transgressor himself, destroying him. Transgressor fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Arachnabot This warrior seemed to be a human being who was dressed in a spider-themed green-and-red armor. He guarded a spider that accelerated a person's age, the one that attacked both J.B. and Kaitlin. He was also Doom Master's rival, after Grimlord offered him Doom Master's job if his plan was successful. Afterwards, he sought the position and almost usurped Doom Master. In battle, Arachnobot could create high-pitched squeals (that weakened Ryan) as well as blast lasers from the spider's eyes on his helmet. He also could create web-shaped electrical blasts and wielded two swords and a trident. Doom Master intercepted his attack on Ryan and destroyed him before he could destroy Ryan and replace him using his spider plan. Luckily for Doom Master, Grimlord never found out that Doom Master was the one who destroyed Arachnobot. With Arachnabot out of the way, Ryan was able to find the spider and create an antidote to restore J.B. and Kaitlin to their normal ages. Cycletron A motorcycle-based robot who assisted Grimlord's plans into controlling people with mind control bike helmets. Ryan was one of the victims that went under the control of these helmets. Cycletron could disguise himself by transforming into a regular motorcycle. In battle, Kaitlin's VR Laser did not seem to affect him, even after becoming two for the advantage. After removing Ryan's helmet (thus freeing him from the brainwashing), Ryan helped JB by destroying the incoming air fleet with his Shoulder Cannon, also weakening Cycletron enough that when JB went into battle against Cycletron, he destroyed him with his "Laser Lance" command while atop his VR Fighter Bike. Cycletron fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Obotatron A red balloon-themed robot sent by Grimlord to use hypnotic balloons to turn kids into Grimlord's slaves. He could spew out these balloons from a trumpet-like trunk in his mouth. Any adult that touched the cursed balloons were imprisoned inside, and soon start to float away. Ryan and Kaitlin were two of the victims that got trapped inside the balloons leaving only JB to try to stop this curse and robot. Ivar accompanied Obotatron in his fight against JB backing Obotatron up with his troops. In battle, Obotatron could release a binding, glowing balloon, as well as launch explosive laser spheres. After Obotatron retreated the first time, JB was able to free both Ryan and Kaitlin from their balloon prisons by using his Super Saber. Later, while Ryan and the VR Troopertron dealt with the incoming air fleet and General Ivar's vehicles, JB and Kaitlin (who then decided to become two for the added advantage) met Obotatron again and overpowered him, and eventually he was destroyed by JB's "Laser Lance" command (impaling, slashing and all). With Obotatron destroyed, the hypnotizations on the children were reversed. Obotatron fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army, despite being created by Icebot. Lizardbot A green dragon/lizard-themed scaly robot in samurai armor sent by Grimlord to help General Ivar obtain a mystical sword known as the Millennium Saber (which was said by Tao to have been around at least since medieval Europe). Grimlord's warriors ransack a museum trying to find the sword. Meanwhile, the Troopers buy a rusty old sword at a garage sale, which Tao recognizes as the legendary "Millennium Saber", a sword which is strengthened by an invincible power one day out of every thousand years---tomorrow being that one day. Grimlord's Skugs steal the sword from the Troopers and prepare his attack plan. The Troopers try to figure out a way to stop the sword, though no one in the history of time has been able to do so. Kaitlin discovers that the sword is energized by lightning and when Grimlord's army enters reality, the sword begins to draw its power. The destruction is to begin when Kaitlin (who becomes two for the advantage) and J.B. arrive to stall Lizardbot. J.B. tries to use his "Laser Lance" command on him, but to no avail, since Lizardbot proves to be too powerful for him. Ryan flies into an electrical storm in his Blue Hawk and collects energy by being hit by lightning. He returns just as Lizardbot is about to destroy his two fellow Troopers. He blasts the Millennium Saber with the energy and shorts it out, giving the weakened J.B. the opportunity to finally eliminate Lizardbot with his "Laser Lance" command. J.B. went straight to slashing, not even bothering to impale, although afterward the Laser Lance powers itself down before Lizardbot actually is completely destroyed. Weakened from the battle, J.B. then plants the de-powered Laser Lance into the ground to help himself up and the two Kaitlins also help him to his feet. Lizardbot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men Army. Hydrabot When Doom Master and Despera failed to protect/guard the pyramid in the Isis Dimension that is containing Grimlord's identity in reality, Grimlord (under Oraclon's advice) released the Hydrabot to take care of Ryan. Hydrabot was a powerful and headless mutant with tentacled limbs with one-eyed snake-like heads on the ends and an eye protruding from its neck. It shot fire and fire sparks from the snake heads. After a tough battle, Ryan tricked the Hydrabot back into the cave he emerged from and managed to blow up all of his extra heads/limbs (with a box, presumably filled with explosives), leaving only the seemingly living (and weakened) body to remain. Ryan then put the final blow on Hydrabot by destroying him with the "Laser Saber" command. Hydrabot's explosion seemed to cause the pyramid/dimension to collapse, forcing Ryan to escape the dimension and causing him to lose the information to Grimlord's identity in the process. Athletetron Grimlord had created special gold medals that would turn anyone who wore them into one of his mutants; they were then distributed to the Pan-World Games in Mexico, where Kaitlin's old friend, Tim, participated in. Surely enough, after winning an event, Tim had a gold medal placed around his neck, but the unsuspecting decathlete suddenly started feeling light-headed and dizzy, shortly after walking from the ceremony. Soon, he disappeared in a flash of light, and Professor Hart revealed to the Troopers that the medal had turned Tim into Athletetron, who was a powerful athlete-themed mutant with a trophy for a head and iron weights on its shoulders. Kaitlin pointed out that she didn't want to hurt Tim, but Professor Hart told the Troopers that destroying Athletetron would be the only way to bring Tim back, and Ryan volunteered to do the task. JB, in the meantime, would try to fend off any other adversaries and try to reverse the effects of the cursed gold medals, while Kaitlin would have to stall the awards ceremonies long enough for him to do that. Athletetron wielded a ball-and-chain weapon, a scepter, and a sword that was hooked to his arm. The mutant battled hard against Ryan, using the scepter to vault himself in the fight. Eventually though, Ryan was able to destroy Athletetron with the "Laser Saber" command, with his head shattering for unknown reasons before the mutant exploded in a two-colored fireball. Upon the mutant's destruction, Tim was returned to normal again and unharmed. Athletetron fits the category of Oraclon's monsters, despite being a mutant version of Tim. Lizbot A female humanoid snake/lizard-themed mutant with slimy looking bluish skin who battled Ryan to prevent the Troopers from finding Grimlord and Knighttime's Time Machine. She wields a trident in battle. Lizbot seemed to speak with a stuck-up tone to her voice. Initially, she was accompanied by Doom Master and the Vixens. Ryan fought off Doom Master and the Vixens, leaving only Lizbot. The battle was then advanced to the indigo sector. In battle she could also breathe out sparks and blast lightning bolts from her mouth, especially when giant. Ryan temporarily stunned her with a laser blast before the air assault arrived. Lizbot fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Transformatron A black-armored and mechanized shape-shifting robot who took the form of a girl named Alexis. Ryan seemed to show attraction towards her, but Kaitlin and JB became even more suspicious as time went on. While Ryan traveled to Virtual Reality to take on Oraclon himself, Alexis intercepted JB and Kaitlin. When Percy accidentally spilled water on Alexis, the trap (as well as her true form), was revealed as she turned into Transformatron and started tearing apart the Underground Voice Daily. Soon, though, Transformatron ended up being destroyed rather quickly by Kaitlin and JB's VR Double Team attack. Charmeekas and Charmadors Charmeekas are friendly little gremlin-like creatures that the people of Cross World City were adopting as their pets. However, they were actually sent into our reality by Grimlord, and if they ate too much and didn't get sent back into Virtual Reality, they can turn into the deadly mutant Charmadors. The first Charmador was assisted by bazooka-wielding Ultra Skugs and Doom Master in battle. Charmador could breathe smoke, teleport, and reflect laser blasts. He could also create his own lasers and laser spheres. After it was struck by JB who was airborne in the Skybase, it went crazy and attacked its allies, causing them to retreat and that Charmador spun around, became dizzy, and exploded. One last Charmeeka was still in the park and it mutated into a Charmador as well. After having to fight him through multiple virtual zones, Ryan was able to destroy him with his "Laser Saber" command. They fit the category of Oraclon's monsters. Bongotron A melody-themed mutant used by Grimlord to steal the musical talents of people. He can also manipulate music and had two bongos lodged in his chest. He seemed to talk like a beatnik. Fought and defeated by Ryan with his "Laser Saber" command, after JB and the two Kaitlins rescued the Krossworld Kids and their fan club. With Bongotron destroyed, the Krossworld Kids got their musical talents back. Bongotron fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Magnetbot A magnet-themed robot with magnetic power. He bragged that his abilities were unmatched and that Ryan would have to make instantaneous decisions. He disabled Ryan's weapons and armor throughout much of the battle, but eventually was defeated by Ryan, who used a few blasts from his laser pistol as well as a surprise "Laser Saber" command attack which also freed him from the magnetism (showing that he was indeed able to make instantaneous decisions). Magnetabot fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Cupitron A female love-themed mutant with wings who was involved with Grimlord's love spell. Cupitron was white in color and seemed to be composed of various heart shapes: head, chest, and even her spear was heart shaped and tipped. Oraclon sent down Cupitron after the mutant hatched from an egg that he had powered up. Lacking even the physical strength and hand-to-hand combat to be Ryan's equal in battle, she more than made up for it with her skill at using her spear. In battle, Cupitron could open up her spear and release several smaller heart-shaped blades. Destroyed by Ryan in battle with his "Laser Saber" command soon after being aggressively impaled with her own spear, which Ryan actually yanked out of her hands, which ended Cupitron's giggling as she started gasping for air. Cupitron fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Jailbot A police officer-themed mutant with a jail-gate on the back of his head sent to battle and distract Ryan while Grimlord turned convict "Nutty" Nichols into the Nutty Monster. Jailbot fought against and was defeated by Ryan and his "Laser Saber" command. Jailbot fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Nutty Monster A monster created from Crossworld City's evilest convict "Nutty" Nichols. Grimlord freed him from jail and used Strickland to transform him into a monster. The Nutty Monster had green skin and was very muscular and had an oversized cranium (almost similar to The Incredible Hulk and The Leader). While Jailbot went after VR Ryan, the Nutty Monster was sent after JB and Kaitlin. Nutty had a craving weakness for peanuts that the Troopers used to their advantage. They lured him back to the lab and transformed him back into a human, in which he passed out. The Troopers returned Nutty back to the prison, where he expressed his remorse for all the damage he caused, but said as a result he should be set free, making his claim dubious. Ravagebot A furry-white ape-themed mutant with large fangs and four primate-like faces on its front torso. Ravagebot wielded a trident and blasted electricity in battle. Besides Bazookabot, he was sent by General Ivar as a diversion for Karl Ziktor's plan to build a research lab where a forest is currently standing. Ryan battled Ravagebot, while JB and Kaitlin went after Bazookabot. Ravagebot was taken down by Ryan's "Laser Saber" command. Even though he was sent out by General Ivar, Ravagebot really fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Bazookabot Bazookabot is a mostly rust-colored robot seemed to wield a giant bazooka-like blaster on his shoulder, hence the name. He has three round, yellow eyes: two in the normal position and another one above those on his forehead. He was sent by General Ivar as the diversion for Karl Ziktor's plan to build a research lab where the forest was currently standing. JB and Kaitlin (who became two for the advantage) managed to weaken him by the VR Double Team attack. Not long after Ryan destroyed Ravagebot with his "Laser Saber" command, JB eliminated General Ivar's air fleet with his Technobazooka, and then did the same to Bazookabot with his "Laser Lance" command. Strangely, JB didn't impale Bazookabot. Bazookabot fits the category of General Ivar's Machine Men army. Duplitronic A sword-wielding owl/calculator/dream computer-themed mutant who was sent to oversee the production of the Duplitrons in an underground factory. He was, in fact, created from a Duplitron. He fought Ryan after the destruction of the Duplitron Factory. He managed to create an exact duplicate of Ryan in battle. Ryan destroyed the duplicate with his pistol, then he proceeded to impale Duplitronic with his own sword and destroy him with the "Laser Saber" command. Duplitronic fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Fogbot A gas-themed mutant who use fog to disable the Troopers' ability to transform. He was assisted by mask-covered followers called the Fogatrons. Once he gained his transformation ability back, Ryan fought and defeated Fogbot with his "Laser Ray" command. The Fogatrons seemed to vanish in battle before Fogbot's destruction. They fit the category of Oraclon's monsters. Woodman Monster Grimlord gave orders to Despera to transform Wendle's Woodman dummy into the Woodman Monster. He stole JB and Kaitlin's Virtualizers. During Ryan's fight with Puppetoid, Kaitlin and JB fought him and restored him to normal and recovered their Virtualizers. Puppetoid A white-colored, large-mouthed, puppet-themed mutant armed with a sword who attacks Cross World City at the time when the dummy Woodman is brought to life by Despera. His power source and weakness is his nose. Once his nose is cut off, he loses a lot of his power and is able to be destroyed. Eventually he was defeated by Ryan and the "Laser Saber" command. Puppetoid fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Conatron A scrap-metal robot used/created by Knighttime from Ivar's robotic scrap pile. Knighttime used Conatron to attack Ivar, and assist him with his attack in our reality. He only attacked once. Ivar then summoned Fanbot to counter-attack, and Fanbot ended up sucking in Conatron with the power of his fan blades, pulling him apart and reducing him to scrap once again. Fanbot A powerfully armored fan-themed robot with powerful fan blades that was summoned by General Ivar and sent by Grimlord, shortly after Knighttime created Conatron. Fanbot was apparently Grimlord's toughest robot ever, even though he proved to be a bit clumsy. Except for Fanbot's effortless dispatching of Conatron, there as no prior indication of how tough the battle would actually be. Fanbot talked a lot like a cross between Gilbert Gottfried and Jerry Lewis. He could emit strong gusts from his fan blades or suck anyone toward him. After destroying both Knighttime and Conatron, Ivar was sent with him down to battle with JB and the two Kaitlins. Initially, Fanbot seemed like just another adversary, meant to distract the Troopers from Grimlord's real target, the Omegachron (which is capable of freezing time), but JB and the two Kaitlins quickly found out that they'd need a lot more than just their basic attacks to take care of the deceptively clumsy mutant. General Ivar even mentioned this, stating that Fanbot was doing more to himself than the VR Troopers were. Fanbot was having his way with the three, first fighting each one individually while sarcastically asking for autographs, easily winning, then throwing them all off a cliff, and even the VR Double Team attack only tickled him, with a sarcastic "Stop, you're tickling me". Fanbot then used fan blades to suck JB and the two Kaitlins back up the cliff towards him. Just as they were about to be sucked into his blades, JB activated his Laser Lance in mid-air and impaled Fanbot with it and then finished him off by slashing him. Forkoid An armored monster that wields a fork-like weapon, wears armor of various colors and a helmet with a small red visor on it, which is also mostly red with some black and gold on the top. He was sent down from the Fortress to attack the Troopers. While Kaitlin and JB sneaked aboard the Dark Fortress to rescue their stolen robot Galileo, Ryan stayed behind to battle this mutant. In the battle, Forkoid revealed it could teleport as well as toss his giant fork like a javelin. The fork appeared to be made out of cement or some other brittle material, because the tips began to crack apart towards the end of the battle. At the end of this rather brief fight, Ryan impaled him with his own weapon before taking him out for good with his Laser Saber. Forkoid fits the category of Oraclon's monsters. Sneak peek mutants When Grimlord was siphoning Tyler Steele's knowledge, he showed Tyler (in addition to the then unnamed Virtual Dark Fortress) 8 monster images (besides Silkoid) of what's to come:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymchurch_railway_station"}

Coordinates: 51°01′31″N 0°59′27″E / 51.0252°N 0.9909°E / 51.0252; 0.9909Dymchurch railway station is on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway in Kent, England. It is five miles (eight km) south of Hythe, and surrounded by flat countryside. The station opened on 16 July 1927 as Dymchurch (Marshlands), to distinguish it from a nearby station called Burmarsh for East Dymchurch and later as Dymchurch Bay. The station has two platforms connected by a footbridge. On the 'up' platform there is a shelter and a station master's house. On the 'down' platform is a station building incorporating a booking office and staff room, a shop selling souvenirs and refreshments, and a women's toilet. The men's toilets are in the supporting pillars of the footbridge, although only that on the 'down' platform is in use. The station is a tourist destination, largely for the sandy beaches nearby, the holiday arcades and an amusement park. It has three staff during the summer (one only, out of season). It is a block station for train control purposes. History Originally larger, the 1920s station had three platforms (two through platforms and a bay platform) with an overall roof, a signal box, a turntable, and a mainline crossover to allow shuttle trains from New Romney. These never happened, and the turntable was removed in the 1930s. A second crossover was installed before the war and shuttles worked between Dymchurch and Hythe via Burmarsh Road. The signalbox was removed in the 1960s, and the remaining four switches bolted in the normal position, primitive colour-light signals being worked by domestic light switches from the booking office for normal block operations. They were not interlocked with the points, or each other. These signals were subsequently removed.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%C3%BAr_Gloine"}

Art studio An Túr Gloine (pronounced [ənˠ ˌt̪ˠuːɾˠ ˈɡlˠɪnʲə]; Irish for "The Glass Tower") was a cooperative studio for stained glass and opus sectile artists from 1903 until 1944, based in Dublin, Ireland. History An Túr Gloine was conceived of in late 1901 and established January 1903 at 24 Pembroke Street, Dublin, Ireland, on the site of two former tennis courts. It was active throughout the first half of the 20th century. Affiliated artists included Michael Healy, Evie Hone, Beatrice Elvery, Wilhelmina Geddes, Catherine O'Brien, Kathleen Quigly, and founder Sarah Purser. The original impetus for the project, spurred by the Irish cultural activist Edward Martyn, was the building of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway, which was to become St. Brendan's. Purser and Martyn hoped to provide an alternative to the commercial stained glass imported from England and Germany for Irish churches and other architectural projects. Purser's knowledge of French and English medieval glass, together with her social connections and organizational skills, were crucial to the success of the cooperative. A writer for The Studio, a magazine of fine and applied art, called the recently formed An Túr Gloine "perhaps the most noteworthy example of the newly awakened desire to foster Irish genius," describing it as "at once a craft school, where instruction in every detail connected with the designing and production of stained glass is given to the workers, and a factory from which some beautiful work has already appeared." The writer also extolled the economic benefits of an Irish glass industry to supply churches. The studio is regarded as part of the Arts and Crafts Movement, but was infused also with the contemporary spirit of Irish revivalism and drew on the artistic tradition of Celtic manuscript illumination. Ireland became an internationally renowned center of stained-glass art at this time, to a large extent as a result of An Túr Gloine. The studio was run by Purser until 1940, and she was succeeded by Catherine O'Brien who ran it until 1944. After which time O'Brien bought the studio and leased a large section of it to Patrick Pollen. Relation to literary culture A commission for An Túr Gloine occasioned an outburst of criticism in Samhain magazine from the Irish poet W.B. Yeats on how the "bourgeois mind is never sincere in the arts": Galway convent a little time ago refused a fine design for stained glass, sent from Miss Sarah Purser's studio, because of the personal life in the faces and in the attitudes, which seemed to them ugly, perhaps even impious. They sent to Miss Purser an insipid German chromo-lithograph, full of faces without expression or dignity, and gestures without personal distinction, and Miss Purser, doubtless because her enterprise was too new, too anxious for success, to reject any order, has carried out this ignoble design in glass of beautiful colour and quality. Works The following table provides examples of work commissioned from the studio or created by individual artists associated with An Túr Gloine. Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to An Túr Gloine. Portal:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornholm%27s_Self-Government_Party"}

Political party in Denmark Bornholm's Self-Government Party (Danish: Bornholms Selvstyre parti) is a local political party in Denmark, which seeks to establish the independence or autonomy of Bornholm, a small island in the Baltic Sea with a population of slightly below 40,000 people. Founded in the 1990s, the party has seen only minor successes, securing at most a few hundred votes at a time. History Bornholm forms part of the ancient Lands of Denmark, many of which were originally petty kingdoms or chiefdoms. It's the official stance of the Bornholm's Self-Government Party that the island was governed by its own petty king during the Viking Age. Regardless, Bornholm ended up hotly contested ground between different Danish factions, and the site of frequent battles. During the 16th century, starting 1525, the island was pawned to Lübeck for 50 years. From 1624 and on it had its own militia, Bornholms Milits. Ceded to Sweden – together with Scania, to which it belonged, along with other provinces such as Bohuslän – in the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, the island's population threw out the Swedes the same year. As a reward for returning to King Frederick III, Bornholm received a promise never to be ceded again. First occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, Bornholm saw heavy damage during the war, and was also occupied by the Soviet Union until 1946. Since the Second World War, Bornholm has seen a demographic decline, with a large drop in population numbers and birth rates, as well as employment issues. Due to these issues, and in response to the taxes paid by Bornholm to the central government, the master builder Tonny Borrinjaland founded Bornholm's Self-Government Party in the early 1990s. It has since participated in six municipal elections, gaining 299 votes in the 2009 elections and 190 votes in 2013. During the run-up to the September 2014 2014 Scottish independence referendum, the party expressed its sympathies for the cause of Scottish independence, and stated that it had a lot to learn from the Scots. Party leader Borrinjaland also pointed to Malta and Singapore as two other models that Bornholm should learn from. Strongly in favour of preserving the endangered Bornholmsk dialect, Borrinjaland has gone as far as to translate the New Testament to the local language. Commenting on his views regarding Bornholmsk, he stated: "Today, it is almost forbidden to talk Bornholmsk in kindergartens and schools on the island. That has Denmark with pure dictatorship taken care since many years. It's scandalous, I mean. Therefore, we must ensure that children learn the language, so they at least can choose whether to speak Bornholmsk or not." Borrinjaland was also purportedly behind the launch of the flag of Bornholm, a red and green Nordic Cross flag designed by a local painter and published in a local newspaper in 1975.

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New Zealand cyclist Alexander Ray (born 3 October 1990) is a New Zealand racing cyclist, who currently rides for New Zealand amateur team Mitre 10 MEGA Masterton. On 18 April 2018 Ray was hit by a car while training in Auckland, he was then put into an induced coma. Ray spent eight days in critical care in hospital. Major results 2015 6th Overall Joe Martin Stage Race 2016 6th Overall Tour de Taiwan

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_King_Cup"}

Football tournament season The 2014 King Cup, or The Custodian of The Two Holy Mosques Cup, was the 39th season of King Cup since its establishment in 1957, and the 7th under the current edition. Al-Ittihad was the defending champion but was eliminated by Al-Ahli in semi-finals. Unlike the previous seasons where only eight teams participated, this season's competition featured a total of 32 teams. 14 teams of Pro league and 16 teams of 1st Division, and 2 teams qualifying from preliminary stage. The final was held at the King Abdullah Sports City, in Jeddah. Al-Shabab won their third title after beating Al-Ahli 3–0. Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals First leg Al-Ahli v Al-Ittihad Al-Ettifaq v Al-Shabab Second leg Al-Shabab v Al-Ettifaq Al-Ittihad v Al-Ahli Final 20:45 (UTC+3) King Abdullah Sports City, Jeddah Attendance: 62,241 Referee: Viktor Kassai, (Hungary) Winner

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Erewash_Borough_Council_election"}

Elections to Erewash Borough Council were held on 4 May 1995 as part of nationwide local elections. The election saw the Labour Party retain control of the council. Overall results Erewash Borough Council - Results by Ward Abbotsford Breadsall and Morley Breaston Cotmanhay Dale Abbey Derby Road East Derby Road West Draycott Ilkeston Central Ilkeston North Ilkeston South Kirk Hallam North Kirk Hallam South Little Eaton Long Eaton Central Nottingham Road Ockbrook and Borrowash Old Park Sandiacre North Sandiacre South Sawley Stanley Victoria West Hallam Wilsthorpe

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interiors"}

1978 film by Woody Allen Interiors is a 1978 American drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. It stars Kristin Griffith, Mary Beth Hurt, Richard Jordan, Diane Keaton, E. G. Marshall, Geraldine Page, Maureen Stapleton, and Sam Waterston. Allen's first fully-fledged film in the drama genre, it was met with acclaim from critics. It received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Director, Best Original Screenplay (both for Allen), Best Actress (Page), and Best Supporting Actress (Stapleton). Page also won the BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress. Plot The film centers on the three children of Arthur (E. G. Marshall), a corporate attorney, and Eve (Geraldine Page), an interior decorator. Renata (Diane Keaton) is a poet whose husband Frederick (Richard Jordan), a struggling writer, feels eclipsed by her success. Flyn (Kristin Griffith) is an actress who is away most of the time filming; the low quality of her films is an object of ridicule behind her back. Joey (Mary Beth Hurt), who is in a relationship with Mike (Sam Waterston), cannot settle on a career, and resents her mother for favoring Renata, while Renata resents their father's concern over Joey's lack of direction. One morning, Arthur unexpectedly announces that he wants a separation from his wife and would like to live alone. Eve, who is clinically depressed, attempts suicide. The shock of these two events causes a rift among the sisters. Arthur returns from a trip to Greece with Pearl (Maureen Stapleton), a high-spirited and more "normal" woman, whom he intends to marry. His daughters are disturbed that Arthur would disregard Eve's suicide attempt and find another woman, to whom Joey refers as a "vulgarian." Arthur and Pearl marry at Arthur and Eve's former summer home, with Renata, Joey and Flyn in attendance. Later in the evening, Joey lashes out at Pearl when Pearl accidentally breaks one of Eve's vases. In the middle of the night, Frederick drunkenly attempts to rape Flyn. Meanwhile, Joey finds Eve in the house, and sadly explains how much she has given up for her mother, and how disdainfully she is treated. Eve walks out onto the beach and into the surf. Joey attempts unsuccessfully to save Eve, but almost drowns in the attempt. Mike rescues Joey, pulling her to shore, so that Pearl revives the drowned victim by tilting Joey's head back and pinching her nose to administer a cycle of two breaths. The film ends with the family silently attending Eve's funeral, each placing a single white rose, Eve's favorite flower and a symbol of hope to her, on Eve's wooden, perfectly polished coffin, after which all three sisters look out at the sea from their former family beachfront home and comment on how 'peaceful' the sea looks. Cast Reception Box office Interiors grossed $10.4 million in the United States and Canada. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 81%, based on reviews from 16 critics, with an average score of 6.8/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67, based on reviews from 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "beautiful" and complimented Gordon Willis on his "use of cool colors that suggest civilization's precarious control of natural forces", but noted: My problem with Interiors is that although I admire the performances and isolated moments...I haven't any real idea what the film is up to. It's almost as if Mr. Allen had set out to make someone else's movie, say a film in the manner of Mr. Bergman, without having any grasp of the material, or first-hand, gut feelings about the characters. They seem like other people's characters, known only through other people's art. Richard Schickel of Time wrote that the film's "desperate sobriety...robs it of energy and passion"; Allen's "style is Bergmanesque, but his material is Mankiewiczian, and the discontinuity is fatal. Doubtless this was a necessary movie for Allen, but it is both unnecessary and a minor embarrassment for his well-wishers." Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and praised it highly, writing "Here we have a Woody Allen film, and we're talking about O'Neill and Bergman and traditions and influences? Yes, and correctly. Allen, whose comedies have been among the cheerful tonics of recent years, is astonishingly assured in his first drama." Gene Siskel awarded three stars out of four and wrote: I thought the unremitting pain of the first half of the film was almost laughable, as if Allen had made a bad Bergman film. I thoroughly enjoyed the second half, in which the film's only bright, lively character (Maureen Stapleton as the father's new, romantic interest) makes her entrance. At the end, I left the theater thinking that the picture was painful and didn't have much applicability to my life, but that I would always remember its characters more for the superb acting than for Allen's script. Charles Champlin called the film "somber, intense and stunning," concluding "Like Cries and Whispers, Allen's Interiors is, for all the somberness of the material, in the end an affirmation of life and a transcendent piece of art. The film lovers will love it if joke-seekers do not. Penelope Gilliatt of The New Yorker wrote: "This droll piece of work is [Allen's] most majestic so far. The theme its characters express is very Chekhovian. It is pinned to the idea that the hardest, and most admirable thing to do is to act properly through a whole life." James Monaco, in his 1979 published book American Film Now, described Interiors as the most pretentious film by a major American filmmaker in the last 30 years. In 2016, Interiors was listed as Allen's 11th best film in an article by The Daily Telegraph critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey, who wrote that "the emotional effort being expended is cumulatively hard to shrug off" and praised Stapleton's performance. Woody Allen's response Allen's own fears about the film's reception are recounted in a biography of Allen by Eric Lax, where he quotes Ralph Rosenblum, the film's editor: He [Allen] managed to rescue Interiors, much to his credit. He was against the wall. I think he was afraid. He was testy, he was slightly short-tempered. He was fearful. He thought he had a real bomb. But he managed to pull it out with his own work. The day the reviews came out, he said to me, 'Well, we pulled this one out by the short hairs, didn't we?' Later, while watching the film with an acquaintance, Allen reportedly said "It's always been my fear. I think I'm writing Long Day's Journey into Night and it turns into Edge of Night." Looking back on the film in 1982, Allen said: I should have brought Pearl, Maureen Stapleton's character, in earlier. I thought the audience would be entertained before the nub of conflict emerged. I thought that it was entertaining enough before Pearl entered, but it wasn't. It should have been. I should have started it with Pearl coming in right away and the whole thing would have flowered right from the start. Accolades Soundtrack Popular culture The plot and characters of Interiors are alluded to in the Death Cab for Cutie song "Death of an Interior Decorator" (from Transatlanticism (2003)).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_brief"}

The Brandeis brief was a pioneering legal brief that was the first in United States legal history to rely more on a compilation of scientific information and social science than on legal citations. It is named after then-litigator and eventual associate Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, who presented it in his argument for the 1908 US Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon. The brief was submitted in support of a state law restricting the number of hours women were allowed to work. The Brandeis brief consisted of more than 100 pages, only two of which were devoted to legal argument. The rest of the document contained testimony by medics, social scientists, and male workers arguing that long working hours had a negative effect on the "health, safety, morals, and general welfare of women." Brandeis's sister-in-law, legal reformer Josephine Clara Goldmark of the National Consumers League, helped compile most of the information in the brief. In describing these women's research efforts, Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote the following: "Josephine Goldmark, aided by her sister Pauline and several volunteer researchers, scoured the Columbia University and New York Public Libraries in search of materials of the kind Brandeis wanted—facts and figures on dangers to women’s health, safety, and morals from working excessive hours, and on the societal benefits shortened hours could yield. Data was extracted from reports of factory inspectors, physicians, trade unions, economists, and social workers. Within a month, Goldmark’s team compiled information that filled 98 of the 113 pages in Brandeis’ brief." The Brandeis brief had shortcomings and its audacity is sometimes overstated. Oregon's attorney general filed a traditional companion brief that cited the needed legal precedents. Some of the scientific evidence detailed in the Brandeis brief was later challenged and refuted. But it still is regarded as a pioneering attempt to combine law and social science. The Brandeis brief changed the direction of the Supreme Court and of U.S. law. It is considered a model for future Supreme Court presentations in cases affecting the health or welfare of classes of individuals. This strategy of combining legal argument with scientific evidence was later successfully used in Brown v. Board of Education to demonstrate the harmful psychological effects of segregated education on African-American children.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Humphreys_(athlete)"}

British tug-of-war comptitor Frederick Harkness Humphreys (28 January 1878 – 10 August 1954) was a British tug of war competitor and sport wrestler who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. He was also a constable in the City of London Police, collar number 970, as were two of his brothers. He was part of the British team City of London Police which won two gold medals in 1908 and 1920 and the joint City of London Police-Metropolitan Police "K" Division British team which won a silver medal in 1912. There were no games in 1916 due to World War I. He also competed in wrestling, and took part in demonstration bouts around Europe and the United Kingdom. In the 1908 Olympic Greco-Roman super heavyweight competition he was eliminated in the first round and in the freestyle heavyweight event he was eliminated in the quarter-finals. In May 2013, some of his medals, including the 1912 silver and 1920 gold, as well as family photographs, were shown on an episode of a BBC television programme by two of his great-nieces. They stated that the whereabouts of his 1908 gold medal are unknown.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_in_the_United_States"}

BMW cars have been officially sold in the United States since 1956 and manufactured in the United States since 1994. The first BMW dealership in the United States opened in 1975. In 2016, BMW was the twelfth highest selling brand in the United States. The North American headquarters for BMW is located at 300 Chestnut Ridge Road, Woodcliff Lake, Bergen County, New Jersey. The BMW manufacturing plant in Greer, South Carolina, has the highest production volume of the BMW plants worldwide, currently producing approximately 1,500 vehicles per day. The models produced at the Spartanburg plant are the X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, and XM SUV models. In addition to the South Carolina manufacturing facility, BMW's North American companies include sales, marketing, design, and financial services operations in the United States, Mexico, Canada, and Latin America. The North American headquarters for its large financial services subsidiary is located in Dublin, Ohio and is responsible for the captive lending for BMW automotive, BMW Motorsport, and Rolls-Royce cars, when buyers lease the vehicles or decide to finance directly with the company. Spartanburg manufacturing plant Coordinates: 34°53′35″N 82°10′44″W / 34.89306°N 82.17889°W / 34.89306; -82.17889 The BMW Manufacturing Company, also known as BMW Spartanburg, is the BMW Group's only assembly facility in the United States, and is located in Greer, South Carolina. The plant is currently BMW's major global production site for the X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, and XM crossover SUVs, whose biggest market is the U.S., while other BMW models sold in the U.S. market are imported. History BMW announced in 1992 that it would build a 1,150-acre (470 ha) manufacturing facility in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States to strengthen its international production system. The plant opened in 1994. In 2010 BMW announced that it would spend $750 million to expand operations at the Greer plant. This expansion will allow production of 240,000 vehicles a year and will make the plant the largest car factory in the United States by number of employees. BMW's largest single market is the United States, where 339 dealerships sold 346,023 cars in 2015. The two millionth vehicle built at BMWUSM rolled off the plant in January 2012. It is a vermilion red metallic X3 xDrive35i with Oyster Nevada interior and an M Sport Package, was driven by BMW Associate Terry Gardner, a 16-year BMW veteran, with accompanying associates Renita Williams, Trang Pham and Olga Yurchenko. These associates represent teams from each of the plant's manufacturing technologies: Body, Paint and Assembly. The vehicle was retained on display at the Spartanburg Plant to commemorate the milestone. The $2.2 billion plant, which employs 23,000 (BMW and contract), is part of the company’s global five-plant production network. The automaker announced in 2014 an additional $1 billion investment in the facility that will make Spartanburg, South Carolina, BMW's largest US factory, with an annual capacity of 480,000 units when including the X7. There were 411,171 vehicles produced in 2016, of which 70% were exported to 140 countries. The plant is the largest BMW plant in the world in terms of vehicle production volume. Another record was set in 2018, around 70% of production was exported to 125 markets. The biggest export market was China, accounting for one-third of all export. That same year, BMW ceased exporting the X3 to China. A nearby dry inland port, 200 mi (320 km) from the port of Charleston, handles many of the plant's needs for cargo and finished vehicles. In 2015 BMW Spartanburg sent 250,000 new cars by rail from to the Charleston port. Some air freight is also used. Current products Previous products Model range in the U.S. Models offered There are several models which have been solely sold in the United States: Engines offered Several BMW engines have not been officially sold in the United States, due to emissions regulations. These include:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadollah_Samareh"}

Iranian linguist (1932–2019) Yadollah Samareh (1932 – 22 February 2019) was an Iranian linguist and emeritus professor of linguistics at the University of Tehran. He was known for his expertise on Persian phonetics. Samareh was a permanent member of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. He was the first Iranian PhD graduate of University College London. A festschrift in his honor, edited by Omid Tabibzadeh, was published in 2004. Books

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Saudi_Crown_Prince_Cup"}

Football tournament season The 2004–05 Crown Prince Cup was the 30th season of the Saudi premier knockout tournament since its establishment in 1957. It started with the qualifying rounds on 8 December 2004 and concluded with the final on 13 May 2005. Al-Ittihad were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the semi-finals by Al-Hilal. Al-Hilal won their 5th title following a 2–1 win over Al-Qadisiyah in the final. The winner of the Crown Prince Cup earns automatic qualification to the 2006 AFC Champions League group stages. However, as Al-Hilal qualified for the AFC Champions League as league winners, Al-Shabab, the league runners-up, took this Champions League spot. Qualifying rounds All of the competing teams that are not members of the Premier League competed in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 4 available places in the Round of 16. The qualifying competition began on 8 December 2004. First Division sides Al-Khaleej, Al-Raed, and Najran, and Second Division side Al-Watani qualified. First Round Second Round Final Round Round of 16 The Round of 16 fixtures were played on 15, 16, 17 and 18 February 2005. All times are local, AST (UTC+3). Al-Riyadh (1) v Al-Qadisiyah (1) Al-Shabab (1) v Al-Khaleej (2) Al-Tai (1) v Al-Ettifaq (1) Al-Nassr (1) v Al-Ansar (1) Al-Wehda (1) v Ohod (1) Al-Raed (2) v Al-Hilal (1) Al-Ittihad (1) v Najran (2) Al-Watani (3) v Al-Ahli (1) Quarter-finals The Quarter-finals fixtures were played on 3, 4, 5 and 6 March 2005. All times are local, AST (UTC+3). Al-Shabab (1) v Al-Qadisiyah (1) Al-Nassr (1) v Al-Watani (3) Al-Wehda (1) v Al-Hilal (1) Al-Ittihad (1) v Al-Tai (1) Semi-finals The Semi-finals first legs were played on 25 and 26 April 2005 while the second legs were played on 29 and 30 April 2005. All times are local, AST (UTC+3). Matches 21:00 Prince Mohamed bin Fahd Stadium, Dammam Referee: Graham Poll (England) 20:50 King Fahd International Stadium, Riyadh Referee: Olegário Benquerença (Portugal) Al-Qadisiyah won 3–2 on aggregate. 20:40 King Fahd International Stadium, Riyadh Referee: Julián Rodríguez Santiago (Spain) 20:40 Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Stadium, Jeddah Referee: René Temmink (Netherlands) Al-Hilal won 2–1 on aggregate. Final The final was held on 13 May 2005. All times are local, AST (UTC+3). 20:45 King Fahd International Stadium, Riyadh Attendance: 60,000 Referee: Roberto Rosetti (Italy) Top goalscorers

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_Railroad"}

The Chesterfield Railroad was located in Chesterfield County, Virginia. It was a 13-mile (21-kilometer) long mule-and-gravity powered line that connected the Midlothian coal mines with wharves that were located at the head of navigation on the James River just below the Fall Line at Manchester (on the south bank directly across from Richmond). It began operating in 1831 as Virginia's first common carrier railroad. Although it was dismantled before the American Civil War after being supplanted by the steam-powered Richmond and Danville Railroad, several portions of the embankments for the roadbed are extant in Chesterfield County near present-day Midlothian Turnpike. History Coal mining in the Midlothian area of Chesterfield County began in the 18th century. Around 1701, French Huguenot settlers to the area discovered the existence of the coalfield. The coalfield was part of the Richmond Basin which is one of the Eastern North America Rift Basins which contains some sedimentary rock and bituminous coal. In a 1709 diary entry William Byrd II, who is credited as the founder of Richmond, and had purchased 344 acres (139 ha) of land in the area where coal was found, noted that "the coaler found the coal mine very good and sufficient to furnish several generations." It was first commercially mined in the 1730s, and was used to make cannon at Westham (near the present Huguenot Memorial Bridge) during the American Revolutionary War. In 1804, the Manchester and Falling Creek Turnpike was built to ease traffic on what is now Old Buckingham Road. In 1807, became the first graveled roadway of any length in Virginia. However, by 1824, Midlothian area coal mine owners were frustrated by the difficulty of transporting on the toll road, now known as Midlothian Turnpike, more than 1,000,000 bushels of coal by wagons and horse teams to waiting ships below the falls at Manchester on the banks of the James River. Seeking a better method of transportation so that their markets could be expanded, in 1825, a group of mine owners, including Nicholas Mills, Beverly Randolph and Abraham S. Wooldridge, resolved to build a tramway. The Wooldridge family hailed from East Lothian and West Lothian in Scotland, and named their mining company Mid-Lothian, the source of the modern name. Planning and construction 1827-1831 In the winter of 1827, Claudius Crozet, Virginia's State Engineer, surveyed the proposed route and deemed it feasible for construction. This feasibility study was necessary to obtain funding assistance from the Virginia Board of Public Works, a state agency which, beginning in 1816, invested in a portion of the stock of privately managed companies building canals, turnpikes, and, later, railroads. In February 1828, the Chesterfield Railroad Company obtained its charter from the Virginia General Assembly. Within a year, $100,000 stock was subscribed, half purchased by the colliers of Chesterfield County and half by Richmond-area investors. The company hired Moncure Robinson, (1802–1891) a European-trained engineer and U.S. railroad pioneer to supervise construction. In 1830, capital stock was increased to $150,000 to cover unexpectedly high construction expenses. By June 1831, the construction was completed at $127,000 total cost. Most profitable railroad in the world 1831-1850 By September, 1831, the railroad was operational, using horses, mules and gravity as motive power. One hundred and sixty cars were put into operation, and it was an instant financial success. In 1836, the Chesterfield Railroad Company reported carrying 25,903 cars, 84,976 tons (77,089 tonnes) of coal. It received gross revenues of $83,409. This equaled 19% of stockholders' original investment repaid plus 6% dividend. It was reputed to be the most profitable railroad in the world at the time. In 1840, one of the mining companies reported that 300,000 bushels of coal were extracted from the 777-foot (237 m)-deep Pump Shaft alone, one of the more active mines, using the labor of approximately 150 men and 25 mules. It is believed that most of this coal was shipped out by the Chesterfield Railroad. By 1844, the Chesterfield Railroad had repaid the stockholders' entire original investment and consequently came under regulation of Virginia Board of Public Works, which adjusted charges to fix a dividend return of 6%. The rate for carrying coal reduced from 6¢ per bushel to 3¢. Outmoded by steam railroad competition 1850-1851 In 1850, the new steam-driven Richmond and Danville Railroad began operation to Coalfield Station (later renamed Midlothian). Although unsuccessful lawsuits followed, the Chesterfield Railroad was quickly supplanted by the competition. It filed its last report with the Virginia Board of Public Works in 1851. With permission from the state legislature, the Chesterfield Railroad was dismantled before the American Civil War. Design features Operating its entire lifetime without any locomotives, Chesterfield Railroads moved its railcars loaded with coal mostly by gravity downhill to the docks on the James River at the southern edge of Manchester. In places where the line ran uphill, mules helped the cars climb some slopes. The empty cars were hauled back uphill by the mules to the mine, to be reloaded again. In one area the weight of the loaded cars and their downhill motion pulled the empty cars (connected to the full ones by ropes and drums) back toward the mines. One of the most remarkable features was a cycloidal inclined plane, a drum and rope device by which loaded coal-carrying cars lowered down the steep western slope of Falling Creek Valley pulled by two empty cars traveling up the slope. On the eastern side, the loaded cars were then raised 80 feet (24 m) over a 1,000-foot (300 m) distance, with power supplied by animals. After completing that movement, the roadbed was mostly a gradual downhill slope over relatively level terrain towards Manchester. Revenues Presidents Heritage & remnants The Chesterfield Railroad is commemorated by two Virginia Historical Markers and an exhibit in the Chesterfield County Museum, located near the court house. In addition, various portions of the road bed still exist today. Gallery First Railroad in Virginia Historical marker & remnant site nearby Historical marker |VA-S30, is located on U.S. Route 60, at Pocoshock Creek, 3.78 miles (6.08 km) west of the Richmond city limits at State Route 150, and 1.5 miles (2.41 km) west of the junctions of US Highway 60 and State Route 76. At this location, a short portion of the former rail bed on a fill is still visible just south of the marker, between a retail center and a condominium complex. Chesterfield Railroad Virginia Historical marker & remnant site nearby Historical marker |VA-O64 is located about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the Village of Midlothian in U.S. Route 60. Just 1 mile (1.6 km) west of this marker, the site of the cycloidal inclined plane on the steep western slope of Falling Creek Valley is still recognizable and juxtaposes the remains of the railroad bridge at Falling Creek. The location is about 1-mile (1.6 km) east of the Village of Midlothian on U.S. Route 60. Chesterfield County Museum An exhibit on local mining history in the Chesterfield Museum includes a length of iron rail from the incline railway, first in Virginia. Extant Remnants After its discontinuation in 1851, the Chesterfield Railroad roadbed was used as a trail or road for various sections and as a property boundary. In the 20th century, Richmond greatly expanded and much of the old roadbed has been demolished to make way for new developments. Some sections still remain: Furthermore, some sections of the spur lines exist: a twentieth of a mile section of the spur to the Chesterfield Coal and Iron Mining Company (formerly known locally as the "English" company) southeast of the intersection of Walton Park Road and Walton Park Lane and a few sections of the Midlothian company spur, which the Richmond and Danville Railroad used as the southern part of its Midlothian spur.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komorovice"}

Municipality in Vysočina, Czech Republic Komorovice is a municipality and village in Pelhřimov District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. Komorovice lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-east of Pelhřimov, 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Jihlava, and 93 km (58 mi) south-east of Prague.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_triangle"}

Theory of industrial accident prevention The accident triangle, also known as Heinrich's triangle or Bird's triangle, is a theory of industrial accident prevention. It shows a relationship between serious accidents, minor accidents and near misses. This idea proposes that if the number of minor accidents is reduced then there will be a corresponding fall in the number of serious accidents. The triangle was first proposed by Herbert William Heinrich in 1931 and has since been updated and expanded upon by other writers, notably Frank E. Bird. It is often shown pictorially as a triangle or pyramid and has been described as a cornerstone of 20th century workplace health and safety philosophy. In recent times it has come under criticism over the values allocated to each category of accident and for focusing only on the reduction in minor injuries. Development The triangle shows a relationship between the number of accidents resulting in serious injury, minor injuries or no injuries. The relationship was first proposed in 1931 by Herbert William Heinrich in his Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach. Heinrich was a pioneer in the field of workplace health and safety. He worked as an assistant superintendent for an insurance company and wanted to reduce the number of serious industrial accidents. He commenced a study of more than 75,000 accident reports from the insurance company's files as well as records held by individual industry sites. From this data he proposed a relationship of one major injury accident to 29 minor injury accidents, to 300 no-injury accidents. He drew the conclusion that, by reducing the number of minor accidents, industrial companies would see a correlating fall in the number of major accidents. The relationship is often shown pictorially in the form of a triangle or pyramid. The pyramid allows individuals to narrow down the root cause and eliminate or control the hazard or cause. The triangle was widely used in industrial health and safety programs over the following 80 years and was described as a cornerstone of health and safety philosophy. Heinrich's theory also suggested that 88% of all accidents were caused by a human decision to carry out an unsafe act. The theory was developed further by Frank E Bird in 1966 based on the analysis of 1.7 million accident reports from almost 300 companies. He produced an amended triangle that showed a relationship of one serious injury accident to 10 minor injury (first aid only) accidents, to 30 damage causing accidents, to 600 near misses. However, one could assume that not all minor injuries and near misses will be reported, which will result in some fault of the triangle. The numbers used by Bird were confirmed by a 1974 study by A. D. Swain, entitled The Human Element in Systems Safety. The theory was later expanded upon by Bird and Germain in 1985's Practical Loss Control Leadership. Bird showed a relationship between the number of reported near misses and the number of major accidents and claimed that the majority of accidents could be predicted and prevented by an appropriate intervention. Criticism Heinrich's triangle had a significant impact on health and safety culture in the 20th century but has recently been criticized. Some of this criticism regards to the exact figures used in the relationship. A 2010 report relating to the oil and gas industry showed that the original values held true only when applied to a large dataset and a broad range of activities. A 1991 study showed that in confined spaces the relationship was significantly different: 1.2 minor injuries for each serious injury or death. A broad study of UK accident data in the mid 1990s showed a relationship of 1 fatality to 207 major injuries, to 1,402 injuries causing three or more days lost time injuries, to 2,754 minor injuries. Heinrich's original files have since been lost so his accident figures cannot be proven. W. Edwards Deming stated that Heinrich's theory attributing human action as the cause of most accidents in the workplace was incorrect and it was, in fact, poor management systems that caused the majority of accidents. There has also been criticism of the triangle for focusing attention on the reduction of minor accidents. It has been claimed that this has led to workplace supervisors to ignore more serious but less likely risks when planning works in order to focus on reducing the likelihood of more common but less serious risks. The 2010 oil and gas study claimed that this attitude had led to a halt in the reduction of fatalities in that industry in the preceding five to eight years, despite a significant reduction in minor accidents.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamron_Hall"}

American journalist Tamron Hall (born September 16, 1970) is an American broadcast journalist and television talk show host. In September 2019, Hall debuted her self-titled syndicated daytime talk show, which earned her a Daytime Emmy Award. Hall was formerly a national news correspondent for NBC News, daytime anchor for MSNBC, host of the program MSNBC Live with Tamron Hall, and a co-host of Today's Take, the third hour of Today. She hosts Deadline: Crime on Investigation Discovery channel. In summer 2016, Investigation Discovery premiered the TV special Guns on Campus: Tamron Hall Investigates, which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the tower shooting at the University of Texas at Austin. Early life and education Hall was raised in Luling, Texas. She received her Bachelor of Arts in Broadcast Journalism from Temple University in 1992, after which she moved to the Dallas-Fort Worth area to begin her broadcasting career. Career Hall first worked at KBTX in Bryan, Texas, as a general assignment reporter, then moved to KTVT in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1994, where she spent four more years as a general assignment reporter. From 1997 to 2007, she worked for WFLD-TV in Chicago, Illinois. She held several positions, including general assignment reporter, consumer reporter, and host of a three-hour program, Fox News in the Morning. Hall frequently reported on issues related to Chicago politics, and she covered many "breaking news" stories, including one of the most devastating Amtrak accidents in Illinois. In July 2007, Hall joined the national news network MSNBC and NBC News. She also landed a one-on-one interview with Barack Obama before he announced his run for US President in 2008. At MSNBC, Hall served as a general reporter and fill-in anchor, first achieving prominence as a substitute anchor for Keith Olbermann on Countdown with Keith Olbermann. Hall then joined David Shuster as co-host of a two-hour program, The Big Picture, which premiered June 1, 2009, and concluded January 29, 2010. Hall anchored as a substitute for Natalie Morales, and also anchored on the weekends. NewsNation with Tamron Hall In 2010, hosted NewsNation with Tamron Hall, which included high-profile interviews and coverage of US, global and entertainment news. Airing weekday afternoons, the show covered important American events, including a live television broadcast from Ground Zero in New York City after the death of Osama Bin Laden, the final space shuttle launch in 2011, and Hurricane Isaac in 2012. Hall also encouraged viewers to express their opinions via social media on prominent, controversial news stories. Deadline: Crime with Tamron Hall In July 2013, it was announced that Hall would host Deadline: Crime With Tamron Hall on Investigation Discovery. The weekly newsmagazine series features two crime occurrences per one-hour episode, and debuted on September 1, 2013. In each episode, Hall and her investigative team uncover details on why and how things happened within each case, obtaining information from as many reputable sources as possible. Hall dedicates the series to her older sister, whose death was ruled a homicide in 2004 and remains unsolved. The Today Show On February 24, 2014, Hall premiered as co-anchor of Today's Take (The Today Show's third hour with Natalie Morales, Al Roker and Willie Geist), becoming the first African American woman to co-anchor Today. On the day she signed the deal, she wore the jacket of American singer and civil rights activist Lena Horne, which she bought from Horne's estate sale. Horne remains a primary inspiration to Hall. In February 2017, after the network gave her Today co-hosting slot to Megyn Kelly, Hall opted out of her contract and decided to leave NBC rather than take a lesser role. On February 1, 2017, with Hall's contract expiring within the month, NBC News and Hall released a joint statement confirming Hall's decision to depart from both NBC and MSNBC. Tamron Hall (talk show) In July 2017, it was announced that Hall and Harvey Weinstein were producing a daytime talk show that would be hosted and executive produced by Hall. However, Hall's partnership experienced a setback when the Weinstein sexual misconduct scandal broke. On August 8, 2018, Hall entered a new agreement with Disney–ABC Domestic Television to executive produce and host a syndicated daytime talk show. The show was picked up by ABC Owned Television Stations in late September 2018. In December 2018, Hearst Television picked up the show for stations in 24 markets, and on January 22, 2019, ABC Entertainment named Bill Geddie as executive producer for the show along with Hall. On September 9, 2019, Tamron debuted her self-titled award-winning syndicated daytime talk show. With more than 85% US coverage that includes 47 of the top 50 markets, on March 4, 2019, it was announced that Tamron Hall would debut on September 9, 2019. In June 2020, Tamron Hall was honored with three Daytime Emmy nominations by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, with Hall's hosting win marking the first time since the award's inception in 2015 that a freshman host was the recipient of that honor. Hall also received an NAACP Image Awards nomination for Outstanding Talk Series for Tamron Hall in its freshman season and in September 2020, Hall accepted the Gracie Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host and dedicated the honor to Breonna Taylor. On November 8, 2021, ABC announced that the show has been renewed for fourth and fifth seasons, through 2024 Other appearances Hall was featured on a 2014 episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls where she and Bear Grylls hiked for two days in the Pink Cliffs of southwestern Utah. They rappelled down several cliffs, cooked a squirrel over a fire, and hiked over rugged terrain. She made a guest appearance as herself on General Hospital on September 13, 2019. Author Hall's debut novel, As the Wicked Watch, was first published October 26, 2021 with a 100,000 copy first printing. It is the first book in her "Jordan Manning" mystery series. Awards and nominations Hall's media awards and recognition include: Hall has also been featured in several major news publications, including Ebony, Forbes, People, and The Huffington Post. Hall was the 2017 Honorary Muse in the Krewe of Muses parade during Mardi Gras in New Orleans. Anti-domestic violence campaign In 2004, Hall's sister Renate was murdered following bouts of domestic violence. While initially officers informed Hall's family of their certainty of her attacker's identity, that person was not charged and the case remains unsolved. During an interview at the Television Critics Association in January 2014, Hall described receiving the call that her sister had been found dead, noting that in hindsight there were many signals of domestic abuse, but that she did nothing to intervene, and also partly blames herself for the death of her sister. Hall credited her personal experience with domestic violence for the drive to host Deadline: Crime. In a blog post published by Hall for Today, she wrote about the struggles of talking about her sister and her unsolved murder. Initially, she was afraid to speak out because she thought she "would be seen as exploiting the problem". She did not decide to take action until years later. In 2014, Today launched the "Shine A Light" campaign, where the show's anchors each picked a cause to support throughout that year. Hall chose to fight against domestic abuse, with the goal to create a PSA for schools and camps that would spread awareness of emotionally and physically abusive teenage relationships. Hall's fundraising efforts raised over $40,000 and benefited Day One New York, which helps to fight dating abuse. Personal life In 2017, Hall began dating music executive Steven Greener. In early 2019, the couple married and currently live in Harlem. On April 25, 2019, Hall announced that she had given birth to a son. She is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists.

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Musical artist Bernard Odum (June 10, 1932 – August 17, 2004), born Bertrand Odom, was an American bass guitar player best known for performing in James Brown's band in the 1960s. Biography Odum started playing with Brown in 1956 and became a full-time member of Brown's band in 1958. He worked in the James Brown band until the end of the 1960s, and played on such hits as "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag" (1965), "I Got You (I Feel Good)" (1965), and "Cold Sweat" (1967). In 1969, Odum and most of the other musicians in Brown's band walked out on him over a pay dispute and other issues, prompting Brown to create a new backing band, The J.B.'s. In 1970, Odum briefly joined Maceo Parker's group, Maceo & All the King's Men, appearing on the album Doin' Their Own Thing. Bernard Odum played a 1956 Fender Precision Bass, strung with flatwound strings, throughout most of his career. He also played a Vox "teardrop" bass as well as a 120 watt Westminster 1x18 bass combo amp when Brown and his band gained an endorsement from Vox towards the end of 1965. Odum died of kidney failure at the age of 72 in his hometown of Mobile, Alabama.

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Private Albert D. Sale (1850 – November 28, 1874) was an American soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 8th U.S. Cavalry in the Arizona Territory during the Apache Wars. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry against a hostile band of Apache Indians, killing an Apache warrior in hand-to-hand combat and seizing his war pony at the Santa Maria River on June 29, 1869. Biography Albert P. Sale was born in Broome County, New York, in 1850. After his father died, Sale and his siblings were placed in Binghamton Children's Home by his mother, who also died soon after. At age 14, he ran away from the home and spent two years on the road before arriving in Dubuque, Iowa. It was there that he enlisted in the United States Army, signing papers indicating that he was of legal age, in August 1866. Sale was assigned to Troop F of the 8th U.S. Cavalry Regiment and spent the next several years on the frontier. While stationed at Camp Toll Gate, Sale served with the 8th Cavalry in the Arizona Territory during the Apache Wars and was present during the savage fighting in the area during the summer of 1869. On June 26, his unit engaged the Chiricahua Apache in one of the biggest battles of the campaign when Major W.R. Price led a surprise attack against a village on the Santa Maria River, killing four warriors and destroying about 200 dwellings. Sale distinguished himself in a follow-up action three days later in which he fought and killed an Apache brave in hand-to-hand combat, capturing his war pony and other effects. He was officially cited for "personal bravery in the face of the enemy" and awarded the Medal of Honor on March 3, 1870. Though mustered out of the military shortly afterwards, Sale reenlisted four years later, but died of typhoid fever at Fort Union in the New Mexico Territory on November 28, 1874. He was 24 years old. Sale was originally buried at Fort Union but was moved with 286 other graves in 1892 and interred at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. He is one of ten Medal of Honor recipients, and one of four Indian War veterans, buried there. Medal of Honor citation Rank and organization: Private, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Santa Maria River, Ariz., 29 June 1869. Entered service at:--. Birth: Broome County, N.Y. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in killing an Indian warrior and capturing pony and effects.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopilus_asiliformis"}

Species of fly Chrysopilus asiliformis, the 'little snipefly', is a species of 'snipe flies' (family Rhagionidae). Subspecies Subspecies include: Distribution This widespread species is present in most of Europe. Habitat This species inhabits various environments, as scrubs, woodland edges, wetlands and gardens. Description The adults grow up to 6–9 millimetres (0.24–0.35 in) long. This fragile-looking fly shows a slender body. Head, thorax and abdomen are grey dusted, with dark stripes on the abdomen, without bristles The legs are rather long and thin, with brownish-yellow femora. The wings are hyaline with a dark well marked pterostigma. Eyes are greenish. Biology Adults can be encountered from May through September. The larvae probably develop in soil. Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitelees"}

Human settlement in Scotland Whitelees is an area of in the north-east of Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is about a two and a quarter miles from Cumbernauld Town Centre. It lies between Abronhill and Wardpark South. In the history of the new town it was a distinct area from Abronhill. However in common with Ravenswood near Seafar the name of the larger, more signed area has tended to be used far more often. The line of demarcation is at the Whitelees Roundabout, south of which, Abronhill's roads take the names of trees. Houses in Whitelees tend to be in private hands making Whitelees blue on the SIMD map of Scotland. Whitelees is skirted by the Walton Burn whereas Abronhill is not although historically there was a North Whitelees and South Whitelees, the latter being in what is now thought of as Abronhill. Other old maps show Whitelees with various spellings including maps by Charles Ross and William Roy. The area is probably best known for Whitelees Primary School which is a feeder school for Cumbernauld Academy. Toponymy The etymology of the name is uncertain but may mean "a clearing in a wood".

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneta,_Spain"}

Oneta is one of 6 parishes in the municipality of Villayón, in Asturias, Spain. Geography Oneta is a village with 135 inhabitants (2007) and an area of 9,84 km². At an altitude of 542m., The village is 6 km from the municipal capital Villayón. Rivers and lakes Famous Waterfalls - Cascada de Oneta. The River Brana flows through the village. Transport The nearest airport is Oviedo Economy Agriculture dominates the region and has for hundreds of years. Climate Warm summers and mild, occasionally hard winters. Autumn is characterized by severe storms. Points of interest Smaller villages in the parish

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%C3%ADs"}

Place in Seville, Spain Alanís is a municipality in Seville. In 2005 it had a population of 1,937. It has an area of 280 square kilometers and a population density of 6.9 people per square kilometer. It is located at an altitude of 660 meters and is 106 kilometers from Seville. Demographics The population has been steadily decreasing from 2,108 in 1996 to its current level. Monuments Alanís has several monuments. Religious monuments Other monuments

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Jeff Seely is the Chairman of the Space Needle Corporation. Prior to that he was the chief executive of Recruiting.com, Inc. from 2007 to 2010. He had been an executive in the securities industry, and was chairman and chief executive officer of ShareBuilder Corporation. In 1999, Seely created ShareBuilder Securities as an online brokerage to serve middle market investors and to encourage people to start investing and save regularly. The firm managed over 2 million accounts when it was acquired in 2007. ShareBuilder's innovative method of aggregating customer trades and enabling automatic dollar-based investing was awarded a patent by the USPTO. He left the firm when ING Direct bought Sharebuilder in 2007. Seely then joined Recruiting.com as CEO in 2007. He left the job-searching software service when it was sold to Jobing.com in 2010. Seely served as a trustee on the Washington State Investment Board for 15 years until 2018, and was a Director of Concur until its sale in 2014. He is a director of The Space Needle Corporation, Delta Dental of Washington, SpringRock Ventures and Lighter Capital, Inc.. He holds a BA degree from St. Lawrence University, 1976 and an MBA from Columbia University Graduate School of Business, 1980. He is married to Kim Brown Seely.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sand_Princess"}

2019 Thai television series The Sand Princess (Thai: เจ้าหญิงเม็ดทราย; RTGS: Chao Ying Met Sai) is a 2019 Thai television series starring Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul (Baifern), Worrawech Danuwong (Dan) and Chutavuth Pattarakampol (March). Produced by GMMTV together with On & On Infinity, the series was one of the thirteen television series for 2019 launched by GMMTV in their "Wonder Th13teen" event on 5 November 2018. It premiered on GMM 25 and LINE TV on 24 August 2019, airing on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:25 ICT and 23:00 ICT, respectively. The series concluded on 6 October 2019. Cast and characters Below are the cast of the series: Main Supporting Guest role Soundtracks

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshumaan_Pushkar"}

Indian actor Anshumaan Pushkar is an Indian actor. He is best known for playing the role of Rishi Ranjan in the Hotstar original series Grahan (2021) and Jamtara as Rocky on Netflix. Early life and education Pushkar was born on 17 August 1993 in Mokama, a small town in the Patna district of Bihar. He is the son of Late Virendra Prasad Singh. His sister is Jhanvi Rajan. He completed his matriculation at S. B. H. School, Mokama and graduated from Vanijya Mahavidyalaya, Patna. After his graduation, he obtained an MBA degree from Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai.[citation needed] Career Filmography Films Television Nominations

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Ghanaian politician James Cecil Yanwube (born December 25, 1962) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Sixth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Tatale-Sanguli Constituency in the Northern Region on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party. He is currently occupying a position as Tatale/Sanguli District chief executive in the northern region of Ghana. Personal life Yanwube is a Christian (Baptist). He is married (with four children). Early life and education Yanwube was born on December 25, 1962. He hails from Sheini, a town in the Northern Region of Ghana. He entered Lincolnshire and Humberhshide, London, UK and obtained his master's degree in Information Technology in 2000. He attended Fellowship Chartered Certified Accountant in 1997. He also attended Associates of Cost and Management Accountants and Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana) in 2000. Politics Yanwube is a member of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). In 2012, he contested for the Tatale-Sanguli seat on the ticket of the NPP sixth parliament of the fourth republic and won. Employment He is a Senior Lecturer/Dean of Graduate School, Wisconsin International University College, Accra. He works as an accountant and financial officer.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedburg-Hau"}

Municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Bedburg-Hau is a municipality in the district of Kleve in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 5 km south-east of Kleve. One of its main attractions is Museum Schloss Moyland, a castle with a museum of modern art dedicated to the German artist Joseph Beuys. The park around the castle has a sculpture garden, herbal gardens and a rose garden. Castle Moyland was first documented in 1307. In the 1740s Frederick of Prussia used the castle to meet with a lover of his. In 1766 it came into possession of the von Steengracht family, and it remained in their possession until 1990 when the foundation Stiftung Museum Schloss Moyland was formed to care for it. Once a medieval moated castle, the Castle was converted to its current appearance in the 19th century by Cologne Cathedral architect Ernst Friedrich Zwirner, who transformed it in the Gothic Revival style. After being heavily damaged in World War II, it was only after the foundation was established that a comprehensive restoration was initiated, allowing the castle to serve its current purpose. The museum was opened in 1995. The reconstruction of Moyland Schloss was finally completed in 2007 with a topping ceremony when a replica of the historical spire was placed on top of the northtower. Bedburg-Hau is also home to St. Markus Church, which was built in 1124, and the mausoleum where Prince John Maurice von Nassau-Siegen was initially buried before his bodily remnants were brought to Siegen. A large area near the railway station is dedicated territory of the mental hospital LVR-Klinik Bedburg-Hau. The terrain was established around 1910, and now has many architectural monuments. Villages within the municipality of Bedburg-Hau are Hau, Hasselt, Huisberden, Louisendorf, Schneppenbaum, Till-Moyland and Qualburg. Gallery

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sounds_of_Tristan_Psionic"}

1994 studio album by Tristan Psionic The Sounds of Tristan Psionic is the debut album by Canadian indie rock group Tristan Psionic. It was released in 1994 on Sonic Unyon, a record label started by three of the four members of the band. It was the second release, and the first full-length release, by Sonic Unyon. Track listing All songs written by Tristan Psionic (Sandy McIntosh, Gary "Wool" McMaster, Mark Milne, and Tim Potocic).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricky"}

Look up tricky in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tricky may refer to: Arts and entertainment People Other uses

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The 1932–33 Detroit Red Wings season was the first season under the newly named Detroit Red Wings name, seventh of the franchise. The Red Wings qualified for the playoffs and defeated the Montreal Maroons before losing to the New York Rangers in the playoff semi-finals. Offseason Regular season Final standings Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold. Record vs. opponents Schedule and results Playoffs (C2) Montreal Maroons vs. (A2) Detroit Red Wings Detroit wins a total goal series 5 goals to 2. (A2) Detroit Red Wings vs. (A3) New York Rangers New York R. wins a total goal series 6 goals to 3. Player statistics Regular season Scoring Goaltending Playoffs Scoring Goaltending Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals       MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; Awards and records Transactions

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_House_(Wakefield,_Massachusetts)"}

Historic house in Massachusetts, United States United States historic place The Oliver House, also known as the Smith-Oliver House, is a historic house at 58 Oak Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts. Probably built in the late 18th century, this Federal period house is distinctive for its association with the now-suburban area's agrarian past, and as a two-family residence of the period, with two "Beverly jogs". The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Description and history The Oliver House is located at the northwest corner of Oak Street and Crosby Road in the Greenwood section of southern Wakefield. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof and clapboard siding. The entrance, at the center of the south-facing facade, is flanked by fluted pilasters, and is topped by a transom window and projecting lintel. The rear of the house has several additions built under a roof that slopes down to the first floor, giving the house a saltbox profile. The outer additions extend beyond the sides of the main block, a local example of a "Beverly jog". These additions each added a kitchen to the building. The interior of the house has well-preserved Federal period woodwork. Long thought to have been built in the mid-18th century, stylistic analysis suggests that it was more likely built in the late 18th century. It is built on land that was first settled in the 17th century by the Smith family. In the late 18th century, the property went through a rapid succession of owners, and it may be that this house was built by William Williams, not long after his marriage and purchase of the property in 1797. Williams died in 1813, leaving his wife and eight minor children. It is thought that additions to make multi-family living in the house possible date to after that time. The house was sold in 1814 to Ezekiel Oliver in 1814, the widow retaining a share of the house. The house would be used by multiple families, or extended families, or families with boarders, for more than 150 years.

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2019 gubernatorial election in Jigawa State, Nigeria The 2019 Jigawa State gubernatorial election occurred on March 9, 2019. Incumbent APC Governor Mohammed Badaru Abubakar won re-election for a second term, defeating Aminu Ibrahim Ringim of the PDP and several minor party candidates. Mohammed Badaru Abubakar emerged APC gubernatorial candidate after scoring 3,123 votes and defeating his closest rival, Ubale Hashim, who received 54 votes. He picked Umaru Namadi as his running mate. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim was the PDP candidate with Hussain Umar Namadi as his running mate. 19 candidates contested in the election. Electoral system The Governor of Jigawa State is elected using the plurality voting system. Primary election APC primary The APC primary election was held on September 30, 2018. Mohammed Badaru Abubakar won the primary election polling 3,123 votes against 1 other candidate. His closest rival was Ubale Hashim, a chieftain of the APC in the state who came second with 54 votes. Candidates PDP primary The PDP primary election was held on September 30, 2018. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim won the primary election polling 2,028 votes against 3 other candidates. His closest rival Tijani Ibrahim came second with 394 votes, Namadi Husaini came third with 154 votes, while Ali Saad, the first civilian governor of the state polled 30 votes. Candidates Results A total number of 19 candidates registered with the Independent National Electoral Commission to contest in the election. The total number of registered voters in the state was 2,109,477, while 1,169,924 voters were accredited. Total number of votes cast was 1,163,206, while number of valid votes was 1,139,054. Rejected votes were 24,152. By local government area Here are the results of the election by local government area for the two major parties. The total valid votes of 1,139,054 represents the 19 political parties that participated in the election. Blue represents LGAs won by Mohammed Badaru Abubakar. Green represents LGAs won by Aminu Ibrahim Ringim.

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Joseph Aslan Seroussi, also spelled Yosef Aslan Seroussi, (26 May 1933 – 20 June 2018) was a Sudanese-born Canadian businessman. He was the founder of the clothing company Seroussi, which is owned by SC NORADA SA (launched in 1993 in Odorheiu Secuiesc) and focuses on men's fine tailoring. He also owned two other garment factories under different names, also in Odorheiu Secuiesc and in Botoșani. The companies he owned' factories export to Europe every year 800,000 trousers for men and women (for well-known brands from Germany, France and Scandinavia, such as Hugo Boss, Tiger of Sweden, and many others), and about 700,000 men's suits. Before 2010, the volume was almost triple (about 4 million units). Joseph Seroussi also controls the Bucharest-based company, J&R Enterprises SRL. Around 3,000 employees are still working for his factories. Seroussi was born in Khartoum into a Jewish family. He arrived in Great Britain in 1957, and in 1959 he went to Canada. Seroussi came first in Romania in the 1960s. In 1974, he opened a representative office of his Canadian companies in Bucharest, Romanian state-owned enterprises being one of his main suppliers. Forbes Romania estimated his fortune at €50 million in 2010. He was nicknamed "King of Garments" in Romania, and was one of the most important men's suits manufacturers alongside Bigotti. JA Seroussi was also a real estate investor. He died on 20 June 2018, aged 85.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalid"}

Look up invalid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Invalid may refer to: As the opposite of valid:

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Belgian film director Max de Vaucorbeil (1901–1982) was a Belgian film director. Selected filmography Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrosporium"}

Genus of fungi Gastrosporium is the sole genus in the fungal family Gastrosporiaceae. It contains two truffle-like species, the type G. simplex, and G. asiaticum. Both the family and genus were circumscribed by Italian mycologist Oreste Mattirolo in 1903.

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The affordable housing gap is a phenomenon in which the availability of affordable housing is less than the demand. It is directly related to social, racial, and economic inequality, and primarily impacts lower income households. The lack of adequate affordable housing can have adverse consequences for families and communities. By Country India India has a fast growing populace and economy. The National Buildings Organisation (NBO) reported a total shortage of 18.78 million homes in urban areas in 2012. By economic group, this urban housing shortage is 10.55 million in the Economically Weaker Section (total household income does not exceed 300,000 rupees), 7.41 in the Lower Income Group (total household income is between 300,000 and 600,000 rupees), and 0.82 million in the Middle Income Group and above (total household income exceeds 600,000 rupees). United Kingdom The UK National Planning Policy Framework uses the "standard formula" to assess local housing need. The formula uses household growth projections, adjusted for affordability Critics of this method say that it does not account for the present backlog of housing. Households that live in poorly maintained or overcrowded accommodations would not be represented in the standard formula. A 2019 report estimates that 4.75 million households in Great Britain are in need of adequate affordable housing. In the 2019 general election, both major political parties identified the housing gap as an obstacle for the country, and pledged to increase housing supply. The Parliament has a stated target of 300,000 new homes a year by the mid-2020s. United States The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) defines affordable housing as "housing on which the occupant is paying no more than 30 percent of gross income for housing costs, including utilities." HUD uses the terms "cost burdened" and "severely cost burdened" to describe individuals or families that spend more than 30% and 50% of their income on housing costs, respectively. According to the 2020 U.S. census, 46% of American renters are cost burdened, and 23% are severely cost burdened. The affordable housing gap primarily impacts the lower-income households in America. A 2017 HUD survey found that 89% of extremely low income renter households were moderately or severely cost burdened. 83% of very low income households, 54% of low income households, 20% of moderate income households, and 6% of high income households met the same criteria.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taracena"}

Place in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain Taracena is a village (pedanía) belonging to the municipality of Guadalajara, Spain. It lies near the A-2. History The area of Taracena has been often identified (including by Adolf Schulten) as the location of Caraca, the city besieged and subjugated by Quintus Sertorius in the 1st century BCE. A former municipality, Taracena was absorbed by the provincial capital in 1969, together with Valdenoches and Iriépal.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Khori"}

Shiv Khori, is a famous cave shrines of Hindus devoted to lord Shiva, situated in the Sangar village, Pouni, near Reasi town in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir in India. Location In Reasi district, there are many shrines such as Mata Vaishno Devi, Merhada Mata, Baba Dhansar, Siad Baba. Shiv Khori is one of them located in Ransoo a village in the Pouni block in Reasi district, which attracts lakhs of devotees annually. Shiv Khori is situated in between the hillocks about 140 km north of Jammu, 120 km from Udhampur and 80 km from Katra.and light vehicles go up to Ransoo, the base camp of pilgrimage. People have to traverse about 3 km on foot on a track recently constructed by the Shiv Khori Shrine Board, Ransoo duly headed by the Divisional Commissioner Jammu as chairman and District Development Commissioner, Reasi as vice-chairman. Description Khori means cave (Guffa) and Shiv Khori thus denotes Shiva's cave. This natural cave is about 200 metres long, one metre wide and two to three metres high and contains a self made lingam, which according to the people is unending. The first entrance of the cave is so wide that 300 devotees can be accommodated at a time. Its cavern is spacious to accommodate large number of people. The inner chamber of the cave is smaller. The passage from outer to the inner chamber is low and small, at one spot it divides itself into two parts. One of these is believed to have led to Kashmir where Swami Amarnath cave is located. It is now closed as some sadhus who dared to go ahead never returned.[citation needed] To reach the sanctum sanctorum, one has to stoop low, crawl or adjust his body sideward. Inside a naturally created image of Lord Shiva, about 4 metres high, is visible. The cave abounds with a number of other natural objects having resemblance with Goddess Parvati, Ganesha and Nandigan. The cave roof is etched with snake formations, the water trickles through these on Shiva Lingam. Pigeons are also seen here like Swami Amar Nath cave which presents good omens for pilgrimages.\ Other details About 40 to 50 years ago, only a few people knew about the Shiv Khori shrine but it has gained much popularity during recent decades. In earlier times the number of yatries was just in thousands but after the constitution of Shiv Khori Shrine Board during December 2003, the number of devotees has superseded previous records as the number of devotees in year 2005 crossed 300,000. This year {2016} it is expected to exceed 20,00,000 tourists.[clarification needed] Some 30 percent of devotees reach the shrine from within the state and 70 percent from different states of the country. A 3-day Shiv Khori mela takes place annually on Maha Shivratri and thousands of pilgrims from different parts of the state and outside visit this cave shrine to seek blessings of Lord Shiva. Maha Shivratri festival is usually held in the month of February or during the first week of March every year. Keeping in view the increasing rush of pilgrims to the holy cave shrine, the Shiv Khori Shrine Board has taken up a number of steps to develop this spot in a bid to provide more and more facilities to the devotees, like the construction of Shrine Guest House at a cost of Rs. 1.9 million at village Ransoo, the base camp of yatra, Reception Centre and Pony shed at an estimated cost of Rs. 8 million, tile work of entire 3-km long track is nearing completion, plantation of ornamental and medicinal plants on track and development of parks etc. Other arrangements like electrification of the cave with modern techniques, provision of oxygen and electric generators, exhaust fans, construction of shelter sheds for yatris with toilet facilities near the cave site, 15 shelter sheds en route Ransoo to cave shrine, railing from the base camp to cave, additional facility of 15,000/EfnrKing[clarification needed] water reservoir, proper sanitation, provision of 25 kV capacity electric transformer, cloak room, starting of permanent bus services from Katra, Udhampur and Jammu, Police post and Dispensary and a STD PCO are under active consideration of the Shiv Khori Shrine Development Board. To meet the ever-growing rush of devotees in having smooth darshans of Lord Shiva, an exit tunnel has been constructed by the Shri Shivkhori Shrine Board this year in February. Post lockdown, time has been restricted from 7 AM to 5 PM. Arti time is 7 AM to 8 AM and 7 PM to 8 PM. Advance Darshan booking is required. Post Lock-down Temple Timing and Procedure: Starting August 20, Pilgrim has to do advance online booking for the Darshan. Darshan can be booked using following URL, https://darshan.yatradham.org/bookings/ShriShivKhoriShrineBoard/PnPIBrLI/create There are few restrictions like total no. of visitors is limited to 1000 (500 from JK and 500 from other states). Darshan time is limited from 7 AM to 5 PM. Other Terms & Conditions - 1.  COVID negative certificate not later than 72 hours from the date of Darshan. 2.  The total permissible daily limit is of 1000 devotees per day (500 from J&K 500 from other states). 3.  Mask and Social Distancing are compulsory all the time. 4.  Below 10 Years and Above 65 Years people are not allowed into the temple. 5.  Darshan Booking voucher is not interstate/government Permission. 6.  The pilgrims should not carry any luggage/cell phones/electronic gadgets while reporting. 7.  All the Pilgrims in group tickets have to report together. 8.  The pilgrims shall wear Traditional Dress only. Male: Dhoti, Shirt / Kurta, Pyjama. Female: Saree / Half Saree / Churidar with Dupatta. 9.  Pilgrims who booked for Darshan should bring the printed copy of their receipt. 10. Reporting and late reporting of Darshan will not be allowed. 11. All bookings are FINAL: Postponement/advancement/cancellation is not allowed. 12. Shri Shiv Khori Shrine Board reserves the right of changing the terms and conditions or cancellation of Darshan under Special Circumstances. Important places near Shivkhori

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Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France Vauchoux (French pronunciation: ​[voʃu]) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre_Wyoming_Valley_Airport"}

Airport in Pennsylvania, U.S. Wilkes-Barre Wyoming Valley Airport (IATA: WBW, ICAO: KWBW, FAA LID: WBW) is a county-owned, public airport three miles north of Wilkes-Barre, in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, and 10 miles south of Scranton, in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility. The primary airport of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton metropolitan area is the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport (AVP). Facilities The airport covers 135 acres (55 ha) at an elevation of 543 feet (166 m). It has two runways: 7/25 is 3,375 by 75 feet (1,029 × 23 m) asphalt; 9/27 is 2,191 by 100 feet (668 × 30 m) asphalt and turf. In 2011, the airport had 25,125 aircraft operations, average 68 per day: 99.5% general aviation, 0.3% military and 0.2% air taxi. 51 aircraft were then based at the airport: 98% single-engine and 2% multi-engine.

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South Korean rapper Jung Woo-sung (Hangul: 정우성, born January 2, 1996), better known by his stage name Olltii (Hangul: 올티), is a South Korean rapper. He was a contestant on Show Me the Money 3. He released his first album, Graduation, on February 24, 2015. Discography Studio albums Singles

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Japanese anime music producer (born 1961) Keiichi Nozaki (野崎 圭一, Nozaki Keiichi, born 11 June 1961) is a Japanese anime music producer currently affiliated with Victor Entertainment. His hired works include Savage Genius and Yuki Kajiura. Staff in

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farwell,_Minnesota"}

City in Minnesota, United States City in Minnesota, United States Farwell is a city in Pope County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 51 at the 2010 census. History Farwell was platted in 1887. A post office was established at Farwell in 1887, and remained in operation until 1998. Since 1998 the City has had a community post office arrangement with the United States Post Office wherein the City pays the wages of the Post Mistress but she is an employee of the USPS. When the Minneapolis and Pacific Railway, forerunner of the Soo Line, was constructed through what became Farwell in 1886, the company took the lead in creating the new townsites that adjoined its stations by arranging for the surveying, platting and sale of lots.   Among the key people involved were William D. Washburn, president, Peter M. Dahl, surveyor, and Charles D. Hammond who managed real estate matters.  Messrs. Washburn, Hammond, and Frederick D. Underwood, general manager, were directly involved in naming these new townsites, along with assigning street/avenue names. Farwell.   Local histories muse that the name might have been attributed to a Swedish accented attendee at a local meeting, called for the purpose of naming the new town, who exclaimed 'farval' or 'farewell' as he left in disgust when a name could not be agreed upon.  It's a humorous anecdote, but does not comport with how townsite names were selected.  In actuality, Farwell was likely named for Charles B. Farwell, of Illinois, a political colleague of Washburn's.  They served together in the U.S. House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., during 1881-1883, and later in the US Senate for a few years beginning in 1889.   That explanation was given by F. D. Underwood in correspondence with a Soo Line official several years later.  It is interesting to note that Chas. Hammond's wife's maiden name was Farwell.  It is possible that when the plat was developed Mr. Hammond seized on that coincidence, giving a double-meaning to the naming of this village.   Among Farwell's street names, Bertrand was the middle name of one of Charles Hammond's sons. Chermak, Alton - Soo Line Railroad historian. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.75 km2), all land. Minnesota State Highway 55 serves as a main route in the community. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 51 people, 27 households, and 14 families living in the city. The population density was 175.9 inhabitants per square mile (67.9/km2). There were 30 housing units at an average density of 103.4 per square mile (39.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White. There were 27 households, of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 11.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.1% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.89 and the average family size was 2.43. The median age in the city was 49.5 years. 15.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.4% were from 25 to 44; 37.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.1% male and 52.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 57 people, 27 households, and 16 families living in the city. The population density was 198.3 inhabitants per square mile (76.6/km2). There were 30 housing units at an average density of 104.4 per square mile (40.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. There were 27 households, out of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, and 40.7% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 14.0% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 24.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,125, and the median income for a family was $31,875. Males had a median income of $28,333 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,917. None of the population or the families were below the poverty line.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Mari%C3%B1o_Caribbean_International_Airport"}

Airport in Isla Margarita, Venezuela Santiago Mariño Caribbean International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional del Caribe "Santiago Mariño", IATA: PMV, ICAO: SVMG) is an airport 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west-southwest of Porlamar, the largest city on Isla Margarita, an island in the state of Nueva Esparta in Venezuela. Facilities The airport has one terminal, which is divided into international and domestic sections. Airlines and destinations Passenger Past international service According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), the airport had scheduled passenger airline service from Europe and the U.S. during the early 1990s including nonstop flights from Frankfurt, London, Miami, Milan and New York City operated by VIASA. Additionally, several European and Canadian carriers, such as Condor, LTU (merged with Air Berlin in 2009), TUI Airways, TUI fly Netherlands, TUI fly Nordic, Martinair, Air Canada, and Air Transat, among others, had seasonal and charter services to Porlamar in the 1990s and 2000s. Long-haul operations from the airport have since ended, but short and medium haul international flight still exist as of today.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamotropha_aeneiciliellus"}

Species of moth Calamotropha aeneiciliellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Joseph de Joannis in 1930. It is found in Vietnam.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_sexflorus"}

Species of plant Cyperus sexflorus is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia. The rhizomatous, perennial, herbaceous, grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of 0.3 to 0.75 metres (1.0 to 2.5 ft). It blooms between January and July, producing brown flowers. In Western Australia it is found amongst sandstone rocks in the Kimberley region where it grows in sandy soils. It is also found across the top end of the Northern Territory.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHV_amplitudes"}

Maximally helicity violating amplitudes In theoretical particle physics, maximally helicity violating amplitudes (MHV) are amplitudes with massless external gauge bosons, where gauge bosons have a particular helicity and the other two have the opposite helicity. These amplitudes are called MHV amplitudes, because at tree level, they violate helicity conservation to the maximum extent possible. The tree amplitudes in which all gauge bosons have the same helicity or all but one have the same helicity vanish. MHV amplitudes may be calculated very efficiently by means of the Parke–Taylor formula. Although developed for pure gluon scattering, extensions exist for massive particles, scalars (the Higgs) and for fermions (quarks and their interactions in QCD). Parke–Taylor amplitudes Work done in 1980s by Stephen Parke and Tomasz Taylor found that when considering the scattering of many gluons, certain classes of amplitude vanish at tree level; in particular when fewer than two gluons have negative helicity (and all the rest have positive helicity): The first non-vanishing case occurs when two gluons have negative helicity. Such amplitudes are known as "maximally helicity violating" and have an extremely simple form in terms of momentum bilinears, independent of the number of gluons present: The compactness of these amplitudes makes them extremely attractive, particularly for data taking at the LHC, for which it is necessary to remove the dominant background of standard model events. A rigorous derivation of the Parke–Taylor amplitudes was given by Berends and Giele. CSW rules The MHV were given a geometrical interpretation using Witten's twistor string theory which in turn inspired a technique of "sewing" MHV amplitudes together (with some off-shell continuation) to build arbitrarily complex tree diagrams. The rules for this formalism are called the CSW rules (after Freddy Cachazo, Peter Svrcek, Edward Witten). The CSW rules can be generalised to the quantum level by forming loop diagrams out of MHV vertices. There are missing pieces in this framework, most importantly the vertex, which is clearly non-MHV in form. In pure Yang–Mills theory this vertex vanishes on-shell, but it is necessary to construct the amplitude at one loop. This amplitude vanishes in any supersymmetric theory, but does not in the non-supersymmetric case. The other drawback is the reliance on cut-constructibility to compute the loop integrals. This therefore cannot recover the rational parts of amplitudes (i.e. those not containing cuts). The MHV Lagrangian A Lagrangian whose perturbation theory gives rise to the CSW rules can be obtained by performing a canonical change of variables on the light-cone Yang–Mills (LCYM) Lagrangian. The LCYM Lagrangrian has the following helicity structure: The transformation involves absorbing the non-MHV three-point vertex into the kinetic term in a new field variable: When this transformation is solved as a series expansion in the new field variable, it gives rise to an effective Lagrangian with an infinite series of MHV terms: The perturbation theory of this Lagrangian has been shown (up to the five-point vertex) to recover the CSW rules. Moreover, the missing amplitudes which plague the CSW approach turn out to be recovered within the MHV Lagrangian framework via evasions of the S-matrix equivalence theorem. An alternative approach to the MHV Lagrangian recovers the missing pieces mentioned above by using Lorentz-violating counterterms. BCFW recursion BCFW recursion, also known as the Britto–Cachazo–Feng–Witten (BCFW) on-shell recursion method, is a way of calculating scattering amplitudes. Extensive use is now made of these techniques.

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Chinese baseball player Baseball player Xu Zheng (simplified Chinese: 徐铮; traditional Chinese: 徐錚; pinyin: Xú Zhēng; born 10 May 1981 in Beijing, China) baseball player who is a member of Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Sports career Major performances

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Genus of fungi Araeocoryne is a genus of fungi in the family Gomphaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Araeocoryne elegans, found in Malaysia.

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The term rank scale was developed by Michael Halliday and is associated with systemic functional linguistics, the school of linguistic theory and description of which he is the originator. According to this theory, systems are a key organising feature of grammar, and each system originates "at a particular rank: clause, phrase, group and their associated complexes".

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_New_York_City"}

Dutch people have had a continuous presence in New York City for nearly 400 years, being the earliest European settlers. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. Because of the history of Dutch colonization, Dutch culture, politics, law, architecture, and language played a formative role in shaping the culture of the city. The Dutch were the majority in New York City until the early 1700s and the Dutch language was commonly spoken until the mid to late-1700s. Many places and institutions in New York City still bear a colonial Dutch toponymy, including Brooklyn (Breukelen), Harlem (Haarlem), Wall Street (Waal Straat), The Bowery (bouwerij (“farm”), and Coney Island (conyne). Culture The New York Dutch Room at the Metropolitan Museum of Art features historical artifacts from Dutch homes in New York. The African American Pinkster Committee of New York (AAPCNY) along with the African Burial Ground National Monument hold an annual pinkster celebration in New York City. Originally a Dutch Christian holiday celebrating Pentecost, pinkster has subsequently evolved into a primarily African-American holiday incorporating elements of Angolan, Congolese, and other African culture. Institutions and landmarks The Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York is a charitable organization whose membership is composed of men who are descended from New York's early inhabitants, many of whom can trace their ancestry back to the earliest colonial Dutch settlers. The Wyckoff House, an historic house in Brooklyn's Canarsie neighborhood, is the oldest surviving example of Dutch frame architecture in the United States, dating to 1652. Religion Christianity List of former Dutch Reformed churches in New York City: Judaism In September 1654, the first organized group of Jewish immigrants arrived in New Amsterdam. The group consisted of 23 Sephardi Jews from Recife who were fleeing the Portuguese Inquisition following the Portuguese conquest of Dutch Brazil. The Ansche Chesed synagogue on the Upper West Side was founded in 1828 by a group of Dutch, German, and Polish Jews who split off from Congregation B'nai Jeshurun. Temple Shaaray Tefila on the Upper East Side was founded in 1845 by 50 primarily Dutch Jews and English Jews who had been members of B'nai Jeshurun, and was officially chartered in 1848. It was initially an Orthodox synagogue, but slowly turned to Reform Judaism over the years. Notable New Yorkers of Dutch descent

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Kelantan"}

Head of government of Kelantan The Menteri Besar of Kelantan or Chief Minister of Kelantan is the head of government in the Malaysian state of Kelantan. According to convention, the Menteri Besar is the leader of the majority party or largest coalition party of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly. The 17th and current Menteri Besar of Kelantan is Ahmad Yaakob, who took office on 6 May 2013. Appointment According to the state constitution, the Sultan of Kelantan shall first appoint the Menteri Besar to preside over the Executive Council and requires such Menteri Besar to be a member of the Legislative Assembly who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Assembly, must be an ethnic Malay who professes the religion of Islam and must not a Malaysian citizen by naturalisation or by registration. The Sultan on the Menteri Besar's advice shall appoint not more than ten nor less than four members from among the members of the Legislative Assembly. The member of the Executive Council must take and subscribe in the presence of the Sultan the oath of office and allegiance as well as the oath of secrecy before they can exercise the functions of office. The Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly. The members of the Executive Council shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, business or profession that will cause conflict of interest. If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly, or the Legislative Assembly passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the Menteri Besar is bound by convention to resign immediately. The Sultan's choice of replacement Menteri Besar will be dictated by the circumstances. A member of the Executive Council other than the Menteri Besar shall hold office during the pleasure of the Sultan, unless the appointment of any member of the Executive Council shall have been revoked by the Sultan on the advice of the Menteri Besar but may at any time resign his office. Following a resignation in other circumstances, defeated in an election or the death of the Menteri Besar, the Sultan will generally appoint as Menteri Besar the person voted by the governing party as their new leader. Powers The power of the Menteri Besar is subject to a number of limitations. Menteri Besar removed as leader of his or her party, or whose government loses a vote of no confidence in the Legislative Assembly, must advise a state election or resign the office or be dismissed by the Sultan. The defeat of a supply bill (one that concerns the spending of money) or unable to pass important policy-related legislation is seen to require the resignation of the government or dissolution of Legislative Assembly, much like a non-confidence vote, since a government that cannot spend money is hamstrung, also called loss of supply. The Menteri Besar's party will normally have a majority in the Legislative Assembly and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Kelantan politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the Legislative Assembly is mostly a formality. Caretaker Menteri Besar The legislative assembly unless sooner dissolved by the Sultan with His Majesty's own discretion on the advice of the Menteri Besar shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. The state constitution permits a delay of 60 days of general election to be held from the date of dissolution and the legislative assembly shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than 120 days from the date of dissolution. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one legislative assembly and the convening of the next, the Menteri Besar and the executive council remain in office in a caretaker capacity. List of Menteris Besar of Kelantan The following is the list of Menteris Besar of Kelantan since 1775: Colour key (for political parties):   UMNO   Parti Negara   Alliance /   Barisan Nasional   PMIP/PAS

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The Vickers Type C was a World War II RAF British bomber. The first proposal for the aircraft (from late 1942) had vertical stabilizers on the tips of the wings, but these were rejected because it caused the plane to become unstable. The second proposal for the plane (from early 1943) had one fin. The aircraft never entered production.[citation needed] Specifications

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alashan_wapiti"}

Subspecies of deer The Alashan wapiti is a subspecies of Cervus canadensis (named "elk" or "wapiti" in North America), found in northern China and Mongolia. It is the smallest subspecies of elk, has the lightest color, and is the least studied, other than the extinct Merriam's elk.

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Irish footballer James Richard Williams was an Irish international footballer who played club football for Ulster as a forward. Williams made two appearances for Ireland at the 1886 British Home Championship, scoring one goal.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_Flow"}

1988 single by Enya "Orinoco Flow", also released as "Orinoco Flow (Sail Away)", is a song by Irish singer-songwriter Enya from her second studio album, Watermark (1988). It was released on 3 October 1988 by WEA Records in the United Kingdom and by Geffen Records in the United States the following year. The song topped the UK Singles Chart for three weeks and received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Music Video and Best New Age Performance at the 32nd Annual Grammy Awards. The Guardian ranked "Orinoco Flow" number 77 in its list of the 100 greatest UK number-one singles of all time in 2020. Background The song was released as the lead single from Enya's studio album Watermark on 3 October 1988. It became a global success, reaching number one in several countries, including Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, where it stayed at the top of the UK Singles Chart for three weeks. In the United States, the song peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1989. The title of the song is an allusion both to Orinoco Studios (now Miloco Studios), where it was recorded, and to the river of the same name. Its pizzicato chords, generated by altering the Roland D-50 synthesizer's "Pizzagogo" patch, are highly recognizable as a new-age sound. Enya was signed to WEA by Rob Dickins, who served as executive producer of Watermark, and the song pays homage to Dickins in the line "with Rob Dickins at the wheel". Co-producer Ross Cullum is referenced in the song with a pun on Ross Dependency: "We can sigh, say goodbye / Ross and his dependencies". Lyrics The lyrics have been likened to "an itinerary for the most expensive gap year of all time", mentioning an array of locations like a "global geography lesson". Locations mentioned in the song include Fiji, Tiree, Peru, Bali, and Cebu. Legacy In 1994, the song was licensed to Virgin Records for the best-selling new-age music compilation album Pure Moods, which contributed to further exposure and "helped provide a multi-platinum bonanza" to the record company. In 1998, a special-edition 10th-anniversary remix single was released. In a 2015 interview with The Irish Times, Enya said: “Longevity is all any artist dreams of”, rather than to dwell on how her songs are remembered. She credits "Orinoco Flow" for some of her cross-generational appeal, saying: "people who used to like Orinoco Flow are now playing my music to their children". In another interview, when asked whether people bring up "Orinoco Flow", she responded: "people say 'sail away' to me or whistle bits of it back to me. I think it’s wonderful – I never tire of it." Critical reception Ned Raggett from AllMusic described the song as "distinct" and "downright catchy". He noted "its implicit dramatics, [that] gently charges instead of piling things on". Music video A music video was made to accompany the song. It features Enya singing the song in front of footage of rivers, flowers and nature, edited to have the appearance of a painting. It was directed by Michael Geoghegan. Track listings Charts and certifications Covers Samples and remixes In popular culture After a significant wave of popularity, including a regular rotation on MTV, the song became "a punch line", representing a new-age cliché of "generic 'bubble bath' music". The song was used in scenes depicting relaxation and to highlight this in a joking manner. In the 1997 South Park episode "Death", Stan's grandfather locks Stan in a room and plays a parody of the song performed by Toddy Walters to illustrate what it feels like to be old. In the Brooklyn Nine-Nine episode "Crime and Punishment", character Jake Peralta mentions Enya as one of his favorite musical artists. Later on, "Orinoco Flow" plays as he walks, in slow-motion, into a courtroom. Regarding the use of "Orinoco Flow" in Brooklyn Nine-Nine, producer Dan Goor remarked that “We weren’t trying to attach ourselves to a history of making fun of it. The joke was just that it’s 100 percent the wrong music to play. It’s supposed to be this triumphant, badass moment, and instead we’re playing that song.” In the 2002 I'm Alan Partridge episode "The Talented Mr. Alan", Alan is caught singing the song to himself. The song is in "Funeral", the sixth episode of the first series of Peep Show; the music video is shown during the episode, and the song plays over the end credits. The song is played during Rumpelstiltskin's announcement scene in the 2010 film Shrek Forever After. It is also in the first season of Cougar Town. The song was also used as the title song for the Netflix comedy-drama series Living with Yourself starring Paul Rudd and Aisling Bea. Alternatively, the song is also used in media to create a dissonance between the calmness of the song and starkly contrasting visuals. The song is featured during a sequence in David Fincher's 2011 adaptation of the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, in which the secondary protagonist is tortured while the song plays. In the Black Mirror episode "Hated in the Nation", one of the characters listens to the song to relax, "shortly before she’s torn apart by murderous drones" and effectively returned "Orinoco Flow" to the top of the new-age charts after the episode was released. An exception to this is the use of the song in the 2018 Bo Burnham film Eighth Grade. Burnham wrote to Enya directly for permission to use the song, and recognized it as a serious choice for the film; "in Eighth Grade, 'Orinoco Flow' finally gets to be itself" rather than "fodder for ironic laughs". Other uses Advertisement Other references "Orinoco Flow" has also been used in reference to various object names including an iris cultivar Orinoco Flow by iris breeder Cy Bartlett in 1989, and Leporinus enyae, a species of fish from the Orinoco drainage basin named for the artist herself. In the 2017 ITV tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales, Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy, Prince Harry recalls his mother listening to Enya driving in her BMW with the top down.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallokibotion"}

Extinct genus of reptiles Kallokibotion is an extinct genus of stem-turtle from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 86–66 million years ago), known from fossils found in Romania. One species is known, Kallokibotion bajazidi, which was named by Franz Nopcsa after his lover Bajazid Doda. It literally means 'beautiful box of Bajazid'; Nopcsa chose the name because, in the words of British palaeontologist Gareth Dyke, "the shape of the shell reminded him of Bajazid's arse". A second undescribed species is known from the Santonian of Hungary. Description Kallokibotion reached 50 cm (1 ft 8 in) in carapace length. There are jagged ornaments on its shell. Taxonomy A fossil of this turtle was mistakenly described as a pterosaur of the genus Thalassodromeus in 2014. In 1992, it was identified as a basal cryptodire, and as a meiolaniid in the early 2010's. Later phylogenetic analysis based on characters described from new specimens places Kallokibotion as the sister taxon of the crown testudines. A 2021 analysis placed Kallokibotion in Compsemydidae within Paracryptodira.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Cuss%C3%A0"}

Catalan poet, writer, and translator (1961–2021) Jordi Cussà (Berga, 18 January 1961 – 11 July 2021) was a Spanish Catalan-language writer. Biography In the late 1970s he co-founded the Anònim Theatre foundation in his hometown, Berga, collaborating as a playwright and actor. His first novel Cavalls salvatges (2000) reflects his youth addiction to drugs. The novel was very well received by both public and critics in Catalan cultural scene, 'because of its innovation in both its linguistic and stylistic solutions and its themes'. Afterwards he published other books like La Serp (2001), El Ciclop (2017), A Reveure, Espanya (2010) or El trobador Cuadeferro (2016). His last book was published in 2021: El primer emperador i la reina Lluna. Member of the Association of Catalan Language Writers, Cussà also worked as a professional translator to Catalan. He published translations from authors like Chuck Palahniuk, John Boyne, Patricia Highsmith and Truman Capote. Works As a playwright, he made about fifteen written productions and six premieres: Sòcrates o quasi una tragèdia grega (A.T. La Farsa 1980), Tres vistes per a un paisatge, Exili a Selene, Barcelona 2012, Íntima tragèdia, Godot vas tard (Anònim Theatre 1978, 1991, 1996, 2006 and 2008). Awards

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Brook_(scientist)"}

Barry William Brook (born 28 February 1974 in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian scientist. He is an ARC Australian Laureate Professor and Chair of Environmental Sustainability at the University of Tasmania in the Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology. He was formerly an ARC Future Fellow in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Adelaide, Australia, where he held the Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change from 2007 to 2014. He was also Director of Climate Science at the Environment Institute. Early life and education Brook attended high school in Coonabarabran, before studying at Macquarie University, Sydney, where he earned a BSc(First Class Honours) in biology and computer science, and a PhD in population viability analysis and conservation biology. Career Brook is an ecologist who has published three books and over 300 peer-reviewed scientific papers, is an ISI highly cited researcher, and regularly writes opinion pieces and popular articles for the media. He is known for his work in ecological systems models, conservation biology, paleoecology, sustainable energy and climate change impacts. He is a strong proponent for nuclear power as a viable carbon-free energy source for wholesale replacement of fossil fuels, especially using generation IV technology that recycles used nuclear fuel, like the Integral Fast Reactor. His most recent book is Why vs Why: Nuclear Power, which is co-authored by Ian Lowe. The two authors present opposing viewpoints. Brook established the blog Brave New Climate which operated for about five years from 2008. In the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster, Brook argued that the consequences were likely to be minimal, a claim he later retracted. In 2011, Brook co-authored a "Nuclear Series" of articles for the South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy with Ben Heard, and Australia's nuclear options, a policy perspective document for CEDA (Committee for Economic Development of Australia). Brook contributed the first of five chapters to the latter, entitled The role of nuclear fission energy in mitigating future carbon emissions. The other chapters were written by fellow advocates Anthony Owen (UCL), Tony Wood (Grattan Institute), Tony Irwin (Engineers Australia) and Tom Quirk (a nuclear physicist). In an open letter of December 2014 that he led, 75 leading scientists urged environmentalists to set aside their preconceptions about nuclear power. They express their support for an article titled Key role for nuclear energy in global biodiversity conservation., written by Brook, stating that it provided "strong evidence for the need to accept a substantial role for advance nuclear power systems" as part of a range of sustainable energy technologies. "Much as leading climate scientists have recently advocated the development of safe, next-generation nuclear energy systems to combat global climate change ... we entreat the conservation and environmental community to weigh up the pros and cons of different energy sources using objective evidence and pragmatic trade-offs, rather than simply relying on idealistic perceptions of what is 'green'." Brook's advocacy for nuclear power has been challenged by opponents of nuclear industries, including environmentalist Jim Green of Friends of the Earth. Brook has been similarly critical of anti-nuclear activists and in 2015 described the Greens political party (SA Branch) and Australian Youth Climate Coalition as "sad" and "increasingly irrelevant" after they expressed their opposition to nuclear industrial development. In February 2015, the South Australian Premier Jay Weatherill announced the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission to investigate the potential for an expanded role for the state in all aspects of the nuclear industry (mining, enrichment, reprocessing, waste management and nuclear electricity generation). Brook described the announcement as "real progress." In April 2015, Brook was one of five members appointed to the Expert Advisory Committee of the Royal Commission, along with Ian Lowe, SA Chief Scientist Dr Leanna Read, Timothy Stone CBE and John Carlsson, to provide high-level advice. Commissioner Kevin Scarce said "The members of this Committee have been chosen to ensure that the Commission receives a broad range of advice and reflects the diversity of views that the community holds," Brook, along with 17 other environmental scholars, released An Ecomodernist Manifesto in April 2015, which represented a declaration of principles for new environmentalism. The summary of the manifesto says: "We offer this statement in the belief that both human prosperity and an ecologically vibrant planet are not only possible, but also inseparable. By committing to the real processes, already underway, that have begun to decouple human well-being from environmental destruction, we believe that such a future might be achieved. As such, we embrace an optimistic view toward human capacities and the future." It was described by Eduardo Porter of The New York Times as a "...new strategy [that], of course, presents big challenges". Memberships Brook has held positions on a number of advisory boards, committees and councils. These include the Australian Research Council, South Australia's Premier's Climate Change Council (2007-2010), the Premier's Science and Research Council, the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission, the International Awards Committee of the Global Energy Prize, and the advisory board of the Barbara Hardy Institute at the University of South Australia. He also advocates for the not-for-profit Science Council for Global Initiatives. Residences Brook has lived in Melbourne, Bristol (UK), Coonabarabran, Sydney, Darwin, Adelaide, Kyoto (Japan) and currently resides near Hobart, Tasmania. Awards and prizes Nuclear Power book In the 2010 book Why vs. Why: Nuclear Power Barry Brook and Ian Lowe discuss and articulate the debate about nuclear power. Brook argues that there are seven reasons why people should say "yes" to nuclear power: Lowe argues that there are seven reasons why people should say "no" to nuclear power: Selected bibliography

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Indian footballer Pankaj Moula (born 21 December 1992 in Garia in West Bengal) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bhawanipore in the I-League 2nd Division. Career Pankaj Moula who stays in Garia, started his football career as a scout of the Netaji Nagar, Kolkata coaching camp. He participated in many local tournaments where he caught the attention of football lovers with his ability to score goals. Pankaj started his professional career in 2008 when he joined Kumortuli and then played for Mouri Sporting in the next season. In 2010, he joined Calcutta Premier Division Club Techno Aryan F.C., where he played successfully for 3 seasons. Pankaj Moula has always played as a striker throughout his career. He has represented the U-19 West Bengal team, where he scored 4 goals, but unfortunately Bengal got knocked out from the quarter final stage. He also played for East Bengal in lien in the I-League U19 for 2 seasons, where he scored 8 and 6 goals respectively. Pankaj Moula emerged as the top scorer of the I-League U19 once. Mohun Bagan In 2013-14 season Pankaj joined Mohun Bagan. He made his debut on 14 December 2013 against Dempo S.C. at the Salt Lake Stadium in which he came on as a substitute for Ram Malik in the 46th minute as Mohun Bagan lost the match 0-1. Personal life Jose Ramirez Barreto being his idol, Pankaj is a big fan of Lionel Messi and always supports Argentina national football team. Career statistics As of 27 April 2014

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The 2019 AFL Tasmania TSL premiership season is an Australian rules football competition staged across Tasmania, Australia over twenty-one home and away rounds and six finals series matches between 30 March and 21 September. The League was known as the Bupa TSL under a commercial naming-rights sponsorship agreement with the company. Participating clubs 2019 TSL coaches Awards 2019 TSL leading goalkickers Highest Individual Goalkickers In a Match Premiership season Source: Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 9 Round 10 Round 11 Round 12 Round 13 Round 14 Round 15 Round 16 Round 17 Round 18 Round 19 Round 20 Round 21 Ladder Season records Highest club scores Lowest club scores TSL Team Of The Year TSL Finals Series Elimination Final Qualifying Final 1st Semi-Final 2nd Semi-Final Preliminary Final Grand Final

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Musical artist Owen George Anthony Silvera (born c.1956), better known as Ambelique, is a Jamaican reggae singer, primarily working in the lovers rock genre. Biography Born in Waltham Park, Kingston, Jamaica, Silvera began his career in the late 1960s, when he worked with Derrick Harriott's 'Musical Chariot' sound system as a deejay under the name Ramon the Mexican, also recording with Harriott's band The Crystallites on the album The Undertaker. He relocated to The Bronx, New York City and joined Hugh Hendricks and the Buccaneers with whom he toured the United States. He continued to perform but supported himself working as a bank clerk in California. He resumed his music career in 1989 and began a working relationship with Sly & Robbie, with whom he recorded a string of singles, achieving commercial success in the 1990s and beyond. In 2011, he contributed to the single "We'll Always Be There", in aid of the charity Food For The Poor, along with artist such as J.C. Lodge, Dobby Dobson, Glen Washington, Hopeton Lindo, Sharon Forrester, Barry Biggs, and The Melodians. Discography

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Fort Kobbe was an Army fort renamed from Fort Bruja on 15 April 1932 to honor Major General William A. Kobbe. At the time it was located adjacent to Howard Air Force Base in the Panama Canal Zone. In the 1930s it was primarily a United States Army Coast Artillery Corps post. It was located on the west side of the Panama Canal. Most of the area around it was uninhabited (part of the Panama Canal Zone watershed), though Panama City could be reached by crossing the nearby Bridge of the Americas. A rock quarry was operated intermittently in the southwest corner of the Fort near the southern end of the Howard Air Force Base main runway. In the Fort, there was a series of barracks starting on the southern end of Howard Air Force Base in the level land adjacent to the southern end of Howard Air Force Base. In the hills on the east side of the fort were Officer's Married and Bachelor Quarters, and an Officer's Club. There was a small parade field and married NCO housing in the southern end of the Fort. There was a beach in the southeast corner of the fort going into the Pacific Ocean. The beach was protected by a large shark net, as it was understood that the waters in that part of the Pacific were shark-infested. The tides were almost 12', so the beach was not a pristine site. Given that Panamanian locals did not have access to the area, the beach was not used very heavily. The eastern half of Fort Kobbe was jungle stretching over to the western side of the mouth of the Panama Canal. The 33rd Infantry Regiment was reactivated at Fort Kobbe on 4 January 1950 and assumed responsibility for the entire Fort Kobbe/Howard Air Force Base post. The regiment was inactivated and redesignated as the 20th Infantry at Fort Kobbe in May 1956. The 20th Infantry was reorganized and redesignated 15 November 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 20th Infantry. It was inactivated 8 August 1962 at Fort Kobbe. Soon afterwards the 193rd Infantry Brigade was formed to expand ground forces available in the Southern Command area. In the 1980s it was a relatively small post, and housed a battalion of paratroopers (2/187th Rakkasans and later 1/508th ABN), a firing battery of artillery (Battery B 22 Field Artillery) M-102 105mm; six gun battery with survey and search light section, a company of engineers (518th ENG CO), and a helicopter battalion (210th Combat Avn BN). Around 1986, the 518th Engineer Company was expanded into the 536th Engineer Battalion. Known as the "Nation Builders", the unit was deployed all over Central and South America on humanitarian and infrastructure projects. The unit had a company of combat engineers, Bravo Company, that came from the old 518th. The 15th Engineering Company, known as the "Road Dawgs" was a construction company. It consisted of dump trucks, graders, bulldozers, a complete quarry, a crane section, and mobile concrete trucks. The HQ Company had a well drilling detachment, as well as a Detachment of Army Divers. The unit would deploy to various undeveloped sites and, augmented with reserve troops from construction and medical units, would perform a wide variety of engineering and medical missions. This included road and bridge building, well drilling, building of churches and schools, and medical, dental, and veterinary clinics. In 2000, Fort Kobbe was decommissioned and control was turned over to the Republic of Panama. Education The Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) formerly operated Fort Kobbe Elementary School for children of American military dependents. The DoDEA secondary schools in Panama were Curundu Middle School and Balboa High School.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokey_pokey_(disambiguation)"}

Look up hokey pokey or hokey cokey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Hokey Pokey (worldwide) or Hockey Cokey (UK) is a dance and song. Hokey pokey or hokey cokey may also refer to: Dance and music Food

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Robert William Heavener (28 February 1905 – 8 March 2005) was an Irish Anglican bishop and author. Among other works he wrote Co. Fermanagh: a short topographical and historical account (1940); Diskos (1970); Spare My Tortured People (1983), and Credo (1993); some or all of these were written under the pen name Robert Cielou. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1929. He married Ada Marjorie Dagg in 1936; the couple had two children. After serving curacies at Clones and Lack, he became Rector of Derryvullen and then Rural Dean of Monaghan. He was Archdeacon of Clogher from 1968 to 1973, when he was named Bishop of Clogher. Death He retired from religious life in 1980 and died on 8 March 2005, aged 100.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Alaska_Milkmen_season"}

Basketball team season The 1999 Alaska Milkmen season was the 14th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Draft pick Summary Alaska lost their first three games of the season but came back strongly and had an even four wins and four loss record after the first round of eliminations. The Milkmen were tied with Tanduay and Shell with nine wins and seven losses after 16 games and seeded second. Alaska were forced into a playoff by Purefoods but nonetheless prevailed over the Hotdogs in their do-or-die game to moved into the best-of-five semifinal series against the Tanduay Rhum Masters. The Milkmen were beaten in four games and dethrone as champions by the returning PBA ballclub that had a strong frontline composed of powerhouse rookies Eric Menk and Sonny Alvarado. Last year's best import Devin Davis will be playing his first full conference. The defending Commissioner's Cup champions raced on top of the standings with six wins and two losses and had no trouble making it to the next round. Alaska played their last season's championship rival San Miguel Beermen in the best-of-five semifinals. The Milkmen led the series, two games to one, but the Beermen bounces back by winning the last two games to enter in the finals series against Formula Shell as the Milkmen were booted out of the finals picture for the third straight conference. Sean Chambers is playing in his 11th season in the league. Alaska won their last game in the Governors Cup eliminations against Shell to finish at the fourth spot and a twice-to-beat advantage in the quarterfinals. They repeated over the Shell Turbo Chargers to enter in the semifinal series against top-seeded Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs. The Milkmen were able to retain their streak of a finals stint for the sixth straight season by scoring an easy 3-0 sweep over the Hotdogs as they once again battled their old rival San Miguel Beermen in the finals. Alaska lost in the Governors Cup finals in six games to the Beermen, which swept the last three games for a 4-2 series victory. Notable dates March 7: Johnny Abarrientos torch the nets for 22 of his 35 points in the second half in carrying the undermanned Alaska five on his back for a classic 88-87 come-from-behind win over Tanduay Gold Rhum as the Milkmen continued their win streak to three games after a 0-3 start. March 19: Alaska welcomes the return of all-star forward Bong Hawkins and scored a masterful 88-79 victory over San Miguel and tied the Beermen's won-loss record at 4-4. March 24: Alaska pulled off an amazing 85-83 squeaker over Purefoods courtesy of Kenneth Duremdes' buzzer-beating 15-foot jumper. Roster Team Manager: Joaquin Trillo Transactions Direct hire Recruited imports

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiryakov_Island"}

Island in the Kara Sea Sibiryakov Island or Sibiryakow Island (Russian: Остров Сибирякова, Ostrov Sibiryakova), also known as Kuz'kin Island (Кузькин остров), is an island of 800 square kilometres (310 square miles). Its length is 38 kilometres (24 miles) and its maximum width 27 kilometres (17 miles). It is covered with tundra vegetation. This island is located in the Kara Sea, off the northern end of the estuary of the Yenisei river, at just 35 kilometres (22 miles) from the nearest coast. The sea surrounding Sibiryakov Island is covered with pack ice in the winter and there are numerous ice floes even in the summer. The strait between Sibiryakov Island and the mainland is known as Vostochnyy Proliv. This island belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation. It is also part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia. This island is named after Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov, an Imperial Russian gold-mine proprietor. Sibiryakov financed explorations to Siberia, such as Nordenskiöld's, and also took part in some expeditions of his own. Adjacent islands 12 km off Sibiryakov Island's northern cape lies a narrow and curved group of three islands known as Nosok Island (Остров Носок; Ostrov Nosok).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsung"}

Look up unsung in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Unsung may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_Regiment_Royal_Armoured_Corps"}

Military unit The 111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (Manchester Regiment) (111 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army, raised by the Royal Armoured Corps during the Second World War. Origin 111th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 5th Battalion of the Manchester Regiment, a 1st Line Territorial Army infantry battalion. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their Manchester cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps. The 5th Battalion, Manchester Regiment had been serving in 126th Infantry Brigade of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which had fought in France and been evacuated at Dunkirk. The brigade and division were later redesignated 11th Armoured Brigade (later 11th Tank Brigade) and 42nd Armoured Division respectively. At the time of conversion, 111 RAC was based at Bingley, West Yorkshire. It began receiving its first tanks (Cruiser Mk IVs) in April 1942; but, from June, it began receiving Churchill infantry tanks - it was at this time that 11 Armoured Bde was detached from 42nd Armoured Division and became an independent Army Tank Brigade. History In August 1942, the regiment moved to Bolton Castle in North Yorkshire. At this point, its squadron organisation comprised one troop of Churchills and two troops each of 1 Churchill and 2 Valentine tanks. However, half of the 60 tanks it required for squadron and regimental training had to be borrowed from the other regiments in the brigade, 107 and 110 RAC. From September 1942 to April 1943, the regiment was based at Wensley and Middleham, training on ranges in North Yorkshire. In January 1943, the 11th Tank Brigade was attached to 77th Infantry (Reserve) Division and its regiments were given the role of holding and training replacements. Finally, in Autumn 1943, the decision was made disband 11th Tank Brigade, without it ever having seen active service, and it was broken up before the end of November. 111 RAC moved first to Berwick-upon-Tweed and then dispersed to various locations in Lincolnshire. On 15 November, it received orders to reconvert to infantry as 5th Bn Manchester Regiment. In the summer of 1944, the reconstituted infantry battalion acted as the Royal Bodyguard at Balmoral Castle while the Royal Family was in residence and then served as a machine-gun battalion with 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division until the end of the war. External sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Society_of_China"}

Former science organization in China The Science Society of China (simplified Chinese: 中国科学社; traditional Chinese: 中國科學社, 1915-1960) was a major science organization in the modern history of China. It was initiated by Chinese students at Cornell University in 1914, including P.C. King, H. C. Zen, Zhou Ren, Hsingfo Yang and later renamed Science Society of China. In 1915 it began publication in China of a major journal, Kexue (Science), which was patterned on the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1918 Science Society of China founded headquarters in Nanjing. In 1922 the Society established a major biological research laboratory in Nanjing. The Society devoted itself to the popularization of science, the improvement of science education, the standardization in Chinese translation of scientific vocabularies, and participation in international scientific meetings. It was the leading scientific organization in China prior to the establishment of government-sponsored Academia Sinica (1928) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (1949).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzuha_International"}

The Kuzuha International was a professional golf tournament in Japan between 1965 and 1990. It was played at the Kuzuha Public Golf Course in Kuzuha, Hirakata, Osaka. From 1978 to 1983, it was a Japan Golf Tour event. In 1985, Tsutomu Irie became the first player to break the 60 barrier in major professional tournament in Japan when he scored 59 (11 under par) in the first round. History The first two editions were a five-man invitation event played over 18 holes, after which it was a larger single-day 36-hole tournament. The first international players competed in 1971. It was reduced to a 27-hole event in 1972 and 1973, before becoming a two-day 36 hole tournament from 1974. Winners

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Australian rules footballer and coach Australian rules footballer Lachlan Sim (born 24 November 1969) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Brisbane Bears in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL). Originally from Gippsland Football League club Moe, Sim came to Brisbane from the 1988 VFL draft and played six games in his first season with the Bears. Sim made eight more appearances in 1990 and seven in 1991. He was a member of the Brisbane side which won the 1991 reserves grand final. After leaving Queensland Sim returned to Gippsland where he would both play and coach. An electrician by profession, he coached the Gippsland Power in the 2003 and 2004 TAC Cup seasons.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Vacher"}

Polly Vacher MBE (born 1944) is an English aviator specialising in long-distance solo flights. She was awarded the MBE for services to charity in 2002. She lives in Oxfordshire. Born in south Devon, she trained in physiotherapy and spent twenty years in music education. Her interest in aviation developed from a charity skydiving event. She obtained her private pilot licence with her husband Peter in Australia in 1994 and they followed this up by a circumnavigation of the continent. In 1997 she toured the United States by plane, flying solo across the North Atlantic in both directions. Her first Wings Around the World Challenge in aid of the charity Flying Scholarships for the Disabled was in January–May 2001 when she made a solo eastbound circumnavigation of the world in her single-engine Piper PA-28 Cherokee Dakota G-FRGN, the smallest aircraft flown solo by a woman around the world via Australia, including a 16-hour segment from Hawaii to California. On 6 May 2003 she set out from Birmingham Airport on a Voyage to the Ice for the same charity, flying over the North Pole, Antarctica and all seven continents, returning on 27 April 2004, becoming the first solo woman flyer over the polar regions. On 21 May 2007 she set off from Birmingham Airport on her Wings Around Britain Challenge in which she landed at all the airfields in the Jeppesen VFR Manual, between 21 May and 31 July 2007. 221 airfields were visited, flying 19,000 nautical miles (35,000 km) in 158 flying hours. Ninety-six disabled passengers were flown on legs of the flight.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-range_multilateration"}

Navigation and surveillance technique Pseudo-range multilateration, often simply multilateration (MLAT) when in context, is a technique for determining the position of an unknown point, such as a vehicle, based on measurement of the times of arrival (TOAs) of energy waves traveling between the unknown point and multiple stations at known locations. When the waves are transmitted by the vehicle, MLAT is used for surveillance; when the waves are transmitted by the stations, MLAT is used for navigation (hyperbolic navigation). In either case, the stations' clocks are assumed synchronized but the vehicle's clock is not. Prior to computing a solution, the common time of transmission (TOT) of the waves is unknown to the receiver(s), either on the vehicle (one receiver, navigation) or at the stations (multiple receivers, surveillance). Consequently, also unknown is the wave times of flight (TOFs) – the ranges of the vehicle from the stations multiplied by the wave propagation speed. Each pseudo-range is the corresponding TOA multiplied by the propagation speed with the same arbitrary constant added (representing the unknown TOT). In navigation applications, the vehicle is often termed the "user"; in surveillance applications, the vehicle may be termed the "target". For a mathematically exact solution, the ranges must not change during the period the signals are received (between first and last to arrive at a receiver). Thus, for navigation, an exact solution requires a stationary vehicle; however, multilateration is often applied to the navigation of moving vehicles whose speed is much less than the wave propagation speed. If is the number of physical dimensions being considered (thus, vehicle coordinates sought) and is the number of signals received (thus, TOAs measured), it's required that . Then, the fundamental set of measurement equations is: TOAs ( measurements) = TOFs ( unknown variables embedded in expressions) + TOT (one unknown variable replicated times). Processing is usually required to extract the TOAs or their differences from the received signals, and an algorithm is usually required to solve this set of equations. An algorithm either: (a) determines numerical values for the TOT (for the receiver(s) clock) and vehicle coordinates; or (b) ignores the TOT and forms (at least ) time difference of arrivals (TDOAs), which are used to find the vehicle coordinates. Almost always, (e.g., a plane or the surface of a sphere) or (e.g., the real physical world). Systems that form TDOAs are also called hyperbolic systems, for reasons discussed below. A multilateration navigation system provides vehicle position information to an entity "on" the vehicle (e.g., aircraft pilot or GPS receiver operator). A multilateration surveillance system provides vehicle position to an entity "not on" the vehicle (e.g., air traffic controller or cell phone provider). By the reciprocity principle, any method that can be used for navigation can also be used for surveillance, and vice versa (the same information is involved). Systems have been developed for both TOT and TDOA (which ignore TOT) algorithms. In this article, TDOA algorithms are addressed first, as they were implemented first. Due to the technology available at the time, TDOA systems often determined a vehicle location in two dimensions. TOT systems are addressed second. They were implemented, roughly, post-1975 and usually involve satellites. Due to technology advances, TOT algorithms generally determine a user/vehicle location in three dimensions. However, conceptually, TDOA or TOT algorithms are not linked to the number of dimensions involved. Background Multilateration definition Prior to deployment of GPS and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), pseudo-range multilateration systems were often defined as (synonymous with) TDOA systems – i.e., systems that measured TDOAs or formed TDOAs as the first step in processing a set of measured TOAs. However, as result of deployment of GNSSs (which must determine TOT), two issues arose: (a) What system type are GNSSs (pseudo-range multilateration, true-range multilateration, or another system type)? (b) What are the defining characteristic(s) of a pseudo-range multilateration system? (There are no deployed multilateration surveillance systems that determine TOT, but they have been analyzed.) Applications overview Pseudo-range multilateration systems have been developed for waves that follow straight-line and curved earth trajectories and virtually every wave phenomena -- electromagnetic (various frequencies and waveforms), acoustic (audible or ultrasound, in water or air), seismic, etc. The multilateration technique was apparently first used during World War I to locate the source of artillery fire using audible sound waves (TDOA surveillance). Multilateration surveillance is related to passive towed array sonar target localization (but not identification), which was also first used during World War I. Longer distance radio-based navigation systems became viable during World War II, with the advancement of radio technologies. For about 1950-2000, TDOA multilateration was a common technique in Earth-fixed radio navigation systems, where it was known as hyperbolic navigation. These systems are relatively undemanding of the user receiver, as its "clock" can have low performance/cost and is usually unsynchronized with station time. The difference in received signal timing can even be measured visibly using an oscilloscope. The introduction of the microprocessor greatly simplified operation, increasing popularity during the 1980s. The most popular TDOA hyperbolic navigation system was Loran-C, which was used around the world until the system was largely shut down. The development of atomic clocks for synchronizing widely separated stations was instrumental in the development of the GPS and other GNSSs. The widespread use of satellite navigation systems like the Global Positioning System (GPS) have made Earth-fixed TDOA navigation systems largely redundant, and most have been decommissioned. Owing to its high accuracy at low cost of user equipage, today multilateration is the concept most often selected for new navigation and surveillance systems -- e.g., surveillance of flying (alternative to radar) and taxiing (alternative to visual) aircraft. Multilateration is commonly used in civil and military applications to either (a) locate a vehicle (aircraft, ship, car/truck/bus or wireless phone carrier) by measuring the TOAs of a signal from the vehicle at multiple stations having known coordinates and synchronized "clocks" (surveillance application) or (b) enable the vehicle to locate itself relative to multiple transmitters (stations) at known locations and having synchronized clocks based on measurements of signal TOAs (navigation application). When the stations are fixed to the earth and do not provide time, the measured TOAs are almost always used to form one fewer TDOAs. For vehicles, surveillance or navigation stations (including required associated infrastructure) are often provided by government agencies. However, privately funded entities have also been (and are) station/system providers – e.g., wireless phone providers. Multilateration is also used by the scientific and military communities for non-cooperative surveillance. Advantages and disadvantages The following table summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of pseudo-range multilateration, particularly relative to true-range measurements. The advantages of systems employing pseudo-ranges largely benefit the vehicle/user/target. The disadvantages largely burden the system provider. Principle Frequencies and waveforms Pseudo-range multilateration navigation systems have been developed utilizing a variety of radio frequencies and waveforms — low-frequency pulses (e.g., Loran-C); low-frequency continuous sinusoids (e.g., Decca); high-frequency continuous wide-band (e.g., GPS). Pseudo-range multilateration surveillance systems often use existing pulsed transmitters (if suitable) — e.g., Shot-Spotter, ASDE-X and WAM. Coordinate frame Virtually always, the coordinate frame is selected based on the wave trajectories. Thus, two- or three-dimensional Cartesian frames are selected most often, based on straight-line (line-of-sight) wave propagation. However, polar (also termed circular/spherical) frames are sometimes used, to agree with curved earth-surface wave propagation paths. Given the frame type, the origin and axes orientation can be selected, e.g., based on the station locations. Standard coordinate frame transformations may be used to place results in any desired frame. For example, GPS receivers generally compute their position using rectangular coordinates, then transform the result to latitude, longitude and altitude. TDOA formation Given received signals, TDOA systems form differences of TOA pairs (see "Calculating TDOAs or TOAs from received signals" below). All received signals must be a member of at least one TDOA pair, but otherwise the differences used are arbitrary (any two of the several sets of TDOAs can be related by an invertible linear transformation). Thus, when forming a TDOA, the order of the two TOAs involved is not important. Some operational TDOA systems (e.g., Loran-C) designate one station as the "master" and form their TDOAs as the difference of the master's TOA and the "secondary" stations' TOAs. When , there are possible TDOA combinations, each corresponding to a station being the de facto master. When , there are possible TDOA sets, of which do not have a de facto master. When , there are possible TDOA sets, of which do not have a de facto master. TDOA principle / surveillance If a pulse is emitted from a vehicle, it will generally arrive at slightly different times at spatially separated receiver sites, the different TOAs being due to the different distances of each receiver from the vehicle. However, for given locations of any two receivers, a set of emitter locations would give the same time difference (TDOA). Given two receiver locations and a known TDOA, the locus of possible emitter locations is one half of a two-sheeted hyperboloid. In simple terms, with two receivers at known locations, an emitter can be located onto one hyperboloid (see Figure 1). Note that the receivers do not need to know the absolute time at which the pulse was transmitted – only the time difference is needed. However, to form a useful TDOA from two measured TOAs, the receiver clocks must be synchronized with each other. Consider now a third receiver at a third location which also has a synchronized clock. This would provide a third independent TOA measurement and a second TDOA (there is a third TDOA, but this is dependent on the first two TDOAs and does not provide additional information). The emitter is located on the curve determined by the two intersecting hyperboloids. A fourth receiver is needed for another independent TOA and TDOA. This will give an additional hyperboloid, the intersection of the curve with this hyperboloid gives one or two solutions, the emitter is then located at one of the two solutions. With four synchronized receivers there are 3 independent TDOAs, and three independent parameters are needed for a point in three dimensional space. (And for most constellations, three independent TDOAs will still give two points in 3D space). With additional receivers enhanced accuracy can be obtained. (Specifically, for GPS and other GNSSs, the atmosphere does influence the traveling time of the signal and more satellites does give a more accurate location). For an over-determined constellation (more than 4 satellites/TOAs) a least squares method can be used for 'reducing' the errors. Averaging over longer times can also improve accuracy. The accuracy also improves if the receivers are placed in a configuration that minimizes the error of the estimate of the position. The emitter may, or may not, cooperate in the multilateration surveillance process. Thus, multilateration surveillance is used with non-cooperating "users" for military and scientific purposes as well as with cooperating users (e.g., in civil transportation). TDOA principle / navigation Multilateration can also be used by a single receiver to locate itself, by measuring signals emitted from synchronized transmitters at known locations (stations). At least three emitters are needed for two-dimensional navigation (e.g., the Earth's surface); at least four emitters are needed for three-dimensional navigation. Although not true for real systems, for expository purposes, the emitters may be regarded as each broadcasting narrow pulses (ideally, impulses) at exactly the same time on separate frequencies (to avoid interference). In this situation, the receiver measures the TOAs of the pulses. In actual TDOA systems, the received signals are cross-correlated with an undelayed replica to extract the pseudo delay, then differenced with the same calculation for another station and multiplied by the speed of propagation to create range differences. Several methods have been implemented to avoid self-interference. A historic example is the British Decca system, developed during World War II. Decca used the phase-difference of three transmitters. Later, Omega elaborated on this principle. For Loran-C, introduced in the late 1950s, all transmitters broadcast pulses on the same frequency with different, small time delays. GNSSs continuously transmitting on the same carrier frequency modulated by different pseudo random codes (GPS, Galileo, revised GLONASS). TOT principle The TOT concept is illustrated in Figure 2 for the surveillance function and a planar scenario ( ). Aircraft A, at coordinates , broadcasts a pulse sequence at time . The broadcast is received at stations , and at times , and respectively. Based on the three measured TOAs, the processing algorithm computes an estimate of the TOT , from which the range between the aircraft and the stations can be calculated. The aircraft coordinates are then found. When the algorithm computes the correct TOT, the three computed ranges have a common point of intersection which is the aircraft location (the solid-line circles in Figure 2). If the computed TOT is after the actual TOT, the computed ranges do not have a common point of intersection (dashed-line circles in Figure 2). It is clear that an iterative TOT algorithm can be found. In fact, GPS was developed using iterative TOT algorithms. Closed-form TOT algorithms were developed later. TOT algorithms became important with the development of GPS. GLONASS and Galileo employ similar concepts. The primary complicating factor for all GNSSs is that the stations (transmitters on satellites) move continuously relative to the Earth. Thus, in order to compute its own position, a user’s navigation receiver must know the satellites’ locations at the time the information is broadcast in the receiver’s time scale (which is used to measure the TOAs). To accomplish this: (1) satellite trajectories and TOTs in the satellites’ time scales are included in broadcast messages; and (2) user receivers find the difference between their TOT and the satellite broadcast TOT (termed the clock bias or offset). GPS satellite clocks are synchronized to UTC (to within a published offset of a few seconds), as well as with each other. This enables GPS receivers to provide UTC time in addition to their position. Measurement geometry and related factors Rectangular/Cartesian coordinates Consider an emitter (E in Figure 3) at an unknown location vector which we wish to locate (surveillance problem). The source is within range of receivers at known locations The subscript refers to any one of the receivers: The distance ( ) from the emitter to one of the receivers in terms of the coordinates is For some solution algorithms, the math is made easier by placing the origin at one of the receivers (P0), which makes its distance to the emitter Spherical coordinates Low-frequency radio waves follow the curvature of the Earth (great-circle paths) rather than straight lines. In this situation, equation 1 is not valid. Loran-C and Omega are examples of systems that use spherical ranges. When a spherical model for the Earth is satisfactory, the simplest expression for the central angle (sometimes termed the geocentric angle) between vehicle and station i is where latitudes are denoted by , and longitudes are denoted by . Alternative, better numerically behaved equivalent expressions can be found in great-circle navigation. The distance from the vehicle to station i is along a great circle will then be where is the assumed radius of the Earth, and is expressed in radians. Time of transmission (user clock offset or bias) Prior to GNSSs, there was little value to determining the TOT (as known to the receiver) or its equivalent in the navigation context, the offset between the receiver and transmitter clocks. Moreover, when those systems were developed, computing resources were quite limited. Consequently, in those systems (e.g., Loran-C, Omega, Decca), receivers treated the TOT as a nuisance parameter and eliminated it by forming TDOA differences (hence were termed TDOA or range-difference systems). This simplified solution algorithms. Even if the TOT (in receiver time) was needed (e.g., to calculate vehicle velocity), TOT could be found from one TOA, the location of the associated station, and the computed vehicle location. With the advent of GPS and subsequently other satellite navigation systems: (1) TOT as known to the user receiver provides necessary and useful information; and (2) computing power had increased significantly. GPS satellite clocks are synchronized not only with each other but also with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (with a published offset) and their locations are known relative to UTC. Thus, algorithms used for satellite navigation solve for the receiver position and its clock offset (equivalent to TOT) simultaneously. The receiver clock is then adjusted so its TOT matches the satellite TOT (which is known by the GPS message). By finding the clock offset, GNSS receivers are a source of time as well as position information. Computing the TOT is a practical difference between GNSSs and earlier TDOA multilateration systems, but is not a fundamental difference. To first order, the user position estimation errors are identical. TOA adjustments Multilateration system governing equations – which are based on "distance" equals "propagation speed" times "time of flight" – assume that the energy wave propagation speed is constant and equal along all signal paths. This is equivalent to assuming that the propagation medium is homogeneous. However, that is not always sufficiently accurate; some paths may involve additional propagation delays due to inhomogeneities in the medium. Accordingly, to improve solution accuracy, some systems adjust measured TOAs to account for such propagation delays. Thus, space-based GNSS augmentation systems – e.g., Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) and European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) – provide TOA adjustments in real time to account for the ionosphere. Similarly, U.S. Government agencies used to provide adjustments to Loran-C measurements to account for soil conductivity variations. Calculating TDOAs or TOAs from received signals Fig. 4a. Pulse signal Fig. 4b. Wide-band signal Fig. 4c. Narrow-band signal Examples of measuring time difference with cross-correlation (surveillance system) Assume a surveillance system calculates the time differences ( for ) of wavefronts touching each receiver. The TDOA equation for receivers and is (where the wave propagation speed is and the true vehicle-receiver ranges are and ) The quantity is often termed a pseudo-range. It differs from the true range between the vehicle and station by an offset, or bias, which is the same for every signal. Differencing two pseudo-ranges yields the difference of the same two true-ranges. Figure 4a (first two plots) show a simulation of a pulse waveform recorded by receivers and . The spacing between , and is such that the pulse takes 5 time units longer to reach than . The units of time in Figure 4 are arbitrary. The following table gives approximate time scale units for recording different types of waves: The red curve in Figure 4a (third plot) is the cross-correlation function . The cross-correlation function slides one curve in time across the other and returns a peak value when the curve shapes match. The peak at time = 5 is a measure of the time shift between the recorded waveforms, which is also the value needed for equation 3. Figure 4b shows the same type of simulation for a wide-band waveform from the emitter. The time shift is 5 time units because the geometry and wave speed is the same as the Figure 4a example. Again, the peak in the cross-correlation occurs at . Figure 4c is an example of a continuous, narrow-band waveform from the emitter. The cross-correlation function shows an important factor when choosing the receiver geometry. There is a peak at time = 5 plus every increment of the waveform period. To get one solution for the measured time difference, the largest space between any two receivers must be closer than one wavelength of the emitter signal. Some systems, such as the LORAN C and Decca mentioned at earlier (recall the same math works for moving receiver and multiple known transmitters), use spacing larger than 1 wavelength and include equipment, such as a phase detector, to count the number of cycles that pass by as the emitter moves. This only works for continuous, narrow-band waveforms because of the relation between phase , frequency and time : The phase detector will see variations in frequency as measured phase noise, which will be an uncertainty that propagates into the calculated location. If the phase noise is large enough, the phase detector can become unstable. Navigation systems employ similar, but slightly more complex, methods than surveillance systems to obtain delay differences. The major change is DTOA navigation systems cross-correlate each received signal with a stored replica of the transmitted signal (rather than another received signal). The result yields the received signal time delay plus the user clock's bias (pseudo-range scaled by ). Differencing the results of two such calculations yields the delay difference sought ( in equation 3). TOT navigation systems perform similar calculations as TDOA navigation systems. However, the final step, subtracting the results of one cross-correlation from another, is not performed. Thus, the result is received signal time delays plus the user clock's bias ( in equation 3). Solution algorithms General algorithm behavior Generally, using a direct (non-iterative) algorithm, measurement equations can be reduced to a single scalar nonlinear "solution equation" having one unknown variable (somewhat analogous to Gauss–Jordan elimination for linear equations)  – e.g., a quadratic polynomial in one vehicle Cartesian coordinate. The vehicle position and TOT then readily follow in sequence. When , the measurement equations generally have two solution sets (but sometimes four), only one of which is "correct" (yields the true TOT and vehicle position in the absence of measurement errors). The "incorrect" solution(s) to the solution equation do not correspond to the vehicle position and TOT and are either ambiguous (yield other vehicle positions which have the same measurements) or extraneous (do not provide vehicle positions which have the same measurements, but are the result of mathematical manipulations). Without redundant measurements (i.e., ), all valid algorithms yield the same "correct" solution set (but perhaps one or more different sets of "incorrect" solutions). Of course, statistically larger measurement errors result in statistically larger errors in the correct computed vehicle coordinates and TOT. With redundant measurements (i.e., ), a loss function or cost function (also called an error function) is minimized (a quadratic loss function is common). With redundant measurements in the absence of measurement errors, the measurement equations usually have a unique solution. If measurement errors are present, different algorithms yield different "correct" solutions; some are statistically better than others. Algorithm selection considerations There are multiple categories of multilateration algorithms, and some categories have multiple members. Perhaps the first factor that governs algorithm selection: Is an initial estimate of the user's position required (as do iterative algorithms) or is it not? Direct (closed-form) algorithms estimate the user's position using only the measured TOAs and do not require an initial position estimate. A related factor governing algorithm selection: Is the algorithm readily automated, or conversely, is human interaction needed/expected? Most direct (closed form) algorithms have multiple solutions, which is detrimental to their automation. A third factor is: Does the algorithm function well with both the minimum number ( ) TOA measurements and with additional (redundant) measurements? Direct algorithms can be further categorized based on energy wave propagation path—either straight-line or curved. The latter is applicable to low-frequency radio waves, which follow the earth's surface; the former applies to higher frequency (say, greater than one megahertz) and to shorter ranges (hundreds of miles). This taxonomy has five categories: four for direct algorithms and one for iterative algorithms (which can be used with either or more measurements and either propagation path type). However, it appears that algorithms in only three of these categories have been implemented. When redundant measurements are available for either wave propagation path, iterative algorithms have been strongly favored over closed-form algorithms. Often, real-time systems employ iterative algorithms while off-line studies utilize closed-form algorithms. All multilateration algorithms assume that the station locations are known at the time each wave is transmitted. For TDOA systems, the stations are fixed to the earth and their locations are surveyed. For TOA systems, the satellites follow well-defined orbits and broadcast orbital information. (For navigation, the user receiver's clock must be synchronized with the transmitter clocks; this requires that the TOT be found.) Equation 3 is the hyperboloid described in the previous section, where 4 receivers (0 ≤ m ≤ 3) lead to 3 non-linear equations in 3 unknown Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z). The system must then solve for the unknown user (often, vehicle) location in real time. (A variation: air traffic control multilateration systems use the Mode C SSR transponder message to find an aircraft's altitude. Three or more receivers at known locations are used to find the other two dimensions — either (x,y) for an airport application, or latitude/longitude for off-airport applications.) Steven Bancroft was apparently the first to publish a closed-form solution to the problem of locating a user (e.g., vehicle) in three dimensions and the common TOT using four or more TOA measurements. Bancroft's algorithm, as do many, reduces the problem to the solution of a quadratic algebraic equation; its solution yields the three Cartesian coordinates of the receiver as well as the common signal TOT. Other, comparable solutions were subsequently developed. Notably, all closed-form solutions were found a decade or more after the GPS program was initiated using iterative methods. The solution for the position of an aircraft having a known altitude using 3 TOA measurements requires solving a quartic (fourth-order) polynomial. Multilateration systems and studies employing spherical-range measurements (e.g., Loran-C, Decca, Omega) utilized a variety of solution algorithms based on either iterative methods or spherical trigonometry. Three-dimensional Cartesian algorithms For Cartesian coordinates, when four TOAs are available and the TOT is needed, Bancroft's or another closed-form (direct) algorithm are options, even if the stations are moving. When the four stations are stationary and the TOT is not needed, extension of Fang's algorithm (based on DTOAs) to three dimensions is an option. Another option, and likely the most utilized in practice, is the iterative Gauss–Newton Nonlinear Least-Squares method. Most closed-form algorithms reduce finding the user vehicle location from measured TOAs to the solution of a quadratic equation. One solution of the quadratic yields the user's location. The other solution is either ambiguous or extraneous – both can occur (which one depends upon the dimensions and the user location). Generally, eliminating the incorrect solution is not difficult for a human, but may require vehicle motion and/or information from another system. An alternative method used in some multilateration systems is to employ the Gauss–Newton NLLS method and require a redundant TOA when first establishing surveillance of a vehicle. Thereafter, only the minimum number of TOAs is required. Satellite navigation systems such as GPS are the most prominent examples of 3-D multilateration. Wide Area Multilateration (WAM), a 3-D aircraft surveillance system, employs a combination of three or more TOA measurements and an aircraft altitude report. Two-dimensional Cartesian algorithms For finding a user's location in a two dimensional (2-D) Cartesian geometry, one can adapt one of the many methods developed for 3-D geometry, most motivated by GPS—for example, Bancroft's or Krause's. Additionally, there are specialized TDOA algorithms for two-dimensions and stations at fixed locations — notable is Fang's method. A comparison of 2-D Cartesian algorithms for airport surface surveillance has been performed. However, as in the 3-D situation, it's likely the most utilized algorithms are based on Gauss–Newton NLLS. Examples of 2-D Cartesian multilateration systems are those used at major airports in many nations to surveil aircraft on the surface or at very low altitudes. Two-dimensional spherical algorithms Razin developed a closed-form algorithm for a spherical earth. Williams and Last extended Razin's solution to an osculating sphere earth model. When necessitated by the combination of vehicle-station distance (e.g., hundreds of miles or more) and required solution accuracy, the ellipsoidal shape of the earth must be considered. This has been accomplished using the Gauss–Newton NLLS method in conjunction with ellipsoid algorithms by Andoyer, Vincenty and Sodano. Examples of 2-D 'spherical' multilateration navigation systems that accounted for the ellipsoidal shape of the earth are the Loran-C and Omega radionavigation systems, both of which were operated by groups of nations. Their Russian counterparts, CHAYKA and Alpha (respectively), are understood to operate similarly. Cartesian solution with limited computational resources Consider a three-dimensional Cartesian scenario. Improving accuracy with a large number of receivers (say, , numbered ) can be a problem for devices with small embedded processors, because of the time required to solve several simultaneous, non-linear equations (1, 2, 3). The TDOA problem can be turned into a system of linear equations when there are three or more receivers, which can reduce the computation time. Starting with equation 3, solve for , square both sides, collect terms and divide all terms by : Removing the term will eliminate all the square root terms. That is done by subtracting the TDOA equation of receiver from each of the others ( ) Focus for a moment on equation 1. Square , group similar terms and use equation 2 to replace some of the terms with . Combine equations 5 and 6, and write as a set of linear equations (for ) of the unknown emitter location Use equation 7 to generate the four constants from measured distances and time for each receiver . This will be a set of inhomogeneous linear equations. There are many robust linear algebra methods that can solve for , such as Gaussian elimination. Chapter 15 in Numerical Recipes describes several methods to solve linear equations and estimate the uncertainty of the resulting values. Iterative algorithms The defining characteristic and major disadvantage of iterative methods is that a 'reasonably accurate' initial estimate of the 'vehicle's' location is required. If the initial estimate is not sufficiently close to the solution, the method may not converge or may converge to an ambiguous or extraneous solution. However, iterative methods have several advantages: Many real-time multilateration systems provide a rapid sequence of user's position solutions — e.g., GPS receivers typically provide solutions at 1 sec intervals. Almost always, such systems implement: (a) a transient ‘acquisition’ (surveillance) or ‘cold start’ (navigation) mode, whereby the user’s location is found from the current measurements only; and (b) a steady-state ‘track’ (surveillance) or ‘warm start’ (navigation) mode, whereby the user’s previously computed location is updated based current measurements (rendering moot the major disadvantage of iterative methods). Often the two modes employ different algorithms and/or have different measurement requirements, with (a) being more demanding. The iterative Gauss-Newton algorithm is often used for (b) and may be used for both modes. When there are more TOA measurements than the unknown quantities – e.g., 5 or more GPS satellite TOAs – the iterative Gauss–Newton algorithm for solving non-linear least squares (NLLS) problems is often preferred. Except for pathological station locations, an over-determined situation eliminates possible ambiguous and/or extraneous solutions that can occur when only the minimum number of TOA measurements are available. Another important advantage of the Gauss–Newton method over some closed-form algorithms is that it treats measurement errors linearly, which is often their nature, thereby reducing the effect measurement errors by averaging. The Gauss–Newton method may also be used with the minimum number of measurements. While the Gauss-Newton NLLS iterative algorithm is widely used in operational systems (e.g., ASDE-X), the Nelder-Mead iterative method is also available. Example code for the latter, for both TOA and TDOA systems, are available. Accuracy Multilateration is often more accurate for locating an object than true-range multilateration or multiangulation, as (a) it is inherently difficult and/or expensive to accurately measure the true range (distance) between a moving vehicle and a station, particularly over large distances, and (b) accurate angle measurements require large antennas which are costly and difficult to site. Accuracy of a multilateration system is a function of several factors, including: The accuracy can be calculated by using the Cramér–Rao bound and taking account of the above factors in its formulation. Additionally, a configuration of the sensors that minimizes a metric obtained from the Cramér–Rao bound can be chosen so as to optimize the actual position estimation of the target in a region of interest. Concerning the first issue (user-station geometry), planning a multilateration system often involves a dilution of precision (DOP) analysis to inform decisions on the number and location of the stations and the system's service area (two dimensions) or volume (three dimensions). In a DOP analysis, the TOA measurement errors are assumed to be statistically independent and identically distributed. This reasonable assumption separates the effects of user-station geometry and TOA measurement errors on the error in the calculated user position. Station synchronization Multilateration requires that spatially separated stations – either transmitters (navigation) or receivers (surveillance) – have synchronized 'clocks'. There are two distinct synchronization requirements: (1) maintain synchronization accuracy continuously over the life expectancy of the system equipment involved (e.g., 25 years); and (2) for surveillance, accurately measure the time interval between TOAs for each 'vehicle' transmission. Requirement (1) is transparent to the user, but is an important system design consideration. To maintain synchronization, station clocks must be synchronized or reset regularly (e.g., every half-day for GPS, every few minutes for ASDE-X). Often the system accuracy is monitored continuously by "users" at known locations - e.g., GPS has five monitor sites. Multiple methods have been used for station synchronization. Typically, the method is selected based on the distance between stations. In approximate order of increasing distance, methods have included: Service area or volume Sensitivity of accuracy to vehicle-station geometry While the performance of all navigation and surveillance systems depends upon the user's location relative to the stations, multilateration systems are more sensitive to the user-station geometry than are most systems. To illustrate, consider a hypothetical two-station surveillance system that monitors the location of a railroad locomotive along a straight stretch of track—a one dimensional situation . The locomotive carries a transmitter and the track is straight in both directions beyond the stretch that's monitored. For convenience, let the system origin be mid-way between the stations; then occurs at the origin. Such a system would work well when a locomotive is between the two stations. When in motion, a locomotive moves directly toward one station and directly away from the other. If a locomotive is distance away from the origin, in the absence of measurement errors, the TDOA would be (where is the known wave propagation speed). Thus, (ignoring the scale-factor ) the amount of displacement is doubled in the TDOA. If true ranges were measured instead of pseudo-ranges, the measurement difference would be identical. However, this one-dimensional pseudo-range system would not work at all when a locomotive is not between the two stations. In either extension region, if a locomotive moves between two transmissions, necessarily away from both stations, the TDOA would not change. In the absence of errors, the changes in the two TOAs would perfectly cancel in forming the TDOA. In the extension regions, the system would always indicate that a locomotive was at the nearer station, regardless of its actual position. In contrast, a system that measures true ranges would function in the extension regions exactly as it does when the locomotive is between the stations. This one-dimensional system provides an extreme example of a multilateration system's service area. In a multi-dimensional (i.e., or ) situation, the measurement extremes of a one-dimensional scenario rarely occur. When it's within the perimeter enclosing the stations, a vehicle usually moves partially away from some stations and partially toward other stations. It is highly unlikely to move directly toward any one station and simultaneously directly away from another; moreover, it cannot move directly toward or away from all stations at the same time. Simply put, inside the stations' perimeter, consecutive TDOAs will typically amplify but not double vehicle movement which occurred during that interval—i.e., . Conversely, outside the perimeter, consecutive TDOAs will typically attenuate but not cancel associated vehicle movement—i.e., . The amount of amplification or attenuation will depend upon the vehicle's location. The system's performance, averaged over all directions, varies continuously as a function of user location. Dilution Of Precision (DOP) When analyzing a 2D or 3D multilateration system, dilution of precision (DOP) is usually employed to quantify the effect of user-station geometry on position-determination accuracy. The basic DOP metric is ?{\text{DOP}}={\frac {\text{XXX error (after calculations using measurements)}}{\text{pseudo-range (scaled TOA) measurement error}}}.} The symbol  ?} conveys the notion that there are multiple "flavors" of DOP – the choice depends upon the number of spatial dimensions involved and whether the error for the TOT solution is included in the metric. The same distance units must be used in the numerator and denominator of this fraction – e.g., meters. ?DOP is a dimensionless factor that is usually greater than one, but is independent of the pseudo-range (PR) measurement error. (When redundant stations are involved, it is possible to have 0 < ?DOP < 1.) HDOP is usually employed (? = H, and XXX = horizontal position) when interest is focused on a vehicle position on a plane. Pseudo-range errors are assumed to add to the measured TOAs, be Gaussian-distributed, have zero mean (average value) and have the same standard deviation regardless of vehicle location or the station involved. Labeling the orthogonal axes in the plane as and , the horizontal position error is characterized statistically as Mathematically, each DOP "flavor" is a different sensitivity ("derivative") of a solution quantity (e.g., horizontal position) standard deviation with respect to the pseudo-range error standard deviation. (Roughly, DOP corresponds to the condition .) That is, ?DOP is the rate of change of the standard deviation of a solution quantity from its correct value due to measurement errors – assuming that a linearized least squares algorithm is used. (It is also the smallest variance for any algorithm.) Specifically, HDOP is the sensitivity ("derivative") of the user's horizontal position standard deviation (i.e., its sensitivity) to the pseudo-range error standard deviation. For three stations, multilateration accuracy is quite good within almost the entire triangle enclosing the stations—say, 1 < HDOP < 1.5 and is close to the HDOP for true ranging measurements using the same stations. However, a multilateration system's HDOP degrades rapidly for locations outside the station perimeter. Figure 5 illustrates the approximate service area of two-dimensional multilateration system having three stations forming an equilateral triangle. The stations are M–U–V. BLU denotes baseline unit (station separation ). The inner circle is more "conservative" and corresponds to a "cold start" (no knowledge of vehicle's initial position). The outer circle is more typical, and corresponds to starting from a known location. The axes are normalized by the separation between stations. Figure 6 shows the HDOP contours for the same multilateration system. The minimum HDOP, 1.155, occurs at the center of the triangle formed by the stations (and would be the same value for true range measurements). Beginning with HDOP = 1.25, the contours shown follow a factor-of-2 progression. Their roughly equal spacing (outside of the three V-shaped areas between the baseline extensions) is consistent with the rapid growth of the horizontal position error with distance from the stations. The system's HDOP behavior is qualitatively different in the three V-shaped areas between the baseline extensions. HDOP is infinite along the baseline extensions, and is significantly larger in these area. (HDOP is mathematically undefined at the stations; hence multiple DOP contours can terminate on a station.) A three-station system should not be used between the baseline extensions. For locations outside the stations' perimeter, a multilateration system should typically be used only near the center of the closest baseline connecting two stations (two dimensional planar situation) or near the center of the closest plane containing three stations (three dimensional situation). Additionally, a multilateration system should only be employed for user locations that are a fraction of an average baseline length (e.g., less than 25%) from the closest baseline or plane. For example: When more than the required minimum number of stations are available (often the case for a GPS user), HDOP can be improved (reduced). However, limitations on use of the system outside the polygonal station perimeter largely remain. Of course, the processing system (e.g., GPS receiver) must be able to utilize the additional TOAs. This is not an issue today, but has been a limitation in the past. Example applications Categories

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Cathrine Winnes, born 1977, is a Norwegian music conductor. Career Winnes studied music pedagogy and classic saxophone at Norwegian Academy of Music (2000) and conducting at Royal College of Music, Stockholm (2002) under the Professor Jorma Panula, and Norwegian Academy of Music (2004) with teachers Ole Kristian Ruud and Per Sigmund Thorp among others. She has graduated with a master's degree in orchestral conducting. She has conducted several of the Norwegian professional orchestras: Oslo Philharmonic, Norwegian Radio Orchestra, Trondheim Symphony Orchestra, Norwegian Arctic Philharmonic Orchestra in Tromsø and all of Norway's professional military orchestras. She has been guest conductor in Odense Symphony Orchestra in Denmark, Helsingborg's Symphony Orchestra in Sweden, the National Opera Orchestra of Estonia and in August 2013 she became the principal conductor at Östgöta Blåsarsymfoniker. Winnes is the artistic director at the Symphony Orchestra at the University of Oslo and in 2008 she started to work as a lecturer in conducting at the Norwegian Academy of Music. In 2015, she conducted the world premiere of Cecilie Ore’s opera Adam and Eve at the Bergen International Festival and the Ultima Oslo Contemporary Music Festival. She has also took part in the Ultima Festival in 2016, where she conducted for the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, in the world premiere of Trond Reinholdsens Piano Concerto. In 2016 she led the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra choirs Christmas Concert, broadcasting on Swedish television SVT. In Autumn 2017, she made her debut with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in Stockholm.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_Democratic_Movement_of_National_Rescue"}

Political party in Cambodia The Cambodia Democratic Movement for National Rescue (CDMNR) is an electoral alliance between the two main democratic opposition parties in Cambodia, the Sam Rainsy Party and the Human Rights Party founded in mid-2012 to run together in the 2013 Cambodian general election. Its slogan is "Rescue-Serve-Protect".

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American college football season The 1899 A&M Aggies football team represented the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas—now known as Texas A&M University—as an independent during the 1899 college football season. Led by first-year head coach W. A. Murray, the Aggies compiled a record of 4–2. Schedule

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Award ceremony for screenwriting of 1974 The 27th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1974. Winners were announced in 1975. Winners & Nominees Film Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface. Television Special Awards

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Thai-Boxing_at_W.A.K.O._European_Championships_2006_Skopje_-63.5_kg"}

The men's light welterweight (63 kg/138.6 lbs) Thai-Boxing division at the W.A.K.O. European Championships 2006 in Skopje was the fifth lightest of the male Thai-Boxing tournaments involving eight fighters. Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Thai-Boxing rules. The tournament gold medal was won by Yury Zhvokovski from Belarus who defeated Russian Sergey Solomennokov in the final by split decision. Defeated semi finalists Stanislav Ushakov and Michele Iezzi from Russia and Italy respectively had to make do with bronze medals. Results Key

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keziah"}

Keziah (Hebrew: קְצִיעָה Qəṣī‘ā; Greek: Κασία, Kasia; also Ketziah) is a woman in the Hebrew Bible. She was the second of the three daughters born to Job after his sufferings (Job 42:14). Her elder sister was Jemima and her younger sister Keren-Happuch. The name Keziah means "restored to the heart of God" and references Job's restoration after the trials he faced in the first part of his life. The name has been taken to symbolize female equality, since all of Job's three daughters received an inheritance from their father, an unusual circumstance in a time period when women and men were not treated equally.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarvav-e_Olya"}

Village in Kurdistan, Iran Zarvav-e Olya (Persian: زرواوعليا, also Romanized as Zarvāv-e ‘Olyā; also known as Zavār-e Bālā) is a village in Kani Sur Rural District, Namshir District, Baneh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 364, in 69 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

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Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. It can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the genome that are not transcribed. The first observation of mitotic (i.e. non-meiotic) chromosome pairing was discovered via microscopy in 1908 by Nettie Stevens. Edward B. Lewis at Caltech discovered transvection at the bithorax complex in Drosophila in the 1950s. Since then, transvection has been observed at a number of additional loci in Drosophila, including white, decapentaplegic, eyes absent, vestigial, and yellow. As stated by Ed Lewis, "Operationally, transvection is occurring if the phenotype of a given genotype can be altered solely by disruption of somatic (or meiotic) pairing. Such disruption can generally be accomplished by introduction of a heterozygous rearrangement that disrupts pairing in the relevant region but has no position effect of its own on the phenotype" (cited by Ting Wu and Jim Morris 1999). Recently, pairing-mediated phenomena have been observed in species other than Drosophila, including mice, humans, plants, nematodes, insects, and fungi. In light of these findings, transvection may represent a potent and widespread form of gene regulation. Transvection appears to be dependent upon chromosome pairing. In some cases, if one allele is placed on a different chromosome by a translocation, transvection does not occur. Transvection can sometimes be restored in a translocation homozygote, where both alleles may once again be able to pair. Restoration of phenotype has been observed at bithorax, decapentaplegic, eyes absent, and vestigial, and with transgenes of white. In some cases, transvection between two alleles leads to intragenic complementation while disruption of transvection disrupts the complementation. Transvection is believed to occur through a variety of mechanisms. In one mechanism, the enhancers of one allele activate the promoter of a paired second allele. Other mechanisms include pairing-sensitive silencing and enhancer bypass of a chromatin insulator through pairing-mediated changes in gene structure. The physiological relevance of transvection has been, recently, documented in the context of sex-biased gene expression. In this case in Drosophila, transvection acts on the female X-linked gene, yellow, as it is homozygous in females (XX) versus hemizygous in males (XY).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadims_Vasi%C4%BCevskis"}

Latvian javelin thrower Vadims Vasiļevskis (born 5 January 1982) is a retired Latvian track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. He won silver at the 2004 Summer Olympics. His personal best throw of 90.73 m, set in 2007, is the Latvian record. In 2008, Vasiļevskis was awarded the Latvian Order of the Three Stars for his achievements in athletics. Career He has been coached by Valentīna Eiduka. In his early career he finished eighth at the 2000 World Junior Championships and competed at the 2002 European Championships without reaching the final. Vasiļevskis was the Latvian flag bearer at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He was the biggest surprise among Latvia's medal winners in 2004 Olympics. Latvia had three competitors in javelin throw: Vasiļevskis, Ēriks Rags and Voldemārs Lūsis, with Vasiļevskis being the youngest and the least known of the three. In Olympics, Vasiļevskis was the best of the three, throwing for 84.95 metres, two and a half meters further than his previous personal best and good enough to win a silver medal. After the Olympic silver he finished eighth at the 2004 World Athletics Final. After an unsuccessful 2005 World Championships where he did not reach the final round, he got fourth places fourth at the 2006 European Championships, the 2006 World Athletics Final and the 2007 World Championships. He won the gold medal at the 2007 Summer Universiade, and finished ninth at the 2008 Olympic Games. He was the Latvian flag bearer at the 2008 Summer Olympics as well. Seasons bests by year

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musha_Senki_Hakari_no_Hengen_Hen"}

Musha Senki Hikari no Hengen Hen (ムシャ戦記　光の変幻編, lit. Musha Chronicle Light Transformation Chapter) is the eleventh work of the Musha Gundam series. The title of the Comic Bom Bom version is Shin Musha Gundam Musha Senki Hikari no Hengen Hen (新武者ガンダム ムシャ戦記　光の変幻編, lit. New Musha Gundam: Musha Chronicle Light Transformation Chapter). Running period, 1999 to 2000. Outline For this work the series title changed from "SD Sengokuden" to "Musha Senki" but so far Hikari no Hengen Hen is the only work in the series. The time frame of this work is the distant future from the SD Sengokuden timeline. The characters of this work is largely derived from the mechanical designs of Mobile Report Gundam W: Endless Waltz. The characters' names are written in katakana unlike the use of ateji in the previous works. Story Under the rule of the Daishougun, the Gundam Army had always protected the peace of the country. But now a group called Tenma Army appeared and the group is spreading their claws across the land, ready to stage a revolt. The Gundam Army had a tough time fending off the Tenma Army. Thus the Daishougun started Touma Koujin Tai(Kidou Resshi Tai in the Bom Bom version), a special task force to seek out and destroy the Tenma Army. Musha Wing Zero was transformed to a child called Hanemaru by Youjutsushi Hydra while fending off the Tenma Army. Hanemaru followed the Touma Koujin Tai who found him injured in the ruins of the village. During the period he changes to Musha Wing Zero to help out the group. Later Wing Zero found out that his sister is alive and in the hands of the Tenma Army, in the process of saving his sister, Hanemaru regained his past memory and regained his form of Wing Zero. But the true goal of Hydra is to bring forth the Tenma Taitei, the true origin of all the evil the musha gundams had fought. With the power of the custom weapons of the Koujin Tai and the miracle of the stars Wing Zero and the Daishougun defeated Tenma Taitei and brought peace to the land once again. Characters Gundam Army Hanemaru/ Musha Wing Zero (羽丸/武者ウイングゼロ) A musha reverted to his child form by the witchcraft of Youjutsushi Hydra. He is able to return to Wing Zero when the Kokoro no Tama(心の玉) shines. At first the consciousness of both Hanemaru and Wing Zero are separated, Hanemaru would have no memory of being Wing Zero. But later when Hanemaru regained his memory, he realised that he and Wing Zero are truly one and the same and after defeating Youjutsushi Hydra he broke the spell and permanently regain his original form. Wing Zero is fighting the Tenma Army to avenge his sister but actually his sister is still alive in the hands of the Tenma Army. Hanemaru was saved by the Koujin Tai and became part of the group by the order of the Daishougun. During his stint in the group he followed the group on missions and changed to Wing Zero secretly to "help out". Wing Zero was asked to join the group a few times but he rejected their offer. Slowly he came to accept them and worked with them. He is able to equip the custom weapons of the Koujin Tai and utilize their power. In the Comic World version, Wing Zero is normally Hanemaru and secretly transforms into Wing Zero in order to aid the Gundams during difficult battles. Also he transform to his own custom musha form which is unseen in the Bom Bom version. Touma Koujin Tai/ Kidou Resshi Tai (討魔光刃隊/機動烈士隊) Musha Sandrock (武者サンドロック) The leader of the group. He comes from a musha family and is a talented individual in both literary and military arts. Childhood name Yaibamaru(刃丸). He is a practitioner of the Shichisei Tenken Ryuu(七星天剣流). His custom weapon is the Twin Swords Homura(双刀・炎) which can change to a few forms when combined. Musha Deathscythe (武者デスサイズ) A musha from a ninja village. Childhood name Shinobimaru(忍丸). His custom weapon is the Shinobi Cloak(忍クローク). His main weapon the large scythe, Ressaiga(列砕牙). When a mysterious series of killings began, Deathscythe became a prime suspect because he uses the same weapon the assailant used as sighted by an eyewitness, but he secretly investigates and defeated the true culprit - Majin Gundam, clearing his name. In the Comic World version, he is seen shapshifting to his child form. In the Bom Bom version, he dislikes Wing Zero for his cocky, almighty behaviour. Musha Heavyarms (武者ヘビーアームズ) The genius strategist of the group, he is said to be able to accurately predict the enemy's strategy beforehand. Skilled in firearms. Childhood name Todorokimaru(轟丸). His custom weapon is the Todoroki Jyuukou(轟重甲). Musha Nataku (武者ナタク) A machine musha programmed with a heart of justice. His custom weapon is the Dragon Hang(竜撃ハング). His custom musha form is a real type musha. Skilled in using his lance. In the Comic World version, it is revealed that he was called Natabou(ナタ坊) before being upgraded to a combat use machine musha. First Gundam Daishougun (ファーストガンダム大将軍) The overall commanding general of the Gundam Army. He is the originator of the custom weapons and custom musha. He is the travelling musha who met the fatally injured Hanemaru and infused one of the Gundam Crystals-the Kokoro no Tama into Hanemaru to revive him in the past. He combines with his custom battlesteed Shiroganeoh(白鋼王) to become his custom musha form. Shoumusha Wind (将武者 宇印土) Aide of the Daishougun and also the commander of the Koujin Tai. His residence acts as the base for the Koujin Tai. Others Ayano (綾乃) Younger sister of Wing Zero. A miko with extraordinary powers. She was believed to be dead but was actually still alive in captive by the Tenma Army. She was used to power a new kind of puppet musha to fight against Wing Zero and the Koujin Tai. It was revealed that was captured to be the sacrifice to call forth the Tenma Taitei from the Gate of Darkness but that was foiled by the quick thinking of Okinu. When they were young Wing Zero saved her from an ogre and was fatally wounded. Ayano has only appeared in the Bom Bom version. Okinu (お絹) A feisty girl saved along with some villagers by Hanemaru in an unofficial Koujin Tai mission. She and the villagers were forced to work in the gold mine of the Tenma Army. During the battle she witnessed Hanemaru changing to Wing Zero. Since then she has been "training" and urging Hanemaru to master the transformation so that he could transform. With her quick thinking she switched places with Ayano and foiled Hydra's plan. She looks almost like twins with Ayano. Currently she lives in Wind's residence with Hanemaru and the Koujin Tai, taking care of the household matters. Okinu has only appeared in the Bom Bom version. Shodai Daishougun Nidaime Daishougun Sandaime Daishougun Yondaime Daishougun Shinsei Daishougun Victory Daishougun V-ou Daishougun The past Daishougun who appeared to encourage Wing Zero and First Gundam Daishougun and to guide them to use the power of the planetary alignment. Tenma Army (天魔軍団) Youjutsushi Hydra/ Goushou Hydra (妖術師ハイドラ/豪将ハイドラ) The one responsible for turning Wing Zero to Hanemaru. Tenma Army's leader with the double personality of a witchcraft user and a warrior (the witchcraft user has a Zeong-like face while the warrior has a Gundam face). He revived the past warriors of darkness with the aim to call forth the Tenma Taitei. Efreet (イフリート) A member of the Tenma Army. His group is in charge of protecting the egg of Kuromajin but when the Koujin Tai attacked he was wounded badly and sacrificed himself to revive Kuromajin. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Gyan (ギャン) A member of the Tenma Army. Has wings that grant him the ability of flight. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Kagehoushi Tomliat (影法師ドムットリア) A member of the Tenma Army. Skilled in the art of using shadows. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Koryuu, Hakuryuu, Seiryuu, Sekiryuu (黒龍,白龍,青龍,赤龍) Commanders of the infantry troops. Youjyuu Apsalus (妖獣アプサラス) A four-legged demon beast capable of dealing snow blasts. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Puppet Musha A giant musha which levitates and uses its legs as arms to attack. It also possess a power cannon in its body. The unconscious Ayano is placed in it to power it and it attacks according to Hydra's commands. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Majin Gundam Antagonist from Chou SD Sengokuden Touba Daishougun. He was revived and started attacking rest points of the guards, killing them. Later due to his incomplete revival he was defeated by Deathscythe. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Master Daishougun Antagonist from Shin SD Sengokuden Chou Kidou Daishougun Hen. He has been hiding underground waiting for the right time to attack. He appeared when Hydra was defeated, initially he is to work towards the goal to call forth Tenma Taitei but he has his own ambition to seize the land as his own and betrayed Hydra. Wing Zero fought against him but was of no match. At last he was beheaded by First Gundam Daishougun. But this betrayal was foresighted by Youjutsushi Hydra and Master's death was used as the sacrifice to call forth Tenma Taitei. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Rashou Heavens Rashou Grand Rashou Walter Gattai Rashou Fuunsaiki Master's subordinates, they combine to form Fuunsaiki. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Kuromajin Yamikoutei Batou Musha Mazaku Gakisei Yamishougun Yamitaitei Shin Yami Gensui Orochi Big Zam The beings of darkness from the past summoned by Tenma Taitei to fight the group. Appeared only in the Bom Bom version. Tenma Taitei (天魔大帝) The ruler of Space, a being of darkness. He revealed that he is the instigating mastermind behind all the past battles fought in the previous works and all the beings of darkness that appeared in previous works were all his underlings. A powerful giant being that can crush a planet with his bare hand. He was defeated by the gigantic Wing Zero and the Daishougun who gained the power from the miracle cross alignment of the planets. Glossary Custom Weapons (カスタム武具) Special weapons handed to the Koujin Tai by First Gundam Daishougun. Wing Zero is able to equip all of them and use their power. Custom Musha (カスタム武者) Musha who own Custom Weapons and know how to use their powers. Models The series produced a series of six model kits. Of these, five were based on After Colony designs and one was based on a Universal Century design. The overall gimmick for the line was that the Custom Weapons of the kits could be shared and combined amongst one another. Most of the kits also came with a figurine of the child version of the character. Trivia

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Romanian bobsledder Florin Olteanu (born 5 April 1964) is a Romanian bobsledder. He competed in the four man event at the Calgary 1988 Winter Olympics.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZWL"}

Radio station in Bullard–Tyler, Texas KZWL (94.3 FM) is a terrestrial radio station licensed to Bullard, Texas, United States, and in full simulcast with its sister station KWLL Gilmer. The station is owned by the Educational Radio Foundation of East Texas, Inc., and features a Christian preaching and education format, branded as The Well. History KZXM received a License to Cover on March 28, 2012, owned and operated by Dudley Waller. The new signal was utilized to simulcast Waller's "Kompa" Regional Mexican format from 103.1 KMPA from Pittsburg, bringing the format into the Tyler side of the combined Tyler-Longview market. On August 1, 2016, KZXM and sister stations KMPA, KFRO-FM, and KLJT were taken off the air and the staff of both formats were let go and locked out by Susie Waller, the daughter of the deceased owner of the station, Dudley Waller. On February 17, 2017, Waller Broadcasting filed for an extension of the Special Temporary Authority allowing KZXM and its three sisters to remain silent for an additional 180 days. The application also stated that a buyer had been found for the stations, and was expected to announce a deal to transfer the four stations' licenses, pending F.C.C. approval, within the next 30 days. On July 4, 2017, KZXM returned to the air after 11 months of silence, as "94.3 The Bull" airing a country music format featuring current & recurrent country artists. Its former simulcast companion, KMPA, returned accordingly, yet as the Regional Mexican format both stations had utilized prior to the shut down, renamed "Super 103.1". On October 31, 2017, the license transfer from Waller Broadcasting to East Texas Results Media was granted for KZXM and its three sister stations, KFRO-FM, KMPA, and KLJT. The deal was consummated on March 8, 2018, at a purchase price of $1.2 million. On September 26, 2018, KZXM changed their format from country to classic country, branded as "94.3 Real Country". On June 10, 2019, East Texas Results Media filed to transfer the license of KZXM and its three sister stations to Educational Radio Foundation of East Texas, who in turn applied to turn all four facilities non-commercial. The Foundation broadcasts Christian programming. "Real Country" left the air in mid-July 2019, pending transfer of the facility's license. The sale of KZXM and its three sister stations was consummated on October 8, 2019, with ERFET officially taking control of the licenses and facilities. Educational Radio Foundation of East Texas announced that they would launch a full service Christian preaching format on both KZXM and KFRO-FM, branded as The Well. The new format launched on April 20, 2020. The station changed its call sign to KZWL on July 22, 2022.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Ben_Tr%C3%A9"}

American glass artist (1949–2020) Howard Ben Tré (May 13, 1949 - June 20, 2020) was an American glass artist. He worked with poured glass, creating small sculptures and large scale public artworks. Glass magazine has called Ben Tré a pioneer in the technique of using hot glass casting in fine art. Personal life and education Howard Ben Tré was born May 13, 1949 in Brooklyn, New York. In the 1960s he attended Brooklyn College for two years and was a political activist. In the 1970s he left New York with his wife, Gay, for Oregon. At Portland State University he learned about the university's well-known glass-blowing shop and began studying the creation process, finding influence in religious objects. He would obtain his bachelor's degree at Portland State. Dale Chihuly recruited Ben Tré to the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) from Portland, Oregon where he would graduate with a Masters of Fine Arts in 1980. His wife Gay Ben Tré was actively involved in planning and siting the installation of his art. They divorced amicably and remained friends for the rest of his life. He married Wendy MacGaw in 2004. He lived and worked in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Howard Ben Tré died June 20, 2020 in hospice care at his home in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Artistic career He started blowing glass. Through his education at Portland State University, he would discover the process of pouring glass. Pulling inspiration from African and Japanese religious icons and figures, he uses his artwork to explore connections between the two. Ben Tré utilized his training as an industrial manufacturing master technician to create glass artworks based on traditional methods. His studio space, located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island is where he designed, made molds and completed his work. Casting at industrial facilities in New York, Pennsylvania and Prague.[citation needed] He created fine art castings by pouring molten glass into sand molds, applying heat and then cooling them for months. The form is then dug out from the sand mold, sand blasted, cut, ground, and polished. Many of Ben Tré's works involve the use of gold leaf; by way of wrapping portions of works or installing lead bars within the pieces covered with gold leaf. The glass sculptures are often symmetrical. His wife, Gay, assisted in the designing and planning of his large scale works, including the installation of his public art. Reception In lieu of Ben Tré's 2001 exhibition at the Orange County Museum of Art, critic Roberta Carasso described his work as being "part of the glass revolution". The Christian Science Monitor described his poured glass works as timeless, monumental and "hulking, architectural forms he creates...existed before the dawn of recorded history." Arthur Danto stated in 2000 that Ben Tré's glass works were redefining and powerful, and that he creates "a kind of pleasure that we don't usually associate with art." Notable collections & installations Notable exhibitions

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Arabic Catholic magazine (1870–1880) Al Nahla (Arabic: The Bee) was a weekly political magazine which existed between 1870 and 1880 with one-year interruption. It was first published in Beirut and then in London. The magazine was one of the early examples of private journalism in Lebanon. It was also one of the earliest Arabic publications in London. History and profile Al Nahla was launched by Louis Sabunji as a weekly publication in Beirut in 1870 when he was working as a Catholic priest in the city. The first issue appeared on 11 May 1870. The cover page declared that the magazine contained articles about science, industry, history, language, local affairs, foreign affairs, humour and narrations. Of them the scientific, historical and humour sections were edited by Sabunji. Al Nahla employed illustrations, including those drawn by its editor Louis Sabunji. The magazine enjoyed the financial support of various sponsors, including Khedive Ismail and Sultan of Zanzibar. Al Nahla had clashes with another Beirut magazine Al Jinan and its editor Butrus Al Bustani in early 1871 when Sabunji attacked Al Bustani. Due to these conflicts and its anti-Hamidian content, Al Nahla was subject to bans by the Ottoman governor of Syria. In fact, these bans were the first censorship by the Ottoman authorities in the region. From August 1871 the magazine was published by Sabunji's business partner Joseph Shalfun. In 1876 Sabunji had to leave Beirut as a result of his increased anti-Ottoman views published in Al Nahla and settled in London. Next year he began to publish Al Nahla in London as a bilingual publication covering Arabic and English content. George Percy Badger was instrumental in the restart of the magazine. It continued its attacks over the Ottoman Sultan in London denouncing him as "an usurper of the title of ... Caliph." However, in London Al Nahla had another goal: to support those who were planning to open the East Africa markets for European trade. The magazine was published regularly in London until 1 May 1880. However, Sabunji revived it in 1883 and 1884 without any regular scheme. A complete collection of Al Nahla's issues is archived by the British Museum, London.

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Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler Greg Fives (1949 - 15 October 2008) was an Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler. Born in Abbeyside, County Waterford, Fives first played competitive Gaelic football and hurling in his youth. At club level he played with Abbeyside–Ballinacourty.[citation needed] In retirement from playing Fives became involved in team management and coaching. At club level he served as a selector with Abbeyside and Ballinacourty, while at inter-county level he was manager of the Waterford senior football and intermediate hurling teams. Honours Player Abbeyside Ballinacourty

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Portuguese electrical engineer João Abel Peças Lopes is an electrical engineer. He got is License and PhD degrees from Faculdade de Engenharia da Universade do Porto in 1981 and 1988 respectively. He develops his research activities at Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia, e Ciência (INESC TEC) in Porto, Portugal. He is presently associate director at INESC TEC. He is also Full Professor (Professor Catedrático) at FEUP since 2008. Professor Peças Lopes was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to microgrids and the integration of wind generation. He is a member of the Power Systems Dynamic Performance Committee of the IEEE PES. He is member of the Board of the Smart Energy Lab, a CoLAB in Energy Services. He is Chair of the Scientific Council of EnergyIn. He is since 2012 Chair of the REN award committee. He is Vice-Presidente of the board of the Portuguese Association for Electric Vehicles. He is presently Chair of the International Steering Committee of the IEEE Power Tech. He is member of the Consulting Board of Agência de Energia do Porto (Porto Energy Agency). He is member of the Scientific Council of FCT. He is Member of the General Council of APREN (Portuguese Association for Renewable Energies) He is Editor of the (SEGAN) Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks journal. He is Honorary member of the editorial board of the IET Energy Conversion and Economics He is Associate editor do Journal on Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy He is Associate editor of the China Electrotechnical Society Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems. He is co-author of more than 400 publications and co-editor of the book "Electric Vehicles Integration into Modern Power Networks" from Springer. This book was one of the top 50% most downloaded eBooks from Springer. He is registered with more than 10.000 citations. He supervised more than 30 PhD Thesis in Portugal and abroad.

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Safetipin is a social organisation working with a wide range of urban stakeholders including governments to make public spaces safer and more inclusive for women. Safetipin collects data using 3 mobile phone applications (My Safetipin, which is available on the app store and play store; Safetipin Nite and Safetipin Site) and present this to relevant stakeholders with recommendations. The apps also generate a safety score based on the data collected and provide it in the My Safetipin app for users to make safe and informed decisions about their mobility. Organization and mission Based in India, Safetipin aims to make cities safer by providing data collected through technology tools and apps to its users. The data is collected and analysed on parameters that impact safety and walkability. Its end goal is to achieve movement without fear for women. It was co-founded by gender rights' activist Kalpana Viswanath and Ashish Basu in 2013. How it works Using three apps, including My Safetipin, Safetipin Nite and Safetipin Site, it maps the entire street network as well as key public spaces such as transport hubs, parks, markets etc., in a city. The nine parameters used by Safetipin to calculate safety are lighting, openness, visibility, people, security guards, walk path, public transport, gender usage, feeling, all pertaining to a certain area. Bus stops and metro stations are also included to review the safety status around them. App features Safetipin enables the users with some key features such as, selecting a place to stay based on the safety score of the neighbourhood, driving or walking using the safest route, finding the nearest safe place and heading there, asking a friend to track them and get notifications if there is a problem, receiving notifications when in an unsafe place. Recent initiatives Safetipin, in Delhi, has mapped low income areas and areas adjacent to metro stations since 2013, in order to find localities with poor lighting conditions. Based on its data the Delhi government fixed the existing streetlights and installed additional street lights and an increase in police patrolling. In 2018, the government approached the organization to do a fresh mapping to measure change as well as point out other safety concerns in the city. In 2016, Bogota city was mapped using the app on the 230 km of bike path. The resultant data was used by the local government to improve lighting along the street, identify the locations for CCTV cameras and bike stands so as to make women feel safer using the bike paths after dark. A symbolic event, ‘Women Taking the Night’ was also held in the city after the report by Safetipin, where women walkers were joined by top government officials to walk the reportedly unsafe areas together. The focus of the project by Safetipin in Hanoi was on mapping urban transport for Hanoi Metro Line 3. Awards

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlyctis_psoromica"}

Species of fungus Phlyctis psoromica is a species of lichen in the family Phlyctidaceae. Known from Australia, it was described as new to science in 2011.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Mondada"}

Francesco Mondada (born 17 March 1967) is a Swiss professor in artificial intelligence and robotics. He got a Master's degree in Microengineering at the EPFL in 1991 and a PhD degree in 1997. He is one of the creators of the Khepera and directed the design of the S-bot, the e-puck, the marXbot and the Thymio mobile robots. Together, these robots are mentioned in more than 9000 research articles. In particular the Khepera robot is a milestone in the field of bio-inspired and evolutionary robotics. He was one of the founders and director of K-team SA from its creation 1995 to 2000, and one of the founders of Calerga Sarl in 2001 and Mobsya in 2010. His recent work concerns collective robotics and education. Awards and honours Selected publications

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Thai cyclist Chanakan Sricha-Um (born (1991-01-17)17 January 1991) is a Thai track cyclist, and part of the national team. She competed in the team sprint event at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

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Species of bacterium Roseomonas aestuarii is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, orange-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from an estuarine environment in India, and the new species name was proposed in 2010.

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