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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi_Purpose_Vessel_(MPVs)_L%26T"}

Multi Purpose Vessel for the Indian Navy MPVs are a planned Multi Purpose Vessel for the Indian Navy. Under the programme the Indian Navy intends to acquire two advanced ships. MPVs will be the first of its kind platform, constructed to provide a cost-effective solution to meet a variety of requirements of Indian Navy. These vessels, to be built by M/s L&T (Larsen & Toubro) shipyard at Kattupally (Chennai), will perform multi-role support functions such as maritime surveillance and patrol, launching and recovery of torpedoes, and operation of various types of aerial, surface and underwater targets for Gunnery/ASW firing exercises. These vessels would also be capable of towing ships and rendering humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) support with limited hospital ship capability. The ship will also act as trial platform for naval weapons and sensors under development, support platform for ISV & salvage operations, and to provide logistics support for India island territories.

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The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine (also known as CCOM or Carver) is the medical school of the University of Iowa, located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. The first medical college associated with the University of Iowa was founded in 1850, in the small town of Keokuk, Iowa, but the current Iowa City program can trace its roots to 1870. The program became notable as the first co-educational medical school in the United States, and was one of 22 original members of the Association of American Medical Colleges in 1876. History The Iowa State Legislature approved plans for medical training on the main campus of the University of Iowa in 1868, and ten women were among the first class in 1870 The first purpose-built university hospital did not open its doors until 1898. The UI hospitals' clinical capacity was increased tenfold, from 50 to 500 beds. In 1922, the Rockefeller Foundation gave the University $2.25 million, with state matching funds, to build a new University Hospital on the west campus, where the modern hospital buildings remain today. Statewide ambulance service began in 1932. In 1939, Iowa researchers developed modern blood banking and UI hospitals became the first in the world to develop a successful method of freezing human sperm, leading to a live birth in 1952. Other innovations from this period include the first human EEG recordings, first description of how blood is supplied to the prostate gland, the Ponseti Method of surgical treatment of clubfoot, and one of the world's first heart-lung machines. In 1998, the UI hospitals were certified as a Level I Trauma Center with pediatric commitment by the American College of Surgeons. In 2002, in recognition of $90 million in total contributions, the UI College of Medicine was renamed after Roy J. Carver and his widow, Lucille A. Carver. Profile The student body of each entering class of the medical school consists of about 150 students. About two-thirds are in-state students. 11 are in the MSTP program. Nearly half of the students are female. The student body has close to 600 medical students, 650 resident and fellow physicians, 200 associated medical science students, and 50 physician assistant students. Also, 5,000 undergraduate students are enrolled in science classes at the school. The school has between 900 and 1,000 faculty members and more than 3,000 staff members. Admissions Carver College of Medicine participates in AMCAS, and will then send applicants who meet a minimum set of requirements a secondary application. After an applicant's file is complete, then the school may invite the applicant to visit for an interview. Interviews are for one day each held starting in mid-September and run through January. Interviewees are offered the option of staying with a student host before or after their visit. Hosting students are either from SNMA or MSAP (medical student ambassadors program). Academics CCOM underwent a major change in their curriculum that went into effect in August 2014 for the Class of 2018. This involved shortening the preclinical curriculum to 18 months, and moving Step 1 to after completion of the core clinical rotations. Preclinical After an introductory semester in a Foundations Block, the curriculum is then composed of three distinct courses: mechanisms of health and disease (MOHD), medicine and society (MAS), and clinical and professional skills (CAPS). Grading for MAS and CAPS is pass/fail, but for Foundations/MOHD it is honors/near honors/pass/fail (not normalized). Clinical Core rotations The 48 weeks of required core rotations are composed of four separate blocks of twelve weeks each: ambulatory, inpatient, neurology/psychiatry, and selectives. The Ambulatory Practice Module (APM) includes outpatient internal medicine, family medicine, and community based primary care. The inpatient block includes inpatient internal medicine, ObGyn, pediatrics, and surgery. For psychiatry and neurology, students complete four weeks in each service and have four additional weeks to get ahead on selectives. Finally, for selectives, students choose to complete six rotations of two weeks each in anesthesia, dermatology, lab med EKG, ophthalmology, orthopedics, otolaryngology, radiology, and urology. Teaching affiliates Distinction tracks CCOM offers multiple tracks to allow give MD students a structured way to explore additional interests above and beyond the traditional medical school curriculum: Teaching Recognizes completion of coursework, time spent working with a mentor, and teaching experiences. Global Health Involves an elective rotation abroad and learning about service, policy making, research and teaching. Research Requires a substantial investment of time in a research project and either a publication or presentation. Humanities Develops students' abilities in ethics, writing and humanities. Healthcare Delivery Introduced in 2016, with the Tippie College of Business as the major partner, completion of a series of courses in business allow for a better understanding of how to improve healthcare delivery. Service Recognizes commitment to helping the underserved. Other programs CCOM Rural Iowa Scholars Program CRISP offers to help offset the costs of attendance in return for a commitment to serve as a primary care provider in rural Iowa. Community Health Outreach CHO is a two-year elective with an emphasis on service learning. The course is organized and led by second year medical students. It combines classroom learning with experiences serving through local organizations. To complete the program, students must carry out a self-directed project with an underserved or vulnerable population. Local partners include the local Ronald McDonald House and Grow Johnson County. Introduction to Medical Education at Iowa IMEI is a 6-week summer program for a cohort of ~20 pre-M1 students designed to allow students to adapt life in Iowa City and prepare for the rigors of medical school academics in the fall. The program has been running for ~20 years. The program consists is primarily composed of selected sample of classes that students will encounter in the fall (covering biochemistry, anatomy, anatomy lab, genetics). In 2016, there were also some social events included, such as a night out to watch the MLB minor league team play (Cedar Rapids Kernels), a progressive dinner, and an afternoon grill party at City Park. In 2016, there was a stipend of ~$3000 offered to offset any costs incurred in participating. Research UI Carver College of Medicine received $228.1 million in external research funding in FY 2010. Centers within the Carver College of Medicine Research programs

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute"}

Type of scale A scute or scutum (Latin: scutum; plural: scuta "shield") is a bony external plate or scale overlaid with horn, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, and the feet of birds. The term is also used to describe the anterior portion of the mesonotum in insects as well as some arachnids (e.g., the family Ixodidae, the scale ticks). Properties Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of lizards and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface [citation needed]. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct Glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons, shad, herring, and menhaden. Mammals Prehistoric ancestors of mammals, the synapsids, are thought to have scutes which were later reduced and replaced by hair. Excluding the attachment surface of fingernails, armoured scutes or scales are almost never seen in modern mammals. The horny scales of pangolins are only rarely called scutes, but "scute" is used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo. Turtles The turtle's shell is covered by scutes formed mostly of keratin. They are built similarly to horn, beak, or nail in other species. Fish Some fish, such as pineconefish, are completely or partially covered in scutes. River herrings and threadfins have an abdominal row of scutes, which are scales with raised, sharp points that are used for protection. Some jacks have a row of scutes following the lateral line on either side. Sturgeon have five rows of scutes instead of scales. Birds The tarsometatarsus and toes of most birds are covered in two types of scales. Large scutes run along the dorsal side of the tarsometatarsus and toes, whereas smaller scutellae run along the sides. Both structures share histochemical homology with reptilian scales, however work on their evolutionary development has revealed that the scales in bird feet have secondarily evolved via suppression of the feather-building genetic program. Unblocking the feather suppression program results in feathers growing in place of scales along the tarsometatarsus and toes. Dinosaur species very close to the origin of birds have been shown to have had "hind wings" made of feathers growing from these areas, suggesting that the acquisition of feathers in dinosaurs was a whole-body event. The bottoms of bird feet are covered in small, keeled scale-like structures known as reticulae. Evolutionary developmental studies on these scale-like structures have revealed that they are composed entirely of alpha keratin (true epidermal scales are composed of a mix of alpha and beta keratin). These data have led some researchers to suggest that reticulae are in fact highly truncated feathers. Insects and other arthropods The term "scutum" is also used in insect anatomy, as an alternative name for the anterior portion of the mesonotum (and, technically, the metanotum, though rarely applied in that context). In the hard ticks, the Ixodidae, the scutum is a rigid, sclerotised plate on the anterior dorsal surface, just posterior to the head. In species with eyes, the eyes are on the surface of the scutum. The flexible exoskeleton posterior to the rigid scutum of the female tick, is called the alloscutum, the region that stretches to accommodate the blood with which the mature female tick becomes engorged. Males do not engorge nearly as drastically as females, so they do not need a flexible alloscutum; instead the rigid scutum covers practically the entire dorsal surface posterior to the head, and may be referred to specifically as the conscutum. In some species of Opiliones, fused abdominal segments are referred to as a scutum.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshgaftak"}

Village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran Eshgaftak (Persian: اشگفتك; also known as Eshkaftak) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Shahrekord County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,891, in 1,014 families.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupont,_Ohio"}

Village in Ohio, United States Dupont is a village in Putnam County, Ohio, United States. The population was 318 at the 2010 census. History Dupont was platted in 1877 when the Toledo, Delphos, and Indianapolis Railway was extended to that point. The village was named for Samuel Francis Du Pont, a United States Navy admiral in the Mexican War. Dupont was incorporated as a village in 1888. Geography Dupont is located at 41°3′18″N 84°18′12″W / 41.05500°N 84.30333°W / 41.05500; -84.30333 (41.054916, -84.303299). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.93 square miles (2.41 km2), all land. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 318 people, 134 households, and 86 families living in the village. The population density was 341.9 inhabitants per square mile (132.0/km2). There were 141 housing units at an average density of 151.6 per square mile (58.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.4% White and 0.6% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population. There were 134 households, of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92. The median age in the village was 39.6 years. 18.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 32.1% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.9% male and 48.1% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 268 people, 93 households, and 70 families living in the village. The population density was 287.8 people per square mile (111.3/km2). There were 102 housing units at an average density of 109.5 per square mile (42.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.01% White, 2.24% African American and 0.75% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.24% of the population. There were 93 households, out of which 44.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.41. In the village, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The median income for a household in the village was $31,786, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $32,813 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,879. About 8.6% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.7% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

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British-American ice dancer Mathew Gates (born June 29, 1975) is a British-American former competitive ice dancer. With Eve Chalom, he is the 1996 Nebelhorn Trophy silver medalist and a two-time (1997, 1999) U.S. national silver medalist. He has medaled seven consecutive times at the US National Championships from Novice to Senior level. Gates is a two-time World competitor and member of Team USA. Gates is a World/International level Coach and Choreographer. Personal life Gates was born June 29, 1975 in Hitchin, England. He moved to the United States in 1992. He is married to Kelly Gates, who is a former professional figure skater and a Registered Nurse. They have two children, and reside in North Carolina, USA. Career Gates started skating as a singles skater in England before focusing on ice dancing. As a young child, he trained as a gymnast. Gates was coached by Elizabeth Coates in England before he relocated to the U.S. to train at the Detroit Skating Club. Partnership with Chalom Gates teamed up with American skater Eve Chalom in 1992, following a tryout in Boston arranged by Coates. They decided to represent the United States. After winning national titles on the novice level in 1993 and on the junior level in 1995, the duo took bronze at the 1996 U.S. Championships in their first season as seniors. In the 1996–97 season, Chalom/Gates were awarded silver at the 1996 Nebelhorn Trophy and debuted on the Champions Series (later known as the Grand Prix series). They also won silver at the 1997 U.S. Championships and were assigned to the 1997 World Championships in Lausanne, where they placed 17th. Chalom/Gates were ineligible for the 1998 Winter Olympics because he was not yet an American citizen. They finished fourth at the 1998 U.S. Championships. They were coached by Coates and Igor Shpilband until the end of the 1997–98 season and then switched to Christopher Dean and Warren Maxwell in Plano, Texas. In their final season together, Chalom/Gates won their second national silver medal and finished 17th at the 1999 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. Chalom/Gates skated professionally in numerous ice shows, and were invited to perform for the Champions on Ice Tour. Later career In January 2002, Gates tried out with Emilie Nussear on the advice of a coach, Tatiana Tarasova. Nussear/Gates won the silver medal at the 2002 Karl Schäfer Memorial and placed 5th at the 2003 U.S. Championships. They were coached by Tarasova, Nikolai Morozov, and Maia Usova in Newington, Connecticut. Gates began working as a coach and choreographer by 2000. In 2001, Gates won the PSA Choreographer award for “William Tell Overture” program for best men’s performance - Michael Weiss. Since then, Gates has coached and choreographed for skaters from beginner through National, World & Olympic level. Former students/choreograph students include: Kaitlyn Weaver and Andrew Poje, Zachary Donohue, Nikolaj Sorensen, Cathy Reed, Chris Reed, Anna Zadorozhniuk, Sergei Verbillo, Maxim Bolotin Olga Orlova, Tanja Kolbe , Stefano Caruso, Avonley Nguyen, Michael Weiss, Katarina Delcamp, Maxwell Gart, Kristin Fraser, Igor Lukanin, Collin Brubaker, Charlene Guignard, Marco Fabbri Alexandra Zaretsky, Roman Zaretsky, Mark Hanretty Molly Cesanak, Annabelle Morozov Nikolas WamsteekerMaxim Naumov, Haley Sales Alina Milevska, Melissa Gregory, Denis Petukhov,Emily Zhang, Ting Cui, Isabella Tobias, Ashley Foy, Benjamin Blum, Irina Movchan Corenne Bruhns, among others. Former coaching partners include Nikolai Morozov (Hackensack, NJ) Shae-Lynn Bourne, Svetlana Kulikova, Dmitry Palamarchuk (Connecticut) and Natalia Mishkutinok (Dallas, TX) Current coaching partner, Alexandra Zaretsky (Charlotte, NC) and Stefano Caruso (Berlin, Germany) Gates is an ISU Technical Specialist. Gates currently coaches in Charlotte, NC and operates Elite Skating Academy / Elite Training Program. Gates travels to choreograph for international skaters throughout the US and Europe. Programs With Chalom With Nussear Results GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix With Chalom With Nussear

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Kyou-chul"}

South Korean boxer Chang Kyou-chul (a.k.a. Chang Sun-gil; June 19, 1946 – April 19, 2000) was an Olympic boxing bronze medalist in South Korea. He renamed his name Kyou-chul to Sun-gil. Amateur career Chang won Asian Championship gold medals in flyweight in 1965 and in bantamweight in 1967. He won the bronze medal in the bantamweight category at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Chang defeated 1967 European Championship bronze medalist Nikola Savov in the round of 16 and 1959 European Champion Horst Rascher in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, Chang faced Eridadi Mukwanga of Uganda and knocked him down in the second round but lost by a split decision. Results Pro career Chang turned pro in 1970 but had limited success. In his third pro bout, Chang received his first loss after facing future two-time World Champion Hong Soo-hwan. In 1971 however, he captured the OPBF Super Bantamweight title with a win over Koichi Okada. In 1973, Chang faced off against WBA Bantamweight World Champion Romeo Anaya in a non-title bout in Tijuana, Mexico but was knocked out in the 8th round. He lost the OPBF champion belt in 1974 to future WBC Super Bantamweight Champion Yum Dong-kyun and retired later that year.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplatyptilia_sibirica"}

Species of plume moth Paraplatyptilia sibirica is a moth of the family Pterophoridae that is endemic to Russia (South Siberian Mountains and the mountains of north-eastern Siberia).

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James Swift may refer to:

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Soviet wrestler Yelkan Tedeyev (29 December 1938 – 3 October 1984) was a Soviet wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 63 kg at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA"}

DNA located outside the chromosomes of a cell, and found for example in organelles or plasmids Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions, they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as bacterial cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. Extrachromosomal DNA are often used in research of replication because they are easy to identify and isolate. Although extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is found in normal eukaryotic cells, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a distinct entity that has been identified in the nuclei of cancer cells and has been shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes. ecDNA are considered to be a primary mechanism of gene amplification, resulting in many copies of driver oncogenes and very aggressive cancers. Extrachromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm have been found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA are less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA were different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA. In cancer cells, ecDNA have been shown to be primarily isolated to the nucleus (reviewed in ). In addition to DNA found outside the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA. Prokaryotic Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to as the copy number and can range from as few as two copies per cell to as many as several hundred copies per cell. Circular bacterial plasmids are classified according to the special functions that the genes encoded on the plasmid provide. Fertility plasmids, or f plasmids, allow for conjugation to occur whereas resistance plasmids, or r plasmids, contain genes that convey resistance to a variety of different antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline. There also exist virulence plasmids that contain the genetic elements necessary for bacteria to become pathogenic as well as degradative plasmids that harbor the genes that allow bacteria to degrade a variety of substances such as aromatic compounds and xenobiotics. Bacterial plasmids can also function in pigment production, nitrogen fixation and the resistance to heavy metals in those bacteria that possess them. Naturally occurring circular plasmids can be modified to contain multiple resistance genes and several unique restriction sites, making them valuable tools as cloning vectors in biotechnology applications. Circular bacterial plasmids are also the basis for the production of DNA vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are genetically engineered to contain a gene which encodes for an antigen or a protein produced by a pathogenic virus, bacterium or other parasites. Once delivered into the host, the products of the plasmid genes will then stimulate both the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response of the host. The plasmids are often coated with some type of adjuvant prior to delivery to enhance the immune response from the host. Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia (to which the pathogen responsible for Lyme disease belongs), several species of the gram positive soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, and in the gram negative species Thiobacillus versutus, a bacterium that oxidizes sulfur. The linear plasmids of prokaryotes are found either containing a hairpin loop or a covalently bonded protein attached to the telomeric ends of the DNA molecule. The adenine-thymine rich hairpin loops of the Borrelia bacteria range in size from 5 kilobase pairs (kb) to over 200 kb and contain the genes responsible for producing a group of major surface proteins, or antigens, on the bacteria that allow it to evade the immune response of its infected host. The linear plasmids which contain a protein that has been covalently attached to the 5’ end of the DNA strands are known as invertrons and can range in size from 9 kb to over 600 kb consisting of inverted terminal repeats. The linear plasmids with a covalently attached protein may assist with bacterial conjugation and integration of the plasmids into the genome. These types of linear plasmids represent the largest class of extrachromosomal DNA as they are not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The long linear "borgs" that co-occur with a species of archaeon – which may host them and shares many of their genes – could be an unknown form of extrachromosomal DNA structures. Eukaryotic Mitochondrial The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes are broken down into 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes. The size of an animal mtDNA plasmid is roughly 16.6 kb and although it contains genes for tRNA and mRNA synthesis, proteins produced as a result of nuclear genes are still required in order for the mtDNA to replicate or for mitochondrial proteins to be translated. There is only one region of the mitochondrial chromosome that does not contain a coding sequence and that is the 1 kb region known as the D-loop to which nuclear regulatory proteins bind. The number of mtDNA molecules per mitochondria varies from species to species as well as between cells with different energy demands. For example, muscle and liver cells contain more copies of mtDNA per mitochondrion than blood and skin cells do. Due to the proximity of the electron transport chain within the mitochondrial inner membrane and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and due to the fact that the mtDNA molecule is not bound by or protected by histones, the mtDNA is more susceptible to DNA damage than nuclear DNA. In cases where mtDNA damage does occur, the DNA can either be repaired via base excision repair pathways, or the damaged mtDNA molecule is destroyed (without causing damage to the mitochondrion since there are multiple copies of mtDNA per mitochondrion). The standard genetic code by which nuclear genes are translated is universal, meaning that each 3-base sequence of DNA codes for the same amino acid regardless of what species from which the DNA comes. However, this universal nature of the code is not the case with mitochondrial DNA found in fungi, animals, protists and plants. While most of the 3-base sequences in the mtDNA of these organisms do code for the same amino acids as those of the nuclear genetic code, there are some mtDNA sequences that code for amino acids different from those of their nuclear DNA counterparts. The coding differences are thought to be a result of chemical modifications in the transfer RNAs that interact with the messenger RNAs produced as a result of transcribing the mtDNA sequences. Chloroplast Eukaryotic chloroplasts, as well as the other plant plastids, also contain extrachromosomal DNA molecules. Most chloroplasts house all of their genetic material in a single ringed chromosome, however in some species there is evidence of multiple smaller ringed plasmids. A recent theory that questions the current standard model of ring shaped chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), suggests that cpDNA may more commonly take a linear shape. A single molecule of cpDNA can contain anywhere from 100-200 genes and varies in size from species to species. The size of cpDNA in higher plants is around 120–160 kb. The genes found on the cpDNA code for mRNAs that are responsible for producing necessary components of the photosynthetic pathway as well as coding for tRNAs, rRNAs, RNA polymerase subunits, and ribosomal protein subunits. Like mtDNA, cpDNA is not fully autonomous and relies upon nuclear gene products for replication and production of chloroplast proteins. Chloroplasts contain multiple copies of cpDNA and the number can vary not only from species to species or cell type to cell type, but also within a single cell depending upon the age and stage of development of the cell. For example, cpDNA content in the chloroplasts of young cells, during the early stages of development where the chloroplasts are in the form of indistinct proplastids, are much higher than those present when that cell matures and expands, containing fully mature plastids. Circular Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) are present in all eukaryotic cells, are usually derived from genomic DNA, and consist of repetitive sequences of DNA found in both coding and non-coding regions of chromosomes. EccDNA can vary in size from less than 2000 base pairs to more than 20,000 base pairs. In plants, eccDNA contain repeated sequences similar to those that are found in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes and in repetitive satellite DNA. In animals, eccDNA molecules have been shown to contain repetitive sequences that are seen in satellite DNA, 5S ribosomal DNA and telomere DNA. Certain organisms, such as yeast, rely on chromosomal DNA replication to produce eccDNA whereas eccDNA formation can occur in other organisms, such as mammals, independently of the replication process. The function of eccDNA have not been widely studied, but it has been proposed that the production of eccDNA elements from genomic DNA sequences add to the plasticity of the eukaryotic genome and can influence genome stability, cell aging and the evolution of chromosomes. A distinct type of extrachromosomal DNA, denoted as ecDNA, is commonly observed in human cancer cells. ecDNA found in cancer cells contain one or more genes that confer a selective advantage. ecDNA are much larger than eccDNA, and are visible by light microscopy. ecDNA in cancers generally range in size from 1-3 MB and beyond. Large ecDNA molecules have been found in the nuclei of human cancer cells and are shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes, which are transcribed in tumor cells. Based on this evidence it is thought that ecDNA contributes to cancer growth. Specialized tools exist that allow ecDNA to be identified, such as Viral Viral DNA are an example of extrachromosomal DNA. Understanding viral genomes is very important for understanding the evolution and mutation of the virus. Some viruses, such as HIV and oncogenic viruses, incorporate their own DNA into the genome of the host cell. Viral genomes can be made up of single stranded DNA (ssDNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and can be found in both linear and circular form. One example of infection of a virus constituting as extrachromosomal DNA is the human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV DNA genome undergoes three distinct stages of replication: establishment, maintenance and amplification. HPV infects epithelial cells in the anogenital tract and oral cavity. Normally, HPV is detected and cleared by the immune system. The recognition of viral DNA is an important part of immune responses. For this virus to persist, the circular genome must be replicated and inherited during cell division. Recognition by host cell Cells can recognize foreign cytoplasmic DNA. Understanding the recognition pathways has implications towards prevention and treatment of diseases. Cells have sensors that can specifically recognize viral DNA such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. The Toll Pathway was recognized, first in insects, as a pathway that allows certain cell types to act as sensors capable of detecting a variety of bacterial or viral genomes and PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). PAMPs are known to be potent activators of innate immune signaling. There are approximately 10 human Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Different TLRs in human detect different PAMPS: lipopolysaccharides by TLR4, viral dsRNA by TLR3, viral ssRNA by TLR7/TLR8, viral or bacterial unmethylated DNA by TLR9. TLR9 has evolved to detect CpG DNA commonly found in bacteria and viruses and to initiate the production of IFN (type I interferons ) and other cytokines. Inheritance Inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA differs from the inheritance of nuclear DNA found in chromosomes. Unlike chromosomes, ecDNA does not contain centromeres and therefore exhibits a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that gives rise to heterogeneous cell populations. In humans, virtually all of the cytoplasm is inherited from the egg of the mother. For this reason, organelle DNA, including mtDNA, is inherited from the mother. Mutations in mtDNA or other cytoplasmic DNA will also be inherited from the mother. This uniparental inheritance is an example of non-Mendelian inheritance. Plants also show uniparental mtDNA inheritance. Most plants inherit mtDNA maternally with one noted exception being the redwood Sequoia sempervirens that inherit mtDNA paternally. There are two theories why the paternal mtDNA is rarely transmitted to the offspring. One is simply the fact that paternal mtDNA is at such a lower concentration than the maternal mtDNA and thus it is not detectable in the offspring. A second, more complex theory, involves the digestion of the paternal mtDNA to prevent its inheritance. It is theorized that the uniparental inheritance of mtDNA, which has a high mutation rate, might be a mechanism to maintain the homoplasmy of cytoplasmic DNA. Clinical significance Sometimes called EEs, extrachromosomal elements, have been associated with genomic instability in eukaryotes. Small polydispersed DNAs (spcDNAs), a type of eccDNA, are commonly found in conjunction with genome instability. SpcDNAs are derived from repetitive sequences such as satellite DNA, retrovirus-like DNA elements, and transposable elements in the genome. They are thought to be the products of gene rearrangements. Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) found in cancer have historically been referred to as Double minute chromosomes (DMs), which present as paired chromatin bodies under light microscopy. Double minute chromosomes represent ~30% of the cancer-containing spectrum of ecDNA, including single bodies and have been found to contain identical gene content as single bodies. The ecDNA notation encompasses all forms of the large, oncogene-containing, extrachromosomal DNA found in cancer cells.  This type of ecDNA is commonly seen in cancer cells of various histologies, but virtually never in normal cells. ecDNA are thought to be produced through double-strand breaks in chromosomes or over-replication of DNA in an organism. Studies show that in cases of cancer and other genomic instability, higher levels of EEs can be observed. Mitochondrial DNA can play a role in the onset of disease in a variety of ways. Point mutations in or alternative gene arrangements of mtDNA have been linked to several diseases that affect the heart, central nervous system, endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, eye, and kidney. Loss of the amount of mtDNA present in the mitochondria can lead to a whole subset of diseases known as mitochondrial depletion syndromes (MDDs) which affect the liver, central and peripheral nervous systems, smooth muscle and hearing in humans. There have been mixed, and sometimes conflicting, results in studies that attempt to link mtDNA copy number to the risk of developing certain cancers. Studies have been conducted that show an association between both increased and decreased mtDNA levels and the increased risk of developing breast cancer. A positive association between increased mtDNA levels and an increased risk for developing kidney tumors has been observed but there does not appear to be a link between mtDNA levels and the development of stomach cancer. Extrachromosomal DNA is found in Apicomplexa, which is a group of protozoa. The malaria parasite (genus Plasmodium), the AIDS-related pathogen (Taxoplasma and Cryptosporidium) are both members of the Apicomplexa group. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was found in the malaria parasite. There are two forms of extrachromosomal DNA found in the malaria parasites. One of these is 6-kb linear DNA and the second is 35-kb circular DNA. These DNA molecules have been researched as potential nucleotide target sites for antibiotics. Role of ecDNA in cancer Gene amplification is among the most common mechanisms of oncogene activation. Gene amplifications in cancer are often on extrachromosomal, circular elements. One of the primary functions of ecDNA in cancer is to enable the tumor to rapidly reach high copy numbers, while also promoting rapid, massive cell-to-cell genetic heterogeneity. The most commonly amplified oncogenes in cancer are found on ecDNA and have been shown to be highly dynamic, re-integrating into non-native chromosomes as homogeneous staining regions (HSRs) and altering copy numbers and composition in response to various drug treatments. The circular shape of ecDNA differs from the linear structure of chromosomal DNA in meaningful ways that influence cancer pathogenesis. Oncogenes encoded on ecDNA have massive transcriptional output, ranking in the top 1% of genes in the entire transcriptome.  In contrast to bacterial plasmids or mitochondrial DNA, ecDNA are chromatinized, containing high levels of active histone marks, but a paucity of repressive histone marks. The ecDNA chromatin architecture lacks the higher-order compaction that is present on chromosomal DNA and is among the most accessible DNA in the entire cancer genome. EcDNAs could be clustered together within the nucleus, which can be referred to as ecDNA hubs. Spacially, ecDNA hubs could cause intermolecular enhancer–gene interactions to promote oncogene overexpression.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenJS_Foundation"}

The OpenJS Foundation is an organization that was founded in 2019 from a merger of JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation. OpenJS promotes the JavaScript and web ecosystem by hosting projects and funds activities that benefit the ecosystem. The OpenJS Foundation is made up of 38 open source JavaScript projects including Appium, Dojo, jQuery, Node.js, Node-RED and webpack. Founding members included Google, Microsoft, IBM, PayPal, GoDaddy, and Joyent. History jQuery Foundation jQuery Foundation was founded in 2012 as 501(c)(6) non-profit organization to support the development of the jQuery and jQuery UI projects. jQuery is the most widely adopted JavaScript library according to web analysis as of 2012. Prior to the jQuery Foundation, the jQuery project was a member of the Software Freedom Conservancy since 2009. The jQuery Foundation also advocates on behalf of web developers to improve web standards through its memberships in the W3C, and Ecma TC39 (JavaScript). It created a standards collaboration team in 2011 and joined the W3C in 2013. In 2016, the Dojo Foundation merged with jQuery Foundation and subsequently rebranded itself as JS Foundation and became a Linux Foundation project. JS Foundation (legally JSFoundation, Inc) aimed to help development and adoption of important JavaScript technology. The foundation worked to facilitate collaboration within the JavaScript development community to "foster JavaScript applications and server-side projects by providing best practices and policies." Node.js Foundation The Node.js Foundation was created in 2015 as a Linux Foundation project to accelerate the development of the Node.js platform. The Node.js Foundation operated under an open-governance model to heighten participation amongst vendors, developers, and the general Node.js community. Its structure gives enterprise users the assurance of "innovation and continuity without risk." Its growth led to new initiatives such as the Node Security Platform, a tool allowing continuous security monitoring for Node.js apps. And Node Interactive, "a series of professional conferences aimed at today's average Node.js user." Node.js reports "3.5 million users and an annual growth rate of 100 percent" and the Node.js Foundation is reported as being among The Linux Foundation's fastest growing projects. OpenJS Foundation In 2019, the Node.js Foundation merged with the JS Foundation to form the new OpenJS Foundation with a stated mission to foster healthy growth of the JavaScript and web ecosystem as a whole. Projects

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Rune Pedersen may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_961"}

Motor vehicle Karosa B 961 is an articulated urban bus produced by bus manufacturer Karosa from the Czech Republic, in the years of 2002 to 2006. Modernised version, Karosa B 961E, was introduced in the year 2003. In many towns, they replaced Karosa B 741. It was last high-floor bus built in Karosa, before it was renamed to Iveco Czech Republic. Construction features Karosa B 961 is a model of the Karosa 900 series. The B 961 is derived from its predecessor the Karosa B 941, and also unified with city bus models such as the B 951 and the B 952. The body was assembled to the skeleton, which has undergone a dip stage, sheets were galvanized and painted and then to have it installed additional components. The body is made of two rigid sections linked by a pivoting joint. The body is semi-self-supporting with frame and engine with automatic gearbox is placed in the rear part. The engine drives only the third C axle, meaning that this articulated bus has a pusher configuration. The front, middle and rear axles are solid. All the axles are mounted on air suspension. On the right side are four doors (first and last are narrower than middle doors). Inside are used plastic Vogelsitze or Ster seats. The driver's cab is separated from the rest of the vehicle by a glazed partition. In the middle part and in the rear part, is room for a pram or wheelchair. Buses have an enclosed design of the turntable. Production and operation Prototype of Karosa B 961 was built in 2000. Later it was given to Prague Transport Company as a help after floods in Prague in 2002. It operates until now with number 6360. It has ZF gearbox and Iveco engine. Serial production started in the year 2002, when first buses were delivered to first operators in Czech Republic and Slovakia, and continued until 2006. Since 2003 were buses produced only modernised version B 961 E, which had glass glued to skeleton, instead of glass mounted in rubber and better ventilation of the engine compartment. Last B 961 E left the production line in 2006, it was bus which is now operated by Martin Uher in Prague, Czech Republic under the number 1147. Historical vehicles

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Vatle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Khazov"}

Russian footballer (born 1979) Anton Gennadyevich Khazov (Russian: Антон Геннадьевич Хазов; born 28 April 1979) is a Russian football coach and a former player. Club career He made his Russian Premier League debut for FC Dynamo Moscow on 5 May 2001 in a game against FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk. Honours

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Hawaii_Rainbow_Warriors_football_team"}

American college football season The 2013 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaii at Mānoa in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Norm Chow and played their home games at Aloha Stadium. They were members of the Mountain West Conference in the West Division. They finished the season 1–11, 0–8 in Mountain West play to finish in last place in the West Division. Schedule Game summaries USC at Oregon State at Nevada Fresno State San Jose State at UNLV Colorado State at Utah State at Navy San Diego State at Wyoming Army Depth chart

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German actress (1940–2012) Brigitte Skay (born Brigitte Johanna Riedle; 18 July 1940 - 19 November 2012) was a German film actress. Career Skay's foremost fame came with her lead role the Italian-West German co-production Isabella, Duchess of the Devils, followed by a number of Italian exploitation films during the 1970s. Filmography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foieni"}

Commune in Satu Mare, Romania Foieni (Hungarian: Mezőfény, Hungarian pronunciation: [mɛzøːfeːni]; German: Fienen) is a commune of 1,836 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Foieni. The commune is located in the western part of the county, at a distance of 6 km (3.7 mi) from Carei and 40 km (25 mi) from the county seat, Satu Mare. It borders Hungary to the west, the city of Carei to the east, Ciumești commune to the south, and Urziceni commune to the north. The Foieni sand dunes [ro] is a 10 ha (25 acres) protected area located on the territory of the commune. Demographics Ethnic groups (2011 census): According to mother tongue, 96.38% of the population speak Hungarian as their first language.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qareh_Qoli"}

Village in Razavi Khorasan, Iran Qareh Qoli (Persian: قره قلي, also Romanized as Qareh Qolī; also known as Kalāteh-ye Qanbar Qarāqolī) is a village in Robat Rural District, in the Central District of Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 798, in 202 families.

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On Dit is a student newspaper funded by the Adelaide University Union and advertising revenue which is published fortnightly during semester time. Founded in 1932, it is the third oldest student newspaper in Australia along with Semper Floreat (which was first published in the same year as on Dit). The paper replaced its precursor the Varsity Ragge which ran from 1928 to 1931 when it ended because of what On Dit described in its first edition as 'student apathy'. The Varsity Ragge returned in 1934 for a single edition as a rival to On Dit. Name On-dit (French pronunciation: ​[ɔ̃ di]) is a term for hearsay; its most literal translation is "one says," but French uses on similarly to the generic use of "they" in English. This is why less literal translations ("so I hear," "what people are saying," "rumour," "they say," "we say," "people say") may be more appropriate. In protest against French nuclear testing in the Pacific, in 1972 the editors refused to use the paper's original French-language title and substituted Heresay [sic]. History The newspaper began as a two-page broadsheet but within a few years quickly grew to four pages. The first editors were C.R. Badger (Arts), K.L. Litchfield (Law) and C.G. Kerr (Arts), who published the first edition on 15 April 1932. In its early years, On Dit focussed mainly on the activities and happenings of clubs and societies at the North Terrace campus of the University of Adelaide. From the beginning, the newspaper attracted the ire of the university administration. Its very first editorial criticised certain regulations of the Barr Smith Library – criticism not well received at the time. On Dit's editorial team in its fifth year of existence, Helen Wighton and Finlay Crisp, later married. One of the paper's first successes was its campaign, in 1936, for a student-elected head of the Adelaide University Union. The paper ceased publication in 1941 due to World War II, but resumed again in 1944. While the paper charged a low price to its readers in its first decades, it switched to free distribution in the 1960s and remains so to this day, supporting itself with advertising and funds from the AUU. In its early years it was an organ of the Student Representative Council, which later became the Students' Association of the University of Adelaide (a body which did not survive voluntary student unionism (VSU), and therefore has since been replaced by the Adelaide University Student Representative Council). Today, On Dit is a publication of the Adelaide University Union. During the 1950s and 1960s the paper attempted to resemble a professionally designed newspaper. This evolved into the Dynasty era during the 1970s and 1980s. During the latter period, the paper broke major stories. By this time, On Dit had developed a very good reputation both within the state and nationally. On Dit was considered an alternative vehicle to attending media schools for budding reporters. One problem many editors struggled with was encouraging submissions and news from University of Adelaide campuses other than the North Terrace site. In the 1968 March orientation issue, On Dit published an issue largely dedicated to supporting a student demonstration against the gerrymander that benefited the Coalition government, then headed by South Australian politician Thomas Playford. That same year saw On Dit publish editorials on the use of torture in Vietnam, and on Australia's treatment of Aboriginals, in keeping with the activism of much of the student press at the time. In March 1991, University student Maria O'Brien wrote a controversial piece in On Dit about the misogyny she experienced during her two years at St Mark's College, one of the residential colleges at the University of Adelaide. That same year, a 21-year-old female student at the college was assaulted and murdered by one of the male students. In 2006, Edition 10 (Sexuality) of On Dit was stolen.[citation needed] It contained an article by 'Pandora' which gave a view on the upcoming Adelaide University Union elections that was largely favourable to some candidates while disdainful towards others (in one instance likening the then Adelaide University Union President to The Lord of the Rings character Gollum, and labelling him a 'neo-fascist'). Several editions survived. The one held by the Barr Smith Library is available to read online. 2006 was the first year in its long history that two women edited the newspaper. Format For many years the paper was printed in a tabloid format on standard newsprint. This was changed to a magazine (half-tabloid newsprint) format early in 2006 to help the paper cope with financial uncertainty brought about by Voluntary Student Unionism (VSU). The other change caused by VSU was the paper going from a weekly to fortnightly publication, making Honi Soit the only weekly student publication in Australia. Some issues of On Dit conform to a certain theme, reflected in the graphical style, and occasionally in the articles within it. One such yearly edition is entitled Elle Dit, written primarily or exclusively by women once a year. In more recent years the paper has better resembled other free street press, though with more artistic (or at any rate abstract) covers, usually eschewing headlines, and a focus more broadly on commentary, politics and pop culture than on the popular music common to the format. On Dit is usually distributed outside the university in similar locations to other street press publications. Editorial staff Prior to 2007, in a typical year there were two or three paid editors, elected by the student body the previous year, who planned the paper. The paid editors were assisted by unpaid sub-editors, columnists and other contributors who researched and wrote individual sections. On Dit is unusual among student papers in that for much of its existence it has remained independent of the prevailing political parties on campus. In 2007, the Student Union voted to remove salaries from the editors (by way of comparison, the 3 editors in 1997 split an annual A$30,000 between them). Because of Voluntary Student Unionism, the editors now have to secure some of their funding from advertising space, and the paper has gone from a weekly broadsheet to a smaller fortnightly magazine. Prominent past editors Prominent past editors include former South Australia State Premier the Hon. Dr John Bannon AO; Hon. Mr Justice Samuel J. Jacobs AO QC; Elliot Frank Johnston QC; author Garry Disher; former ALP state politician Peter Duncan (Australian politician); Rhodes Scholar, Diplomat & Ambassador Charles Robin Ashwin; former South Australian MLC and current Federal Senator Nick Xenophon; former vice-captain of the Australia women's national football (soccer) team Moya Dodd; former Secretary of the South Australian Trade Unions, Chris White; poet Max Harris AO; long-time Advertiser journalist Samela Harris and David Penberthy, current editor of The Punch and former Advertiser journalist and former editor of The Daily Telegraph in Sydney. Many On Dit editors over the years have gone on to work for the local daily newspaper, the Advertiser. These have included Samantha Maiden, Colin G. Kerr, Mark Davis, Daniel Wills, Richard Ogier, David Mussared, Rosemary O'Grady, the Rev. Father Will Baynes and David Walker. Editor Noel Lindblom went on to work at the other local daily paper The News while Clementine Ford became a columnist for the Sunday Mail and then later for Fairfax. Other On Dit editors to go on and work in the media have included Nonee Walsh and Roy Leaney at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Gemma Clark at radio station Nova 91.9 FM, Myriam Robin at Crikey, and Rosemary O'Grady and Michael Jacobs at The Adelaide Review. A number of editors have found success in the education sector as educationists and academics. These have included educator and feminist Helen Crisp (née Wighton); historian Hon. Dr. John Bannon AO; educationist Neile Osman; Rhodes Scholar Herbert W. Piper; Rhodes Scholar Professor John Finnis; Jeff Scott; Dr. Andrew Gleeson; Rhodes Scholar Professor Leslie Finlay Crisp; Adjunct Professor Richard Broinowski; Professor Pat Thomson PSM (at the time known as Lewicki); Paul Washington; Rhodes Scholar Professor Julian Disney AO, Clinical Associate Professor Jonathan Gillis; Dr Daniele Viliunas; Professor Peter Otto; and Research Fellow Dr Jacqui Dibden. Prominent contributors Prominent people who have contributed to or written for On Dit include Prime Minister Julia Gillard, South Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young; South Australian Labor Party Senator and Minister Penny Wong; Australian author and historian Geoffrey Dutton; comedians Francis Greenslade and Shaun Micallef; novelists Colin Thiele and Sean Williams; South Australian Democrat Senator Natasha Stott Despoja; former ALP Federal Minister Gordon Bilney; playwright Joe Penhall; The Australian Financial Review film critic Peter Crayford; writers Clementine Ford and Russell Marks; and former Federal Liberal Minister Christopher Pyne. Australian Labor Party Senator Anne McEwen contributed to On Dit in the area of administration when she worked for the Students' Association of the University of Adelaide. Many former On Dit editors, contributors and staff have also gone on to work for the Fairfax Media group. These have included John Sandeman, Moya Dodd, Gilbert Wahlquist, Tim Dodd, David Walker, Annabel Crabb, John Slee, Peter White and John Tanner. Other On Dit contributors and staff to go on and work in the media have included Keith Conlon from Radio Station 5AA and journalists Jane Willcox, Barry Hailstone, Farah Farouque, Mike Duffy, Jenny Turner and cartoonist Ross Bateup. Former women's columnist Arna Eyers-White and freight manager Alex Wheaton went on to manage and edit Adelaide's fortnightly street press paper dB Magazine. On Dit today On Dit's publication is supported by the Adelaide University Union, with additional costs being covered by advertising. The paper is issued every fortnight during the semester. Ten issues are published each year, with one of these, Elle Dit (translated as "she says"), being an exclusive women's edition. On Dit prints some 2,000 copies of each issue and 2,500 of the O'Week issue. The elected editors for 2020, taking office in December 2019 are Nicholas Birchall, Felix Eldridge, Taylor Fernandez and Larisa Forgač.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dan_(gymnast)"}

Chinese trampoline gymnast Li Dan (李丹, born 19 September 1988 in Guangzhou, China) is a female Chinese trampoline gymnast. She was World Champion at the 2010 Trampoline World Championships in Metz, France. She also became World Champion at the 2015 Trampoline World Championships held in Odense, Denmark.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnete_Kj%C3%B8lsrud"}

Norwegian rock singer (born 1976) Musical artist Agnete Maria Forfang Kjølsrud (born 1 December 1976) is a Norwegian rock singer. She has been the lead vocalist of the hard rock band Djerv since 2009. Kjølsrud previously fronted the alternative metal band Animal Alpha between 2002 and 2009. She appeared on the two albums released by the band, Pheromones (2005) and You Pay for the Whole Seat, But You'll Only Need the Edge (2008). Kjølsrud also collaborated with Dimmu Borgir on their studio album titled Abrahadabra and Solefald on their studio album titled Norrøn livskunst. In 2013, she sang "Get Jinxed" for the video game League of Legends; its music video has over 100 million views on YouTube.

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French boxer Jean Marc Monrose (born 4 August 1981) is a French boxer that has fought at cruiserweight. Monrose was the European Boxing Union cruiserweight champion, but lost his title to Marco Huck. Monrose has also fought former UFC fighter Alessio Sakara, Steve Hérélius (twice) and Denton Daley.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Good_da_Bad_%26_da_Ugly"}

1998 studio album by Geto Boys Da Good Da Bad & Da Ugly is the sixth studio album by the Houston hip hop group the Geto Boys, released in late 1998 on Rap-A-Lot/Virgin Records. Following the short-lived reunion of the group's three core members, Scarface, Willie D and Bushwick Bill, for 1996's acclaimed The Resurrection album, Bushwick left to pursue a solo career, leaving Scarface and Willie D to continue on as a duo. Unlike past Geto Boys albums, this one has a guest rapper on nearly every track. Most guest appearances were provided by the group's Rap-A-Lot record mates, including DMG, Yukmouth, Tela, Devin the Dude, Outlawz and Ghetto Twiinz. Following the release of Da Good Da Bad & Da Ugly, the group split up for solo careers, until returning over six years later (with Bushwick Bill) with the reunion album The Foundation. To date, the album has sold 1,675,000 copies in the U.S. Track listing Samples Do Yo Time Eye 4 an Eye Gangsta (Put Me Down) Thugg Niggaz Charts Personnel

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCST-R1000"}

The MCST R1000 (Russian: МЦСТ R1000) is a 64-bit microprocessor developed by Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies (MCST) and fabricated by TSMC. During development this microprocessor was designated as MCST-4R. MCST R1000 Highlights

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC_season"}

Budapest Honvéd FC 2019–20 football season The 2019–20 season was Budapest Honvéd FC's 109th competitive season, 15th consecutive season in the OTP Bank Liga and 110th year in existence as a football club. First team squad As of 25 July 2019 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Transfers Summer Winter Source: Competitions Overview Last updated: 23 September 2019 Source: Competitions Nemzeti Bajnokság I League table Source: Hungarian Football Federation (in Hungarian), Soccerway Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Matches won; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Head-to-head points; 6) Head-to-head goal difference; 7) Head-to-head away goals scored; 8) Fair play ranking; 9) Drawing of lots. Notes: Results summary Last updated: 27 June 2020. Source: NB1 Results by round Updated to match(es) played on 27 June 2020. Source: Matches A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss Matches Diósgyőr v Budapest Honvéd Paks v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Kisvárda Budapest Honvéd v Debrecen Újpest v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Fehérvár Mezőkövesd v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Ferencváros Zalaegerszeg v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Kaposvár Puskás Akadémia v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Diósgyőr Budapest Honvéd v Paks Kisvárda v Budapest Honvéd Debrecen v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Újpest Fehérvár v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Mezőkövesd Ferencváros v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Zalaegerszeg Kaposvár v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Puskás Akadémia Budapest Honvéd v Diósgyőr Paks v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Kisvárda Budapest Honvéd v Debrecen Újpest v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Fehérvár Mezőkövesd v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Ferencváros Zalaegerszeg v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Kaposvár Puskás Akadémia v Budapest Honvéd Hungarian Cup Dunaharaszti v Budapest Honvéd Kazincbarcika v Budapest Honvéd Monor v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Szombathely Szombathely v Budapest Honvéd Paks v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v Paks MTK Budapest v Budapest Honvéd Budapest Honvéd v MTK Budapest Budapest Honvéd v Mezőkövesd UEFA Europa League First qualifying round Budapest Honvéd v Žalgiris Žalgiris v Budapest Honvéd Second qualifying round Budapest Honvéd v Universitatea Craiova Universitatea Craiova v Budapest Honvéd Statistics Appearances and goals Last updated on 27 June 2020. Top scorers Includes all competitive matches. The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal. Last updated on 27 June 2020 Disciplinary record Includes all competitive matches. Players with 1 card or more included only. Last updated on 27 June 2020 Overall Last updated: 27 June 2020 Source:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."}

English professional rugby league club St Helens R.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in St Helens, Merseyside who compete in the Super League, the top tier for rugby league in Great Britain. They are the current Super League and World Club Challenge champions having won last season's Grand Final, and the World Club Challenge, becoming the first English team to win in Australia, since the 1994 World Club Challenge. Also winning their 4th consecutive title in the process. Formed in 1873, St Helens are one of the 22 original members of the Northern Rugby Football Union and have been league champions on 17 occasions. St Helens are also the third most successful side in the Challenge Cup with 13 wins in 23 Final appearances. St Helens are founding members of the Super League and are one of only four teams to have appeared in every season since its creation in 1996. Since 1961 the club's home colours have been white, with a red "V" on the jersey. St Helens play their home games at the Totally Wicked Stadium in St Helens, having moved from their previous home, Knowsley Road, in 2012. History Early years (1873–1945) St Helens are the oldest members of the Rugby Football League. Founded as St Helens Football Club on 19 November 1873 at the Fleece Hotel by William Douglas Herman, they played their first ever match on 31 January 1874 against Liverpool Royal Infirmary. They became known as St Helens Rangers up until the 1880s. The club moved from the City Ground in 1890 where they had shared with St Helens Recs when neither were members of the Northern Rugby Football Union. They defeated Manchester Rangers in the first match played at Knowsley Road. In 1895 the club were one of 22 clubs that resigned from the Rugby Football Union and established the Northern Union. The first match of the new code was an 8–3 win at home to Rochdale Hornets before 3,000 spectators, Bob Doherty scoring St Helens' first try. They played in a vertically striped blue and white jersey—a stark contrast to the well known broad red band which would become the kit for the club later. The club reverted to this kit for one season during the rugby league centenary season in 1995. The Challenge Cup was launched in 1897 and it was St Helens who contested its first final with Batley, at Headingley, Leeds. The "Gallant Youths" of Batley emerged victorious 10–3, with Dave "Red" Traynor scoring the lone St Helens' try. Between 1897 and 1901, St Helens were not successful, even generally considered a mid—table side. They finished second to bottom in the 1900–01 Lancashire League season, meaning they did not qualify to compete in the national league the year later. In the 1901–02 season, however, they did finish third in the Lancashire league. In 1902–03, the combined Lancashire and Yorkshire leagues saw St Helens enter for the first time. St Helens were placed in Division 1 but finished next to bottom and suffered relegation. Promotion was gained at the first attempt, only for another poor year to see them finish once again in a relegation position. However the two Divisions became one League to save the club from a second relegation. The Champion fortunes that St Helens fans' greet today were certainly not apparent in this period, with the club finishing fourth to bottom in 1907, third to bottom in 1908, and consistently mid—table between 1909 and 1913. On 14 June 1913, St Helens Recs joined the Northern Union after defecting from rugby union and association football. The Recs were based individually at the City Road ground, after previously sharing with St Helens, before their move to Knowsley Road, when neither played rugby league. The Recs played their first game on 6 September 1913. St Helens now had two professional rugby league teams. In both sides first year in co—existence, St Helens finished yet again in a disappointing low mid—table finish. During the First World War, St Helens struggled to compete and failed to complete the full fixture list of the Emergency War League on two occasions, with the club finishing mid—table in the first year of the war, as well as being beaten by 37 points to 3 by Huddersfield in that year's Challenge Cup Final. The aftermath of the war was still taking its toll on national sport, not merely the club's ability to compete and complete fixtures, on 31 January 1918 'close down' due to a lack of finances following a 22–0 defeat by Widnes. Saints re-open on 25 December 1918 and are beaten 20 points to nil by St Helens Recs in a friendly fixture at City Road. In the shortened 1918–1919 season, St Helens played only nine times. The club's lack of success and disappointing league finishes continued for another seven seasons. The club defeated town rivals the Recs in the Lancashire County Cup Final by 10 points to 2 in the 1926–27 season. The season after, they were trophyless, finishing tenth in a 28—team league. One year after the Challenge Cup's début at Wembley, St Helens reached the final there where they were defeated by 10 points to 3 by Widnes in 1930. They won their first ever National Championship in the 1931–32 season, defeating Huddersfield 9–5 in the final. This was the same season that they won their second Lancashire League, the first coming in the 1929–30 season. They lost the 1933 Lancashire Cup Final to Warrington, whilst finishing in no competitive position in the league once more. St Helens reached no finals or achieved any more honours during the remainder of the 1930s. Also, what appeared to be building as something of an inter—town derby between the two St Helens clubs was struck down as St Helens Recs played their last game on 29 April 1939, as, due to the economic depression, it was not possible for the town to sustain two teams. Like during the First World War, the club could not enjoy having a full—time squad during the Second World War and struggled to compete. They did not compete in the National Championship until a 17 team Emergency War League was formed in the 1941–42 season, and did not win any regional honours. They finished bottom of the EWL in seasons 1942–43 and 1943–44 and next-to-bottom in 1944–45. Post-war (1945–1979) The club's fortunes that had seen them be successful so rarely the decade previous did not change in the 1940s. After the commitments of the Second World War, St Helens still found it hard to compete, and the trend of finishing as a mid—table side was once more apparent. The first two years of the 1950s, the last two years of Peter Lyons' reign, also ended trophyless. The arrival of Jim Sullivan as head coach in 1952 heralded a successful era for St Helens, and helped to establish the club as a respected force in British and eventually world rugby league. Under Sullivan, St Helens reached, and lost, the 1952–53 Challenge Cup final. They didn't have long to wait for trophies as St Helens won the Lancashire Leagues, in 1952–53, The 1953 Championship final against Halifax was held at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; in front of a crowd of over 50,000, Saints won their second Championship 24–14. They also won the 1953 Lancashire Cup, beating Wigan 16–8 at Swinton, the first time the two old rivals had clashed in a major final, Saints. Sullivan took Saints to their first victory in the Challenge Cup final (against Halifax in 1956), On Saturday 24 November 1956, St Helens inflicted a touring Australia its biggest ever defeat with a 44–2 win. The following year saw Saints win the 1956-7 Lancashire League 1956–57 and they won it again in 1958–59. Sullivan's second championship came in 1958–59. A second Lancashire County Cup came in 1960–61, Ex—St Helens captain and prop-forward Alan Prescott took over from Jim Sullivan as head coach in 1959. Perhaps the golden era of the club came in the 1960s, as well as more lately in the Super League era. With a galaxy of stars including Tom van Vollenhoven, Alex Murphy, Dick Huddart, Cliff Watson, Ray French and Vince Karalius, the 1960s was a decade of great success for the Saints. In Prescott's first season as coach he lifted the Lancashire League in the 1959–60 season. During this decade, the recognisable 'red vee' strip first appeared in 1961 for the final against Wigan. St Helens won this epic 12–6, and the kit has since become synonymous with the club. Mick Sullivan joined Saints for £11,000, then a record transfer fee.[citation needed] They won the Lancashire Cup in the 1961–62 season, with a 25–9 success over Swinton (at Central Park, Wigan) seeing yet more silverware come St Helens' way under the management of Prescott. After his departure in 1962, Stan McCormick led the club to retaining the Lancashire Cup in his first year, again beating Swinton; and St Helens made it a quadruplet of Lancashire Cup successes with wins against Leigh in 1964, and once more Swinton in 1965, the latter success under coach Joe Coan. St Helens won the Western Division Championship under McCormick's rule, beating Swinton 10–7. St Helens, under coach Joe Coan, lost the 1964–65 Championship final to Halifax at Station Road, Swinton. The 1965 New Zealand tourists appeared at Knowsley Road on Wednesday 15 September. Saints inflicted a 28–7 defeat on their visitors, their biggest loss of the tour. A League and Cup double was achieved under Coan in the 1965–66 season, whilst they lost the Floodlit Trophy final against Castleford. St Helens were beaten by Wakefield Trinity in the 1967 Rugby Football League Championship Final at Station Road, Swinton on 10 May 1967 by 20 points to 9 in a replay, after a 7–7 draw 4 days earlier. This would be Coan's last year in charge at St Helens after a highly successful period as boss. He was replaced by Cliff Evans. Evans' first full season in charge at the club saw him win the club's eighth Lancashire Cup in 1968; winning 13–10 against Warrington after a replay. St Helens retained the Lancashire Cup the year later, whilst also winning the Lancashire League for being the highest placed Lancashire side in the National standings, and they also reached the final of the Floodlit Trophy that season, where they were beaten 7–4 by Wigan. The 1969–70 season would be the year that Evans would leave his post, but not without winning a National Championship, beating Leeds in the final after finishing third overall. The 1970s were also seen as a successful spell for St Helens, as they reached three Challenge Cup finals in the period. Jim Challinor took over from Cliff Evans in 1970, and in his first season, he won the Championship, and reached two finals, the Lancashire Cup and Floodlit Trophy, losing both. In this season, a European Championship—not dissimilar to today's World Club Challenge—was contested between St Helens and French champions St Gaudens. Over a two—legged game, St Helens won 92–11 on aggregate. In their first Challenge Cup Final of the 1970s, they defeated Leeds in 1972 16–13, in addition to winning their first Floodlit Trophy, after losing out in the final three times before, with an 8–2 win over Rochdale. The club reached the Championship final in that season, but were beaten. No success was achieved in seasons 1972–73 and 1973–74, with St Helens finishing third and second in the respective years. This could be a possible reason for Jim Challinor's replacement with Eric Ashton as head coach. In Ashton's first season in charge, St Helens won the Championship, and contested the inaugural Premiership Final, losing 26–11 to Leeds. They repeated their first Challenge Cup success of the 1970s three years after the first against Widnes in 1976 where they were victorious by 20–5 in the famous 'Dads Army' final. They also won the Premiership against Salford, and the Floodlit Trophy against Dewsbury in a successful season. In the same year, St Helens lost to Eastern Suburbs in an unofficial World Club Challenge Final by 25 points to 2. The club won the Premiership in 1977, but, on 13 December 1977, Saints lost 26–11 to Hull Kingston Rovers in the final of the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy. In 1978 Leeds avenged their 1972 loss against St Helens, emerging winners by 14–12. St Helens lost the Floodlit Trophy in the 1978–79 season, going down to Widnes. The 1979–80 season was unsuccessful, with St Helens finishing mid—table. Eric Ashton left the club after this disappointing year. The 1980s, and early to mid-1990s Former club player and Welsh international Kel Coslett took over as coach in June 1980. However, his spell as coach was not nearly as successful as his spell as a player, and St Helens won nothing whilst under Coslett's command, finishing mid-table in both seasons. He held the post for two years before handing over to Billy Benyon. Not in-keeping with several of his predecessors, Benyon did not enjoy any success in his first season as St Helens coach, losing the Lancashire Cup final of that year to Warrington. Nothing was won in the 1983–84 season, but Saints won back the Lancashire Cup, with a 26–18 win at Wigan in the 1984–85 season. They also won the Premiership in the same season with a 36–16 victory over defending champions Hull Kingston Rovers at Elland Road in Leeds. The 1984–85 season saw the arrival (for one season only) of giant Australian international centre Mal Meninga who quickly became a crowd favourite at Knowsley Road. In Benyon's last season as coach, 1985–86, nothing was won. The arrival of Alex Murphy as coach in 1986 produced some colourful displays from a team that was widely regarded as an entertaining team to watch, but seemed to be constant runners-up. This was illustrated by the defeat by Halifax in the Challenge Cup final at Wembley, 19–18, in 1987. Success was achieved in 1988 when St Helens lifted their one and only John Player Trophy with a 15–14 victory over Leeds in January 1988, at Central Park, Wigan. Neil Holding with the crucial, match-winning drop-goal. They, however, lost to Widnes in the Premiership Final at Old Trafford at the end of the season, further showing this team's ability to get to finals and not be able to compete on the best stage. Nothing was achieved in the next two seasons, including a defeat in the 1989 Challenge Cup Final and Murphy stood down as coach. Murphy was succeeded by Mike McClennan in February 1990. In his first season, McClennan took St Helens to the 1991 Challenge Cup Final, where they were defeated by 13 points to 8 by Wigan. They won the Lancashire Cup, in the 1991–92 season, beating Rochdale Hornets. They also lost the Premiership Final that season, losing to Wigan. In 1993 the club avenged their defeat by Wigan the season previous to win the Premiership, in the same season that they won the Charity Shield, and lost the Lancashire Cup final. McClennan was head coach until December 1993, when Eric Hughes succeeded him as head coach in 1994. Under Hughes, St Helens only reached the one, Regal Trophy Final, where they lost to Wigan in 1996 by 25 to 16. They finished fourth in both of Hughes' seasons in charge. The lack of trophies in the St Helens cabinet, after the club had suddenly become so accustomed to success, would need to change in the "new" brand Super League that formed in 1996; hence Hughes' departure in 1996 and replacement with Australian Shaun McRae. Summer era Following on from their most constant ambition for successes, first experienced really in the 1960s, Saints became one of the most successful side of the summer era. Since the inception of Super League in 1996, they have won the title on eight occasions, and have added seven Challenge Cups to their five previous successes. Indeed, they won the inaugural Super League, albeit by finishing top of the league before the play—off era. St Helens defeated Bradford 8–6 in the 1999 Super League Grand Final, their first Grand Final, with more than 50,000 people witnessing Chris Joynt lift the trophy at Old Trafford. They also won the World Club Challenge in 2001 and 2007, beating Brisbane both times.In 2023 they then beat Penrith Panthers 13-12 in Australia to win it for a third time .< Late 1990s The success of the Saints in Super League began under the leadership of Shaun McRae in 1996. During his tenure the club won one league title (1996), a year in which he was named Super League's coach of the year, and enjoyed back—to—back successes over Bradford in the Challenge Cup (1996 and 1997). St Helens lost consecutive Premiership finals to Wigan in 1996, and 1997. 1998 proved to be a trophyless year, and Ellery Hanley succeeded McRae in 1999, after the Australian left for new Super League side Gateshead. Hanley led Saints to Grand Final success against Bradford in October of his first year in charge. Hanley was considered by many to be a polarising figure and after several acrimonious disagreements with the St Helens board of directors, he was sacked a month into the following season. Ian Millward was appointed as Hanley's successor as head coach. 2000s Millward's reign and a controversial sacking (2000–2005) Under Millward, St Helens quickly became the most exciting team in the competition, playing expansive, attacking rugby. He saw them soundly beaten in the 2000 World Club Challenge, losing 44–6 to Melbourne, but lead them to retaining their Super League title in 2000 beating Wigan 29–16. They also won the Challenge Cup in 2001; 13–6 over Bradford, with the final held at Twickenham Stadium for the first time, and the 2001 World Club Challenge, earning a 20–18 win over the Broncos. Millward then lead Saints to the top of Super League VII, and to reclaim the Super League title in the 2002 Grand Final, Sean Long snatching a last minute 19–18 win over the Bradford with a drop—goal. They lost the 2002 Challenge Cup Final to Wigan at Murrayfield Stadium by 21 points to 12. They were hammered in the 2003 World Club Challenge by Sydney by 38 points to 0. In this season, they failed to win a trophy after being knocked out of the Challenge Cup by Leeds at the semi—final stage, and the Super League play—offs by Wigan at the same stage. In 2004 they beat arch—rivals Wigan 32–16 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in front of a capacity crowd of 73,734 people to win the Challenge Cup, Long gaining his second of an eventual three Lance Todd Trophies. Millward's reign was not without controversy and his St Helens career ended controversially after he was suspended in May 2005. He was sacked for gross misconduct a week later. Daniel Anderson was appointed as coach, Millward was then made coach of archrivals Wigan. The Anderson era (2005–2008) Daniel Anderson saw his new team become the first team to top the Super League and fail to reach Old Trafford in 2005. However, St Helens won the 2006 Challenge Cup Final at Twickenham Stadium, beating Huddersfield 42–12. Scrum-half Sean Long was awarded the Lance Todd trophy for a record third time for his man—of—the—match performance during the final. St Helens followed up their Challenge Cup win by claiming the League Leader's Shield, before cementing their reputation as the team of the year by defeating Hull 26 points to 4 in the Super League Grand Final. Once more St Helens confirmed their status as the outstanding team of the summer era. Additionally, Paul Wellens received the Man of Steel Award for the 2006 season. In December 2006 St Helens were awarded with the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Team Award at the Annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year Ceremony. This accolade recognises the best team in any sport within the United Kingdom. At the same ceremony Daniel Anderson was given the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award – this was the first time a rugby league coach had won the award. After a slow start to the 2007 season, Saints added to their history by beating Brisbane 18–14 to win the 2007 World Club Challenge. In July, they beat Super League rivals, Bradford, to reach the first Challenge Cup final at the new Wembley Stadium. Here, St Helens successfully defended their Challenge Cup by defeating Catalans Dragons 30–8 in the final on 25 August 2007. They were beaten in the Grand Final that year by Leeds by 33 points to 6, despite finishing at the top of the league ladder for the third successive season. James Roby, however, became the second St Helens player, and home—grown talent in two years to win the Man of Steel Award. Saints success in the Challenge Cup continued in 2008 with a victory at the new Wembley Stadium, this time defeating Hull F.C. 28–16. Paul Wellens received the Lance Todd Trophy after sharing the award with team-mate Leon Pryce the year earlier. They also achieved first place again in the 2008 Super League season—for the fourth year running—winning the League Leaders Shield, and beat Leeds 38–10 for the right to go to Old Trafford to contest the Grand Final. However, St Helens were once again defeated by Leeds in the Grand Final, by a margin of 24 to 16, on 4 October 2008. James Graham, on a positive note, made it a hat—trick of ex—Blackbrook Royals to win the Man of Steel Award whilst playing for St Helens. This would be Anderson's last game in charge of the club, as he announced he was to return to Australia and the Parramatta Eels of the NRL. St Helens fans and players alike were saddened to see Anderson leave, after not only upholding the tradition of St Helens exciting brand of rugby, but giving them a defensive and disciplined edge that was never apparent under Ian Millward. His personality and relationship with the fans was an additional reason why St Helens fans were disgruntled in him leaving after four years in charge and why next boss Mick Potter faced a fair amount of criticism in his initial period as boss. The Potter years (2009–2010) Mick Potter was announced as the successor to Anderson, which received many plaudits from the St. Helens fans and the European game as a whole, as the year previous he had led the Catalans Dragons to a record—high third—placed finish in the league. On 9 August 2009, St Helens reached a record ninth consecutive Challenge Cup semi—final, where they were beaten by 24 points to 14 by the Huddersfield Giants. This prevented Saints from reaching the final at the new Wembley Stadium for a third successive time and from winning the cup for a fourth time running. This defeat naturally came as a shock to the St Helens faithful, after so often in the last 15 years seeing the team reach the pinnacle of this competition and go on to win the cup. It was from here that the criticism began, and questions were raised particularly of his tactics and his activity (or lack of) in the transfer market. On 3 October 2009, Saints defeated fierce rivals the Wigan Warriors to book their place at a fourth consecutive Super League Grand Final, only to lose out to the Leeds Rhinos in the final, 18–10, making the Leeds Rhinos the only team to win the Grand Final three times consecutively. A 20-year-old Kyle Eastmond scored all of Saints' points. A trophyless year for the first time since 2003 was another catalyst to Potter's critics abusing and slating his appointment, with even rumours of rifts within the changing rooms. 2010s 2010 was the year that saw Potter surrender to his critics and leave St. Helens. Criticisms from club legends like Paul Sculthorpe and Sean Long regarding his personal skills with the fans, as well as the continued fan rejection saw him let his contract run out and, initially, seek a job in the NRL, but eventually, and perhaps surprisingly, join Bradford on a two—year contract. Names like Royce Simmons, Mal Meninga, and assistant coach Kieron Purtill, were linked with the job for 2011. Simmons was the chosen man for the job, as announced on 22 July 2010. The 2010 season would also see legendary hooker and captain Keiron Cunningham retire from the game after 17 years with his one and only club. However, Cunningham would not be leaving without leaving a lasting legacy on the club. A lifelike bronze statue of Cunningham was built and placed on display in the town, before being transported to the club's new stadium upon its construction in 2012. He would additionally take up a coaching role with the academy, as well as a strength and conditioning role with the first team. In light of these decisions, neither Cunningham nor Potter halted their personal and the St Helens team quest for success; shown by their tenth successive semi—final appearance in the Challenge Cup. However, Saints failure to perform on the big stage was once more shown, going down in this semi—final by 32–28. Defeating Huddersfield Giants in the qualifying semi—final in the 2010 play-off series by 42–22 not only saw Saints qualify for their fifth Grand Final in five years, but also saw the final ever game to be played at Knowsley Road. Fittingly, Cunningham snatched the final ever try at the famous old ground in typical fashion from dummy—half. However, for the fourth year running, St Helens once more proved flops in the Grand Final. One of the finest finals of the Super League era was anticipated, but the flamboyant Saints that the fans saw so rarely under Potter once more failed to materialise, and, in front of a near sell—out crowd of 71,526, they fell to a 22–10 loss to rivals Wigan. It was not the romantic finish to the Saints careers of Potter, Cunningham or any of the departing members of the squad that many had hoped for, but nevertheless, a new era was just around the corner, as Simmons' reign began. Beginning of a new era (2011–present) Australian Royce Simmons took over from compatriot Mick Potter for the start of the 2011 season. As the club awaited completion of the new stadium, all home fixtures in 2011 were played at the Halton Stadium in Widnes, effectively meaning St Helens were forced to play an entire season of away fixtures. In addition, they suffered upheaval in terms of the playing squad; having already lost the influential Cunningham to retirement and other club legends like Sean Long, the start of the season was overshadowed by the news that Kyle Eastmond, who had been earmarked as Long's replacement, and inspirational leader James Graham were both looking to leave the club. A number of serious injuries to further key players such as Leon Pryce and Ade Gardner meant the team was facing an uphill battle on the field all season. However, despite all the problems faced, St Helens defied the odds to reach their 11th Challenge Cup semi-final in a row, and at the end of the season they qualified for their sixth consecutive Grand Final. However, for the fifth year in a row they were on the losing side, as the injury-plagued squad finally succumbed to Leeds. However, the 2011 season saw the emergence of a new crop of talent, with players such as Jonny Lomax and Lee Gaskell stepping up to fill the gaps left by senior players and earning rave reviews for their performances.[according to whom?] In 2012, the club moved into their new home at Langtree Park. However, the season started with a terrible run of results, which culminated in Royce Simmons being sacked in March. With assistant coach Kieron Purtill also leaving, the coaching reins were taken up by youth coach Mike Rush for the remainder of the 2012 season, with Keiron Cunningham acting as his assistant. Following St Helens's defeat by Wigan in the quarter-final of the Challenge Cup, which ended a run of 11 consecutive semi-final appearances, it was announced that Nathan Brown would be taking over as head coach for 2013, with Rush moving back into his previous role. At the end of the Super League XIX regular season, St Helens claimed the League Leaders' Shield and reached the 2014 Super League Grand Final against Wigan where they won the match 14–6 claiming their 13th premiership. In the Super League XXIII season, St Helens claimed the League Leader's Shield and Ben Barba who had joined the club that year won the Man of Steel award. St Helens were favourites to reach another grand final but were upset in the preliminary final by Warrington 18–13 at Langtree Park. During the Super League XXIV season, St Helens reached the Challenge Cup final against Warrington but lost the match 18–4 at Wembley Stadium. At the end of the Super League XXIV regular season, St Helens won the League Leader's Shield for a second consecutive year after finished 16 points clear of second placed Wigan. St Helens would go on to reach the 2019 Super League Grand Final at Old Trafford against Salford. St Helens won the match 23–6 securing their 14th championship. At the end of the 2020 season, St Helens finished second behind league leaders Wigan. After easily accounting for Catalans Dragons in the semi-final, St Helens played against Wigan in the 2020 Super League Grand Final. With only seconds remaining and with the scores locked at 4-4, St Helens scored a try after the siren through Jack Welsby to win back to back championships in the most dramatic of circumstances. On 17 July 2021, St. Helens won the Challenge Cup for the first time in 13 years beating Castleford in the final 26–12. St. Helens had trailed the match at half-time 12–6. St Helens finished the 2021 Super League season in second place on the table. They then went on to defeat Catalan Dragons 12–10 in a hotly-contested Grand Final, securing the club's first league and cup double since 2006 and an historic 'three-peat' - becoming only the second team in the summer era to win three consecutive championships. St Helens ended the 2022 regular season as League Leaders, thus earning them a bye to the semi finals. They beat Salford 19-12, to reach their 4th consecutive Grand Final. They faced Leeds in the Grand Final, after Leeds beat Catalans in the eliminators, and Wigan in the semi final. St Helens won the match 24–12, to win their fourth final in a row, and by doing so, they become the first team in Super League history to win four in a row. Academy The St Helens academy has produced some of the finest youngsters, potential stars and internationals the world of rugby league has seen. Although initially, players were signed either from other clubs, or would go straight into first team reckoning after being signed from their amateur club at a much later age than today's system; as the game became more widespread in the town, across the North—West and nationally, a system had to be introduced in order to suffice the amount of youth talent that the club homed. More early examples of players that made the grade following on form their stints in the academy and reserves (previously known as the "St Helens Colts") include Steve Prescott, Paul Forber, Gary Connolly, and Chris Arkwright. St Helens' traditional policy with youth was to make them better players for the club. Now, however, it can be argued that Saints look to make them internationals, with no less than five of the current St Helens squad's youth products having gone on to represent either Great Britain or England or both. St Helens youth policy does not operate solely in the borough boundaries of the town. Indeed, many of St Helens current and past squads call areas like Widnes, Wigan, Cumbria and Oldham home. St Helens have, also, branched even into rugby union territory and other wider national areas for youth players; most recently, Daniel Brotherton, a winger from Northampton, signed a professional contract with the club, and has made great strides in the under 18s after his signing from Northampton Demons. Women's side Rivalries Wigan Warriors There is a strong rivalry between St Helens and Wigan; the local derby between the two clubs has been traditionally regarded as the biggest in British rugby league, as well as one of the oldest in world rugby league. Both being founder members of the Northern Rugby Football Union, the derby has been played since 1895, making it amongst the most historical derbys in both British and global rugby league. Remarkably, the first encounter between the fierce rivals ended in a 0–0 draw at Knowsley Road, The games were traditionally played on Boxing Day, however were moved to Good Friday, during the busy Easter period in rugby league. More recently, the game was even played on Maundy Thursday in Super League. In all league encounters between the two since 1895, there have been 235 games, with Wigan having won nearly double the number of games that St Helens have. Saints winning 83, drawing 11 and losing 141. All competitive games, i.e. cup and league games combined, show that in the 366 games played, St Helens have won 141, there have been 19 draws and Wigan have won 206. They too have contested no fewer than 6 Challenge Cup Finals, and have met in three Super League Grand Finals; St Helens winning 29–16 in 2000, with Wigan initially gaining revenge in 2010, with a 22–10 win, before Saints claimed the 2014 Super League Grand Final by a score of 14–6, taking a 2–1 lead in their Super League Grand Final head-to-heads. Wigan and St Helens have also met in 4 Premiership Finals, Wigan winning 3, St Helens once, 3 Lancashire County Cup Finals, St Helens winning two, Wigan one, and one Floodlit Trophy Final in 1968, Wigan winning 7–4. The two have traditionally met each other in the Magic Weekend too. The two teams have a pretty even record, winning two (at Millennium Stadium in 2007 and 2008) and losing two (at Murrayfield in 2009 and Etihad Stadium in 2012), with one draw (at Millennium Stadium in 2011) in five ties. St Helens greatest winning margin and the highest game score between the two in competitive football was a 75–0 win in a 2005 Challenge Cup Round 6 game. Wigan's biggest win was a 65–12 win in Super League II, 1997. Bradford Bulls Saints contested several finals in the modern game with Bradford Bulls, following up from their vast successes respectively in previous decades. When known as Bradford Northern, Bradford experienced their period of success largely in the 1940s, at a time when St Helens struggled to compete due to the commitments of World War II. In fact, it was only in the 1950s that St Helens won their first Challenge Cup and National League, and at this time, when St Helens were establishing themselves and improving in the 1950s, and 1960s, Bradford were disproving, and in fact folded in 1963. So the contest between the two can be doubted as a historical or traditional one. However, during the modern, Summer era, the game between the two gained prestige. The two contested consecutive Challenge Cup finals in 1996 and 1997, and later in 2001, St Helens winning all three. In Super League Grand Finals, St Helens and Bradford met twice, in 1999 and 2002, St Helens again winning all encounters. Leeds Rhinos Leeds have arguably the strongest rivalry with St Helens, out of all the Yorkshire clubs that have a history with St Helens. They have contested the last three Super League finals, but the rugby they have produced in recent years is considered amongst the best in Super League. The derby is also sometimes considered a contest in terms of pride between the two counties. Leeds and St Helens have also a historical background, contesting the 1971–72 and 1977–78 Challenge Cup Finals, each team winning one each. However, the derby is often noted for its bad behaviour—on and off the field. Especially recently, with incidents like the Ryan Bailey "chicken wing" tackle on Maurie Fa'asavalu in 2008, the presence of James Graham when the two meet, as well as the numerous fights that have broke out between the two sets of players, the game is certainly regarded as a feisty one, as well as one that produces good-to-watch rugby. Such activities off the field and between games like fights between supporters, has led to some fans being discouraged from attending the fixture at Knowsley Road; shown by somewhat disappointing crowd figures, such as an example of 11,048 in 2010. Warrington Wolves The other "big" North West club in Super League, Warrington, have also built up an anticipated derby contest with St Helens, particularly within Super League. As St Helens are unbeaten at Knowsley Road against the Wire since 1996, as well as boasting a generally impressive record against the Wolves in all meetings in Super League, the game is seen as an opportunity for Warrington to rectify their record against the Saints. In terms of cup and league final meetings; the two have met in two Lancashire Cup finals, St Helens winning once after a replay in 1967, and one Premiership final, St Helens winning in 1977. However, they remarkably have never met in Challenge Cup or Super League Finals. On 26 February 2011, Warrington Wolves beat St. Helens for the first time in 10 years ending the Saints Hoodoo over the club. The fixture was played at the Saints temporary home at Widnes. The Wolves also beat the Saints in the reverse fixture to do the league double for the first time in 17 years. In 2012 the Wolves beat St. Helens in the Grand Final elimination clash at Langtree Park to book the Warrington Wolves a place at the Grand Final. Associates Junior rugby in St Helens There is a massive[clarification needed] junior and youth contingent of rugby league players in St Helens. Clubs such as Thatto Heath and Blackbrook Royals have produced many of the former and current superstars in St Helens' squads over the years, and continue to do so. Clubs in the St Helens area also include Bold Miners, Portico Vine, Pilkington Recs, Haydock Warriors, Newton Storm, Eccleston Lions and Haresfinch Hawks which provide players for St Helens through the junior years and the scholarship schemes at the club, before eventually signing professionally at 16. But St Helens' youth roots do not stop in the St Helens area. Indeed, club legend Keiron Cunningham signed for the club from Wigan St Judes, and Saints also look to clubs like Wigan St Patricks and Orrell St James in the Wigan area, and Halton Farnworth Hornets in the Widnes area for youth talent. However, a criticism of the St Helens scouting system is that they tend not to look at players beyond the junior ages (6–16 years old), and talented players who continue into amateur rugby tend to be signed very rarely. Feeder clubs Without having strict feeder sides, such as the system that exists in Australasia, St Helens have, in the last 20 years, particularly with the inception of the dual—registration scheme in 2009, built up partnerships with Co-operative Championship sides like Widnes and Leigh. St Helens have also been known to loan fringe players to "less strong" Super League sides such as Salford and Crusaders and previously Widnes. St Helens have also forged links with the Canada Rugby League (CRL) and their team Toronto City Saints, who have adopted the popular piece of St Helens insignia in their crest. Outside of rugby league, St Helens have forged partnerships with British Basketball League side Mersey Tigers, and English Premier Ice Hockey League team Manchester Phoenix. Supporters St Helens are one of the best supported teams in Super League, averaging 11,543 according to 2014 figures. Situated, prior to their recent move to Widnes, in Eccleston and Thatto Heath, a lot of support naturally derives from that area. Many strongholds of support also come from the Eastern side of the town; areas like Blackbrook, Haydock, and Parr. However, there exists considerable support towards Newton, Billinge and Ashton also. Their support is also not restricted to the town, with bases in Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Northamptonshire, the South and North Wales. The club also have their own supporters clubs, one for the club itself which has folded, and one for fans in the South. International, as well as national support is also strong with Saints. A recent survey showed fan bases in Australia, the United States, France, Spain, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, the Middle East, Chile and Greece. The club also have something of a fan base forming in the Far East, with fans from Singapore and Japan. Super League crowd averages Notable fans Colours and badge Colours In their rugby football days and early years as a rugby league club, St Helens wore a vertically striped blue and white jersey with blue shorts and socks. In their initial period at Knowsley Road, St Helens wore a similar jersey, but the stripes were horizontal, and the colours were blue and grey. These colours however were dropped in favour of a more traditional to today, red and white design. The jersey had a single broad red horizontal band, on a white background, and was used until 1961. In the 1961 Challenge Cup final against Wigan, the strip still seen today—the famous red V—was first utilised. In 1981, the club changed colours again, albeit temporarily, when Umbro designed and manufactured a French—style jersey of blue, with a white and red V. These colours were donned for two years, before the traditional colours were reverted to. 1985 saw the first jersey that was supported by a visible sponsor—St Helens Glass. Umbro were once again the designers of this varsity blue jersey with a royal blue vee—shaped chevron, a kit similar to the away kit of 2008. This was also the first jersey to feature the famous stickman of St Helens insignia. The 1985 New Zealand tour jersey was similar to the home shirt of 2009, sponsored also by Pilkington. Between 1991 and 1994, a somewhat controversial and odd[according to whom?] design of jersey was employed, where the chevron that St Helens had now adopted in place of the traditional V finished three—quarters of the way down the shirt. Umbro remained the club's kit suppliers until 1994, when Stag took over. Their jerseys were far more lightweight than what they had replaced, and they chose to revert to a more conventional fashion of red V in their designs. The kit used first by the club was reverted to during their centenary year in 1995. In 1997, yet another change of design that was controversial[according to whom?] with the fans, a kit that featured a white drop—down V with a black and red mesh design at the bottom of the jersey. This was Mizuno's first design, taking over from Stag. The traditional red V was once more reverted to, after the controversial design, with a more circular design used for the 1999 season. In 2000, a more regular V was seen again. In 2003, a triple—V design was seen, and the first to be used by long—serving kit designers Puma AG. 2004 saw a double curvy red V used, before, in 2005, yet again tradition was reverted to in the design and this design was used until 2009. The away strip used in 2005 was the famous blue strip with a dark blue V. 2009 saw the long red V of 1985's design appear again, before, in 2010, a casual thin red V was seen. In 2010, the club used the first kit they played a rugby league game design as a commemorative strip, to celebrate their 110th and final year at the ground. 2011 saw the Puma contract expire, and Australian manufacturing giants ISC take over the making of the jerseys. This strip saw a somewhat shorter red vee, compared to the ventures of the design in 2009 and '10. Badge The club's jerseys were initially adorned by the town's coat of arms. This was utilised until 1985. However, as Saints became a more national institution, they decided that a more recognisable badge needed to be adopted. The 1985 season therefore saw the famous stickman of St Helens first used. This was used as the main jersey emblem until 1991, when the St Helens sports club emblem, not dissimilar to the coat of arms used previously, was seen. This was used until 1996, when, with the implement of Super League into the British rugby league calendar, Saints chose to display a badge that featured an overlapping "S" and "H" in red, with the club's name around the border. This was used until 2010, when the club decided to unofficially rebrand to "Saints RL", to coincide with them leaving Knowsley Road, and going "on the road" to Widnes for a season. The new crest was in the shape of a shield, and featured the over lapping "S" and "H" that the previous logo featured, but also displayed a red vee within the design, and "Saints RL" in upper case lettering at the top of the shield. This new crest drew criticism from large sections of the St Helens faithful, who were afraid of the club losing its connection to the town to attract a wider fan base. Kit manufacturers and sponsors Since 2015 St Helens' kit has been supplied by O'Neills. Previous suppliers include Umbro (1986–94), Stag (1995–96), Mizuno Corporation (1997–99), Y2K (2000), Exito (2001–02), Puma (2003–10), and ISC (2011–14). Their current main shirt sponsor is Home Bargains. Previous main sponsors have included St Helens Glass (1986–87, 2000–01), McEwan's Lager (1987–98), John Smith's (1999), Caledonia (2002), Comodo (2003), All Sports (2004–05), Earth money (2006–07), Pilkington Activ (2008–09), Frontline (2010), Medicash (2011), Typhoo (2012 - 2016), RCMA Group (2017), and Cash Converters (2018 - 2021). St. Helens were also sponsored by Gillette for a one-off appearance at the 2004 Dubai Rugby 7s invitational. See Below: Mascots During the Super League era, the participating teams have adopted mascots and nicknames usually in alliteration with the name of their home town. Initially, the St Helens mascots were Bernard and Bernadette, St Bernard dogs; depicting something of a married couple with their on-field humorous antics. However, in 2009, the mascots changed to Boots and Bernard; happy and angry masculine characters. Bernard doesn't appear as often as Boots, with Boots being a more child-friendly image for the club, while Bernard retains the 'seriousness' of the mascots role to the club. Stadiums Knowsley Road from the Away End view Halton Stadium St Helens' former stadium was Knowsley Road, renamed in 2008 to the GPW Recruitment Stadium for sponsorship reasons. Prior to this, in particular when St Helens were playing simply rugby football, they shared the City Ground with St Helens Recs. They left this stadium in 1890 for Knowsley Road and played there for 120 years. The ground at the time of its construction was considered modern, with one seated stand, and three standing areas that could, prior to strict safety regulations set in place, hold up to 40,000 people, shown by their record home crowd of 35,695 against Wigan in 1949. In their first match at the new ground, St Helens beat Manchester Rangers, played under rugby football rules. After the great schism of 1895, and St Helens joining the NRFU, their first game at Knowsley Road under traditional rugby league rules was against Rochdale, in front of 3,000 spectators. Over the years, however, age took its toll on the ground. Despite the big names like Meninga, van Vollenhoven, Lyon etc. coming to the club, it was constantly argued that, unlike other big clubs, St Helens did not have the stadium to suit their on—field talent. In 2006, the ground was treated to something of a makeover, after financial input from St Helens big money sponsors Earth Money. This aided the ground in gaining international rugby, with a fixture between Great Britain and New Zealand being held there in 2006. However, in 2008, St Helens were given a warning letter from the RFL, as a result of the ensuing licensing system that was to be introduced into Super League in 2009, stating that the quality of their current stadium was too poor for the expected quality of a licence in the league. Thankfully for Saints, they were permitted by the council to begin construction on a new ground, and confirmed that they would move away from Knowsley Road in 2011. It was announced that the new complex, to be built on an unused glass site in Peasley Cross, was to feature at least 12,000 seats, a large car park, and a Tesco store next to the ground. In addition to this, an iconic bridge, directly linking the ground to the town centre went under construction on 9 August 2010. Whether the stadium would be ready for the beginning of the 2011 season was always uncertain, and grounds such as Leigh Sports Village were suggested to home Saints for the period between. However, the Halton Stadium, Widnes was the chosen venue for Saints for the 2011 season, and they will play all of their home games there before permanently relocating in 2012. Saints currently play at the Totally Wicked Stadium. 2023 squad 2023 transfers Gains Losses Players Notable former players For all St Helens players with a Wikipedia article see List of St Helens RLFC past players. For all players who have gained international caps whilst playing for the club see List of St Helens RLFC international players. Best ever 17 Throughout 2010, a select panel of fans, journalists, former players and club officials voted for the best 17 players ever to have played for St Helens, to commemorate the club's 120th and final year at Knowsley Road. Players receiving testimonial matches 18 players have had benefit years or testimonials at St Helens, organised jointly by the club and the RFL. They honour ten years at the club, and the most recent player to receive one was fullback Paul Wellens for 2010. Coaches and Board Technical staff Boardroom staff List of former head coaches Since the end of World War II, St Helens have seen 24 new bosses at the helm at Knowsley Road. Currently, the position is held by Kristian Woolf. Seasons Honours Leagues Winners (17): 1931–32, 1952–53, 1958–59, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1974–75, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2014, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 League Leaders' Shield Winners (10):1996 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2022 Premiership Winners (4): 1975–76, 1976–77, 1984–85, 1992–93 Winners (9): 1929–30, 1931–32, 1952–53, 1959–60, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69 Winners (1): 1963–64 Cups Winners (13): 1955–56, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2021 Winners (1): 1987–88 Winners (1): 1992–93 Winners (2): 1971–72, 1975–76 Winners (11): 1926–27, 1953–54, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1984–85, 1991–92 International Winners (3): 2001, 2007,2023 Records Hall of Fame Player records Match records Season records Career records Team records Points margins Attendances Bibliography

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Arthur Tonkin may refer to: Topics referred to by the same term

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-battery_radar"}

A counter-battery radar (alternatively weapon tracking radar or COBRA) is a radar system that detects artillery projectiles fired by one or more guns, howitzers, mortars or rocket launchers and, from their trajectories, locates the position on the ground of the weapon that fired it. Such radars are a subclass of the wider class of target acquisition radars. Early counter-battery radars were generally used against mortars, whose lofted trajectories were highly symmetrical and allowed easy calculation of the launcher's location. Starting in the 1970s, digital computers with improved calculation capabilities allowed more complex trajectories of long-range artillery to also be determined. Normally, these radars would be attached to friendly artillery units or their support units, allowing them to quickly arrange counter-battery fire. With the aid of modern communications systems, the information from a single radar can be rapidly disseminated over long distances. This allows the radar to notify multiple batteries as well as provide early warning to the friendly targets. Modern counter-battery radar can locate hostile batteries up to about 50 kilometres (31 mi; 27 nmi) away depending on the radar's capabilities and the terrain and weather. Some counter-battery radars can also be used to track the fire of friendly artillery and calculate corrections to adjust its fire onto a particular place, but this is usually a secondary mission objective. Radar is the most recently developed means of locating hostile artillery. The emergence of indirect fire in World War I saw the development of sound ranging, flash spotting and air reconnaissance, both visual and photographic. Radars, like sound ranging and flash spotting, require hostile guns, etc., to fire before they can be located. History The first radars were developed for anti-aircraft purposes just before World War II. These were soon followed by fire control radars for ships and coastal artillery batteries. The latter could observe the splashes of water from missing shots, enabling corrections to be plotted. Generally, the shells could not be seen directly by the radar, as they were too small and rounded to make a strong return, and travelled too quickly for the mechanical antennas of the era to follow. Radar operators in light anti-aircraft batteries close to the front line found they were able to track mortar bombs. This was likely helped by the fins of the bomb producing a partial corner cube that strongly reflected the signal. These accidental intercepts led to their dedicated use in this role, with special secondary instruments if necessary, and development of radars designed for mortar locating. Dedicated mortar-locating radars were common starting in the 1960s and were used until around 2000. Locating mortars was relatively easy because of their high, arcing, trajectory. At times, just after firing and just before impact, the trajectory is almost linear. If a radar observes the shell at two points in time just after launch, the line between those points can be extended to the ground and provides a highly accurate position of the mortar, more than enough for counter-battery artillery to hit it with ease. Better radars were also able to detect howitzers when firing at high angles (elevations greater than 45°), although such use was quite rare. Low angle trajectories normally used by guns, howitzers and rockets were more difficult. Purely ballistic low-angle trajectories are lopsided, being relatively parabolic for the start of the flight but becoming much more curved near the end. This is further modified by otherwise minor effects like wind, air pressure differences and aerodynamic effects, which have time to add up to a noticeable effect on long-range fire but can be ignored for short-range systems like mortars. These effects are minimized immediately after launch, but the low angle makes it difficult to see the rounds during this time, in contrast to a mortar which climbs above the horizon almost immediately. Adding to the problem is the fact that traditional artillery shells make for difficult radar targets. By the early 1970s, radar systems capable of locating guns appeared possible, and many European members of NATO embarked on the joint Project Zenda. This was short-lived for unclear reasons, but the US embarked on its Firefinder program and Hughes Aircraft Company developed the necessary algorithms, although it took two or three years of difficult work. The next step forward was European when in 1986 France, West Germany and UK agreed the 'List of Military Requirements' for a new counter-battery radar. The distinguishing feature was that instead of just locating individual guns, etc., the radar would be able to locate many simultaneously and group them into batteries with a centre point, dimensions and attitude of the long axis of the battery. This radar eventually reached service as Euro-ART's COBRA (COunter Battery RAdar) AESA system. 29 COBRA systems were produced and delivered in a roll-out which was completed in Aug. 2007 (12 to Germany – out of which two were re-sold to Turkey, 10 to France and 7 to the UK). Three additional systems were ordered in Feb. 2009 by the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces. Simultaneous with the development of COBRA, Norway and Sweden developed a smaller, more mobile counter-battery radar known as ARTHUR. It was taken into service in 1999 and is today used by 7 NATO countries and The Republic Of South Korea. New versions of ARTHUR have twice the accuracy of the original. Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan led to a new need for a small counter-mortar radar for use in forward operating bases, providing 360° coverage and requiring a minimal crew. In another back to the future step it has also proved possible to add counter-battery software to battlefield airspace surveillance radars.[citation needed] Description The basic technique is to track a projectile for sufficient time to record a segment of the trajectory. This is usually done automatically, but some early and not so early radars required the operator to manually track the projectile. Once a trajectory segment is captured it can then be processed to determine its point of origin on the ground. Before digital terrain databases this involved manual iteration with a paper map to check the altitude at the coordinates, change the location altitude and recompute the coordinates until a satisfactory location was found. An additional problem was detecting the projectile in flight in the first place. The conical shaped beam of a traditional radar had to be pointing in the right direction, but in order to have sufficient power and accuracy for this the beam's angle was limited, typically to about 25°, which made finding a projectile quite difficult. One technique was to deploy listening posts that told the radar operator roughly where to point the beam; in some cases the radar was not switched on until this point to make it less vulnerable to electronic counter-measures (ECM). However, conventional radar beams were not notably effective. Since a parabola is defined by just three points, tracking a long segment of the trajectory was not notably efficient. The Royal Radar Establishment in the UK developed a different approach for their Green Archer system. Instead of a conical beam, the radar signal was produced in the form of a fan, about 40° wide and 1° high. A Foster scanner modified the signal to cause it to focus on a horizontal location that rapidly scanned back and forth. This allowed it to comprehensively scan a small slice of the sky. The operator would watch for mortar bombs to pass through the slice, locating its range with pulse timing, its horizontal location by the location of the Foster scanner at that instant, and its vertical location from the known angle of the thin beam. The operator would then flick the antenna to a second angle facing higher into the air, and wait for the signal to appear there. This produced the necessary two points that could be processed by an analogue computer. A similar system was the US AN/MPQ-4, although this was a somewhat later design and somewhat more automated as a result. However, once phased array radars compact enough for field use and with reasonable digital computing power appeared they offered a better solution. A phased array radar has many transmitter/receiver modules which use differential tuning to rapidly scan up to a 90° arc without moving the antenna. They can detect and track anything in their field of view, providing they have sufficient computing power. They can filter out the targets of no interest (e.g., aircraft) and depending on their capability track a useful proportion of the rest. Counter-battery radars used to be mostly X band because this offers the greatest accuracy for the small radar targets. However, in the radars produced today, C band and S band are common. The Ku band has also been used. Projectile detection ranges are governed by the radar cross section (RCS) of the projectiles. Typical RCS are: The best modern radars can detect howitzer shells at around 30 km (19 mi; 16 nmi) and rockets/mortars at 50 km (31 mi; 27 nmi). Of course, the trajectory has to be high enough to be seen by the radar at these ranges, and since the best locating results for guns and rockets are achieved with a reasonable length of trajectory segment close to the gun, long range detection does not guarantee good locating results. The accuracy of location is typically given by a circular error probable (CEP) (the circle around the target in which 50% of locations will fall) expressed as a percentage of range. Modern radars typically give CEPs around 0.3–0.4% of range. However, with these figures long range accuracy may be insufficient to satisfy the Rules of Engagement for counter-battery fire in counter insurgency operations. Radars typically have a crew of 4–8 soldiers, although only one is needed to actually operate the radar. Older types were mostly trailer mounted with a separate generator, so it took 15–30 minutes to bring into action and needed a larger crew. However, self-propelled ones have been used since the 1960s. To produce accurate locations radars have to know their own precise coordinates and be precisely oriented. Until about 1980 this relied on conventional artillery survey, although gyroscopic orientation from the mid-1960s helped. Modern radars have an integral inertial navigation system, often aided by GPS. Radars can detect projectiles at considerable distances, and larger projectiles give stronger reflected signals (RCS). Detection ranges depend on capturing at least several seconds of a trajectory and can be limited by the radar horizon and the height of the trajectory. For non-parabolic trajectories, it is also important to capture a trajectory as close as possible to its source in order to obtain the necessary accuracy. Action on locating hostile artillery depends on policy and circumstances. In some armies, radars may have authority to send target details to counter-battery fire units and order them to fire, in others they may merely report data to an HQ that then takes action. Modern radars usually record the target as well as the firing position of hostile artillery. This is usually for intelligence purposes because it is seldom possible to give the target sufficient warning time in a battlefield environment, even with data communications. However, there are exceptions. The new Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar (LCMR – AN/TPQ 48) is crewed by two soldiers and designed to be deployed inside forward positions, in these circumstances it can immediately alert adjacent troops as well as pass target data to mortars close by for counter-fire. Similarly the new GA10 (Ground Alerter 10) radar was qualified and successfully deployed by the French land forces in 2020 in several different FOBs worldwide. Threats Radars are vulnerable and high-value targets; they are easy to detect and locate if the enemy has the necessary ELINT/ESM capability. The consequences of this detection are likely to be attack by artillery fire or aircraft (including anti-radiation missiles) or electronic countermeasures. The usual measures against detection are using a radar horizon to screen from ground-based detection, minimising transmission time and using alerting arrangements to tell the radar when hostile artillery is active. Deploying radars singly and moving frequently reduces exposure to attack. However, in low-threat environments, such as the Balkans in the 1990s, they may transmit continuously and deploy in clusters to provide all-around surveillance. In other circumstances, particularly counter-insurgency, where ground attack with direct fire or short range indirect fire is the main threat, radars deploy in defended localities but do not need to move, unless they need to cover a different area. Safety Counter-battery radars operate at microwave frequencies with relatively high average energy consumption (up to the tens of kilowatts). The area immediately forward of the radar array for high energy radars is dangerous to human health. The intense radar waves of systems like the AN/TPQ-36 can also detonate electrically fused ammunition at short ranges. Counter-battery radar systems

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Drury,_1st_Baronet"}

Sir Thomas Drury, 1st Baronet FRS (1712 – 19 January 1759) of Wickham Hall near Maldon, Essex, and Overstone, Northamptonshire was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1741 and 1747. Background Drury was born in London and baptised on 12 November 1712 at St Andrew's Church, Holborn; he was the son of Richard Drury of Colne, Hunts. by Joyce, daughter of Thomas Beacon of Great Ilford, Essex. He matriculated at Merton College, Oxford in 1729, and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, London, in 1736. In 1737, as co-heir with his cousin Thomas Beacon Townsend (d.1737), Drury inherited a fortune estimated at £230,000, including an estate near Maldon, from his maternal uncle, Thomas Beacon, a brewer in Shoreditch, London. His cousin died later that year and left Drury his share of the estate. Fellow MP Joseph Townsend, who was the half-brother of Thomas Beacon Townsend, also benefited from the will. Career Drury was elected Member of Parliament for Maldon in 1741. He was created 1st Baronet Drury, of Overstone, co. Northampton on 16 February 1739 and was invested as a Knight. He served as High Sheriff of Essex from 1740 to 1741 and High Sheriff of Northamptonshire from 1748 to 1749. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1758. Family Drury married Martha, daughter of Sir John Tyrrell, 3rd Baronet, of Heron, Essex and Mary Dolliffe on 11 October 1737 at Somerset House Chapel, The Strand, London. They had a son who predeceased his father, and two daughters. Of the daughters:

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Genus of tortrix moths Cochylidichnium is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae. Species

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Youth_(Finland)"}

Politically aligned youth organisation in Finland The Social Democratic Youth (Finnish: Sosialidemokraattiset Nuoret, also known as Demarinuoret) is the youth organisation of the Social Democratic Party of Finland. The organisation has 5,000 members. In the 1970s they had 40,000 members. The organisation was founded in 1959 as a breakoff faction from the Social Democratic Youth League of Finland (SSN, founded 1921), which aligned with SDP opposition, the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders. The original name of the league was Central League of Social Democratic Youth (Sosialidemokraattisen Nuorison Keskusliitto, SNK). Most of the old SSN members and sections soon joined the SNK. The Social Democratic Youth is a member of Young European Socialists (YES), the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) and the Nordic Committee of Co-operating Social Democratic Youth (FNSU). The Social Democratic Youth has 14 district organisations and one Swedish section, Finlands svenska unga socialdemokrater (FSUD). Nationwide members of the league include the youth organisations of Finnish Metalworkers' Union and Trade Union for the Public and Welfare Sectors. Since 1972, Lippu (ISSN 0785-5850) has been the organ of the league. It was preceded by Kuriiri (1971) and Nuorin Siivin (1958–1970).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_locomotive"}

Soda locomotives were a variant of fireless locomotives, in which steam was raised in a boiler, expanded through cylinders in the usual way, and then condensed in a tank of caustic soda that surrounded the boiler. Dissolving water in caustic soda liberated heat, which generated more steam from the boiler, until the caustic soda became too dilute to release heat at a useful temperature. Technical description These closed-loop steam engines had no firebox. The boiler was jacketed by a container loaded with about 5 tons of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide). When water or steam came in contact with the caustic soda, it would generate heat — enough to actually run the boiler and generate more steam. Steam emanating from the boiler would be fed through pistons to propel the locomotive forward, and the exhaust steam from the pistons would be fed into the caustic soda to continue the cycle. These vehicles were virtually silent, because the steam was not released into the atmosphere. A soda locomotive could run for several hours, but eventually the soda would become diluted and wouldn't produce enough heat to continue generating steam. For reconcentrating, the caustic soda was either transferred out of the boiler of the locomotive and boiled in open vats, or, rather more conveniently, by injecting superheated steam at a high enough temperature to boil off the water in solution. A stationary boiler would be hooked up and feed superheated steam through the soda to boil off the water and effectively recharge the soda. These locomotives were always called "soda locomotives" (sodium carbonate) although "caustic soda locomotives" (sodium hydroxide) would be a more precise description. The misleading terminology was most likely used, to increase their acceptance by the public, which was used to using washing soda but might have been frightened by the nasty alkali burns sitting next to several tons of hot caustic soda. Other salts such as calcium chloride could also be used. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Locomotives

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Village in Bashkortostan, Russia Biryubash (Russian: Бирюбаш; Bashkir: Бөрөбаш, Böröbaş; Meadow Mari: Пӱрӧмучаш, Pürömučaš) is a rural locality (a village) in Novotroitsky Selsoviet, Mishkinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 378 as of 2010. There are 3 streets. Geography Biryubash is located 27 km northeast of Mishkino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Refandy is the nearest rural locality.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayales"}

Barrio of Puerto Rico Barrio in Coamo, Puerto Rico Hayales is a barrio in the municipality of Coamo, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,221. History Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Hayales barrio was 989.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWBG"}

Radio station in Greensboro, North Carolina WWBG (1470 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. The station, launched in 1999, is currently owned by Richard Miller's Twin City Broadcasting Co LLC. WWBG broadcasts a classic hits music format to the Greensboro/High Point area, simulcast from co-owned WTOB in Winston-Salem. History of WBIG The call letters of WWBG are a tribute to the prior occupant of this frequency in Greensboro, WBIG, which broadcast from the city for 60 years. Established in 1925 in Charlotte and moved to Greensboro the next year by founder Wayne M. Nelson, the station became the first broadcasting property of Jefferson-Pilot in 1934 and affiliated with CBS. It continued as the most popular station in Greensboro in decades, though in later years the move of music audiences to FM and the growth of the radio market outside of Greensboro proper put it at a severe disadvantage. Jefferson-Pilot shut the station down on November 20, 1986; the land was sold five years later for the construction of a Lowe's home improvement store. History of WWBG On December 9, 1994, Walt Cockerham announced that the former WBIG would return to the air with its old frequency, but the call sign was no longer available. (A station in Aurora, Illinois would adopt the WBIG call sign in 1991.) During the year after WKEW changed from news/talk, Truth Broadcasting bought several stations in the Greensboro area, including the one that would be called WWBG, the call sign that the new station was assigned by the Federal Communications Commission on August 21, 1992. Truth Broadcasting planned to do what WKEW had done. This meant news, talk, sports and community affairs relating to Greensboro. On November 1, 1999, Dunn and Bray returned to 1470 AM. Dunn said, "It's like being home. We've got the old morning crew back together." The news/talk format only lasted until January 1, 2002, because, program director David Albright said, it was not profitable and a number of Spanish-speaking people wanted a radio station of their own. "La Movidita" was already airing on WTOB in Winston-Salem. In 2003, Truth Broadcasting stopped selling time to La Movidita, which moved to its former home WSGH. Que Pasa moved from WSGH to WWBG and WTOB. WTOB began airing separate programming in 2013. In December 2020, WTOB 980 AM/96.7 FM began simulcasting on the 1470 AM frequency. During simulcast, the station callsign WWBG has been retained, and the transmitter power has been maintained at 10,000 watts daytime and 5,000 watts at night. WTOB currently has an oldies music format and is being simulcast on WWBG.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Magway_F.C._season"}

Magway 2016 football season Sponsorship Club Staffs Other information Source: 2016 First team squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Transfers

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Block,_Ontario"}

Unincorporated community in Ontario, Canada Scotch Block is an unincorporated community in Halton Hills, Ontario, Canada. Settlers arrived in the early 1800s, and Scotch Block encompassed approximately 35 square kilometres (10 sq mi) of agricultural land in southwestern Esquesing Township. Sixteen Mile Creek flows through the settlement, and the present-day Scotch Block Dam and Reservoir is located there. Scotch Block is located on the Niagara Escarpment, and a portion of the Bruce Trail passes through it. History Original settlers James and John Stewart, early settlers from Perth, Scotland, made a request to the government in 1819 for a Scottish settlement in Esquesing Township. That same year, James McNab, a land promoter living in Toronto Township, petitioned to bring 30 families of Scottish origin to Ontario from the economically depressed towns of Barnet and Ryegate in the US state of Vermont. Both towns had been founded by a group-migration from Scotland in the late 1700s, and many then migrated to the Scotch Block area. Other Scotch Block settlers arrived directly from Scotland, the majority from the Perthshire and Roxburghshire regions. Another Scottish family, the Laidlaws, moved first to York in Upper Canada, and then to Scotch Block. The settlement was at first referred to as "The Scotch Settlement" and "The Settlement", but eventually became known as "The Scotch Block". It was the most ethnically homogeneous region in the county, its first settlers "Scotch almost without exception". An early settler, James Laidlaw, described The Scotch Block in a letter to his son, Robert, in Scotland in 1819: We are mostly all Scotchmen and have got a township to be all together, or what is called a parish in Scotland. They give 60,000 acres for one Township. There are a great many people settling here. Government has bought a large tract of Country from the Indians last year. One end of it was about twelve miles from York and very good land so that people are all going on it, it being so near the capital of the Province... The money here with merchants and people and trade is as plenty as ever I saw it in any town in Scotland. There is a market here every day for veal and mutton, and people come in from the County with butter and cheese and eggs, potatoes, onions and carrots and melons, squashes and pumpkins with many things unknown in Scotland. The people here speak very good English. There is many of our Scotch words they cannot understand. They live more independent than King George, for if they have been any time here and got a few acres of their farm cleared, they have all plenty to live upon and what they have to sell they get always money for it for bringing it to York. There is a good road goes straight north from York into the County for Fifty miles, and the farm houses almost all two storeys high. Some of them will have as good as twelve cows and four or five horses. They are growing very rich, for they pay no taxes, but just a perfect trifle, and ride in their gig or chaise like lords. . . . your loving father till death. JAMES LAIDLAW The Presbyterian Church Beginning in 1820, church services were held at James Laidlaw's farm, and were led by various itinerant Presbyterian ministers. In 1824, a meeting house (church), school and cemetery were built in the southeast portion of Scotch Block. The Stewarts' request for the establishment of Scotch Block in 1819 had described that the settlement would "support a regular bred Clergyman of their Persuasion and who understand their language". When it proved difficult to attract a permanent church minister, the Scotch Block residents petitioned the government for assistance, writing [sic]: Their Sabbaths are silent, and in danger of being forgotten - The sound of the gospel very seldom reaches their ears - But, in a land of Strangers, they are wandering like shiip, without a Sheephard, and their rising generation are in danger of sinking into a state of barborous ignorance. A permanent minister settled in Scotch Block in 1832. The meeting house was renamed Boston Presbyterian Church in 1844, in honour of Thomas Boston, a Scottish church leader. The area near the church eventually became a distinct community known as Boston. That same year, Peter Scott built the first brick house in Scotch Block. Other events The first doctor was Christopher Russell, who settled in Scotch Block in 1833 and married John Stewart's daughter. They remained there until 1841. Mail delivery on horseback began in 1836, and occurred twice weekly. In 1837, John Stewart participated in the Upper Canada Rebellion and was sentenced to transportation. Initially confined to prison at Fort Henry, Ontario, he escaped and fled to the United States, and was later pardoned. The Scotch Block post office opened in 1852, and was operated by Thomas Hume from his home. It remained open until 1873, and again from 1879 to 1914. Recent history In 1971, the Scotch Block Dam and Reservoir opened to control water levels on Sixteen Mile Creek. The Scotch Block Winery opened in 1999, the first farm winery in the Regional Municipality of Halton. Heritage properties Heritage properties in Scotch Block recognized by the Town of Halton Hills include:

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British alternative rock band White Belt Yellow Tag are a British alternative rock band, formed by former Yourcodenameis:milo guitarist Justin Lockey and Craig Pilbin. When performing live, Tom Bellamy (formerly of The Cooper Temple Clause) plays drums. Talking about the project's name, Lockey said "To be honest naming a band is the worst thing in the world ever. It's the hardest thing. Trying to come up with a name that doesn't make you cringe when you say it out loud". "It doesn't start with 'The' and end in 'S' which is a plus point - we like the name and I think it's the furthest I got in taekwondo when I was about seven." They released their debut EP You're Not Invincible on 9 April 2009, with the title track being named as 'Track of the Day' on Q magazine's website. Discography Albums Singles and EPs

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuomas_Harjula"}

Finnish biathlete Tuomas Harjula (born 08 June 1998) is a Finnish biathlete. He has competed in the Biathlon World Cup since 2020. Biathlon results All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union. Olympic Games 0 medals World Championships 0 medals *During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program. **The single mixed relay was added as an event in 2019.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Book_of_Springfield"}

1920 novel by Vachel Lindsay The Golden Book of Springfield is a mystic, utopian book by American poet Vachel Lindsay. It is the only extended, narrative work of prose fiction written by Lindsay. Written from 1904 to 1918 and published in 1920, it has historically been classified as a work of utopian fiction. The Golden Book of Springfield is a story about Lindsay's hometown of Springfield, Illinois in 1918 and in 2018, when residents of the city work to transform the city into a utopian paradise-city. In Lindsay's narrative, social and religious awakenings initiated by the citizens and spiritual influences lead to the transformation of Springfield - and more broadly, America - into a "practical City of God." Writes Lindsay, "This reasonable, non-miraculous millennium is much in the mind of my neighbor, and he tells me again and again of a vision that he has of Springfield a hundred years hence." In a May 1918 letter to his then-married former sweetheart, Sara Teasdale, Lindsay expressed the importance of what he had inscribed into The Golden Book: The Golden Book will probably be ready by Christmas. That is, written. That means it will not appear before next spring. I hate to be so slow, but my prose will not be hustled. I am making it the one thought of my life, and hope when it is done, it will be the one book of my life. Plot The Golden Book of Springfield is framed as a series of visions of the future, experienced both by members of "'The Prognosticators' Club"', and later by Lindsay, who shifts to writing in the first person. It reads much like a dream journal throughout; Lindsay was well known to experience intense religious visions throughout his life. The Prognosticators' Club The book opens in 1920 with a gathering of the Prognosticators’ Club, which consists of, among others, a Campbellite minister, a Jewish boy, a black woman, and a skeptic, who offer a vision of Springfield in 2018 in prose derived from such varied sources as the Bible, Swedenborg, and Marx. The Prognosticators meet to discuss their visions of a modern Springfield achieving improvements in areas such as education, civility, technology, and spirituality. The Arrival of The Golden Book of Springfield The Golden Book of Springfield describes in many different voices the arrival of the fictional The Golden Book of Springfield, first describing this event through the eyes of David Carson, the Campbellite minister of the Prognosticator's Club who imagines himself "reborn three or four generations in the future." We behold with him how a book of air, gleaming with spiritual gold, comes flying in through the walls as though they were but shadows. It is a book open as it soars, and every fluttering page is richly bordered and illuminated. It has wings of black, and above them wings of azure. Long feathers radiate from the whirring, soaring pennons. The book circles above the heads of the congregation. From the sky comes music incredibly sweet. The book flies toward the altar, where St. Friend finds himself standing. The wings fade. This day moves with rapid breath. The congregation has been trooping in as the visitant from the world of spirit-wonder has been settling into its own holy place on the altar. The Flying Machine Riots The major conflict in The Golden Book of Springfield revolves around the "Flying Machine Riots" Lindsay summarizes the conflict as such: "Chapter IX: Tempest in a Teapot over whether People with Buried Gold Shall Monopolize the Flying Privilege" Lindsay tells the story of the monopolization of "flying machines," (Note: see Lindsay's poem The Empty Boats.) and the quick resolution of the issue by means of cooperation and peaceful discourse. St. Friend, among others, leads the public through the hidden conflict, and tells the people of their future - in which they travel to the stars in "airships of the mind." St. Friend and the Church of Springfield St. Friend is known as the "Giver of Bread," and is the religious reformer who unites all the religions of the world into "The Church of Springfield", or "The Church of the Plant and the Flower." In the capital of Illinois, in this year of grace, St. Friend is a healer of the body and soul. He is more of a philosopher than the fuming Black Hawk Boone, that is, he has a cooler disposition. Yet Boone heals by hard maxims, given with that lovely fruit, the Amaranth-Apple. St. Friend heals by sermons and prayers and the pictured parables, the rituals envisaged and illuminated in the celebration of the Office of the Blessed Bread. The Church of Springfield is incarnated as a "blessed community of faith" with no "fences of creed." St. Friend describes it as such: "The Church of Springfield has come. It is the sunlit grass of this park; it is this Illinois sky... It will begin with sheltered faiths and will not contradict or undermine any." In the same speech St. Friend delivers his vision of the events occurring, and the bright future he envisions for Springfield: "The voices of the children will be as noble as the discourses of the prairie winds that catch our tree boughs at sunset. Every house will be as delicate and subtle as the ferny hollows of the Sangamon. The convert will name many birds that will come at this call and he will feed them crumbs of this Blessed Bread in friendship. When Springfield has partaken of this manna for a generation, all things will become new. Leavening thoughts will come from all the street corners. Novel fancies will come from the coffee houses. The conferences and colloquies of fallible men will take on something of the aspect of the meetings of the inspired souls of Heaven. We walk our plain path! We eat our plain bread in a rare fellowship! Therefore all things become eternal. The Church of Springfield, the church of this sunlit grass, the church of a million days and nights, is proclaimed from the steps of the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul this day." Redemption In Chapter 3, Lindsay mythologizes the history of Springfield, Illinois, describing Hunter Kelly's pact with the Devil: At last, when the lads returned from the war with Germany, and the girls returned from Red Cross work, and the like, in the summer of 1919, and the city began to take on glory both visible and invisible, Hunter Kelly said to the Devil: "I will now trust my town to go on. At last they are eating of the Apple Amaranth, which they thought was poison. They are even transplanting it." Thereupon Hunter Kelly drove the Devil away with the great pickaxe and spade, the same which had often dug the hunter from the ground. From this pickaxe on, the story was entirely new to the screen, and much of it new to the audience. Kelly then built himself a cell in Heaven out of old and broken fragments of forgotten palaces in the far jungles. There he wrote The Golden Book for our little city far below. By day he lived as that boy of Springfield who grew up as Saint Scribe of the Shrines, and established the discipline and ritual of The One Hundred Shrines of the World. He was rumored among a few of us to be the reincarnation of Hunter Kelly. He became the first teacher of St. Friend, who wore his mantle well after him. And now he is pictured, in many a dazzling flame-like color, throwing down from the window of his cell in heaven, this very hour of All Saint's Day, The Golden Book of Springfield. All this is the first intimation to Gwendolyn Charles that stranger things than we know may happen in heaven and on earth. Ascension In Chapter XV Lindsay describes how "when I am my American self the Thibetan boy takes me beyond the North Star and shows me the true Buddha.": This tale describes the experience of cosmic consciousness, a focal point of the New Age, or Golden Age movement, and the central tenet of Tibetan buddhism. This experience is, according to Lindsay, the means by which "the body of Christ, the whole human race, will be raised from the dead." July 13: — Today I meet the Thibetan Boy in Coe's Book Store. "We are both rather aimlessly turning over the magazines, and, after I have observed his idleness awhile, I take him out for a walk and say: "Why do you look at me when you pass, with your eyes a story untold? All the while I have walked the streets of this New Springfield, you have looked at me so. He answers slowly, almost whispering: — "Your fathers came from the ancient Christian world. My fathers came from the more ancient Buddhist world. Christ is my master but I cannot deny that Buddha is my friend. This is the hour for friends. Come with me. We walk north on Mulberry Boulevard, past the House of the Man from Singapore, and then west on Carpenter toward a little highway that finally joins the great Northwest Road. But we have not gone far on the Great Northwest Road till we flash past the Gothic double walls of our city. The Thibetan Boy takes me, in one instant, to the far edge of Space and Time, way beyond the North Star and its dandelions. And as we stand on the shaking shore of Space and Time we see and hear, rolling in from Chaos, endless smoke and glory and darkness and dissolving foam. Standing be side us, like a superb Gandhara sculpture that has taken on life is that Prince Siddartha who was the founder of Buddhism. He stands in that aspect he had, while still a citizen and householder, and twenty-four centuries before his green glass libel cursed mankind. Before us is, indeed, a vision of Buddha the dreamer, superb, thoroughbred, in all the jewels of his tribe. It is the hour before he took chariot and drove forth from home. We are back in that hour when he looked upon all things, and saw them as a dissolving foam, the hour before he set forth for his victory over this crumbling universe. His eyes are fixed upon those waves that roll in forever, that keep their forms an instant, and are gone for all time: some of men, some of wraiths and gods, some of planets and comets and suns. He turns around and beckons and over the sand comes Channa, the superb charioteer, and the horses of that chariot are nobler than the horses of the sun. Prince Siddartha is in the chariot in an instant and they drive out into that sea and the wheels of that chariot ride the waves. Those horses are like lightning, climbing waves that are like hills and mountains, till chariot, horses, and men all are veiled by the endless smoke and glory and darkness and dissolving foam. The Thibetan boy says to me: "It is the 'Great Going Forth from Home,' and thus Buddha becomes a conquerer, and Chaos and the Universe are put beneath him." But the star chimes behind us are ringing new tunes and we are back in our city again, leaving Prince Siddartha to conquer what he will. Context Vachel Lindsay (1879–1931) is often referred to as the most intensely romantic American poet of his generation. Notably, Lindsay’s career and personal life took a downturn after publication of The Golden Book in 1920. After rising in popularity during the 1910s for his rhythmic, musical brand of poetry performance, the poet published his utopian vision and expected his career to turn in a similar direction. Though British critics praised the work, The Golden Book received little to no critical attention in the United States, as American readers dismissed the work as “tedious and incomprehensible.” Lindsay was forced to continue performing his poems across the country to support his family. Vachel’s inability to turn his audiences’ focus towards the future, along with his deteriorating health and personal life, led to a severe decline that culminated in Lindsay’s suicide in 1931. In 1999, the Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company reprinted The Golden Book, along with a preface by William Furry and an extended introduction by Ron Sakolsky. The Kerr Company’s synopsis is as follows: Vachel Lindsay (1879–1931) was the most intensely romantic US poet of his generation. Less well known is the fact that Lindsay was also a radical critic of the white supremacy, greed, misery, brutality, ugliness and emptiness inherent in US capitalist culture. His only novel, The Golden Book - now back in print after over 80 years of shameful neglect - is a relentless dreamer's all-out assault on the stupidity and bigotry of Main Street USA. Lindsay's Luciferian lyricism, incantatory and even shamanic; the carnivalesque enthusiasm and humor that he called the 'higher vaudeville'; and of course that zany, jubilant, self-contradictory mysticism that was all his own are amply evident in this radically nonconformist dream of the future. In The Golden Book, the coffee houses, movie theaters, streets and parks of Springfield in the 'Mystic Year' 2018 are the setting for a valiant struggle to transform a village dominated by shady politicians, lynch-mobs, commercialism and cocaine into a new paradise. Ron Sakolsky's superb introduction, the most detailed examination yet of Lindsay's 'Johnny Appleseed utopianism', explores The Golden Book as a radical response to the Springfield Race Riot of 1908; relates the book to the utopias of Fourier, Ruskin, Bellamy, and others; and traces Lindsay's involvement in Chicago radicalism in the 1910s, as well as his affinities with anarchism, feminism, Black liberation, World War I, and such poet radicals as Blake, Lautreamont, the surrealists, Langston Hughes and the Beats. Thematic elements Religious message The overarching messages of both The Golden Book of Springfield and the fictional The Golden Book of Springfield are that of religious unity. The book opens with mention of the "Early Campbellites", followers of Thomas and Alexander Campbell. Campbell, in our eyes, was the American pioneer theologian. He was devoted to the union of the churches of Christendom. He pleaded that all disciples of Christ call themselves "simply" Christians, and unite on those symbols and ordinances which Christendom has in common. Throughout the book, Lindsay incorporates aspects from nearly all the religions of the world. He promotes the "Pilgrimage of the Hundred Shrines of the Hundred Religions" and writes of the influence of "Thibetan" philosophies on St. Friend and the Church of Springfield, noting the importance of these teachings in the ascension of humanity to Heaven. War with Singapore A major conflict in The Golden Book of Springfield is a war of the United States against Singapore, a nation incriminated for its worship of the Green Glass/Cocaine Buddha, but more broadly, their focus on materialism and cocaine.

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American educator François Thibaut (born January 3, 1948) is an American educator known for developing the Thibaut Technique second language acquisition method for children and is the Founder/Director of The Language Workshop for Children ("LWFC"). He currently operates nationwide educational centers based in New York City. Thibaut's technique is the basis of the curriculum offered at LWFC programs and in the Professor Toto children's language education animation. The LWFC begins teaching languages to children at the age of six months, when they're preverbal. Childhood Observations, The Basis of the Thibaut Technique At the age of six Thibaut was enrolled at the College Saint Barbe boarding school in Paris where teachers intentionally made little to no effort to translate or explain the meaning of the French language curriculum in which newly arriving, non-French speaking students found themselves immersed. Instead, after six weeks of absorbing French in a context-rich language immersion classroom, the non-French elementary age children would begin speaking French in single words. Then by week eight they were speaking in two, and then three word sentences. Eventually, by 2½ months they were constructing complete, accent-free French sentences, correctly attributing noun genders, and using past, present, and future tenses. Years later Thibaut realized that he'd observed a strong example of what neurolinguist Eric Lenneberg later identified in his book Biological Foundations of Language (1967) what he termed the critical period in language development. Thibaut's childhood observations eventually led him to bring immersive, emotionally stimulating, context-rich, language classes founding his Cercle Franco Americain (later Language Workshop for Children) classes in New York, NY in the early 1970s. Thus, the Thibaut Technique was introduced into American culture. This approach has often been attributed to baby language enrichment products first introduced for VCR's in the mid-1990s. While many of these brands have had more national exposure, Thibaut's technique was in existence for more than 20 years prior to their debut. Early Teaching Experience Thibaut emigrated to New York City in 1973, when foreign language instruction was strongly focused on high school and college students. As a teacher he was frustrated by watching his college-age students continually struggle the same drill and translation-based French so he began focusing on younger learners, abandoned translation-drills, and adopted the context-rich, language acquisition devices that he observed at his own elementary school in the 1950s, adding his own brand of playfulness, color, and humor. The Language Workshop for Children Since 1973, his internationally recognized Language Workshop for Children has offered stimulating language lessons for babies, toddlers and elementary grades. Original music, vocabulary-building songs, language immersion, festive visual aids, action games and native-fluent language teachers are why the LWFC is the country's leader in children's language educational play. As Thibaut says, "Children remember the words that make them happy". The French Language Salon In 2011, Thibaut drew on his successful technique with children by offering friendly, situationally relevant classes through his French Language Salon® classes for adults. Thibaut's new adult method immediately integrates grammar and conversation, rather than teaching them as separate disciplines. Thibaut's former child students often attend his adult classes to practice French for social and professional purposes. Thibaut also designed a test preparation program for students of varying levels who are working to pass in exams focused on French as a second language and comply with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Thibaut specializes in different types of test preparation that merge his original French teaching style with patterns that correlating to the pertaining exam (SAT, AP French, CEFRL, and Canadian TEF.) He combines his French education experience with an understanding of the exams and their tendencies, inspired by the, "life-hack," movement and applied to a more academic and professional sphere. Technology With the growth of technology at the turn of the new century, Thibaut expanded his outreach platforms beyond the classroom by producing his Professor Toto Language Education Series for children, available in original CD/DVD and downloadable formats through Amazon, as well as making his language lessons and test prep services available via Skype.

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Species of moth Pternozyga anisoptera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_and_passive_transformation"}

Distinction between meanings of Euclidean space transformations In analytic geometry, spatial transformations in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space are distinguished into active or alibi transformations, and passive or alias transformations. An active transformation is a transformation which actually changes the physical position (alibi, elsewhere) of a point, or rigid body, which can be defined in the absence of a coordinate system; whereas a passive transformation is merely a change in the coordinate system in which the object is described (alias, other name) (change of coordinate map, or change of basis). By transformation, mathematicians usually refer to active transformations, while physicists and engineers could mean either. Both types of transformation can be represented by a combination of a translation and a linear transformation. Put differently, a passive transformation refers to description of the same object in two different coordinate systems. On the other hand, an active transformation is a transformation of one or more objects with respect to the same coordinate system. For instance, active transformations are useful to describe successive positions of a rigid body. On the other hand, passive transformations may be useful in human motion analysis to observe the motion of the tibia relative to the femur, that is, its motion relative to a (local) coordinate system which moves together with the femur, rather than a (global) coordinate system which is fixed to the floor. Example As an example, let the vector , be a vector in the plane. A rotation of the vector through an angle θ in counterclockwise direction is given by the rotation matrix: which can be viewed either as an active transformation or a passive transformation (where the above matrix will be inverted), as described below. Spatial transformations in the Euclidean space R3 In general a spatial transformation may consist of a translation and a linear transformation. In the following, the translation will be omitted, and the linear transformation will be represented by a 3×3 matrix . Active transformation As an active transformation, transforms the initial vector into a new vector . If one views as a new basis, then the coordinates of the new vector in the new basis are the same as those of in the original basis. Note that active transformations make sense even as a linear transformation into a different vector space. It makes sense to write the new vector in the unprimed basis (as above) only when the transformation is from the space into itself. Passive transformation On the other hand, when one views as a passive transformation, the initial vector is left unchanged, while the coordinate system and its basis vectors are transformed in the opposite direction, that is, with the inverse transformation . This gives a new coordinate system XYZ with basis vectors: The new coordinates of with respect to the new coordinate system XYZ are given by: From this equation one sees that the new coordinates are given by As a passive transformation transforms the old coordinates into the new ones. Note the equivalence between the two kinds of transformations: the coordinates of the new point in the active transformation and the new coordinates of the point in the passive transformation are the same, namely In abstract vector spaces The distinction between active and passive transformations can be seen mathematically by considering abstract vector spaces. Fix a finite-dimensional vector space over a field (thought of as or ), and a basis of . This basis provides an isomorphism via the component map . An active transformation is then an endomorphism on , that is, a linear map from to itself. Taking such a transformation , a vector transforms as . The components of with respect to the basis are defined via the equation . Then, the components of transform as . A passive transformation is instead an endomorphism on . This is applied to the components: . The new basis is determined by asking that , from which the expression can be derived. Although the spaces and are isomorphic, they are not canonically isomorphic. Nevertheless a choice of basis allows construction of an isomorphism. As left- and right-actions Often one restricts to the case where the maps are invertible, so that active transformations are the general linear group of transformations while passive transformations are the group . The transformations can then be understood as acting on the space of bases for . An active transformation sends the basis . Meanwhile a passive transformation sends the basis . The inverse in the passive transformation ensures the components transform identically under and . This then gives a sharp distinction between active and passive transformations: active transformations act from the left on bases, while the passive transformations act from the right, due to the inverse. This observation is made more natural by viewing bases as a choice of isomorphism . The space of bases is equivalently the space of such isomorphisms, denoted . Active transformations, identified with , act on from the left by composition, while passive transformations, identified with acts on from the right by pre-composition. This turns the space of bases into a left -torsor and a right -torsor. From a physical perspective, active transformations can be characterized as transformations of physical space, while passive transformations are characterized as redundancies in the description of physical space. This plays an important role in mathematical gauge theory, where gauge transformations are described mathematically by transition maps which act from the right on fibers.

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Malian association football player Malick Touré (born September 22, 1995) is a Malian professional football player. He is currently playing as a left winger. Club career Malick Touré joined the Algerian Ligue 1 in the transfers winter 2017–18 with US Biskra, during which he played 8 matches and scored a single goal against DRB Tadjenanet Then, with the team falling to Ligue 2 on June 11, 2018 Touré joined to MO Béjaïa the Malian said on this subject: "It is an honor for me to sign in a club as big as MO Béjaïa. I am therefore delighted to give the maximum to help the club achieve its objectives." On August 11, He made his debut in the Ligue 1 against Olympique de Médéa as a starter and scored his first goal in 4–2 away victory. Touré finished the season with five goals from 28 games, just like last season MO Béjaïa fell to the second division so that he had to search for another club because the law prohibits foreign players from playing in the second division. On July 16, Malick Touré joined to ES Sétif for three seasons. He made his debut for the team against USM Alger as a substitute Later in the next round played his first match as a starter against MC Oran in 1–1 draw. Then he waited until round 13 to score his first goal, where he scored a double against AS Aïn M'lila On December 26, followed by another double, this time in the Algerian Cup against AB Chelghoum Laïd in 5–1 victory. International career In 2015, Touré was part of the Mali under-20 national team at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand where he participated in six matches. He started in the first match, a 2–0 victory against Mexico, but in the remaining matches he came on as a substitute, with Mali finishing in third place. Career statistics Club As of 16 January 2020 Honours Club Club Africain

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_%27Cause_You_Love_Me"}

2012 single by Girls Aloud "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" is a song recorded by British girl group Girls Aloud from their second compilation album, Ten (2012) and their final single release. It was written by Rachel Moulden and produced by Jim Eliot. The song received mixed reviews from music critics, who thought that ballads were not the group's best efforts. Upon the release of Ten, it charted at number 97 on the UK Singles Chart. The accompanying music video was directed by Paul Caslin, and consists mostly of beauty shots from each member. The song was performed on a few programmes, such as Children in Need 2012 and Top of the Pops. Background and composition Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me A 21-second sample of "Beautiful Cause You Love Me"'s chorus verse, where the group sings "Right now the whole world could call me ugly / So what? To you, I'm not / You don't love me cause I'm beautiful". Problems playing this file? See media help. To follow the success of "Something New", the group decided to release "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" as the second single from their compilation album Ten. The song officially premiered on BBC Radio 2 on 13 November 2012, while the digital release took place on 17 December 2012. It was also sent to mainstream radio in the United Kingdom. "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" was written by Rachel Moulden and produced by Jim Eliot. It is the second Girls Aloud single to not be produced by Xenomania, their previous one being "Walk This Way". Its lyrics were deemed "striking and memorable" by Sam Lansky of Idolator. Amy Sciaretto of PopCrush noted that the lyrics address to "how the love of a good man can make you beautiful, and that love, not looks, are what’s important in life." Nadine Coyle has said that "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" was almost the lead single from Ten instead of "Something New" but she threatened to not take part in the reunion until the release plans had changed. She admitted to disliking the song as she felt it was not a strong comeback single for the group and did not agree with its message, feeling that all women are beautiful regardless of whether anyone loves them or not. Reception Critical response "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" received mixed reviews from music critics. Ian Wade of BBC Music called the song a "blub-friendly empowerment cut complete with its own fireworks". Lee Williscroft-Ferris of So So Gay stated that the song "is as schmaltzy as the title suggests, the lyric ‘You don’t love me ’cause I’m beautiful / I’m beautiful ’cause you love me’ dripping in the kind of self-indulgent emotion one might not expect from the band. Still, it’s a classy number." Rebecca Twomey of Marie Claire deemed it a "silky smooth love song," while Chris Younie of 4Music said that the "emotionally-charged, touching ballad ... may not be a typical Girls Aloud pop-dance banger, but trust us when we say it's still amazing." A NME critic said the track "ain't bad", concluded that it occupies "a similar lyrical space to Sugababes' 'Unpretty' rewrite 'Ugly', and a similar space in the canon to "Too Much" by the Spice Girls." However, Douglas Wolk of Pitchfork Media stated the song, "just drag the album [Ten] down... in particular, belongs on the same icky-valentine shelf as James Blunt's "You're Beautiful". Jon O'Brien of omg! called the song "an overly-slushy love song which could quite easily have been a reject from Cheryl Cole's last album." Lucas Villa of Examiner described the song as "about feeling pretty in the presence of a loved one", and yet described the song as "awkwardly reminiscent of the Mean Girls line: “I don't hate you because you're fat. You're fat because I hate you.” A Contact Music reviewer considered the song "big and ballady and seems to be more in keeping with the big saccharine American pop tradition of such staples rather," but stated that "the biggest overriding problem with this track though is that the beginning of it reminds us, for some unsure reason, of Tara Palmer-Tomkinson's recent disastrous foray into the world of pop. Something no one should ever have to witness." Amy Sciaretto of PopCrush wasn't "sure that Girls Aloud are the correct people to deliver that message" because they are "five stunning women who likely never had anyone tell ‘em they were ugly." Sam Lansky of Idolator thought that the track "may not rival Girls Aloud's best work, but it's not a complete disappointment." Lewis Corner of Digital Spy said that Girls Aloud wouldn't be a true pop group "if they solely focused on tracks of a high BPM rate and ignored a good ol' fashioned slowie," adding that ballads released by them "have always received a frosty reception on their first few plays, and this one was no different." Chart performance Upon the release of Ten, "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" charted at number 97 on the UK Singles Chart. During the release week of the single, it failed to chart at the UK Singles Chart and it became the first single of the group to not chart inside the top-forty. Music video The accompanying music video premiered on 4 December 2012 through the group's VEVO account and was directed by Paul Caslin. Opening with a drop of liquid, the video consists mostly of beauty shots from each member until they join each other on a living room with nothing but a couch. The video also featured product placement of a Nikon digital camera, Nikon 1 J2. James Robertson of Daily Mirror stated that "the accompanying video is as pretty as the title suggests... but our favourite bit has to be the most unsubtle product placement we've ever seen." Some music critics compared the work to the Spice Girls' music video "Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)". Live performances Girls Aloud first performed "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" on 16 November 2012 at Children in Need 2012. The group also performed the song at Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball in December 2012. On 14 December 2012, Girls Aloud appeared on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge, performing a mash-up of the song with a cover of Labrinth and Emeli Sandé's "Beneath Your Beautiful". On 25 December 2012, the group performed the song on Top of the Pops Christmas Special. In 2013, the group performed the song on Ten: The Hits Tour. Credits and personnel Recording Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Ten. Charts Release history

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lairi%C3%A8re"}

Commune in Occitanie, France Commune in Occitania, France Lairière (French pronunciation: [lɛʁjɛʁ] ( listen); Occitan: Lairièra) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. Population

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English cricketer and soldier Lieutenant-colonel Edward Taswell (21 June 1826 – 1 June 1889) was an English soldier and amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket between 1847 and 1863. Taswell was born at Canterbury in 1826, the son of George Morris Taswell who was a Justice of the Peace. He joined the Royal Artillery (RA) and was commissioned as a Second lieutenant in June 1845. He served in the RA until retiring in 1870. As a captain Taswell served at the Siege of Sebastapol during the Crimean War in 1854 and was awarded the Crimea Medal and the Turkish Crimea Medal. He was serving at Dover in 1861 in 273 Regiment before being promoted to the rank of major in 1867 and lieutenant-colonel in 1868. He retired with the honorary rank of colonel. Cricket Taswell played cricket for the Royal Artillery Cricket Club from 1846 to 1867. He played non-first-class cricket for amateur side I Zingari and made his first-class debut for the amateur Gentlemen of Kent side in 1847 during the first Canterbury Cricket Week to be held at the St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury. He made a total of nine first-class appearances, all of them at the St Lawrence Ground, including three for Kent County Cricket Club between 1860 and 1861. Taswell died at Worthing in Sussex in 1889 aged 62. His brother, Henry, was also first-class cricketer.

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Nigerian musician Musical artist Donald Ofik, popularly known as Prettyboy D-O, is a Nigerian recording artist with chaotic blend of afrobeats, hip hop, alté, dancehall, and R&B. His debut mixtape Everything Pretty reached the number one spot on iTunes. He was nominated for The Headies 2022 best reggae and dancehall album. Music Career In 22 July 2022, Aluna, Prettyboy D-O and KoolDrink teamed up to release the amapiano- afrobeat single Nowhere to Hide. In 2021, Prettyboy released his album, Love is war and it appeared on The Fader's list of top 50 best albums 2021. Discography Mixtape Album Awards and nominations

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFM_Radio"}

KFM was an unlicensed radio station based in Stockport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom. History KFM originally broadcast on 94.2 MHz FM from a studio on Middle Hillgate, Stockport with the transmitter and aerial at Goyt Mill in Marple from November 1983 to February 1985. Its name on the business board was Mersey Valley Electronics. KFM was functional by 1984 with a day-time line-up including DJ's 'Jumpin' Johnny Owen, Dave Starr, Pete Wilde, Simon Richards, Pete Smith, Jon Guy, Craig Wood, Philip Gorman, Big Al Rockwell, Pete Best, 'Dodgy' Kevin Webb, Steve Maltby, Rob Charles, 'Naughty' Nikki Stevens and Stevie 'Megamix' King (with Wilf the Weatherman), Roger Taylor and Captain Flint. The station was raided by the authorities several times, but was soon back on air each time. Although a pirate radio station, KFM broadcast test transmissions for a number of weeks prior to going live and was featured more than once on Granada Television's "Granada Reports" news programme. The original transmissions were in mono only but they rapidly moved to stereo output. The station was created by Alastair Bates and Charles Turner, who both also presented weekend shows. Charles Turner had been involved in an unlicensed pirate radio station in the 1970s (a 'hippy' station called Radio Aquarius), and Alastair Bates and Ian Walsh in the early 1980s in a Manchester station called RFM. Charles Turner used a frequency synthesiser transmitter of his own design and a stereo encoder designed by Trevor Brooks (published in Wireless World in the early 1980s). Phil Platt sang on the early KFM jingles which were written by Charles Turner with the input of Phil and Steve Ridgeway. Other jingles were produced by AlphaSound. The first broadcasts were test transmissions from pub car parks and the tops of local hills such as Werneth Low and Lantern Wood near Bowstonegate Farm in Higher Disley. Transmissions from Middle Hillgate and Goyt Mill came much later; the earliest broadcasts preceded 1983. The first broadcasts were transmitted from a radio mast at Bowstonegate Farm in Lyme Park. They were initially 2 hours long, pre-recorded at Ride Music Studio's and other secret locations on to a Revox B77 reel-to-reel tape recorder, then transferred to the boot of a car which was then parked at a pub car park near Disley. The broadcast of only two hours at a time made it difficult for government departments to trace the transmitter. The station had a mix of national and local music and its following grew rapidly. On weekdays it had an hourly news service (gathered from Ceefax pages). The station changed its studio location to Goyt Mill, where the transmitter was based. KFM aggravated its local well-established competitor Piccadilly Radio. Programme Controller Colin Walters said in a documentary on Radio 4 that the station was "producing radio on the cheap" by not paying needle time, wages, standard business taxes, licensing fees etc. KFM was eventually taken off the air by a raid by the Department of Trade and Industry, which enforced the Wireless Telegraphy Act's prohibition on broadcasting without a licence. One of KFM's early DJs and initial Programme Controller was Steve Toon, who also presented live music under the KFM aegis at the Brookfield Hotel along with Pete Best KFM's Saturday Morning DJ. After becoming licensed[clarification needed] it was an indie music station of the late 1980s and early 1990s, and featured Terry Christian, Jon Ronson, Caroline Aherne, Neil Cossar, Joe Patricks, Spence MacDonnald and Craig Cash in its line up (although, with the exception of Joe Patricks and Craig Cash, none of these were actually at the station in its halcyon (unlicensed/'pirate' days). KFM's Rock show, presented by Simon Norton was sponsored by the country's biggest rock club, Rockworld in Manchester. Whilst an undergraduate at Manchester University, Adam Tickell (the now Vice-Chancellor of Sussex University) frequently worked alongside Charles Turner in the early days of the radio station. Charles taught Adam the basics of DJing and how to produce music which would lead Adam to perform at local club nights. Adam Tickell was not described as being a good DJ but was very eager to learn whose passion made his performances the best they could be. Despite critical acclaim in its legal days it failed commercially and Charles Turner sold the licence to Signal Radio. It became Signal Cheshire, ownership was transferred again, to UTV Radio, and as of 2013[update] it broadcast as Imagine FM. The KFM Radio name was revived in November 2014 with the launch of a brand new online station, www.kfmradio.co.uk designed and built in tribute to the original 1984 KFM. Designed to serve the people of Stockport and South Manchester and their friends and families all over the world, with a potential global reach on the World Wide Web. A multi genre station with some of the original 1984 team involved. It has since evolved streaming 24/7 and also has links with other online stations and listeners in many countries.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Queens_and_the_Cities"}

2020 memoir by Niranjan Kunwar Between Queens and the Cities is a 2022 memoir by Niranjan Kunwar. It was published in 2020 by FinePrint Publication. It is the first English queer memoir to be published in Nepal. The book chronicles the life of the author as gay man between various cities like New York City, Kathmandu between 1999 and 2019. The book shows the struggle of a gay person in Nepali society. Synopsis The book chronicles the life of the author from 1999, when he left for New York from Kathmandu at the age of 19 to coming back to Kathmandu. It show the struggle of being a queer person and challenges that a LGBT+ person has to face in Nepali society. Reception The book received positive responses from the critics and readers. Sahina Shrestha hailed the book as " beautifully crafted coming of age story" in her review for the Nepali Times.

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This is a glossary of firefighting equipment. Contents: A Adapter Fitting for connecting hose couplings with dissimilar threads but with the same inside diameter. See also reducer, increaser, double male, double female. May contain combinations, such as a double-female reducer. Adapters between multiple hoses are called wye, Siamese, or distributor, which see below. Air pressurized water (APW) fire extinguisher A hand held fire extinguisher using water for the extinguishing agent which is expelled by compressed air. Wetting agents may be added to the water and AFFF foam can be used in similar extinguishers. Automatic distress signal unit (ADSU) An alarm device that signals that a firefighter is in trouble. It can be activated manually by the firefighter, or activates automatically if the firefighter stops moving. May be integral to SCBA or separately activated. Also known as a PASS device (personal alert safety system) or PDA (personal distress alarm). Aerial fire apparatus Fire truck, meeting National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 1901, Motor Fire Apparatus, Chapter 6 and Chapter 18, having a multi-section extending ladder, raised using power shifted from the truck's propulsion engine. May also carry other portable ladders and tools. Aerial ladder A rotating, power-operated (usually hydraulically) ladder mounted on a self-propelled automotive fire apparatus. Aerial ladder platform A hydraulic aerial device which combines an aerial ladder with a personal carrying platform supported at the end of a ladder. Air monitoring meter Electronic device for measuring the presence of one or more chemicals in air, such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide or volatile organic compounds; may have preset danger threshold alarms. Airbag 1.  inflatable device used for lifting or spreading 2.  vehicle safety device with potential explosion hazard during vehicle extrication if not already blown. Airpack Jargon for self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Apparatus Fire apparatus is divided into seven categories by NFPA Standard 1901: Pumper Fire Apparatus, Initial Attack Apparatus, Mobile Water Supply Apparatus, Aerial Apparatus, Quint Fire Apparatus, Special Service fire apparatus, and Mobile Foam fire apparatus. Each category is defined in detail by the NFPA Standard that applies to all fire apparatus in the United States. Note: There is no separate category for Rescue Truck; rescue trucks are covered under Special Service Apparatus. Appliance Term for fire suppression equipment used by firefighters to manage or direct a water stream. APW Air-pressurized water fire extinguisher, partially filled with water and then pressurized with an air pump; popular in the US in the 2½-gallon size, rated 2A. Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) (pronounced "A-Triple-F", also called "Class B"): bubbles that act as surfactant to coat and penetrate ordinary fuels (e.g., wood, paper) to prevent them from burning at normal temperatures; also used on "Class B" (oil/gasoline) fires to spread a non-volatile film over the surface of the fuel. Applied using eductor or compressed air foam system (CAFS) and pumped through fire hose to a foam nozzle (or sometimes a less-effective fog nozzle). Attack hose (Attack line) A use classification of a fire fighting hose connected to output of a pump or other pressure source (e.g., gravity). Fire hose used to apply water or other fire fighting agent directly to a fire or burning substance. Typically of 2+1⁄2 inches (64 mm) diameter or less in the United States. Historically 1.5 inch hose was the primary initial attack line but has been supplanted in most of the US by 1.75-inch-diameter (44 mm) hose that carries 175 gallons per minute. Two-inch hose is available as an option. Attic ladder Narrow, collapsible ladder used to access an attic space via a scuttle hole, which are often found in closets and other narrow passages. Also known as a closet ladder, folding ladder or "pencil ladder." Required to be carried on pumpers by NFPA 1901. Automatic sprinkler System of pipes serving fire sprinklers, for automatically directing water to a fire when the sprinkler is heated to its actuation temperature (usually 155 deg F). The piping may be normally pressurized with water ("wet") or with air ("dry"), depending upon the application. When a sprinkler-head (or heat sensor) detects heat from a fire, the sprinkler opens, automatically spraying water onto the fire area. B BA Royal Navy abbreviation for breathing apparatus. Otherwise known as SCBFR Bomb line A preconnected attack line, typically 2½ inch in diameter, used in the same manner and purpose as a trash line. Bomb lines are stored either on the front bumper of the apparatus or in an exterior (exposed) side well. Bomb lines are typically shorter length than cross-lays, and are intended for use against dumpster fires, etc., where a longer length of hose (and consequent rebedding after the suppression is complete) is not desired. Booster hose Small-diameter fire hose (3/4–1 inch), often carried on booster reel, preconnected to pump of an engine (and the booster tank) for putting out small fires near the truck without having to connect to a fire hydrant; easily recovered with a motorized reel. Also known as "red line" for the common red rubberized outer layer. Booster hose is also used for high pressure fog (HPF) applications. Branch pipe See Nozzle. There are many types of branch pipes (nozzles) available, depending on situation and scene of fire, one of them is selected. They are named: Bresnan cellar nozzle Rotating nozzle tip having two or more outlets forming water jets that propel the tip while spraying water in a circular pattern; conveniently attached to several feet (a meter) of rigid pipe with handles or legs for supporting the nozzle while it is suspended through a hole in the floor above. Bulk tank Large tank designed to be transported to an incident and left; larger than a tote tank. Bunkers (or "bunker gear") Colloquial term for protective pants and boots kept near a firefighter's bunk (cot) for rapid deployment; more modernly includes firefighting jacket. Basis for command to "bunker up!" in preparation for hazardous duties. May also refer to entire protective clothing ensemble. Also known as "turnouts" or "turnout gear." C Cellar pipe Cellar nozzle. The Bresnan nozzle is a distributing type nozzle that is inserted through an opening in the floor and into the space below, typically a basement or cellar. The nozzle directs a broken stream horizontally, either extinguishing or controlling the fire enough to allow a direct attack to be safely made. The Baker cellar pipe consists of a smoothbore, straight stream nozzle on the end of a brass pipe 36-inches long or more that can be remotely angled from the floor above by firefighters to direct the stream to the desired cellar location. Charged line Fire hose under pressure from the pump at the engine. CFA 3-thread A type of coupling used by the CFA, it is used mainly on the Australian 64 mm hose, it provides a very secure coupling, obviously the threading of the coupling is repeated 3 times, it is non-hermaphrodite. Check valve See Backflow preventer Cistern Underground water storage tank that is intended for firefighting use in areas with inadequate water supply. Class A, B, C, D, K Classes of fire extinguisher and corresponding type of fire they extinguish. Claw tool Early striking and prying tool. Closed-circuit SCBA See SCBA. Closet hook Pike pole under 5 ft long Closet ladder See Attic ladder. CO2 extinguisher Fire extinguisher that releases carbon dioxide gas to displace oxygen to smother and cool a fire, such as a flammable liquid. Combination nozzle A low pressure fog nozzle (usually 120 to 150 lbf/in² or 820 to 1030 kPa that can be adjusted to produce a near straight stream. Also commonly referred to as a Taskforce tip (TFT). Compressed air foam system (CAFS) A water / surfactant (foam) mixture, with compressed air forced into the mix. The result is a very homogeneous, small "air bubble" distribution; the resulting suppression agent is the consistency of soggy shaving cream, consisting of relatively pure surface area and little actual water. CAF is gaining favor in selected compartmental fire scenarios because of its high (explosive) conversion rate, on top of the penetrative advantages of the surfactant. It is also inappropriate for many fire scenarios because of that conversion rate, as an unmanaged steam expansion path may cook the firefighters. Secondary advantages are a graceful degradation during equipment failure; CAFs, without a compressed air supply, emit classic foam; without foam, water! Cooper hose jacket A Cooper hose jacket is a clamping device made out of metal, and is designed to clamp around leaking or burst hose sections. It can also be used to connect two hoses with incompatible couplings, e.g. different threads or sizes. D Deck gun A master stream device mounted to top deck of pumper. Delivery Term for any hose that conveys water to a fire e.g., each outlet from a fire appliance supplies a delivery with water. Deluge gun A master stream device that can be positioned on the ground based on the need of the incident commander. Deluge system Type of sprinkler system where sprinkler heads do not have individual valves, and the water (or other extinguishing agent) is disbursed from all sprinkler heads simultaneously when a central (or zoned) valve is triggered by a sensor (or manually). This is typically reserved for industrial areas where rapid fire spread must be prevented at the cost of damaging non-burning materials. Denver door opener Heavy pry bars connected with a hinge, one with an adjustable foot, used for prying open doors. Denver tool (also called TNT tool): A combination axe, sledgehammer, pry tool, ram, and D-handle pull tool used to gain forcible entry to buildings, automobiles, etc. during emergency situations. Detection system See Alarm system. Detergent foam See Aqueous film-forming foam. Distributor pipe Portion of fire hydrant or sprinkler system connecting main loops to smaller loops where outlets are located. Divisional valve A valve isolating a segment of a (usually underground) piping system. This may be useful for dealing with impairments or maintenance. Double female Fire hose adapter for connecting two "male" couplings together; may also adapt different sizes on either side. Double male Hose coupling adapter with two male-threaded connectors back-to-back; used for connecting two female couplings together. Dry chemical A fire extinguishing agent. It works by breaking the chemical chain reaction in the "fire tetrahedron". Dry hydrant A fire hydrant with a valve located at the bottom of the barrel, near the water main. The barrel of the hydrant remains dry until used. The prevents the hydrant from freezing in sub-zero temperatures. A dry hydrant is also an unpressurized pipe that can be used to draft (or draw) water from a pond or lake. Dry powders Fire extinguishing agents for use on flammable metals. Each agent is typically designed for use on either a single metal or very similar metals. Dry sprinkler A sprinkler system having pressurized air (rather than water) in the distribution pipes until a heat-activated sprinkler head opens and releases the stored air pressure, which in turn opens the main water valve (and possibly an accelerator valve) to flow water to the open sprinkler(s); used where the protected premises are not heated during freezing temperatures. DSU Distress signal unit, another term for a type of PASS device. E Eckert hook Sharp hook on pike pole for cutting metal siding or roofs. Engine A vehicle outfitted for firefighting, specifically one outfitted to pump water. Many rural fire engines carry a reservoir of water to pump, and use drafting and water tenders to obtain further supply. Historically, an engine ("enjin" or other spellings) was any kind of machine, tool or "contrivance". The hand squirts and manual pumps used to spray water onto a fire (an advancement from a bucket brigade) were types of engines in this obsolete sense of the word and are the origin of the modern term fire engine. Eductor Venturi device through which water flows under 200 psi pressure to create a partial vacuum in a tube attached at 90-degrees and open to the water stream passing overhead. The vacuum draws liquid foam concentrate from a reservoir, which mixes with the water stream through a metering device on the discharge side of the eductor where a firefighting hose is connected. Typically the 200 psi inlet water pressure is reduced to 95 psi discharge pressure as a result of the narrowness of the venturi in the eductor device. Ejector See Smoke ejector. Ejector pump Pumps that use the venturi principle to pump water on a fire ground. Can be used for salvage by removing flood waters or supply water to a fire appliance from an open water source. Water in the appliance is used to supply a flow of water to the ejector pump, which uses high pressure nozzles to entrain an increased volume of water in the hose returning to the fire appliance. Elevator key control panel override key to take elevator car to desired floor. May also refer to special tool used to open elevator shaft-protection doors from outside. Encapsulated suit HAZMAT protective clothing used with SCBA inside the suit to protect a firefighter (HAZMAT technician) from gaseous contaminants. Also known as a Gas Suit. Encoder 1.  Device for converting an input to a coded output 2.  tone-generating system for broadcasting one or more tone codes on a radio frequency to alert selected pagers and alarms 3.  alarm-system component that transmits coded sensor and subscriber information to a monitoring center to be processed into address and alarm-type information. Extension ladder A 20–60-foot ladder with one or more movable sections that extend beyond a base section, typically using a halyard rope and pulley mechanism for lifting and locking cams to latch the moving sections at a selected height. Extinguisher Device containing fire suppressant, often pressurized to expel suppressant when triggered by operator or an automatic release mechanism. Important to properly select type of extinguisher appropriate to type of material burning (wood, grease, electrical, etc.). May be portable or permanently installed for special suppression purposes, such as fires in recreational vehicles, boats, aircraft engines, restaurant exhaust hoods, or computer rooms. Extractor A heavy duty washing machine used to clean turnout gear. Due to the size and weight of turnout gear, specialty equipment that meets NFPA is required for cleaning it. Extrication gloves Gloves designed for vehicle extrication and other rescue applications, but not rated for fighting fires. They resemble mechanics gloves but are usually made from a stronger material, such as Kevlar, and designed to protect a firefighter's hands from cuts or scrapes that may occur from glass or metal. F Fire alarm control panel System for receiving and announcing location of fire based upon input from smoke, flame or heat detectors, or manual call points or pull stations. Fire axe There are two main types of axes used in firefighting, a flathead axe, which has a single wedge for cutting into objects, and a pickhead axe, which has a cutting wedge on one side and a pointed pick on the other. Fireboat A specialized watercraft with pumps and nozzles designed for fighting shoreline and shipboard fires. Fire damper This device is fixed in the ducts of the central air conditioning system to restrict the fire travel from one room to another. This device can be operated manually and/or automatically i.e. activated by fire alarm system or some other thermally activated instruments. Fire department keys Special keys provided to firefighters to access a Knox Box or other lockbox, located on some commercial buildings, containing additional keys required for entry or other safety features. Fire extinguisher See Extinguisher above. Fire bike or firefighting motorcycle A motorcycle that is equipped to fight fires or used as support. Commonly used in Japan. Fire hose See also hose, below. Fire hydrant See hydrant. Fire pump a pump installed in a building specifically for sprinkler and standpipe water systems. Fire station alert system fire department dispatching system using radio controls to activate remote signals at designated fire stations and to transmit emergency information via audio or digital channels. Fire streams Water (possibly mixed with foam) emitted at nozzle and directed at burning materials. Fire train A train that is designed to fight fires, typically includes large amounts of water storage and water cannons. Fit 5 Handheld fire suppression device designed to be thrown into needed area. Fit stands for Fire Interruption Technology. Effective against Class A, B, or C fires. FFFP Fluoroprotein film forming foam. Fly The moving portions of an extension ladder. Fog nozzle A nozzle that discharges water in small droplets. Often, the nozzles are adjustable, permitting the pattern to range from a straight stream to a narrow fog to a wide fog stream. Can also be designed to automatically adjust pressure depending upon selected pattern. Fog stream A fire stream characterized by small droplets of water. The droplets are unable to travel very far, but absorb heat very quickly because of the high surface area they present. Foot valve Backflow preventer at inlet of suction hose used in drafting; helps avoid losing prime by keeping water from running back out of the suction hose. G Glas-Master tool brand of specialized vehicle extrication tool, most notably including a glass cutting saw for removal of automobile windshields. Gamewell brand of wind-up, fire alarm telegraph system for sending coded pulses to alert central alarm station of fire alarm activation; often still found in red boxes on street corners. Gate valve Control valve with a solid plate operated by a handle and screw mechanism. Rotating the handle moves the plate into or out of the waterway. (See also hydrant gate) Gravity tank Water storage tank for fire protection; arranged above protected area to provide flow of water by gravity when needed. Green line a garden hose. Fire grenade glass bottle filled with carbon tetrachloride or similar fire extinguishing fluid; meant to be thrown and shatter at base of fire to mix with air to produce non-combustible mixture; Similar to extinguishers made of glass fixtures with spring-loaded clapper released by heat-fusible link. Limited effectiveness, and phased out in the 1950s when better extinguishers became available. Ground ladder A portable ladder designed to rest on the ground. Compare aerial ladder and roof ladder. H Halligan tool (or "Hooligan") Prying tool with a claw at one end and a spike or point at a right angle to a wedge at the other end. It is used in combination with maul or flat-headed axe for forcing padlocks, doors and windows. Halon chemical gas fire extinguishing or liquid agent for diminishing the combustion reaction rate by acting as a thermal ballast; used mainly in closed computer rooms, aircraft, and other high-value installations where corrosive chemicals or water extinguishers are judged inappropriate. Effective at low concentrations (5%) as compared with CO2 (34%). Being phased out with suitable replacements in most applications, with very restricted exemptions, due to international environmental concerns with this and other CFCs. Halyard Rope used on extension ladders to extend the fly sections. Also called Fly Rope. Hand squirt A historical device used to squirt water onto a fire by hand. Also called simply a squirt or a syringe, these are perhaps the simplest and most ancient form of fire extinguisher. Known from the times of the Roman Empire but not documented in Europe until the 16th century. A squirt is a long metal or wooden tube with a plunger holding water. Held by two men, a third man forced the water out of a nozzle with the plunger, all three working together to aim the stream of water. An air-pressurized-water fire extinguisher is similar but its water is expelled by the air pressure, it is held by one person, and a flexible hose makes aiming the water stream easy. Handtub A historical fire engine pumped by hand with the water supply held in a tub or cistern on the wagon, the water supply delivered by a bucket brigade. The similar terms hand pumper or hand engine may be a handtub or could have a suction hose drafting water from an external source rather than a tub, but still pumped manually. Hard suction hose A flexible rubber hose reinforced with a steel core to prevent collapse from atmospheric pressure when drafting; connected between the intake of a fire pump and a water supply and must be used when drafting. Also called hard hose, hard sleeve, or hard intake/suction hose. Helmet Developed in the early 19th century, the original firefighter helmets were felt caps and did nothing more than keep water off the firefighters' faces. Later editions of the fire helmet included leather, metal, and fiberglass, and most departments are currently using a form of plastic composite. More information under Bunker gear. Higbee cut Special cut at the beginning of the thread on a hose coupling that provides positive identification of the first thread to eliminate cross threading. Higbee indicators Notches or groves cut into coupling lugs to identify by touch or sight the exact location of the Higbee cut. High pressure fog (HPF) A suppression technique consisting of finely atomized water droplets at several hundred pounds per square inch of pressure. By far, one of the most efficient suppression techniques available. Advantages include a *very* high conversion rate, unmatched atmospheric cooling and control of thermal layers, very little wasted water (and consequent water damage), and the ease of managing a small diameter booster line (defined above) during application. Disadvantages are lack of distance, lack of penetration into various materials, and high risk of burns to the attack crew. HPF is quite popular in Europe, but was discarded in the U.S. due to different building construction and the resulting increase in disadvantages. High-rise pack Hose bundle prepared for carrying to a standpipe in a high-rise building, usually consisting of 50 or more feet of 1¾-inch hose and a combination nozzle. Hook forged steel hook at end of insulated pole of varying lengths; used for piercing and pulling building materials away from walls and ceilings. Similar to nautical gaff hook. Short hook with a pointed tip is a pike pole; longer hook on a San Francisco hook; two offset hooks on either side of tip is a universal hook; long p-shaped hook is a Boston rake for pulling plaster and lath; short hook with claw on opposite side of tip is either a gypsum hook or the narrower ceiling hook; pike pole with a short handle is a somewhat useless closet hook. Hose flexible conduit for moving liquids under pressure; made of various materials including cotton, rubber or plastic (such as PVC); construction may be braided, woven, wrapped or extruded, often in layers (liner and jacket); hose construction and size differs according to its intended use (e.g., hard suction, attack, forestry, booster); typically stocked in standard lengths and coupled together with standardized fittings. See hose coupling. Hose bed part of fire engine (or hose wagon) where hose is stored for transport and easy access; stocked in layers or rows for quick selection of the desired length, diameter and type of hose; may include hoses "pre-connected" to pump outlets on the engine. Hose bridge mechanical ramps permitting vehicle tires to roll over top of hose without pinching or damaging the hose. Sudden hose-pinch can cause dangerous backpressures in a running hose and at the pump and release of the pinch can cause a staggering surge at the nozzle end. Hose cart See Hose wagon. Hose coupling rigid interlocking end-pieces on fire hose; used for connecting hose to hydrants or fire engine pumps and other hose appliances (nozzles, wyes, manifolds, strainers, etc.); standardized sizes and threads or other (non-threaded) pressure-sustaining interlocks (e.g., "Storz" or other "quarter-turn" connectors); lugs, cams, or pins are used to tighten and loosen couplings by hand or with a hose wrench. Hose pack A general term covering all types of hose configurations a person would carry to deploy. Hose roller rigid frame with rollers designed to fit over windowsill or roof parapet to prevent chafing as hose is pulled across it. Can also refer to a machine designed for rolling hoses in preparation for storage. Hose strap Strap or chain with a handle suitable for placing over a ladder rung used to carry and secure a hoseline. Hose tower structure for hoisting hoses to permit them to drain and dry. Hose wagon a handcart, vehicle, or trailer adapted for storing and hauling hose and related equipment; used by industrial fire brigades with large buildings, or where supplemental hoses are needed beyond that normally carried on a fire engine; also used for taking attack hose into a high-rise and for returning dirty, wet hose to the station instead of loading it onto the hose bed along with dirt and corrosive moisture. Vehicular hose wagon may carry 1,000 to 3,000 feet (910 m) of hose. May also include small booster pump. Hose wrench tool for holding hose couplings against opposite turning forces (tighten/loosen); may be one of several designs for different shapes of cleats or lugs on couplings (round, flat, recessed, etc.), and also of different sizes according to the couplings being handled, and come in various combinations to minimize the number of different tools necessary on the fire ground. Also known as a "Spanner wrench". Hose vacuum A small pneumatic vacuum generator that removes air from the inside of a fire hose, making it smaller and firm, and therefore easier to pack and less space-consuming. HPF See High pressure fog. Hurst tool See Hydraulic spreader. Hux tool Largely obsolete hydrant wrench made of stamped metal with holes sized for the hydrant valve. Hydrant pressurized water source for fire engine. May also be a "dry hydrant" for drafting from static water source. Compare "standpipe". Hydrant assist valve A valve connected to the hydrant by the first due engine allowing the second due engine to boost the pressure in the intake line. Used for hydrants with low pressure, attaching multiple engines to one hydrant, or boosting pressure in the intake line to accommodate for friction loss. Hydrant gate A gate valve used to control water flow through one of the discharge ports on a hydrant with two or more ports. Typically, one fire hose is initially connected to one discharge and the hydrant gate is connected to one or more of the other outlets. This allows a second hose to be connected to a hydrant that is flowing water without shutting down the main valve to make the connection. Hydraulic platform An aerial appliance with an elevating platform like a Cherry picker. Hydrant wrench Specially designed tool used to open or close a hydrant and to remove hydrant caps. Hydraulic spreader (Jaws of Life) mechanical levering device with hydraulic cylinders powered by a pump; used for forcible entry or spreading vehicle or structure parts to permit extrication of a victim. Also called Hurst Tool, which is a type that includes cutter and ram/jacking features. I IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Increaser Adapter used to attach a smaller diameter source hose to a larger diameter receiving hose. Indian pump (aka Indian tank) A brand of five-gallon water can, or back-pack bladder, featuring a short hose and hand pump for use in wildland firefighting. Intake Part of pump where water enters when pump forms partial vacuum. In-line eductor Eductor that is placed along the length of a hoseline. Irons, or set of irons Pairing of a flat-head axe and a Halligan tool. A common combination used in forcible entry operations. J Jaws of Life A Hurst tool. See hydraulic spreader. J-Tool A device made of rigid, heavy gauge wire and designed to fit through the space between double-swinging equipped with panic hardware. Jet-Axe A Jet-Axe was a shaped charge of two to six ounces of RDX, and was used for forcible entry and ventilation in the 1960s and 1970s. Jet siphon A venturi appliance used for moving large amounts of water from one reservoir tank to another by pumping a small amount of pressurized water into the jet to create a vacuum to move larger amounts of water. Jockey pump A small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system. K K-tool A forcible entry tool for removing cylinder locks; used with a Halligan bar. Kelly tool A prying tool much like a Halligan tool without the right-angle pointed tip. Knox Box A box secured to the outside (esp. of a commercial occupancy) containing master keys, accessible by a high-security key available to responding firefighters. L Ladder truck A truck outfitted with an apparatus-mounted aerial ladder, not necessarily outfitted to pump water. Not to be confused with engine. Known as a "Turntable Ladder" in the United Kingdom. Ladder pipe Nozzle attached to an aerial ladder and used to direct heavy stream from advantageous height. Landing valve Globe valves that are installed on hydrants, a branch and hose is connected to a coupling on it. Large diameter hose (LDH) Fire hose with a diameter of 3½ inches or greater. LDH is typically used to supply water from a fire hydrant to fire apparatus such as an engine or tanker. Leatherhead (helmet) a cover or protective device worn by fire fighters in some countries, also slang denoting a fire fighter. Left-handed smoke shifter A non-existent device used to haze probationary firefighters during an overhaul phase, as a snipe hunt. A crew chief sends his probie to fetch one, but no such device actually exists. Each truck the probie visits consequently does "...not have one", or "...another crew just took it", but each truck operator knows for certain that, "THAT truck might have one, over there..." The process repeats until the probie has been to each truck looking for the device, while the crew chief increasingly chides him to "hurry up" over the radio. This is similar to military non-objects such as 'relative bearing grease' or 'winter air' for tires, or a trainee nurse being asked to fetch a 'neck tourniquet'. Level A, B protective clothing Different levels of encapsulation of firefighters used during HAZMAT incidents to minimize contamination. Life net Portable net for attempting to catch victims falling or jumping from upper floors of burning structure. Life safety line A rope used where its failure could result in serious injury; a rope used for connecting a firefighter/rescuer to a fixed anchor point or to another person. Light water An additive to use with water in the extinguishing of petroleum and similar fires. LMR Abbreviation for land mobile radio. Component of New Zealand Fire Service communications system between a communications centre and a fire appliance over a radio network M Medium-diameter hose A hose with diameter between 2½ and 3 inches (76 mm). Monitor Firefighting delivery that is established and left unattended. Typical uses include ground monitors, which deliver water onto large fires or provide a water curtain. Also known as deluge guns, Deck Monitors tend to be attended and deliver large water volumes onto the fire. Multigas detector Measuring device designed to indicate concentrations of multiple (typically four) selected gases, such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen cyanide, etc. MDT Abbreviation for Mobile Data Terminal, typically a specialized laptop-style personal computer mounted in the cab of the apparatus, using a radio network for data transmission between communication centres and the apparatus crew. Often connected to computer-assisted dispatch system. May be used with a Global Positioning System receiver to locate apparatus and map routes to call locations. N NH National hose thread, also known as NST (National Standard Thread). Commonly used in fire hose couplings, it has a slightly larger thread diameter and coarser pitch (fewer threads per inch) than the alternative NPSH thread. The threads specified in NFPA 1963 are "NH". NIFTI Naval InFrared Thermal Imager. A device used aboard naval ships to help locate hotspots where fire or personnel may be located in a dense smoke environment. Nozzle A device attached to the end of a fire hose that directs, shapes and regulates the flow of the water or fire fighting agent pumped into the hose. May have a control valve. Can also be referred to as a branch pipe. Nozzle tip Portion of firehose that forms the fire stream as it leaves the hose. Can be solid, fog, or other specialty nozzle (e.g., piercing, Bresnan cellar nozzle, wand tip, etc.). NPSH National Pipe Straight Hose thread, also known as IPT (Iron Pipe Thread, or International Pipe Thread). Like NH threads, NPSH threads are commonly used in fire hose couplings, but the two types are not interchangeable with each other and cannot be connected together without adapters. NPSH threads have a slightly smaller diameter and more threads per inch than NH, but NPSH hoses can be fitted to NPT (National Pipe Tapered) plumbing fixtures, as the diameters and thread pitches are similar. New York roof hook A pry tool. O Officer's tool A lock pulling device. Also called an A-tool. Open-circuit SCBA See SCBA. Exhaled air is not reused by the system. Outside stem and yoke valve (OS&Y) Type of gate valve actuator arranged such that the valve stem moves in and out of the handle, thus externally indicating whether the valve is open or shut, unlike the more common gate valve wherein the stem rotates and only the gate moves up and down inside the fixture. Oxyacetylene cutting torch A commonly used torch that burns oxygen and acetylene to produce a very hot flame. Used as a forcible entry cutting tool for penetrating metal enclosures that are resistant to more conventional forcible entry equipment. P Panic doors, panic hardware Fire safety appliance permitting locked doors (typically self-closing) to be opened from the inside when pressed with sufficient force, thus permitting a person to open the door without having to turn a knob or lever. PASS device, personal alert safety system An alarm device that signals that a firefighter is in trouble. It can be activated manually by the firefighter, or activates automatically if the firefighter stops moving. May be integral to SCBA or separately activated. Also known as an ADSU (automatic distress signal unit). Passport (accountability) System in which each firefighter has an identification document that is collected by the person in charge of accounting for the respective individuals in a dangerous area, and returned to the firefighter when he or she leaves the dangerous area. Pike pole See hook Penetrator nozzle A long narrow nozzle with a hardened steel tip designed to be forced through a wall or other obstruction to deliver water to a fire on the other side when other modes of access aren't possible or carry an unacceptable degree of risk. Also commonly used in aircraft fires to rapidly deliver water or foam to the interior of an aircraft. Pickheaded axe Standard fire axe having a 6 or 8 lb (2.7 or 3.6 kg) steel head with a cutting blade on one edge and a square, pointed pick on the opposite side. Come in various handle lengths. Plec-Tron Jargon, brand-name of early radio-frequency paging system for summoning firefighters. The Pig A blunt forcible entry tool. Pineapple Tool used to help suppress a basement fire. Pipeman The firefighter who is on the nozzle attacking the fire. Plug Slang term for a fire hydrant. This survives from the days when water mains actually had holes in the tops that were plugged. Many firefighters want to keep this word while many others think it should be replaced with the accurate term, "hydrant". Pompier ladder A style of ladder that is also known as a "scaling ladder". It is used to climb from one window to another. It differs from other ladders in that it does not rest on the ground. Instead it uses a large hook at the top to attach to a window sill. The word "pompier" is French for "firefighter". Pony section A shorter length of fire hose, especially large diameter hose, used to connect an apparatus to a hydrant or another apparatus. Portable water tank Collapsible reservoir used for storing water transported to fireground by tanker. May be inflatable or supported by a frame. Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) Ventilation of an area by the use of a fan to push clean air into that space and controlled use of openings for the escape of smoke and gasses. Post indicator valve (PIV) A type of valve used for underground piping, having a lockable actuator atop a post with a window indicating "open" or "shut" status of the valve. It can be used to control a sprinkler system, hydrant or other device, or may be used as a divisional valve. Post indicator valves are also used for process and domestic water systems, and when this occurs on the same property, they are distinguished by color: red for fire; blue, green or yellow for process water. Preconnect Firehose on a fire engine that has one end connected to a pump outlet, and usually a nozzle on the other end. May also be a preconnected inlet hose (e.g., soft suction). Reduces steps at scene of fire. Pulaski A tool that combines an axe and a mattock in one head, similar to that of the cutter mattock, with a rigid handle of wood, plastic, or fiberglass Pumper Vehicle apparatus for pumping water and other fire suppressants. See fire engine. Q Quint Fire apparatus equipped with a fire pump, water tank, ground ladders, and hose bed in addition to the aerial device. R R-Tool A forcible entry tool for removing cylinder locks; used with a Halligan bar. It is a larger version of a K-tool. Rabbit tool Hydraulic spreading tool that is specially designed to open doors that swing inward. Red line See booster hose Reducer Adapter used to attach a larger diameter source hose to a smaller diameter receiving hose. The female end has the larger threads, while the male end has the smaller threads. Relief valve A valve set to open at a specified pressure so as to not exceed safe operating pressure in hoses or pumps. Rescue engine A single piece of fire apparatus that can operate as either a rescue or an engine. This apparatus normally is outfitted with heavy rescue equipment, hoselines, pump, water tank, etc. Rex Tool A twenty-four inch bar with a U-shaped head, designed for grabbing and pulling lock cylinders. The other end is a chisel tip. Rig See apparatus. Ringdown (telephone) An automatic ringdown circuit consists of two phones at different locations. When either phone goes off-hook, the one at the other end instantly rings. Ringdown (radio) A radio, incorporating a selective calling capability, has an attention-getting device triggered by a dispatching center. A triggered device emits a sound alerting staff at a fire station, in an ambulance, on a vehicular radio or at a vehicular data terminal that an emergency call is pending. The act of ringing down a station may ring bells, activate a klaxon, turn off gas-fired cooking appliances, activate a volunteer alerting siren, turn on lights, and activate loudspeakers over which the call details are announced. Some systems use the voice path of a private line telephone circuit or a voice channel on a microwave radio instead of a two-way radio. Ringing down a vehicle may cause the radio or data terminal itself to beep continually until an "acknowledge" button is pressed. Rope hose tool Short strap or rope with a hooks at both ends for wrapping around a charged hose to secure it in position or to assist in moving it. Roof ladder Straight ladder with folding hooks at the top end. The hooks anchor the ladder over the roof ridge. S Salvage cover Tarps used to protect property (contents) during overhaul. SCBA Self-contained breathing apparatus, or air-pack, worn by firefighters to protect against toxic fumes and smoke, or where the air has insufficient oxygen. Often incorrectly called "oxygen mask" by laypersons. These are typically open circuit style, with a supply of compressed air, where expired air is exhausted, rather than closed circuit where it is filtered, re oxygenated from compressed oxygen, and inhaled again—which is used where an air supply is needed for an extended period (up to four hours). Seatbelt cutter A tool consisting of a razor blade recessed in plastic. Used to cut seat belts or other restrictions during an emergency. Self-contained breathing apparatus see SCBA Shove knife A semi-ridged metallic indented blade used to open an outwardly-swinging latch and spring type door. Siamese hose coupling for merging two streams into one, i.e., two female coupling inlets and one male coupling outlet. Skid unit A Skid unit or Slip-on is the common name used to refer to a self-contained fire fighting rig that includes hose, water tank, pump, and an engine to drive the pump, all mounted on a skid, designed to be slid into or onto the open or flat bed of a suitable truck. Slip-on See skid unit. Small-diameter hose Generally accepted to be fire hose 3" or less in diameter. Smoke detector 1.  part of a fire alarm system that detects and signals presence of smoke 2.  self-contained household device for same purpose as (1) but with its own noisemaking device. Smoke ejector Powerful fan for moving large amounts of air and smoke as part of ventilation task while fighting fire in a burning structure. May be operated by electricity or gas motor for positive or negative pressure ventilation. Soda-acid extinguisher Weak water/acid solution inside a pressure vessel, which activates bicarbonate of soda when triggered, expelling "water" (mixture) under pressure from the resulting carbon dioxide. These are obsolete and usually replaced with an APW or multipurpose extinguisher. Soft suction hose, soft sleeve A short piece of fire hose, usually 10 to 20 feet (6.1 m) long, of large diameter, greater than 2.5 inches (64 mm) and as large as 6 inches (150 mm), used to move water from a fire hydrant to the fire engine, when the fire apparatus is parked close to the hydrant. Solid stream A fire-fighting water stream emitted from a smooth-bore nozzle. This fire-fighting stream has the greatest reach and largest drops of water. Spanner wrench Small tool primarily used to tighten or loosen hose couplings; can also be used as a prying tool or a gas key. Special egress control device Locking device on doors used for delaying opening for short period (10–15 seconds) after release is pressed. Permitted as panic hardware in limited circumstances. May also refer to a security system that releases electronic door locks when a fire alarm is activated, such as in stairwells of a high-rise building. Spray nozzle See fog nozzle. Sprinkler system fire suppression system in a building, typically activated by individual heat-sensitive valves, or remotely controlled by other types of sensors, releasing water onto the fire. May be "wet" (water-filled) or "dry" (air-pressurized). Standpipe 1.  (US) A system of pipes inside a building for conducting water for fire hose attachments; may be pressurized with water ("wet") or remain "dry" until activated in an emergency; supplied either from a fire hydrant attachment or from a fire engine's pump. Permits firefighters to reach higher levels of tall buildings without having to run hoses up the stairs. Known as "wet riser" and "dry riser" respectively in the United Kingdom. 2.  (UK) A J- or T-shaped metal pipe used to access underground fire hydrants. Steamer connection A Siamese inlet to a standpipe or sprinkler system. Named for early application of steam engines for pumps. Steamer outlet Large outlet of fire hydrant. Storz coupling A type of coupling used on fire hose. The coupling is sexless, and secures with a 1/4 turn of the coupling. The coupling may or may not have some sort of locking device. Straight stream A fire-fighting water stream generated by a combination nozzle, characterized by a long reach and large water drops. It is essentially the narrowest of fog patterns that can be produced. Strainer 1.  A large metal device attached to the end of a suction hose that prevents debris from entering the hose or the pump when drawing water from a pond or other body of water. 2.  A stationary accumulation of debris in a moving body of water. Stream straightener A smoothbore pipe with baffles inside of the pipe. Usually a stream straightener is used on a master stream device between the outlet housing of the device and a smooth bore tip to reduce the agitation of water traveling to the tip so as to produce a better stream. Suction hose A large, semi-flexible and non collapsible hose used to move water from a static source such as a pond, pool or storage tank to a fire pump by means of suction. The whole process is often known as "drafting". Should not be used to connect pressurized hydrants to pumps. Sunila tool A "through-the-lock" tool that is essentially a modified pinch bar, designed to pull lock cylinders out of doors, and thus allow entry for firefighters. Supply line, supply hose, large-diameter hose fire hose, usually larger than 2.5 inches (64 mm) in diameter, used to transport water from one source to another, such as from a hydrant to a fire engine or from one engine to another. In the US a 5" diameter hose is common. Short pieces of this hose used to attach to a hydrant are often called "soft suction" (see above). T Tag accountability System in which each firefighter is issued two identification tags, one of which is then collected by a safety officer and held while the firefighter is in a hazardous area. To reclaim the tag, the firefighter must present the matching tag upon exit from the hazard. Any unclaimed tags after an "event" (such as a collapse or explosion) means the corresponding firefighters are missing. May be implemented as passport system in which first tag is presented to staging officer upon arrival (for tracking) and second tag is held by IDLH safety officer, as above. Water tender or Water tanker A heavy truck or aircraft fitted with a large tank for water or other firefighting agent; as used in wildland firefighting or rural areas lacking hydrants. Task Force Tips (TFT) a popular brand of adjustable fog stream combination nozzle, now a ubiquitous term for that type of nozzle. Thermal imaging camera (TIC) Ruggedized infrared equipment used by some firefighters to detect hidden people, animals, heat sources (i.e., fire) and structural compromise. Tones A series of two or three musical notes, used as an auditory alert over a radio or radio-paging system to indicate that a particular fire company, district, or territory is dispatched to service on a particular incident. Tower ladder See aerial ladder. Trash line A preconnected attack line that is typically 1¾" diameter, and stored either on the front bumper of the apparatus or in an exterior (exposed) side well. Trash lines are typically shorter length than cross-lays, and are intended for use against dumpster fires, etc., where a longer length of hose (and consequent rebedding after the suppression is complete) is not desired. Triple combination engine company apparatus carries water, pumps water, carries hose and other equipment; firefighters who may carry out direct attack or support other engine companies. Triple lay ("triple fold", "triple load") A method of loading preconnected attack line into a hose bed or crosslay, often facilitating rapid hose deployment in a pre-flaked configuration. Turnout gear The protective clothing worn by firefighters, made of a fire-resistant material such as Nomex or Aramid, and designed to shield against extreme heat. Sometimes called bunker gear. See PPE. Includes helmet, jacket and boots, and some departments include fire-resistant pants. Turntable rotating base of an aerial ladder that permits the ladder to be elevated and extended in any direction from a fixed location. U Utility rope A rope designed for non-life safety applications. This includes hauling equipment or securing ladders, as opposed to belaying. Uni-Engine The Uni-Engine ("Klump pump") is a self-contained mobile firefighting apparatus, consisting of a water tank, high-pressure pump and storage area for fast transportation to remote areas V Valve Mechanical means for stopping and starting flow in a conduit; many types used in firefighting, including gate–, foot–, clapper– (backflow preventers), sprinkler-heads, etc. Variable speed fire pump controller A Variable Speed (VFD) Fire Pump Controller is a fire pump controller that is able to vary the speed of the motor depending on the demand of the fire pump, resulting in the ability to hold a constant discharge pressure. Ventilation saw A high-powered saw with metal-cutting teeth or disc for quickly making large openings in roofing materials. Often, a chain saw with an attached guard to limit the depth of cut. W Wagon See hose wagon. Wall-indicator valve Type of control valve for sprinkler systems that is mounted to an outside wall and indicates "open" or "shut" in an indicator window on the valve body. Water curtain nozzle A nozzle designed to throw a fan of water droplets to form a "curtain" in an attempt to reduce the risk of radiated heat igniting a nearby exposure. Also known as Water Wall. Water flow alarm An audible alarm indicating that one or more sprinkler heads have been activated. "Flow" is often detected by a change in pressure, subjecting these systems to false alarms if anything affects the water pressure feeding the system, however transient. Water mist fire suppression A sprinkler-like system that uses a very fine mist featuring much lower water flow than conventional sprinklers to suppress, rather than extinguish a fire. Water tender or tanker A vehicle that contains a substantial tank of water and perhaps a pump, primarily for drafting or bulk transfer to a portable water tank. Webbing A strong fabric woven into a strip. Used to drag victims, as a hose strap, or to secure objects. Water thief (valve) Type of gated wye having one or more outlets smaller than the largest outlet. Wedges Wooden blocks for temporary shut-off of activated sprinkler heads or holding doors open during firefighting or rescue operations. Wet pipe sprinkler system Sprinkler system containing pressurized water rather than air, such that water flows immediately upon release of a heat-sensitive head. "Wet water" Water into which a surface tension reducing agent has been introduced. The resultant mixture, with its reduced surface tension, is more able to penetrate burning product more deeply and extinguish deep-seated fire. Wye hose appliance used for splitting one line into two discharges. Often a gated wye is used to allow and disallow water flow through the two separate discharges. Not to be confused with Siamese, which is used to bring two smaller lines together into one. Y Y-connect See wye. Z Z-adapter Large hose appliance for connecting supplemental pumps into long supply lines, in the form of a "Z"; may be improvised from two gated wye valves and a double female between two of the gated outlets or from a siamese that has one inlet connected to one outlet of a gated wye.

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Figure from Greek mythology In Greek mythology, Agathon (/ˈæɡəθɒn/; Ancient Greek: Ἀγάθων) was one of the sons of King Priam of Troy by other women. He was one of the last surviving princes during the Trojan War.

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Erwood is a hamlet in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The hamlet has an outfitting business (for guided hunting), a community centre, and a Church of God. There is a traffic bridge on Highway 3, just west of the hamlet, where residents enjoy swimming in the Red Deer River. Residents of the area also maintain the Erwood Cemetery that exists approximately 1.5 miles from the hamlet. Demographics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Erwood had a population of 35 living in 18 of its 30 total private dwellings, a change of -30% from its 2016 population of 50. With a land area of 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi), it had a population density of 79.5/km2 (206.0/sq mi) in 2021. Railway In 1890, the Canadian Northern Railway began building a line north from Swan River with the intention of reaching the Hudson Bay. They started building the line in the narrow corridor between the Porcupine Hills and Lake Winnipegosis, but instead decided to turn west into the North-West Territories where the logging industry was developing. By 1900, the line was terminated at E.R. Wood, which later became known as Erwood. From 1903 to 1905, the line was extended to Melfort. From 1907 to 1910, another rail line was built to connect the Erwood-Melfort line to The Pas. The two rail lines intersected at Etomami River, which was later renamed Hudson Bay Junction, because the new line to The Pas was intended to continue to the shores of the Hudson Bay. Lumber Mills Several sawmills existed around Erwood throughout the early 20th century. Between the 1920s and 1940s, corporate sawmills were owned by Dart Lumber Company and Dovich Brothers, and private sawmills were owned by P.E. Sturby and Nick Ukrainetz. Church of God The Church of God in Erwood has been operating since the 1920s. The services were originally conducted in Russian, due to the large number of Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian immigrants in the area. Today, the services take place on Sunday mornings in English. The church also supports a summer camp at Greenwater Lake Provincial Park.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotronic"}

Egotronic is a German electropunk band from Berlin formed in 2000. It is well known for its Antideutsch political views. Band history After a couple of projects released through self-publishing, Egotronic joined the Hamburg record label Audiolith Records in 2005, whereon their first single Nein nein/Luxus (No no/luxury) got released. The band went on a tour through Russia (accompanied by the artist Plemo) during the same year. In 2006, Egotronic released their first album Die richtige Einstellung (The right attitude). The second album, Lustprinzip (Pleasure principle) followed in 2007, the third one in 2008. Its fourth album, called Ausflug mit Freunden (Excursion with friends), on which almost every song is a cooperation with friends of Egotronic, was released on 30 April 2010. Their fifth album Macht keinen Lärm (Don't be noisy) is heavily influenced by classic punk music, making heavy use of guitars, and pop music, featuring more melodic and less trashy songs compared to earlier albums. Genre In their style, the band combines the attitude and the sociocritical pretensions of punk rock with elements from Electronic music and Synthpop. Egotronic closely cooperates with other Audiolith bands, such as Frittenbude or Saalschutz, which also show stylistic similarities. One of Egotronic's characteristics is the extensive use of Commodore 64 and Atari sounds, which are, however, produced on contemporary computers. Especially sounds that are well-known from classic computer games are often used in the songs; even the music videos are reminiscent of those old computer games. Political activism Egotronic participates in the initiative I Can't Relax in Deutschland, which is an organization of artists, who criticize German patriotism and an increasing nationalization of pop culture. In its lyrics, Egotronic often communicates political messages, for example on the debates on Leitkultur or Jürgen Möllemann. In the song Nicht nur Raver (Not just ravers), Egotronic takes a stand in the discussion on the Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen and the Mügeln mob attack. Egotronic's anti-German attitude is subject to criticism, even within the left scene. Public attention was drawn to the band for its Rave-style version of the English football song Ten German Bombers, which got released on the occasion of the FIFA World Cup in 2006. The leftist nationwide newspaper taz reported on the song. Discography Singles: Albums:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Miller_High_Life_400"}

Auto race held at Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway in 1986 Motor car race The 1986 Miller High Life 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that was held on February 23, 1986, at Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway (now Richmond Raceway) in Richmond, Virginia. Almost the entire grid was born in the United States of America; Canadian Trevor Boys was the only foreigner. Individual winnings for this event ranged from the winner's share of $37,880 ($93,642 when adjusted for inflation) to the last-place share of $2,515 ($6,217 when adjusted for inflation); the total prize purse stood at $225,435 ($557,291 when adjusted for inflation). Richmond was a .542 symmetrical oval until 1988. Just after the Pontiac Excitement 400, the first big steps were taken to transform RIR into the 3/4-mile tri-oval we know today. That's why the grandstands were so far away from guardrail; reconfiguration had already begun. Background In 1953, Richmond International Raceway began hosting the Grand National Series with Lee Petty winning that first race in Richmond. The original track was paved in 1968. In 1988, the track was re-designed into its present D-shaped configuration. The name for the raceway complex was "Strawberry Hill" until the Virginia State Fairgrounds site was bought out in 1999 and renamed the "Richmond International Raceway". Race report 31 of 35 entered drivers qualified for this race. The drivers who failed to qualify were: Johnathan Lee Edwards, Alan Kulwicki, and Ronnie Thomas. Eddie Bierschwale would be the first car out of the race. Kyle Petty would defeat Joe Ruttman in his 1986 Ford Thunderbird, finishing under caution in front of twenty-five thousand fans. On the final lap, Darrell Waltrip and Dale Earnhardt tangled, causing a 5-car pileup. Running second at the time was Ruttman, who led for 100 feet before spinning out due to hitting the apron while trying to avoid the pile-up. This allowed Kyle to prevail. It was a win that was oddly similar to his father's 1979 Daytona 500 win in that the two competitors running 1-2 wrecked and the winner capitalized. This was also the only time since 1968 that a Wood Brothers car visited victory lane without the famed #21 vehicle. Despite having the most wins at the track, Petty vigorously disliked the half-mile and preferred the more traditional short track racing venues of the 1960s and the 1970s. Richard Petty would finish in 20th place at this race despite qualifying in 27th place. Earnhardt dominated the NASCAR Winston Cup Series from 1986 to 1995; and his third-place finish at this race proved that he could be dominant on almost any track during the 1980s and the 1990s. Looking at the wins after this wreck between Dale and Darrell, this was the turning point of their "rivalry". Earnhardt took off and never looked back while Waltrip's competitiveness dwindled up until his retirement in 2000. Considered to be a classic short track race typical of the 1980s, it had a great finish as well as a first-time winner. Dale Earnhardt dominated the middle section of the race by leading for 128 laps, but crashed with Darrell Waltrip in the closing laps after a controversial fender-banging duel. Earnhardt and Waltrip's battle was considered daring enough for Dale to stick Darrell's car head-on into the guardrail. Dale Earnhardt was really hounding Geoff Bodine for the lead early in this race. At one point Earnhardt got the dirt off Turn 2 and the back end kicked out on him but he held on and not only didn't spin the Wrangler #3 Chevy but saved it, didn't lose a spot, and didn't really lose a spot as he went right back to hunting Bodine. NASCAR was more about raw skill, determination, and grit during the 1980s instead of luck-based strategies. Even if some of the changes made to NASCAR during the 21st century weren't implemented, the natural evolution of the sport would make it look vastly different compared to the 1980s. This race had no pit road speed, race back to the caution, and was still scored by hand. Richard Childress was a minor figure in NASCAR history until Dale Earnhardt came along and provided him with this powerful performance to make him a dominant team owner in NASCAR. Terry Labonte came into the pits with what he thought was an engine failure and pulled the #44 Piedmont Airlines Oldsmobile behind the wall to retire it. A pit crew member checked the car and found a piece of metal was screwing with the ignition and once he removed it the car refired, running fine. Texas Terry jumped back in it, rejoined the race, and they still came away with a 15th-place finish at the end of the day. Doug Heveron was a late entry for this race but made the most of his one-off in Elmo Langley's signature #64 Ford. Heveron brought his T-Bird home 13th to match his career-best finish in Cup action. It was Petty's first NASCAR Winston Cup series victory and his only one on a short track. After the race, Earnhardt had to pay a $3,000 fine ($7,416 when adjusted for inflation) plus a $10,000 security bond for the late-race incident involving himself and Darrell Waltrip. Earnhardt was also placed on probation for the remainder of the season - the longest probation period ever given in the sport at the time. Earnhardt suffered a sore neck and blurred vision as a result of this incident. After the penalties were announced, Earnhardt appealed. On appeal, the infraction was reduced to a minor offense, with the $10,000 bond and probation period being overturned. However, the $3,000 fine was upheld. Geoffrey Bodine would lead the championship standings after this race with 332 points with Darrell Waltrip only two points behind him. Notable crew chiefs in the race were Darrell Bryant, Kirk Shelmerdine, Robin Pemberton, Jeff Hammond, Tim Brewer, Bud Moore, Larry McReynolds, Dale Inman, Junie Donlavey among many others. Qualifying results Timeline Section reference: Finishing order Section reference: * Driver failed to finish race Standings after the race

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatut_Tasbih"}

Salatul Tasbih (صلاة تسبيح) also known as supplication prayer, is a form of sunnah prayer. As the name suggests, this unique prayer involves reciting the tasbih many times and it is said those who pray this particular way will have many of their sins forgiven. Prophet Muhammad advised the Muslims to pray this at least once in their lifetime. Procedure This unique prayer consists of four rakats which is divided into two separate sets. It is important to note that this prayer is not particularly different from any other prayer. The only difference is the inclusion of tasbih and can only be recited after you finished the glorifications as the person would in any other prayers. In total one should be reciting 300 tasbih in its entirety. Hadith Narrated Abdullah Ibn Abbas: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to al-Abbas ibn AbdulMuttalib: Abbas, my uncle, shall I not give you, shall I not present to you, shall I not donate to you, shall I not produce for you ten things? If you act upon them, Allah will forgive you your sins, first and last, old and new, involuntary and voluntary, small and great, secret and open. These are the ten things: you should pray four rak'ahs, reciting in each one Fatihat al-Kitab and a surah. When you finish the recitation of the first rak'ah you should say fifteen times while standing: "Glory be to Allah", "Praise be to Allah", "There is no god but Allah", "Allah is most great". Then you should bow and say it ten times while bowing. Then you should raise your head after bowing and say it ten times. Then you should kneel down in prostration and say it ten times while prostrating yourself. Then you should raise your head after prostration and say it ten times. Then you should prostrate yourself and say it ten times. Then you should raise your head after prostrating and say it ten times in every rak'ah. You should do that in four rak'ahs. If you can observe it once daily, do so; if not, then once weekly; if not, then once a month; if not, then once a year; if not, then once in your lifetime.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Maclet"}

French painter Jules Émile Élisée Maclet (12 April 1881 – 23 August 1962) was a French Impressionist painter, particularly known for his views of Montmartre. Biography Maclet was born the son of a gardener and a laundress at Lihons in the Santerre region in Picardy. His family was poor and he began work very young as an assistant to his father. Picardy is renowned for its roses, and Maclet used to say that he was born among cabbages and roses.[citation needed] His artistic talent became evident very early. His father was also the sexton of the local parish church, where Maclet became a choirboy. The parish priest, Father Delval, was also an amateur painter, and often on fine Sundays he took the boy out to sketch and paint in the countryside. The artist Puvis de Chavannes found the same scenes a source of inspiration, and on an April Sunday in 1892 happened to see some of the 12-year-old boy's work. The artist was so impressed that he asked Maclet's father to allow his son to study with him, but the father refused. In spite of paternal opposition, a few years later Maclet gave up gardening for art and moved to Montmartre, where while painting he supported himself with a variety of casual work (varnishing iron bedsteads, decorating the floats for the gala nights at the Moulin Rouge, washed dishes or opening oysters in restaurants). For several months he served as a cook on board a ship sailing from Marseilles to Indochina. When he finally returned to Paris, he painted dolls in crinolines and exhibited them at the Salon des Humoristes. But in spite of all these occupations, he found time to paint. When Maclet arrived in Montmartre, much of the country charm of the area still existed and he put it on canvas, even before Utrillo did so. Biographers have rather tended to pass over in silence the services Maclet rendered to Utrillo. Maclet knew practically all the future great painters of his time, Utrillo among them, and it is certain that he helped him, though his own reluctance to have people write about him may account for the fact that it is known only through oblique remarks in the records of the time. Maclet painted the Lapin Agile, the Moulin de la Galette, and the Maison de Mimi Pinson several years before Utrillo painted them. He painted most often in winter in this period, skilfully suggesting snow by leaving bare white spaces in his canvas or paper. In a short time Maclet won a circle of sincere admirers. The art dealer Dosbourg bought his work, which gave him a fairly reliable source of income and enabled him to devote more time than ever to his painting. From Montmartre he launched out into the suburbs of Paris, painting them with the same affection with which he treated the scenes of Montmartre. When war broke out in 1914, Maclet served as a medical attendant in a temporary hospital run by the Little Sisters of the Poor. That allowed him to spend his periods of leave back in Montmartre, where he stayed at the Lapin Agile thanks to the hospitality of his friend Père Frédé. Maclet slept in the cabaret hall and paid for his food by washing dishes and polishing the copper pots. While on one of these periods of leave, he painted two small pictures of the Sacré-Coeur and the Moulin de la Galette which he sold to a M. Deibler, who combined his profession of official executioner with a love of the fine arts. Francis Carco, the painter and poet, was also an admirer of his work and became a patron. When the war ended in 1918, Maclet returned to Montmartre. Carco, feeling that the painter needed to widen his horizons, sent him to stay in Dieppe, and the sea coast soon featured in Maclet's paintings. In the following year he came back to Montmartre and to his former subjects. Montmartre was now changing: new apartment buildings were going up, taking the place of the green spaces, and under a huge reconstruction the picturesqueness of the Ourcq Canal was soon to disappear, as were the laundry boats on the Seine. Maclet captured these things in his canvases. His views of Paris were now earning him increasing recognition and success. Besides Carco, he found great supporters in the famous writer Colette and the American art dealer Hugo Perlsall, who regarded him as the equal of other great painters of the period.[citation needed] Max Jacob wrote about him. Famous dealers of the time, such as Pierre Menant and Matho Kleimann-Boch, hung Maclet's work beside the paintings of Van Gogh and Picasso in their galleries. In 1923 Maclet entered into a contract with a wealthy Austrian manufacturer, Baron von Frey, a condition of which was that he should leave Paris for the south of France, as the Baron sensed that Maclet would know how to handle the brilliant light and intense colors of the Midi. The Baron's judgment was vindicated only a few hours after Maclet's arrival in Arles, when the son of an old and famous friend of Van Gogh's said to him, "Not since Van Gogh have I seen a painter use such pure color as you do."[citation needed] Maclet stayed in the region from 1924 to 1928. He painted in Orange, Vaison-la-Romaine, La Ciotat, Cassis, Golfe-Juan, Antibes, Cagnes, Saint-Paul-de-Vence, Villefranche, Nice, Menton, and (in Italy) San Remo, sending back to Frey glowing landscapes and glorious floral still lifes. Von Frey reserved for himself almost the total output of this period and sent most of the paintings to America, where wealthy collectors vied to buy them at high prices. Many magazines devoted articles to Maclet, and an exhibition of his work was presented in Paris in 1928. Frey also had the satisfaction of seeing paintings by Maclet purchased by important museums in Lyons, Grenoble, and Monte Carlo. At the end of 1928, Maclet went to paint in Corsica. He spent 1929 and 1930 in Brittany and then went back to his native Picardy to paint. In the middle of 1933 he suffered the onset of a serious mental illness, from which he never entirely recovered, and was institutionalised for several months. After 1935 he resumed his studies of Paris and in 1945 presented a large exhibition of his work under the title Autour du Moulin ("Around the Moulin") which elicited from André Warnod the following glowing tribute: "What a happy spectacle to see Maclet paint. He begins by covering the top of his canvas with paint, the sky, the clouds. Then he attacks the chimneys and then the roofs, and then, floor by floor, he arrives at the street level of the houses... Under his brush, all becomes miraculously organized; he places the figures where they should be, and when he has painted the last paving block at the very bottom of the canvas, then he signs it. And the painting is finished; a happy painting expressing the joy of living."[citation needed] In 1957 a Parisian gallery organized a retrospective exhibition of Maclet's work, and the solid rise in the prices of his paintings dates from that retrospective exhibition. When he made sporadic visits to Paris during his years in the south of France, the painters of Montmartre and Montparnasse considered him a painter on the rise; the canvases he had produced while he was in the south of France showed that the peasant from Picardy had become a master. But the general public in France did not grasp his importance and value until 1957. Five years of life remained to the painter, years beautifully described by Marcel Guicheteau and Jean Cottel in these words: "Maclet had returned to his first loves, to his first poems; but it was with all his experience, all his wisdom that the old man now bent over the familiar motifs; his minor song had become a song full of light. In the evening of his life he could repeat himself without copying himself; explain himself without humiliating himself; remember himself without destroying himself. He had brought his work to such a degree of perfection that each painting from then on justified itself by references to earlier work and conferred, in a sense, a retroactive value on those works of a far-off past. The artist had reached the state wherein his work soundly established, across the years, its various pictorial values like echoes answering each other at intervals of ten, fifteen, twenty years, all singing the same harmony."[citation needed] He died in the Lariboisière Hospital in Paris on 23 April 1962 and is buried in the cemetery at Lihons next to his parents. Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_Point_Provincial_Park"}

Provincial park in Manitoba, Canada Birch Point Provincial Park is a provincial park located on Buffalo Bay, Lake of the Woods in Manitoba, Canada., about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southeast of Winnipeg. It is 13.1 hectares (0.051 sq mi) in size. It was designated as a Provincial Park in 1961. Natural environment The park is located in the Whitemouth eco-district within the Lake of the Woods ecoregion. This eco-region is part of the Boreal Shield Ecozone. The most recent glaciation and post-glacial Lake Agassiz deposited layers of glacial till across the area. Outcrops of bedrock are common. Black spruce and tamarack are found in poorly drained places, particularly those with peat soil. Mixed forests in the drier areas include jack pine, trembling aspen, paper birch, white spruce, eastern white cedar, black ash, white elm, red pine and eastern white pine.

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Guevara is a surname of Basque origin. Notable people with the surname include:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_ribesioides"}

Species of flowering plant Piper ribesioides, also known as Lao chili wood, mai sakhaan (Lao: ໄມ້ ສະຄ້ານ, Lao pronunciation: [sa.kʰâːn]), sankhaan, sankharn, sankahn or sakahn is a species of black pepper plant. The woody vine or stem of the plant has a hot, peppery and chili flavour, with a lingering aftertaste and slightly numbing sensation to the tongue. It is commonly used in Lao cuisine both in Laos and the predominately Lao ethnic region of Northeastern Thailand. It is the most important ingredient in Laos' famous Or lam. Its berries are sometimes pressed for an oil that is also used in cooking. Piper ribesioides, is a lesser known woody species known to occur in Laos, Myanmar, Andaman-Nicobar Islands, and Malesia. This taxon was located in the Andaman Islands in 1834 by Dr Helfer, a geologist who made extensive botanical collections from Tenasserim (Myanmar) and the Andaman Islands. Unfortunately, he was murdered by the indigenous people of the northern Andaman Islands and his collections from Tenasserim and Andaman Islands were mixed up, causing much confusion about the geographical origin of the botanical collections. Hence the locality of all herbarium collections made by Helfer have been designated as Tenasserim/Andaman Islands. Exact occurrence of several collections made by Helfer was later reconfirmed by other botanists during their explorations. One of his collections deposited at Central National Herbarium, Howrah (CAL) designated the locality as Tenasserim/Andaman Islands was Piper ribesioides; however, the occurrence of this species in Andaman Islands was doubted until its rediscovery in 1990 by Mathew and Abraham. This woody climbing liana is evidently rare in the Andaman Islands. Living accessions of this rare insular species from the Andaman Islands is conserved at the Field Gene Bank of Jawharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum, South India.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_(album)"}

Solo album by Jorma Kaukonen Jorma is the second solo album by Jorma Kaukonen of Hot Tuna and Jefferson Airplane. Hot Tuna had stopped touring in 1977 and Jack Casady had moved on to the band SVT. Bill Thompson and the staff that had managed Hot Tuna and still managed Jefferson Starship in 1979 continued to manage Kaukonen. David Kahne was hired to produce and the new solo album was released on RCA. The album consists entirely of Jorma's own vocals and his own electric and acoustic guitar work with many original songs written by Kaukonen. The last track is a poem recited by Kaukonen with no instrumental backing. Track listing All tracks composed by Jorma Kaukonen; except where indicated Side One Side Two Personnel Production

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suczki,_Go%C5%82dap_County"}

Village in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Suczki [ˈsut͡ʂki] (German: Sutzken, 1933–1945: Hitlershöhe) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gołdap, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Gołdap and 130 km (81 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is located in the historic region of Masuria. The village was founded by Poles.

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Empress Dowager Duan (段太后, personal name unknown) was an empress dowager of the Chinese/Xianbei state Later Yan. She was a concubine of the founding emperor Murong Chui (Emperor Wucheng), and she was the mother of Murong Xi (Emperor Zhaowen). Biography Little is known about her life before Murong Xi became emperor, and although it appears likely that she might be related to Murong Chui's empress Duan Yuanfei, that connection is not completely clear. After Murong Xi succeeded his nephew Murong Sheng (Emperor Zhaowu) in 401, initially, he did not honor her as empress dowager, as Murong Sheng's mother Empress Dowager Ding was already empress dowager, but after he forced Empress Dowager Ding to commit suicide in 402 over her failed coup attempt, he honored his mother as empress dowager around the new year 404. In summer 407, after Murong Xi's empress Empress Fu Xunying died, Empress Dowager Duan, for reasons unknown, removed her own empress dowager title and moved out of the palace. That was the last historical reference to her, and it is not known what happened to her after Murong Xi was killed in a coup by his adoptive nephew Murong Yun (Emperor Huiyi) later that year.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada"}

Historic alcohol ban in Canada Prohibition in Canada was a ban on alcoholic beverages that arose in various stages, from local municipal bans in the late 19th century (extending to the present in some cases), to provincial bans in the early 20th century, and national prohibition (a temporary wartime measure) from 1918 to 1920. The relatively large and powerful beer and alcohol manufacturing sector, and the huge working class that purchased their products, failed to convince any of the governments to reverse their stance on prohibition. Most provinces repealed their bans in the 1920s, though alcohol was illegal in Prince Edward Island from 1901 to 1948. By comparison, Ontario's temperance act was in effect from 1916 to 1927. As legislation prohibiting the consumption of alcohol was repealed, it was typically replaced with regulation imposing restrictions on the sale of alcohol to minors, and with excise taxes on alcoholic products. Origins Temperance movement Canadians drank heavily during the nineteenth century. The Upper Canadian census of 1851 recorded 1,999 taverns or one to 478 people. Drunkenness, fighting, domestic abuse, and household impoverishment were rampant. Prohibition was mostly spurred on by the organized crusades against social evil launched by the temperance movement. They targeted drinking establishments, which they viewed as the source of societal ills and misery. Initially, the temperance movement in Canada, which began in the 1820s, was largely concerned with the consumption of strong liquor, while beer, wine, and cider were not considered to be a significant problem. However, by the 1840s, "total abstinence" temperance societies were the norm, and all alcoholic beverages, including those with lighter alcohol content, were considered dangerous. Inspired by the Maine Law of 1851, which saw legal prohibition in the state of Maine, the temperance movement in Canada shifted to the strategy of legal coercion to advance the cause of sobriety. The main temperance organizations that emerged at the beginning of the prohibition era in Canada were the Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of Canada. Protestant denominations, including Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Congregationalists, generally supported prohibition and campaigned for it beginning in the late 19th century. Prohibition was an important aspect of the Protestant Social Gospel. The WCTU established itself throughout much of Canada and the United States as one of the largest and most influential contributors to the temperance movement. One way the WCTU attempted to spread the message of temperance was by pressuring provincial governments for temperance instruction in schools. In 1892, under pressure from the WCTU and other temperance organizations, Nova Scotia enacted legislation requiring schools to teach students about the effects of alcohol on the human body. By the end of the 19th century, through the efforts of the WCTU, most provinces had at least some temperance instruction in school. The WCTU also looked outside of the formal school systems to promote temperance ideals to children, and also spread their message to Sunday schools, and youth groups. The Dominion Alliance was an umbrella organization that "included representatives from most temperance and prohibition societies," including the WCTU. The group lobbied governments at various levels to enact prohibitory laws, and other legislation that advanced the cause of temperance. They submitted a memorial, or a written statement of principles, to the nineteenth session of the Huron Diocese's Anglican Synod in 1876. In it they stated: "The Council of the Alliance has agreed to the following principles as a basis to which they most respectfully but earnestly call your attention: "DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES. "1. That it is neither right nor politic for the Government to afford legal protection and sanction to any traffic or system that tends to increase crime, to waste the resources of the Dominion, to corrupt the social habits, and to destroy the healths and lives of the people. "2. That the traffic in intoxicating liquors as common beverages is inimical to the true interests of individuals, and destructive of the order and welfare of society, and ought therefore to be prohibited. "3. That the history and results of all legislation in regard to the liquor traffic abundantly prove, that it is impossible satisfactorily to limit or regulate a system so essentially mischievous in its tendencies. "4. That no consideration of private gain or public revenue can justify the upholding of a traffic so thoroughly wrong in principle, so suicidal in policy, and disastrous in its results, as the traffic in intoxicating liquors. "5. That the Legislative Prohibition of the liquor traffic is perfectly compatible with national liberty, and with the claims of justice and legitimate commerce. "6. That the Legislative Prohibition of the liquor traffic would be highly conducive to the development of progressive civilization. "7. That rising above sectarian and party considerations, all good citizens should combine to procure an enactment prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages, as affording the most efficient aid in removing the appalling evils of intemperance." "There may be differences of opinion in regard to the foregoing particulars, but the Council assures the Christian Body it has now the honor to approach, that the utmost diligence has been exercised in the examination of evidence on all the subjects embraced therein. "Deeply convinced of the value of the aid of Christian Ministers and Churches, as such, we solicit your co-operation in the efforts now being made to concentrate the moral and religious energies of the Dominion against the liquor traffic. "Your memorialists most earnestly hope that your counsels may be wisely directed, and that you will take such action in the premises as may strengthen the hands and encourage the hearts of those who have the direction of the Prohibitory Liquor Law movement." Legislation Local option Some legislative steps toward prohibition were taken in the 19th century. The passage of the Canada Temperance Act of 1864, also called the "Dunkin Act", in the Province of Canada, allowed any county or city to forbid the sale of liquor by majority vote. After Canadian Confederation, local option was extended to the rest of Canada via the Canada Temperance Act of 1878. It was often known as the Scott Act after its sponsor Sir Richard William Scott. It also allowed any county or city to opt in to a prohibitionist scheme if there was a bare majority in a local vote. Under the CTA, the sale of alcohol for sacramental or medicinal usage remained legal. Local option votes resulted in more than 240 places in Ontario being under local option prohibition by 1912. The Cardston, Alberta, licence district, which included the town and surrounding countryside, voted in favour of local option prohibition in 1902. Failed referendum An official, but non-binding, federal referendum on prohibition was held in 1898. 51 percent voted in favour of prohibition, and 49 percent voted against. Voter turnout was low at 44 percent. Prohibition had a majority in all provinces except Quebec, where a strong 80 percent of the population voted against it. The main factor was religion. Pietistic Protestants, such as Methodists, Presbyterians and Scandinavian Lutherans, were strongly in support. Liturgical or high church Protestants, such as Anglicans and German Lutherans were in opposition; the Catholic population, both French and Irish, strongly opposed. Urban areas were more opposed than rural, but economic wealth made little difference. Despite a prohibition majority, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier's government chose not to introduce a federal bill on prohibition, because of strong opposition in Quebec, and low voter turnout. As a result, prohibition in Canada would only be enacted through individual sets of laws passed at the provincial level during the first twenty years of the 20th century. Provincial and federal prohibition In 1900–1919, one province after another went "dry." In March 1918 the federal government as a war measure made it illegal to manufacture "intoxicating" drinks. Most of the provinces enacted prohibition during the First World War, and opted to extend the ban on alcohol following the end of the war. Between 1878 and 1928 about 75% of Canadian breweries had closed. Notable extremes were Prince Edward Island which implemented prohibition as early as 1901, and Quebec which adopted prohibition in 1919 but quickly repealed it after intense public pressure. The First World War was an important factor in the success of prohibition efforts in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. Many believed that prohibition would create a Canadian society worthy of the sacrifices of soldiers overseas. The argument was also raised that prohibition would benefit the war effort since it would prevent waste and inefficiency. Some also considered the barroom a place where "foreigners" congregated and "plotted" against the British Empire, and therefore the war effort. As former opponents of prohibition became silenced, lest they be judged as unpatriotic, provinces began to implement prohibition. Following the election of 1917 the federal government introduced national prohibition by an Order in Council that became effective on April 1, 1918. It prohibited the importation of alcohol of more than 2.5 percent into Canada, the inter-provincial trade of alcohol, and included a ban on production. The wartime ban expired a year after the conclusion of the war. This was the first and last time that national prohibition on the production, distribution, and consumption of alcohol was enacted in Canada. First Nations Indigenous peoples in Canada were subject to prohibitory alcohol laws under the Indian Act of 1876. This was an attempt on the part of the Canadian government to facilitate assimilation, because for an indigenous person to possess alcohol they had to become a Canadian citizen through enfranchisement and to be eligible for enfranchisement indigenous people had to demonstrate sobriety. The laws also reflected a widespread false belief among North Americans, that indigenous peoples were more prone to alcohol dependency, known as the "firewater myth." Sections of the Indian Act regarding liquor were not repealed for over a hundred years, until 1985. Alcohol production in Ontario Despite having prohibition from 1916 until 1927 in Ontario, the government allowed for numerous exceptions. Wineries were exempted from closure, and various breweries and distilleries remained open for the export market. In Hamilton, Ontario, Rocco Perri specialized in exporting liquor from old Canadian distilleries, such as Seagram and Gooderham and Worts, to the United States, and helped these companies obtain a large share of the American market. In London, Ontario, Harry Low and his group of rum-runners bought the Carling Brewery, while the Labatt family left the operations to the manager Edmund Burke. The fact that the "export" might be by small boat from Windsor across the river to Detroit only helped the province's economy. Rum-running occurred in other provinces as well. Repeal The dates for the repeal of prohibition are often debated. Throughout the prohibition period, Ontario-made wines remained legal in Ontario and some have argued that Ontario never had prohibition. The government allowed the sale of light beer, considered to be non-intoxicating (and generally reviled by drinkers) in 1923, but it did not repeal the legislation creating prohibition until 1927, replacing it with the Liquor Control Act and creating the Liquor Control Board of Ontario to enforce the Act. Although some might argue the light beer amendment of 1923 ended prohibition, there is a general consensus among recent historians that 1927 is the date of repeal. Similar debates can be made across the country. This table should not be taken as definitive, but rather one interpretation of prohibition's end points. Between the years of 1920–1925 five provinces voted to repeal prohibition. The elimination of alcoholic beverages had made a difference in Canadian society. The Ontario Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Trade stated in 1922 that the number of convictions for offenses associated with drink had declined from 17,413 in 1914 to 5,413 in 1921, and drunkenness cases had dropped from 16,590 in 1915 to 6,766 in 1921. By the end of prohibition, nearly three quarters of beer breweries had closed. It was only in the second half of the twentieth century that a significant number of new breweries opened again. After the First World War, opponents of prohibition claimed that too many people were ignoring the law and drinking illegally, and that prohibition contributed to the expansion of organized crime and violence. The new slogans were 'Moderation' and 'Government Regulation.' Moreover, the denominations of Presbyterianism, Methodism, and Congregationalism voted to merge as the United Church of Canada, to create a stronger liberal voice. The possibility of new revenue led several provinces to introduce government control on the sale of alcohol and by the mid-1920s prohibition was fighting a losing battle. Most provinces repealed their prohibition laws during the 1920s. After the 1924 Ontario prohibition referendum narrowly upheld prohibition under the Ontario Temperance Act (OTA), the Ontario government led by Howard Ferguson permitted the sale of low-alcohol beer. Ferguson's successful re-election platform in 1926 included a repeal of the OTA. Prohibition was ended in 1927 following the election, and the Liquor Control Act (LCA) was passed supplanting the OTA. The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) was created to enforce the LCA by "controlling the sale of liquor to the public and the regulation of the places in which people could drink their booze." The Liquor Control Act of 1927 allowed for the sale of alcoholic beverages for individual purchase, but public drinking of full strength alcohol (in pubs, taverns, restaurants, beverage rooms) remained illegal. Subsequently, the Liquor Control Act of 1934 permitted public drinking, but only in hotel beverage rooms where beer was permitted, and dining rooms where beer and wine was permitted with meals. Since each province had its own laws, any attempt to generalize liquor control legislation distorts the situation. Quebec repealed prohibition in 1919; British Columbia in 1921, and this rolled across the country roughly west to east. Quebec had a more liberal system than most places in North America at the time. They legalized the sale of light beer, cider, and wine in hotels, taverns, cafes, clubs and corner stores in 1919. Two years later, faced with extensive smuggling of hard liquors, the province legalized the sale of spirits in government run stores. Quebec, a convenient train ride from the eastern seaboard of the United States, became a mecca for thirsty Americans, even inspiring the song "Hello Montreal." British Columbia's new law initially covered only public sale in stores. Public drinking remained illegal until 1925, when "beer by the glass" legislation permitted beer parlours to open in hotels. Alberta repealed prohibition in 1924, along with Saskatchewan, upon realizing that the laws were enforceable only at great expense. Alberta replaced Prohibition with government-store sales of hard liquor and beer "parlours" selling beer under strict conditions. Prince Edward Island was the last province to repeal prohibition in 1948. Despite the lifting of provincial Prohibition laws, it still remained illegal for most types of liquor to be shipped across provincial borders, under the Importation of Intoxicating Liquors Act, into the 21st century. In response, Okanagan MP Dan Albas tabled Bill C-311, which would repeal this restriction and allow the interprovincial distribution of wine (but not beer or spirits). With the promise of potential for increased investment in Canada's wine industry if the restrictions were lifted (owing to wineries finally being able to distribute their product nationally), the bill passed the House with a vote of 287–0 in June 2012. However, the exemption created by the amendment is subject to the laws of the province into which the wine is being shipped. So far, the provinces have responded inconsistently. For example, Ontario and British Columbia have permitted the interprovincial transport of wine on the person (up to one case), but have made no law or policy that allows interprovincial shipment of wine. Dry communities in Canada Municipalities in Canada that have prohibited or restricted sale of alcohol within their borders: Alberta In 2022 Raymond considered allowing alcohol sales. "In June of 2020, the province removed the last vestiges of the Prohibition Act and when that happened, Raymond went from prohibited community to a community without licence,” said Kurtis Pratt, Raymond’s chief administrative officer. Manitoba Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nunavut There are also 12 communities that operate the committee system. In these communities anybody wishing to purchase alcohol must obtain permission, including the quantity, from a locally elected Alcohol Education Committee (AEC), before they are allowed to order from Iqaluit (Baffin communities), Rankin Inlet (Kivalliq communities), or Yellowknife (Kitikmeot communities). These communities are Arctic Bay, Cape Dorset, Chesterfield Inlet, Clyde River, Hall Beach, Igloolik, Kimmirut, Naujaat (Repulse Bay), Pond Inlet, Qikiqtarjuaq, Resolute Bay, and Whale Cove. Seven communities are unrestricted: Baker Lake, Cambridge Bay, Grise Fiord, Iqaluit, Kugluktuk, Rankin Inlet, and Taloyoak. In May 2022 the hamlet of Kugluktuk voted to return to limit on alcohol sales. A total of 287 votes were cast. This was equivalent to 38 percent of eligible voters in the community whose total population is approximately 1,400. Sixty per cent of those voters opted for restrictions, which exceeds the 60-per-cent threshold that was required for change. Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Footnotes

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danske_Islands"}

Danske Islands, Danish: Danske Øer; meaning 'Danish Islands', is an island group of the Greenland Sea, NE Greenland. The islands are uninhabited. Administratively they belong to the Northeast Greenland National Park. Name conflict This island group was named by John Haller during the 1956–1958 Expedition to East Greenland led by Lauge Koch, to pay tribute to the work of the 1906–08 Denmark expedition. Previously the Duke of Orléans in 1905 had given the name "Îles Françaises" to an island group further north, approximating to the position of the present Franske Islands. A few years later the 1906–08 Denmark expedition had transferred the name "Franske Islands" to that position, corresponding to the northernmost islands the Duke of Orléans Arctic Expedition could have seen. A number of maps, such as the World Aeronautical Charts of 1952, among others, retain the outdated names for this island group located further south —"Franske Islands" or Îles Françaises. Geography The Danske Islands lie off the southern part of Jokel Bay, northwest of Île-de-France. The Franske Islands lie to the north, and Gamma Island to the southwest. Storøen is one of the largest islands of the group. Rabbit Ears Island is a well-known island because of its shape.

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So Close may refer to: Movies Music Albums Songs

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wakulla_County,_Florida"}

Place in Florida, United States Newport is a small unincorporated community in Wakulla County, Florida, United States of America, situated where U.S. Highway 98 meets State Road 267. History 1840s In 1841, the current Newport area and the community of Port Leon, just south, endured a severe yellow fever epidemic. In 1843 Port Leon, located on the St. Marks River, was devastated by a hurricane that produced a 10-foot storm surge. The area still struggles against the same recurring hurricane surges that move up the St. Marks River entrance. After the hurricane of September 13, 1843, washed away all of the homes, buildings and railroad tracks in Port Leon promoters Nathaniel Hamlin, James Ormond, Peter H. Swain and several others met a week later and made plans to establish another town. They spent several days searching for a site safe from the sea, then selected a piece of land on the west side of the St. Marks River, about two miles below the old town of Magnolia, Florida. This location offered high ground, fewer swamps, and springs. It was owned by the Apalachicola Land Co. The organization permitted citizens who had suffered from the storm to draw lots at a cost of $25 and up. The promoters named this new town Newport and platted it with four streets running east and west. The streets were New, Washington, Market and Adams. Those that extended north and south bore the names Bay, Pine, Elm and West. These street names were remarkably similar to those in St. Joseph, Florida territorial Florida's largest town, about 80 miles to the west down the coast.[citation needed] A seat of government Since most of Port Leon was destroyed by the storm, Newport became the seat of government in Wakulla County on Feb. 1, 1844. One of the priorities became removing the debris from the St. Marks River, a project discussed and attempted almost 20 years earlier. Dredging was undertaken, but it failed to really deepen or remove many of the rocks from the river. Daniel Ladd, Newport's leading cotton merchant, solved the situation by ordering a 100-foot steam tugboat named Spray, later the CSS Spray. Ladd used this craft to tow vessels into and out of Newport. Although those involved in the cotton brokerage businesses built several warehouses at Newport, the town shared its shipping with St. Marks further down the river. By that time, the Tallahassee Railroad had rebuilt its tracks that had been destroyed in the storm of 1843, and 40 mules were back pulling cars. A stage coach transported passengers from the terminal near St. Marks to Newport. Exporting cotton, tobacco and animal hides and importing items such as flour, coffee, whiskey, gunpowder, quinine and other medicines by rail proved expensive. A plank road Newport competed as a port with nearby St. Marks that offered a rail connection to Tallahassee that, in the beginning, featured mule-pulled train cars. Inland cotton growers and shippers through the rail terminus at Tallahassee would carry their cargo to these river ports on the St. Marks River from which they would be carried to other ports and processing points along the gulf coast and eastern seaboard. Although several roads led to Newport, the idea of a "plank road" became popular in the mid-19th century as an alternative to high railway charges and road-building problems. This type of road was introduced by the Spanish centuries earlier when they created routes of travel by laying logs across low places. Ladd, Ormond, John Denham, William McNaught and several others in Newport backed a plan to build a plank road proposed by Green and Joseph Chaires, wealthy Leon County planters. The Florida Legislature incorporated the Georgia and Georgia-Florida Plank Road Company in 1851. The road was to run from Newport to Thomasville, Georgia, but it was completed to only the Tallahassee vicinity. Wagons used this road at a cost of about $1, and it brought competition to the Tallahassee Railroad. Eventually, the rail connection from St. Marks was upgraded to accommodate locomotive-pulled trains and the St. Marks port became dominant over Newport with their wood plank road to Tallahassee. Newport dwindled but remains intact with a handful of residents. 1850s In 1856, the Pensacola and Georgia Railroad obtained controlling interest in the Tallahassee-St. Marks Railroad. The new company improved the tracks and replaced the mules with a steam locomotive that cut travel time from five hours to two hours. Attractions Newport has Newport Springs, a sulfur spring said to have healing properties. The spring empties into the St. Marks River. Below the springs there are a series of caves. Wakulla County has taken over maintenance of Newport Springs. Photo gallery Nearby attractions

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French-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Busaca (8 March 1974 – after 1983) was a French-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. Racing only as a three-year-old she won five of her eight races and was rated one of the best British fillies of her generation over middle and long distances. After winning three minor races in spring she finished second in the Ribblesdale Stakes and then recorded her first major win when taking the Lancashire Oaks at Haydock Park in July. In the following month she moved up to the highest class to win the Yorkshire Oaks over a field which included The Oaks winner Dunfermline. She was retired from racing after finishing fourth in the Prix Vermeille but had no success as a broodmare. Background Busaca was a bay mare with no white markings bred in France by the County Kildare-based Dollanstown Stud. She was sired by Busted who won the Eclipse Stakes and King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Stakes in 1967, a year in which he was voted British Horse of the Year. As a breeding stallion he sired many major winners including Bustino, Mtoto and Erins Isle. Busaca's dam Saraca was a top-class French racemare who won the Prix Vermeille and finished second in the Prix de Diane in 1969. She was a descendant of the influential broodmare Lost Soul, the ancestor of many leading turf performers including Hethersett, Doyoun and Neasham Belle. During her racing career, Busaca was owned by Marianne Esterhazy and trained by Peter Walwyn at Seven Barrows, near Lambourn in Berkshire. Racing career 1977: three-year-old season Busaca was unraced as a two-year-old and began her racing career in the spring of 1977 by finishing unplaced in a seven furlong maiden race. She recorded her first win in a maiden over ten furlongs at Sandown Park Racecourse and followed up in a minor event over one and a half miles at Salisbury Racecourse. She then completed a hat-trick when winning a handicap race over one and a half miles at Kempton Park Racecourse on 21 May, before being moved up in class for the Group Two Ribblesdale Stakes at Royal Ascot. The race saw her matched against Triple First, a filly who had won the May Hill Stakes and the Musidora Stakes before finishing fourth to Dunfermline in The Oaks. She proved the best of the British fillies, but was beaten four lengths into second place by the Irish-trained Nanticious. In July she faced four opponents in what appeared to be a weakly-contested race for the Group Three Lancashire Oaks at Haydock Park. Ridden by Pat Eddery, she started the 1/2 favourite, took the lead a quarter of a mile from the finish, and won easily by four lengths from Olwyn. Later that month, the form of the race was boosted when Olwyn recorded an upset victory over Nanticious and six others in the Group One Irish Oaks (a race which had been considered as a target for Busaca). In August Busaca, with Eddery again in the saddle, started at odds of 5/1 for the Group One Yorkshire Oaks over one and a half miles on firm ground at York Racecourse. Her opponents included Dunfermline, Triple First (who had won the Nassau Stakes at Goodwood), Sassabunda (runner-up in the Irish Oaks), Royal Hive and the leading Polish three-year-old Konstelacja. Busaca was always among the leaders in a slowly-run race before going to the front half a mile from the finish. She stayed on strongly in the straight to win by a length from Royal Hive, with Dunfermline five lengths back in third. Busaca was then sent to France for the Group One Prix Vermeille over 2400 metres at Longchamp Racecourse on 18 September. The race was won by the locally trained Kamicia, with Busaca losing out in a three-way photo-finish for second against Royal Hive and Fabuleux Jane. The unplaced fillies included Trillion, Nanticious and Olwyn. Assessment In the official International Classification for 1977, Busaca was rated the sixth-best three-year-old filly in Europe behind Dunfermline, Madelia, Trillion, Kamicia and Mrs McArdy. The independent Timeform organisation gave Busaca a rating of 122 in 1977, making her eleven pounds inferior to their top-rated three-year-old filly Dunfermline. In their annual Racehorses of 1977 they described her a strong filly, who would have done even better if campaigned over longer distances. Breeding record Busaca was retired from racing to become a broodmare at the Dollanstown Stud. She had very little success, producing two confirmed foals, neither of whom appeared on the racecourse: Pedigree

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_League_incident"}

The Anti-Bolshevik League incident, or AB League Incident (AB tuan shijian, AB 团事件), was a period of political purge in the territory of a Chinese Communist revolutionary base in Jiangxi province. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers. Origins One account says that in December 1926, the Kuomintang in Jiangxi created a counter-intelligence organization, known as Anti-Bolshevik League, to deal with the Communist Party of China and emergent state of civil war. The league supposedly consisted of handful of people and was dissolved following the April Second Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang. [citation needed] A very different account is given in China's Red Army Marches, a strongly pro-Communist account by US author and journalist Agnes Smedley. The issue remains controversial. Background The purge occurred as a result of tensions between Mao's Red Army and other local communist forces. Under the Jiangxi Soviet government (formally established in November 1931), Mao started a political purge against the Jiangxi Action Committee, accusing its members of belonging to the Anti-Bolshevik League and having "liquidationist" tendencies. In response, 120 members of the JAC were arrested,[when?] and 17 executed.[citation needed] In response to the purge, a local Red Army faction in Futian rebelled against Mao, claiming that Mao was attempting to arrest Zhu De and Peng Dehuai, and surrender to the KMT army[citation needed]. Mao's forces destroyed the rebel communists in response (early December 1930). The rebellion, known as the Futian incident, highlighted the friction that existed between factions of the Red Army during the early days of the Communist revolution. The incident also vindicated Mao's position as leader of the Red Army, with Generals Zhu De and Peng Dehuai giving their unequivocal support, despite their political differences. According to Agnes Smedley's 1934 account in China's Red Army Marches, another body called the "Social Democrats" was also involved - allied to but separate from the alleged Anti-Bolshevik League. It was in favor of moderate land reform and of reducing rents but not of abolishing landlords. Further developments In September 1956, Mao admitted that the purges, in particular the Futian incident, were a mistake, in which the wrong people were killed. In 1988, President Yang Shangkun commissioned an investigation into the Futian incident, which recommended the rehabilitation of the victims, but it was never followed up due to the Tiananmen Square protests.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosingeria"}

Extinct genus of Cycadales Mesosingeria is a genus of fossil foliage attributable to the Cycadales. This genus is found in Early Cretaceous rocks from Argentina. Taxonomy The genus was erected by Sergio Archangelsky based on material from the Anfiteratro de Ticó Formation in Argentina to include two species, namely M.coriacea and M. herbstii. The name of the genus is dedicated to the mycologist Rolf Singer. Other five species were later added to the genus from the same localities. Description The genus includes foliage fossils of bipinnate leaves with a flat rachis. The pinnules are oblong to lanceolate, alternate, with one or more veins entering each pinnule, then dichotomizing and continuing straight to the apex. The cuticle presents monocyclic stomata which are usually sunken in a stomatal pit constricted by a ring of cuticle on the outside.

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Ozara may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunt"}

Look up jaunt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Jaunt may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Brody"}

American actress (1884–1944) Ann Brody Goldstein (August 29, 1884 – July 16, 1944), known professionally as Ann Brody, was an American film actress of the silent era. Brody was known as a pioneer film actress. Career Brody started acting on stage when she was nine years old in a children's theatre in New York. She later toured throughout the United States as part of stock companies. Her first film role was in a 1912 Vitagraph film, and she later became a part of the studio. People that she worked with included Norma Talmadge, Wally Van, Hughie Mack, and Flora Finch. She acted in Hollywood film productions in the 1920s. The Tennessean said in 1926 that Brody was most interested in "comedy with a tear" roles and that the film Too Much Money gives her "a splendid opportunity to prove that she is best-fitted for the roles that combine comedy with pathos". The San Francisco Examiner wrote in 1929 that Brody has one of her best roles in the film My Man. During the mid-1930s, Brody moved back to New York to perform in Broadway plays. Brody was known for her film roles as Jewish mothers. Brody's 50th year as a stage actress was celebrated in 1937. Her last stage role was in the 1940 play The Time of Your Life. She was known as a pioneer film actress. The Pasadena Post said in 1929 that Brody is "a specialist in character roles for films". The Los Angeles Evening Post-Record in 1933 said, "Ann Brody, whose Jewish maternal characterizations are stage and screen classics, is returning to the footlights once more". Personal life Brody was born in Poland on August 29, 1884. She died in a New York City hotel room on July 16, 1944, from what appeared to be natural causes. Partial filmography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostkowo,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship"}

Settlement in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Kostkowo [kɔstˈkɔvɔ] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Rybno, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Rybno, 24 km (15 mi) north-west of Działdowo, and 61 km (38 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

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English cricketer Ronald Ernest Bird, sometimes known as Ronnie, (4 April 1915 – 20 February 1985) was an English cricketer who played 195 first-class matches in the years after the Second World War. 190 of these were for Worcestershire, while the other five were for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). He captained Worcestershire between 1952 and 1954, though he had acted as such on many occasions during the previous two seasons when official captain Bob Wyatt was unavailable. He usually batted at number four, while his fast-medium bowling was of the occasional variety: he never took a season's tally of wickets into double figures. Although Bird was on the groundstaff at Warwickshire as early as 1934, he never played for that county, and the intervention of the Second World War meant that he was 31 before he made his first-class debut. This was for Worcestershire against the touring Indians at Worcester in early May 1946. Bird's contribution to a narrow Worcestershire win was minimal: he scored 0 and 3, did not bowl, and held a single catch to dismiss Lala Amarnath. Bird quickly established himself in the first team, and was capped that year, playing 24 times in all and ending the year with 801 runs at 20.53 including three half-centuries. Although he was only available for half Worcestershire's games in 1947, he nevertheless made his first century – 105 against Sussex in June – and passed fifty twice more. The following month he took his first wicket, against the same opponents, when he caught and bowled John Langridge. He played only twice at first-class level in 1948, although he did turn out a few times for the Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship. In one of his two first-team matches, he took a career-best 3–26 against Northamptonshire in June. Bird returned for a full season the following summer, and passed a thousand runs for the first of three times, hitting 1,016 at 26.73 with one hundred – an innings of 116 which "had much to do" with a good win over Yorkshire — and five fifties. 1950 was rather a lean year for Bird, as in 38 innings his highest score was 68, but things improved in 1951, when he scored 129 against Essex and made seven further fifties. Appointed club captain for the 1952 season, he enjoyed the best summer of his career, scoring 1,591 first-class runs at exactly 37, and scoring three hundreds and eight fifties. The centuries included the highest of his career, an unbeaten 158 to help set up a two-day innings defeat of Somerset at Taunton in June. The 1953 season was also quite successful for Bird, as he made 1,238 first-class runs at 26.91, with one hundred and five half-centuries. In late May of that year, he made his debut for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's, captaining the side for the only time and opening the batting; he scored 68 and 40 in a losing cause against Hampshire. However, in 1954 he appeared only 20 times and made only 629 runs with three fifties, at an average of under 22. A defeat at Derby in mid-August, in which he scored 10 and 20 and took the wicket of John Kelly, marked the end of Bird's county cricket career. All of his four remaining first-class matches were for MCC: two at Lord's (against Gloucestershire in June 1955 and against Cambridge University a year later) and two at Dublin in September 1956 and September 1958, both against Ireland. Bird's only significant contribution in any of these games was the 52 he hit in the first innings against Gloucestershire. He appeared a couple of times for the Second XI in 1959, then after leaving cricket represented Worcestershire at both squash and tennis.

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Irish sports broadcaster Anne Cassin (born 1969) is an Irish journalist and news presenter working for Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). Cassin began her broadcasting career working for Dublin pirate radio station Radio Nova in 1982, where she co-presented a nightly news programme, Dublin Today, with Bryan Dobson, later a fellow newscaster on RTÉ. In 1993, she presented Eurofocus, a RTÉ series on studies of education in European countries. She began presenting radio and television news bulletins for RTÉ in 1995 and has also covered current affairs, politics and sport as a reporter and on The Sunday Game circa (1991-1995). Cassin has also presented various non-news programmes including the weekly Dublin-based feature series Capital D, Crimecall and The All Island School Choir Competition. On 20 December 2011, she was named as the new co-presenter of Nationwide, replacing Michael Ryan. Her first Nationwide broadcast occurred on Friday the 13th of January 2012. Personal life Cassin is the eldest daughter of actor and director Barry Cassin, and Nancy. She was educated at Loreto Convent, Balbriggan, Co. Dublin. Cassin has two children with her partner and RTÉ colleague Donagh McGrath.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Volleyball_Super_Cup"}

The Portuguese Volleyball Super Cup or Supertaça de Portugal is an annual Portuguese volleyball competition played by the champions of the Campeonato Nacional de Voleibol and the winners of the Taça de Portugal de Voleibol. It is organized by the Federação Portuguesa de Voleibol and its first edition (won by Benfica) took place in 1990. Sporting CP won the next three, with Castêlo da Maia and Sporting de Espinho dominating the next eight years, winning four titles each. In 2002, the tournament was interrupted and only resumed in 2010, with Castêlo da Maia winning its fifth. From 2011 to 2016, Benfica won six Supertaças in a row, becoming the most honoured club in the competition, currently with 11 trophies. History The competition was created in 1989 by the Portuguese Volleyball Federation, to serve as "curtain-raiser" for the season, in similar fashion to what other Super cup's do. Its first winner was Leixões, the national and cup champions, completing a treble. The following year was won by Benfica, in an edition named Taça Federação, or Federation's Cup, played by multiple teams. The following three were won by Sporting CP and from then on, the Supertaça was only won by two clubs: Sporting de Espinho and Castêlo da Maia. They intercalated wins, and both bagged four wins each. In 2002 the competition stopped being contested and only returned in 2010 after a nine–year hiatus. On 5 October 2010, at the Pavilhão Municipal da Póvoa de Vazim, Castêlo da Maia and Sporting de Espinho decided who held the title as most honoured in the competition. The Maia-side won 3–1 and conquered their fifth Super cup, unlocking the tiebreaker. Exactly one year later, Cup winners Benfica met débutantes Fonte Bastardo, the reigning league Champions on the Pavilhão do Casal Vistoso. The match ended with a win for Benfica, who lifted the trophy for the first time in 21 years. In the following year, Benfica faced Sporting de Espinho, a team that had beaten them five months before in the league final. On the hardwood, Benfica revenged that loss and won 3–0, lifting their third Super Cup. In the 15th edition, Benfica and Fonte Bastardo reunited in Pavilhão de Desportos de Vila do Conde to contest another Supertaça. In a much more exciting encounter than before, Benfica and Fonte Bastardo required five sets to decide the game, with Benfica winning the last one by 15–12. On 11 October 2014, Castêlo da Maia discussed the 16th edition with Benfica at the Pavilhão Multidesportos Mário Mexia in Coimbra. Castelo failed to defend their trophy lead in the competition and lost with Benfica; who subsequently matched them with five wins. A year later on 3 October 2015, Benfica won their fifth Super cup in a row, after defeating Sporting de Espinho by 3–0 in Coimbra. Hugo Gaspar scored 18 points and was the man of the match. In the 2016 edition, Benfica extended their streak to six wins, after beating Fonte Bastardo on Pavilhão Cidade de Viseu by 3–0. Benfica's streak ended in 2017 at Pavilhão Cidade de Almada with a 3–2 loss to Sporting de Espinho. On 5 October 2018, Benfica defeated Sporting by 3–0 to claim their eight Super Cup in Pavilhão Desportivo Póvoa de Varzim. Winners Performance by club Footnotes

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maindhan_(2014_film)"}

2014 Malaysian film Maindhan (transl. Son) is a 2014 Tamil-language Malaysian action comedy film directed by C. Kumaresan, who also enacted the lead role. The film also stars Shaila, Gheetha, Rabbit Mac, Hanuman and THR Uthaya. Malaysia rapper Darkey made a special appearance. The film had a limited release on 9 August 2014 in Malaysia, Singapore, and Tamil Nadu. It gained acclaim from critics and also emerged as the highest grossing locally produced Tamil film of all time before getting beaten by Vedigundu Pasangge in 2018. Plot After failing in his love life, Dev finds company in alcohol. In his state, he often sees an old man who gives him hints on how his day is going to turn out. One day, he accidentally bumps into a young boy from a shelter home. He realises there is an uncanny similarity between the boy and his ex-girlfriend, so he decides to get to know the boy further only to uncover something Dev didn't wish he knew in the first place. Cast Soundtrack The songs were composed by Mansher Singh and Rabbit Mac. Reception Malini Mannath of The New Indian Express opined that "Maindhan at the most is a promising effort from a debutant maker".

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenomorphus_californicus"}

Species of beetle Stenomorphus californicus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America. Subspecies These four subspecies belong to the species Stenomorphus californicus:

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Rhodri is a male first name of Welsh origin. It is derived from the elements rhod "wheel" and rhi "king". It may refer to the following people:

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Spanish Jesuit missionary (1925–2022) Swami Shilananda (born Pere Julià Mayol on 17 June 1925 – died 15 December 2022) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in India from 1948 to 2017. He spent most of his missionary life in and around Nashik, in Maharashtra. He founded the Sanjivan Ashram at Lonarwadi, Sinnar, in the State of Maharashtra, India. Life Pere Julià Mayol born in 1925 in the Catalan village of Gelida, where he witnessed the ravages his homeland went through during the Spanish Civil War. He entered the Society of Jesus as a novice in August 1945, the month the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. He later said that both experiences strongly marked his outlook and goals in life, determining him to work for peace. After his novitiate and a year of juniorate at Veruela, in 1948 he was sent to India. He was 23 years old, still a Jesuit scholastic, and travelled in the company of seven other fellow Jesuits, including Angelo Benedetti (later:Swami Shubhananda). He was ordained a Catholic priest on 24 March 1960 and made his final vows on 5 November 1976. After some years of formation and learning of languages, he was sent as formator and professor of Latin, in 1955, to the Bombay Seminary. In 1962 he was sent to Pune to learn Marathi. From 1963 to 1966 he worked in Manikpur - Vasai, where he adopted the name Shilananda. At some point he also adopted the dress of an Indian sannyasi. From 1966 to 1968 he was in Nashik, ministering in a farm owned by the Society of Jesus and making explorations for possible pastoral work. In 1968 he received permission from Fr Juan Masià to live outside the Jesuit community in a rented space at Panchavati on the banks of the Godavari river. During this period he made the traditional Hindu pilgrimage to the four Hindu holy places – Kedarnath, Dwarka, Kanyakumari, Puri – on cycle; as such he was highly regarded by the sannyasis gathered in Nashik for the Kumbha Mela. An account of the Kedarnath pilgrimage in 1975 may be found in Darshan: Da Bombay all'Himalaya in bicletta in ricerca di Dio. After 14 years at Panchavati, in 1987 he moved to the outskirts of Sinnar, some 20 km out of Nashik, where he purchased a one-acre plot of land with help from friends and constructed a small church (1988) in the style of the small traditional Hindu Shiva temples that abound in the area, and two small houses to serve as a residence, etc. Eventually, he also constructed another small space to serve as a dormitory for guests. Shilananda would chant his prayers to the accompaniment of an ektara in his chapel and also in the surrounding villages. By means of kirtans (one on Cain and Abel, the other on the Prodigal Son) he taught the local villagers about Christ but took no converts, as he insisted that conversion must be a total change of one's life to the values taught by Jesus. An interesting aspect of Shilananda's activity was his ecological concern: since the one-acre plot was fenced off, the native grasses and plants had the chance to flourish. Shilananda also personally dug out a little tank at one end of the compound, and dug the rocky soil in other places in order to plant trees. The place today remains a little oasis of greenery amidst the barren surroundings. Unfortunately, with the new Sinnar-Ghoti bypass nearby, the price of land has gone up and plots around the ashram are being bought up rapidly. With advancing age, Shilananda retired from the Sinnar ashram to the Jesuit infirmary in Andheri, Mumbai. In 2017 he went back to his native Spain, and lived in the community of Barcelona-Javier (Sarrià). In 2021 he was sent to the Jesuit infirmary "Centro Borja de Sant Cugat del Vallés," at Sant Cugat del Vallès, near Barcelona, Spain. He insisted on maintaining his sannyasi clothes even during these years. He died in Sant Cugat on 15 December 2022, at the age of 97. Bibliography Primary Secondary

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Foss_House"}

Historic house in Maine, United States United States historic place The Levi Foss House is a historic house on Maine State Route 35 (Goodwins Mills Road) on the Dayton side of the village of Goodwins Mills, Maine. Built about 1815, it is a well-preserved example of an early 19th-century connected farmstead with Federal and Greek Revival styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Description and history The Levi Foss House is located on the north side of Maine State Route 35, a few houses north of its junction with Waterhouse Road. It is located in the town of Dayton, but on the fringe of the village of Goodwins Mills, most of which is in neighboring Lyman. The main house is a 1+1⁄2-story Cape style wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, central chimney, and clapboard siding. Ells extending to the right (east) join the house to its barn, the entire complex forming an L shape. The entry of the house is in a projecting gable-roofed enclosed vestibule, which features a detailed Greek Revival surround including sidelight windows, pilasters, and a full gable pediment. Exterior Greek Revival details are also evident on the barn, whose gable ends have full returns, although most of the remaining trim is Federal. Interior trim is predominantly Greek Revival in style, although the front winding staircase retains Federal period newel posts and handrail. The main house was built about 1815, and would originally have had Federal period styling. There is some evidence that one of the ells may be older than the main house, but this has not been confirmed. The house was extensively restyled sometime after the Greek Revival came into vogue in the 1820s. Except for modest modernizations of the interior in the 20th century, the building has been little altered.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano"}

Italian naval officer and politician (1876–1939) Costanzo Ciano, 1st Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari (Italian: [koˈstantso ˈtʃaːno]; 30 August 1876 – 26 June 1939) was an Italian naval officer and politician. He was the father of Galeazzo Ciano. Biography Early life Born at Livorno, he was the son of Raimondo Ciano and his wife, Argia Puppo. He entered the Livorno Naval Academy in 1891 and was commissioned an officer five years later. In 1901, he became Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant (tenente di vascello) and took part in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912. First World War In 1915, before the entrance of Italy to the First World War, he was a capitano di corvetta (lieutenant commander) and was assigned to serve in Cirenaica. After his return to Italy, he operated at the command of fast MAS units and received a gold medal for military value for a famous action in Bakar Harbour in Croatian Littoral, which was later celebrated by the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio, who had also participated. Ciano was appointed senior commander at the end of the war and ennobled by King Victor Emmanuel III as Conte di Cortellazzo e Buccari. Postwar fascist Ciano's ardent nationalism drew him into fascism. He became leader of the Livorno fascio and participated in the March on Rome in October 1922. On 31 October 1919, he assumed the post of Undersecretary of State for the Regia Marina and was Commissioner for the Merchant Navy. On 9 November 1923, he was appointed rear admiral in the Naval Reserve. He was the president of the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 1934 until his death, which occurred at Ponte a Moriano in 1939. Awards and decorations

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Zarrouati"}

French engineer and business man (born 1958) Olivier Zarrouati (born April 16, 1958 in Toulon, France) is a French engineer and business man. From 2007 until 2017, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Zodiac Aerospace. Biography Education Zarrouati, an alumnus of the Ecole Polytechnique (1980), graduated from the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace in 1982. Career Zarrouati started his career as a defense engineer before joining the French Space agency (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) from 1982 to 1988. In 1989, he joined Matra Marconi Space as project manager for earth observation satellites. In 1998, he led the Development Direction of Intertechnique which was acquired by Zodiac group in 1999. He then served as CEO of Aerosafety’s segment and CEO of the Group’s aeronautical activities. Since 2007, he has been Chief Executive Officer of Zodiac Aerospace. In October 2015, he was chosen by the Supervisory Board to serve a third term of four years as CEO. Other activity Since 2011, Zarrouati has been President of the ISAE SUPAERO Foundation. Honors In 2000, he was appointed Knight of the National Order of Merit and Knight of the Legion of Honor in 2013.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union"}

EU regulations which are not imposed by member states by agreement In general, the law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-seven European Union member states. However, occasionally member states negotiate certain opt-outs from legislation or treaties of the European Union, meaning they do not have to participate in certain policy areas. Currently, three states have such opt-outs: Denmark (two opt-outs), Ireland (two opt-outs) and Poland (one opt-out). The United Kingdom had four opt-outs before leaving the Union. This is distinct from the enhanced cooperation, a measure introduced in the Treaty of Amsterdam, whereby a minimum of nine member states are allowed to co-operate within the structure of the European Union without involving other member states, after the European Commission and a qualified majority have approved the measure. It is further distinct from Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification and permanent acquis suspensions, whose lifting is conditional on meeting certain benchmarks by the affected member states. It is also distinct from the delayed entrance into some areas of cooperation which new members are experiencing. These areas include the Schengen Agreement and the Eurozone, and the delay can last for many years and even decades. Current opt-outs As of 2022, three states have formal opt-outs from a total of four policy areas. Summary table Economic and Monetary Union stage III (Eurozone) – Denmark All member states other than Denmark have either adopted the euro or are legally bound to do so. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 included protocols on the UK (a member state at the time) and Denmark giving them opt-outs with the right to decide if and when they would join the euro. Denmark subsequently notified the Council of the European Communities of their decision to opt out of the euro, and this was included as part of the 1992 Edinburgh Agreement, a Decision of Council, reached following the Maastricht Treaty's initial rejection in a 1992 Danish referendum. The purpose of the agreement was to assist in its approval in a second referendum, which it did. The Danish decision to opt out was subsequently formalized in an amended protocol as part of the Lisbon Treaty. In 2000, the Danish electorate voted against joining the euro in a referendum by a margin of 53.2% to 46.8% on a turnout of 87.6%. While the remaining states are all obliged to adopt the euro eventually by the terms of their accession treaties, since membership in the Exchange Rate Mechanism is a prerequisite for euro adoption, and joining ERM is voluntary, these states can ultimately control the timing of their adoption of the euro by deliberately not satisfying the ERM requirement. Area of freedom, security and justice Denmark and Ireland have opt-outs from the area of freedom, security and justice in general, while Poland has a partial opt-out from enforcement of the Charter of Fundamental Rights only. The United Kingdom also had opt-outs in all these policies prior to its withdrawal from the European Union in 2020. Ireland Ireland has a flexible opt-out from legislation adopted in the area of freedom, security and justice, which includes all matters previously part of the pre-Amsterdam Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) pillar. This allows it to opt in or out of legislation and legislative initiatives on a case-by-case basis, which it usually did, except on matters related to Schengen acquis. The Schengen Agreement abolished border controls between those of the EC member states which acceded to it. When the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997 incorporated it into the EU treaties, Ireland and the United Kingdom (a member state at the time) received opt-outs from implementing the Schengen acquis as they were the only EU member states that had not signed the agreement. The opt-out from the JHA policy area was originally obtained by Ireland and the United Kingdom in a protocol to the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997, and was retained by both with the Treaty of Lisbon. Ireland joined the UK in adopting this opt-out to keep their border with Northern Ireland open via the Common Travel Area (CTA). However, the protocol on the Schengen acquis specified that they could request to opt into participating in Schengen measures on a case-by-case basis if they wished, subject to unanimous approval of the other participating states. Ireland initially submitted a request to participate in the Schengen acquis in 2002, which was approved by the Council of the European Union, though not implemented. Prior to the renewal of the CTA in 2011, when the British government was proposing that passports be required for Irish citizens to enter the UK, there were calls for Ireland to join the Schengen Area. However, in response to a question on the issue, Bertie Ahern, the then-incumbent Taoiseach, stated: "On the question of whether this is the end of the common travel area and should we join Schengen, the answer is 'no'." The opt-out was criticised in the United Kingdom for hampering the country's capabilities in stopping transnational crime through the inability to access the Schengen Information System. Following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, Ireland is the only member state with an opt-out from the Schengen Agreement. A Council decision in 2020 approved the implementation of the provision on data protection and Schengen Information System to Ireland. Denmark In contrast, Denmark has a more rigid opt-out from the area of freedom, security and justice. While the Edinburgh Agreement of 1992 stipulated that "Denmark will participate fully in cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs", the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997 included a protocol which exempts it, as a matter of EU law, from participating in these policy areas, which are instead conducted on an intergovernmental basis with Denmark. The protocol on the Schengen acquis and protocol on Denmark of the Treaty of Amsterdam stipulate that Denmark, which had signed an accession protocol the Schengen Agreement, would continue to be bound by the provisions and would have the option to participate in future developments of the Schengen acquis, but would do so on an intergovernmental basis rather than under EU law for the provisions that fell under the Justice and Home Affairs pillar, from which Denmark obtained an opt-out. When a measure is adopted which builds upon the Schengen acquis, Denmark has six months to decide whether to implement it. If Denmark decides to implement the measure, it takes the force of an international agreement between Denmark and the Schengen states. However, the protocol stipulates that if Denmark chooses not to implement future developments of the Schengen acquis, the EU and its member states "will consider appropriate measures to be taken". The exception is the Schengen visa rules. A failure by Denmark to implement a Schengen measure could result in it being excluded from the Schengen Area. A number of other parallel intergovernmental agreements have been concluded between the EU and Denmark to extend to it EU Regulations adopted under the area of freedom, security and justice, which Denmark can't participate in directly due to its opt-out. In the negotiations of the Lisbon Treaty, Denmark obtained an amendment to the protocol to give it the option to convert its opt-out into a flexible opt-in modelled on the Irish and British opt-outs. The Protocol stipulates that if Denmark exercises this option, then it will be bound by the Schengen acquis under EU law rather than on an intergovernmental basis. In a referendum on 3 December 2015, 53.1% rejected exercising of this option. Poland (Charter of Fundamental Rights enforcement only) Although Poland participates in the area of freedom, security and justice, it has secured along with another then-member state, the United Kingdom, a protocol that clarified how the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, a part of the Treaty of Lisbon, would interact with national law in their countries limiting the extent that European courts would be able to rule on issues related to the Charter if they are brought to courts in Poland. Poland's then ruling party, Law and Justice, mainly noted concerns that it might force Poland to grant homosexual couples the same kind of benefits that heterosexual couples enjoy. After the Civic Platform won the 2007 parliamentary election in Poland, it announced that it would not opt out from the Charter, leaving the United Kingdom as the only state not to adopt it. However, Donald Tusk, the new Prime Minister and leader of the Civic Platform, later qualified that pledge, stating he would consider the risks before abolishing the opt-out, and on 23 November 2007, he announced that he would not eliminate the Charter opt-out after all (despite the fact that both his party and their coalition partner, the Polish People's Party, were in favour of eliminating it), stating that he wanted to honour the deals negotiated by the previous government and that he needed the support of Law and Justice to gain the two-thirds majority in the Parliament of Poland required to authorise the President to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon. Shortly after the signature of the treaty, the Polish Sejm passed a resolution that expressed its desire to be able to withdraw from the Protocol. Tusk later clarified that he may sign up to the Charter after successful ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon has taken place. However, after the treaty entered into force a spokesperson for the Polish President argued that the Charter already applied in Poland and thus it was not necessary to withdraw from the protocol. He also stated that the government was not actively attempting to withdraw from the protocol. Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Radosław Sikorski, of Civic Platform, argued that the protocol only narrowly modified the charter's application in Poland, and that formally renouncing the opt-out would require a treaty amendment that would need to be ratified by all EU member states. In April 2012, Leszek Miller, leader of the Democratic Left Alliance, stated that he would sign the charter if he comes to power. According to Andrew Duff, British Member of the European Parliament, "A Polish constitutional mechanism has since been devised whereby Poland can decide to amend or to withdraw from the Protocol, and such a possibility remains under review." Legal guarantees Several times an EU member state has faced domestic public opposition to the ratification of an EU treaty leading to its rejection in a referendum. To help address the concerns raised, the EU has offered to make a "legal guarantee" to the rejecting state. These guarantees did not purport to exempt the state from any treaty provisions, as an opt-out does. Instead they offered a clarification or interpretation of the provisions to allay fears of alternative interpretations. Citizenship – Denmark As part of the 1992 Edinburgh Agreement, Denmark obtained a clarification on the nature of citizenship of the European Union which was proposed in the then yet-to-come-into-force Maastricht Treaty. The Agreement was in the form of a Decision of Council. The part of the agreement, which only applied to Denmark, relating to citizenship was as follows: The provisions of Part Two of the Treaty establishing the European Community relating to citizenship of the Union give nationals of the Member States additional rights and protection as specified in that Part. They do not in any way take the place of national citizenship. The question whether an individual possesses the nationality of a Member State will be settled solely by reference to the national law of the Member State concerned. The guarantee to Denmark on citizenship was never incorporated into the treaties, but the substance of this statement was subsequently added to the Amsterdam Treaty and applies to all member states. Article 2 states that: Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship. Irish protocol on the Lisbon Treaty Following the rejection of the Treaty of Lisbon by the Irish electorate in 2008, a number of guarantees (on security and defence, ethical issues and taxation) were given to the Irish in return for holding a second referendum. On the second attempt in 2009 the treaty was approved. Rather than repeat the ratification procedure, the guarantees were merely declarations with a promise to append them to the next treaty. The member states ultimately decided not to sign the protocol alongside the Croatian accession treaty, but rather as a single document. A draft protocol to this effect was proposed by the European Council and adopted by the European Parliament in April 2012. An Intergovernmental Conference followed on 16 May, and the protocol was signed by all states of the European Union between that date and 13 June 2012. The protocol was planned to take effect from 1 July 2013, provided that all member states had ratified the agreement by then, but it only entered into force on 1 December 2014. Former opt-outs Opt-outs of the United Kingdom During its membership of the European Union, the United Kingdom had five opt-outs from EU legislation (from the Schengen Agreement, the Economic and Monetary Union, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the area of freedom, security and justice, and the Social Chapter), four of them still in place when it left the Union, the most of any member state. The Major ministry secured the United Kingdom an opt-out from the protocol on the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty before it was signed in 1992. The Blair ministry abolished this opt-out after coming to power in the 1997 general election as part of the text of the Treaty of Amsterdam. In the United Kingdom, the Labour government of Tony Blair argued that the country should join the euro, contingent on approval in a referendum, if five economic tests were met. However, the assessment of those tests in June 2003 concluded that not all were met. The policy of the 2010s coalition government, elected in 2010, was against introducing the euro prior to the 2015 general election. The United Kingdom ultimately withdrew from the European Union in 2020, leaving Denmark as the only state with the opt-out. Although not a full opt-out, both Poland and former member state the United Kingdom secured a protocol that clarified how the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, a part of the Treaty of Lisbon, would interact with national law in their countries limiting the extent that European courts would be able to rule on issues related to the Charter if they are brought to courts in Poland or the United Kingdom. Poland's then ruling party, Law and Justice, mainly noted concerns that it might force Poland to grant homosexual couples the same kind of benefits that heterosexual couples enjoy, while the United Kingdom was worried that the Charter might be used to alter British labour law, especially as relates to allowing more strikes. The European Scrutiny Committee of the British House of Commons, including members of both the Labour Party and the Conservative Party, cast doubts on the protocol's text, asserting that the clarification might not have been worded strongly and clearly enough to achieve the government's aims. The United Kingdom ultimately withdrew from the European Union in 2020, leaving Poland as the only state with this particuar opt-out. The Schengen Agreement abolished border controls between those of the EC member states which acceded to it. When the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997 incorporated it into the EU treaties, Ireland and the United Kingdom (a member state at the time) received opt-outs from implementing the Schengen acquis as they were the only EU member states that had not signed the agreement. The UK formally requested to participate in certain provisions of the Schengen acquis: Title III relating to Police Security and Judicial Cooperation – in 1999, and this was approved by the Council of the European Union on 29 May 2000. The United Kingdom's participation in some of the previously approved areas of cooperation was approved in a 2004 Council decision that came into effect on 1 January 2005. A subsequent Council decision in 2015 approved the implementation of the provision on data protection and Schengen Information System to the UK. Under Protocol 36 of the Lisbon Treaty, the United Kingdom had the option to opt out of all the police and criminal justice legislation adopted prior to the treaty's entry into force which had not been subsequently amended. The decision to opt out had to be made at least six months prior to the aforementioned measures coming under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice on 1 December 2014. The UK informed the European Council of their decision to exercise their opt-out in July 2013, and as such, the aforementioned legislation ceased to apply to the UK as of 1 December 2014. While the protocol only permitted the UK to either opt out from all the legislation or none of it, they subsequently opted back into some measures. Opt-outs of Denmark The Edinburgh Agreement of 1992 included a guarantee to Denmark that they would not be obliged to join the Western European Union, which was responsible for defence. Additionally, the agreement stipulated that Denmark would not take part in discussions or be bound by decisions of the EU with defence implications. The Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997 included a protocol that formalised this opt-out from the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). As a consequence, Denmark is excluded from foreign policy discussions with defence implications and does not participate in foreign missions with a defence component. Following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022, the Danish government announced that a referendum would be held on 1 June on abolishing its opt-out in this area. The political parties Venstre, the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Conservative Party had previously supported ending the opt-out, with the Socialist People's Party and the leading Social Democrats changing their position in the aftermath of the crisis. Right-wing parties the Danish People's Party and the New Right, as well as the left-wing Unity List, continued to oppose the move. The result of the referendum was a vote of 66.9% in favour of abolishing the defence opt-out. The opt-out was abolished on 20 June 2022. Former proposals United Kingdom Following the announcement by the government of the United Kingdom that it would hold a referendum on withdrawing from the European Union, an agreement was reached between it and the EU on renegotiated membership terms should the state vote to remain a member. In addition to a number of amendments to EU Regulations which would apply to all states, a legal guarantee would be granted to the UK that would explicitly exempt it from the treaty-stated symbolic goal of creating an "ever closer union" by deepening integration. This guarantee was included in a Decision by the European Council, with the promise that it would be incorporated into the treaties during their next revision. However, following the referendum, in which the UK voted to leave the EU, per the terms of the Decision the provisions lapsed. Czechia In 2009, Czech President Václav Klaus refused to complete ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon unless the Czech Republic was given an opt-out from the Charter of Fundamental Rights, as Poland and the United Kingdom had been with Protocol 30. He feared that the Charter would allow the families of Germans who were expelled from territory in the modern-day Czech Republic after the Second World War to challenge the expulsion before the EU's courts. However, legal experts have suggested that the laws under which the Germans were expelled, the Beneš decrees, did not fall under the jurisdiction of EU law. In October 2009, EU leaders agreed to amend the protocol to include the Czech Republic at the time of the next accession treaty. In September 2011, the Czech government formally submitted a request to the Council that the promised treaty revisions be made to extend the protocol to the Czech Republic, and a draft amendment to this effect was proposed by the European Council. However, the Czech Senate passed a resolution in October 2011 opposing their accession to the protocol. When Croatia's Treaty of Accession 2011 was signed in late 2011, the Czech protocol amendment was not included. In October 2012, the European Parliament Constitutional Affairs Committee approved a report that recommended against the Czech Republic's accession to the Protocol. On 11 December 2012, a third draft of the European Parliament's committee report was published, and on 22 May 2013 the Parliament voted in favour of calling on the European Council "not to examine the proposed amendment of the Treaties". The Parliament did, however, give its consent in advance that a treaty revision to add the Czech Republic to Protocol 30 would not require a new convention. In January 2014, the new Czech Human Rights Minister Jiří Dienstbier Jr. said that he would attempt to have his country's request for an opt-out withdrawn. This was confirmed on 20 February 2014 by the new Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka, who withdrew the request for an opt-out during a meeting with President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso shortly after his newly elected government won the confidence of Parliament. In May 2014, the Council of the European Union formally withdrew their recommendation to hold an Intergovernmental Conference of member states to consider the proposed amendments to the treaties.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck%E2%80%93Hamburg_railway"}

The Hamburg–Lübeck railway is one of the most important mainline railways of the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg. It connects the two Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lübeck, and is part of the line to Denmark. The line was opened in 1865. Route The line runs the south-west from Lübeck through mostly agricultural, undulating land. The Trave river is crossed three times. The most important intermediate stop is Bad Oldesloe, where the line connects with hourly services on the line to Bad Segeberg and Neumünster, operated by Nordbahn. Between Ahrensburg and Hamburg-Rahlstedt the line runs along the Stellmoor tunnel valley. In the city of Hamburg the line crosses the rail freight bypass and then runs parallel to the S-Bahn line until Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is reached from the east. History The first plans to build a direct rail link between Hamburg and Lübeck were put forward in 1831. Because of the refusal of the Danish authorities to allow a direct line to be built through Holstein-Glückstadt, which was ruled by the King of Denmark, the Lübeck–Büchen line was built by the Lübeck-Büchen Railway Company (Lübeck-Büchener Eisenbahn, LBE). This provided a connection between Lübeck and the Berlin-Hamburg railway, but meant that trains to Hamburg had to take the route via Büchen. This was approximately 32 km longer that the direct line, which was only opened by the LBE on 1 August 1865. In 1875/76 the track was duplicated. In 1963, the Lübeck–Puttgarden and Rødby Havn–Copenhagen lines were completed as part of the Vogelfluglinie (literally: bird flight line) to Copenhagen. This increased the range of long distance trains between Lübeck and Hamburg. In addition to the trains to Copenhagen there were Interzone trains (trains between East and West Germany) to Rostock. Express trains, the Merkur Trans Europ Express and Trans-Europ-Express-Marchandises freight trains were hauled to Puttgarden by the class DB-221 diesel locomotives. In the 1960s and 1970s express trains in push-pull operations were hauled by class DB-220 diesel locomotives. The Travemünde–Lübeck and the Lübeck–Hamburg lines were electrified in 2008. Electric operation began from the timetable change in December 2008. Since that time, Intercity-Express trains have also operated between Munich, Hamburg and Lübeck. Operations The construction of the Great Belt Bridge between Funen and Zealand significantly reduced long-distance rail traffic on the Hamburg–Lübeck–Copenhagen route. Since December 2007 Deutsche Bahn ICE TD (withdrawn from 2016) and DSB IC3 trains have operated on the route. Between Lübeck and Hamburg Regional-Express trains run every twice an hour from morning to evening from Monday to Friday and hourly on weekends. This section has the greatest number of train passengers in Schleswig-Holstein. The Regional-Express trains stop only in Reinfeld, Bad Oldesloe and at times in Ahrensburg. Regionalbahn trains operate on the Hamburg–Bad Oldesloe section, stopping at all stations. They are almost always composed of double-decker coaches. They are propelled in push-pull mode by electric locomotives, either class 112 or 143. Ahrensburg-Gartenholz halt was built between Ahrensburg and Bargteheide in 2009. It opened in 2010. The opening was delayed because the station had to be modified. Although international trains never stop there, they do pass through, so the station has to comply with international standards. Future Starting in 2017, the Hamburg–Bad Oldesloe section will be upgraded for S-Bahn operations with new stations at Claudiusstraße, Bovestraße, Holstenhofweg and Pulverhof. By 2018, the railway crossing at the Hammer Straße in Marienthal will be replaced by an underpass, which is seen as a prerequisite for the expansion of the S-Bahn.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Roberts"}

Rugby player Angus Roberts (born 17 December 1990) is a professional Australian rugby union player for the Melbourne Rebels. His preferred positions are fullback and flyhalf. Early career Roberts was educated at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview and represented his school in Rugby Union for six years. He began playing rugby as a junior with the Gunnedah Red Devils. In 2012 he played for Sydney University in the Shute Shield. Roberts resided at St John's College from 2010 to 2012, playing rugby for the College in the intercollegiate Rawson Cup throughout this period. The Sydney University Rugby Club 2012 season preview described him thus: "His strengths are his composure, speed of foot and long kicking game. Gus is quite a big 10 and has only been playing the position for a year now, to which he has already caught the eye of the Super Franchises. Gus has some silky skills and a great deal of potential, which he has worked hard on during the off season to develop." He scored a last minute try and conversion that won the Sydney University the 2012 Shute Shield. Super Rugby Roberts commenced in a two-year contract with the Melbourne Rebels in 2013. In March 2013, the Rebels named Roberts at fullback for the Round 4 battle with the Reds in Melbourne. This was to be his Super Rugby and Rebels debut. Personal life For his gap year,[when?] Roberts travelled to Somerset in England. He worked as an assistant at Sexey's School and played rugby for Castle Cary RFC.[citation needed] In 2012 Roberts was in his third year of studying Exercise Management at The University of Technology Sydney.

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2022 EP by Bobby Shmurda Bodboy is the second EP by American rapper Bobby Shmurda, released on August 5, 2022, by GS9 Records and ONErpm. The EP contains guest appearances by Fat Tony and Rowdy Rebel. It is Shmurda's first project since his release from prison in February 2021 and comes nearly eight years after his last release, Shmurda She Wrote (2014). The EP serves as a warm-up for Shmurda's upcoming debut studio album, Ready to Live, which is scheduled for release in 2023. Singles and promotion On July 15, 2022, the EP's debut single, "Hoochie Daddy", was released. On July 24, Shmurda announced the EP and its release date after sharing the music video for "Hoochie Daddy". Track listing

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Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer Dalibor Kozić (born 10 February 1988) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bosnian Premier League club Radnik Bijeljina. He has won the Bosnian Premier League once with Zrinjski Mostar in the 2016–17 season. Club career Kozić started off his career at hometown club Kozara Gradiška, where he was called up to the first team in 2011. He stayed at Kozara until 2013, after which he joined Borac Banja Luka, but left the club before the start of the 2013–14 season. In February 2014, he signed with Rudar Prijedor with whom he won the 2014–15 First League of RS and got promoted to the Bosnian Premier League. In the summer of 2016, Kozić signed with Zrinjski Mostar. He stayed at Zrinjski for one season and also won the Bosnian Premier League in that season. He left Zrinjski in July 2017. Only hours after leaving Zrinjski, on 4 July 2017, Kozić signed for newly promoted club GOŠK Gabela. In June 2018, Kozić extended his contract with GOŠK until June 2019. He left GOŠK after the club got relegated to the First League of FBiH on 30 May 2019. On 13 June 2019, Kozić signed a two-year contract with Radnik Bijeljina. He made his official debut for Radnik on 11 July 2019, in a 2–0 home win against Spartak Trnava in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round. Kozić made his first league appearance for Radnik on 21 July 2019, in a 2–1 away loss against Sloboda Tuzla. Career statistics Club As of match played 12 December 2020. Honours Rudar Prijedor Zrinjski Mostar'

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Romanian footballer (born 1989) Cătălin George Straton (born October 9, 1989) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga I side FC Argeș Pitești. In the past Straton also played for teams such as: Rapid București, FC Vaslui, CS Universitatea Craiova, ACS Poli Timișoara, Dunărea Călărași, Dinamo București or FCSB . He joined Dinamo București in 2019. In September 2020, he moved on a free transfer to FCSB. Career statistics Club Statistics accurate as of match played 29 January 2023. Honours ACS Poli Timișoara FCSB

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Church,_Norwich"}

Church in Norfolk, England St Margaret's Church, Norwich is a Grade I listed redundant parish church in the Church of England in Norwich. History The church is medieval. It was closed for five or six years and reopened after a restoration in 1868. Much of its stained glass dating from the Victorian era was destroyed in a bombing raid in World War II. The east window was replaced in the 1960s with an Ascension scene by David King. On being made redundant as a place of worship, it was then used as a gymnasium but more recently has been used for exhibitions and antiques markets.

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River in Bistrița-Năsăud County, Romania The Anieș (Hungarian: Anyes-patak) is a right tributary of the river Someșul Mare in Romania. Upstream from its confluence with the Anieșul Mic, it is also referred to as Anieșul Mare. It discharges into the Someșul Mare in the village Anieș. Its length is 20 km (12 mi) and its basin size is 136 km2 (53 sq mi).

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1912 film The Inner Circle is a 1912 American silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith, starring Mary Pickford and Blanche Sweet. A print of the short survives in the film archive of the Library of Congress. Cast

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19th-century Hungarian Hasidic rebbe Nosson Nuta of Makov (c. 1765 – 1825) was an early 19th-century Hungarian Hasidic rebbe. Biography Rabbi Nosson Nuta of Makov was born in Poland. In his early years, he travelled to Lublin, where he became a disciple of the Chozeh of Lublin. It was under the Chozeh's instruction that he travelled to Kurów, where he became the leading disciple of Rabbi Shmuel of Karov. Around this time, he married the daughter of Rabbi Chaim Chaykl of Amdur, who helped Reb Nosson to establish his own small Hasidic court in Makov. Reb Nosson's daughter married Rabbi Yitzchak Heller of Makov, whose son, Rabbi Fischel Heller married the daughter of Rabbi Avraham Moshe of Peshischa.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenkinsky_District"}

District in Magadan Oblast, Russia Tenkinsky District (Russian: Теньки́нский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Tenkinsky Urban Okrug. Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Ust-Omchug. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 5,422, with the population of Ust-Omchug accounting for 72.2% of that number. Geography The district is named after the Tenka River and is located in the southwest of Magadan Oblast. The Arman and Bakhapcha have their sources in the district. It borders Susumansky and Yagodninsky Districts in the north, Khasynsky District in the east, Olsky District in the south, and Khabarovsk Krai in the west. The area of the district is 35,578.19 square kilometers (13,736.82 sq mi). History The district was established on December 2, 1953. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tenkinsky District is one of the eight in the oblast. The urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Ust-Omchug serves as its administrative center. As a municipal division, the district has been incorporated as Tenkinsky Urban Okrug since May 1, 2015. Prior to that date, the district was incorporated as Tenkinsky Municipal District, which was subdivided into one urban settlement and three rural settlements.

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Hiromi Shinhata (新畑 博美, Shinhata Hiromi, born March 21, 1990 in the Philippines), better known simply as Hiromi, is a Japanese fashion model who has been active in the professional and commercial modeling fields since late 2000s. Formerly a popular model for the Egg magazine, she is known for her androgynous looks and is particularly known in the gal scene. Biography Modeling She modeled for the Egg magazine during the years 2005 through 2007 and began appearing on the Happie Nuts magazine in late 2007. Her notable works include appearing on the Happie Nuts magazine and endorsing 109-2, the men's line of the 109 brand. She has signed advertising contracts with several products and brands such as Jungle Beat, M.A.C's Japanese branch, and the third issue of the Buchiage Trance series of trance compilation albums. Music Aside from modeling, she has worked as an exclusive disc jockey for girls-duo Lil'B. She has released several psy trance CDs since 2007, under the alias of "DJ Reika", such as Psy-Trance Queen and Psy-Trance Queen Vol.2: Hagane. Personal life Hiromi is an out lesbian. She publicly acknowledged her homosexuality, which she had kept hidden for a long time, in the April, 2011 issue of the Happie Nuts magazine. In 2011, she revealed that she was dating a female model named Aura. External

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuptiana_lacipea"}

Species of moth Turuptiana lacipea is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1890. It is found in Guatemala.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Prairie_View_A%26M_Panthers_football_team"}

American college football season The 2022 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team represented Prairie View A&M University as a member of the West Division of Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 2022 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by first-year head coach Bubba McDowell, the Panthers compiled an overall record of 6–5 with mark of 5–3 in conference play, sharing the SWAC West Division title with Southern. Prairie View A&M played home games at Panther Stadium at Blackshear Field in Prairie View, Texas. Schedule Prairie View A&M finalized their 2022 schedule on February 3, 2022.

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