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List of airports in Korea may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Tarade"}

Jacques Tarade (1646–1720) was a French engineer and colleague of Vauban, Marshal of France. He built the Barrage Vauban in Strasbourg, and the Rue Tarade in that town is named after him. He also designed the church in Huningue and the later phases of the defensive works for the city of Landau. Family Tarade was the nephew of stonemason Michel Villedo (1598–1667). Bibliography

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Argentine footballer Patricio Pablo Pérez (born 27 June 1985) is an Argentine footballer who plays as midfielder. Club career Early career Pérez began his career at Vélez Sársfield in 2002. In 2005, he moved on loan to Mexican club León, but returned to Argentina shortly afterward. In June 2007 he joined on loan to Chilean side Everton. After another two loans at Chacarita and San Martín de Tucumán respectively, Pérez left Vélez Sársfield and signed permanently for second-tier Defensa y Justicia. Central Coast Mariners In June 2010, Pérez signed a 2-year deal with A-League club Central Coast Mariners. Perez made his first start for the club in a pre-season friendly against rivals Melbourne Victory. His competitive debut came on 28 August in an A-league match against local rivals Sydney FC. His performance was impressive but controversial, with Perez diving and subsequently winning a penalty, as well as getting Sydney FC goalkeeper Liam Reddy sent off. He converted the penalty. Afterwards, he was handed a 2-match ban for simulation by the FFA, and Reddy's sending off was revoked. On 23 March 2011, Central Coast Mariners agreed to release Perez from the final year of his contract on compassionate grounds. It was revealed by both the player and the club that his exit was due to homesickness. Honours Club Vélez Sársfield International Argentina

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Moschelesov%C3%A1"}

Czech geographer Julie Moschelesová (21 August 1892, Prague – 7 January 1956, Prague), also known as Julie Moscheles, was a Jewish German-speaking Czechoslovak geographer. Moschelesová was brought up in London by her uncle, the English painter Felix Moscheles. While on a trip to North Africa with him, she met the Norwegian geologist Hans Henrik Reusch who invited her to work in Oslo, Norway. While there, her interest in geography was noticed by Alfred Grund [de] of the German University of Prague who persuaded her to study there. Earning a Ph.D. in 1916, she later moved to the Czech University in Prague obtaining habilitation in anthropogeography in 1934. In 1939, she fled the Nazi occupation and moved to Australia, where she lectured at the University of Melbourne. Together with her companion Greta Hort she moved back to Prague after the war but had to wait for several years before she was able to teach at the Charles University. A heavy cigarette smoker, she died of cancer in 1956. Early life and education Born in Prague, Austro-Hungary, on 21 August 1882, Julie Moschelesová was the daughter of the well-to-do German-speaking Jewish lawyer Wilhelm Moscheles (1861–1943) and his wife Luise née Schwabacher (1869–1922). As her mother was blind, she was raised by her uncle, the English painter Felix Moscheles, and his wife. She attended primary school in London. The couple took their niece with them on their frequent travels throughout Europe and North Africa. While in Morocco, Moschelesová met Hans Henrik Reusch, a Norwegian geologist, who invited her to work with him as a translator on his geology project in Oslo. While there, her interest in geography was noticed by the Austrian professor Alfred Grund on a study trip. He persuaded he to study geography at the German University in Prague. She earned a doctorate in 1916, after which she worked as an unpaid assistant at the university. Faced with confrontations by nationalistic German students, she moved to the Czech-speaking Charles University where she received a habilitation degree in anthropogeography in 1934. Career Threatened by the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia, as a Jew Moschelesová was forced to leave the country. She moved to Australia where she was employed as a geography professor by the University of Melbourne. There she established a close relationship with Greta Hort, a Danish-born professor of English literature, also employed by the university. She had met Hort at the Czechoslovak branch of the Red Cross where they were both members. While in Melbourne, during World War II Moschelesová worked for the Dutch government as a geographer as well as for the Geographical Department of the Allied Military Service. When the war was over, accompanied by Hort Moschelesová moved back to Prague but found that none of her relatives were still alive. As she was unable to find paid employment, she lived under difficult conditions helped along by Hort. Some four years after her arrival she was finally able to lecture in geography at the Charlies University, allowing her to move into an apartment. A heavy cigarette smoker, she contracted cancer and died on 7 January 1956 in Prague.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendranagar%E2%80%93Bhavnagar_line"}

The Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line is located in the Gujarat state of India. Some passenger trains run on this railway line. History The Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line was laid by Bhavnagar State Railway in 1879 and was opened by 18 December 1880. Gauge conversion of this section was announced in Rail budget 1997. The gauge conversion foundation stone was laid by then Union Home Minister Lal Krishna Advani on 8 July 1999. Gauge conversion was sanctioned under SPV section from Surendranagar–Dhola–Pipavav in September 2000 by Indian Railway to serve Pipavav Port. The gauge conversion of this section was completed by 2003.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tomlak"}

Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Michael Ronald Tomlak (born October 17, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a former professional ice hockey centre who played four seasons for the Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League. Tomlak was drafted 208th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played 141 career NHL games, scoring 15 goals and 22 assists for 37 points. Career statistics

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Mini Lindy was a line of small plastic model kits, about the size of Matchbox or Hot Wheels cars. They were part of the "Lindberg Line". They had rubber tires, chrome wheels and clear windshields. The axles were fit under a plastic tab that provided limited suspension actions. Some of the subjects are difficult to find under other formats, such as Hot Wheels. These are often mistaken for Hot Wheels or slot cars, and are fairly rare, but can be found on eBay and websites. Some of the car subjects: The last 8 were part of the Lindberg "Super Sport" series.

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American clothing designer Margit Felligi or Margit Felligi Laszlo (1903 – 1975) was an American clothing designer, notable for her work with Cole of California in swimwear. Early life Margit Felligi was born in 1903 in Saint Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Hungarian immigrants Emil Felligi and Elizabeth Jilly. She was educated at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, where she studied art, as well as dance. She moved to Beverly Hills, California to design and create costumes for movies. Cole of California In 1936 Felligi joined the design staff of Cole Knitting Mills, later known as Cole of California, as head designer. In addition to swimsuit design for Fred Cole, Felligi created new fabrics that incorporated elastic, giving suits stretchy and clingy properties.Several of these products were patented by Felligi. Other of Felligi's designs were worn by Esther Williams in promotions done for Cole. Felligi's designs propelled Cole to the forefront of casual fashion design. In 1943 Felligi introduced the "Swoon Suit," a two-piece swimsuit that avoided wartime restrictions on rubber use by using side laces. Felligi worked with structure as well, incorporating foam rubber bras. Later designs worked with drapes and asymmetry. Felligi's 1964 "Scandal Suit" featured a deeply plunging neckline filled with mesh fabric, and an even deeper back line. Felligi worked with Cole until 1972. She was married to Aladar Laszlo, a Hungarian immigrant who found work as a writer and actor in Hollywood. They had four children. Margit Felligi Laszlo died in 1975. Museum holdings Several of Felli's designs are included in the permanent collections of major museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

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AMD Athlon X4 is a series of budget AMD microprocessors for personal computers. These processors are distinct from A-Series APUs of the same era due to the lack of iGPUs. "Richland" (2013, 32 nm) "Kaveri" (2014, 28 nm) "Carrizo" (2016, 28 nm) "Bristol Ridge" (2017, 28 nm)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossoms_Falling"}

1999 single by Ooberman "Blossoms Falling" is a song by Ooberman, released as their first single for Independiente, and the first to be taken from the band's debut album The Magic Treehouse. It reached No. 39 in the UK, the only Ooberman single to date to make the UK Singles Chart Top 40. B-side "The Things I Have Lost" was later re-recorded for the band's "First Day of the Holidays" single. Track listing CD (ISOM26MS) 7" Vinyl (ISOM26S) 10" Vinyl (ISOM24TE)

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Samian may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berisina"}

Genus of flies Berisina is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae. Species

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ober"}

American actor (died 1950) Robert Ober (died December 7, 1950) was an American stage and silent-screen actor. Early life Robert Ober attended Divoll grade school in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated from Washington University in St. Louis. Career Ober started his theater career in St. Louis, Missouri at the Century Theatre. His first stage appearance was with the Colonel Hopkins Stock Company in the play In Mizzoura. He also played in My Friend from India and Arizona. He went on tour in the production of Madame X. He then performed with the Harry Davis Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then moved to New York City. Ober appeared in The Little Gray Lady, Gallops, Brewster's Millions and Ready Money. He appeared with Fay Templeton in Forty-five Minutes from Broadway. He also appeared with Arnold Daly in You Can Never Tell and, in 1917, with Madge Kennedy in Fair and Warmer. He also appeared in You Can't Take It With You. He appeared in Maude Fulton's play The Humming Bird. He also appeared in early motion pictures. Filmography Ober acted in the following films: Personal life Ober married Maude Fulton, playwright and actress, in 1920. They divorced in 1926. He then married Mabel Taliaferro. Ober died on December 7, 1950, at the age of 69, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_complex"}

Group of closely related similar organisms In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), which may be a complex ranking but it is not a species complex. In most cases, a species complex is a monophyletic group of species with a common ancestor, but there are exceptions. It may represent an early stage after speciation in which the species were separated for a long time period without evolving morphological differences. Hybrid speciation can be a component in the evolution of a species complex. Species complexes exist in all groups of organisms and are identified by the rigorous study of differences between individual species that uses minute morphological details, tests of reproductive isolation, or DNA-based methods, such as molecular phylogenetics and DNA barcoding. The existence of extremely similar species may cause local and global species diversity to be underestimated. The recognition of similar-but-distinct species is important for disease and pest control and in conservation biology although the drawing of dividing lines between species can be inherently difficult. Definition At least six treefrog species make up the Hypsiboas calcaratus–fasciatus species complex. The fly agaric comprises several cryptic species, as is shown by genetic data. The African forest elephant (shown) is the bush elephant's sibling species. Mbuna cichlids form a species flock in Lake Malawi. A species complex is typically considered as a group of close, but distinct species. Obviously, the concept is closely tied to the definition of a species. Modern biology understands a species as "separately evolving metapopulation lineage" but acknowledges that the criteria to delimit species may depend on the group studied. Thus, many traditionally defined species, based only on morphological similarity, have been found to be several distinct species when other criteria, such as genetic differentiation or reproductive isolation, are applied. A more restricted use applies the term to a group of species among which hybridisation has occurred or is occurring, which leads to intermediate forms and blurred species boundaries. The informal classification, superspecies, can be exemplified by the grizzled skipper butterfly, which is a superspecies that is further divided into three subspecies. Some authors apply the term to a species with intraspecific variability, which might be a sign of ongoing or incipient speciation. Examples are ring species or species with subspecies, in which it is often unclear if they should be considered separate species. Related concepts Several terms are used synonymously for a species complex, but some of them may also have slightly different or narrower meanings. In the nomenclature codes of zoology and bacteriology, no taxonomic ranks are defined at the level between subgenus and species, but the botanical code defines four ranks below subgenus (section, subsection, series and subseries). Different informal taxonomic solutions have been used to indicate a species complex. Cryptic species Also called physiologic race (uncommon). This describes "distinct species that are erroneously classified (and hidden) under one species name". More generally, the term is often applied when species, even if they are known to be distinct, cannot be reliably distinguished by morphology. The usage physiologic race is not to be confused with physiological race. Sibling species Also called aphanic species. This term, introduced by Ernst Mayr in 1942, was initially used with the same meaning as cryptic species, but later authors emphasized the common phylogenetic origin. A recent article defines sibling species as "cryptic sister species", "two species that are the closest relative of each other and have not been distinguished from one another taxonomically". Species flock Also called species swarm. This refers to "a monophyletic group of closely related species all living in the same ecosystem". Conversely, the term has also been applied very broadly to a group of closely related species than can be variable and widespread. Not to be confused with a Mixed-species foraging flock, a behavior in which birds of different species feed together. Superspecies Sometimes used as an informal rank for a species complex around one "representative" species. Popularized by Bernhard Rensch and later Ernst Mayr, with the initial requirement that species forming a superspecies must have allopatric distributions. For the component species of a superspecies, allospecies was proposed. Species aggregate Used for a species complex, especially in plant taxa where polyploidy and apomixis are common. Historical synonyms are species collectiva, introduced by Adolf Engler, conspecies, and grex. Components of a species aggregate have been called segregates or microspecies. Used as abbreviation agg. after the binomial species name. Sensu lato A Latin phrase meaning 'in the broad sense', it is often used after a binomial species name, often abbreviated as s.l., to indicate a species complex represented by that species. Identification Distinguishing close species within a complex requires the study of often very small differences. Morphological differences may be minute and visible only by the use of adapted methods, such as microscopy. However, distinct species sometimes have no morphological differences. In those cases, other characters, such as in the species' life history, behavior, physiology, and karyology, may be explored. For example, territorial songs are indicative of species in the treecreepers, a bird genus with few morphological differences. Mating tests are common in some groups such as fungi to confirm the reproductive isolation of two species. Analysis of DNA sequences is becoming increasingly standard for species recognition and may, in many cases, be the only useful method. Different methods are used to analyse such genetic data, such as molecular phylogenetics or DNA barcoding. Such methods have greatly contributed to the discovery of cryptic species, including such emblematic species as the fly agaric or the African elephants. Salamandra corsica Salamandra atra Salamandra salamandra Similarity can be misleading: the Corsican fire salamander (left) was previously considered a subspecies of the fire salamander (right) but is in fact more closely related to the uniformly black Alpine salamander (center). Evolution and ecology Speciation process Species forming a complex have typically diverged very recently from each other, which sometimes allows the retracing of the process of speciation. Species with differentiated populations, such as ring species, are sometimes seen as an example of early, ongoing speciation: a species complex in formation. Nevertheless, similar but distinct species have sometimes been isolated for a long time without evolving differences, a phenomenon known as "morphological stasis". For example, the Amazonian frog Pristimantis ockendeni is actually at least three different species that diverged over 5 million years ago. Stabilizing selection has been invoked as a force maintaining similarity in species complexes, especially when they adapted to special environments (such as a host in the case of symbionts or extreme environments). This may constrain possible directions of evolution; in such cases, strongly divergent selection is not to be expected. Also, asexual reproduction, such as through apomixis in plants, may separate lineages without producing a great degree of morphological differentiation. A species complex is usually a group that has one common ancestor (a monophyletic group), but closer examination can sometimes disprove that. For example, yellow-spotted "fire salamanders" in the genus Salamandra, formerly all classified as one species S. salamandra, are not monophyletic: the Corsican fire salamander's closest relative has been shown to be the entirely black Alpine salamander. In such cases, similarity has arisen from convergent evolution. Hybrid speciation can lead to unclear species boundaries through a process of reticulate evolution, in which species have two parent species as their most recent common ancestors. In such cases, the hybrid species may have intermediate characters, such as in Heliconius butterflies. Hybrid speciation has been observed in various species complexes, such as insects, fungi and plants. In plants, hybridization often takes place through polyploidization, and hybrid plant species are called nothospecies. Range and habitats Sources differ on whether or not members of a species group share a range. A source from Iowa State University Department of Agronomy states that members of a species group usually have partially overlapping ranges but do not interbreed with one another. A Dictionary of Zoology (Oxford University Press 1999) describes a species group as complex of related species that exist allopatrically and explains that the "grouping can often be supported by experimental crosses in which only certain pairs of species will produce hybrids." The examples given below may support both uses of the term "species group." Often, such complexes do not become evident until a new species is introduced into the system, which breaks down existing species barriers. An example is the introduction of the Spanish slug in Northern Europe, where interbreeding with the local black slug and red slug, which were traditionally considered clearly separate species that did not interbreed, shows that they may be actually just subspecies of the same species. Where closely related species co-exist in sympatry, it is often a particular challenge to understand how the similar species persist without outcompeting each other. Niche partitioning is one mechanism invoked to explain that. Indeed, studies in some species complexes suggest that species divergence have gone in par with ecological differentiation, with species now preferring different microhabitats.[citation needed] Similar methods also found that the Amazonian frog Eleutherodactylus ockendeni is actually at least three different species that diverged over 5 million years ago. A species flock may arise when a species penetrates a new geographical area and diversifies to occupy a variety of ecological niches, a process known as adaptive radiation. The first species flock to be recognized as such was the 13 species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands described by Charles Darwin. Practical implications Biodiversity estimates It has been suggested that cryptic species complexes are very common in the marine environment. That suggestion came before the detailed analysis of many systems using DNA sequence data but has been proven to be correct. The increased use of DNA sequence in the investigation of organismal diversity (also called phylogeography and DNA barcoding) has led to the discovery of a great many cryptic species complexes in all habitats. In the marine bryozoan Celleporella hyalina, detailed morphological analyses and mating compatibility tests between the isolates identified by DNA sequence analysis were used to confirm that these groups consisted of more than 10 ecologically distinct species, which had been diverging for many millions of years. Evidence from the identification of cryptic species has led some[who?] to conclude that current estimates of global species richness are too low. Disease and pathogen control Pests, species that cause diseases and their vectors, have direct importance for humans. When they are found to be cryptic species complexes, the ecology and the virulence of each of these species need to be re-evaluated to devise appropriate control strategies.[citation needed] Examples are cryptic species in the malaria vector genus of mosquito, Anopheles, the fungi causing cryptococcosis, and sister species of Bactrocera tryoni, or the Queensland fruit fly. That pest is indistinguishable from two sister species except that B. tryoni inflicts widespread, devastating damage to Australian fruit crops, but the sister species do not. Conservation biology When a species is found to be several phylogenetically distinct species, each typically has smaller distribution ranges and population sizes than had been reckoned. The different species can also differ in their ecology, such as by having different breeding strategies or habitat requirements, which must be taken into account for appropriate management.[citation needed] For example, giraffe populations and subspecies differ genetically to such an extent that they may be considered species. Although the giraffe, as a whole, is not considered to be threatened, if each cryptic species is considered separately, there is a much higher level of threat.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_PR100.3"}

French step-entrance and low-floor single-decker bus Motor vehicle The Renault PR100.3 was a step-entrance and low-floor single-decker bus marketed in Australia, based on the Renault R312. The bus, like the PR100.2, was a package with a standard R312 front, chassis and dash (with steering column), and choices of bodywork. Australia Only three operators in Australia purchased the PR100.3: ACTION, King Brothers and Transperth. ACTION ACTION purchased 42 PR100.3 buses, all with Austral-Denning bodies which incorporated the R312 front. Two of these were originally powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), but were converted to operate on diesel in 2007. All 42 buses were withdrawn by July 2020. Busways Busways inherited 25 PR100.3s when it purchased King Brothers from its receivers in 2004. Twenty-four were bodied by Custom Coaches and one by Northcoast Bus & Coach. They are mainly on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, but a few have made their way to Blacktown, in Western Sydney. Transperth Transperth purchased one Volgren bodied PR100.3. It was operated by Path Transit. This bus differs in many ways from the ACTION fleet in the shape and design of the body and interior (looking less like the European R312), and also has an evaporative cooler. The only similar features are the dash, chassis, steering column and the R312 front. This bus was numbered 1133 in the Transperth fleet and was offered for sale in 1993, but there was no buyer. It was normally used by Transperth only when it was critically required due to its poor performance. It was converted to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fuel by Transcom. This bus was withdrawn in 2016 and has sold to a private owner to be secured for preservation.

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English cricketer Major Julian Ito Piggott MC (25 March 1888 – 23 January 1965) was an English first-class cricketer active 1910–13 who played for Surrey and soldier. He was born in Tokyo; died in Dorking. He was an MC in the 1917 Birthday Honours for his service during World War I

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English footballer and cricketer (1904-1991) Joseph Harold Anthony Hulme (26 August 1904 – 27 September 1991) was an English footballer and cricketer. Football career Born in Stafford, Hulme usually played as a right-winger. Hulme played for Stafford YMCA before starting his career in non-League football with Midland League side York City in October 1922, before moving to Blackburn Rovers in February 1924 for a fee of £250. He spent two years at Ewood Park and made 74 league appearances, scoring six goals. He moved to Arsenal in 1926, becoming one of Herbert Chapman's first major signings; known for his pace and ball control, Hulme spent twelve years at Arsenal and became part of the great Arsenal side of the 1930s. Hulme made his Arsenal debut on 6 February 1926 away to Leeds United, and remained a regular for the rest of that season. That led him to be picked for the Football League XI that season, and the following season, 1926–27, he made his full England debut, against Scotland at Hampden Park on 2 April 1927. In all he would win nine caps for England, between 1927 and 1933. That same season he also played in his first FA Cup final, against Cardiff City, which Arsenal lost 1–0 after an error by goalkeeper Dan Lewis. Hulme played in Arsenal's 2–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday in the Charity Shield at Stamford Bridge in October 1930. Hulme remained first choice on the right-wing at Arsenal up until the 1932–33 season, combining with Cliff Bastin (who joined Arsenal in 1929) to form a pair of highly paced wingers supported passes from an attacking central midfielder, in the shape of Alex James. Hulme and Bastin were both prolific scorers for Arsenal, with Hulme hitting 18 goals in 1931–32 and 20 (including hat-tricks against Sunderland and Middlesbrough) the season after that. In the meantime Hulme and Arsenal had started winning trophies, taking the FA Cup in 1929–30, and followed it up with a pair of First Division titles in 1930–31 and 1932–33. Injuries robbed Hulme of another title-winning medal, as he only made eight appearances (but still scored five times) in Arsenal's 1933–34 title-winning season. He returned to the Arsenal side the following season, 1934–35, and won his third league winners' medal with 16 appearances, although by now injury and losses of form meant he was not an automatic first choice, sharing duties with Pat Beasley and Alf Kirchen. In 1935–36 Hulme played 28 times in league and cup won his final honour with Arsenal, a second FA Cup medal after Arsenal beat Sheffield United 1–0 in the final, making him the only player to have played in all of Arsenal's first four cup finals. Hulme spent his final two seasons at Arsenal (1936–37 and 1937–38) as a bit-part player, making just ten appearances in one-and-a-half years. His final appearance came against Liverpool on 18 December 1937. In all he scored 125 goals in 374 appearances for the Gunners, making him the club's eighth-top scorer of all time. Hulme left Arsenal for Huddersfield in January 1938, where he saw out the rest of his career, picking up an FA Cup runners-up medal in the 1937–38 season before retiring from football at the end of that season. Arsenal also won the old First Division in 1937–38 but he only made seven league appearances all season. Hulme was also a fine all-round cricketer, playing 225 times for Middlesex between 1929 and 1939 as an aggressive middle-order batsman and medium-fast bowler. Capped by Middlesex in 1930, he scored his first century that year, 117 against Warwickshire at Edgbaston. He first passed 1,000 runs for the season in 1932, and in 1934 made his highest aggregate, 1,258 runs at 34.94, including four hundreds. He was an excellent fielder in the deep, and a good runner between the wickets. In 225 matches he made 8,103 runs at an average of 26.56, the highest of his twelve hundreds being 143 against Gloucestershire at Bristol. His useful right-arm medium-pace bowling brought him 89 wickets at 36.40, with a career best of 4 for 44, and he held 110 catches. After World War II, which he spent working as a policeman, Hulme became manager of Arsenal's fiercest rivals, Tottenham Hotspur from 1945 to 1949. He achieved little actual success at the time, but he did lay the foundations for their championship-winning side of 1950–51. After that, Hulme left football altogether, to become a successful journalist. He died at the age of 87, in 1991. Personal life Born at Stafford as the third of four children, Hulme married Minnie Bennett at Fylde, Lancashire, in June 1927. Their twin daughters, Josephine and Mary, were born the following year. Honours As a player Arsenal Huddersfield Town

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibikkan"}

Bibikkan (Sinhala: බිබික්කන්) is a traditional Sri Lankan coconut cake. It is a dark moist cake made of shredded coconut, jaggery (from the sap of the toddy palm) and semolina combined with a mixture of spices. Bibikkan is commonly prepared and consumed in celebration of festive and religious occasions, including Christmas, New Year's Eve, Sinhala and Tamil New Year. Origins and history Bibikkan is believed to have been introduced to Sri Lanka by the Portuguese, who colonised the coastal areas of the island in 1505 and remained until 1658. Goan Catholics serve a similar dish called Bebinca, which is almost identical to Bibingka, a traditional Filipino rice flour cake made with coconut milk, which is served on Christmas Day. Historically the Mount Lavinia area has been associated with the production of Bibikkan, known locally as Poranu appa. Description The main ingredients of bibikan are jaggery, an unrefined syrup from the sap of the Kithul palm tree, which has a rich flavour between caramel and molasses; dry roasted semolina (Uppama) or rice flour; and grated or shredded coconut. To make the dish, the semolina is dry roasted, the jaggery dissolved in hot water and brought to boil, to which the shredded coconut is added. The mixture is then allowed to cool before adding the semolina, cardamom, nutmeg, mace, ginger preserve, candied fruit peel, cashew nuts, salt, baking powder and Sri Lankan cinnamon which is then blended thoroughly. Separate eggs whisking the whites and yolks separately. Add the egg yolks and mix well. Add the lime rind and fold in the egg whites. Pour into a buttered baking tray and bake in a moderate oven. Leave to cool and cut into squares to serve.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_Electricity"}

The Midlands Electricity Board was the public sector utility company responsible for the purchase of electricity from the electricity generator (the Central Electricity Generating Board from 1958) and its distribution and sale of electricity to customers in the Midlands of England prior to 1990. As Midlands Electricity plc it was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. History The Midlands Electricity Board was formed in 1947, under the Electricity Act of that year. The counterpart of the East Midlands board, it served southern, and western parts of Warwickshire, as well as the counties of Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire, as well as most of Gloucestershire, the West Midlands conurbation and northern Oxfordshire. The key people on the board were: Chairman G. S. Buckingham (1964, 1967), deputy chairman R. Mallet (1967), full-time members R. Mallet (1964) R. Cook and H. A. P. Caddell (1967). As with the EMEB, it kept a network of showrooms across its area, to allow customers to pay bills, and order many types of electrical goods. The MEB, Southern Electric and Eastern Electricity merged their showrooms, forming the Powerhouse store chain in the early 1990s. The total number of customers supplied by the board was: The amount of electricity, in GWh, sold by Midlands Electricity Board was: In 1990, as part of the privatisation of the UK electricity industry, the board became Midlands Electricity plc. The new business was split up, and sold several times: the supply business to Npower in 1999, the distribution business to GPU Power UK, who continued to use the ‘a Midlands Electricity company’ tagline for a couple of years, and then sold to Aquila, under whose short ownership it was renamed Aquila Networks, before being purchased by Powergen in 2004, becoming Central Networks, part of E.ON. The company was then sold in 2011 to American utilities company PPL who owns the UK distribution company Western Power Distribution, who were already operating in the license area of the previous company SWEB (South West) and Infralec (Wales), and rebranded the Midlands areas WPD West Midlands PLC and WPD East Midlands PLC (previously EMEB). In 2021, PPL placed Western Power Distribution up for sale, being purchased by National Grid, who as of the 21st September 2022 has rebranded the WPD business as National Grid. The distribution business is internally known as National Grid Electricity Distribution (NGED) to differentiate from National Grid Electricity Transmission (NGET).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Lane"}

British Army general Major-General Sir Ronald Bertram Lane, KCB, KCVO, DL (19 February 1847 – 7 March 1937) was a British Army officer who became Military Secretary. Early life Lane was born at Kings Bromley Manor, Lichfield, Staffordshire, in 1847, the youngest son and 10th child of John Newton Lane and Hon. Agnes Bagot, second daughter of William Bagot, 2nd Baron Bagot. Military career Lane was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade in 1867. He was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General in Natal in 1891, Aide-de-Camp to the Duke of Connaught as Commander of the Guards' Brigade in Egypt in 1882 and Assistant Military Secretary in Canada in 1883. He went on to be Assistant Military Secretary at Headquarters in 1892, Aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cambridge as Commander-in-Chief in 1889 and Commander of the Garrison at Alexandria in 1898. In December 1901 he was appointed Commander of the Infantry Brigade at Malta, and he served as administrator of the government during the absence of the Governor, Sir Francis Grenfell, in July 1902. His last appointments were as Military Secretary at Headquarters in 1903 and Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in 1905 before retiring in 1909. In retirement he became Chairman of the Southern Alberta Land Company in Canada. On 15 March 1920, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Suffolk. Personal life In 1893, he married Augusta Sarah Beaumont, daughter of John Augustus Beaumont, developer of Wimbledon Park. Their only child, Captain George Ronald Lane, was in the Coldstream Guards and fell in action in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. He died at Carlton Hall in Saxmundham.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Gebendinger"}

Swiss gymnast Ernst Gebendinger (10 February 1926 – 23 May 2017) was a Swiss gymnast. At the 1950 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Basel he won three gold medals: In Floor exercise (together with Joseph Stalder), Vault and with the Swiss team. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics. After an accident 1954 he had to end his career.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Year%27s_Best_Fantasy_Stories"}

The Year's Best Fantasy Stories is an anthology of fantasy stories, edited by American writer Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books in 1975. Despite the anthology's title, it actually gathers together pieces originally published during a two-year period, 1973 and 1974. Summary The book collects eleven novelettes and short stories by various fantasy authors deemed by the editor the best to be published during the period represented, together with an introductory survey of the year in fantasy, an essay on the year's best fantasy books, and introductory notes to the individual stories by the editor. The pieces include posthumously published works (the stories by Howard and Bok), and a "posthumous collaboration" (the story by Smith and Carter). Contents

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Grady"}

American journalist Henry Woodfin Grady (May 24, 1850 – December 23, 1889) was an American journalist and orator who helped reintegrate the states of the Confederacy into the Union after the American Civil War. Grady encouraged the industrialization of the South. He was praised by contemporaries and by authors Shavin and Galphin as a civic promoter, political strategist and captivating speaker, and by Atlanta journalist Frederick Allen as a visionary. However, in modern times, Grady's arguments for the need for white supremacy in the post–Civil War South have resulted in his legacy being seen as mixed and overtly racist. Grady's name has been removed from several schools including Atlanta's former Grady High School. Grady was the father-in-law of Federal Reserve Chairman Eugene Robert Black and grandfather of banker and World Bank President Eugene R. Black Sr. Early life As a teenager, Henry Grady experienced fierce Civil War fighting in his home state of Georgia and his father William was killed by a Union soldier. After his father's death, he was raised by his mother Anne in Athens, Georgia. He was educated in the classical tradition of a southern gentleman of the time at the University of Georgia (Bachelor of Arts in 1868). In 1867, he became a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society, and later attended the University of Virginia to study law, but became especially interested in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon languages, history, and literature, which led to a career in journalism. Grady was a lifelong devoted member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He was a charter member of the Eta Chapter of Chi Phi at the University of Georgia. In 1882 he was elected as the first Grand Alpha (National President) from the south after the union of the Northern and Southern Orders of Chi Phi in 1871. Journalist and editor Upon graduation, he held a series of brief journalistic jobs with the Rome Courier, the Atlanta Herald, and the New York Herald. After working in New York City, Grady returned to the South as a reporter-editor for the Atlanta Constitution. In 1880, with $20,000 borrowed from Cyrus West Field, Grady bought a one-fourth interest in the paper and began a nine-year career as one of Georgia's most celebrated journalist-publishers. On the business end, he quickly built the newspaper into the state's most influential, with a national circulation of 120,000. In the tumultuous decades following Reconstruction, when hatreds lingered and many whites worked to re-establish white supremacy, Grady popularized an antithesis between the "old South" which "rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth," and a "new south" – "thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity:" The new South presents a perfect democracy...; a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core; a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace; and a diversified industry that meets the complex needs of this complex age as he said in an 1886 speech in New York. His audience included J. P. Morgan and H. M. Flagler at Delmonico's Restaurant, at a meeting of the New England Society of New York. From 1882 to 1886, along with Nathaniel E. Harris, Grady promoted the founding in Atlanta of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), a state vocational education school intended to train workers for new industries. Orator and spokesman for the "New South" Grady was also praised for his great passion for political oratory (he supported Prohibition and a Georgia veterans' home for disabled or elderly Confederate soldiers), commitment to the new peace, and well-known sense of humor. To a large crowd in Boston, Grady said "I am a talker by inheritance: my father was an Irishman and my mother was a woman." That sense of humor got Grady through more than one difficult situation. Once at a banquet of northern elites, he was waxing eloquent about the brilliant prospects for northern investments in a New South determined to rise from the ashes of defeat. Grady spotted General William T. Sherman in the audience, the celebrated Yankee soldier who was credited with defeating and burning much of Georgia, and particularly Atlanta, on his infamous march to the sea. Without missing a beat, Grady acknowledged the general by noting that the people of Georgia thought Sherman an able military man, "but a mite careless about fire." In another speech, Grady wanted to gently chastise his Southern audience for what he believed to be Georgia's economic shortcomings. Rather than pounding them with statistics, he entertained them with stories that made the points. He said: I attended a funeral once in Pickens county in my State. This funeral was peculiarly sad. It was a poor "one gallus" fellow, whose breeches struck him under the armpits and hit him at the other end about the knee—he didn't believe in decollete clothes. They buried him in the midst of a marble quarry: they cut through solid marble to make his grave, yet a little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburg. They buried him by the side of the best sheep-grazing country on the earth, and yet the wool in the coffin bands and the coffin bands themselves were brought from the North. The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones. The Georgia Historical Quarterly brought that story full circle, noting Grady's response to the eventual growth of quarries in Pickens County. He boasted that the grave he had so often referenced in his speeches lay less than 100 yards from one of the quarries. Grady believed, according to the Quarterly, that he had lived long enough to see his vision of an industrially independent New South come true. Grady's prestige reached such a height that he became the only non-member ever to adjourn the Georgia Legislature. It occurred on the election of Grover Cleveland to the presidency. News of the close contest arrived at 11 a.m. during the Legislature's session. In his exuberance, Grady rushed to the Capitol with the announcement. He brushed past the doorkeeper and into the chamber shouting in senatorial tones, "Mr. Speaker, a message from the American people." Sensing the purpose of the intrusion, the Speaker offered Grady a place by his side. However, Grady strode up the aisle to the Speaker's desk, grabbed the Speaker's gavel, and cried out, "In the name of the American people, I declare this House adjourned in honor of the election of the first Democratic President in twenty-five years." White supremacy Grady's conception of the New South was based on the social supremacy of whites over blacks, according to his own words: Grady stated in 1888, "the supremacy of the white race of the South must be maintained forever, and the domination of the negro race resisted at all points and at all hazards, because the white race is the superior race... [This declaration] shall run forever with the blood that feeds Anglo-Saxon hearts". This was not the first time that Grady had advocated for the supremacy of whites over blacks. In his 1887 speech to the State Fair of Texas in Dallas, Grady stated: Standing in the presence of this multitude, sobered with the responsibility of the message I deliver to the young men of the South, I declare that the truth above all others to be worn unsullied and sacred in your hearts, to be surrendered to no force, sold for no price, compromised in no necessity, but cherished and defended as the covenant of your prosperity, and the pledge of peace to your children, is that the white race must dominate forever in the South, because it is the white race, and superior to that race by which its supremacy is threatened. Some argue other Henry Grady quotes paint a different picture. In December 1886, he opened his famous New South speech by repeating the words of Georgia Senator Benjamin H. Hill: "There was a South of slavery and secession -- that South is dead. There is a South of Union and freedom -- that South, thank God, is living, breathing, growing every hour." Under Grady's editorial guidance, the Constitution wrote about lynching with levity, condoning and even encouraging it. One headline read, "The Triple Trapeze: Three Negroes Hung to a Limb of a Tree." Another rhymed, "Two Minutes to Pray Before a Rope Dislocated Their Vertebrae." University of Massachusetts Amherst Journalism Professor Kathy Roberts Forde, sees it this way: "Grady may have united Southern and Northern whites, but he did not unite the country. Rather, he excluded black Americans from the union of North and South and the national democratic project that union represented." Death On December 12, 1889, he delivered a speech in Boston at Faneuil Hall, on "The Race Problem in the South". Grady was already ill, and the weather was terrible. His health worsened to the point that he barely made it back to Georgia. By the time he made it to the depot at Atlanta, he was too exhausted to appreciate the reception prepared for him and had to be shielded from the crowd and escorted home by his physician. By December 23, he was diagnosed with pneumonia and died that day at his home in Atlanta. He was buried on Christmas Day 1889, first in a friend's crypt at Oakland Cemetery because of family finances. His body was re-interred at Westview Cemetery when it opened soon afterward. Legacy and honors Grady County in Georgia and Oklahoma were named in his honor, as was Grady, Alabama. Places in Atlanta named for him include Grady Memorial Hospital, the now-demolished Henry Grady Hotel, and the Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia. Henry W. Grady High School was renamed in December 2020 to Midtown High School, due to Grady's white supremacist philosophy. The city erected a statue in his honor in 1891, which still stands today on Marietta Street in the heart of downtown Atlanta. Other places include Henry Woodfin Grady Elementary School in Tampa, Florida. Henry W. Grady Middle School in Houston, Texas, was renamed in 2016. In 1931 Grady was the first person inducted into the Georgia Newspaper Hall of Fame, memorialized via a bust by artist Steffen Thomas. During World War II the Liberty ship SS Henry W. Grady was built in Brunswick, Georgia and named in his honor. Grady's family grave site in Atlanta was desecrated in June 2020.

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The Monterrey College of Music and Dance (Escuela Superior de Música y Danza de Monterrey in Spanish) is a public music college in Monterrey, Mexico. Studies The School offers bachelor degrees in Music and dance. Facilities The school's campus is in central Monterrey, in the area known as Obispado. It occupies a large building with several large recital and rehearsal rooms, as well as library, teaching studios and practice rooms.

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Mountain in Peru Ch'aqra Punta (Quechua ch'aqra ford, punta peak; ridge; first, before, in front of, also spelled Chajrapunta) or Chakra Punta (Quechua chakra field) is a mountain in the Chunta mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. It is situated in the Huancavelica Region, Castrovirreyna Province, Santa Ana District, and in the Huancavelica Province, Huacocolpa District. Ch'aqra Punta lies southwest of K'allapayuq and northeast of Wayra Q'asa.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_T%C3%A1bora"}

Honduran footballer and coach Carlos Ramón Tábora Hernández (born 30 January 1965) is a Honduran football coach and former player. He coaches the Honduras national under-20 team. Career Player As a player, Tábora had an ephemeral career in clubs of the Second Division of Honduras. He served as a central defender and played in clubs such as Independiente Villela and Hermacasa. However, he decided to end his football career early. Coach Independiente Villela Tábora's first recorded experience was when he directed Independiente Villela, with which he achieved promotion to the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras in 1995. Platense In 2001, he was the interim coach of Platense of the National League. Honduras national under-17 football team He began his career as coach of national teams in 2002, when he directed the Honduras U-17 national team with the objective of qualifying for the U-17 World Cup in 2003 in Finland. Villanueva In 2007, he was announced as the coach of Villanueva of the Liga de Ascenso. In February 2008, after a series of poor results, he resigned from the technical direction of the club. Parrillas One In 2010, he coached Parrillas One in the Liga de Ascenso. That year, his team was champion of the Apertura Tournament. Return to Villanueva For the 2011 Apertura Tournament of the Liga de Ascenso, Tábora returned to coach the club. He debuted on August 12, 2011, during the 1–1 draw between Villanueva and Parrillas One. Sula On February 16, 2012, he was appointed and signed for Sula de La Lima, replacing Allan Bennett. He debuted on February 19 against West Olympia in the city of La Entrada. In his only managed tournament his team avoided relegation to the third division. Honduras national under-21 football team In March 2013, he led Honduras at the 2013 Central AKmerican Sports Games, where the Honduras U-21 national team became champion. Honduras national under-15 football team In August of that same year, he coached the Honduras Under-15 National Team in the 2013 CONCACAF Under-15 Championship. In that championship, his team (the same outcome of the same underage team of Honduras) also won the title of champion. Parrillas One (2nd term) On December 8, 2013, his return to the technical management of Parrillas One was announced, but this time in the top division of the league. Their first game was a 1–1 draw against Marathon at the Metropolitan Olympic Stadium in San Pedro Sula. After the tournament, his team was in seventh place in the standings with 20 points and failed to qualify to the league after falling to Motagua. Platense (2nd term) On February 2, 2015, he signed a one-year contract with Platense. He achieved an excellent participation in the cup tournament, losing the final against Olimpia. Unfortunately, their runners made a terrible campaign in the league, finishing in the tenth position. Honduras national under-20 football team Tábora coached the U-20 Honduras national team in the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup in South Korea. In that World Cup, his team finished in third place in Group E. Honduras national team On 26 February 2018, he was appointed as coach for the Honduras national football team. Personal life His parents are Abel Tábora and Enma Hernández. He was the oldest of five children. Tábora graduated from the Francisco J. Mejía Institute in Olanchito and studied for two years at the Francisco Morazán Military Academy. He graduated in pedagogy from the National Pedagogical University of Francisco Morazán. For several years he was a professor at schools in San Pedro Sula (while coaching). He married Dunia Meléndez, and they have three daughters, Luz Michelle, Rocío Julissa and Cristel Valencia.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranald_Macdonald_(journalist)"}

Chesborough Ranald Macdonald AO (born 27 June 1938) known personally and professionally as Ranald Macdonald, is a retired Australian journalist, media executive, broadcaster and educator. Macdonald served as Managing Director of David Syme & Co. Limited (publisher of The Age newspaper in Melbourne, Australia) from 1964 to 1983 and as editor-in-chief from 1966 to 1970. From 1995 until 1999 he served as the Chairman of the Boston University College of Communication Department of Journalism. Early life Macdonald was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Hamish Claude Henry Macdonald and Nancy Alison Syme, on 27 June 1938. He spent his early years in Wantabadgery West, near Wagga Wagga in New South Wales, where the family neighbours included Sir Keith Murdoch and his family, cousins of his mother Nancy. His father Hamish, a captain in the Second Australian Imperial Force, 2/19th Battalion, was killed in the Fall of Singapore on 19 January 1942, leaving three children — Ranald and two sisters, Jean and Morna. It was two years before the family had confirmation of his death. His mother Nancy later re-married Colonel E.H.B. (Ted) Neill, known as "The Colonel" and they had one child, James. The Colonel had shared rooms at Jesus College, Cambridge University with Hamish Macdonald. Education Macdonald was educated at Geelong Grammar School, where he was a boarder from the age of 6 and attended the inaugural year of Geelong Grammar's rural Victorian campus Timbertop, when it opened in 1953. The innovative educational program at Timbertop gained fame when H.R.H. Prince Charles attended in 1966. Macdonald greatly admired his Headmaster, Sir James Darling, who initiated Timbertop and gave the eulogy at his grandfather Oswald Syme's funeral. As did his father, Macdonald attended Jesus College, Cambridge, where he studied law and history from 1957 to 1960. On completing his degree, Macdonald returned to Australia and worked as a cadet reporter at The Age for three years, until a fortuitous golf game with a US naval captain at Royal Melbourne Golf Club, led to an introduction to Ed Barrett, Dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Macdonald had scribbled his details on the back of their scorecard, which resulted in him attending Columbia on scholarship to study a combined business and journalism Master of Science degree (1963–64), the first of its kind in the United States. For his thesis, Macdonald imagined 'The Great American Newspaper'. He cherry-picked the top editorial initiatives and other aspects of the best newspapers in America and combined them to create his 'ideal' publication, selecting opinion pieces from the Washington Post, political coverage from The Courier-Journal in Louisville, editorials from the New York Times, classified ads from the Miami Herald and advertising from the Denver Post, among others. He sent a copy of his thesis to each newspaper he had featured, and was invited to visit almost all of them. He undertook a road trip to learn about the best in American journalism before returning to Australia. Macdonald was offered a few jobs along the way, one by Katharine Graham at the Washington Post, who became a good friend. Career The Age In 1964, a twist of fate saw Macdonald appointed to the position of managing director of The Age when his grandfather and chairman of Age publisher David Syme & Co. Limited, Oswald Syme, misheard his grandson and thought he was threatening to leave the paper unless he was given the position. He was actually suggesting the role of marketing manager. He served as managing director until 1983. Also in 1964, the board of David Syme & Co. appointed Macdonald's stepfather, Colonel Neill, as Chairman when Oswald retired. In his early years at The Age, Macdonald rebuffed takeover bids by, among others, Frank Packer, his own cousin Rupert Murdoch, and The Times owner Roy Thomson. To maintain the newspaper's independence, Macdonald created the Syme-Fairfax Partnership with John Fairfax & Sons, which allowed the Syme Trust to continue after Oswald's death in 1967. The partnership ran from 1966 until 1983, when Fairfax bought out the remaining shares in David Syme and Co. and Macdonald stepped down as managing director. In 1966, after two years of battles, Macdonald replaced deeply entrenched editor Keith Sinclair and appointed Graham Perkin, while Macdonald assumed the role of editor-in-chief, serving until 1970. Macdonald and Perkin guided the paper through a transformation from its staid, conservative roots to what news magazine The Bulletin called "Australia's Most Important Newspaper". Macdonald and Perkin set out to make The Age the best, most influential and trusted journal, through quality journalism, encouragement and leadership. Their partnership was described by John Jost in Playboy as, "a perfect union of editorial and newspaper management skills". They believed in challenging decisionmakers and informing the public so that readers of The Age could make up their own minds about issues. Macdonald's tenure saw sweeping changes at The Age, including the addition of bylines to stories and the introduction of columnists, such as highly respected Phillip Adams. An independent ombudsman was hired and a corrections column was launched, entitled "We Were Wrong". Columnists like Nancy Dexter broke ground for women journalists with her column "Nancy Dexter Takes Note" discussing issues of the day, including the fight for equal pay, domestic violence and abortion law reform. Macdonald and Perkin introduced talented cartoonists to readers of The Age, including Les Tanner, Ron Tandberg, Bruce Petty, Michael Leunig, John Spooner and Peter Nicholson. In 1981, Macdonald prodded the Victorian Government to establish the Norris Inquiry into press ownership in Victoria, as he believed that a significant investment by John Fairfax & Sons in the Herald and Weekly Times group, the Melbourne-based rival of The Age, created a conflict of interest. Macdonald stepped down as managing director in 1983. That same year, the Syme–Fairfax partnership ended as the Syme family found it impossible to continue its financial support of the partnership. Academia Having lectured on journalism at Curtin and Murdoch Universities, Macdonald accepted a position in 1987 as associate professor at the Royal Melbourne University of Technology (later known as RMIT), serving until 1995, when he accepted a faculty position at Boston University. Chilean professor Claudio Veliz, under Chancellor John Silber, headhunted Macdonald for the University Professors program, which already included Nobel Prize laureates Elie Wiesel and Saul Bellow. He became chair of the Department of Journalism within a year. Macdonald established special summer programs to help orient foreign students in Boston, including American Journalism and American Society, in order to expose the students to different accents and new ideas. Macdonald also created The Boston University Great Debate series, inspired by Oxford–Cambridge debating. These debates were broadcast live on WBUR public radio, and became so popular that the final one during Macdonald's tenure was broadcast on C-SPAN, an arrangement that continued after Macdonald's departure. In 1999, Macdonald accepted the position of Boston University's international programme in London, where he helped to establish new overseas study programs in Auckland and Sydney. He co-founded the European Study Abroad Program (EUSA), a company which organises internships for thousands of American students a year in Dublin, Grenoble, Madrid, Paris, Sydney, London, Los Angeles and Boston. Other work Macdonald served as President of Collingwood Football Club from 1982 to 1986. He appointed Leigh Matthews, who later coached Collingwood to the Premiership in 1990, ending a 32-year title drought. Before leaving The Age, Macdonald was appointed by Victorian Premier John Cain Jr. to chair Victoria's 150th Anniversary Board from 1982–85, which organised the yearlong activities. He also represented Victoria on the Australian Bicentennial Authority (ABA) from 1983–85, but resigned, with the support of Prime Minister Bob Hawke, over his concerns about financial irregularities at the ABA. In 1983, he turned down an invitation from then Chairman of the ABC, Ken Myer, to become the first Managing Director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). In 1990, he began hosting ABC Radio 774/3LO's leading current affairs show between 8:30 until 10am every weekday. He successfully increased ratings until his departure in 1995. Honours and awards Associations Personal life Macdonald is the great-grandson of powerful newspaper proprietor David Syme, who with his brother Ebenezer, bought The Age in 1854. They turned it into a powerful force for political and social change in Victoria. On 11 August 1973, Macdonald married Patricia Tryon in Great Durnford, Wiltshire, England. They have two children, Laura (born 30 December 1974) and Hamish (born 27 April 1977). Patricia has worked in many areas of the arts, including exhibition curation. She re-opened and ran the Melbourne office of Christie's auction house, became head of the pictures department and later a director of the company. In 1985, unsuccessful investments in a string of health clubs combined with an over-commitment to unpaid positions, led to financial troubles for Macdonald. Macdonald is passionate about golf and has won numerous championships at Royal Melbourne and Barwon Heads. He is a life member of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland. The late champion Peter Thomson was one of his closest friends. Macdonald continues to campaign for press freedom and for the independence of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He is active in community environmental projects on the Mornington Peninsula, where he has retired with his wife Patricia. Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Saxony"}

Elisabeth of Saxony (18 October 1552, at Wolkenstein Castle in Wolkenstein – 2 April 1590, in Heidelberg) was a Saxon princess, and Countess Palatine of Simmern by marriage to John Casimir of the Palatinate-Simmern. Life Elisabeth was a daughter of the Elector August of Saxony (1526–1586) from his marriage to Anna (1532–1585), daughter of King Christian III of Denmark. She married on 4 June 1570 in Heidelberg during the Diet of Speyer with Count Palatine John Casimir of Simmern (1543–1592). August opposed the policies of John Casimir, who was a Calvinist and friendly to France. With this marriage, August hoped to woo John Casimir over to the Lutheran side. However, he did not succeed. The Catholics in Germany regarded the marriage as a provocation against the Habsburg dynasty and an attempt to form a united Protestant front. The Calvinist Johann Casimir tried to break the religious opposition of his Lutheran wife. In October 1585, she was arrested and accused of adultery and a murder plot against her husband. Even her brother, Elector Christian I, was convinced of her guilt. She converted to Calvinism while in captivity, and died shortly afterwards. Marriage and issue From her marriage with John Casimir, Elizabeth had the following children: Ancestors Royal descendants

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River in Brazil The Todos os Santos River is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Abkhazia"}

This list of museums in Abkhazia is a list of museums, defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organisations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included. Museums

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito_Square"}

Quito Square (Piața Quito) is located in the center of Bucharest, near Victory Square, right in the middle of Paris Street. At its centre is a sculpture dedicated to Mircea Zorileanu [ro] (October 14, 1883 – February 10, 1919), one of the pioneers of aviation in Romania, the second best aviator in Romania. On June 22, 1905, Mircea Zorileanu was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, being assigned to the 1st Roșiori regiment in Galați. In the summer of 1910, he suffered an injury during horse riding; due to his fractures he was declared unfit for riding. While recovering in the summer of 1910, he became interested in aviation, especially after Louis Blériot's first flight to Romania on October 31, 1909. In the autumn of 1910, with the little money he had, he traveled to France to attend Roger Sommer's Blériot aviation school, at Mourmelon-le-Grand. He attended the school from November 12, 1910 to February 13, 1911, but did not obtain a pilot's license at that time. When he returned to Romania, Zorileanu was asked to demonstrate his skills at Prince George Valentin Bibescu's flight school in Bucharest. on July 15, 1911 he executed before a military commission a flight with a Blériot monoplane, following which he received the second flight license granted in Romania. On one of the corners of Quito Square is the villa of engineer and builder Emil Prager [ro], where he lived with his whole family. The project, in the Art Deco style, was carried out by the architect Arghir Culina [ro] between 1930 and 1932.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le-u_(24%C2%B038%22N_95%C2%B05%22E)"}

Village in Sagaing Region, Burma Leu-u is a village in Banmauk Township, Katha District, in the Sagaing Region of northern-central Burma.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houjie_Mosque"}

Mosque in Tianshui, Gansu, China The Houjie Mosque (simplified Chinese: 后街清真寺; traditional Chinese: 後街清真寺; pinyin: Hòujiē Qīngzhēnsì) or Black Street Mosque is a mosque in Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, Gansu, China.

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Australian rugby league footballer Ernest Sutcliffe 'Ernie' Mort (1924 – 1991) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s. A St. George junior, Mort was discharged from war service in the Australian Army in mid 1946. He trialled for the Saints at the beginning of the 1947 NSWRFL season, and was signed by the club. Mort was a five-eighth, and during the end of his career, he was the understudy for the great Johnny Hawke. Mort was a well-respected man at St. George and retained a link with the club on his retirement by taking on committee positions at the club into the 1950s. Mort retired to Port Macquarie, New South Wales in his later years, and died there on 20 September 1991, age 67.

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Armenian-American football player (born 1987) American football player Jeff Tarpinian (born October 16, 1987) is an Armenian-American football linebacker who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He played college football at Iowa. Early years He was named 2005 Nebraska Gatorade Player of the Year. He was selected to the first-team all-state and all-conference in his senior season. He was an honorable mention all-state in both his sophomore and junior season along with the second-team all-conference as a junior season. College career He was named to the Academic all-Big Ten in both his Freshman and Sophomore seasons. Professional career New England Patriots Tarpinian went undrafted in the 2011 NFL Draft and signed with the New England Patriots as a rookie free agent in July, soon after the end of the 2011 NFL lockout. After being elevated to the active roster on September 22, he made the first defensive start of his NFL career on Sunday Night Football in Week 10 against the division rival New York Jets. He recorded 3 solo tackles and an assist in the team's 37-16 victory. On November 24, 2011, the Patriots placed Tarpinian on injured reserve, with the listed reason as a "head injury". It would be revealed years later that injury was in fact a cerebral cavernous malformation that required brain surgery. Tarpinian was able to make a full recovery and return to the Patriots for the 2012 season, playing mainly on special teams. Houston Texans After spending time on the Carolina Panther's practice squad, the Houston Texans signed Tarpinian to their active roster in October 2013. He would go on to play in 8 games that season, making 3 starts. Tarpinian would return to the Texans in 2014, reuniting him with former Patriots Offensive Coordinator Bill O'Brien, who was hired that offseason as head coach. His role on the team that season was mainly on special teams. Tarpinian was released by the Texans in September 2015 before their final preseason game and became an unrestricted free agent.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Smith"}

English botanist Winifred Smith (5 November 1858 – 1925) was an English botanist and educationist. She became a lecturer in the botany department at University College, London and took a leading role in supporting women students. First forty years She was born in Mortlake, Surrey on 5 November 1858 to Fanny and James Smith, who owned and ran a building business. Some of Smith's education was at Queen's College, London, a pioneering school for girls aged from 12 to 20. She then "devoted" herself to teaching until she began studying at University College in 1899. In the late 1870s her family experienced changes: her father went bankrupt and started working as a clerk, her only sister Ethel married and moved away, and Smith and her parents moved from the long-term family home in Mortlake High Street to live in Putney. Botany She received a BSc with honours in botany in 1904. The year before, she had published an article on Macaranga triloba. After getting her degree she did research in symbiosis. In 1905 she was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship enabling her to study seedling phases of rubber-producing sapotaceae under the direction of John Bretland Farmer. She became a Fellow of the Linnaean Society in 1908 and read a paper there on the Anatomy of some Sapotaceous Seedlings which was published in 1909. She was also a member of the British Ecological Society. University women Smith's lectureship in botany was not quite as important to her as her "main and absorbing work", from 1912 on, of being Tutor to Women Students. This was a senior post requiring her to offer guidance and support to female students. Her obituaries emphasise what a friendly nature she had and how much people warmed to her. She was well known and well liked, and some people spoke of her affectionately as Auntie Winnie. Smith was also Vice-Chairman of the College Hall of Residence for women students and involved in a range of college activities, women's societies and causes. She was living with her mother in Marylebone in 1901 and 1911. She was a friend of Margaret Murray, assistant professor of egyptology at University College. Both were committed to women's education, both supported women's suffrage, and both "detested that the women members of the academic staff were treated as second-class citizens". They did not want the women academics to be limited to a cramped, inadequate common room and planned a way of making the decision-makers take note of how much more space and comfort the men had. As Murray said, "Winifred Smith...and I cooked up a little scheme to get our way". They succeeded. After her death on 24 December 1925, a Winifred Smith Memorial trust fund, announced in The Times, was set up in her honour. The plan was to buy a cottage near her old farmhouse at Chiddingly, Sussex for the benefit of women students and members of staff: for holidays etc. The fund was enlarged by a bequest from the recent University College provost Sir Gregory Foster to commemorate his wife Maude as well as Smith, and so the college came to own two adjoining houses, Old Forge Cottage and Sunnyside in Muddle Green. This arrangement now takes the form of the Winifred Smith and Maude Foster Memorial Fund.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuproxena_cara"}

Species of moth Cuproxena cara is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Peru.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Schoonbroodt"}

Dutch cyclist Bob Schoonbroodt (born 12 February 1991) is a Dutch former racing cyclist. He rode at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships. Major results 2009 1st Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 1st Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Juniors 4th Overall Liège–La Gleize 9th Overall Grand Prix Rüebliland 2012 2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships 2014 6th Overall Tour of Taihu Lake 1st Stage 8 2015 2nd Overall Olympia's Tour 2nd GP Viborg 2016 5th Time trial, National Road Championships

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2009_Summer_Universiade_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_discus_throw"}

The men's discus throw event at the 2009 Summer Universiade was held on 11–12 July. Medalists Results Qualification Qualification: 59.50 m (Q) or at least 12 best (q) qualified for the final. Final

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_U20_World_Championship"}

The 2003 FIVB Women's U20 World Championship was held in Suphanburi, Thailand from September 6 to 14, 2003. 16 teams participated in the tournament. Qualification process Pools composition Preliminary round Pool A Pool B Pool C Pool D Second round Play off – elimination group Play off – seeding group Final round Quarterfinals 5th–8th semifinals Semifinals 7th place 5th place 3rd place Final Final standing Individual awards

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Rugby union is the national sport of New Zealand with the All Blacks as the national team. The All Blacks are made up of many races and cultures, and seven of the fifteen starters in the 2011 Rugby World Cup Final were of Polynesian descent. However, although the national team has a long history of success, it also has on occasion been the subject of racial issues. On the international stage there has been controversy in the tours of and by South Africa, the most famous of which was the 1981 tour by South Africa. These tours drew much international criticism as many states were boycotting South Africa due to apartheid. On the domestic stage there have been issues of racism in the Super Rugby competition. There have also been some instances of racism in college rugby and club rugby. Racism is quite a serious human rights issue in New Zealand, which was highlighted in the Universal Periodic Review by the United Nations Human Rights Council. Rugby tours of South Africa Due to apartheid in South Africa, it was the policy of the New Zealand Rugby Union not to select Māori players for tours to South Africa prior to 1970. There was much internal and external criticism of the tours, with the slogan 'No Māori - No Tour' being prominent in New Zealand. Recently the Human Rights Commissioner has commended this as the starting point of the campaign to stop the tours. In 1969 an anti-racist rugby tour group named Halt All Racist Tours (HART) was set up to protest future games between New Zealand and South Africa. Some tours were called off due to such pressure, the most controversial of the tours to go ahead was the 1981 tour. Background The first tour by a South African Rugby team was in 1921. The South African team played one game against a team named the natives, which was made up entirely of Māori. A South African journalist reported that the Springboks were ‘frankly disgusted’ at playing against ‘a band of coloured men'. One telegraph sent back to South Africa by a journalist stated; "Bad enough having to play officially designated New Zealand Natives, but spectacle thousands Europeans frantically cheering on band of coloured man to defeat members of own race was too much for Springboks who frankly disgusted." Because of this policy many of New Zealand's greatest Māori players, such as George Nēpia, missed out on these tours. Public opinion was strongly against the tours and eventually lead to a change. Despite this Māori were still avid supporters of their national team. When the policy was changed in 1970 only four Māori were allowed to travel and were classified as 'honorary whites'. The obvious trouble with accepting the tours was that New Zealand would be seen as supporting the Apartheid regime. However, it is easy to overlook the fact that many players grow up hoping to one day play for the All Blacks and to miss out would be devastating. Halt All Racist Tours The tour policy of South Africa was not well received by the public in New Zealand. In 1969 a group of Auckland University students headed by John Minto formed the group Halt All Racist Tours(HART). The main purpose was to provide a group to protest the tours. The 1970 tour went ahead but South African Rugby Football Union allowed a mixed team to be sent. One of the ways that HART got its message around was by using Badges. The 1973 tour was postponed due to public pressure put on the Labour government, pressure which HART was a major player in. HART's main function was to organise and co-ordinate protests, and while it was not the major player in the 1981 protests it still is seen as one of the main reasons for the eventual discontinuance of the tours. Many other protest groups developed from the same ideals promoted by HART, one prominent group that was very much involved in racial issues was CARE, an organisation that shared many members with HART. 1976 Tour and Olympic Boycott In 1976 the All Blacks toured South Africa, with five Maori players and one of Samoan origin. After the IOC did not sanction New Zealand in regard to the 1976 Summer Olympics, many African countries boycotted this Olympic Games. 1981 Tour Although there were issues surrounding all the tours, the 1981 Tour is seen as the most controversial. There were protests all over New Zealand many of them descending into violence dividing the country into two opposing sides. There were over 200 protests which lead to roughly 1500 arrests within a 56-day period. The protest did much to divide families as well, one witness stated; "Although things had been far from perfect between my parents, the Springbok tour caused such tension and stress that we could not live together in the same house and function as a family unit." This shows that it was not just a protest around rugby, but also on societal structure and moral values. The protest campaign galvanised and strengthened New Zealand's anti-racist movement. The aftermath of the tour was that there was to be no official sporting contact until apartheid ended. There was one rebel tour by an unofficial team named the Cavaliers in 1986 which embarrassed the New Zealand government who in turn banned the players for two tests. A recalcitrant apology to Māori came in 2010, but only after the South African Rugby Union did so at the prompting of the republic's then minister for sport, Makhenkesi Stofile. Super Rugby and racism New Zealand has five teams in the Super Rugby competition that is contested between themselves, Australia and South Africa. While there has been success on the field some teams have been plagued by racism off it. New Zealand is a vastly culturally diverse nation and the Super Rugby teams and management reflect this. The issues are not always a product of the teams actions and policies, but many of the issues stem from the supporters of the teams. Much of this is said to highlight an undertone of racism that is common among ageing rugby supporters who stereotype rugby positions and ability. Crusaders racial selection policy In 2010 it was suggested that the Crusaders rugby team selection policy was racist. The allegation that was made was that the Crusaders selection policy was to only include three non-European players. Andy Haden made the accusation that the Crusaders racially discriminate because they select different races on the basis that they are suited to different positions. The club adamantly denied the allegation with many players coming out saying that the claims have no basis. Prime Minister John Key has said that the claims made by Haden were offensive and incorrect. Whether or not this claim was true is still debated, but it did manage to highlight the fact that many people still believe that not all players are equal in skill on the field and that racism could still be present at the top club level. Racial criticism of Pat Lam and the Blues In 2012 the Auckland Blues manager Pat Lam was racially abused via social media by fans that were unsatisfied with his team's performance. There was also criticism leveled at the team itself, mainly suggestions that the Pacific Island and Māori players were to blame. The head of New Zealand Rugby, Steve Tew, has said the taunts aimed at Pat Lam are appalling, and has stated that it highlights the fact that racism is still existent in New Zealand Society. The interesting part of this incident was that it was done via social media meaning that those making the taunts were not ascertainable. Racism and grass roots rugby There have been a few instances of racism at grass roots level, in particular at high school and top amateur divisions. This racial abuse has been said to be New Zealand rugby's dirty secret on more than one occasion. Racism in high school rugby Evidence of racism at college level came when eight players from St Bedes College who used the social media website Facebook to make abusive comments about Polynesian players from Wesley College. Their comments included criticism of the Island players' intelligence and that the only reason they succeed in rugby was due to their 'superior brawn'. The rector of St Bedes declared he was disgusted by the comments. A complaint was made to the Human Rights Commission over the matter. Racism at club level There have been occasions that highlight racism as a factor in club level rugby. One example reported was when a brawl at a game between Celtic and McKenzie was said to have been a reaction to the racial abusing of a Polynesian player. Other examples include spectators racially abusing players at a King country game and even one Māori commentator stating that he was abused.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Idaho"}

The 2008 congressional elections in Idaho were held on November 4, 2008 to determine who would represent the state of Idaho in the United States House of Representatives, coinciding with the presidential and senatorial elections. Representatives are elected for two-year terms; those elected will serve in the 111th Congress from January 3, 2009 until January 3, 2011. Idaho has two seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms. Its 2007–09 congressional delegation consisted of two Republicans. In the 2008 elections, District 1 was won by Democrat Walt Minnick, so Idaho's delegation to the 111th Congress consists of one Republican and one Democrat. CQ Politics had forecasted District 1 to be at some risk for the incumbent party. As of 2022[update], this was the last time a Democrat was elected to congress from Idaho.[original research?] The statewide primary elections were held May 27, 2008. Overview Match-up summary District 1 This district includes most of the Boise metropolitan area and northern Idaho, including all of the Idaho Panhandle. Major cities in the district include Nampa, Meridian, Coeur d'Alene, Lewiston as well as precincts in western Boise. Usually a Republican stronghold, in 2006 Bill Sali (campaign website) won an open seat race with only 50 percent of the vote over Larry Grant's 45 percent. In 2008 Sali faced Walt Minnick (campaign website), a businessman and former White House staffer who had been the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1996. Grant announced his intention to run for the seat again, but withdrew from the race before the primary and endorsed Minnick instead. Sali defeated Iraq war veteran Matt Salisbury with 60 percent of the vote in the May 27 Republican primary. Minnick won the Democratic nomination unopposed. Initially, Sali was considered safe due to the district's heavily Republican nature (CPVI R+19), and the race was initially rated 'Safe Republican' by the non-partisan Cook Political Report. However, it soon became increasingly competitive. According to The Wall Street Journal, a combination of poor fund raising (Sali trailed Minnick by nearly $200,000 according to reports in May) and Sali's combative reputation gave Minnick a chance to upset Sali despite the district's conservative majority. Many moderates who would have normally leaned Republican were reportedly concerned by Sali's far-right social views in a state where conservative voters have historically cared more about small government issues than social issues. As a result, the Cook Political Report adjusted its rating for the race throughout the campaign, moving it to 'Likely Republican' on July 3, 'Leans Republican' on September 18, and 'Republican Toss Up' on October 23. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Republican Favored', but changed its rating to 'No Clear Favorite' late in the campaign. The Rothenberg Report rated it as 'Lean Republican'. Results Minnick defeated Sali by just over 4,000 votes. Minnick was the first Democrat to be elected to Congress from Idaho since Larry LaRocco was defeated for reelection to this seat in 1994; he was only the second Democrat to hold the seat since the 1960s. According to CPVI, as calculated using the 2004 and 2008 presidential election results, Idaho's first district was the third most Republican-leaning district in the country to be represented by a Democrat in the 111th Congress. District 2 This district includes the Eastern Idaho and Magic Valley regions of Idaho, including the cities of Pocatello, Idaho Falls and Twin Falls, as well as parts of Boise on its western edge. The seat was held by Republican Mike Simpson, who was first elected in 1998. Simpson (campaign website) ran for reelection against Democratic nominee Deborah Holmes (campaign website), a first-time candidate for public office. Both Simpson and Holmes decisively won their respective primaries. Although parts of the district have trended Democratic in recent years, including Blaine County, Teton County and the Boise precincts located in the district, a strong Mormon voting bloc has kept the district in Republican hands. CQ Politics forecasts the race as 'Safe Republican'. Results Mike Simpson easily won reelection over Deborah Holmes, receiving 71 percent of the vote.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aira_Azman"}

Malaysian squash player Aira Azman (born 29 September 2004 in Kedah) is a Malaysian professional squash player. As of July 2022, she was ranked number 102 in the world.

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Genus of beetles Pseudohyllisia is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinas_(crater)"}

Feature on the moon Sinas is a small lunar impact crater that lies in the eastern part of the Moon on the Mare Tranquillitatis. Its diameter is 12 km. It was named after the Greek magnate Simon Sinas. This is an isolated formation that is located very near the midpoint of the lunar mare. Sinas is circular and bowl-shaped, with a small floor at the midpoint. A wrinkle ridge intersects the east edge of the crater, and several lunar domes lie to the north. Nearby craters include Jansen and Carrel to the northwest, Aryabhata to the southeast, and Maskelyne to the south. Views Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Sinas.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats_men%27s_soccer"}

Defunct soccer team of the University of Cincinnati For information on all University of Cincinnati sports, see Cincinnati Bearcats The Cincinnati Bearcats men's soccer team represented the University of Cincinnati in all NCAA Division I men's college soccer competitions. Cincinnati previously competed in various conferences including the American Athletic Conference, Big East Conference, Conference USA, the Great Midwest Conference and the Big Central Soccer Conference. The Bearcats played their home fixtures at Gettler Stadium on the University of Cincinnati campus in Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati was most recently coached by Hylton Dayes, a former player who had coached the Bearcats since 2001. The University of Cincinnati Department of Athletics discontinued its men's soccer program effective immediately, Director of Athletics John Cunningham announced on April 14, 2020. The men's soccer program dated to 1973 with an all-time record of 385–408–84. The Bearcats were 5–11–1 in 2019 and longtime head coach Hylton Dayes stepped down following the season. Seasons The following is a list of Cincinnati's records since forming in 1982. NCAA tournament results Cincinnati has appeared in three NCAA Tournaments. They have a combined record of 0–2–1.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Death_Bang"}

3rd episode of the 1st season of Family Guy "Chitty Chitty Death Bang" is the third episode of the first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy. It was originally shown on Fox in the United States on April 18, 1999. The episode follows Peter after he tries to make amends for his son, Stewie's, first birthday party when he loses their reservation at a popular kids' restaurant known as Cheesie Charlie's. Meanwhile, Meg becomes friends with an excitable girl named Jennifer, who leads her to join a death cult (inspired from the 1997 Heaven's Gate mass suicide), in an attempt to fit in. The episode was written by Danny Smith and directed by Dominic Polcino, both firsts in the Family Guy series. The episode featured guest performances by Butch Hartman, Waylon Jennings, Rachael MacFarlane and John O'Hurley, along with several recurring voice actors for the series. Much of the episode features a cutaway style of humor that is typically used in Family Guy, many of which feature cultural references including the Incredible Hulk, The Dukes of Hazzard, Three Little Pigs, and Couplehood. The title "Chitty Chitty Death Bang" is a variation on that of the 1968 musical film, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Plot Lois has booked Cheesie Charlie's for Stewie's upcoming first birthday party and sends Peter, along with Chris, to drop off the deposit check at the restaurant. However, once they arrive, they seek the opportunity to play with all the machines, causing Peter to lose his watch in a claw machine. A little boy wins his watch, which causes Peter to become angry and tries to force the watch off the child. Five minutes later, the manager sees this and asks Peter to leave. But once Peter shows the deposit check, he immediately apologizes and exclaims how they are very excited to host Stewie's birthday party. Peter, angered by how he was treated, states that they will not be celebrating Stewie's party there, which causes a crowd of people to circle around the manager shouting for the reservation. Peter, realizing what he has just done, immediately returns home with a poorly crafted lie in an attempt to evade Lois' aggravation, which involves him saying that they are Nazis who torture, kill and kidnap people. He pretends that he has already planned an extravagant party at home so that Lois does not have to do any work. Meanwhile, Stewie misinterprets the meaning of his birthday and assumes that the same mysterious "Man in White" who delivered him as an infant will be returning to force Stewie back into Lois' womb, from which he escaped just one year ago. Meg cries all the way home to Peter from cheerleading practice, and has been having trouble fitting in at school. Later, she discovers a new friend named Jennifer. Meanwhile, Stewie makes it all the way to the airport looking for tickets, but then is stopped by a member of staff. The man then gives Stewie some advice, saying that running from your problems never solves anything. Stewie then reflects on this, deciding to finally face "The Man in White". But before he leaves, he wishes the man luck before freezing him in carbonite. Peter tries desperately, but ultimately unsuccessfully, to put together a party in time for Stewie's birthday. He finally reroutes a circus into the Griffins' backyard, saving the day - that is, until he reveals to Lois that he gave Meg permission to go to a party at her friend's house. Lois, who wanted the whole family together for Stewie's party, is upset with Peter for letting Meg go. What Peter and Lois do not realize is that Meg's "party" is actually a cult meeting where all the members are about to commit group suicide. Peter goes to retrieve Meg from her "party" and asks Meg to come as Lois wants her there. Meg just says it is just a birthday party and asks who would remember if she was not there. Peter says that Lois would, as she remembers everything, and that her best memories are of when Meg and her brothers were born. He then has an epiphany: having the entire family at the party is more for Lois than Stewie. Realizing how terrible she has been, Meg agrees to come home, and the cult members agree as well. Peter makes a toast, then looks at his watch before he can drink the poisoned punch and pulls Meg out before she can drink hers, oblivious to the fact that he is saving her life in the process while the cult members all die. The cult leader chases after them while wearing his ceremonial white robe and is mistaken by Stewie as "The Man in White". Stewie does away with him and, feeling victorious, joins the others to enjoy his party. Production "Chitty Chitty Death Bang" was written by Danny Smith and directed by Dominic Polcino, both their first episodes in the Family Guy series. Staff writers included voice actor Mike Henry and Andrew Gormley, while Ricky Blitt, Chris Sheridan as executive story editors, and Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan acted as the story editors. To help Polcino direct the episode were supervising directors Peter Shin and Roy Allen Smith. In addition to the regular cast, guest stars included actor and comedian Patrick Bristow, animator, executive producer, animation director, storyboard artist and producer Butch Hartman (who played Mr. Weed, Peter's boss, and various other characters), writer Gary Janetti (who played the Demon and Riff), actor John O'Hurley (who played the Cult Leader), and Waylon Jennings (who played himself). Recurring cast members included Mike Henry who played Cleveland Brown and Lori Alan who played Dianne Simons. This is the first episode Seth MacFarlane's sister, Rachael MacFarlane guest starred in the episode as the voice of Jennifer. In future episodes, she would become a recurring voice actor for the series. Rachel has noted that she was asked by Seth to lend her voice for the show, but she did have to audition for the role. As with the remaining first four episodes of the season, the title of the episode, "Chitty Chitty Death Bang", was derived from 1930s and 1940s radio programs, particularly the radio thriller anthology "Suspense", which featured several elements pertaining to death and murder. This convention was later dropped following the fifth episode of the season, "A Hero Sits Next Door". due to individual episodes becoming difficult to identify and distinguish. Cultural references When Peter explains to Lois why he canceled the party at Cheesie Charlie's, he said he had been kidnapped by them and that they are Nazis. He explains to Lois that he escaped by turning into the Incredible Hulk. The place where Lois had planned Stewie's birthday party is called Cheesie Charlie's, which is a reference to the food chain Chuck E. Cheese's. When Stewie recalls how he was conceived, he tells the story of which he was in a sperm ship and gets into a fight with other sperm ships is a reference to fights in the Star Wars trilogy. Peter loses his Dukes of Hazzard watch. When Peter is looking for pigs for a petting zoo he takes down a house of straw and a house made of sticks, this is a reference to the fairy tale Three Little Pigs. Peter is also struck in the head by a paint can on a string, a reference to the film Home Alone. Items added to the suicide cult punch mix by Jennifer include cyanide, arsenic, rat poison, and the book Couplehood by Paul Reiser. The episode title is a reference to the 1968 musical film, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Reception A 2008 review of the episode written by Ahsan Haque of IGN was generally positive; Haque stated that while he did not believe "Chitty Chitty Death Bang" was an "instant classic", it has "plenty of memorable moments" and "a nicely crafted storyline". Haque went on to praise Peter's attempt to "convince [Lois] that the people at Cheesie Charlie's are Nazi devils who kidnapped him and that he only manages to escape because he was able to turn into the Incredible Hulk", as well as Stewie's role in the episode, calling it "extremely clever". Haque concluded his review by rating the episode an 8.4/10. David Williams from the DVD Movie Guide said that this and other episodes of the first season did a marvelous job of introducing the characters of the series to the viewers. In his review of "Chitty Chitty Death Bang" the TV Critic called the writing in the episode wittier than in previous ones. He found the Stewie storyline very enjoyable, and also commented positively on the moral of the story. He criticized the Meg storyline as he did not find mass suicide funny; he also commented that Peter felt a lot like Homer from The Simpsons. In his final comments he said it had some odd moments but it was a fun story.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_Sync_Battle_UK"}

Lip Sync Battle UK is a British musical reality competition television series based on the American version of the same name. It premiered on Channel 5 on 8 January 2016. It is hosted by Mel B and Professor Green. The concept was introduced on the American chat show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, in which celebrities battle each other with lip sync performances. It has been used as a recurring segment on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon before being developed as a separate show. Production Whizz Kid Entertainment, producers of the series, announced that the first series would consist of eight episodes. However, upon broadcast, only six episodes were shown, with two episodes, Daisy Lowe vs Matt Richardson and Chris Ramsey vs Aston Merrygold, remaining unaired. On 7 November 2016 Channel 5 confirmed that a second series, comprising six episodes, plus an additional Christmas Special, had been ordered and would broadcast from January 2017. Despite this, only four episodes aired, with episodes Robert Webb vs Sally Phillips and Joey Essex vs Louie Spence going unaired. In March 2018, the third run of episodes was broadcast by Channel 5; however, despite some listings referring to them as a third series, the four-episode run consisted of the four unaired episodes from the first two series. Series overview Episodes Winners are listed in bold Series 1 (2016) Christmas Special (2016) Series 2 (2017–2018)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Konovalov_(hammer_thrower)"}

Russian hammer thrower Ilya Valeryevich Konovalov (Russian: Илья Валерьевич Коновалов; born 4 March 1971 in Yefrosimovka, Kursk) is a retired male hammer thrower from Russia, whose personal best throw is 82.28 metres, achieved in August 2003 in Tula. In 2007 Konovalov was found guilty of acetazolamide doping. The sample was delivered on 17 December 2006 in an in-competition test in Kursk, Russia. He received a suspension from February 2007 to February 2009. International competitions Note: At the 2004 Athens Olympics, Konovalov failed to reach the final. He originally finished 14th in the qualifying round but was promoted to 12th after two of the finalists were disqualified for failing drug tests.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyewon_pungsokdo"}

Hyewon pungsokdo is an album of the genre paintings (pungsokhwa or pungsokdo) drawn by the Korean painter Shin Yunbok during the late Joseon dynasty. It was named after Shin's pen name, Hyewon, and comprises 30 paintings in total. In 1930, Jeon Hyeopil (전형필:全鎣弼), later the founder of the Gansong Art Museum, purchased it from an antique dealer in Osaka, Japan and newly mounted the album. Oh Sechang (오세창), who was a journalist and pro-independence activist, wrote the subtitles and postface for the album. Hyewon pungsokdo is designated as the 135th National Treasure of South Korea and is held in the collection of the Gansong Art Museum located in Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea. Gallery Entertainment (7) Gibang (5) Daily life (6) Meeting (5) Lovers (5) Lust (2) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyewon pungsokdo.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Andersen_(athlete)"}

Norwegian racewalker Erling Andersen (born 22 September 1960 in Bergen, Hordaland) is a retired male race walker from Norway. Achievements

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_River_(Nottaway_River_tributary)"}

River in Quebec, Canada The Iroquois River is a tributary of the Nottaway, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in Canada. Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. Recreational tourism activities (especially hunting and fishing) come second. This hydrographic slope has no access forest road. The surface of the river is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April. Geography The main neighboring hydrographic slopes are: The "Iroquois River" originates at the mouth of Lake Esther (length: 5.1 kilometres (3.2 mi); width: 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi); altitude: 244 metres (801 ft)). The mouth of Lake Esther is located at 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) Northeast of the Kitchigama River, at 17.4 kilometres (10.8 mi) West of Nottaway River, at 97.3 kilometres (60.5 mi) Northwest of downtown Matagami, Quebec. From the mouth of Lake Esther, the "Iroquois River" flows on 64.4 kilometres (40.0 mi) according to the following segments: The Iroquois River empties onto the South Bank of the Nottaway River. This confluence is located at: Toponymy According to the Atlas of Canada, the term "Iroquois" is used in 53 site designations. The Iroquois nations have greatly influenced toponymy in North America. The toponym "Rivière des Iroquois" (or Iroquois River, in English) was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec, at the creation of this commission

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_Fighting_Dogs"}

Japanese professional baseball team The Kōchi Fighting Dogs (高知ファイティングドッグス, Kōchi Faitingu Doggusu) are a baseball team in the Shikoku Island League Plus of Japan. Established in 2005, the Fighting Dogs play their home games mainly at Kōchi Stadium in Kōchi city of Kōchi Prefecture. The Dogs were the winners of the League's inaugural 2005 season. They won the 2009 season title by beating Nagasaki Saints in the Island League playoff. Notable players

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allef_(footballer,_born_1994)"}

Brazilian footballer Allef de Andrade Rodrigues (born 4 November 1994) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Russian club Volga Ulyanovsk. Career On 24 July 2021, Atyrau announced the signing of Allef.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Wadia"}

Indian businessman (1911–1996) Neville Ness Wadia (22 August 1911 – 31 July 1996) was a British businessman, philanthropist and a member of the Wadia family, an old Parsi family which, by the 1840s, was one of the leading forces in the Indian shipbuilding industry. Wadia was the last of India's aristocratic taipans, who expanded his family textile concern into one of India's largest and donated lavishly for the welfare of the Parsee community to which he belonged. Life and career Wadia was born in Liverpool to Sir Ness Wadia and Lady Evelyne Clara Powell Wadia. He was the grandson of Nowrosjee Wadia and Bai Jerbai. Brought up in opulence in England, he was educated at Malvern College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He married Dina, the only child of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan and his wife Rattanbai Petit, in 1938. The wedding was largely criticized due to being an inter-faith marriage, Dina belonged to a Muslim faith, and Wadia was a Parsi. The couple had two children, a son, Nusli Wadia, and a daughter, Diana Wadia. However, the marriage did not last long and the couple divorced in 1943. Although his father was born a Parsi, he renounced the Zoroastrian faith and converted to Christianity. Wadia was raised as a Christian but he later converted from Christianity to Zoroastrianism. During the late 19th century, his father, Sir Ness Wadia, who was known as the Cotton King, played an important role in turning the city of Bombay into one of the world's largest cotton trading centres. In 1933, Neville was unceremoniously thrown into Bombay Dyeing by his father where he started working as a supervisor for loading of cotton bales on to trucks which was the most junior level in each department. He slowly worked his way to the top. He was paid no salary and given only a meagre allowance befitting a lowly employee. In 1952, Wadia succeeded his father as chairman of Bombay Dyeing, and under his leadership the company became one of India's most successful and quality-conscious textile concerns. Wadia founded the Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council, which he headed for 12 years. He was also heavily involved in the real estate business in Mumbai, and he contributed to building new wings and upgrading several hospitals in Bombay founded by his family. He established a business school named as Modern Education Society's Neville Wadia Institute of Management studies and Research in Pune and a host of charitable trusts for Parsees. In 1971, Neville decided to sell the company to R. P. Goenka as it was failing and had plans to settle abroad. However his son stopped him by garnering 11 per cent of the company shares and went on to persuade the employees to pool their savings and buy shares to prevent the sale. This made Neville change his mind of selling the company and forcing him to abandon his plans of settling abroad. After his retirement as chairman of Bombay Dyeing in 1977, he was succeeded by his son, Nusli Wadia. Neville Wadia died in Mumbai three weeks before his 85th birthday. Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kiotensis"}

Species of plant Carex kiotensis is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Japan and Taiwan.

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SudannaYuzuYully (Japanese: スダンナユズユリー, also known as SYY or Sudannayuzuyully) is a Japanese dance-pop and hip-hop trio formed and managed by LDH since 2017. They are a sub-unit of supergroup E-girls and signed to the record label Rhythm Zone. The name of the group derives from each member's nickname: Anna Suda (Sudanna, スダンナ), Yuzuna (Yuzu, ユズ) and Yurino (Yully, ユリー). This is the first group in which Yurino and Sudanna take on a different position than only being performers. All members are actively taking part in producing and writing the group's music and lyrics. The group is known for their various endeavors in fashion. They have been featured in several popular Japanese fashion magazines such as Nylon Japan, smart and mini. History 2016: Group formation On November 9, 2016, it was announced during Happiness' first live tour Happiness LIVE TOUR 2016 GIRLZ N' EFFECT that Yurino, Suda Anna and Yuzuna Takebe would form a new unit. On the same day, an official Instagram account of the group started. With Yuzuna being the vocalist and Yurino and Sudanna being rappers, this was the first time both of them would be vocally featured in any E-girls related group. 2017-present: Debut and first album SYY On November 26, 2016, the unit announced to be debuting with the single "OH BOY" on March 1, 2017 under the label Rhythm Zone. They released their second single "CALL ME NOW" on August 9 in the same year. In March 2017, the trio was invited to perform at the fashion events Kobe Collection 2017 S/S and Tokyo Girls Collection 2017 S/S. Starting June 2017, the Japanese fashion magazine smart has been publishing a series titled #SYYB focusing on the unit. On October 23, they concluded their activities of 2017 by performing at the ViVi Night in TOKYO 2017 Halloween Party, a fashion event hosted by the magazine ViVi. In 2018, the trio appeared as opening act of Sandaime J Soul Brothers members CrazyBoy and Hiroomi Tosaka's solo tours during July to December. In September of the same year, they were chosen as the models for a FILA×24karats Collaboration. Furthermore, they were invited to perform at the Asia Song Festival 2018 in South Korea on October 2. On January 9, 2019, the unit released their first digital single "LOOK AT ME NOW". In the same year they participated in E.G.family's first tour E.G.POWER 2019 ~POWER to the DOME~ from February 22 until May 25. Later that year on March 6, the unit released their first full album called SYY. The cover of the album was designed by artist Jun Inagawa. Shortly after, on March 27, the trio released their first look-book titled SYYM. Furthermore, they were appointed as models for the digital style book titled Benetton Rainbow Machine -Tokyo Edition- promoting a Benetton × Jean-Charles de Castelbajac Capsule Collection, alongside other Japanese artists. On August 25 it was announced that the unit's new song "MAGIC TIME" would be used as the ending theme for the anime Gundam Build Divers Re:RISE starting October 10. They were also announced as part of the line-up for the music festival MONSTER HALLOWEEN CARNIVAL2019 powered by ytv CUNE! on October 26. Members Discography Studio albums Best albums Singles Digital singles Tie-up Tours As a participating group Bibliography Look book Magazines Catalogues Other work Radio

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_%22Big_Easy%22_Lofton"}

American basketball player (born 1981) Nathaniel "Big Easy" Lofton (born April 15, 1981) is an American basketball player for the Harlem Globetrotters. He and his fellow Globetrotter Herbert "Flight Time" Lang are known for their participation in three seasons of The Amazing Race. Nate played collegiate basketball for the Southeastern Louisiana University Lions. The Amazing Race performance With Herbert "Flight Time" Lang, Big Easy has participated in three seasons of The Amazing Race. The Amazing Race 15 In their first season, The Amazing Race 15, Flight Time and Big Easy made it to the penultimate leg on a visit to Prague when Big Easy forfeited the Roadblock challenge, finding it too difficult. This ended their season in Leg 11 with a 4th-place finish. Finishes The Amazing Race 18: Unfinished Business They returned for The Amazing Race 18, subtitled "Unfinished Business", with their previous elimination cited as their "unfinished business". This time around, the Globetrotters, as they were often referred to in the program, made it to the final leg of the competition. They ultimately finished in 2nd place and lost the one million dollar grand prize and The Amazing Race: Unfinished Business title to Kisha & Jen. Finishes The Amazing Race 24: All-Stars The two made their return to the program in the 24th season, an "All-Stars" season, and they had five 6th-place finishes in a row including Leg 8 which their season had come to an end with a 6th-place finish. Finishes

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Sir Frederick Leman Rogers, 5th Baronet (1746–1797) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1780 and 1797. Early life Rogers was the eldest son of Sir Frederick Rogers, 4th Baronet, of Blachford and his first wife Grace Cooper, daughter of Nathaniel Cooper-Leman of Norwich and Plymouth, clerk to the Victualling Board, and was born on 23 July 1746. His father was commissioner of the dockyard. Rogers married Jane Lillicrap, daughter of John Lillicrap, a warrant officer at Gibraltar, at Gretna Green on 21 December 1769. They were also married formally at Plymouth St. Maurice, Devon on 27 June 1770. Rogers was Mayor of Plymouth for 1774–5. He succeeded his father in the baronetcy on 7 June 1777. He also became Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and recorder of Plymouth in 1777. Political career Rogers's family had represented Plymouth for many years and his father had been politically active in the Government interest at Plymouth. In April 1780 Rogers started to campaign for a seat at Plymouth with Admiral Sir Charles Hardy one of the sitting Members. When Handy died, Rogers stood for Plymouth as administration candidate at the by-election and in a contest was returned as Member of Parliament on 31 May 1780. He was re-elected after a contest at the 1780 general election. He did not stand again for Parliament at the 1784 general election. Early in 1790 there was another vacancy at Plymouth. but Rogers decided not to stand out of respect for the administration. Having explained this to the Duke of Leeds who was Foreign secretary, he was given government support at the 1790 general election. He won a seat narrowly in the contest, and survived a petition. At the 1796 general election he was personally recommended by Pitt and was returned unopposed Later years and legacy Rogers died at Speenhamland, Berkshire on 21 June 1797 and was buried at Cornwood. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son John as the 6th Baronet, followed by his second son Frederick as the 7th Baronet.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_(minister_of_St_Paul%27s,_Glasgow)"}

Scottish minister John Forbes (1800-25 December 1874) was a Presbyterian minister who served in St Paul's Church in Glasgow. After several years in the Church of Scotland left at the Disruption and joined the Free Church of Scotland. Life John Forbes was born in Dunkeld in 1800. In 1828 he was educated at Perth Academy and St Andrews University. After graduation he was for sometime employed as a mathematical tutor in Perth Academy. Forbes was licensed by the Presbytery of Perth on 27 April 1825. He was subsequently ordained to Hope Park Chapel (Newington), Edinburgh, on 16 November 1826. In this role Forbes succeeded Robert Gordon whom he had previously succeeded as mathematics master in Perth Academy. He later moved to Glasgow being presented by Magistrates and Council on 10 September, and translated, and admitted on 18 December 1828. He was awarded a doctorate D.D. from the University of St Andrews, on 15 April 1837. He also received an LL.D. from Glasgow University, on 18 December 1840. At the Disruption he joined the Free Church in 1843 and served as minister of St Paul's Free Church, from 1843-1874. He was a member of the Assembly of 1863, made a long speech on the Union question, and accepted a place in the Committee. Afterwards, when he and some of his brethren came to believe that union with the United Presbyterians could not be achieved but by the relinquishment of one of the fundamental principles of the Free Church, he felt that he had no alternative but to withdraw from the Committee. He died unmarried, on 25 December 1874. Publications

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"}

American writer (1922–2007) Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American writer and humorist known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels. In a career spanning over 50 years, he published fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction works; further collections have been published after his death. Born and raised in Indianapolis, Vonnegut attended Cornell University but withdrew in January 1943 and enlisted in the US Army. As part of his training, he studied mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and the University of Tennessee. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II and was captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. He was interned in Dresden, where he survived the Allied bombing of the city in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, he married Jane Marie Cox, with whom he had three children. He adopted his nephews after his sister died of cancer and her husband was killed in a train accident. He and his wife both attended the University of Chicago, while he worked as a night reporter for the City News Bureau. Vonnegut published his first novel, Player Piano, in 1952. The novel was reviewed positively but was not commercially successful at the time. In the nearly 20 years that followed, he published several novels that were well regarded, two of which (The Sirens of Titan [1959] and Cat's Cradle [1963]) were nominated for the Hugo Award for best SF or fantasy novel of the year. He published a short-story collection titled Welcome to the Monkey House in 1968. His breakthrough was his commercially and critically successful sixth novel, Slaughterhouse-Five (1969). The book's anti-war sentiment resonated with its readers amidst the ongoing Vietnam War, and its reviews were generally positive. After its release, Slaughterhouse-Five went to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list, thrusting Vonnegut into fame. He was invited to give speeches, lectures, and commencement addresses around the country, and received many awards and honors. Later in his career, Vonnegut published several autobiographical essay and short-story collections, such as Fates Worse Than Death (1991) and A Man Without a Country (2005). After his death, he was hailed as one of the most important contemporary writers and a dark humor commentator on American society. His son Mark published a compilation of his unpublished works, titled Armageddon in Retrospect, in 2008. In 2017, Seven Stories Press published Complete Stories, a collection of Vonnegut's short fiction, including five previously unpublished stories. Complete Stories was collected and introduced by Vonnegut friends and scholars Jerome Klinkowitz and Dan Wakefield. Numerous scholarly works have examined Vonnegut's writing and humor. Biography Family and early life Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in Indianapolis on November 11, 1922, the youngest of three children of Kurt Vonnegut Sr. and his wife Edith (née Lieber). His older siblings were Bernard (born 1914) and Alice (born 1917). He had descended from German immigrants who settled in the United States in the mid-19th century; his paternal great-grandfather, Clemens Vonnegut, settled in Indianapolis and founded the Vonnegut Hardware Company. His father and grandfather Bernard were architects; the architecture firm under Kurt Sr. designed such buildings as Das Deutsche Haus (now called "The Athenæum"), the Indiana headquarters of the Bell Telephone Company, and the Fletcher Trust Building. Vonnegut's mother was born into Indianapolis high society, as her family, the Liebers, were among the wealthiest in the city with their fortune deriving from ownership of a successful brewery. Both of Vonnegut's parents were fluent German speakers, but the ill feeling toward Germany during and after World War I caused them to abandon German culture in order to show their American patriotism. Thus, they did not teach Vonnegut to speak German or introduce him to German literature and traditions, leaving him feeling "ignorant and rootless". Vonnegut later credited Ida Young, his family's African-American cook and housekeeper during the first decade of his life, for raising him and giving him values; he said that she "gave [him] decent moral instruction and was exceedingly nice to [him]", and "was as great an influence on [him] as anybody". He described her as "humane and wise" and added that "the compassionate, forgiving aspects of [his] beliefs" came from her. The financial security and social prosperity that the Vonneguts had once enjoyed were destroyed in a matter of years. The Liebers' brewery was closed in 1921 after the advent of prohibition. When the Great Depression hit, few people could afford to build, causing clients at Kurt Sr.'s architectural firm to become scarce. Vonnegut's brother and sister had finished their primary and secondary educations in private schools, but Vonnegut was placed in a public school called Public School No. 43 (now the James Whitcomb Riley School). He was bothered by the Great Depression, and both his parents were affected deeply by their economic misfortune. His father withdrew from normal life and became what Vonnegut called a "dreamy artist". His mother became depressed, withdrawn, bitter, and abusive. She labored to regain the family's wealth and status, and Vonnegut said that she expressed hatred for her husband that was "as corrosive as hydrochloric acid". She unsuccessfully tried to sell short stories she had written to Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post, and other magazines. High school and Cornell Vonnegut enrolled at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in 1936. While there, he played clarinet in the school band and became a co-editor (along with Madelyn Pugh) for the Tuesday edition of the school newspaper, The Shortridge Echo. Vonnegut said that his tenure with the Echo allowed him to write for a large audience—his fellow students—rather than for a teacher, an experience, he said, was "fun and easy". "It just turned out that I could write better than a lot of other people", Vonnegut observed. "Each person has something he can do easily and can't imagine why everybody else has so much trouble doing it." After graduating from Shortridge in 1940, Vonnegut enrolled at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He wanted to study the humanities or become an architect like his father, but his father and brother Bernard, an atmospheric scientist, urged him to study a "useful" discipline. As a result, Vonnegut majored in biochemistry, but he had little proficiency in the area and was indifferent towards his studies. As his father had been a member at MIT, Vonnegut was entitled to join the Delta Upsilon fraternity, and did. He overcame stiff competition for a place at the university's independent newspaper, The Cornell Daily Sun, first serving as a staff writer, then as an editor. By the end of his first year, he was writing a column titled "Innocents Abroad", which reused jokes from other publications. He later penned a piece "Well All Right" focusing on pacifism, a cause he strongly supported, arguing against US intervention in World War II. World War II The attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into the war. Vonnegut was a member of Reserve Officers' Training Corps, but poor grades and a satirical article in Cornell's newspaper cost him his place there. He was placed on academic probation in May 1942 and dropped out the following January. No longer eligible for a deferment as a member of ROTC, he faced likely conscription into the United States Army. Instead of waiting to be drafted, he enlisted in the Army and in March 1943 reported to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, for basic training. Vonnegut was trained to fire and maintain howitzers and later received instruction in mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee as part of the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP). In early 1944, the ASTP was canceled due to the Army's need for soldiers to support the D-Day invasion, and Vonnegut was ordered to an infantry battalion at Camp Atterbury, south of Indianapolis in Edinburgh, Indiana, where he trained as a scout. He lived so close to his home that he was "able to sleep in [his] own bedroom and use the family car on weekends". On May 14, 1944, Vonnegut returned home on leave for Mother's Day weekend to discover that his mother had committed suicide the previous night by overdosing on sleeping pills. Possible factors that contributed to Edith Vonnegut's suicide include the family's loss of wealth and status, Vonnegut's forthcoming deployment overseas, and her own lack of success as a writer. She was inebriated at the time and under the influence of prescription drugs. Three months after his mother's suicide, Vonnegut was sent to Europe as an intelligence scout with the 106th Infantry Division. In December 1944, he fought in the Battle of the Bulge, the final German offensive of the war. During the battle, the 106th Infantry Division, which had only recently reached the front and was assigned to a "quiet" sector due to its inexperience, was overrun by advancing German armored forces. Over 500 members of the division were killed, and over 6,000 were captured. On December 22, Vonnegut was captured with about 50 other American soldiers. Vonnegut was taken by boxcar to a prison camp south of Dresden, in the German province of Saxony. During the journey, the Royal Air Force mistakenly attacked the trains carrying Vonnegut and his fellow prisoners of war, killing about 150 of them. Vonnegut was sent to Dresden, the "first fancy city [he had] ever seen". He lived in a slaughterhouse when he got to the city, and worked in a factory that made malt syrup for pregnant women. Vonnegut recalled the sirens going off whenever another city was bombed. The Germans did not expect Dresden to be bombed, Vonnegut said. "There were very few air-raid shelters in town and no war industries, just cigarette factories, hospitals, clarinet factories." On February 13, 1945, Dresden became the target of Allied forces. In the hours and days that followed, the Allies engaged in a firebombing of the city. The offensive subsided on February 15, with about 25,000 civilians killed in the bombing. Vonnegut marveled at the level of both the destruction in Dresden and the secrecy that attended it. He had survived by taking refuge in a meat locker three stories underground. "It was cool there, with cadavers hanging all around", Vonnegut said. "When we came up the city was gone ... They burnt the whole damn town down." Vonnegut and other American prisoners were put to work immediately after the bombing, excavating bodies from the rubble. He described the activity as a "terribly elaborate Easter-egg hunt". The American POWs were evacuated on foot to the border of Saxony and Czechoslovakia after US General George S. Patton captured Leipzig. With the captives abandoned by their guards, Vonnegut reached a prisoner-of-war repatriation camp in Le Havre, France, before the end of May 1945, with the aid of the Soviets. He returned to the United States and continued to serve in the Army, stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, typing discharge papers for other soldiers. Soon after he was awarded a Purple Heart, about which he remarked: "I myself was awarded my country's second-lowest decoration, a Purple Heart for frost-bite." He was discharged from the US Army and returned to Indianapolis. Marriage, University of Chicago, and early employment After he returned to the United States, 22-year-old Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox, his high-school girlfriend and classmate since kindergarten, on September 1, 1945. The pair relocated to Chicago; there, Vonnegut enrolled in the University of Chicago on the G.I. Bill, as an anthropology student in an unusual five-year joint undergraduate/graduate program that conferred a master's degree. There, he studied under anthropologist Robert Redfield, his "most famous professor". He augmented his income by working as a reporter for the City News Bureau of Chicago at night. Jane accepted a scholarship from the university to study Russian literature as a graduate student. Jane dropped out of the program after becoming pregnant with the couple's first child, Mark (born May 1947), while Kurt also left the university without any degree (despite having completed his undergraduate education) when his master's thesis on the Ghost Dance religious movement was unanimously rejected by the department. Shortly thereafter, General Electric (GE) hired Vonnegut as a technical writer, then publicist, for the company's Schenectady, New York, research laboratory. Although his work required a college degree, Vonnegut was hired after claiming to hold a master's degree in anthropology from the University of Chicago. His brother Bernard had worked at GE since 1945, contributing significantly to an iodine-based cloud seeding project. In 1949, Kurt and Jane had a daughter named Edith. Still working for GE, Vonnegut had his first piece, titled "Report on the Barnhouse Effect", published in the February 11, 1950, issue of Collier's, for which he received $750. Vonnegut wrote another story, after being coached by the fiction editor at Collier's, Knox Burger, and again sold it to the magazine, this time for $950. While Burger supported Vonnegut's writing, he was shocked when Vonnegut quit GE as of January 1, 1951, later stating: "I never said he should give up his job and devote himself to fiction. I don't trust the freelancer's life, it's tough." Nevertheless, in early 1951 Vonnegut moved with his family to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to write full time, leaving GE behind. First novel In 1952, Vonnegut's first novel, Player Piano, was published by Scribner's. The novel has a post-Third World War setting, in which factory workers have been replaced by machines. Player Piano draws upon Vonnegut's experience as an employee at GE. He satirizes the drive to climb the corporate ladder, one that in Player Piano is rapidly disappearing as automation increases, putting even executives out of work. His central character, Paul Proteus, has an ambitious wife, a backstabbing assistant, and a feeling of empathy for the poor. Sent by his boss, Kroner, as a double agent among the poor (who have all the material goods they want, but little sense of purpose), he leads them in a machine-smashing, museum-burning revolution. Player Piano expresses Vonnegut's opposition to McCarthyism, something made clear when the Ghost Shirts, the revolutionary organization Paul penetrates and eventually leads, is referred to by one character as "fellow travelers". In Player Piano, Vonnegut originates many of the techniques he would use in his later works. The comic, heavy-drinking Shah of Bratpuhr, an outsider to this dystopian corporate United States, is able to ask many questions that an insider would not think to ask, or would cause offense by doing so. For example, when taken to see the artificially intelligent supercomputer EPICAC, the Shah asks it "what are people for?" and receives no answer. Speaking for Vonnegut, he dismisses it as a "false god". This type of alien visitor would recur throughout Vonnegut's literature. The New York Times writer and critic Granville Hicks gave Player Piano a positive review, favorably comparing it to Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Hicks called Vonnegut a "sharp-eyed satirist". None of the reviewers considered the novel particularly important. Several editions were printed—one by Bantam with the title Utopia 14, and another by the Doubleday Science Fiction Book Club—whereby Vonnegut gained the repute of a science fiction writer, a genre held in disdain by writers at that time. He defended the genre and deplored a perceived sentiment that "no one can simultaneously be a respectable writer and understand how a refrigerator works". Struggling writer After Player Piano, Vonnegut continued to sell short stories to various magazines. Contracted to produce a second novel (which eventually became Cat's Cradle), he struggled to complete it, and the work languished for years. In 1954, the couple had a third child, Nanette. With a growing family and no financially successful novels yet, Vonnegut's short stories helped to sustain the family, though he frequently needed to find additional sources of income as well. In 1957, he and a partner opened a Saab automobile dealership on Cape Cod, but it went bankrupt by the end of the year. In 1958, his sister, Alice, died of cancer two days after her husband, James Carmalt Adams, was killed in a train accident. The Vonneguts took in three of the Adams' young sons—James, Steven, and Kurt, aged 14, 11, and 9, respectively. A fourth Adams son, Peter (2), also stayed with the Vonneguts for about a year before being given to the care of a paternal relative in Georgia. Grappling with family challenges, Vonnegut continued to write, publishing novels vastly dissimilar in terms of plot. The Sirens of Titan (1959) features a Martian invasion of Earth, as experienced by a bored billionaire Malachi Constant. He meets Winston Rumfoord, an aristocratic space traveler, who is virtually omniscient but stuck in a time warp that allows him to appear on Earth every 59 days. The billionaire learns that his actions and the events of all of history are determined by a race of robotic aliens from the planet Tralfamadore, who need a replacement part that can only be produced by an advanced civilization in order to repair their spaceship and return home—human history has been manipulated to produce it. Some human structures, such as the Kremlin, are coded signals from the aliens to their ship as to how long it may expect to wait for the repair to take place. Reviewers were uncertain what to think of the book, with one comparing it to Offenbach's opera The Tales of Hoffmann. Rumfoord, who is based on Franklin D. Roosevelt, also physically resembles the former president. Rumfoord is described this way: he "put a cigarette in a long, bone cigarette holder, lighted it. He thrust out his jaw. The cigarette holder pointed straight up." William Rodney Allen, in his guide to Vonnegut's works, stated that Rumfoord foreshadowed the fictional political figures who would play major roles in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater and Jailbird. Mother Night, published in 1961, received little attention at the time of its publication. Howard W. Campbell Jr., Vonnegut's protagonist, is an American who is raised in Germany from age 11 and joins the Nazi party during the war as a double agent for the US Office of Strategic Services, rising to the regime's highest ranks as a radio propagandist. After the war, the spy agency refuses to clear his name, and he is eventually imprisoned by the Israelis in the same cell block as Adolf Eichmann and later commits suicide. Vonnegut wrote in a foreword to a later edition: "we are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be". Literary critic Lawrence Berkove considered the novel, like Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to illustrate the tendency for "impersonators to get carried away by their impersonations, to become what they impersonate and therefore to live in a world of illusion". Also published in 1961 was Vonnegut's short story "Harrison Bergeron", set in a dystopic future where all are equal, even if that means disfiguring beautiful people and forcing the strong or intelligent to wear devices that negate their advantages. Fourteen-year-old Harrison is a genius and athlete forced to wear record-level "handicaps" and imprisoned for attempting to overthrow the government. He escapes to a television studio, tears away his handicaps, and frees a ballerina from her lead weights. As they dance, they are killed by the Handicapper General, Diana Moon Glampers. Vonnegut, in a later letter, suggested that "Harrison Bergeron" might have sprung from his envy and self-pity as a high-school misfit. In his 1976 biography of Vonnegut, Stanley Schatt suggested that the short story shows "in any leveling process, what really is lost, according to Vonnegut, is beauty, grace, and wisdom". Darryl Hattenhauer, in his 1998 journal article on "Harrison Bergeron", theorized that the story was a satire on American Cold War understandings of communism and socialism. With Cat's Cradle (1963), Allen wrote, "Vonnegut hit full stride for the first time". The narrator, John, intends to write of Dr. Felix Hoenikker, one of the fictional fathers of the atomic bomb, seeking to cover the scientist's human side. Hoenikker, in addition to the bomb, has developed another threat to mankind, "ice-nine", solid water stable at room temperature, but more dense than liquid water. If a particle of ice-nine is dropped in water and sinks, all of the surrounding water eventually becomes ice-nine. Much of the second half of the book is spent on the fictional Caribbean island of San Lorenzo, where John explores a religion called Bokononism, whose holy books (excerpts from which are quoted) give the novel the moral core science does not supply. After the oceans are converted to ice-nine, wiping out most of humankind, John wanders the frozen surface, seeking to save himself and to make sure that his story survives. Vonnegut based the title character of God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1964), on an accountant he knew on Cape Cod, who specialized in clients in trouble and often had to comfort them. Eliot Rosewater, the wealthy son of a Republican senator, seeks to atone for his wartime killing of noncombatant firefighters by serving in a volunteer fire department and by giving away money to those in trouble or need. Stress from a battle for control of his charitable foundation pushes him over the edge, and he is placed in a mental hospital. He recovers and ends the financial battle by declaring the children of his county to be his heirs. Allen deemed God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater more "a cry from the heart than a novel under its author's full intellectual control", that reflected family and emotional stresses Vonnegut was going through at the time. In the mid-1960s, Vonnegut contemplated abandoning his writing career. In 1999, he wrote in The New York Times: "I had gone broke, was out of print and had a lot of kids..." But then, on the recommendation of an admirer, he received a surprise offer of a teaching job at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, employment that he likened to the rescue of a drowning man. Slaughterhouse-Five After spending almost two years at the writer's workshop at the University of Iowa, teaching one course each term, Vonnegut was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for research in Germany. By the time he won it, in March 1967, he was becoming a well-known writer. He used the funds to travel in Eastern Europe, including to Dresden, where he found many prominent buildings still in ruins. At the time of the bombing, Vonnegut had not appreciated the sheer scale of destruction in Dresden; his enlightenment came only slowly as information dribbled out, and based on early figures, he came to believe that 135,000 had died there. Vonnegut had been writing about his war experiences at Dresden ever since he returned from the war, but had never been able to write anything acceptable to himself or his publishers—chapter 1 of Slaughterhouse-Five tells of his difficulties. Released in 1969, the novel rocketed Vonnegut to fame. It tells of the life of Billy Pilgrim, who like Vonnegut was born in 1922 and survives the bombing of Dresden. The story is told in a non-linear fashion, with many of the story's climaxes—Billy's death in 1976, his kidnapping by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore nine years earlier, and the execution of Billy's friend Edgar Derby in the ashes of Dresden for stealing a teapot—disclosed in the story's first pages. In 1970, he was also a correspondent in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War. Slaughterhouse-Five received generally positive reviews, with Michael Crichton writing in The New Republic: "he writes about the most excruciatingly painful things. His novels have attacked our deepest fears of automation and the bomb, our deepest political guilts, our fiercest hatreds and loves. No one else writes books on these subjects; they are inaccessible to normal novelists." The book went immediately to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list. Vonnegut's earlier works had appealed strongly to many college students, and the antiwar message of Slaughterhouse-Five resonated with a generation marked by the Vietnam War. He later stated that the loss of confidence in government that Vietnam caused finally allowed an honest conversation regarding events like Dresden. Later career and life After Slaughterhouse-Five was published, Vonnegut embraced the fame and financial security that attended its release. He was hailed as a hero of the burgeoning anti-war movement in the United States, was invited to speak at numerous rallies, and gave college commencement addresses around the country. In addition to briefly teaching at Harvard University as a lecturer in creative writing in 1970, Vonnegut taught at the City College of New York as a distinguished professor during the 1973–1974 academic year. He was later elected vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and given honorary degrees by, among others, Indiana University and Bennington College. Vonnegut also wrote a play called Happy Birthday, Wanda June, which opened on October 7, 1970, at New York's Theatre de Lys. Receiving mixed reviews, it closed on March 14, 1971. In 1972, Universal Pictures adapted Slaughterhouse-Five into a film, which the author said was "flawless". Meanwhile, Vonnegut's personal life was disintegrating. His wife Jane had embraced Christianity, which was contrary to Vonnegut's atheistic beliefs, and with five of their six children having left home, Vonnegut said that the two were forced to find "other sorts of seemingly important work to do". The couple battled over their differing beliefs until Vonnegut moved from their Cape Cod home to New York in 1971. Vonnegut called the disagreements "painful" and said that the resulting split was a "terrible, unavoidable accident that we were ill-equipped to understand". The couple divorced but remained friends until Jane's death in late 1986. Beyond his marriage, he was deeply affected when his son Mark suffered a mental breakdown in 1972, which exacerbated Vonnegut's chronic depression and led him to take Ritalin. When he stopped taking the drug in the mid-1970s, he began to see a psychologist weekly. Requiem (ending) When the last living thing has died on account of us, how poetical it would be if Earth could say, in a voice floating up perhaps from the floor of the Grand Canyon, "It is done." People did not like it here. Kurt Vonnegut, A Man Without a Country, 2005 Vonnegut's difficulties materialized in numerous ways; most distinctly though, was the painfully slow progress he was making on his next novel, the darkly comical Breakfast of Champions. In 1971, Vonnegut stopped writing the novel altogether. When it was finally released in 1973, it was panned critically. In Thomas S. Hischak's book American Literature on Stage and Screen, Breakfast of Champions was called "funny and outlandish", but reviewers noted that it "lacks substance and seems to be an exercise in literary playfulness". Vonnegut's 1976 novel Slapstick, which meditates on the relationship between him and his sister (Alice), met a similar fate. In The New York Times's review of Slapstick, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt said that Vonnegut "seems to be putting less effort into [storytelling] than ever before" and that "it still seems as if he has given up storytelling after all". At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including Jailbird (1979), Deadeye Dick (1982), Galápagos (1985), Bluebeard (1987), and Hocus Pocus (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s, Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was seen by a younger generation when he played himself in Rodney Dangerfield's film Back to School. The last of Vonnegut's fourteen novels, Timequake (1997), was, as University of Detroit history professor and Vonnegut biographer Gregory Sumner said, "a reflection of an aging man facing mortality and testimony to an embattled faith in the resilience of human awareness and agency". Vonnegut's final book, a collection of essays entitled A Man Without a Country (2005), became a bestseller. Death and legacy Vonnegut's sincerity, his willingness to scoff at received wisdom, is such that reading his work for the first time gives one the sense that everything else is rank hypocrisy. His opinion of human nature was low, and that low opinion applied to his heroes and his villains alike—he was endlessly disappointed in humanity and in himself, and he expressed that disappointment in a mixture of tar-black humor and deep despair. He could easily have become a crank, but he was too smart; he could have become a cynic, but there was something tender in his nature that he could never quite suppress; he could have become a bore, but even at his most despairing he had an endless willingness to entertain his readers: with drawings, jokes, sex, bizarre plot twists, science fiction, whatever it took. Lev Grossman, Time, 2007 In a 2006 Rolling Stone interview, Vonnegut sardonically stated that he would sue the Brown & Williamson tobacco company, the maker of the Pall Mall-branded cigarettes he had been smoking since he was around 12 or 14 years old, for false advertising: "And do you know why? Because I'm 83 years old. The lying bastards! On the package Brown & Williamson promised to kill me." Vonnegut died in the Manhattan borough of New York City on the night of April 11, 2007, as a result of brain injuries incurred several weeks prior, from a fall at his brownstone home. His death was reported by his wife Jill. He was 84 years old. At the time of his death, he had written fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction books. A book composed of his unpublished pieces, Armageddon in Retrospect, was compiled and posthumously published by his son Mark in 2008. When asked about the impact Vonnegut had on his work, author Josip Novakovich stated that he has "much to learn from Vonnegut—how to compress things and yet not compromise them, how to digress into history, quote from various historical accounts, and not stifle the narrative. The ease with which he writes is sheerly masterly, Mozartian." Los Angeles Times columnist Gregory Rodriguez said that the author will "rightly be remembered as a darkly humorous social critic and the premier novelist of the counterculture", and Dinitia Smith of The New York Times dubbed Vonnegut the "counterculture's novelist". Vonnegut has inspired numerous posthumous tributes and works. In 2008, the Kurt Vonnegut Society was established, and in November 2010, the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library was opened in Vonnegut's hometown of Indianapolis. The Library of America published a compendium of Vonnegut's compositions between 1963 and 1973 the following April, and another compendium of his earlier works in 2012. Late 2011 saw the release of two Vonnegut biographies: Gregory Sumner's Unstuck in Time and Charles J. Shields's And So It Goes. Shields's biography of Vonnegut created some controversy. According to The Guardian, the book portrays Vonnegut as distant, cruel and nasty. "Cruel, nasty and scary are the adjectives commonly used to describe him by the friends, colleagues, and relatives Shields quotes", said The Daily Beast's Wendy Smith. "Towards the end he was very feeble, very depressed and almost morose", said Jerome Klinkowitz of the University of Northern Iowa, who has examined Vonnegut in depth. Like Mark Twain, Mr. Vonnegut used humor to tackle the basic questions of human existence: Why are we in this world? Is there a presiding figure to make sense of all this, a god who in the end, despite making people suffer, wishes them well? Dinitia Smith, The New York Times, 2007 Vonnegut's works have evoked ire on several occasions. His most prominent novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, has been objected to or removed at various institutions in at least 18 instances. In the case of Island Trees School District v. Pico, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a school district's ban on Slaughterhouse-Five—which the board had called "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic, and just plain filthy"—and eight other novels was unconstitutional. When a school board in Republic, Missouri, decided to withdraw Vonnegut's novel from its libraries, the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library offered a free copy to all the students of the district. Tally, writing in 2013, suggests that Vonnegut has only recently become the subject of serious study rather than fan adulation, and much is yet to be written about him. "The time for scholars to say 'Here's why Vonnegut is worth reading' has definitively ended, thank goodness. We know he's worth reading. Now tell us things we don't know." Todd F. Davis notes that Vonnegut's work is kept alive by his loyal readers, who have "significant influence as they continue to purchase Vonnegut's work, passing it on to subsequent generations and keeping his entire canon in print—an impressive list of more than twenty books that [Dell Publishing] has continued to refurbish and hawk with new cover designs." Donald E. Morse notes that Vonnegut "is now firmly, if somewhat controversially, ensconced in the American and world literary canon as well as in high school, college and graduate curricula". Tally writes of Vonnegut's work: Vonnegut's 14 novels, while each does its own thing, together are nevertheless experiments in the same overall project. Experimenting with the form of the American novel itself, Vonnegut engages in a broadly modernist attempt to apprehend and depict the fragmented, unstable, and distressing bizarreries of postmodern American experience ... That he does not actually succeed in representing the shifting multiplicities of that social experience is beside the point. What matters is the attempt, and the recognition that ... we must try to map this unstable and perilous terrain, even if we know in advance that our efforts are doomed. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Vonnegut posthumously in 2015. The asteroid 25399 Vonnegut is named in his honor. A crater on the planet Mercury has also been named in his honor. In 2021, the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library in Indianapolis was designated a Literary Landmark by the Literary Landmarks Association. In 1986, the University of Evansville library located in Evansville, Indiana was named after Vonnegut, where he spoke during the dedication ceremony. Views War In the introduction to Slaughterhouse-Five, Vonnegut recounts meeting the film producer Harrison Starr at a party, who asked him whether his forthcoming book was an anti-war novel—"I guess", replied Vonnegut. Starr responded: "Why don't you write an anti-glacier novel?" This underlined Vonnegut's belief that wars were, unfortunately, inevitable, but that it was important to ensure the wars one fought were just wars. In 2011, NPR wrote: "Kurt Vonnegut's blend of anti-war sentiment and satire made him one of the most popular writers of the 1960s." Vonnegut stated in a 1987 interview: "my own feeling is that civilization ended in World War I, and we're still trying to recover from that", and that he wanted to write war-focused works without glamorizing war itself. Vonnegut had not intended to publish again, but his anger against the George W. Bush administration led him to write A Man Without a Country. Slaughterhouse-Five is the Vonnegut novel best known for its antiwar themes, but the author expressed his beliefs in ways beyond the depiction of the destruction of Dresden. One character, Mary O'Hare, opines that "wars were partly encouraged by books and movies", starring "Frank Sinatra or John Wayne or some of those other glamorous, war-loving, dirty old men". Vonnegut made a number of comparisons between Dresden and the bombing of Hiroshima in Slaughterhouse-Five and wrote in Palm Sunday (1991): "I learned how vile that religion of mine could be when the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima". Nuclear war, or at least deployed nuclear arms, is mentioned in almost all of Vonnegut's novels. In Player Piano, the computer EPICAC is given control of the nuclear arsenal and is charged with deciding whether to use high-explosive or nuclear arms. In Cat's Cradle, John's original purpose in setting pen to paper was to write an account of what prominent Americans had been doing as Hiroshima was bombed. Religion Some of you may know that I am neither Christian nor Jewish nor Buddhist, nor a conventionally religious person of any sort. I am a humanist, which means, in part, that I have tried to behave decently without any expectation of rewards or punishments after I'm dead. ... I myself have written, "If it weren't for the message of mercy and pity in Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, I wouldn't want to be a human being. I would just as soon be a rattlesnake." Kurt Vonnegut, God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian, 1999 Vonnegut was an atheist, a humanist and a freethinker, serving as the honorary president of the American Humanist Association. In an interview for Playboy, he stated that his forebears who came to the United States did not believe in God, and he learned his atheism from his parents. He did not, however, disdain those who seek the comfort of religion, hailing church associations as a type of extended family. He occasionally attended a Unitarian church, but with little consistency. In his autobiographical work Palm Sunday, Vonnegut says that he is a "Christ-worshipping agnostic"; in a speech to the Unitarian Universalist Association, he called himself a "Christ-loving atheist". However, he was keen to stress that he was not a Christian. Vonnegut was an admirer of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, particularly the Beatitudes, and incorporated it into his own doctrines. He also referred to it in many of his works. In his 1991 book Fates Worse than Death, Vonnegut suggests that during the Reagan administration, "anything that sounded like the Sermon on the Mount was socialistic or communistic, and therefore anti-American". In Palm Sunday, he wrote that "the Sermon on the Mount suggests a mercifulness that can never waver or fade". However, Vonnegut had a deep dislike for certain aspects of Christianity, often reminding his readers of the bloody history of the Crusades and other religion-inspired violence. He despised the televangelists of the late 20th century, feeling that their thinking was narrow-minded. Religion features frequently in Vonnegut's work, both in his novels and elsewhere. He laced a number of his speeches with religion-focused rhetoric and was prone to using such expressions as "God forbid" and "thank God". He once wrote his own version of the Requiem Mass, which he then had translated into Latin and set to music. In God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian, Vonnegut goes to heaven after he is euthanized by Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Once in heaven, he interviews 21 deceased celebrities, including Isaac Asimov, William Shakespeare, and Kilgore Trout—the last a fictional character from several of his novels. Vonnegut's works are filled with characters founding new faiths, and religion often serves as a major plot device, for example, in Player Piano, The Sirens of Titan and Cat's Cradle. In The Sirens of Titan, Rumfoord proclaims The Church of God the Utterly Indifferent. Slaughterhouse-Five sees Billy Pilgrim, lacking religion himself, nevertheless become a chaplain's assistant in the military and display a large crucifix on his bedroom wall. In Cat's Cradle, Vonnegut invented the religion of Bokononism. Politics Vonnegut's thoughts on politics were shaped in large part by Robert Redfield, an anthropologist at the University of Chicago, co-founder of the Committee on Social Thought, and one of Vonnegut's professors during his time at the university. In a commencement address, Vonnegut remarked that "Dr. Redfield's theory of the Folk Society ... has been the starting point for my politics, such as they are". Vonnegut did not particularly sympathize with liberalism or conservatism and mused on the specious simplicity of American politics, saying facetiously: "If you want to take my guns away from me, and you're all for murdering fetuses, and love it when homosexuals marry each other ... you're a liberal. If you are against those perversions and for the rich, you're a conservative. What could be simpler?" Regarding political parties, Vonnegut said: "The two real political parties in America are the Winners and the Losers. The people don't acknowledge this. They claim membership in two imaginary parties, the Republicans and the Democrats, instead." Vonnegut disregarded more mainstream American political ideologies in favor of socialism, which he thought could provide a valuable substitute for what he saw as social Darwinism and a spirit of "survival of the fittest" in American society, believing that "socialism would be a good for the common man". Vonnegut would often return to a quote by socialist and five-time presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs: "As long as there is a lower class, I am in it. As long as there is a criminal element, I'm of it. As long as there is a soul in prison, I am not free." Vonnegut expressed disappointment that communism and socialism seemed to be unsavory topics to the average American and believed that they offered beneficial substitutes to contemporary social and economic systems. Writing Influences Vonnegut's writing was inspired by an eclectic mix of sources. When he was younger, Vonnegut stated that he read works of pulp fiction, science fiction, fantasy, and action-adventure. He also read the classics, such as the plays of Aristophanes—like Vonnegut's works, humorous critiques of contemporary society. Vonnegut's life and work also share similarities with that of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn writer Mark Twain. Both shared pessimistic outlooks on humanity and a skeptical take on religion and, as Vonnegut put it, were both "associated with the enemy in a major war", as Twain briefly enlisted in the South's cause during the American Civil War, and Vonnegut's German name and ancestry connected him with the United States' enemy in both world wars. He also cited Ambrose Bierce as an influence, calling "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" the greatest American short story and deeming any who disagreed or had not read the story "twerps". Vonnegut called George Orwell his favorite writer and admitted that he tried to emulate Orwell. "I like his concern for the poor, I like his socialism, I like his simplicity", Vonnegut said. Vonnegut also said that Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley heavily influenced his debut novel, Player Piano, in 1952. Vonnegut commented that Robert Louis Stevenson's stories were emblems of thoughtfully put together works that he tried to mimic in his own compositions. Vonnegut also hailed playwright and socialist George Bernard Shaw as "a hero of [his]" and an "enormous influence". Within his own family, Vonnegut stated that his mother, Edith, had the greatest influence on him. "[My] mother thought she might make a new fortune by writing for the slick magazines. She took short-story courses at night. She studied writers the way gamblers study horses." Early on in his career, Vonnegut decided to model his style after Henry David Thoreau, who wrote as if from the perspective of a child, allowing Thoreau's works to be more widely comprehensible. Using a youthful narrative voice allowed Vonnegut to deliver concepts in a modest and straightforward way. Other influences on Vonnegut include The War of the Worlds author H. G. Wells and satirist Jonathan Swift. Vonnegut credited American journalist and critic H. L. Mencken for inspiring him to become a journalist. Style and technique The book Pity the Reader: On Writing with Style by Kurt Vonnegut and his longtime friend and former student Suzanne McConnell, published posthumously by Rosetta Books and Seven Stories Press in 2019, delves into the style, humor, and methodologism employed by Vonnegut, including his belief that one should "Write like a human being. Write like a writer." I've heard the Vonnegut voice described as "manic depressive", and there's certainly something to this. It has an incredible amount of energy married to a very deep and dark sense of despair. It's frequently over-the-top, and scathingly satirical, but it never strays too far from pathos—from an immense sympathy for society's vulnerable, oppressed and powerless. But, then, it also contains a huge allotment of warmth. Most of the time, reading Kurt Vonnegut feels more like being spoken to by a very close friend. There's an inclusiveness to his writing that draws you in, and his narrative voice is seldom absent from the story for any length of time. Usually, it's right there in the foreground—direct, involving and extremely idiosyncratic. Gavin Extence, The Huffington Post, 2013 In his book Popular Contemporary Writers, Michael D. Sharp describes Vonnegut's linguistic style as straightforward; his sentences concise, his language simple, his paragraphs brief, and his ordinary tone conversational. Vonnegut uses this style to convey normally complex subject matter in a way that is intelligible to a large audience. He credited his time as a journalist for his ability, pointing to his work with the Chicago City News Bureau, which required him to convey stories in telephone conversations. Vonnegut's compositions are also laced with distinct references to his own life, notably in Slaughterhouse-Five and Slapstick. Vonnegut believed that ideas, and the convincing communication of those ideas to the reader, were vital to literary art. He did not always sugarcoat his points: much of Player Piano leads up to the moment when Paul, on trial and hooked up to a lie detector, is asked to tell a falsehood, and states: "every new piece of scientific knowledge is a good thing for humanity". Robert T. Tally Jr., in his volume on Vonnegut's novels, wrote: "rather than tearing down and destroying the icons of twentieth-century, middle-class American life, Vonnegut gently reveals their basic flimsiness". Vonnegut did not simply propose utopian solutions to the ills of American society, but showed how such schemes would not allow ordinary people to live lives free from want and anxiety. The large artificial families that the US population is formed into in Slapstick soon serve as an excuse for tribalism, with people giving no help to those not part of their group, and with the extended family's place in the social hierarchy becoming vital. In the introduction to their essay "Kurt Vonnegut and Humor", Tally and Peter C. Kunze suggest that Vonnegut was not a "black humorist", but a "frustrated idealist" who used "comic parables" to teach the reader absurd, bitter or hopeless truths, with his grim witticisms serving to make the reader laugh rather than cry. "Vonnegut makes sense through humor, which is, in the author's view, as valid a means of mapping this crazy world as any other strategies." Vonnegut resented being called a black humorist, feeling that, as with many literary labels, it allows readers to disregard aspects of a writer's work that do not fit the label's stereotype. Vonnegut's works have, at various times, been labeled science fiction, satire and postmodern. He also resisted such labels, but his works do contain common tropes that are often associated with those genres. In several of his books, Vonnegut imagines alien societies and civilizations, as is common in works of science fiction. Vonnegut does this to emphasize or exaggerate absurdities and idiosyncrasies in our own world. Furthermore, Vonnegut often humorizes the problems that plague societies, as is done in satirical works. However, literary theorist Robert Scholes noted in Fabulation and Metafiction that Vonnegut "reject[s] the traditional satirist's faith in the efficacy of satire as a reforming instrument. [He has] a more subtle faith in the humanizing value of laughter." Examples of postmodernism may also be found in Vonnegut's works. Postmodernism often entails a response to the theory that the truths of the world will be discovered through science. Postmodernists contend that truth is subjective, rather than objective, as it is biased towards each individual's beliefs and outlook on the world. They often use unreliable, first-person narration, and narrative fragmentation. One critic has argued that Vonnegut's most famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, features a metafictional, Janus-headed outlook, as it seeks to represent actual historical events while problematizing the very notion of doing exactly that. This is encapsulated in the opening lines of the novel: "All this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true." This bombastic opening—"All this happened"—"reads like a declaration of complete mimesis", which is radically called into question in the rest of the quote and "[t]his creates an integrated perspective that seeks out extratextual themes [like war and trauma] while thematizing the novel's textuality and inherent constructedness at one and the same time". While Vonnegut does use elements as fragmentation and metafictional elements, in some of his works, he more distinctly focuses on the peril posed by individuals who find subjective truths, mistake them for objective truths, then proceed to impose these truths on others. Themes Vonnegut was a vocal critic of American society, and this was reflected in his writings. Several key social themes recur in Vonnegut's works, such as wealth, the lack of it, and its unequal distribution among a society. In The Sirens of Titan, the novel's protagonist, Malachi Constant, is exiled to Saturn's moon Titan as a result of his vast wealth, which has made him arrogant and wayward. In God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, readers may find it difficult to determine whether the rich or the poor are in worse circumstances, as the lives of both groups' members are ruled by their wealth or their poverty. Further, in Hocus Pocus, the protagonist is named Eugene Debs Hartke, a homage to the famed socialist Eugene V. Debs and Vonnegut's socialist views. In Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion, Thomas F. Marvin states: "Vonnegut points out that, left unchecked, capitalism will erode the democratic foundations of the United States." Marvin suggests that Vonnegut's works demonstrate what happens when a "hereditary aristocracy" develops, where wealth is inherited along familial lines: the ability of poor Americans to overcome their situations is greatly or completely diminished. Vonnegut also often laments social Darwinism and a "survival of the fittest" view of society. He points out that social Darwinism leads to a society that condemns its poor for their own misfortune and fails to help them out of their poverty because "they deserve their fate". Vonnegut also confronts the idea of free will in a number of his pieces. In Slaughterhouse-Five and Timequake the characters have no choice in what they do; in Breakfast of Champions, characters are very obviously stripped of their free will and even receive it as a gift; and in Cat's Cradle, Bokononism views free will as heretical. The majority of Vonnegut's characters are estranged from their actual families and seek to build replacement or extended families. For example, the engineers in Player Piano called their manager's spouse "Mom". In Cat's Cradle, Vonnegut devises two separate methods for loneliness to be combated: A "karass", which is a group of individuals appointed by God to do his will, and a "granfalloon", defined by Marvin as a "meaningless association of people, such as a fraternal group or a nation". Similarly, in Slapstick, the US government codifies that all Americans are a part of large extended families. Fear of the loss of one's purpose in life is a theme in Vonnegut's works. The Great Depression forced Vonnegut to witness the devastation many people felt when they lost their jobs, and while at General Electric, Vonnegut witnessed machines being built to take the place of human labor. He confronts these things in his works through references to the growing use of automation and its effects on human society. This is most starkly represented in his first novel, Player Piano, where many Americans are left purposeless and unable to find work, as machines replace human workers. Loss of purpose is also depicted in Galápagos, where a florist rages at her spouse for creating a robot able to do her job, and in Timequake, where an architect kills himself when replaced by computer software. Suicide by fire is another common theme in Vonnegut's works; the author often returns to the theory that "many people are not fond of life". He uses this as an explanation for why humans have so severely damaged their environments and made devices such as nuclear weapons that can make their creators extinct. In Deadeye Dick, Vonnegut features the neutron bomb, which he claims is designed to kill people, but leave buildings and structures untouched. He also uses this theme to demonstrate the recklessness of those who put powerful, apocalypse-inducing devices at the disposal of politicians. "What is the point of life?" is a question Vonnegut often pondered in his works. When one of Vonnegut's characters, Kilgore Trout, finds the question "What is the purpose of life?" written in a bathroom, his response is: "To be the eyes and ears and conscience of the Creator of the Universe, you fool." Marvin finds Trout's theory curious, given that Vonnegut was an atheist, and thus for him, there is no Creator to report back to, and comments that, "[as] Trout chronicles one meaningless life after another, readers are left to wonder how a compassionate creator could stand by and do nothing while such reports come in". In the epigraph to Bluebeard, Vonnegut quotes his son Mark and gives an answer to what he believes is the meaning of life: "We are here to help each other get through this thing, whatever it is." Awards and nominations Works Unless otherwise cited, items in this list are taken from Thomas F. Marvin's 2002 book Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion, and the date in parentheses is the date the work was published: Novels Short fiction collections Plays Nonfiction Interviews Children's books Art Explanatory notes Citations General sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungledyret_Hugo"}

Jungledyret Hugo is a Danish media franchise featuring the cartoon adventures of a little primate named Hugo. It was created by Danish author and filmmaker Flemming Quist Møller from a lullaby he made for his son, and later evolved into a full-length animated feature, produced at A. Film A/S. The franchise currently consists of two traditionally animated features, an animated television series, books, music album, and a third film animated in CGI. The first two films were translated, edited, and released in the United States on a single DVD in 1998 by Miramax Family. The first movie was released as Go Hugo Go and the second movie was released as Hugo the Movie Star. The third film was released on region 1 DVD on August 12, 2014 under the title "Amazon Jack". A CD-ROM side-scrolling platform game for the PC based on the first movie was also made in 1995 and released in Scandinavia. Different languages The original films are known in various locals under different translated names: Films Jungledyret Hugo (1993) A musical comedy, the first film in the series. It was the first film in Denmark to pioneer the use of CGI backgrounds and digital ink and paint software and costed around 17 million DKK to make. 150 cartoonists were signed on to work on the film for a year. This film introduces us to Hugo, an apparently one-of-a-kind animal who lives in a jungle. Youthful and carefree, Hugo is prone to playing practical jokes on his friends, Zig and Zag the monkeys. His idyllic lifestyle is interrupted when he is captured by the CEO of a famed movie company, Conrad Cupmann, to be co-star in a Hollywood-style film. In order to return from Copenhagen to his jungle home, he must escape with the help of a newly found friend, Rita the fox. Miramax Films in partnership with Cinar produced an English dub of the movie titled Go Hugo Go, which featured actor Bronson Pinchot as Hugo. Despite the dub having a 1998 copyright, it was not released until 2005 when it was released straight-to-DVD with its sequel. Echo Bridge Home Entertainment under license from Miramax released the film on DVD separate from its sequel in 2011. Jungledyret Hugo 2 – den store filmhelt (1996) Still a musical, but more of a drama than the first film, with themes of friendship and loyalty. The sequel picks up where the first movie left off. Hugo and Rita each tell their friends about how much they miss one another. Meanwhile, the CEO of the movie studio still wants to catch him. His plan is to have Hugo co-star in a film, and then earn much money through merchandising. The English version titled this film Hugo the Movie Star (or Hugo 2: The Movie Star), an almost literal translation of the Danish title. A montage of the first film was put during Rita's song at the beginning of the film. Two TV networks, TV2, in Denmark, and YLE in Finland, collaborated to make this film. Unlike the 1st film which was done with traditional ink and painted cels, Jungledyret 2 was digitally inked and painted using Toonz with some of the CGI elements being created in Softimage.[citation needed] The film cost $25 million DKK to make. Jungledyret Hugo 3 – fræk, flabet og fri (2007) The third film continues where the animated series left off, which in turn is a sequel to the second movie. It is a CGI film. The plot again involves Hugo being captured, this time by several competing groups of humans, who are all after Hugo for their own reasons. It was co-produced at Asta Film, Nordisk Film, and A. Film A/S studios in Latvia. The film was made on a budget of €3,400,000. It was later released in the United States by Phase 4 Films in 2014 under the title Amazon Jack. Books På eventyr med Rita Hugo and Rita, the jungle animals, are tired of being on the film set. They'd rather go into the jungle and find Hugo's two friends, the monkeys Zik and Zak. They run away together, but finding their way to the jungle proves difficult. It doesn't get any easier when they are caught by a family of wrestlers who want to ransom them. Will the two friends ever make it to the jungle? På farten igen Hugo the jungle animal is back in his beloved jungle, and he has his best friend, Rita the fox girl, with him. Although they have a great time with the monkeys, Zik and Zak, and the other friends in the forest, Hugo will soon need all his courage and ingenuity, because the jaguar is on the loose in their part of the jungle, and Rita can't climb trees... But the ferocious predators aren't the only danger lurking: Hugo can never be safe when humans are around, after all, he's the world's rarest animal and many people want to get their hands on him. And what do the two bad guys who come sailing down the river in search of the Indians' gold want? I nordLysets Land As always, there are people after Hugo the jungle beast. They want to catch him because he's the rarest animal in the world. Luckily, he has his friend Rita the Urban Fox to help him escape, and this time the two friends are even joined by a nisse. He wants to go to the land of the Elf King, which lies far to the north. Animated series Danish TV series or program In 2002, the franchise was made into an animated TV-series. It follows the adventures of Hugo and Rita, as they search for a home for the two of them, where they can live in peace and away from any humans that are trying to catch Hugo. It begins where the second movie left off, with Hugo and Rita on the train they jumped on near the end of the second movie. Hugo's plan is to return to his jungle with Rita, promising her they can live in peace there. During their journey, General Maximus, ruler of Junglandia and Hugo's home, hears about Hugo and decides to capture Hugo, whose species is the symbol of Junglandia. Eventually, Hugo and Rita are caught and brought to General Maximus, but the duo manage to escape, and they arrive in the jungle. At first, Rita has a hard time adapting to the life in the jungle and all the predators, but with the help from Hugo and his fellow jungle animals, she decides to "give it a try". For a time, Hugo and Rita live in the jungle, but as the rainy season comes, Hugo and Rita end up being flushed out of the jungle, and are once again being hunted by General Maximus. Fortunately, Hugo and Rita find Meatball Charlie, and he manages to get them away from the General. Hugo and Rita then stay with Meatball Charlie for a while, while planning their next move. Eventually, they end up working in a circus. There, Hugo and Rita meet a tomte, who promises that in return for Hugo and Rita helping him to the North Pole and the Santa Claus's castle, he will teach them how to be invisible. Rita is sceptical about the tomte's magic, but Hugo convinces her that if they could learn how to be invisible, no one could catch them again. Eventually, they make it to the North Pole, but Hugo and Rita are left behind in the blizzard, as the tomte leaves. As they fall asleep, Hugo and Rita are once again caught, this time by scientists that believe Hugo is an unknown arctic animal. Thanks to help from Meatball Charlie, Hugo and Rita manage to escape the research facility, and General Maximus, who was once again back on Hugo's track. Meatball Charlie then decides that, in order to keep Hugo safe from people hunting him, he buys a house on an island in the middle of a lake in Denmark where Hugo, Rita, and himself can live in peace and freedom. There, Hugo and Rita chose to stay, with Meatball Charlie acting as their "guardian", up until the third film. 13 episodes of 24 minutes were produced, and originally aired 2002–2003 on TV2, but made reruns from 2003 to 2006. Episodes Characters In the Jungledyret series, many animals talk to each other, but humans cannot understand them. This translation convention is also seen in films such as Balto. Hugo is the only known surviving member of the fictional species, Hugus primiticus. His parents are never mentioned. He looks like a derivate of a monkey/koala-like creature, with bright yellow fur. He has prehensile (grasping) hands, each with three fingers and a thumb. He has large, fuzzy ears, and human-like feet with four big pudgy toes, same with his hands. He is bipedal, though he can run in an awkwardly quadrupedal manner for speed. He can use tools such as levers and skateboards, and can outwit the vast majority of the human beings and other animals, such as snakes, cats, pigs, squirrels and even foxes. He is noted for his sly personality, his childish selfishness, his gluttony and his smugness. He eats mostly fruits and loves bananas (though he is omnivorous, as he won't shy away from eating meatballs). His most feared predator of all is, of course, humanity (with the exception of Meatball Charlie). Hugo was voiced by Jesper Klein in the original Danish release, his singing voice was provided by Mek Pek and Bronson Pinchot in Miramax dub. Rita is a young red fox kit who befriends Hugo on the streets of Copenhagen. She and Hugo quickly become best friends. She is kind, streetwise, spunky, and has a decent amount of common sense—unlike Hugo, who is rather impulsive. She lived with her mother and her two little brothers and one little sister in a den near some railroad tracks, until the second movie, where she gets dragged along for the ride by Hugo, who was escaping from Cupmann and his henchmen. Her father is never mentioned. A romance between Hugo and Rita is hinted in the first movie and later made sexually suggestive in the second movie, but the animated series and third film later minimized this element to the point where it was only mentioned on a few occasions. In the original Danish production, Rita was voiced by Kaya Brüel in Danish and Holly Gauthier-Frankel in the Miramax dub. Charlie is the cook aboard the cargo ship that transports Hugo to Copenhagen. He finds Hugo, who has escaped the cargo hold, and at the end of the voyage, donates him to the city zoo. He appears toward the end of the first film, and is not present in the second. Though, in the animated series, he appears once again, helping Hugo and Rita on numerous occasions, and in the third film, he makes several appearances, nearly coming off as part of the main character cast. Hugo mentions that Meatball Charlie is probably his and Rita's only "human" friend. In the original Danish production, Meatball Charlie is named Dellekaj (a mixture of "Delle" which is slang for "frikadelle", a special kind of Danish meatball and "Kaj" which is a common Danish name) and was voiced by Jesper Klein who also voices Hugo, and Marcel Jeannin in the Miramax dub. Generalissimo Maximillion Maximus, better known as General Maximus is one of the series' most recurrent major antagonists. He is the ruler of the recently-founded fictional nation Junglandia – the country from where Hugo originates. The symbol of Junglandia is General Maximus' coat of arms, which depicts the same species as Hugo and, since Hugo is the rarest animal in the world, General Maximus is always seeking Hugo, both to have him as a symbol of the nation and in order to gain a world-famous reputation. He has a low moral set, promising a great reward to the ones who gets Hugo, but he will not always keep his promises, either cheating them, or will later break his promises, and displays a ruthless determination in order to capture him. Loongkoffer is an animal psychologist hired by Conrad in Jungledyret 2 to tame Hugo; unfortunately, he fails in his endeavor. Making a return in Jungledyret 3, he has turned over a new leaf and wishes to keep Hugo safe. He is disgusted by Professor Strix's idea of cloning Hugo, fearing that Hugo would die in the experiments. His role is reminiscent of Animaniacs' Dr. Otto Scratchansniff, whose job was to civilize the Warner siblings. He was voiced by Arthur Grosser in the Miramax dub. In Danish TV series and third film, his name is Dr. Donald Sturmdrang in original version. Professor Strix is a mad scientist who appears in the last two episodes of the animated series. He is one of two scientists who believe Hugo is an unknown arctic animal. He runs a professional research facility. In the third movie, he makes a comeback and tried to eradicate Hugo, make multiple copies of Hugo and sell them all around the world. He is very heartless, as he was willing to kill Hugo in an effort to make clones of him. In TV series and third movie, his name is Professor Strict. He is a villainous jaguar from the TV series and third film. He is the bodyguard of General Maximus from TV series and third film. Films Conrad owns a movie studio in Copenhagen, and dreams of making much money. He is morally bankrupt, willing to slash and burn the jungle to capture Hugo. His first relationship started off with Izabella Dehavalot, but he rejected her wishes and left her when Hugo manages to escape Copenhagen in the first film. His second relationship is with Barbie Turner, but instead, he is rejected by her, since she did not want him hurting Hugo. He is voiced by Flemming Quist Møller in Danish and Mark Camacho in the Miramax dub. Izabella is a black-haired starlet with a sharp figure. She is also the ex-wife of Conrad Cupmann. Her goal is to gain notoriety through the exploitation of an animal co-star; she cites several fictional actors, and then her "good friend Michael" and his chimp. Upon the discovery of Hugo, Izabella brightens at the idea of using him as her co-star and stops at nothing to capture him. Conrad divorced her in the time span between the two films, after she becomes obsessed to the point of madness over capturing Hugo. In all European versions, she is called Izabella Scorpio. She was voiced by Jytte Abildstrøm in Danish and Susan Glover in the Miramax dub. Rita's mother is a city fox living in Copenhagen. Rita first mentions her to Hugo during their encounter at the zoo, explaining that she hunts food for the family during the night, although it seems she rarely finds enough, as Rita says she is always hungry. Rita describes her as "real tough" and implies she has regularly fought and killed the city's stray cats. The hunt leaves her exhausted, and she spends most of the daytime in the den. She strongly disapproves of Rita's nighttime adventures, but can do little to dissuade her. Experienced but somewhat cold, she initially refuses to harbor Hugo when Rita brings him home, stating that the den is already crowded, but Rita's pleading leads her to relent, and she lets him stay for the day. She catches the two before they set off for the banana ship that evening, offering to take Hugo to the docks herself and ordering Rita to stay and look after her siblings. As they enter the industrial park they are pursued by one of the bounty hunters; fearing for her own safety, she abandons Hugo before they reach the harbor, giving him vague directions before fleeing the area. Rita's mother makes two brief appearances in Jungledyret 2. She doubts Hugo will ever return to Copenhagen and tells Rita to forget about him, while she goes out to hunt for food. She is not referenced in later media. She was voiced by Helle Ryslinge in Danish and Sonja Ball in Miramax dub. Barbie is a stereotypical dumb blonde and, in the second film, is Cupmann Studio's new starlet. It is also implied that she is Conrad's lover. She often chews bubble gum, even on the sound stage. In the original version of the movie, her name is Sensuella. She was voiced by Louise Fribo in the Danish dub and Jennifer Seguin in the Miramax dub. The Jungle Dog is a small jungle bush dog pup that Hugo and Rita encounter in the third movie. Rita discovers the pup when she hides in a hollow log near the Jungle Dog's nest area. The pup mistakes Rita for its mother, and Rita (presuming the pup was abandoned by its real mother) takes it under her wing. Before the movie's release, some fans mistook the pup to be Hugo and Rita's child. Television series Carlton and Heath are the two reporters to catch Hugo and Rita. A quartet of gangsters, whose names are Bonnie, Sonny, Tonny, and Johnny. They are two hunters from the jungle who keep trying to catch Hugo. She is a giant otter from the TV series. She is a sister of Meatball Charlie from TV series. He is a wealthy man, grandfather of Georgia Croesus. Books He is the leader of the gangster. He is the gangster and the twin of Tonny. He is a Mountain fox from I nordLysets Land. Changes in the Miramax Dub The films have some content which might be considered unsuitable by United States viewers, considering the films are mainly directed to children. Because of this, Miramax made several edits and cuts when dubbing the films to English. In the first film, when Hugo is sleeping on a ship, a calendar above him displays a picture of a naked woman. The image was blurred in the Miramax dub. A scene where Hugo is shocked three times by telephone wires and climbs up a brick wall to find, through a window, a man changing channels on a television was cut from the dub. Another scene where Rita spits at the floor where Hugo is standing as a sign of displeasure was also cut. The dub also toned down the original's language and removed some of Izabella's racial remarks about an Indian character, Izabella bits her arm was cut from the dub. And the scene near the end of the film when Izabella becomes insane with her obsession was cut. In the second film, most edits were limited to dialogue alterations, but two scenes where Conrad is seen grabbing the buttocks of Sensuella/Barbie Turner were cut. Also, apparently for time, a scene where Hugo and Rita are on a train after escaping from Conrad's henchmen and guard dogs was shortened; in the original Hugo hugs Rita before the screen goes to black due to a scene change, but in the English dub the screen goes to black before Hugo hugs Rita. Also, the music for both films was heavily redone in the English dub, mainly replacing dramatic instrumental or jazz-based music from the original films with more upbeat and friendly melodies. The score in the English version was composed by Jack Maeby, who had contributed to other Miramax dubs at the time.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Colorado_Silver_and_Gold_football_team"}

American college football season The 1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado as a member of the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1923 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Myron E. Witham, the team compiled a perfect 9–0 record (7–0 against RMC opponents), won the RMC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 280 to 27. Colorado's 1923 season was part of a 19-game unbeaten streak that began on November 23, 1922, and ended on January 1, 1925. The conference championship was decided in the final game of the season with the annual rivalry game against Colorado Agricultural. Colorado won the game, 6–3. Neither team scored a touchdown, and Colorado won by kicking its second field goal with 45 seconds remaining in the game. The conference championship was Colorado's first since Fred Folsom's 1913 Colorado team. Quarterback Art Quinlan was the team captain who led the team's passing attack and also handled kicking duties. Four Colorado players received first-team honors on the 1923 All-Rocky Mountain Conference football team: halfback Fred Hartshorn; end Jack Healy; guard William McGlone; and tackle Douglas McLean. The team played its home games at Gamble Field in Boulder, Colorado. Schedule Game summaries Western State Only three first-string players from the 1922 Colorado football team returned in 1923. Accordingly, coach Witham and his staff were required to draw on untested players to develop the 1923 roster. After four weeks of practice, the team faced the Western State Mountaineers in Boulder on October 6, 1923. In order to test the candidates at each position, coach Witham sent 35 players into the game. Colorado won by a 51-0 score. Colorado Teachers On October 13, Colorado rolled to its second impressive victory, defeating Colorado Teachers by a 60-0 score. Using a balanced rushing and passing attack, Colorado scored nine touchdowns. G. E. Helmer, sports editor of the Silver and Gold described the team in action against the Teachers as "the smoothest-running team that had worn the Silver and Gold for many years." BYU On October 20, Colorado defeated BYU, 41–0, for its third consecutive shutout victory. Colorado relied heavily on its passing offense, using "strange formations" that left BYU bewildered. G. E. Helmer wrote: "The Mormons could not fathom the overhead game launched by Quinlan with Handy, Healy, Bohn, and Hartshorn on the receiving ends." at Denver On October 27, Colorado defeated Denver, 21–7, on a muddy field in Denver. Colorado's offense was led by the rushing of halfback Fred Hartshorn and the passing of quarterback Arthur Quinlan. Denver's only score came on a 60-yard interception return in the third quarter. G. E. Helmer described the field condition as "deplorable" and wrote: "The mud was six inches deep on all parts of the field except a strip fifteen yards wide which ran down the center." Despite the field conditions, Colorado completed 15 of 30 passes for 206 yards. Colorado College On November 3, Colorado celebrated homecoming with a 17–7 victory over Colorado College. The game was played on a wet field in Boulder. Quinlan kicked a field goal and was credited with "uncanny ability at tossing a wet and slippery ball." Hatfield Chilson had the play of the game, returning a kickoff to Colorado College's one-yard line. vs. Colorado Mines On November 10, Colorado defeated the Colorado School of Mines, 47–0, on the road in Denver. Colorado scored seven touchdowns in the game. Quinlan broke two bones in his right hand, and he was replaced at quarterback by Hatfield Chilson who "proved an accurate passer and a flashy runner." at Utah On November 17, Colorado defeated Utah, 17–7, before a record crowd of 12,000 spectators at Cummings Field in Salt Lake City. Chilson started at quarterback in place of the injured Quinlan. With Utah leading, Colorado lined up for a field goal to be kicked by Quinlan with his arm in a sling. The ball was snapped to Chilson who threw a touchdown pass to Bohn to tie the score. Earl Loser scored Colorado's second touchdown, and Quinlan kicked a field goal to give Colorado its final tally of 17 points. Hartshorn also returned a kick 60 yards but was caught from behind. G. E. Helmer praised Chilson's performance at quarterback: "Chilson, with his accurate passing, generalship, and flashy running, proved himself to be quite capable of filling the quarterback position." Wyoming On November 24, Colorado defeated Wyoming, 20–3, at Gamble Field in Boulder. Coach Witham played the second string against Wyoming. at Colorado Agricultural On Thanksgiving, November 27, Colorado met Colorado Agricultural at Colorado Field in Fort Collins for their annual rivalry game. Colorado entered the game with several players injured, including halfback William Bohn (broken wrist), tackle Douglas McLean (broken nose), end Richard Handy (sprained ankle), and quarterback Arthur Quinlan (broken throwing hand). Both teams were undefeated against conference opponents, and the winner would be crowned as the conference champion. Colorado won by a 6–3 score as neither team scored a touchdown, and both teams were limited to field goals. Though not fully healed, team captain Arthur Quinlan returned to the quarterback position and kicked both Colorado field goals. The final, game-winning field goal was set up by "a spectacular dash" by Quinlan "who threw off four Aggie tacklers and raced 63 yards before being stopped." Quinlan then kicked the ball through the cross-bars with only 45 seconds remaining in the game. G. E. Helmer opined that the match was "one of the greatest games ever played in this conference." The victory gave Colorado its first conference championship in 10 years. Post-season On November 30, 1923, the All-Rocky Mountain Conference football team selected by the conference coaches was announced. Four Colorado players were named to the first team: halfback Fred Hartshorn; end Jack Healy; guard William McGlone; and tackle Douglas McLean. Three more players were named to the second team: quarterback Arthur Quinlan; halfback William Bohn; and fullback Earl Loser. On December 3, 1923, the team held its banquet in Boulder. Varsity letters were presented, and halfback Fred Hartshorn was elected by secret ballot as the 1924 team captain. Fullback Earl Loser was elected vice-captain. Roster The team's roster included 18 players who were awarded varsity "C" letters for their efforts. The 18 letter winners were: Others who played for the team but did not receive varsity letters included: Coaching staff

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrno"}

Place in Styria, Slovenia Gabrno (pronounced [ˈɡaːbəɾnɔ]) is a settlement in the hills immediately east of Laško in east-central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

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Japanese pharmacologist and novelist Hideaki Sena, Ph.D. (瀬名 秀明, Sena Hideaki, born January 17, 1968 in Shizuoka City) is a Japanese pharmacologist and novelist. Sena was a graduate student at Tohoku University when he wrote his prizewinning debut novel, Parasite Eve. Writing career His most famous novel, Parasite Eve, was adapted into a film directed by Masayuki Ochiai in 1997 and a popular horror role-playing video game by Square. When Parasite Eve was adapted as a video game, Hideaki Sena did not learn the title's plot until it was completed, since the game was a collaboration between Square and his publisher. He is also the author of Brain Valley, for which he won the Nihon SF Taisho Award, and Tomorrow's Robots. Personal life Dr. Sena currently lives in Sendai, Japan where he lectures on microbiology and genre fiction. Sena is a pen name, while the author's real name is Suzuki. Works Novels Novellas Collections Anthologies edited Nonfiction

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGR_0-4-0ST_1873"}

The Cape Government Railways 0-4-0ST of 1873 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope. In 1873, two Cape gauge 0-4-0ST locomotives were placed in construction service by Mac Donald & Company, contractors to the Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage Railway Company. When the contract was completed in 1875, the railway and the locomotives were taken over by the Midland System of the Cape Government Railways. A third locomotive, built to the same design, was delivered to the Western System in Cape Town in 1874. These were the first Cape gauge locomotives to enter service in South Africa. Cape railways expansion When the control of railways in the Cape of Good Hope was taken over by the Colonial Government on 1 January 1873 and the Cape Government Railways (CGR) was established with the object of railways expansion, a Select Committee was appointed to study the question of track gauge. The choice which had to be made was between the existing Standard gauge of 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) and the narrower gauge of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm), which would effect savings of up to one-third on construction cost. The CGR Chief Railway Engineer William George Brounger was opposed to the adoption of a narrower gauge on the grounds that, while initial cost would be less, operating costs would be higher. The narrow gauge had been proposed by civil engineer R. Thomas Hall, Superintendent of the narrow gauge Redruth and Chacewater Railway in Cornwall, who was involved in the construction, beginning in 1869, of the Namaqualand Railway which was being built to that gauge between Port Nolloth and O'okiep for the Cape Copper Mining Company. The committee, with a three-to-one vote, settled on a compromise between the two recommended gauges and the 3 feet 6 inches (1,067 millimetres) Cape gauge came into existence in Southern Africa. Manufacturer The first three locomotives for the new Cape gauge lines were built by Manning Wardle & Company in 1873 and 1874. The first two, ex works on 12 March and 3 May 1873 respectively, were delivered in 1873 to Mac Donald & Company, contractors to the Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage Railway Company in Port Elizabeth. The contractors named them Pioneer and Little Bess respectively. The third locomotive, ex works on 6 February 1874, was delivered to the Western System in Cape Town in 1874 and was numbered W46 in the Western's number range. Johnston link-and-pin coupler From the arrival of the first railway locomotive in South Africa, the Cape Town Railway & Dock 0-4-0T of 1859, all railway rolling stock had been equipped with buffers-and-chain coupling, variations of which are still in use in the United Kingdom and Europe. These locomotives of 1873 introduced the bell-shaped Johnston link-and-pin coupler, commonly known as a bell link-and-pin coupler, which was to become the standard coupler on Cape gauge rolling stock in the Cape of Good Hope, the Colony of Natal and the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. In South Africa, all new Cape gauge locomotives and rolling stock acquired between 1873 and 1927 were equipped with these or similar couplers. Cape Midland System By 1872, Port Elizabeth already possessed extensive Standard gauge trackage between the harbour and Swartkops, but trains were still animal-hauled. Work by contractors Mac Donald's on railway expansion from Port Elizabeth into the interior commenced in June 1872. The two locomotives which were delivered to them in 1873 were utilised as construction engines. The first train ran as far as Sydenham in October 1873, and 11 miles (18 kilometres) of railway was completed by 1874. When the two new lines were opened in 1875, northwestward to Uitenhage and northward from Swartkops to Barkly Bridge, the lines and the construction locomotives were taken over by the CGR and the locomotives were numbered M1 and M2 for the Midland System. These two locomotives, together with a smaller 0-4-0ST engine named Mliss which joined them on construction work in 1874, are considered the pioneers of locomotives over the greater part of the Midland System. Cape Western System By 1874, when the third of the first three locomotives, no. W46, was delivered to the Western System, construction work was proceeding in two directions from Wellington. New Cape gauge track was being laid deeper into the interior towards Worcester, while track dual-gauging was being undertaken back from Wellington towards Cape Town.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1%C5%9Flaq,_Jabrayil"}

Coordinates: 39°28′19″N 47°02′29″E / 39.47194°N 47.04139°E / 39.47194; 47.04139 Place in Jabrayil, Azerbaijan Qışlaq (also, Gishlagh, Kishlak, and Kyshlak) is a village in the Jabrayil Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Branch of political science Foreign policy analysis (FPA) is a branch of political science dealing with theory development and empirical study regarding the processes and outcomes of foreign policy. FPA is the study of the management of external relations and activities of state. Foreign policy involves goals, strategies, measures, management methods, guidelines, directives, agreements, and so on. National governments may conduct international relations not only with other nation-states but also with international organizations and non-governmental organizations. Managing foreign relations need carefully considered plans of actions that are adapted to foreign interests and concerns of the government. Study Foreign policy analysis (FPA) involves the study of how a state makes foreign policy. As it analyzes the decision making process, FPA involves the study of both international and domestic politics. FPA also draws upon the study of diplomacy, war, intergovernmental organizations, and economic sanctions, each of which are means by which a state may implement foreign policy. In academia, FPA is most commonly taught within the discipline of public policy within political science or political studies, and the study of international relations. FPA can also be considered a sub-field of the study of international relations (IR), which aims to understand the processes behind foreign policy decision making. The most prominent scholars in this field of study include Richard Snyder, James Rosenau, Alexander George, Graham Allison and Irving Janis. According to foreignpolicyanalysis.org, "As a field of study, FPA is characterized by its actor-specific focus. In the simplest terms, it is the study of the process, effects, causes, or outputs of foreign policy decision-making in either a comparative or case-specific manner. The underlying and often implicit argument theorizes that human beings, acting as a group or within a group, compose and cause change in international politics." In other words, FPA can be understood as a critique of the dominant structuralist approaches in IR. Stages in decision making The making of foreign policy involves a number of stages: Key approaches (as put forward by Graham T. Allison in 1969. For a more comprehensive description see his Book Essence of Decision 1971/1999) Rational actor model The rational actor model is based on rational choice theory. The model adopts the state as the primary unit of analysis, and inter-state relations (or international relations) as the context for analysis. The state is seen as a monolithic unitary actor, capable of making rational decisions based on preference ranking and value maximization. According to the rational actor model, a rational decision making process is used by a state. This process includes: In other words, it provides models for answering the question: with that information what would be the best decision for reaching one's goal? In this theory, the underlying assumption is that governments are unified and rational, in this manner, they would seek for carefully planned and well-defined foreign policy goals. In this sense, rational choice model is primarily a realist perspective of foreign policy level of analysis. The rational actor model has been subject to criticism. The model tends to neglect a range of political variables, of which Michael Clarke includes: "political decisions, non-political decisions, bureaucratic procedures, continuations of previous policy, and sheer accident." It also ignores emotions, emotional flooding, selective attention, and groupthink. Governmental Bargaining Model In this model the state is not seen as a monolithic unitary actor. Instead it is a collection of different bureaucracies vying for increasing their funding and size. Individual decision makers try to bargain and compete for influence with their own particular goal in mind. Things are often viewed as a zero-sum game where one bureaucracy's "win" or increasing their level of funding is seen as a loss for another bureaucracy. Here decisions are made by bureaucracies competing against each other and suggesting solutions to problems that would involve using their resources so as to increase their level of importance. Bureaucratic politics model, in keeping with its pluralistic connotation, can also refer to that inner state processes including no institutional actors, who with their informal channels would affect policy results. Organizational Process Model Organizational Processes model emerges from clusters of governmental organizations that look after their own best interests and follow 'standard operating procedures'. In this model different bureaucracies have different standard operating procedures. These procedures are made in order to allow day-to-day operations to be carried out. Often an order or decision will have to work around these standard procedures. It is often exceedingly difficult for a bureaucracy to do something "out of character" or contrary to their standard procedures. Other models Institutions Notes and references

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_%C3%97_brachyphylla"}

Species of eucalyptus Eucalyptus × brachyphylla is a mallee or small tree that is endemic to a small area in Western Australia. It has rough bark near the base of the trunk, smooth greyish bark above, egg-shaped to elliptic adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven in leaf axils, white flowers and conical fruit. Description Eucalyptus × brachyphylla is a mallee or small tree that typically grows to a height of 4 metres (13 ft) and forms a lignotuber. The lower part of the trunk is rough with partly shed strips of greyish bark but the upper trunk and branches have smooth bronze-coloured and dark grey bark. The smaller branches are glaucous (covered with a pale, powdery bloom). The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are glaucous, triangular to egg-shaped or more or less circular, 25–45 mm (0.98–1.8 in) long, 15–35 mm (0.59–1.4 in) wide and have a petiole. Adult leaves are egg-shaped to elliptic, 25–55 mm (0.98–2.2 in) long, 15–35 mm (0.59–1.4 in) wide and dull greyish green or glaucous on a petiole 2–5 mm (0.079–0.20 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on a peduncle 4–13 mm (0.16–0.51 in) long, the individual buds on a pedicel 2–3 mm (0.079–0.12 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long, about 3 mm (0.12 in) wide with a conical operculum. Flowering occurs in June and between August and September and the flowers are white. The fruit are conical, 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with the valves enclosed or level with the rim. Taxonomy and naming Eucalyptus brachyphylla was first formally described in 1943 by Charles Gardner from a specimen collected near Lake Cowan by George Brockway. In 1996 Peter Grayling and Ian Brooker proposed that E. brachyphylla is a hybrid between E. kruseana and E. loxophleba and this interpretation is accepted by the Australian Plant Census. The specific epithet (brachyphylla) is from the Ancient Greek brachys meaning "short" and phyllon meaning "leaf". Distribution and habitat This eucalypt is only known from near Kalgoorlie, Cardunia Rock north of Karonie and Widgiemooltha where it usually grows near granite outcrops in undulating country. Conservation Eucalyptus × brachyphylla is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that is rare or near threatened.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_D%27Ercole"}

Italian basketball player Lorenzo D'Ercole (born 11 February 1988) is an Italian professional basketball player, who last played for Derthona Basket of the Italian Serie A2 Basket, second tier national championship. Standing at 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), he plays at the point guard position. Professional career On 1 June 2020, D'Ercole signed a one-year contract with Reyer Venezia. At mid-season, on February 17, 2021, he moved to Derthona Basket in the Italian Serie A2 Basket, second tier national championship. International career The Italian started in the under age categories of Italy, first for the Under 16's at the 2004 European Championship and then notably winning the bronze medal with the U20's at the 2007 European Championship. He made his debut with the senior men's national team during the 2009 Mediterranean Games, in which Italy was ranked fourth after losing the bronze medal game. Career statistics EuroLeague Awards and honors Team International Individual

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanach_(album)"}

1976 studio album by Malicorne Almanach is an album by Malicorne, released in 1976 on the Grffin label. As before, it has a complex sound.[according to whom?] The arrival of Hughes de Courson has given the album a more classical feel. Track listing All songs traditional except where noted. Personnel

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_and_Jennifer_Gibbons"}

Welsh identical twins and writers (born 1963) June Gibbons (born 11 April 1963) and Jennifer Gibbons (11 April 1963 – 9 March 1993) were identical twins who grew up in Wales. They became known as "The Silent Twins", since they only communicated with each other. They wrote works of fiction. Both women were admitted to Broadmoor Hospital, where they were held for eleven years. Early life June and Jennifer were the daughters of Caribbean immigrants Gloria and Aubrey Gibbons. The Gibbons family moved from Barbados to the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, as part of the Windrush generation. Gloria was a housewife and Aubrey worked as a technician for the Royal Air Force. The couple also had three other children: Greta was born in 1957, David was born in 1959, and Rosie was born in 1967. In 1960 Aubrey went to stay with a relative in Coventry and soon qualified as a staff technician. Gloria followed, with Greta and David, several months later. The twins were born on 11 April, 1963, at a military hospital in Aden, Yemen, where their father had been deployed. The family soon relocated—first to England, and in 1974, to Haverfordwest, Wales. The twin sisters were inseparable and their language, a sped-up Bajan Creole, made it difficult for people to understand them. The family's children were the only black children in the community. Both of the children were often ostracized at school. This proved to be traumatic for the twins, eventually causing their school administrators to dismiss them early each day so that they might avoid bullying. Their language became even more idiosyncratic at this time. Soon it was unintelligible to others. Their language, or idioglossia, qualified as an example of cryptophasia, exemplified by the twins' simultaneous actions, which often mirrored each other. The twins became increasingly reserved and eventually spoke to no one except each other and their younger sister Rose.[page needed] The girls continued to attend school, although they refused to read or write. In 1974, a medic administering vaccinations at the school noted their impassive behaviour and notified a child psychologist. The twins began seeing a succession of therapists who tried unsuccessfully to get them to communicate with others. They were sent to separate boarding schools in an attempt to break their isolation, but the pair became catatonic and entirely withdrawn when parted.[page needed] Creative expression When they were reunited, the two spent several years isolating themselves in their bedroom, engaged in elaborate plays with dolls. They created many plays and stories in a sort of soap opera style, reading some of them aloud on tape as gifts for their sister Rose. Inspired by a pair of gift diaries on Christmas 1979, they began their writing careers. They sent away for a mail order course in creative writing, and each kept an extensive diary and wrote a number of stories, poems and novels. Set primarily in the United States and particularly in Malibu, California, the stories involve young men and women who exhibit strange and often criminal behaviour.[page needed] June wrote a novel titled The Pepsi-Cola Addict, in which the high-school hero is seduced by a teacher, then sent away to a reformatory where a homosexual guard makes a play for him. The two girls pooled together their unemployment benefits in order to get the novel published by a vanity press. This is the only accessible work by either of the Gibbons sisters, which remained unavailable for purchase and held in only five libraries in the world until October 2022, when it was republished as a limited edition print by Cashen's Gap. It will also be published as a paperback in May 2023 by MIT Press. Their other attempts to publish novels and stories were unsuccessful, although Cashen's Gap is planning future releases by June and Jennifer Gibbons. In Jennifer's The Pugilist, a physician is so eager to save his child's life that he kills the family dog to obtain its heart for a transplant. The dog's spirit lives on in the child and ultimately has its revenge against the father. Jennifer also wrote Discomania, the story of a young woman who discovers that the atmosphere of a local disco incites patrons to insane violence. She followed up with The Taxi-Driver's Son, a radio play called Postman and Postwoman, and several short stories. June Gibbons is considered to be an outsider writer.[citation needed] Hospitalization In their later teenage years, the twins began using drugs and alcohol. In 1981, the girls committed a number of crimes including vandalism, petty theft and arson, which led to their being admitted to Broadmoor Hospital, a high-security mental health hospital. The twins were sentenced to indefinite detention under the Mental Health Act 1983. They remained at Broadmoor for eleven years. June later blamed this lengthy sentence on their selective muteness: "Juvenile delinquents get two years in prison... We got twelve years of hell because we didn't speak... We lost hope, really. I wrote a letter to the Queen, asking her to get us out. But we were trapped." Placed on high doses of antipsychotic medications, they found themselves unable to concentrate; Jennifer apparently developed tardive dyskinesia (a neurological disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive movements). Their medications were apparently adjusted sufficiently to allow them to continue the copious diaries they had begun in 1980, and they were able to join the hospital choir, but they lost most of their interest in creative writing.[page needed] The case achieved notoriety due to newspaper coverage by journalist Marjorie Wallace of The Sunday Times. Wallace later wrote a book about the two titled The Silent Twins, published in 1986 by Prentice Hall. Jennifer's death According to Wallace, the girls had a longstanding agreement that if one died, the other must begin to speak and live a normal life. During their stay in the hospital, they began to believe that it was necessary for one of them to die, and after much discussion, Jennifer agreed to make the sacrifice of her life. In March 1993, the twins were transferred from Broadmoor to the more open Caswell Clinic in Bridgend, Wales. On arrival Jennifer could not be roused. She was taken to the hospital where she died soon after of acute myocarditis, a sudden inflammation of the heart. There was no evidence of drugs or poison in her system. At the inquest, June revealed that Jennifer had been acting strangely for about a day before their release; her speech had been slurring, and she had said that she was dying. On the trip to Caswell, she had slept in June's lap with her eyes open. On a visit a few days later, Wallace recounted that June "was in a strange mood." She said, "I'm free at last, liberated, and at last Jennifer has given up her life for me". She also described it as a tsunami, washing her of her sins and being free of her sister. Jennifer was interred in St Martin's Cemetery, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales. After Jennifer's death, June gave interviews with Harper's Bazaar and The Guardian. By 2008, she was living quietly and independently, near her parents in West Wales. She was no longer monitored by psychiatric services, has been accepted by her community, and sought to put the past behind her. A 2016 interview with her sister Greta revealed that the family had been deeply troubled by the girls' incarceration. She blamed Broadmoor for ruining their lives and for neglecting Jennifer's health. She had wanted to file a lawsuit against Broadmoor, but Aubrey and Gloria refused, saying it would not bring Jennifer back.[citation needed] In the media The pair were the subject of the 1986 television drama The Silent Twins, broadcast on BBC2 as part of its Screen Two series, and an Inside Story documentary Silent Twin – Without My Shadow, which aired on BBC1 in September 1994. A play based on Wallace's book, titled Speechless, debuted in London in 2011. The twins' story also inspired the 1998 Manic Street Preachers song "Tsunami". Polish filmmaker Agnieszka Smoczyńska directed a feature film with the twins as the subject, starring Letitia Wright and Tamara Lawrance, based on the 1986 book The Silent Twins by Marjorie Wallace. Her English-language debut, the film was an international co-production between the United Kingdom's 42 Management & Production and Poland's Mandats and backed by the Polish Film Institute and Moderator Inwestycje. Angeline Morrison's 2022 album The Sorrow Songs (Folk Songs of Black British Experience) features a song about the twins, The Flames They Do Grow High.

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Andhra Pradesh Housing Board earlier known as City Improvement Board is public sector corporation under Government of Andhra Pradesh located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Its activities are to facilitate affordable housing to the citizens of Andhra Pradesh. The board, which was formerly known as City Improvement Board until 1960, was conceived by Nizam Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII in 1911. History Early roots (1911–1959) In the early 20th century, Nizams-ruled Hyderabad was affected by the large-scale flooding of the Musi river in 1908 and a deadly plague in 1911. This led to a decrease in population in the city. Then-Nizam Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, who had just occupied the throne, was aware of these problems. Together with his ministers and city planners, the Nizam decided to improve the sanitation and hygiene of the city. The City Improvement Board was formed in 1912 with the Nizam's son Moazzam Jah as its President. The mandate of this entity was to bring about planned development of the city with its specific tasks being improvement of slums, housing for poor, acquiring open lands, underground drainage, road widening schemes and laying of roads to enable the use of buses. Sir Visvesvarayya was also requested to contribute with his ideas for the further improvement of the city. The board commenced operations at a building in Basheerbagh, which was built with a Regional Mughal Variation-styled architecture, and continued here for over four decades. The board took up activities such as rehabilitation of slums in Dabeerpura, Sultan Shahi, Mughalpura, Nampally and Gunfoundry, Red Hills, Mallepally and those that were lined along the banks of Musi River. The board is also credited with the construction of the Nizamia Tibbi Hospital (near Charminar), Pathergatti complex, Moazzam Jahi Market, Andhra Pradesh High Court, Osmania Hospital and the City College. The architecture of domes and arches that was used for these projects became known as the CIB or the Osmanian style. Besides this, the board enhanced the look of Hyderabad by constructing elaborate gardens, planned housing colonies, potable drinking water supply, underground drainage with separate stormwater drains, wide roads and bus and train services, much before many of the major cities of India. Post-independence era (1960–present) The City Improvement Board and another entity called the Town Improvement Trust were merged to form the Andhra Pradesh Housing Board on 1 July 1960. In 2002, the Government of Andhra Pradesh recognized the growth potential of the real estate industry when it realized that there was a supply and demand mismatch of affordable housing. With an estimated demand of 1.5 million houses, the government decided to construct 0.6 million houses mainly for the middle class segment. Bearing this in mind, the board signed up with Malaysia-based IJM Corporation to develop 25 acres (10 ha) of land in Kukatpally with a public-private partnership model at a cost of US$150 million. In the same year, the board teamed up with a subsidiary of Housing and Development Board, Government of Singapore to develop quality housing and provide infrastructure for people on a 'design and build' model. As a part of this initiative, 1,600 apartments were to be constructed in the form of a self-sufficient integrated township on the Hyderabad–Warangal highway – 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Hyderabad called as Singapore Township near Ghatkesar. Similar initiatives were taken up near the International Institute of Information Technology, Indian School of Business and the Games Village near Gachibowli in order to meet the demands of the population working in HITEC City, a major technology township in Hyderabad. In addition, the board initiated projects in Guntur, Bhimavaram, Vijayawada, Mahbubnagar, Kurnool, Machilipatnam and Rajahmundry.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Betham"}

New Zealand & Samoa international rugby league footballer La’auli Montgomery Junior "Monty" Betham (born 12 March 1978) is a professional boxer, and former professional rugby league footballer. A New Zealand international representative hooker and lock, he played club football for the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League, and for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats (captain) (Heritage № 1234) in the Super League. Background Betham was born in Auckland, New Zealand on 12 March 1978. His father, Samoan-born Monty Betham Sr., had 53 professional fights as a middleweight or light heavyweight from 1973-1982. Rugby league career Betham was a Bay Roskill Vikings junior, he was selected to play for Samoa at the 2000 World Cup. Betham went on to change his international allegiance and represent New Zealand in eight tests His position of choice was at lock but he also played at hooker and second-row. On the field Betham was known for his aggressive style of play. He was once voted the player that the opposition players least want to pick a fight with in an NRL players' poll. Betham missed New Zealand's first ever finals appearance during the 2001 NRL season and the 2002 NRL Grand Final due to injury. Betham's final game for the club was a 22-20 victory over Manly at Brookvale Oval in round 25 of the 2005 NRL season. Betham spent one year in England with Wakefield Trinity during the 2006 Super League season. Highlights Boxing career In December 2006, Betham announced his retirement from rugby league in order to pursue a career in boxing. Betham will start out in the cruiserweight division and hopes to work his way down to light heavyweight. His first fight took place in Samoa on 31 March 2007. He defeated 15 fight veteran Vai Toevai in the sixth round. In 2013, an episode of The X Factor (New Zealand series 1) was filmed at Boxing Alley gym featuring Monty Betham and contestant Whenua Patuwai. Professional boxing record Title Regional/International Titles: Television Betham was runner-up on Season 4 of New Zealand Dancing With The Stars in 2008. Betham is trained by Danny Codling and managed by Mick Watson. In 2007 Betham competed in New Zealand reality show Treasure Island:Pirates of the Pacific. In March 2008 he competed on New Zealand Celebrity Joker Poker, he made it to the final three on the final episode before being eliminated (Shortland Street actor Craig Parker was the overall winner). Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand, Season 4) In December 2007 it was announced that Betham would compete in season 4 of Dancing with the Stars which started in February 2008. On January 28, 2008 it was revealed on The Edge (radio station) that Betham's professional dance partner would be Nerida Jantti (girlfriend of Shane Cortese). On April 15, 2008 he was named runner-up (Temepara George being the overall winner). Filmography The Shopping Channel In October 2012 Betham became one of the inaugural TV presenters on The Shopping Channel (New Zealand), New Zealand's first and only home shopping channel. Monty Betham's Steps for Life Foundation With his sister Chante Betham-Spencer (CEO) he founded Monty Betham's Steps for Life Foundation in 2010 to "Help NZ youth and families in the fight against childhood obesity in NZ". Personal life After returning home from competing on Treasure Island, Betham and his wife Jaymie celebrated the birth of their first child, a son. Betham's wife is currently expecting their second child.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drongs"}

The Drongs are a group of sea stacks off the coast of Hillswick Ness, Northmavine, Shetland, Scotland. They lie to the west of the Isle of Westerhouse in St Magnus Bay. They have been described as "a focus of interest from all surrounding parts, including Eshaness", from which they are the most readily viewed, and as such are considered an icon of Eshaness, along with the famous Dore Holm. Etymology The name the Drongs comes from the Old Norse drangr, which means "free standing pillar of rock". Drangr is synonymous with the Old Norse word stakkr, which subsequently became the word stack that is used in the names of many sea stacks in Shetland. Formation The Drongs consist of tall vertical pillars of granite. There are four main stacks, which have been unofficially termed by climbers as the Main Drong (60 metres, 200 ft), Slender Drong (30 metres, 98 ft), Slim Drong (15 metres, 49 ft) and Stumpy Drong (15 metres, 49 ft). The unusual shape of these sea stacks formed as the result of erosion of a larger landmass composed of both schists and gneiss: the schists eroded more rapidly than the granite gneiss, leaving only the granite pillars. The appearance of the Drongs from some angles has been likened to a ship under sail, a group of castle towers, or a cowled monk. The rock formation has featured in artwork and has been used as the subject of postcards since at least 1903. Climbing In May 1992, climbers Mick Fowler, Andy Nisbet, Jon Lincoln and Craig Jones climbed each of the four main stacks within seven days. Evidence was found that suggested the stacks had been climbed prior to their ascent. The climbs for all four stacks are graded between "Severe" and "Hard Very Severe". Sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_M%C3%BCller"}

German footballer Gerrit Müller (born 26 April 1984) is a German professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1. FC Magdeburg. He is under contract until June 2018.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"}

Branch of astronomy Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, Astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space–what they are, rather than where they are." Among the subjects studied are the Sun, other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background. Emissions from these objects are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, astrophysicists apply concepts and methods from many disciplines of physics, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realms of theoretical and observational physics. Some areas of study for astrophysicists include their attempts to determine the properties of dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and other celestial bodies; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe. Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include Solar System formation and evolution; stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity, special relativity, quantum and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics. History Astronomy is an ancient science, long separated from the study of terrestrial physics. In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its goal. Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle. During the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws. Their challenge was that the tools had not yet been invented with which to prove these assertions. For much of the nineteenth century, astronomical research was focused on the routine work of measuring the positions and computing the motions of astronomical objects. A new astronomy, soon to be called astrophysics, began to emerge when William Hyde Wollaston and Joseph von Fraunhofer independently discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of dark lines (regions where there was less or no light) were observed in the spectrum. By 1860 the physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff, and the chemist, Robert Bunsen, had demonstrated that the dark lines in the solar spectrum corresponded to bright lines in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements. Kirchhoff deduced that the dark lines in the solar spectrum are caused by absorption by chemical elements in the Solar atmosphere. In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars were also found on Earth. Among those who extended the study of solar and stellar spectra was Norman Lockyer, who in 1868 detected radiant, as well as dark lines in solar spectra. Working with chemist Edward Frankland to investigate the spectra of elements at various temperatures and pressures, he could not associate a yellow line in the solar spectrum with any known elements. He thus claimed the line represented a new element, which was called helium, after the Greek Helios, the Sun personified. In 1885, Edward C. Pickering undertook an ambitious program of stellar spectral classification at Harvard College Observatory, in which a team of woman computers, notably Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, and Annie Jump Cannon, classified the spectra recorded on photographic plates. By 1890, a catalog of over 10,000 stars had been prepared that grouped them into thirteen spectral types. Following Pickering's vision, by 1924 Cannon expanded the catalog to nine volumes and over a quarter of a million stars, developing the Harvard Classification Scheme which was accepted for worldwide use in 1922. In 1895, George Ellery Hale and James E. Keeler, along with a group of ten associate editors from Europe and the United States, established The Astrophysical Journal: An International Review of Spectroscopy and Astronomical Physics. It was intended that the journal would fill the gap between journals in astronomy and physics, providing a venue for publication of articles on astronomical applications of the spectroscope; on laboratory research closely allied to astronomical physics, including wavelength determinations of metallic and gaseous spectra and experiments on radiation and absorption; on theories of the Sun, Moon, planets, comets, meteors, and nebulae; and on instrumentation for telescopes and laboratories. Around 1920, following the discovery of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram still used as the basis for classifying stars and their evolution, Arthur Eddington anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper The Internal Constitution of the Stars. At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc2. This was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy, and even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen (see metallicity), had not yet been discovered. In 1925 Cecilia Helena Payne (later Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin) wrote an influential doctoral dissertation at Radcliffe College, in which she applied ionization theory to stellar atmospheres to relate the spectral classes to the temperature of stars. Most significantly, she discovered that hydrogen and helium were the principal components of stars. Despite Eddington's suggestion, this discovery was so unexpected that her dissertation readers convinced her to modify the conclusion before publication. However, later research confirmed her discovery. By the end of the 20th century, studies of astronomical spectra had expanded to cover wavelengths extending from radio waves through optical, x-ray, and gamma wavelengths. In the 21st century, it further expanded to include observations based on gravitational waves. Observational astrophysics Observational astronomy is a division of the astronomical science that is concerned with recording and interpreting data, in contrast with theoretical astrophysics, which is mainly concerned with finding out the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. The majority of astrophysical observations are made using the electromagnetic spectrum. Other than electromagnetic radiation, few things may be observed from the Earth that originate from great distances. A few gravitational wave observatories have been constructed, but gravitational waves are extremely difficult to detect. Neutrino observatories have also been built, primarily to study the Sun. Cosmic rays consisting of very high-energy particles can be observed hitting the Earth's atmosphere. Observations can also vary in their time scale. Most optical observations take minutes to hours, so phenomena that change faster than this cannot readily be observed. However, historical data on some objects is available, spanning centuries or millennia. On the other hand, radio observations may look at events on a millisecond timescale (millisecond pulsars) or combine years of data (pulsar deceleration studies). The information obtained from these different timescales is very different. The study of the Sun has a special place in observational astrophysics. Due to the tremendous distance of all other stars, the Sun can be observed in a kind of detail unparalleled by any other star. Understanding the Sun serves as a guide to understanding of other stars. The topic of how stars change, or stellar evolution, is often modeled by placing the varieties of star types in their respective positions on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, which can be viewed as representing the state of a stellar object, from birth to destruction. Theoretical astrophysics Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen. Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models. Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data. In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data. In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model. Topics studied by theoretical astrophysicists include stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics. Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large-scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole (astro)physics and the study of gravitational waves. Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the Lambda-CDM model, are the Big Bang, cosmic inflation, dark matter, dark energy and fundamental theories of physics. Popularization The roots of astrophysics can be found in the seventeenth century emergence of a unified physics, in which the same laws applied to the celestial and terrestrial realms. There were scientists who were qualified in both physics and astronomy who laid the firm foundation for the current science of astrophysics. In modern times, students continue to be drawn to astrophysics due to its popularization by the Royal Astronomical Society and notable educators such as prominent professors Lawrence Krauss, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Stephen Hawking, Hubert Reeves, Carl Sagan, Neil deGrasse Tyson and Patrick Moore. The efforts of the early, late, and present scientists continue to attract young people to study the history and science of astrophysics. The television sitcom show The Big Bang Theory popularized the field of astrophysics with the general public, and featured some well known scientists such as Stephen Hawking and Neil deGrasse Tyson.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYATA-64_mine"}

Hungarian antipersonnel mine The GYATA-64 is a Hungarian antipersonnel mine, very similar to the Russian PMN mine in design and appearance. However, the Gyata-64 mine has a 300 gram explosive charge compared with the 249 gram charge in a PMN mine. As a result, the Gyata-64 is the most powerful AP blast mine commonly encountered, for which reason it is particularly deadly. To put things in perspective, most anti-personnel blast mines (e.g. the VS-50) contain around 50 grams of explosive, which is enough to destroy all or part of a victim's foot. In marked contrast, the 300 gram charge inside a Gyata-64 mine can easily destroy a victim's entire leg (often requiring amputation high above the knee) in addition to inflicting severe injuries on the adjacent limb, which may also require some form of amputation. The Gyata-64 mine is cylindrical with a plastic body and a black rubber pressure cap. The fuze protrudes from either side of the mine. Although the body is plastic, the fuze itself contains a steel striker and spring, which make it detectable by conventional mine detectors. It is not a blast resistant mine. Hungary ceased production of all antipersonnel mines before 1995 and by 1998 had destroyed its stock pile of 149,686 GYATA-64 mines. Approximately 1,500 were retained for training and research as of 2004. Legacy stockpiles may exist in some foreign countries, in addition to those already planted in existing minefields. Examples have been found in Mozambique, Angola, Lebanon and Yemen. The render safe procedures are the same as those used for the PMN mine. Specifications

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1377 battle between the Blue Horde and an alliance of Russian principalities The Battle on Pyana River took place on August 2, 1377 between the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha (Arab-Shah Muzaffar) and a Russian alliance under Knyaz Ivan Dmitriyevich, made up of the Pereyaslavl, Yaroslavl, Yuryev, Nizhny Novgorod, and Murom principalities. The Russian army, being drunken, was almost entirely routed by small forces of Arapsha, while Ivan Dmitriyevich had drowned together with druzhina and staff. The river's name Pyana, translated as "drunken" from Russian, is derived from those events. The corresponding events are further recorded in the medieval Russian Chronicle On The Slaughter at Pyana River. Background In 1377 Moscow became aware of Arapsha and Knyaz Dmitry raising an army to recover his father-in-law Dmitri of Nizhny Novgorod. However nothing had happened and the troops returned to Moscow. Young knyaz Ivan Dmitriyevich, who assumed the joint command, moved the troops to River Pyana. The voyevodas learned that Arapsha was still far away, on the river Volchyi Vody, a tributary of Don. Because of hot weather, the awaiting Russian warriors began wandering around and consuming alcoholic beverages like mead and beer, which the troops of Suzdal prince drank while waiting in the local villages for the battle to begin. The battle By the time the Russian troops were intoxicated, Arapsha, drawn by Mordva nobles, had sensibly arrived and divided his troops into five units. On August 2, he unexpectedly attacked the Russians from all sides. Unable to fight, the Russians retreated to Pyana. Ivan Dmitriyevich had drowned together with numerous servants and warriors while crossing the river. The rest were slain by Blue Horde soldiers. The aftermath was catastrophic. The Tatars under Arapsha were then able to reach Niznhy Novgorod, prompting the evacuation of residents by boats, while Dmitry of Suzdal evacuated to Suzdal. The town itself was sacked. Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldir_Peres"}

Brazilian footballer and manager Waldir Peres de Arruda (January 2, 1951 – July 23, 2017), known as Waldir Peres, was a Brazilian footballer who played as a goalkeeper, in particular with São Paulo and the Brazil national team. Playing career Club At club level, Peres was mainly known for his time with São Paulo. International At international level, Peres was capped 30 times for Brazil, between October 1975 and July 1982; he was a member of the Brazil national team at the World Cup 1974, 1978 and 1982. He played five games at the 1982 World Cup. Coaching career In 2006, Peres was appointed as the Vitória-ES U-18 team manager during the Copa São Paulo de Juniores. Death Peres died in 2017 of a heart attack; he was 66. Personal life Peres's daughter Erika Peres was also a footballer. Honours Club São Paulo Santa Cruz Individual

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Maria_Werner"}

Swedish historian and professor Yvonne Maria Karin Margareta Werner , born Yvonne Karin Margaretha Brorsson , on February 28, 1954 in the town of Båstad in Kristianstad County , is a Swedish historian and professor . She currently works at Lund University . Biography In 1989 she doctored at Lund University in Swedish-German relations around year 1900. She became a research assistant there in 1992, docent in 1999 and professor in 2008 at Lund University. Werner converted to Catholicism in 1987, and has especially researched the history of Catholicism in the Nordic countries during the 19th and 20th centuries. She has written numerous works in this area. In her research, she has investigated how moral values change over time and how they look in different societies, as well as how the moral values are conveyed to citizens and how the society reacts to ideological deviants. Werner has participated in and facilitated several research projects, including the Nordic project The Women's Monastery Movement in the Nordic Region. A feminine counterculture in modern society , which ended in 2004, and Christian masculinity - a paradox of modernity: Men and religion in a Northern European context 1840-1940, which lasted until 2010. During the period 2005-2013, Werner was chairwoman the Historical Society in Lund , and she is currently a member of the Science Society in Lund . She has participated in the Swedish Research Council 's Preparatory Group for Historical Sciences, Postdoctoral and Reorganization Panel in several rounds, and has also participated as a reviewer for other scientific councils and foundations in Sweden and in the Nordic region. In addition to her work, Werner is employed as a tour leader for Catholic places in Italy, such as Assisi and Rome. Awards and honours Bibliography (not complete)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypselocarpus"}

Genus of flowering plants Cypselocarpus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gyrostemonaceae. Its native range is Southwestern Australia. Species:

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George Frederick or Georg Friedrich may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Daru"}

Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, Comte de Daru (12 January 1767 – 5 September 1829) was a French soldier, statesman, historian, and poet. Early career Born in Montpellier, he was educated at the Oratorian-maintained military school of Tournon, and entered artillery service at an early age. He also took an interest in literature, and he published several minor pieces, until the outbreak of the French Revolution made him concentrate on his military assignments. In 1793 he became commissary to the army, protecting the coasts of Brittany from projected descents of the British, or of French Royalists. Thrown into prison during the Reign of Terror, on an unsubstantiated charge of friendliness to the Royalists and the British, he was released after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in the summer of 1794 (during the Thermidorian Reaction), and rose through the ranks until, in 1799, he became chief commissary to the French Revolutionary Army serving under André Masséna in the north of Switzerland. In that position he won repute for his organizing capacity, capacity of work and probity (the last of which qualities was contrasted with the wave of corruption). He did not however limit himself to his tasks, and found time, even during the campaign, to translate part of Horace and to compose two poems, the Poème des Alpes and the Chant de guerre – the latter was a condemnation of the murder of the French envoys to the Second Congress of Rastatt. Consulate and early Empire The accession of Napoleon Bonaparte to power in November 1799 (the "18 Brumaire coup") led to the employment of Daru as chief commissary to the Army of Reserve intended for Northern Italy, and commanded nominally by Louis Alexandre Berthier, but really by the First Consul. Conjointly with Berthier and Dejean, he signed the armistice with the Holy Roman Empire which closed the campaign in North Italy in June 1800. Daru now returned, for a time, mainly to civil life, and entered the tribunate of the French Consulate, where he supported the principles of democracy. On the renewal of war with Great Britain, in May 1803, he again resumed his duties as chief commissary for the army on the northern coasts. It was afterwards asserted that, on Napoleon's resolve to turn the army of Great Britain against the Habsburgs after the proclamation of the First French Empire, Daru had set down at the dictation all the details of the campaign which culminated in the battle of Ulm. The story is apocryphal, but Napoleon's confidence in him is shown by his being appointed to similar duties in La Grande Armée, which in the autumn of 1805 defeated the armies of the Austrian Empire and Russia. After the battle of Austerlitz, he took part in the drafting of the Treaty of Pressburg. Prominence At this tune, too, he became intendant-general of the military household of Napoleon. In the campaigns of 1806–1807, Daru served, in his usual capacity, in the army which overthrew the forces of Russia and Prussia; and he had a share in drawing up the Treaty of Tilsit (7 July 1807). After this he supervised the administrative and financial duties in connection with the French army which occupied the principal fortresses of Prussia, and was one of the chief agents through whom Napoleon pressed hard on that land. At the Congress of Erfurt, Daru had the privilege of being present at the interview between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Napoleon, and interposed tactful references to the works of the great poet. Daru fulfilled his usual duties in the campaign of 1809 against the Austrians. Afterwards, when the issue of Napoleon's divorce from Josephine Beauharnais and the choice of a Russian or of an Austrian princess came to be discussed, Daru, on being consulted by Napoleon, is said to have boldly counselled his marriage with a French lady, and that Napoleon, who admired his frankness and honesty, was not angered by the remark. Still in 1809, he was created a count of the Empire. In 1811 he became secretary of state in succession to Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano, and showed his ability in the administration of the vast and complex affairs of the French Empire, including the arrangements connected with the civil list and the imperial domains. His competent administration was contrasted with the military disasters leading to the fall of the Empire. Late in 1813, he took up the portfolio of military affairs. After the first abdication of Napoleon in 1814, Daru retired into private life, but aided Napoleon during his return (the Hundred Days). After the Second Bourbon Restoration, he became a member of the Chamber of Peers, in which he again defended the cause of democracy against the attacks of the Ultra-royalists. He died in Meulan. His son who inherited the title is Napoléon Daru, brother of Viscount Paul Daru. Pierre Daru often appears in the autobiographical works of Stendhal, of whom he was a cousin. Legacy Several elements of Napoleon III's Louvre expansion bear Daru's name, including the Louvre's most monumental staircase and several exhibition rooms (escalier Daru, galerie Daru, salle Daru). Works Besides his translation of Horace, Daru was the author of:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonia_fruticosa"}

Species of flowering plant Lyonia fruticosa, the poor-grub or coastal plain staggerbush, is a plant species native to the US states of Florida, southern Georgia and the extreme southern part of South Carolina. It grows in pine woodlands and shrub bogs at elevations less than 100 meters (333 feet). Lyonia fruticosa is an evergreen shrub up to 3 m (10 feet) tall. Leaves are broadly elliptical, up to 6 cm (2.4 inches) long. Flowers are white, urn-shaped, hanging downward. Fruit is a dry, egg-shaped capsule about 4 mm in diameter.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive_L%27Amour"}

1994 Taiwanese film Vive L'Amour is a 1994 Taiwanese New Wave film directed by Tsai Ming-liang. It is Tsai's second feature film and premiered at the 51st Venice International Film Festival, where it won the prestigious Golden Lion. The film is about three people who unknowingly share an apartment in Taipei. Plot Hsiao-kang (Lee Kang-sheng), a young salesman, discovers a key to an apartment in its lock and takes it. He soon moves into one of the bedrooms, and one night he attempts to commit suicide by slitting his wrists while lying on the bed. Meanwhile, Ah-jung (Chen Chao-jung) is drinking coffee at a cafe when a beautiful real estate agent, May Lin (Yang Kuei-mei), sits at the table next to his. Intrigued, he follows her as she walks down the street. Lin catches on and eventually joins him. She leads him to a vacant apartment that she is trying to sell — the same apartment that Hsiao-kang is staying in — and they have sex in one of the bedrooms. Hsiao-kang hears them and stops the bleeding from his wrists. Ah-jung steals the key to the apartment from Lin and later returns with his belongings. He moves into one of the adjoining bedrooms. That night, he and Hsiao-kang encounter each other in the apartment and have a short argument. May Lin spends her day trying to sell property. While taking a break, she returns to the apartment when Hsiao-kang and Ah-jung are both there. The two sneak out quietly together and soon form a friendship. One night, Hsiao-kang goes out for a walk and meets Ah-jung selling dresses on the street. May Lin walks past but does not notice them. Soon, Ah-jung joins her at a food stand and the two return to the apartment and sleep together in the same room as they did the first time. Unbeknownst to them, Hsiao-kang is hiding under the bed as they arrive, and he masturbates as the bed creaks above him. The next morning, May Lin gets dressed and leaves. Hsiao-kang lies next to the sleeping Ah-jung and kisses him before slowly pulling away. Lin goes to her car but cannot start it, and instead walks on a path in the unfinished Daan Forest Park. She then sits down on a bench and starts to cry uncontrollably. Cast Reception Vive L'Amour won three Golden Horse Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Sound Effects. It also won the Golden Lion award at the 51st Venice International Film Festival. On AllMovie, reviewer Jonathan Crow praised the film, writing that "[director Tsai Ming-liang] presents Taipei as a soulless, ultra-modern labyrinth where individuals cannot communicate other than in one-night stands or business transactions. The film's style is masterful in both economy and emotional power. With very long takes, little narrative tension, and almost no dialogue, the style reinforces the cold, alienating world in which the characters live." On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 90% of 10 critics' reviews are positive.. In the 2012 Sight & Sound polls it received two critics' votes and three directors' votes.

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Canadian Inuvialuk artist Maureen Gruben is a Canadian Inuvialuk artist who works in sculpture, installation and public art. Biography Gruben was born in Tuktoyaktuk. She received a Diploma in Fine Arts from Okanagan College, Kelowna in 1990. In 2012 she received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Victoria. In May 2021 it was announced that Gruben was on the long list for the annual Sobey Art Award, one of five artists from the "Prairies and North". In 2021 the National Gallery of Canada lifted its "40-and-under" age restriction allowing for the inclusion of Gruben and other artists. Exhibitions

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Energy_Corporation"}

Oil and Gas Company New Zealand Energy Corporation (NZEC) is an oil and gas producing company in New Zealand, established in 2010. It owns and operates gas and oil fields in Taranaki and has exploration permits in the East Coast Basin. In 2013, NZEC purchased the Tariki, Waihapa and Ngaere mining licences and assets from Origin Energy.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_(Gary_U.S._Bonds_song)"}

1960 single by Gary U.S. Bonds "New Orleans" is a song written by Frank Guida and Joseph Royster and performed by Gary U.S. Bonds. It was featured on his 1961 album Dance 'Til Quarter to Three with U.S. Bonds. Frank Guida also produced the track. Backing was provided by Gene Barge's group The Church Street Five. Chart performance "New Orleans" reached #5 on the U.S. R&B chart, #6 on the U.S. pop chart, and #16 on the UK Singles Chart in 1960. Other charting versions Other versions

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Canadian glass artist Urve Manuel is a Canadian glass artist, based in Newfoundland and Labrador. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, she created around 1,000 sun catchers to raise funds for Ukrainians; she ultimately collected about $46,000. Early life and education Manuel has Estonian heritage through her grandfather. She attended university in Toronto before moving to Newfoundland and Labrador in around 2003. She was a firefighter and a sea kayak guide, and became a glass artist after becoming self-taught in around 2004 after attending glass work classes in the evening. She attended the United States for graduate classes in art. Career Her glass work was exhibited in Toronto's One of a Kind Christmas show in 2013. She moved to Rocky Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador, in 2015, where she founded a glass shop. As of 2022, she continues to work there. One of her pieces is a recreation of an ice-fishing shack, which is made out of several panels of stained glass. The piece—which depicts the northern lights and the animals of Canada, including polar bears and fish—was inspired by her childhood; she, her siblings, and her grandfather would often go ice-fishing together. It took several months to create, and was first displayed in 2022. In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which led to a large number of refugees fleeing Ukraine, she began creating sun catchers to fund-raise for charities in Ukraine. She said her family's personal history of fleeing Estonia during Soviet occupation was similar to Ukrainians fleeing their own country. She initially planned to create 25 sun catchers a day, but a rise in demand led her to create more. In May 2022, after about two months of working on the fund-raising project, she sold about 1,000, and raised about $46,000 for various nonprofits.

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Species of beetle Sphaerion rusticum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hermann Burmeister in 1865.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"}

Railway platform placed between two railway tracks An island platform (also center platform, centre platform) is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on twin-track routes due to pragmatic and cost reasons. They are also useful within larger stations where local and express services for the same direction of travel can be provided from opposite sides of the same platform thereby simplifying transfers between the two tracks. An alternative arrangement is to position side platforms on either side of the tracks. The historical use of island platforms depends greatly upon the location. In the United Kingdom the use of island platforms is relatively common when the railway line is in a cutting or raised on an embankment, as this makes it easier to provide access to the platform without walking across the tracks. Advantages and tradeoffs Island platforms are necessary for any station with many through platforms. There are also advantages to building small two-track stations with a single island platform instead of two side platforms. Island platforms allow facilities such as shops, toilets and waiting rooms to be shared between both tracks rather than being duplicated or present only on one side. An island platform makes it easier for disabled travellers to change services between tracks or access facilities. If the tracks are above or below the entrance level, the station needs only one staircase and (if disabled accessibility is necessary) one elevator or ramp to allow access to the platforms. If the tracks are at the same level as the entrance, this instead creates a disadvantage; a side platform arrangement allows one platform to be adjacent to the entrance, whereas an island platform arrangement requires both tracks to be accessed by a bridge or underpass. If an island platform is not wide enough to cope with passenger numbers, overcrowding can be a problem. Examples of stations where a narrow island platform has caused safety issues include Clapham Common and Angel (rebuilt in 1992) on the London Underground, Union (now[when?] rebuilt) on the Toronto subway, and Umeda on the Osaka Municipal Subway. An island platform requires the tracks to diverge around the center platform, and extra width is required along the right-of-way on each approach to the station, especially on high-speed lines. Track centers vary for rail systems throughout the world but are normally 3 to 5 metres. If the island platform is 6 metres wide, the tracks must slew out by the same distance. While this requirement is not a problem on a new line under construction, it makes building a new station on an existing line impossible without altering the tracks. A single island platform also makes it quite difficult to have through tracks (used by trains that do not stop at that station), which are usually between the local tracks (where the island would be). A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines is a pair of island platforms, with slower trains diverging from the main line (or using a separate level on the railway's right-of-way) so that the main line tracks remain straight. High-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms (such as at Kent House in London). This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where slow trains can be passed by faster trains. A variation at some stations is to have the slow and fast pairs of tracks each served by island platforms (as is common on the New York City Subway; the Broad Street Line of Philadelphia; and the Chicago Transit Authority's Red and Purple lines). A rarer layout, present at Mets-Willets Point on the IRT Flushing Line, 34th Street – Penn Station on the IRT Seventh Avenue Line and 34th Street – Penn Station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, uses two side platforms for local services with an island in between for express services. The purpose of this atypical design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Since the IRT Seventh Avenue Line and IND Eighth Avenue Line have adjacent express stations at 42nd Street, passengers can make their transfers from local to express trains there, leaving more space available for passengers utilizing intercity rail at Pennsylvania Station. The Willets Point Boulevard station was renovated to accommodate the high volume of passengers coming to the 1939 World's Fair. Examples Many of the stations on the Great Central Railway in England (now almost entirely closed) were constructed in this form. This was because the line was planned to connect to a Channel Tunnel. If this happened, the lines would need to be compatible with continental loading gauge, and this would mean it would be easy to change the line to a larger gauge, by moving the track away from the platform to allow the wider bodied continental rolling stock to pass freely while leaving the platform area untouched. Island platforms are a very normal sight on Indian railway stations. Almost all railway stations in India consist of island platforms. Australia In Sydney, on the Eastern Suburbs Railway and the Epping Chatswood Railway, the twin tunnels are widely spaced and the tracks can remain at a constant track centres while still leaving room for the island platforms. A slight disadvantage is that crossovers have to be rather long. Examples in Melbourne include West Footscray, Middle Footscray, Albion and Tottenham on the Sunbury line, and Watsonia and Heidelberg on the Hurstbridge line. Canada In Toronto, 29 subway stations use island platforms (a few in the newer stations on the Bloor–Danforth line, a few on the Yonge–University line and all of the Sheppard line). In Edmonton, all 18 LRT stations on the Capital Line and Metro Line use island platforms. The Valley Line under construction, utilizes the new low-floor LRT technology, but will only use island platforms on one of the twelve stops along the line. Singapore Almost all of the elevated stations in Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system use island platforms. The exceptions are Dover MRT station and Canberra MRT station, which use side platforms as they are built on an existing rail line, also known as an infill station. Gul Circle uses a stacked island platform configuration. The same follows for underground stations, with the exception being Braddell MRT station, and a few stations on the Downtown Line (Stevens, Downtown, Telok Ayer, Chinatown and MacPherson) and the Thomson-East Coast Line (Napier, Maxwell, Shenton Way and Marina Bay) United States In southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, PATCO uses island platforms in all of its 13 stations, to facilitate one-person train operation. The NYC Subway's Second Avenue Subway features island platforms at all stations. Many other stations in the system have the same layout. Unused sides of island platforms Sometimes when the track on one side of the platform is unused by passenger trains, that side may be fenced off. Examples include Hurlstone Park, Lewisham, Sydney and Yeronga, Brisbane. In New York City's subway system, unused sides are located at Bowling Green as well as every express station without express service, such as Pelham Parkway on the IRT Dyre Avenue line. In Jersey City, the Newport PATH station has the same configuration as Bowling Green—one side platform and one island platform. On the Tokyo Metro, the Ginza Line has a side platform and an island platform at Nihombashi. Likewise, the Namba and Minami-morimachi stations on the Osaka Metro have similar configurations. On JR East, the Yokosuka Line platforms at Musashi-Kosugi will feature a similar setup when a new side platform opens in December 2022. Some stations of the Glasgow Subway have one island platform and one side platform (Hillhead, Buchanan Street, and Ibrox). In Wellington, New Zealand, unused sides can be found at two stations on the Hutt Valley Line: Waterloo and Petone. Waterloo's island platform was reconfigured to be the down side platform when the station was extensively rebuilt in the late 1980s, with the unused side now facing onto a bus bay. Petone's island platform served the up main line and the suburban loop line until the suburban loop was lifted in the early 1990s. The unused platform now faces onto the station's park-and-ride carpark. Gallery

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Halfway Quarry is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in Brecknock, Powys, Wales.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidium_graminifolium"}

Species of plant Lepidium graminifolium, the grassleaf pepperweed, is a species of annual herb in the family Brassicaceae. They have a self-supporting growth form and simple, broad leaves. Flowers are visited by Ruiziella luctuosa. Individuals can grow to 51 cm tall. Sources This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC0 License statement/permission. Text taken from Lepidium graminifolium, Encyclopedia of Life.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hill_(athlete)"}

British athlete Albert George Hill (24 March 1889 – 8 January 1969) was a British track and field athlete. He competed at the 1920 Olympics and won gold medals in the 800 m and 1500 m and a silver medal in the 3000 m team race. Biography Hill started out as a long-distance runner, winning the British AAA championships over 4 miles in 1910. During World War I he served with the Royal Flying Corps in France, and after the war changed to middle-distance running. Coached by Sam Mussabini (coach of 100 m Olympic Champions Reggie Walker and Harold Abrahams), he won the 880 yd and 1 mile at the 1919 AAA championships and then equalled the British record of 4:16.8 for 1 mile. He nearly was not selected for the Olympics the following year, the selectors considering the 31-year-old Hill too old. Finally, he was allowed to take part at the Olympics, which were held in Antwerp, Belgium. He made the final in the 800m, which was a closely contested race. In the end, the 31-year-old Hill beat American Earl Eby for the gold, setting a British record of 1:53.4 on a slow track. Two days later, Hill completed the middle distance double by winning the 1500 m as well, thus completing a "double" not replicated by a British athlete until Kelly Holmes at the 2004 Olympics. Helped by his compatriot, Philip Baker (who would receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1959), he won comfortably, with Baker in second in a time of 4:01.8. Hill also competed in the 3000 m team race event, in which the British team finished second, earning Hill's third Olympic medal. Hill won the 1921 AAA mile championship in a British record of 4:13.8, this was 1.2 seconds outside the world record and the second fastest amateur time ever. Hill ended his running career in 1921 and became a coach himself, his most famous protégé being Sydney Wooderson. He emigrated to Canada shortly after World War II, and died there in 1969. In 2010, he was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Deceuninck%E2%80%93Quick-Step_season"}

The 2020 season for Deceuninck–Quick-Step began in January at the Tour Down Under. 2020 roster As of 19 August 2020. Season victories Sources: National, Continental and World champions Footnotes

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_Lights_(TV_series)"}

Television series TV series or program Harbour Lights is a British television drama series, broadcast on BBC One, that ran for two series in 1999 and 2000. Starring Nick Berry as protagonist Mike Nicholls, a former Royal Navy officer who returns to his childhood town of Bridehaven to take on the role of harbourmaster. The first series featured on storylines including a blossoming romance with local constable Melanie Rush (Tina Hobley), the ruthless business dealings of Tony Simpson (Gerard Horan), and the inter-family feuding of the Blades — Steve, George, Jason, Kelly and Rita. Both series were predominantly filmed in West Bay near Bridport in Dorset, which acts as the fictional town of Bridehaven. The second series featured much harder-hitting storylines than the first, and was criticised by local residents for portraying West Bay in a bad light. The complete series was released on Region 4 DVD on 3 March 2011. This is the only commercial release of the series available. The second episode of the first series, "Marie [sic] Celeste", was famously said to be 'missing' and was never broadcast on the BBC. It has, however, been shown during repeat screenings of the series on digital television, and is included in the DVD release. Filming locations Locations used for filming in the series include; Cast Episode list Series Overview Series 1 (1999) Series 2 (2000)

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Jörg C. Meyer is the official scientific glassblower of the University of California, Irvine. Meyer was born in Berlin, Germany, and learned glassblowing from his father and grandfather, who both worked in the same trade. He traveled to Australia, and blew glass for the Australian National University in Canberra, before moving again to Southern California. He was hired at UC Irvine by chemist Frank Sherwood Rowland at the founding of the university in 1965, and worked with Rowland and Mario J. Molina on their Nobel-prize-winning research on ozone depletion. As well as making scientific equipment for chemists, physicists, and atmospheric scientists, his creations have included a glass baseball mitt for Ralph J. Cicerone and a non-functional glass clarinet for UCI chemist Harold W. Moore. Meyer has also developed stainless steel machinery for drying and purifying solvents, replacing previous methods using glassware that had a tendency to shatter. While working at UC Irvine in 1967, Meyer and his wife Allison founded a small company, GlassContour (now Seca Solvent Systems), through which he commercialized this purification process. The Meyers sold GlassContour in 2004 and in 2010 founded a second company, JC Meyer Solvent Systems, which also sells Meyer's stainless steel purification systems. As well as for his glass and solvent purification work, Meyer is known for his appearance in a National Geographic magazine photo in 1965, riding a 40-foot whale shark as a professional diver in Australia. He is also a falconer and has helped to rehabilitate injured birds of prey. In 2015, Meyer won the annual award for outstanding staff achievement of the UC Irvine Alumni Association.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Building_(St._Louis)"}

Historic building in Missouri, U.S. The Globe Building is an Art Deco style office and data center building in Downtown St. Louis, Missouri. Before that it housed the St. Louis Globe-Democrat newspaper and was originally built for the Illinois Terminal Railroad. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Globe Building was originally designed as a freight and passenger terminal for the Illinois Terminal Railroad. The railroad commissioned the firm Moran, Russell, and Crowell, which designed many large buildings and landmarks in St. Louis. During World War II the building housed offices of the predecessor to the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), which referenced it as their US Aeronautical Chart Plant, St. Louis. The building would later go on to house geographic data and information firms, including geospatial intelligence offices, which complement the nearby National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Campus West (NCW). The construction of a SCIF (sensitive compartmented information facility), which was novel for a private facility not already under federal contract, was publicly announced in May 2022 at which time it was also claimed that a waiting list of companies seeking placement in the Globe Building exceeds fifty. With the decline of railroads in the United States, in the 1950s the building was transitioned to hosting the fledgling daily newspaper, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat. As newspapers also declined and St. Louis became a single major daily newspaper town in the 1980s, the structure was eventually turned into an office and data center building. The modern day Globe Building is adjacent to what became the Washington Avenue Historic District and is near the complex housing America's Center and The Dome at America's Center. Some elements from the building from the railroad and newspaper eras were salvaged for preservation by the National Building Arts Center.

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Overview of the events of 1786 in science The year 1786 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy Biology Linguistics Mathematics Technology Awards Births Deaths

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