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Johannes Meyer may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Hartwell"}

Edward Mussey Hartwell (1850–1922) was an American academic who taught at Johns Hopkins University. Biography He was born in Exeter, New Hampshire to parents Josiah Shattuck Hartwell and Catherine Stone Hartwell on May 29, 1850, as the eldest of eight children. Edward M. Hartwell attended Lawrence Academy and the Groton School, before graduating from the Boston Latin School, after which he enrolled at Amherst College. Hartwell received his bachelor's degree in 1873, and became vice principal at a school in New Jersey before taking a position at the Boston Latin School. He left Boston to pursue medical studies at Miami Medical College in Cincinnati in 1877, but chose to enroll at Johns Hopkins University the next year for biology. A year after earning an advanced degree from Hopkins, Hartwell completed a medical degree at Miami in 1882. He then joined the Hopkins faculty as associate in physical training and director of the gymnasium. Hartwell was named an inaugural fellow of the American Statistical Association in 1914, and died in 1922. Honors and awards Honorary Fellow in Memoriam, National Academy of Kinesiology

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_African_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_javelin_throw"}

The men's javelin throw event at the 2016 African Championships in Athletics was held on 26 June in Kings Park Stadium. Results

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48th National Board of Review Awards December 22, 1976 Best Picture: All the President's Men The 48th National Board of Review Awards were announced on December 22, 1976. Top Ten Films Top Foreign Films Winners

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Jackie Hamilton may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Whiffen"}

American actress Blanche Galton Whiffen, known on stage as Mrs. Thomas Whiffen, (1845–1936) was an American actress born in London. She was educated in France; made her stage début at the Royalty Theatre, London, in 1865; came to America in 1868; and toured the United States under John Templeton's management. In 1879 she played Buttercup in the first American production of Gilbert and Sullivan's Pinafore. She joined Daniel Frohman's stock company at his old Lyceum Theatre, where she appeared in more than 25 plays between 1887 and 1899 including The Wife (1887), The Charity Ball (1889), and Trelawny of the 'Wells' (1898). Later she was part of Charles Frohman's company at the Empire. She became Broadway's resident old lady character player after the death of Mrs. G. H. Gilbert in 1904. Mrs Whiffen in later years appeared in Zira (1905); The Great Divide (1905–07); The Builder of Bridges (1909); The Brass Bottle (1910); Electricity (1910); Cousin Kate (1912); Tante (1913); A Scrap of Paper (1914); Rosemary (1915). She was still active at 70 and a great favorite. Footnotes Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthene_(Cynuria)"}

Coordinates: 37°27′22″N 22°40′21″E / 37.45614°N 22.67254°E / 37.45614; 22.67254 Anthene (Ancient Greek: Ἀνθήνη), or Anthana (Ἀνθάνα), or Athene (Ἀθήνη), was a town in Cynuria, originally inhabited by the Aeginetans, and mentioned by Thucydides along with Thyrea, as the two chief places in Cynuria. Its site is tentatively located near the modern Mt. Zavitsa and Kato Doliana.

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Gülnur Muradoğlu (March 2, 1961), is a Turkish, naturalised British professor of behavioural finance at Queen Mary University of London. Previously, director of Ph.D. programmes at Cass Business School (City University London). Muradoğlu has also worked for Manchester School of Accounting and Finance as the Director of the MSc. Finance Program and for Bilkent University as assistant and associate professor respectively. She has been at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania as a Fulbrighter and Warwick Business School as a visiting fellow. Muradoğlu has published more than thirty articles in various journals including Journal of Behavioural Finance, Journal of Economics and Business, International Journal of Business, European Journal of Finance, Multinational Finance Journal, Applied Financial Economics, Developing Economies, European Journal of Operational Research, Journal of Forecasting, International Journal of Forecasting, and Applied Economics Letters.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauthenier_equation"}

The Pauthenier equation states that the maximum charge accumulated by a particle modelled by a small sphere passing through an electric field is given by: where is the permittivity of free space, is the radius of the sphere, is the electric field strength, and is a material dependent constant. For conductors, . For dielectrics: where is the relative permittivity. Low charges on nanoparticles and microparticles are stable over more than 103 second time scales.

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Campyloceras is a genus of Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) pseudorthocerid that has an elongate, moderately curved, shell. Curvature is greatest toward the apex and lessens in the adult portion. The siphuncle is central to subcentral with moderately to strongly inflated segments. Cameral deposits are well developed on the convex side, toward the apex while only thin on the concave side, making the curvature exogastric. Campyloceras, named by McCloy in 1844, is related to Pseudactinoceras. Both are included in the Pseudactinoceratidae.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_W._Grimm"}

American judge Paul William Grimm (born December 26, 1951) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Education Judge Grimm attended the University of California, Davis, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Classical Rhetoric in 1973, summa cum laude. While at Davis, Judge Grimm was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the Reserve Officer Training Corps. In 1976, he received his Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from the University of New Mexico School of Law. Judge Grimm received his LLM from Duke University School of Law. Career Born in Yokohama, Japan, Grimm has had both a military and civilian career in the law. Commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army in 1973, he was released from service in 1979 as a captain and continued his service as a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve until 2001. In active service, his legal duties included the Judge Advocate General's Corps in Fort Bliss, Texas. In 1980, as a civilian, he joined the State's Attorney's Office for Baltimore County, Maryland and shortly thereafter became an Assistant Attorney General for the State of Maryland. From 1984 until 1997, Judge Grimm worked in private practice handling commercial litigation until his appointment as United States magistrate judge. Judge Grimm has written numerous books and articles on subjects including electronic discovery, civil procedure, evidence and trial practice and lectures frequently on these topics. He also teaches courses on these subjects at the University of Maryland School of Law and the University of Baltimore School of Law. Federal judicial service On February 16, 2012, President Barack Obama nominated Grimm to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. He would replace Judge Benson Everett Legg who has announced that he is taking senior status effective June 8, 2012. The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on his nomination on May 9, 2012, and reported his nomination to the floor on June 7, 2012. The Senate confirmed his nomination on December 3, 2012, by a 92–1 vote, with Senator Roy Blunt casting the sole no vote. He received his commission on December 6, 2012. He assumed senior status on December 11, 2022. Grimm retired from active service on December 30, 2022. Awards During law school, Grimm was awarded the Order of Coif and served on the Law Review. Grimm has also received several military awards, including the Parachutist Badge, Meritorious Service Medal, Army Commendation Medal and Army Achievement Medal. His other awards include: Cases of note Grimm's rulings on cases in which electronic discovery concerns were involved have advanced understanding of issues related to electronically stored information (ESI) in civil matters.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Humument"}

Altered book by Tom Phillips A Humument: A treated Victorian novel is an altered book by British artist Tom Phillips, published in its first edition in 1970 and completed in 2016. It is a piece of art created over W H Mallock's 1892 novel A Human Document whose title results from the partial deletion of the original title: A Human document. Phillips drew, painted, and collaged over the pages, while leaving some of the original text to show through in the form of erasure. Through this process, A Humument is a new story with a new protagonist named Bill Toge, whose name appears only when the word "together" or "altogether" appears in Mallock's original text. From being created over many decades, it follows a nonlinear narrative, and in recent editions Phillips has rewritten pages to include references to modern history that in part appear to be anachronistic. Background When asked about the book, Phillips replied: "It is a forgotten Victorian novel found by chance ... plundered, mined, and undermined its text to make it yield the ghosts of other possible stories, scenes, poems and replaced the text [he'd] stripped away with visual images of all kinds." A Humument was begun in the 1960s. In 1970, Tetrad Press put out a small edition. The first trade edition was published in 1980 by Thames & Hudson, which also published revised editions in 1986, 1998 and 2004; the fifth edition was published in 2012. Each edition revises and replaces various pages. Phillips's stated goal was to eventually replace every page from the 1970 edition. Phillips used the same technique (always with the Mallock source material) in many of his other works, including the illustration of his own translation of Dante's Inferno, (published in 1985). The altered text has been sometimes used in "reconstructions" or "realizations" where artists create a work using the fragmentary text as a basis. For instance in the early 1970s, the Music Department at the University of York performed an opera, Irma, devised by Phillips in 1969, whose lyrics and plot were based on A Humument. Tom Phillips created a digital version of A Humument, A Humument App for the iPad, released in November 2010. The app was critically acclaimed, receiving favourable reviews in The Independent (22 Nov), Eye Magazine blog (17 Nov), and Design Observer (5 Nov). A version for the iPhone was released 17 January 2011. A 'final' printed edition, extensively reworked by Phillips, was published by Thames & Hudson in 2016, and reviewed by Clare Pettitt in the Times Literary Supplement.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyani_Malik"}

Indian music director and Playback singer Kalyani Malik is an Indian music director and playback singer in Telugu cinema. Since achieving recognition through Chandra Sekhar Yeleti's film Aithe (2003), Malik has provided musical scores for many other films. His most recent works are composing for Oohalu Gusagusalade (2014) and as sound supervisor for Baahubali: The Beginning. He is known by various other names — Kalyan Koduri, Kalyana Ramana, Kalyani Koduri, Kalyani, Koduri Kalyan. Early life Kalyani Malik was born as "Koduri Kalyani". He born and brought up in Kovvur, to Siva Shakthi Datta and Bhanumathi. He is the brother of music composer M. M. Keeravani and cousin to director S. S. Rajamouli, S. S. Kanchi and M. M. Srilekha. Kalyan has always been close to music and cinema. At a very young age, his inclination to music made him start assisting his brother M. M. Keeravani. His uncle V. Vijayendra Prasad is a popular script writer in the Indian film industry. Name His birth name was Kalyani. He suffixed Malik to his name, as he is a devotee of Lord Mallikarjuna of Srisailam, and uses the screen name "Kalyani Malik". He is known by various other names — Kalyan Koduri, Kalyana Ramana, Kalyani Koduri, Kalyani, Koduri Kalyan. Career Malik started off as a chorus singer with his brother M. M. Keeravani's compositions. Later, it was with the song "Sannajaji Poova" from Yuvaratna, composed by his brother, that he was noticed as a full fledged singer. After singing quite good number of songs for his brother, he started assisting his brother and learned the nuances of music composing. After gaining experience, his journey as a solo music director started with jingles, TV serials and finally the entry to the silver screen happened with Aithe, which instantly got him into the limelight. This was follow by hit albums such as Ashta Chemma, Ala Modalaindi, Golconda High School and Oohalu Gusagusalade. Discography Awards and nominations Mirchi Music Awards South Filmfare Awards South South Indian International Movie Awards

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2006_Winter_Paralympics"}

Sporting event delegation Switzerland participated in the ninth Winter Paralympics in Turin, Italy. Switzerland entered 21 athletes in the following sports: Medalists

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Village in Central Norway, Norway Ulvan is a village on the island of Ulvøya in the municipality of Hitra in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the western side of the island, along the Frøyfjorden, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) west of the village of Knarrlaget. Ulvan is home to a large fish processing plant operated by Marine Harvest.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Collar_Worker_and_the_Hairdresser_in_a_Whirl_of_Sex_and_Politics"}

1996 Italian film The Blue Collar Worker and the Hairdresser in a Whirl of Sex and Politics (Italian: Metalmeccanico e parrucchiera in un turbine di sesso e politica, also known as The Worker and the Hairdresser) is a 1996 Italian comedy film directed by Lina Wertmüller. Plot The ideals of Tunin, a communist metalworker, are challenged when he falls in love with Rossella, a supporter of the right-wing Northern League. Cast

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French association football player (1961-) Dominique Provost (born 15 June 1961) is a former French football player who played as Forward for French club Football Club féminin condéen of the Division 1 Féminine.

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Village in Elazığ Province, Turkey Village in Elazığ, Turkey Topaluşağı (Kurdish: Topalan) is a village in the Baskil District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Parçikan tribe and had a population of 161 in 2021. The hamlets of Adacık, Kemuşağı, Kömürhüngelisi, Omikan and Sapanlı are attached to the village.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hansell"}

British physician Anna Louise Hansell FFPH is a British physician who is Professor of Environmental Epidemiology and Director of the Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability at the University of Leicester. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Hansell studied the relationship between pollution and COVID-19. Education and early career Hansell originally studied medicine. She spent six years working in clinical medicine, before specialising in public health. Hansell completed her doctoral research at Imperial College London on the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the United Kingdom. After completing her doctoral degree she was awarded a Wellcome Trust clinical research fellowship. Research and academic service Her research considers environmental noise and air pollution. As part of this effort, Hansell made use of historical data and models to estimate black smoke and sulphur dioxide levels across the United Kingdom in 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. She demonstrated that living in high levels of air pollution in the past increased people's risks of respiratory disease decades after exposure. For example, people who lived in polluted areas in 1971 had a 14% greater risk of dying in 2002 than people who lived in low pollution areas. Hansell has studied the impact of air pollution on birth outcomes, working primarily with mothers in London. Her work showed that in 3% of babies born with a low birth weight the low weight can be attributed to maternal residential exposure to air pollutants. She went on to demonstrate that exposure to air pollution, particularly PM10 particulates due to road traffic, in the first trimester and early life can reduce children's lung function. In 2014 Hansell launched the Small Health Area Statistics Unit Environment and Health Atlas. The atlas visualised local risk factors for fourteen different diseases, as well as providing details about common environmental agents. Hansell has continued to study the COPD throughout her career, combining data from the UK Biobank with air pollution monitoring systems. She showed that annual increases of 5 µgm−3 PM2.5 particulates in air was comparable to two years of ageing. These investigations allowed her to identify that i populations who live in areas where PM2.5 levels are above the maximum levels recommended by the World Health Organization, COPD is four times higher than in people who experience passive smoking. She has also demonstrated that people who live in low income households are considerably more likely to be detrimentally impacted by air pollution. Alongside investigating the impact of air pollution, Hansell has studied the impact of noise pollution on mortality. By combining data on hospital admissions and mortality of a cohort of over three million people who live around Heathrow Airport, Hansell showed that deaths due to stroke, heart and circulatory disease are more likely in areas with high levels of aircraft noise. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became apparent that air pollution might play a role in the severity of COVID-19. Hansell investigated the relationships between air pollution and rates of mortality due to coronavirus. Alongside her own research, Hansell provided expert advice on the relationship between pollution, health and viral infection. She remarked that the lockdown in the United Kingdom would result in significant reductions in air pollution, in line with travel restrictions and reduced industry operation. Academic service She was appointed the President of Epidemiology in the Royal Society of Medicine in 2005. In 2010 Hansell was made Assistant Director of the UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit at Imperial College London. Hansell is a member of the Public Health England Environmental Hazards Programme Board, as well as the Government of the United Kingdom Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. Selected publications Scholia has an author profile for Anna Hansell.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio_Barco_Vargas"}

Virgilio Barco Vargas (17 September 1921 – 20 May 1997) was a Colombian politician and civil engineer who served as the 27th President of Colombia serving from 7 August 1986 to 7 August 1990. Early life Barco was born in Cúcuta in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia to Jorge Enrique Barco Maldonado and Julieta Vargas Durán. He studied Civil Engineering at the National University of Colombia and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from which he graduated in 1943. He entered politics in 1943 when he became a city council member for the Liberal Party in the town of Durania. He was then elected to the lower house of Congress, but went into exile to the US in 1950 because of violence between liberals and conservatives. His daughter, Carolina Barco Isakson (who would later become a Colombian politician herself) was born there. He obtained an M.A. in economics at MIT, where he took classes under Nobel prize winners Robert Solow and Paul Samuelson in 1952. In 1954 he obtained a PhD in economics from Boston University. Barco is the grandson of Colombian General Virgilio Barco M., who developed one of the country's largest oil concessions in 1905. Political career Barco returned to Colombia in 1954 to help negotiate the peace process which allowed the formation of the National Front between liberals and conservatives, which lasted two decades. He became a member of the Senate, the upper house of Congress in 1958, left to become the ambassador to Britain in 1961, and returned to Colombia in 1962. He served another term in the Senate until 1966, when he was elected mayor of Colombia's capital, Bogotá. He served in that position until 1969, when he became a director of the World Bank until 1974. He then served as ambassador to the United States from 1977 until 1980. Presidency Barco was elected president of Colombia with 58% of the vote in 1986. He supported anti-poverty programs, renewed dialogue with leftist guerillas and fought drug traffickers. Though he was popular within the international community, he became less popular in Colombia because the drug traffickers became more violent after he started to move against them. His restrictive economic policies at first doomed the country. After two years of this, The Economic Openness program was initiated by his administration, which would open Colombian markets to the world and recharge the country's economy. He served one 4-year term. Post-Presidency and death When he left the Presidency in 1990, he served as ambassador to Britain again until 1992. Barco was diagnosed with cancer and he died on May 20, 1997, in Bogotá when he was 75. He is now buried in the Central Cemetery of Bogotá. Popular culture

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Rourke_(writer)"}

American novelist Frank O'Rourke (October 16, 1916 – April 27, 1989) was an American writer known for western and mystery novels and sports fiction. O'Rourke wrote more than 60 novels and numerous magazine articles. Born in Denver, Colorado, he attended Kemper Military School. A very talented amateur baseball player, he considered trying out for a professional team, but was called up for service in World War II. By the end of the war he had decided to become a writer; his first novel was E Company (1945), based in part on his wartime experiences. O'Rourke dedicated the book to Max Brand, whom he knew before the war. In the book O'Rourke named a fictional war correspondent Max Hastings after him. Several of O'Rourke's novels were filmed; The Bravados (1958) was the first, and his novel A Mule for the Marquesa was made into a popular movie named The Professionals (1966). The Great Bank Robbery was filmed in 1969. He married artist Edith Carlson. Later in life, O'Rourke turned to writing children's literature. A long-time sufferer of bronchial asthma, and made even more ill by the large doses of steroids he was required to take for control of the ailment, he committed suicide on April 27, 1989. His wife died on May 21, 2007. Sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis"}

Series of resignations by Bolivia's highest political leaders following disputed election results A political crisis occurred in Bolivia on 10 November 2019, after 21 days of civil protests following the disputed 2019 Bolivian general election in which incumbent President Evo Morales was initially declared the winner. The elections took place after a referendum to amend the Bolivian constitution, which limits the number of terms to two, was rejected in 2016. In 2017 under political pressure and a legal demand from the Morales government, the Constitutional Tribunal (TCP) ruled that all public offices would have no term limits despite what was established in the constitution and allowing Evo Morales to run for a fourth term. The TCP's basis for this anti Constitutional decision was the Pact of San Jose regarding human rights and Article 411 giving international treaties preeminence over the Constitution text itself. Challenges to this 2017 decision made by Bolivian citizens and constitutional experts were subsequently denied by the TCP, and at the time of the 2019 election a query to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (CIDH) was pending. In 2021, the CIDH set the matter to rest in a consultative opinion requested by Colombia, which states that re-election is not a human right. Rather, the decision states that breaking a Constitutional mandate of term limits to allow indefinite re-election attacks the human rights of citizens. According to Articles 13 and 411 of the Bolivian Constitution, this CIDH decision overrides any contrary ruling by the TCP or Legislative Assembly. The Constitution of Bolivia grants the TCP authority to interpret, but not to modify the Constitution. An audit by the Organization of American States (OAS), which released a full report afterwards, concluded that significant irregularities happened during the electoral process. Observers from the European Union released a report with similar findings and conclusions as the OAS. The military and the police of Bolivia, along with the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB), recommended President Evo Morales to resign. He did, accompanied by other resignations by high-level politicians throughout the day, some citing fears for the safety of their families. The government of Mexico offered political asylum to Morales the following day, which Morales accepted a day afterwards. The second vice president of the Senate, opposition senator Jeanine Áñez, assumed the role of president on 12 November. This was not without controversy, as her initial appointment was made during a brief legislative session that lacked quorum, due to a boycott by Morales's party, Movement for Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo; MAS). Bolivia's Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal then endorsed Áñez's assumption of the presidency, and the MAS ruling party returned most members to both chambers, with some assuming key positions such as Leader of the Senate. They also committed to working with the interim government towards new elections. In addition to the controversy around her appointment, Áñez's government began a campaign against Morales's supporters. Newly appointed Interior Minister Arturo Murillo vowed to pursue members of Morales's administration and Áñez's government charged Morales with "terrorism and sedition". Áñez introduced Christian religious symbols into state procedures, a move perceived by The New York Times as directly related to Morales's 14 years of support for Indigenous culture. Morales called for the Bolivian people to reject the leadership of Áñez. He and his supporters argued that the event was a coup d'état. International politicians, scholars and journalists were divided between describing the event as a coup or popular uprising.[excessive citations] The Bolivian Congress, with the majority being members of Morales's MAS party, unanimously approved a bill on 23 November 2019 that annulled the results of 20 October election, allowed for new elections and prevented Evo Morales from participating in the new elections. The bill was signed into law the next day by president Áñez. The unrest would ultimately lead to the Senkata and the Sacaba massacres. On 4 December 2019, the OAS released its final report related to 20 October election, detailing what they called "deliberate" and "malicious" tactics to rig that election in favor of President Morales. Analysis by the progressive, left-leaning US thinktank Center for Economic and Policy Research rejected the OAS statistical analysis of election data, arguing that a basic coding error resulted in inexplicable changes in trend. In August 2021, a report commissioned by the OAS and carried out by independent human rights experts concluded that the Añez government's path to power came with "irregularities" and serious human rights abuses by security forces. In June 2022, the Bolivian courts convicted Áñez for charges committed during the political crisis. She was sentenced to ten years in prison. Background 2016 constitutional referendum The Bolivian constitution allows the President and Vice President to put themselves forward for re-election only once, limiting the number of terms to two, and the elections took place after in 2016 a referendum to amend the constitution was rejected, but that the Supreme Court of Justice ruled that all public offices would have no term limits despite what was established in the constitution and allowing Morales to run for a fourth term. 2019 general election and subsequent investigations On 20 October 2019, the first round of voting for all government positions was held. After the polls closed, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal began to release the preliminary results of the presidential election; at 7:40 pm, when 83.8% of the votes had been counted, the preliminary count stopped because the official results had begun to be released. At the time that the preliminary count was stopped, Morales led with 45.3%, and his primary opponent, Carlos Mesa, had 38.2%. Less than a 10-point lead would have resulted in another round of runoff voting. At 9:25 pm, President Morales stated he was the likely winner, given that rural areas would guarantee his victory. Although uncounted votes in rural areas were expected to favor Morales, one body observing the election—the Organization of American States (OAS)—stated that even if Morales did win outright, his lead beyond the 10-point threshold would be so negligible as to warrant a runoff anyway. The OAS expressed concern about a purported day-long gap in results reporting: after 24 hours, the updates resumed, but with a surge for Morales at the first update. On 21 October, the Plurinational Electoral Organ reported a count, suggesting that with 95.3% of verified votes, Morales had too large of a margin above 10 points to overcome, avoiding a second run-off round, and so Morales would remain in power for a fourth term. Based on this result, along with claimed irregularities, the Bolivian opposition and protestors as well as some Western governments and observers called for an audit of the process and results, to which Morales agreed. The OAS audit of the election began on 31 October and was observed by Spain, Mexico, and Paraguay. Protests By 24 October, Morales began describing the actions taken against him as a coup. On 25 October, when the results were officially announced with Morales as the winner, various countries in Latin America, as well as the United States and European Union, called for the second round to go ahead regardless of the official results. On 31 October, two deaths were announced by the government. The third death during the protests occurred on 7 November when a 20-year-old student called Limbert Guzman was killed during clashes. Events Allegations of electoral fraud and OAS audit On 6 November, the Bolivian opposition published a 190-page long report containing fraud accusations, including irregularities such as mistaken electoral acts additions, data swiping and electoral acts where the ruling party obtained more votes than registered voters, expecting to send it to international organizations such as the OAS and the United Nations. Although a complete report was not yet due, mounting tension in the country prompted the OAS to release a preliminary report on 10 November claiming that they had discovered sufficient evidence of election fraud to warrant new elections. This led to a string of events that culminated in Morales being forced to resign. The OAS alleged multiple irregularities, including failures in the chain of custody for ballots, alteration and forgery of electoral material, redirection of data to unauthorized servers and data manipulation. They added that it was statistically unlikely that Morales had secured the 10-percentage-point margin of victory needed to win outright, saying that election should be annulled after it had found "clear manipulations" of the voting system, and that "The manipulations to the computer systems are of such magnitude that they must be deeply investigated by the Bolivian State to get to the bottom of and assign responsibility in this serious case." An analysis by the Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) disputed the OAS's preliminary findings and criticized what it called a "politicization of the electoral observation process". The co-director of the think-tank, Mark Weisbrot, stated the OAS showed "no evidence – no statistics, numbers, or facts of any kind" to support its claim of electoral manipulation. CEPR concluded that due to Morales's voter base being in more rural regions, the results from peripheral areas received towards the end of the count were more likely to be in his favour. The New York Times noted, however, that this criticism has "not addressed the accusations of hidden data servers, forged signatures and other irregularities found by the O.A.S. observers, nor have they tried to explain the electoral council's sudden decision to stop the count". The OAS also dismissed the report as "neither honest, nor fact-based nor comprehensive". On 5 December, the full 95-page OAS report was released along with 500 pages of corroborating details as appendices. These included that an outside user who controlled a Linux AMI appliance with "root privileges" — conferring the ability to alter results – accessed the official vote-counting server during the counting and that in a sample of 4,692 returns from polling stations around the country, 226 showed multiple signatures by the same person for different voting booths, a violation of electoral law. On those returns, 91 percent of votes went to MAS, approximately double the rate recorded elsewhere. On 21 December, the Technical Mission of Electoral Experts sent by the European Union published a 67-page report that concluded that the election day "passed peacefully and with a high voter turnout" but "a large number of electoral records showed irregularities, which could be due to deficiencies in the training of jurors or deliberate manipulations". On 3 January 2020, at a meeting of the Committee for Latin America of Socialist International, it was declared that they accepted the findings of the OAS and that Morales was not a victim of a coup. A document containing discussions of the Bolivian political crisis states that "After a broad mobilization of citizens in that country in protest of electoral fraud that was informed and verified by an audit conducted by the Organization of American States (OAS) of the elections that took place on 20 October, the president Evo Morales did not suffer a coup d'etat". Independent contract researchers for CEPR, John Curiel and Jack R. Williams disputed the claims of irregularities in the late vote count that were made by OAS with a statistical analysis released on 27 February 2020. They contended that the OAS allegations about irregularities in the vote count were made on two unproven premises: "...the unofficial count accurately reflects the vote continuously measured, and that reported voter preferences do not vary by the time of day". Later, in August 2020, after Nooruddin published the dataset he used for the OAS audit to a Harvard University digital repository, CEPR released a statement suggesting that the way the data was sorted was flawed due to a coding error which would indicate that the OAS claims about the irregularities in the vote count were also flawed. Authorities abandon Morales After weeks of repelling violent protests at the Casa Grande del Pueblo presidential palace, units of the Police Operations Tactical Unit (UTOP) tasked with defending Morales assembled a meeting on 8 November. UTOP officers ultimately decided at the gathering to abandon their posts and to call for the resignation of Morales. According to Reuters, UTOP turned away from Morales for multiple reasons: complaints of alleged orders to suppress opposition protestors while avoiding Morales loyalists; resentments over perceived preferential treatment given to the military; and the exhaustion of combating protestors. On 9 November, Morales organized a meeting and ordered the military to maintain security, with officers present rejecting Morales's orders according to former general Fernando Sánchez. According to The Wall Street Journal, following this meeting, officers feared of "violent military suppression" similar to 2003 protests during the Bolivian gas conflict, which happened before Morales become president. At this time, all UTOP officers had left their positions, leaving Morales vulnerable to protesters. At a police station near the presidential palace, officers climbed onto the roofs and chanted "The Police with the People". Police nationwide refused to take action against protesters, returning to their stations, while other departments began to mutiny against the Morales government, arguing that they did not want to be an "instrument of any government". Head of the Bolivian Armed Forces, General Williams Kaliman, refused to suppress violent demonstrations, saying that the military would "never confront the people among whom we live" and that the events unfolding were "a political problem and it should be resolved within that realm". After police left their posts at the presidential palace, Morales never returned and was forced into hiding in an improvised office protected by a small group of his guard. He ultimately held a press conference at the Bolivian Air Force's presidential hangar in El Alto International Airport later in the day, leading some to suspect that Morales had already lost control of the government. Franklin Pareja, a professor of the Higher University of San Andrés, said that because of the abandonment by police, the Morales government "lost its shield" and that "it was totally vulnerable and couldn't go on". According to members of the Bolivian military quoted by the Wall Street Journal, authorities had opposed Morales's actions for some time. Morales had performed multiple actions that had offended officers within the armed forces, including glorifying Che Guevara after his guerrillas killed 59 Bolivian troops during their insurgency in the 1960s and forcing officers to attend the Anti-Imperialist Military Academy that was led by a convicted former rebel. General Tomás Peña y Lillo, who was chief of the Bolivian armed forces until 2010, stated that officers within the military were traditionally conservative and had refused plans proposed by Morales to be guided by Cuban military and intelligence agents, damaging Morales's hold of the military. Roberto Ponce, former chief of staff of the Bolivian military, also explained that Morales spent little on the country's armed forces as he feared that he would be overthrown, which frustrated military officers. Rioters overrun La Paz By the night of 9 November, violent riots escalated throughout Bolivia. Members of MAS called on supporters to gather in the capital city of La Paz to "defend Morales" and the results of the vote, with reports of clashes between pro-Morales groups and opposition protesters. However, violent anti-Morales rioters had already overrun the streets of La Paz, with some groups of police joining in protests against Morales. Rioters began to storm government offices, flooding the stations of Bolivia TV and Radio Patria Nueva, accusing them of serving Morales. Relatives of Morales had their homes attacked by rioters, with his older sister's home in Oruro being burned while other regional governors had their homes torched as well. The next day, two miners from Potosí were shot and injured, reportedly by snipers, when cooperative miners where marching to join protests in La Paz. Calls for Morales to resign After the release of 10 November OAS audit, multiple Bolivian entities called on Morales to resign. Morales had initially relied on support from civil organizations to protect him from violent protests instead of the military since he enjoyed popular support. However, the two main civil groups of Bolivia had begun aligning themselves with the opposition to Morales; the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB), Bolivia's largest trade union and a traditionally pro-Morales entity, and the Single Trade Union Confederation of Workers (CSUTCB), an indigenous workers union. CSUTCB had already met with opposition leader Luis Fernando Camacho, announcing an alliance and in the morning of 10 November, the leader of COB suggested Morales resign if it would help solve the violence, and called for new elections. Indigenous and Aymara leader Nelson Condori, the director of CSUTCB, intensified his condemnation of Morales later in the day while at an event beside Camacho, stating, "Evo, we have cried, you have made our lives bitter, you have lied to us. ... When have you forgotten the slogan of our ancestors, do not steal, do not lie, do not be lazy?" Condori also called for a "purge" of the Bolivian government, demanding that Morales and his governmental allies be jailed for electoral fraud. After the COB and other civil groups formerly supportive of Morales called on him to resign, Morales held a second press conference at the presidential hangar, changing his position on the October election results and announced that new elections would be held. Morales released a statement, saying "As President, my main mission is to preserve peace, social justice and economic stability. Listening to the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB), the Pact of Unity and other social sectors, I have decided first to renew all the members of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal". Since civil groups had abandoned Morales, the military was the only group protecting him from violent protesters. The military then made the decision to force Morales to resign. First, officers who feared punishment if they deployed troops against civilians pressured General Williams Kaliman, the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Bolivia and Morales loyalist, to turn away from Morales. Later, Kaliman announced that the military had suggested Morales resign to "help restore peace and stability" after weeks of protests over the vote, adding that the military was calling on the Bolivian people to refrain from violence and disorder. The military also said it would conduct operations to "neutralise" any armed groups that attacked the protesters. The military press release invoked Article 20, paragraph b, of Law No. 1405 which states: Article 20. The attribution and responsibilities of the military high command are: [...] b. To analyze inner and foreign troubled situations to suggest to whom it may concern the appropriate solutions. Morales resigns After Kaliman's statement, Morales took the presidential plane from El Alto International Airport to an undisclosed location, announcing his immediate resignation on television, stating that he was resigning to "protect the families" of Movement for Socialism members. He concluded by stating that he believed Carlos Mesa had "achieved his objective", and asked rioters to "stop burning down the houses of [his] brothers and sisters". Vice President Álvaro García Linera also resigned after consulting with Morales. Shortly thereafter, it was reported that Morales was on a plane to Argentina; however, the Argentine foreign minister, Jorge Faurie, said that Argentina would not grant him asylum. Commander Yuri Calderón assured that there was no warrant for Morales's arrest, though armed individuals had entered his home. Later in the day, Adriana Salvatierra, the President of the Senate, Victor Borda, the leader of the Chamber, and Rubén Medinaceli, First Vice President of the Senate, also resigned. Mexico's foreign minister declared that twenty members of Bolivia's executive and legislative branches were at the official Mexican residence in the capital seeking asylum following the resignation. Following the resignation of Morales and his allied successors, protesters called for a board to be convened to oversee the government and new elections, though Mesa disagreed with the proposal, stating protesters should not "violate the Constitution so as not to give Evo Morales an excuse that he was the victim of a coup d'etat" and that the Legislative Assembly should determine the constitutional successor. Later on 10 November, BBC Mundo published an article suggesting that five main reasons combined to force Morales to resign: the disputed OAS audit results, the opposition from the military and police, the ongoing protests, the growing radicalization of the political opposition, and public opposition towards Morales's move to end term-limits. In August 2020, Morales would publish his memoirs book, titled Volveremos y seremos millones (We'll come back, and we'll be millions), in which he describes that he took the decision to resign the night before November 10, and before the suggestions by the police and military. OEP detentions and TSE arrests At 8:20 pm, the Associated Press reported that Bolivian police had detained 38 members of the Plurinational Electoral Organ (or Órgano Electoral Plurinacional (OEP)) on suspicion of falsification and other electoral crimes, including the former president and vice president of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE), Maria Eugenia Choque and Antonio Costas. According to police commander Yuri Calderón, Choque was apprehended whilst disguised as a man. The attorney general's office earlier announced that it was opening an investigation into allegations raised by the OAS report. An election official in Santa Cruz, Sandra Kettels, was arrested Monday morning, with arrest warrants issued for the remaining TSE officials. Succession of presidency Assumption of presidency by Jeanine Áñez On the evening of 10 November, Jeanine Áñez, the second vice president of the Senate and highest-ranking official remaining, proclaimed herself President of the Senate following the resignation of the previous Senate president Adriana Salvatierra and the first vice president of the Senate Rubén Medinaceli. Moments later, Áñez declared herself President of Bolivia, claiming constitutional succession. She announced she would be assuming the presidency on an interim basis from 11 November onward, with the responsibility of calling new elections. She stated that she would assume the office once the Senate had formally recognized the previous day's resignations. Upon inauguration, Áñez would officially become the President of Bolivia. The Bolivian Constitution had no provisions that would have allowed Áñez, as second vice president of the Senate, to legitimately succeed to the Presidency. Article 169 says that "In case of impediment or definitive absence of the president of the State, he will be replaced in office by the Vice President and, in his absence, by the President of the Senate, and in the absence of this by the President of the Chamber of Deputies. In the latter case, new elections will be called within a maximum period of ninety days." It also establishes the line of succession, which did not include Áñez. The following day, Áñez arrived at La Paz-El Alto airport and was taken in a military helicopter to a nearby Air Force base; from here she traveled in convoy to the Senate. On 12 November 2019, in a brief legislative session held improperly due to the lack of a quorum, Áñez declared herself as acting president of Bolivia while holding a large bible, stating that "the bible has returned to the government palace". Áñez obtained the favorable vote of the opposition parties, only one-third of the parliament, while the Movement for Socialism ruling party did not participate in the voting, rejecting the succession. Áñez's assumption of the presidential office was supported by Bolivia's Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal, which interpreted, citing articles referring to the presidential succession of the 2001 Constitutional Declaration, that the next person in the succession line assumes the presidency ipso facto despite not having the required quorum, stating that "the functioning of the executive should not be suspended". Reactions and anti-Áñez protests Reactions to the transfer of power and to Ms Áñez's assumption of the presidency have been mixed, being met with both celebrations and protests. Demonstrators celebrating the removal of the government chanted "Yes, we can!" and set off fireworks. Hundreds of supporters of Morales made their way toward the center of La Paz from the mountains surrounding the city, some of them armed with sticks, chanting "Here we go, civil war!". The police claimed that Morales supporters had vandalized police offices, inciting panic in some neighborhoods where people blocked their doors with furniture to protect stores and houses. After receiving requests for help from the national police and politicians, the armed forces announced that night they would mobilize to defend gas, water and electricity services around the capital, and also begin joint patrols with the police around the city. On 13 November, a dozen MAS senators were blocked by police from entering the National Assembly building during the session. The next few days were marked by protests and roadblocks on behalf of Morales's supporters. In Senkata and Sacaba, at least 19 pro-Morales protesters were killed in clashes with security forces in what was denounced as a massacre. On 20 November, Evo Morales offered not to run for reelection if he was allowed to return to Bolivia and finish his presidential term. Capital shut down The drinking water supplies to parts of both La Paz and El Alto, the second and third largest cities in Bolivia, were cut off. According to Gen. Williams Kaliman, it was the plan of insurgents to leave these cities without water or fuel and counteractions to guard public services were covered under the so-called "Sebastián Pagador" plan. La Paz's legislature forced the capital's infrastructure, schools, and workplaces to close, claiming this was for reasons of public safety. Supporters of Morales also built barricades on roads that lead to the airport. Barricades were placed around the Senkata refinery in El Alto by Morales supporters, cutting power and fuel to El Alto and La Paz. Pro-Morales demonstrators entered the refinery and set fire to vehicles within the compound. The Bolivian military launched a violent invasion of the site on 19 November using armored vehicles and helicopters, killing three protesters and injuring 22 in the process. As a result of blockades from various protests surrounding the city, some goods were also not able to enter. Food supply was affected, leading to rationing and controlled prices in El Alto and La Paz. Interim government response to protests In the face of protests against the interim government, Áñez called for police to suppress the protests and maintain order and, on 14 November, issued a decree that would exempt the military from any type of criminal responsibility for killing or injuring protestors, when acting in a "legitimate defense or state of necessity". On 15 November, security forces fired upon coca farmers peacefully protesting against the government in Cochabamba. The massacre left nine dead and dozens injured. Human rights concerns José Miguel Vivanco, head of Human Rights Watch in the Americas, said that the decree "sends a very dangerous message to the military that they have carte blanche to commit abuses". The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) condemned Áñez's government for issuing the decree. UN Human Rights Chief Michelle Bachelet issued a statement, saying that "while earlier deaths mostly resulted from clashes between rival protestors", the latest incidents appear to be due to the "disproportionate use of force by the army and police", stating that "in a situation like this, repressive actions by the authorities will simply stoke that anger even further and are likely to jeopardise any possible avenue for dialogue." Bachelet also expressed concern that "widespread arrests and detentions" were adding to the tensions; according to her office, more than 600 people had been detained since 21 October. Furthermore, Bachelet also declared being concerned that the situation could "spin out of control if the authorities do not handle it sensitively and in accordance with international norms and standards governing the use of force, and with full respect for human rights", stating that it couldn't be solved through "force and repression". The decree was later repealed by Áñez. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights expressed concerns over human rights violations that occurred after the 2019 Bolivian general election. Paulo Abrão, who heads the IACHR, declared that due to the "massive" number of human rights violations amid post-election violence, the country may need outside help to investigate the situation and recommended Bolivia coordinate with an international panel of experts to ensure findings are seen as credible. On 5 December 2019, Áñez approved an act to provide compensation to the families of those killed and injured during the conflict. On 10 December, the government and IACHR signed an agreement to investigate the acts of violence that occurred. On 30 Dec, Eva Copa, MAS head of the Senate, stated that a report had been filed with Arturo Murillo to give an account of the deaths in Sacaba and Senkata after the Assembly recess in the new year. On 29 October 2020, the outgoing parliament approved a report on the "massacres of Senkata, Sacaba and Yapacani, which recommends a judgment of responsibility against Jeanine Anez for genocide and other offenses". Parliament also approved the criminal indictment of 11 of Anez' ministers. On 17 August 2021, the human rights watchdog of the Organization of American States published their report on human rights during the Áñez administration. It observed that the interim government had come to power by sidestepping the constitutional rules for presidential succession, but stopped short of calling it a coup. The report documented the persecution of opponents with "systematic torture" and "summary executions", such as the use of lethal ammunition to suppress peaceful street protests by unarmed supporters of Morales. Foreign participation In July 2021, the Bolivian government accused Mauricio Macri's government in Argentina of having supplied arms used in the Senkata and Sacaba massacres. Bolivian Foreign Minister Rogelio Mayta said air force chief General Jorge Gonzalo Terceros had written a letter on 13 November 2019 thanking Argentinian ambassador Normando Alvarez Garcia for the delivery of 40,000 bullets, tear gas canisters and grenades. The Ecuadorian government of Lenin Moreno offered military aid to Bolivia in the same period. Gonzalo Terceros accused the letter of being a forgery, made with a signature not his own and at a point when he had resigned, and the former chancellor Karen Longaric pointed that the date in the letter would mean that the alleged shipment was prepared and sent when Morales was still president. Longaric also pointed that, although the letter describes the shipment as war weapons, they are actually police weapons, whose trade is not illegal. Terceros' lawyer pointed as well that his client belonged to the air force, who had no business trading anti-riot materials. An investigation carried out by the Argentine Government shows records of the exit of firearms, ammunition, bulletproof vests, pepper spray, and hand grenades of harassment gas, among other materials. The Bolivian Police confirmed they found part of the material sent, which had no associated documentation. Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Argentina Martín Soria said this would suggest the destination was not the Argentine Embassy as previously claimed. Interim government activities New elections Áñez stated on 15 November that in order to restore faith in the electoral process, a vote would first be held to elect a new Electoral Commission, before having a new vote for president. On 20 November the interim government presented a bill that aimed to forge a path to new elections. The two chambers congress were expected to debate the bill which would annul 20 October election and appoint a new electoral board within 15 days of its passage, paving the way for a new vote. The bill, drafted jointly by MAS and anti-Morales legislators, was approved on 23 November; it also prohibited Morales from participating in the fresh election. In exchange, Áñez's government agreed to withdraw the armed forces from all protest areas (although some servicemen were still permitted to stay at some state companies to "prevent vandalism"), revoke her decree which granted the army immunity from criminal prosecution, release arrested protesters, protect lawmakers and social leaders from attacks and provide compensation for the families of those killed during the crisis. She approved the bill shortly thereafter. Elections were initially scheduled to be held on 3 May 2020. However, they were postponed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On 22 June 2020, Áñez approved a law passed by both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate to set a date for the election for 6 September 2020, with elected authorities in place by mid-to-late November 2020. On 23 July 2020, the TSE postponed the election to 18 October 2020 due to medical reports that the pandemic will have its highest peaks in late August and early September. Many opposition leaders, including Evo Morales, have condemned the delays, seeing the continued delays as an unconstitutional attempt to remain in power, and some groups, including the Bolivian Workers' Center have planned protests. Domestic policy Immediately after his resignation, protests emerged in support of Morales and against the new government. In response, Áñez signed decree no. 4078, granting total impunity to the armed forces to quell protestors, resulting in the massacres of Senkata and Sacaba, where at least 18 people were killed by the military. This decree was subject to international criticism. José Miguel Vivanco, Americas Director of Human Rights Watch described the decree as, "giv[ing] the armed forces a blank check to commit abuses instead of working to restore the rule of law in the country". The Áñez administration appointed government ministers between 13 and 18 November. The first eleven members of the interim cabinet, appointed 13 November, did not contain any indigenous members. The Guardian described this partial cabinet as showing "no signs that [Áñez] intended to reach across the country's deep political and ethnic divide". Áñez did, however, designate two persons of indigenous origin as ministers of culture and mining as the remaining positions were filled. Morales's first cabinet was majority indigenous (14 out of 16 positions), though this number decreased over the course of his tenure as president. Among the senior ministers in Áñez' cabinet were prominent Bolivian businesspeople. Shortly after taking office, Áñez also appointed a new military high command. The new commander of the armed forces, General Carlos Orellana Centellas, pledged to take orders from Áñez. On 20 November, Áñez granted safe-conduct to Evo Morales's daughter, Evaliz, to receive political asylum in Mexico. The government renamed the state newspaper, known as Cambio under president Morales, as Bolivia on 17 November. On 25 November, the Áñez met with civil groups Bolivian Workers' Center, the country's largest union, and the Pact of Unity, a prominent indigenous grassroots group, to sign agreements on how to pacify Bolivia following previous violent events. In the week following the inauguration of Áñez, the new government came under heavy criticism from a variety of sources. The New York Times described Áñez as "reaching beyond her caretaker mandate of organizing national elections by January". Javier Corrales, a Latin American politics professor at Amherst College in Massachusetts, said "without a popular mandate, [the government] are pushing forward some of the most objectionable aspects of their agenda".[clarification needed] Oliver Stuenkel, associate professor of international relations at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation in São Paulo, said that "the only thing this government was supposed to do was calm things down and call elections, and that's just about the only thing it has not done". By late November and December, some progress was made in passing legislation for new elections, appointing a new electoral body, entering dialogue with representatives from protesting factions in El Alto and cooperating with Morales's MAS party in joint participation in the coming elections, albeit without Morales as a presidential candidate. A survey by Bolivian newspaper Página Siete showed that 43% of Bolivians approved of how Áñez has handled the presidency, while 23% disapproved. On 13 Dec, Áñez approved an agreement between the three main parties over a so-called "Law of Guarantees" formulated to restore faith among political actors in the process of moving forward, including reparations for those killed and injured by her government. This act was welcomed by the Secretary General of the UN. A previous incarnation of this legislation, passed in both chambers by the MAS majority, had not been given presidential approval due to articles that implied immunity from prosecution for representatives of the previous government. This version was described by opposition lawmakers as an attempted "cover up" on behalf of the MAS party and caused friction among members of MAS itself. On 1 January 2020, Áñez presented a change in the law that would it make it mandatory for presidential candidates to engage in public debate with their opponents to support "the strengthening of informed democracy". La Razón says such debates did not take place before. In September 2020, Human Rights Watch released a report saying that the interim caretaker government is "abusing the justice system to wage a politically motivated witch-hunt against former president Evo Morales and his allies", adding that prosecutors had charged some Morales backers with terrorism for simply speaking to him on the phone. Foreign policy Karen Longaric, appointed as foreign minister by Jeanine Áñez, announced the formal departure from the country of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) and breaking all diplomatic relations with Venezuela's Maduro government, recognizing Juan Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela in the Venezuelan presidential crisis. Longaric also announced that the interim government was considering leaving the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). A month later, the country announced its entry into the Lima Group, a regional bloc established in 2017 with the purpose of finding a way out of the Venezuelan crisis. The Bolivian foreign ministry said in a statement that it hoped to "contribute to a peaceful, democratic and constitutional solution to the crisis in Venezuela, which must be guided by the Venezuelan people". On the same month, the interim government announced that they would give refuge to 200 Venezuelans "who have fled their country for reasons of political order, of political persecution promoted by the Nicolás Maduro government". In January 2020, the interim government suspended relations with Cuba in response to remarks made by Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla, who called Áñez a "liar", "coupist" and "self-proclaimed" in reference to her latest statements about the role of Cuban medical doctors in the country. Diplomatic row over Mexican embassy Since the resignation of Morales, several members of the past administration have taken diplomatic refuge in the Mexican Embassy in La Paz. Several of them faced accusations and prosecution under the interim government, the most senior being the former Minister of the Presidency, Juan Ramón Quintana. Anti-Morales protesters routinely gathered at the doorstep of the Embassy to voice their discontent and demand that they be turned over to the Bolivian authorities. An increased security presence by police and army in the vicinity of the Embassy led to accusations of harassment and a "siege". On 27 December, tensions were further increased when visiting Spanish diplomats were stopped by police during a visit to the Embassy. The Mexican ambassador accused the Bolivian government of María Teresa Mercado violating the Vienna Convention. Longaric responded by saying the presence of masked and armed guards aroused suspicion that there would be an attempt to smuggle Quintana from the Embassy to another location. Longaric said: "No country in the world could tolerate what happened last Friday. In that case, the Vienna Convention empowers the host State to declare those diplomats who violate the rules of the conventions themselves personas non-gratas." On 30 December, Áñez made an announcement giving a number of Mexican and Spanish diplomats 72 hours to leave the country; Spain responding by declaring that three Bolivian diplomats likewise must leave the country. Eva Copa, MAS head of the Senate, criticised Áñez for the expulsion of diplomats of countries who helped bring stability to Bolivia and urged her to reconsider the action. Counteractions On 15 November, Longaric expelled 725 Cuban citizens, mostly medical doctors, after accusing them of being involved in protests. The government announced it arrested nine Venezuelans in the border city of Guayaramerín (near Brazil) with boots and insignias of the Bolivarian National Police (PNB), identification cards of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and microchips containing photos of themselves with other people armed with guns. After the arrest and the discovery of the microchips, the interim government accused the men of participating in "violent acts" in the country, and transferred them to the Bolivian Special Crime Fighting Forces to conduct a preliminary investigation. Arturo Murillo, Áñez's new interior minister, vowed to "hunt down" his predecessor Juan Ramón Quintana, a prominent Morales ally, stoking fears of a vendetta against members of the previous administration. He later announced he would start arresting certain members of the previous government who he accused of "subversion". Roxana Lizárraga, Áñez's communication minister, stated that she had a list of journalists who were "involved in sedition" and threatened them with prosecution. On 22 November, after an audio recording, allegedly of Morales, leaked in which Morales supporters were directed to block main roads to La Paz, the interim government opened an investigation into Morales for "terrorism and sedition". Hours later, the vice-president of MAS-IPSP was arrested for allegedly using a car of the ministry of the President; in the car, according to Télam, police discovered computers and biometric devices that belonged to the electoral commission. Social media campaign In December 2019, the interim government of Áñez contracted CLS Strategies, a Washington-based public relations firm, "to carry out lobbying in support of Bolivian democracy" and "in support of holding new presidential elections". In September 2020, Facebook closed 55 accounts, 42 pages and 36 Instagram accounts linked to CLS Strategies. Facebook said these were fake accounts used to secretly manipulate politics in Bolivia, Venezuela and Mexico in violation of Facebook's prohibition on foreign interference. Following Morales's resignation, a large anti-Morales Twitter bot network was uncovered by the microblogging site in mid November. The network had published automated tweets which declared opposition to Morales, further adding that the events were "not a coup". Compared to the extremely low proportion of the population that speaks English, the abundance of English tweets from this network suggests that it was intended to sway opinions beyond Bolivia. The company behind the site had removed many of the tweets by 19 November, but media reports suggested that around 4200 were still up by that point. The Caracas-based TeleSur network alleged that nearly 70,000 fake accounts had been used by the network, many of which were created just days before.[unreliable source?] A Social Networks head working for the Spanish party Podemos further alleged that fake accounts were used to artificially boost the online following of anti-Morales political figures, including Añez. An investigation by The Guardian in 2021 found that Facebook was slow to remove fake accounts and pages in Bolivia when notified of their existence. A network of fake accounts supporting a candidate during the October 2019 election were still operating in September 2020. In general, Facebook "allowed major abuses of its platform in poor, small and non-western countries in order to prioritise addressing abuses that attract media attention or affect the US and other wealthy countries". Handling of COVID-19 pandemic In May 2020, Health Minister Marcelo Navajas was arrested on suspicion of corruption related to a scheme to buy ventilators for the treatment of COVID-19. The ventilators were purchased from a Spanish company for around twice their value. Intensive care doctors said that the ventilators were not suitable for Bolivian intensive care units. In August 2020, a report in the New York Times said the death rate in Bolivia was "nearly five times the official tally" and that testing was very limited. It said that Bolivia was one of the worst affected countries and calculated that Bolivia had five times as many deaths in July as in previous years. Writing in the New York Times in September 2020, Diego von Vacano, who is an expert in Latin America, said Añez' interim government had mismanaged the COVID-19 crisis. Reactions

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_von_Hosstrup"}

Egmont von Hosstrup (born 1 October 1813 in Hamburg, died 1876) was a German publisher, theatre director and head of the Hamburger Börsenhalle. He was the son of Gerhard von Hosstrup (1771–1851) and Sophie Henriette Elisabeth (Betty) Seyler (1789–1837), a granddaughter of Abel Seyler, and studied law in Göttingen and Heidelberg, earning a Doctor of Laws degree at Heidelberg in 1836. In 1845 he married Luise Auguste Thesdorp, a step-daughter of the Hamburg lawyer with the supreme court (Obergerichtsadvokat) A. Stulmann. After the death of his father, he became director of the Hamburger Börsenhalle. He was the publisher of Liste der Börsenhalle and Literarische und Kritische Blätter der Börsenhalle. He was a cousin of Johann Ernst Pinckernelle, founder of the Hamburg ship broker company G. & J. E. Pinckernelle.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clypeomorus_batillariaeformis"}

Species of gastropod Clypeomorus batillariaeformis, common name : the necklace or channeled cerith, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae. Description The shell size varies between 8 mm and 30 mm Distribution The distribution of Cerithium moniliferum includes the Indo-West Pacific. along Japan, the Solomons, the Fiji Islands, Heron Island, Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines; in the Indian Ocean along Madagascar and the Mascarene Basin and in the Red Sea Life habits These animals form large groups as the tide recedes. Feeding on beach rock at a specific height above average low tide level, the snails slowly move about in clusters, conserving the moisture that allows them to respire out of water. Parasites Parasites of Clypeomorus batillariaeformis include Lobatostoma manteri.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmannan_Yazawin"}

Chronicle of Burma Hmannan Maha Yazawindawgyi (Burmese: မှန်နန်း မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး, pronounced [m̥àɰ̃náɰ̃ məhà jàzəwɪ̀ɰ̃dɔ̀dʑí]; commonly, Hmannan Yazawin; known in English as the Glass Palace Chronicle) is the first official chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). It was compiled by the Royal Historical Commission between 1829 and 1832. The compilation was based on several existing chronicles and local histories, and the inscriptions collected on the orders of King Bodawpaya, as well as several types of poetry describing epics of kings. Although the compilers disputed some of the earlier accounts, they by and large retained the accounts given Maha Yazawin, the standard chronicle of Toungoo Dynasty. The chronicle, which covers events right up to 1821, right before the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826), was not written purely from a secular history perspective but rather to provide "legitimation according to religious criteria" of the monarchy. The "most important development" in Hmannan was the replacement of the hitherto prevalent pre-Buddhist origin story of Burmese monarchy with one that links the origins of the monarchy to the clan of the Buddha and the first king of Buddhist mythology, Maha Sammata. Hmannan was the main chronicle referenced by early European scholars to write the earliest versions of Burmese history, and it still is the main standard chronicle in the study of Burmese history. Etymology The name of the chronicle comes from Hmannan or the Palace of Mirrors, the building of the Inwa Palace complex where the chronicle was compiled, and yazawin (ရာဇဝင်) from Pali rājavaṃsa meaning "chronicle of kings". It is conventionally translated as the "Glass Palace Chronicle" although a more accurate translation should be the "Chronicle of the Palace of Mirrors". Background In early 1829, King Bagyidaw ordered the Royal Historical Commission to update the royal chronicles. The kingdom had just come off the disastrous First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) after which Konbaung Burma was forced to cede all of its western empire (Arakan, Manipur and Assam) plus the entire Tenasserim coast south of the Salween. Moreover, the royal treasury was severely being depleted to pay the British one million pounds sterling (about $2 billion in 2006 US dollars) as war reparations in four installations. Updating the chronicles was perhaps a fitting task "when the future seemed unclear, the present had become so painful, and the lessons of the past needed a more proper accounting." The standard official chronicle at the time was Maha Yazawin (The Great Chronicle), the standard chronicle of Toungoo Dynasty that covers up to 1711. Konbaung Dynasty's first chronicle Yazawin Thit (The New Chronicle of Myanmar), commissioned by Bagyidaw's predecessor and grandfather Bodawpaya and covers up to 1785, had not been accepted as an official chronicle because the new chronicle contained severely harsh criticisms of earlier chronicles. Although it was Bodawpaya himself who ordered the author of Yazawin Thit to verify the accuracy of Maha Yazawin by consulting a variety of sources including hundreds of inscriptions, the king did not accept the new chronicle when it was presented to him. Compilation The 13-member Royal Historical Commission consisted of learned monks, court historians and court Brahmins. When the commission convened the first time on 11 May 1829 (1st waxing of Nayon 1191 ME), they had ready access to a number of historical sources: over 600 inscriptions (some originals and some recast copies of the originals) collected between 1783 and 1793, several prior Burmese chronicles (yazawins and ayedawbons), local pagoda histories (thamaings), Pali religious chronicles and Burmese poetical literature (eigyins, mawguns and yazawin thanbauks). The commission was led by Monywe Zetawun Sayadaw, one of the "most learned monks" of the day. The monk had already compiled an abridged chronicle in 1810, and had been writing a more comprehensive chronicle when he was appointed to write the next official chronicle. He was assisted by another learned monk, Thawkabin Sayadaw. The two monks were given the task of scrutinizing the earlier chronicles in prose, especially the two main ones: Maha Yazawin and Yazawin Thit. Moreover, they also acted as "consulting editors". The two monks were assisted by an ex-monk and a senior minister at the court, Maha Dhamma Thingyan, who also checked the two main chronicles for historical sources, and decided what to accept and what to reject. U Yauk and U Chein scrutinized twelve volumes of old eigyin poems, and nine minor chronicles (yazawins) and five biographic chronicles (ayedawbons). The other officials were scribes like U Hpyaw and court Brahmins who checked Indian sources for records of court ceremonies like royal coronations, ceremonies for building new palaces, etc. It took three years and four months for the commission to complete the new chronicle. The commission had organized the chronicle was into two parts: The first part covers from time immemorial to the last dynasty (to 1752); the second part (also called Konbaung-Zet Yazawin) covers then ruling Konbaung Dynasty to 1821. Not all of the authors agreed with the conclusions reached in the new chronicle. The head of the commission, Monywe Sayadaw, felt the portrayal of the last Toungoo kings in earlier Konbaung accounts was too harsh, and decided to publish his own chronicle called Maha Yazawin Kyaw ("Great Celebrated Chronicle") in 1831. Analysis Though the main tasks of the commission ostensibly were to verify the accuracy of the prior chronicles, and update the history to their day (1829–1832), the chroniclers had at least another equally important task, which was to provide "legitimation according to religious criteria" of the Burmese monarchy. The new chronicle did bring up Burmese history to 1821, right before the First Anglo-Burmese War. However, despite having consulted the inscriptions and a variety of sources, the commission left much of the accounts of Maha Yazawin largely unchanged. The authors did try to verify Maha Yazawin's dates which did not agree with those given in Zatadawbon Yazawin. Maha Yazawin's dates for Pagan Dynasty were off by as much as 42 years from Zata (for the accession date of Anawrahta). Earlier historians had already tried to reconcile the glaring differences between the two prior chronicles. In 1798, Yazawin Thit tried to bridge the gap; its dates are about 15 more years closer to Zata's dates but still 27 years off. (Zata's dates later turned out to be the most accurate based on inscriptional evidence.) The authors of Hmannan chose to stay with Yazawin Thit's dates for the most part with just a few minor tweaks as seen in the table below. It shows a comparison of the regnal dates of the early Pagan kings (from Pyinbya, the fortifier of Pagan, according to the chronicles) as reported in the three chronicles. The authors of Hmannan also inserted a number of commentaries at several points of Maha Yazawin's text. Still, even when the commission disputed earlier accounts, their commentaries are mostly of an "extremely esoteric nature", and contain "little substantive critical analysis" from a secular history perspective. The few changes the commission brought in are strictly from a religious standpoint. Of those, the most important development was Hmannan's assertion that the Burmese monarchy had descended from the Sakya clan of the Buddha. The new narrative superseded the hitherto prevalent pre-Buddhist origin story of the monarchy which until then was supposed to have descended from one Pyusawhti, son of a solar spirit and a dragon princess. The authors asserted that Pyusawhti was actually a scion of the Sakyian Tagaung royalty, founded by Abhiyaza of the Sakya clan from Kapilavastu, the very region the Buddha was born. Pyusawhti's parents were now human beings—Thado Adeissa Yaza (lit. the "Sun King" in Pali) of Tagaung royalty, and his wife who had wished for a son at a local shrine honoring the dragon princess. This claim was to have a devastating impact on the reputation of the chronicle as a whole in the eyes of British colonial era scholars who dismissed much of the early history reported in the chronicles as "copies of Indian legends taken from Sanskrit or Pali originals". It was the prevalent mainstream scholarship view at least to the 1960s although prominent Burma historians of Burmese origin disagreed with the outright dismissal of the chronicles' early history. Latest research does show that when stripped of the legendary elements, which are now viewed as allegories, the chronicle narratives largely conform to the evidence. Archaeological evidence shows that many of the places mentioned in the royal records have been inhabited continuously for over three millennia, and the chronicle narratives of the pre-11th century history are considered "social memory" of the times. Hmannan becomes increasingly more factual where "after the 11th century, the chronology of Burmese chronicles is reliable." One major reason is that Burmese chroniclers could read the inscriptions of the previous eras. Likewise, a 1986 study of Maha Yazawin, which Hmannan closely follows, finds much of the history for the 16th century, which was also witnessed by many Europeans, largely factual. Importance Hmannan Yazawin is the standard Burmese chronicle, and the primary historical source material of Burmese history to the early 19th century. Almost all books on Burmese history down to the imperial period in English are chiefly based on Hmannan. It was also used by Thai historians to correct the pre-1767 chronology of the reconstructed post-1767 Siamese chronicles, which was off by a few decades. Translations Although all major Burmese history books are based on Hmannan, the entire chronicle has not yet been translated into a Western language. To date, only a portion—up to the end of Pagan Dynasty—has been translated into English as the Glass Palace Chronicle by Pe Maung Tin and Gordon Luce. In 1987, the Glass Palace Chronicle was translated into French as Pagan, l'univers bouddhique: Chronique du Palais de Cristal by P. H. Cerre and F. Thomas. The chronicle was, however, translated into Chinese in three volumes by the Commercial Press Link Citations

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South African commission on race relations The Native Laws Commission, commonly known as the Fagan Commission, was appointed by the South African Government in 1946 to investigate changes to the system of segregation. Its members were: Henry Allan Fagan, A. S. Welsh, A. L. Barrett, E. E. von Maltitz, and S. J. Parsons. It has been described as "[a]rguably the most liberal official document produced in the segregation era". The report The commission's main recommendation was that "influx control" of African people to urban areas should be relaxed. This in turn would increase the flow of labour and prevent the problem of migrant labour living in distant rural areas. Another recommendation was the creation of a stabilised population of African workers within urban areas to create a reliable workforce for business as well as an increased consumer base for retailers. The report was published at a time when Jan Smuts' popularity was low and his detractors had more support. In response, the National Party created their own commission called the Sauer Commission. Its report suggested the exact opposite of the Fagan Commission, i.e. segregation should continue and be implemented across all social and economic areas of life. The rise of postwar apartheid can be attributed to the Sauer commission.

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Genus of fungi Neocryptospora is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis). According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this class is uncertain. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Neocryptospora rickii, described by Austrian-Czech mycologist Franz Petrak in 1959.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichobalya"}

Trichobalya is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are at least three described species in Trichobalya. They are found in Indomalaya and the Palaearctic. Species These three species, and possibly more, belong to the genus Trichobalya:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_Argentina"}

List of events Events in the year 1982 in Argentina. Incumbents Events April May June

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Bredbury"}

Hong Kong footballer (born 1963) Tim Bredbury (Chinese: 巴貝利) (born 25 April 1963) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer. Bredbury is a UEFA A/AFC A licensed coach and is currently the head coach of Hong Kong Third Division club Kowloon Cricket Club. Early life Tim Bredbury was born in Hong Kong to British parents from Liverpool. His father John moved to Hong Kong as a fireman working for the Hong Kong Government. Bredbury went to Glenealy School and King George V School. As a talented sportsman, Bredbury represented Hong Kong Schools in rugby (1979 Rosslyn Park World Schools 7's), hockey and swimming. Bredbury has three siblings who have also represented Hong Kong at hockey and rugby. Professional playing career Bredbury began his professional football career with Liverpool in 1979, signing as an apprentice professional. After two years, Bredbury was offered full professional terms on a one-year contract. Bredbury stayed at Liverpool for 3 years, winning the Central League twice, the Liverpool Senior Cup and the Nice International Invitation Tournament. In addition to representing the club's A and B sides in the early years. At the end of his contract, Bredbury was then approached by Ryoden. He decided to take the offer and return home to Hong Kong. He scored 13 goals in 4 games and was soon signed up with Hong Kong league giants Seiko, playing alongside the likes of Arie Haan, Theo de Jong, Dick Nanninga, René van der Kerkhoff, Jonny Rep, Peter Bodak and Benny Wendt in a highly successful 2-year period winning the league twice. Between 1982 and 1999, Bredbury played for various clubs in Hong Kong, such as Hong Kong Rangers, South China, Lai Sun, Frankwell, Sing Tao and Instant-Dict, as well as Australian club Sydney Olympic FC and Malaysian clubs Selangor FA and Sabah FA. Bredbury was the joint top goalscorer in Hong Kong on two separate occasions and finished tied (with Dale Tempest) in the Hong Kong First Division League with 21 goals during the 1990–1991 season with Lai Sun FC before leaving Hong Kong and signing for Sydney Olympic in Australia. In his debut season Bredbury also finished as joint top scorer (with Kimon Taliadoros) in the National Soccer League with Sydney Olympic FC during the 1991–1992 season scoring 15 goals in 24 appearances.[citation needed] Bredbury also had two successful seasons playing in Malaysia with giants Selangor FC and second division side Sabah FC. At Sabah, Bredbury helped the club reach the FA Cup Final, the first time a second division side had achieved this feat. At club level, Bredbury played against top club sides from around the world, including Corinthians, Lucky Gold Star (now Seoul), Odense, Sampdoria, A.C. Milan, Everton, Aston Villa, Coventry, Sparta Prague, Brøndby and Chelsea. In 1986, Bredbury was invited to join the Hong Kong national team and, in a career that spanned over 10 years, he played in the World Cup qualifying rounds, Olympics qualifying rounds and Asian Games in Yokohama, Japan. He played over 30 representative games scoring 14 goals. Bredbury was also a regular member of the Hong Kong League XI side competing in the Carlsberg Cup and Dynasty Cup tournaments playing against such sides as Denmark, Paraguay (where he was "Man of the Match"), Yugoslavia, Japan, South Korea, Nigeria, Sweden, Romania, Switzerland, China. In addition to his professional playing career, Bredbury is also a fully qualified English Football Association coach and gained his UEFA A Licence in December 2011 through the English Football Association. In 2016, he also received recognition through the AFC and now holds the equivalent license. Bredbury is a member of the English Football Association Coaches Association and also a former member of the English Professional Footballers Association. Post-playing career Bredbury worked as a marketing manager, professional coach, sports journalist, event organiser and television presenter on ATV's World channel. Professional coaching career La Salle College In 2005, Bredbury was appointed head coach of the schools A, B and C grade teams. In that season, La Salle were the overall School Champions in football. Rangers In 2006–07 season, Bredbury secured his first professional head coaching position with Rangers FC in the HKFA 1st division. Tai Po FC In 2007–08 season, Bredbury was appointed head coach of Tai Po in the Hong Kong First Division. Second stint at Rangers In 2007–08 season, Bredbury rejoined Rangers FC in the Hong Kong First Division. After his second stint with Rangers, Bredbury joined the highly successful Kitchee/FC Barcelona Escola program. Third stint at Rangers In 2011–12 season, Rangers announced that Bredbury would become head coach. During his third stint, Biu Chun Rangers also won the HKFA Reserve League. Sun Hei In 2012/13 season, Sun Hei SC announced that Bredbury would take over as first team coach in preparation for the 2012–13 season and the AFC Cup Competition. Tai Chung In 2012/13 season Bredbury joined Tai Chung FC, a feeder club for Kitchee in the Hong Kong Second Division. HKFC In 2016, Bredbury became head coach for the U18 HKFC Academy team playing in the HKFA Youth Leagues. Bredbury also coached the Hong Kong Football Club side in the 2016 Citibank International Soccer 7's Masters Tournament. Kitchee In 2017, Bredbury became head coach for the U14 Kitchee Football Club Academy team playing in the HKFA Youth Leagues. During his management Kitchee U14 won the HKFA U14 First Division. Discovery Bay Masters FC In 2018, Bredbury became head coach for the Discovery Bay FC Masters (DBFC) team playing in the HKFC International Soccer Sevens. DBFC won the Masters tournament without conceding a goal in the tournament. In 2019, DBFC Masters also reached the final of the HKFC International Soccer Sevens Plate tournament. Kowloon Cricket Club In 2019, Bredbury became head coach for the Kowloon Cricket Club Dragons team playing in the Yau Yee League 1st Division. Honours

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassima_Abidi"}

Tunisian footballer Nassima Abidi (Arabic: نسيمة العبيدي) is a Tunisian former footballer. She has been a member of the Tunisia women's national team. Club career Abidi has played for ISSEP Kef in Tunisia. International career Abidi capped for Tunisia at senior level during the 2008 African Women's Championship. International goals Scores and results list Tunisia's goal tally first

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvor_(Portim%C3%A3o)"}

Civil parish in Algarve, Portugal Alvor is a civil parish (Portuguese: freguesia) in the municipality of Portimão, in the southern Algarve of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 6,154, in an area of 15.25 km². History Alvor was founded in 436 B.C. by the Carthaginian General Aníbal Barca as a commercial port, which he named Portus Hannibalis. The settlement grew around the sea, near the place called Vila Velha, where a Celtic castro dominated the river mouth during the Iron Age. It is likely that it was the Roman colony of Ipses, which was authorized to mint currency, and was absorbed during the Roman era. Taken by the Moors in 716, the settlement began to be referred to as Albur, and gained an impressive castle, with only vestiges remaining. Middle Ages This bastion was conquered on 3 June 1189, by the forces of King Sancho I of Portugal, with help from Crusader forces. It was retaken two years later, and definitively reconquered in 1250. Rebuilt by King Denis in 1300, it served for 500 years the coastal defences against attacks by pirates and privateers until it was destroyed in 1755 by the tsunami and earthquake that devastated Lisbon. By royal decree of Afonso V, dated 22 May 1469, it was raised to the status of Countship, under the seigneurial title bestowed to Afonso, Count of Faro. But, this title did not extend beyond this period, as the Count of Faro was implicated in a conspiracy against John II of Portugal (in 1483-84), and it reverted to the Crown. During the reign of John II, Alvor continued to receive patronage, the king dying on 25 October 1495 in the palace of Álvaro de Ataíde after catching a chill in Monchique (the residence, which was situated on Rua do Poço, was located near the supposed hydrothermal springs of Caldas de Monchique). The Prince Regent ordered, in the name of Manuel of Portugal, the elevation of Alvor to vila (town) on 28 February 1495, which was confirmed in a secondary diploma on 28 December 1498. In the closing decades of the 15th century Alvor was a centre of the Jewish community in Portugal. Monarchy King Sebastian visited the municipality on 27 January 1573, staying on the 24-25 in Alvor, where he visited the houses (now in ruins) where in 1495 King John II died. At that time the alcaide already pertained to the Count of Odemira. The first foral was issued during the reign of Philip II of Spain during the Iberian Union on 13 December 1585. Friar João de São José declared, in 1577, that Alvor was a transit port for fully loaded ships (carracks and battleships), while Fernandes Serrão (around 1606) referred to settlement of 240 homes, a heavily defended by its fort, that helped to serve a local fishing fleet and local exports. There is also mention of the localities of Montes de Baixo and Montes de Cima, colloquially known as the Freires since there were a preponderance of residents from that family living in the region. The Matriz Church was constructed in the early part of the 16th century by Ataide family, alcades of the vila, donatorios with many privileges and lands (it was likely Álvaro de Ataide's son who initiated the construction of the church in 1497). In 1652 the Santa Casa da Misericórdia was first erected in the community. By royal charter, issued by Peter II, the vila of Alvor was once again raised to Countship (4 February 1683) under Francisco de Távora, a nobleman who occupied several official duties and distinguished himself during the Battle of Montes Claros. The title was later passed on to Bernardo de Távora, and then Luís Bernardo de Távora, eventually extinguished after the Távora affair. The parish and the Távora assets were incorporated in the House of the Queens (Portuguese: Casa das Rainhas) until 1773, when these were integrated into the parish when it was annexed into the municipality of Portimão. Although the 1755 earthquake (1 November) resulted in the death of only one person, it was responsible for the destruction of homes, the fort, the Facho tower, and the chapel of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda, in addition to altering the river's course. Its effects also resulted in the decrease of the local population by 1000 residents; by 1900 the population included less than 3014 souls, owing to the effects of the earthquake. Republic After the Carnation Revolution of 1974 in Lisbon, the Alvor Agreement was signed on 15 January 1975 in Alvor and granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November formally ending the 13-year-long Angolan War of Independence. On 14 April 1988 the village once again attained the title of vila (town), under decree 42/88, owing to its economic, cultural and social development. Geography A panoramic landscape of the Alvor River in the parish of Alvor The parish of Alvor is located along the southern coast of Portimão surrounded by its municipal neighbours Mexilhoeira Grande and Portimão, and the municipality of Lagos (parish of Odiáxere). The Ria de Alvor (Alvor Estuary) is located between the towns of Lagos and Portimão. Covering 1700 hectares it includes a diverse mix of habitats of brushwood, forest and agricultural land, comprising the estuary, dunes, marshes and salt-pans, and also the Quinta da Rocha and Abicada peninsula. Ria de Alvor was included in the Natura 2000 network of sites, due to the presence of species and habitats considered worthy of protection at the European level. The Natura 2000 network recognizes the need for protection of the following: Architecture Civic Military Religious In addition to the temples listed here, the civil parish of Alvor is home to three hermitage-like mosques, or morábito, that include the Morábito de São João, Morábito de São Pedro, and the Morábito anexo à sacristia da Igreja Matriz. All were constructed in the Manueline-era, and show decorative influences from the period, including specifically the doorjamb elements.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghlujeh,_Saqqez"}

Village in Kurdistan, Iran Baghlujeh (Persian: باغلوجه, also Romanized as Bāghlūjeh) is a village in Torjan Rural District, in the Central District of Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 478, in 78 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchenipterichthys_longimanus"}

Species of fish Auchenipterichthys longimanus is a species of driftwood catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Amazon River basin. It grows to a length of 15 cm.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoon_Ka_Badla_Khoon"}

1978 Indian film Khoon Ka Badla Khoon is a 1978 Bollywood action film directed by K. Parvez alias Kalpataru and produced by Ratan Mohan. Plot This is the story of two brothers, separated long ago, are reunited and destroy their enemies. Cast Music S. H. Bihari wrote all songs except "Aji Hoga Kya Aage Janaab" (Ram Bhardwaj)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elandapatti"}

Village in Tamil Nadu, India Elandapatti is a village in Alathur taluk of Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu. Demographics As per the 2001 census, Elandapatti had a population of 646 with 314 males and 332 females. The sex ratio was 1057 and the literacy rate, 51.8.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaesheim"}

Commune in Grand Est, France Blaesheim (French pronunciation: ​[blɛsaim]; German: Bläsheim; Alsatian: Blaase) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Population Blaesheim process A meeting held in Blaesheim, January 2001, between Jacques Chirac and Gerhard Schröder has given this name to a regular series of informal meetings between the French President, the German Chancellor, and their foreign ministers. The meetings are held alternately in France and Germany.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_Baptist_Institute"}

School in the United States Oneida Baptist Institute (OBI) is a coeducational Southern Baptist boarding school in Oneida, Kentucky, affiliated with the Kentucky Baptist Convention. History Oneida Baptist Institute was founded by James Anderson Burns with the intent of bringing an end to the culture of feuds and violence in Clay County, Kentucky. Burns aimed "to teach the children of the hostile clans to love each other and not fight," believing that a combination of education and Christian love would cause their feuds to "stop automatically." With the help of H. L. McMurray, a Baptist preacher originally from Kansas, Burns selected a site for the school and recruited members of the warring clans to work together to build it. The founder was correct and the collaborative efforts of many in starting the school put an end to the feuding in the area. The first building was completed in 1899 and classes began on January 1, 1900, with four teachers and 125 students. The current president is Caleb Jermiah Monday, who has been president since mid 2013. Notable alumni

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Theory of human behavior Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. Genes and culture continually interact in a feedback loop, changes in genes can lead to changes in culture which can then influence genetic selection, and vice versa. One of the theory's central claims is that culture evolves partly through a Darwinian selection process, which dual inheritance theorists often describe by analogy to genetic evolution. 'Culture', in this context is defined as 'socially learned behavior', and 'social learning' is defined as copying behaviors observed in others or acquiring behaviors through being taught by others. Most of the modelling done in the field relies on the first dynamic (copying) though it can be extended to teaching. Social learning at its simplest involves blind copying of behaviors from a model (someone observed behaving), though it is also understood to have many potential biases, including success bias (copying from those who are perceived to be better off), status bias (copying from those with higher status), homophily (copying from those most like ourselves), conformist bias (disproportionately picking up behaviors that more people are performing), etc. Understanding social learning is a system of pattern replication, and understanding that there are different rates of survival for different socially learned cultural variants, this sets up, by definition, an evolutionary structure: cultural evolution. Because genetic evolution is relatively well understood, most of DIT examines cultural evolution and the interactions between cultural evolution and genetic evolution. Theoretical basis DIT holds that genetic and cultural evolution interacted in the evolution of Homo sapiens. DIT recognizes that the natural selection of genotypes is an important component of the evolution of human behavior and that cultural traits can be constrained by genetic imperatives. However, DIT also recognizes that genetic evolution has endowed the human species with a parallel evolutionary process of cultural evolution. DIT makes three main claims: Culture capacities are adaptations The human capacity to store and transmit culture arose from genetically evolved psychological mechanisms. This implies that at some point during the evolution of the human species a type of social learning leading to cumulative cultural evolution was evolutionarily advantageous. Culture evolves Social learning processes give rise to cultural evolution. Cultural traits are transmitted differently from genetic traits and, therefore, result in different population-level effects on behavioral variation. Genes and culture co-evolve Cultural traits alter the social and physical environments under which genetic selection operates. For example, the cultural adoptions of agriculture and dairying have, in humans, caused genetic selection for the traits to digest starch and lactose, respectively. As another example, it is likely that once culture became adaptive, genetic selection caused a refinement of the cognitive architecture that stores and transmits cultural information. This refinement may have further influenced the way culture is stored and the biases that govern its transmission. DIT also predicts that, under certain situations, cultural evolution may select for traits that are genetically maladaptive. An example of this is the demographic transition, which describes the fall of birth rates within industrialized societies. Dual inheritance theorists hypothesize that the demographic transition may be a result of a prestige bias, where individuals that forgo reproduction to gain more influence in industrial societies are more likely to be chosen as cultural models. View of culture People have defined the word "culture" to describe a large set of different phenomena. A definition that sums up what is meant by "culture" in DIT is: Culture is socially learned information stored in individuals' brains that is capable of affecting behavior. This view of culture emphasizes population thinking by focusing on the process by which culture is generated and maintained. It also views culture as a dynamic property of individuals, as opposed to a view of culture as a superorganic entity to which individuals must conform. This view's main advantage is that it connects individual-level processes to population-level outcomes. Genetic influence on cultural evolution Genes affect cultural evolution via psychological predispositions on cultural learning. Genes encode much of the information needed to form the human brain. Genes constrain the brain's structure and, hence, the ability of the brain to acquire and store culture. Genes may also endow individuals with certain types of transmission bias (described below). Cultural influences on genetic evolution Culture can profoundly influence gene frequencies in a population. Lactase persistence One of the best known examples is the prevalence of the genotype for adult lactose absorption in human populations, such as Northern Europeans and some African societies, with a long history of raising cattle for milk. Until around 7,500 years ago, lactase production stopped shortly after weaning, and in societies which did not develop dairying, such as East Asians and Amerindians, this is still true today. In areas with lactase persistence, it is believed that by domesticating animals, a source of milk became available while an adult and thus strong selection for lactase persistence could occur, in a Scandinavian population the estimated selection coefficient was 0.09-0.19. This implies that the cultural practice of raising cattle first for meat and later for milk led to selection for genetic traits for lactose digestion. Recently, analysis of natural selection on the human genome suggests that civilization has accelerated genetic change in humans over the past 10,000 years. Food processing Culture has driven changes to the human digestive systems making many digestive organs, such as teeth or stomach, smaller than expected for primates of a similar size, and has been attributed to one of the reasons why humans have such large brains compared to other great apes. This is due to food processing. Early examples of food processing include pounding, marinating and most notably cooking. Pounding meat breaks down the muscle fibres, hence taking away some of the job from the mouth, teeth and jaw. Marinating emulates the action of the stomach with high acid levels. Cooking partially breaks down food making it more easily digestible. Food enters the body effectively partly digested, and as such food processing reduces the work that the digestive system has to do. This means that there is selection for smaller digestive organs as the tissue is energetically expensive, those with smaller digestive organs can process their food but at a lower energetic cost than those with larger organs. Cooking is notable because the energy available from food increases when cooked and this also means less time is spent looking for food. Humans living on cooked diets spend only a fraction of their day chewing compared to other extant primates living on raw diets. American girls and boys spent on average 7 to 8 percent of their day chewing respectively (1.68 to 1.92 hours per day), compared to chimpanzees, who spend more than 6 hours a day chewing. This frees up time which can be used for hunting. A raw diet means hunting is constrained since time spent hunting is time not spent eating and chewing plant material, but cooking reduces the time required to get the day's energy requirements, allowing for more subsistence activities. Digestibility of cooked carbohydrates is approximately on average 30% higher than digestibility of non-cooked carbohydrates. This increased energy intake, more free time and savings made on tissue used in the digestive system allowed for the selection of genes for larger brain size. Despite its benefits, brain tissue requires a large amount of calories, hence a main constraint in selection for larger brains is calorie intake. A greater calorie intake can support greater quantities of brain tissue. This is argued to explain why human brains can be much larger than other apes, since humans are the only ape to engage in food processing. The cooking of food has influenced genes to the extent that, research suggests, humans cannot live without cooking. A study on 513 individuals consuming long-term raw diets found that as the percentage of their diet which was made up of raw food and/or the length they had been on a diet of raw food increased, their BMI decreased. This is despite access to many non-thermal processing, like grinding, pounding or heating to 48 °C. (118 °F). With approximately 86 billion neurons in the human brain and 60–70 kg body mass, an exclusively raw diet close to that of what extant primates have would be not viable as, when modelled, it is argued that it would require an infeasible level of more than nine hours of feeding every day. However, this is contested, with alternative modelling showing enough calories could be obtained within 5–6 hours per day. Some scientists and anthropologists point to evidence that brain size in the Homo lineage started to increase well before the advent of cooking due to increased consumption of meat and that basic food processing (slicing) accounts for the size reduction in organs related to chewing. Cornélio et al. argues that improving cooperative abilities and a varying of diet to more meat and seeds improved foraging and hunting efficiency. It is this that allowed for the brain expansion, independent of cooking which they argue came much later, a consequence from the complex cognition that developed. Yet this is still an example of a cultural shift in diet and the resulting genetic evolution. Further criticism comes from the controversy of the archaeological evidence available. Some claim there is a lack of evidence of fire control when brain sizes first started expanding. Wrangham argues that anatomical evidence around the time of the origin of Homo erectus (1.8 million years ago), indicates that the control of fire and hence cooking occurred. At this time, the largest reductions in tooth size in the entirety of human evolution occurred, indicating that softer foods became prevalent in the diet. Also at this time was a narrowing of the pelvis indicating a smaller gut and also there is evidence that there was a loss of the ability to climb which Wrangham argues indicates the control of fire, since sleeping on the ground needs fire to ward off predators. The proposed increases in brain size from food processing will have led to a greater mental capacity for further cultural innovation in food processing which will have increased digestive efficiency further providing more energy for further gains in brain size. This positive feedback loop is argued to have led to the rapid brain size increases seen in the Homo lineage. Mechanisms of cultural evolution In DIT, the evolution and maintenance of cultures is described by five major mechanisms: natural selection of cultural variants, random variation, cultural drift, guided variation and transmission bias. Natural selection Cultural differences among individuals can lead to differential survival of individuals. The patterns of this selective process depend on transmission biases and can result in behavior that is more adaptive to a given environment. Random variation Random variation arises from errors in the learning, display or recall of cultural information, and is roughly analogous to the process of mutation in genetic evolution. Cultural drift Cultural drift is a process roughly analogous to genetic drift in evolutionary biology. In cultural drift, the frequency of cultural traits in a population may be subject to random fluctuations due to chance variations in which traits are observed and transmitted (sometimes called "sampling error"). These fluctuations might cause cultural variants to disappear from a population. This effect should be especially strong in small populations. A model by Hahn and Bentley shows that cultural drift gives a reasonably good approximation to changes in the popularity of American baby names. Drift processes have also been suggested to explain changes in archaeological pottery and technology patent applications. Changes in the songs of song birds are also thought to arise from drift processes, where distinct dialects in different groups occur due to errors in songbird singing and acquisition by successive generations. Cultural drift is also observed in an early computer model of cultural evolution. Guided variation Cultural traits may be gained in a population through the process of individual learning. Once an individual learns a novel trait, it can be transmitted to other members of the population. The process of guided variation depends on an adaptive standard that determines what cultural variants are learned. Biased transmission Understanding the different ways that culture traits can be transmitted between individuals has been an important part of DIT research since the 1970s. Transmission biases occur when some cultural variants are favored over others during the process of cultural transmission. Boyd and Richerson (1985) defined and analytically modeled a number of possible transmission biases. The list of biases has been refined over the years, especially by Henrich and McElreath. Content bias Content biases result from situations where some aspect of a cultural variant's content makes them more likely to be adopted. Content biases can result from genetic preferences, preferences determined by existing cultural traits, or a combination of the two. For example, food preferences can result from genetic preferences for sugary or fatty foods and socially-learned eating practices and taboos. Content biases are sometimes called "direct biases." Context bias Context biases result from individuals using clues about the social structure of their population to determine what cultural variants to adopt. This determination is made without reference to the content of the variant. There are two major categories of context biases: model-based biases, and frequency-dependent biases. Model-based biases Model-based biases result when an individual is biased to choose a particular "cultural model" to imitate. There are four major categories of model-based biases: prestige bias, skill bias, success bias, and similarity bias. A "prestige bias" results when individuals are more likely to imitate cultural models that are seen as having more prestige. A measure of prestige could be the amount of deference shown to a potential cultural model by other individuals. A "skill bias" results when individuals can directly observe different cultural models performing a learned skill and are more likely to imitate cultural models that perform better at the specific skill. A "success bias" results from individuals preferentially imitating cultural models that they determine are most generally successful (as opposed to successful at a specific skill as in the skill bias.) A "similarity bias" results when individuals are more likely to imitate cultural models that are perceived as being similar to the individual based on specific traits. Frequency-dependent biases Frequency-dependent biases result when an individual is biased to choose particular cultural variants based on their perceived frequency in the population. The most explored frequency-dependent bias is the "conformity bias." Conformity biases result when individuals attempt to copy the mean or the mode cultural variant in the population. Another possible frequency dependent bias is the "rarity bias." The rarity bias results when individuals preferentially choose cultural variants that are less common in the population. The rarity bias is also sometimes called a "nonconformist" or "anti-conformist" bias. Social learning and cumulative cultural evolution In DIT, the evolution of culture is dependent on the evolution of social learning. Analytic models show that social learning becomes evolutionarily beneficial when the environment changes with enough frequency that genetic inheritance can not track the changes, but not fast enough that individual learning is more efficient. For environments that have very little variability, social learning is not needed since genes can adapt fast enough to the changes that occur, and innate behaviour is able to deal with the constant environment. In fast changing environments cultural learning would not be useful because what the previous generation knew is now outdated and will provide no benefit in the changed environment, and hence individual learning is more beneficial. It is only in the moderately changing environment where cultural learning becomes useful since each generation shares a mostly similar environment but genes have insufficient time to change to changes in the environment. While other species have social learning, and thus some level of culture, only humans, some birds and chimpanzees are known to have cumulative culture. Boyd and Richerson argue that the evolution of cumulative culture depends on observational learning and is uncommon in other species because it is ineffective when it is rare in a population. They propose that the environmental changes occurring in the Pleistocene may have provided the right environmental conditions. Michael Tomasello argues that cumulative cultural evolution results from a ratchet effect that began when humans developed the cognitive architecture to understand others as mental agents. Furthermore, Tomasello proposed in the 80s that there are some disparities between the observational learning mechanisms found in humans and great apes - which go some way to explain the observable difference between great ape traditions and human types of culture (see Emulation (observational learning)). Cultural group selection Although group selection is commonly thought to be nonexistent or unimportant in genetic evolution, DIT predicts that, due to the nature of cultural inheritance, it may be an important force in cultural evolution. Group selection occurs in cultural evolution because conformist biases make it difficult for novel cultural traits to spread through a population (see above section on transmission biases). Conformist bias also helps maintain variation between groups. These two properties, rare in genetic transmission, are necessary for group selection to operate. Based on an earlier model by Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman, Boyd and Richerson show that conformist biases are almost inevitable when traits spread through social learning, implying that group selection is common in cultural evolution. Analysis of small groups in New Guinea imply that cultural group selection might be a good explanation for slowly changing aspects of social structure, but not for rapidly changing fads. The ability of cultural evolution to maintain intergroup diversity is what allows for the study of cultural phylogenetics. Historical development The idea that human cultures undergo a similar evolutionary process as genetic evolution goes back at least to Darwin. In the 1960s, Donald T. Campbell published some of the first theoretical work that adapted principles of evolutionary theory to the evolution of cultures. In 1976, two developments in cultural evolutionary theory set the stage for DIT. In that year Richard Dawkins's The Selfish Gene introduced ideas of cultural evolution to a popular audience. Although one of the best-selling science books of all time, because of its lack of mathematical rigor, it had little effect on the development of DIT. Also in 1976, geneticists Marcus Feldman and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza published the first dynamic models of gene–culture coevolution. These models were to form the basis for subsequent work on DIT, heralded by the publication of three seminal books in the 1980s. The first was Charles Lumsden and E.O. Wilson's Genes, Mind and Culture. This book outlined a series of mathematical models of how genetic evolution might favor the selection of cultural traits and how cultural traits might, in turn, affect the speed of genetic evolution. While it was the first book published describing how genes and culture might coevolve, it had relatively little effect on the further development of DIT. Some critics felt that their models depended too heavily on genetic mechanisms at the expense of cultural mechanisms. Controversy surrounding Wilson's sociobiological theories may also have decreased the lasting effect of this book. The second 1981 book was Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman's Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Borrowing heavily from population genetics and epidemiology, this book built a mathematical theory concerning the spread of cultural traits. It describes the evolutionary implications of vertical transmission, passing cultural traits from parents to offspring; oblique transmission, passing cultural traits from any member of an older generation to a younger generation; and horizontal transmission, passing traits between members of the same population. The next significant DIT publication was Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson's 1985 Culture and the Evolutionary Process. This book presents the now-standard mathematical models of the evolution of social learning under different environmental conditions, the population effects of social learning, various forces of selection on cultural learning rules, different forms of biased transmission and their population-level effects, and conflicts between cultural and genetic evolution. The book's conclusion also outlined areas for future research that are still relevant today. Current and future research In their 1985 book, Boyd and Richerson outlined an agenda for future DIT research. This agenda, outlined below, called for the development of both theoretical models and empirical research. DIT has since built a rich tradition of theoretical models over the past two decades. However, there has not been a comparable level of empirical work. In a 2006 interview Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson expressed disappointment at the little attention afforded to DIT: "...for some reason I haven't fully fathomed, this most promising frontier of scientific research has attracted very few people and very little effort." Kevin Laland and Gillian Ruth Brown attribute this lack of attention to DIT's heavy reliance on formal modeling. "In many ways the most complex and potentially rewarding of all approaches, [DIT], with its multiple processes and cerebral onslaught of sigmas and deltas, may appear too abstract to all but the most enthusiastic reader. Until such a time as the theoretical hieroglyphics can be translated into a respectable empirical science most observers will remain immune to its message." Economist Herbert Gintis disagrees with this critique, citing empirical work as well as more recent work using techniques from behavioral economics. These behavioral economic techniques have been adapted to test predictions of cultural evolutionary models in laboratory settings as well as studying differences in cooperation in fifteen small-scale societies in the field. Since one of the goals of DIT is to explain the distribution of human cultural traits, ethnographic and ethnologic techniques may also be useful for testing hypothesis stemming from DIT. Although findings from traditional ethnologic studies have been used to buttress DIT arguments, thus far there have been little ethnographic fieldwork designed to explicitly test these hypotheses. Herb Gintis has named DIT one of the two major conceptual theories with potential for unifying the behavioral sciences, including economics, biology, anthropology, sociology, psychology and political science. Because it addresses both the genetic and cultural components of human inheritance, Gintis sees DIT models as providing the best explanations for the ultimate cause of human behavior and the best paradigm for integrating those disciplines with evolutionary theory. In a review of competing evolutionary perspectives on human behavior, Laland and Brown see DIT as the best candidate for uniting the other evolutionary perspectives under one theoretical umbrella. Relation to other fields Sociology and cultural anthropology Two major topics of study in both sociology and cultural anthropology are human cultures and cultural variation. However, Dual Inheritance theorists charge that both disciplines too often treat culture as a static superorganic entity that dictates human behavior. Cultures are defined by a suite of common traits shared by a large group of people. DIT theorists argue that this doesn't sufficiently explain variation in cultural traits at the individual level. By contrast, DIT models human culture at the individual level and views culture as the result of a dynamic evolutionary process at the population level. Human sociobiology and evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychologists study the evolved architecture of the human mind. They see it as composed of many different programs that process information, each with assumptions and procedures that were specialized by natural selection to solve a different adaptive problem faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors (e.g., choosing mates, hunting, avoiding predators, cooperating, using aggression). These evolved programs contain content-rich assumptions about how the world and other people work. As ideas are passed from mind to mind, they are changed by these evolved inference systems (much like messages get changed in a game of telephone). But the changes are not random. Evolved programs add and subtract information, reshaping the ideas in ways that make them more "intuitive", more memorable, and more attention-grabbing. In other words, "memes" (ideas) are not like genes. Genes are copied faithfully as they are replicated, but ideas are not. It's not just that ideas mutate every once in a while, like genes do. Ideas are transformed every time they are passed from mind to mind, because the sender's message is being interpreted by evolved inference systems in the receiver. There is no necessary contradiction between evolutionary psychology and DIT, but evolutionary psychologists argue that the psychology implicit in many DIT models is too simple; evolved programs have a rich inferential structure not captured by the idea of a "content bias". They also argue that some of the phenomena DIT models attribute to cultural evolution are cases of "evoked culture"—situations in which different evolved programs are activated in different places, in response to cues in the environment. Human sociobiologists try to understand how maximizing genetic fitness, in either the modern era or past environments, can explain human behavior. When faced with a trait that seems maladaptive, some sociobiologists try to determine how the trait actually increases genetic fitness (maybe through kin selection or by speculating about early evolutionary environments). Dual inheritance theorists, in contrast, will consider a variety of genetic and cultural processes in addition to natural selection on genes. Human behavioral ecology Human behavioral ecology (HBE) and DIT have a similar relationship to what ecology and evolutionary biology have in the biological sciences. HBE is more concerned about ecological process and DIT more focused on historical process. One difference is that human behavioral ecologists often assume that culture is a system that produces the most adaptive outcome in a given environment. This implies that similar behavioral traditions should be found in similar environments. However, this is not always the case. A study of African cultures showed that cultural history was a better predictor of cultural traits than local ecological conditions. Memetics Memetics, which comes from the meme idea described in Dawkins's The Selfish Gene, is similar to DIT in that it treats culture as an evolutionary process that is distinct from genetic transmission. However, there are some philosophical differences between memetics and DIT. One difference is that memetics' focus is on the selection potential of discrete replicators (memes), where DIT allows for transmission of both non-replicators and non-discrete cultural variants. DIT does not assume that replicators are necessary for cumulative adaptive evolution. DIT also more strongly emphasizes the role of genetic inheritance in shaping the capacity for cultural evolution. But perhaps the biggest difference is a difference in academic lineage. Memetics as a label is more influential in popular culture than in academia. Critics of memetics argue that it is lacking in empirical support or is conceptually ill-founded, and question whether there is hope for the memetic research program succeeding. Proponents point out that many cultural traits are discrete, and that many existing models of cultural inheritance assume discrete cultural units, and hence involve memes. Shortcomings and criticisms Psychologist Liane Gabora has criticised DIT. She argues that use of the term ‘dual inheritance’ to refer to not just traits that are transmitted by way of a self-assembly code (as in genetic evolution) but also traits that are not transmitted by way of a self-assembly code (as in cultural evolution) is misleading, because this second use does not capture the algorithmic structure that makes an inheritance system require a particular kind of mathematical framework. Other criticisms of the effort to frame culture in Darwinian terms have been leveled by Richard Lewontin, Niles Eldredge, and Stuart Kauffman.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegar_Kandi"}

Village in Ardabil, Iran Jegar Kandi (Persian: جگركندي, also Romanized as Jegar Kandī) is a village in Vilkij-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Namin County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 14 families.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt-Dieburg"}

District in Hesse, Germany Darmstadt-Dieburg is a Kreis (district) in the south of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Offenbach, Aschaffenburg, Miltenberg, Odenwaldkreis, Bergstraße, Groß-Gerau, and the district-free city of Darmstadt, which it surrounds. History The district was created in 1975 by merging the previous districts of Darmstadt and Dieburg. In 1963 the district was twinned with the district of North East Derbyshire, England, in 1990 with the district Zwickauer Land in Saxony, Germany, and in 1995 with the Mladá Boleslav region in the Czech Republic. Geography The district is located in the Odenwald mountains. Most famous in the district is the Messel Pit, where many fossils in the oil shale of a Tertiary lake were found. The site is listed in the UNESCO world heritage list since 1995. Coat of arms The coat of arms show a lion in the top part, taken from the coat of arms of the counts of Katzenelnbogen. The lion holds a Wheel of Mainz, the symbol of state of Mainz. Both owned big parts of the districts area in the past. The 23 stars in the bottom represent the municipalities of the county. Towns and municipalities

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2020 Canadian film Québexit is a 2020 Canadian political comedy film, directed by Joshua Demers. The film's plot centres on the aftermath of a successful Quebec sovereignty referendum, focusing on conflicts at the new international Quebec-New Brunswick border between the Canadian Armed Forces, the new army of Quebec, and a pair of indigenous women whose ancestral land rights mean that they cannot be stopped from crossing the border at will. The film's cast includes Gail Maurice, Xavier Yuvens, Alison Louder, Nicole Joy-Fraser, Daniel Gravelle, Alexandre Côté, Mélanie Bray, Voytek Skrzeta, Inderpal Saluja, Valérie Descheneaux, Andrew White-Martin, Emmanuel Kabongo, Nathalie Nadon, Florian François, Pierre Simpson, Kyle McDonald, Keenan Grom, Samantha Brown and Jennifer Vallance. It features dialogue in English, French and Cree; despite being set on the Quebec-New Brunswick border, the film was shot principally in Pickering, Ontario. The film premiered at the Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival in September 2020. In December it was screened at the Whistler Film Festival, where Maurice, Yuvens and Demers won the Borsos Competition award for Best Screenplay in a Canadian Film.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Citi_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"}

2014 tennis event results The 2014 Citi Open women's singles was tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Washington, D.C. Magdaléna Rybáriková was the two-time defending champion, but lost to Ekaterina Makarova in the first round. Svetlana Kuznetsova won the title, defeating Kurumi Nara in the final, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4. Seeds Draw Key Finals Top half Bottom half Qualifying Seeds Qualifiers Draw First qualifier Second qualifier Third qualifier Fourth qualifier

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_Away_Home"}

Run Away Home is a 1997 book by Patricia McKissack. Set in the late 19th century, it is about an African-American girl, Sarah Jane, who finds an Apache boy in the family barn and the subsequent affects on their lives. Reception School Library Journal, in a review of Run Away Home, wrote "Grabbing readers with wonderful characters, an engaging plot, and vital themes, McKissack weaves a compelling story of cultural clash, tragedy, accommodation, and ultimate triumph.‘" while Booklist found it a "generally fast-paced story flags occasionally when information-heavy dialogue intrudes." and concluded "The happy ending ties things up too neatly, but this story is fine for the undemanding reader who wants an old-fashioned, feel-good saga." Run Away Home has also been reviewed by Publishers Weekly, and The Horn Book Magazine. Awards

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraith:_The_Oblivion_%E2%80%93_Afterlife"}

2021 video game Wraith: The Oblivion – Afterlife is a virtual reality survival horror video game developed and published by Swedish studio Fast Travel Games, released in 2021. It is based on White Wolf Publishing's 1994 tabletop role-playing game Wraith: The Oblivion, and is part of the larger World of Darkness series. The game was released for Oculus Quest & Rift, Steam VR, and PlayStation VR, with support for the VR headsets HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Quest, PlayStation VR, and Valve Index. The player takes the role of a wraith that has recently died, as they explore the Barclay Mansion and uncover mysteries of the afterlife. It is made as an exploration of what it means to be human, and is influenced by the horror in games like Amnesia: The Dark Descent and Alien: Isolation. Gameplay Wraith: The Oblivion – Afterlife is a survival horror video game played with a virtual reality (VR) headset. The game is narrative-driven, and is focused on exploration and stealth in a first-person perspective; although not a focus of the game, it also features combat. The player takes the role of a wraith, who grows and gains new abilities as they explore the game world, which can be used to interact physically with the environment. Abilities include wraithgrasp, allowing the player to manipulate objects from a distance and to change their environment; sharpened senses, allowing them to hear whispers in the distance and to track other spirits; and insubstantiality, allowing them to walk through walls. Synopsis The game is set in the modern Barclay Mansion in the World of Darkness, an urban fantasy setting shared with games including Vampire: The Masquerade and Werewolf: The Apocalypse, where monsters secretly exist within human society. The story follows a recently dead person's spirit in the Shadowlands – a reflection of the land of the living, where the dead exist unseen, side by side with the living – who uncovers mysteries of the afterlife after having died in the mansion, including the reason for their death. In the beginning of the game, the protagonist awakes without remembering how they died, and is guided into the mansion by their shadow – a sinister voice representing a wraith's self-destructive aspects and dark subconscious. As they explore the mansion, they meet other apparitions and specters. Development Afterlife is developed by the Swedish studio Fast Travel Games, and is directed by Erik Odeldahl, designed by Daniel Kihlgren Kallander, and programmed by Casper Renman. It is based on White Wolf Publishing's 1994 tabletop role-playing game Wraith: The Oblivion; and is the first time World of Darkness is adapted as a VR game. It is however still designed to be accessible to players who are new to Wraith: The Oblivion and World of Darkness, intended to be enjoyable by fans of story-driven horror in general and serving as an introduction to the setting. Odeldahl was influenced by horror games like Amnesia: The Dark Descent (2010) and Alien: Isolation (2014), and felt that their type of horror would work well in a VR game; the developers described the horror design as psychological and "under-your-skin" rather than reliant on jump scares. Odeldahl had wanted to create this in the form of a World of Darkness game, and thought that Wraith: The Oblivion was particularly well suited, due to its mystique and the richness of its setting. The particulars of VR influenced the game's design: whereas other exploration-based games often let the player find and read documents throughout the game world as a way to learn backstory, this would be less doable in a VR game. The developers also found that cinematic cutscenes do not normally work well in VR, and had to find another way of handling them. Although Paradox Interactive, the owner of the World of Darkness series, were the ones who approached Fast Travel Games about developing a Wraith: The Oblivion game, Odeldahl had thought about adapting Wraith before, and had written a concept document for a Wraith video game adaptation when Fast Travel Games was formed, although Afterlife ended up using a different concept. As he saw Wraith: The Oblivion as being about personal horror, this was also used as the starting point for Afterlife's story, with the game seeking to explore what it means to be human by letting the player take the perspective of a monster. The game is not designed to follow all gameplay rules from the tabletop game, but does use its lore. The game was announced in June 2020 with a teaser trailer, and was unveiled at Gamescom in August 2020 with a gameplay trailer. It is set for release on April 22, 2021, for Android as a native Oculus Quest application, and for Microsoft Windows through Oculus Rift. A SteamVR release is planned to follow on May 25, 2021, and a PlayStation 4 version later in 2021. The game has support for the headsets HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Quest, PlayStation VR, and Valve Index. Reception Reception In previews, Destructoid liked the game's concept, hoping that the developers would succeed in realizing it, while Rock, Paper, Shotgun considered it a game of interest for those who can handle horror games in VR. FZ looked forward to the game, calling VR horror an effective concept. Wraith: The Oblivion – Afterlife received "generally favorable reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic. UploadVR praised the horror atmosphere of the game's mansion, "Afterlife is clever, opting to take a psychological approach, which admittedly lacks those major frights at times, but Barclay Mansion is a deeply unpleasant setting... Afterlife’s builds fear through atmosphere, and it’s well-executed". While liking the story, Road to VR criticized the manual checkpoint system as the reviewer felt it hurt the pacing, "I would regularly go out of my way to backtrack to a save point... because I wasn’t offered a convenient one in the area. I wished it had a more intelligent checkpoint system so I could focus on objectives and the narrative more clearly".

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Holm_Hoch"}

American engineer Geraldine Holm Hoch (June 10 1924 – May 3 1973) was an American chemical engineer who was one of the first women to work at Pratt & Whitney, Northrop Grumman, Bendix Corporation, the Midwest Research Institute and Lockheed Martin. She patented corrosion prevention systems for the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar and used on the Boeing 747. Early life and education Geraldine Marie Holm was born in Independence, Missouri. Geraldine (Gerry) graduated from high school at the age of 15, and won an award as the best student in English. She attended Southwest Missouri State Teacher's College, which is now part of Missouri State University and graduated with highest honors. She was selected in 1940 for "Who's Who for colleges and universities". While still in college, she taught physics classes for the United States Air Force at the age of 17. She completed courses on stress analysis at the Northrop School of Aviation and completed courses from Kansas University in radio and electronics technologies. She belonged to Kappa Mu Epsilon, a specialized honor society in Mathematics and served as an elected officer in that organization for Missouri's Alpha chapter. She was also a member of Alpha Phi Delta, an honorary sorority, and Theta NU Theta, a Social Sorority. Research and career Geraldine Holm graduated in 1943 with a degree in both chemistry and math(double major). Fresh out of college she worked for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Engine Corp in Kansas City, Missouri, as an electrochemist in research and development supporting the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major aircraft engine which saw service at the end of World War II in the retro-fitted models of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress and later used on the Boeing B-50 "Lucky Lady". She then moved to Southern California for career opportunities where she was employed in 1948 with Northrop Grumman (then called Northrop Aviation) in Los Angeles. She was one of the first women research chemist employed there. She worked alongside Jack Northrop in research and development. At Northrop, she worked on the SM-62 Snark missile project, an intercontinental missile program that resulted in the development of one of the world's most complex digital computers and astronomical guidance systems. In 1950, Gerry moved to Kansas to start a family. From 1950 to 1952 she worked at Bendix Corporation as chemical engineer and handled research and development in nickel electroforming. She then joined Midwest Research Institute and furthered her research as an electrochemist. She designed the electroforming facility to produce cylindrical shells for missile body wind tunnel studies. At MRIGlobal, she became aware of the gender paygap. Despite working on materials science for the space program, she was paid as an administrator. In 1965, she returned to California and accepted a position as a research chemist for Lockheed Martin, (aka Lockheed Calif Company, Rye Canyon Research Division) where she worked in metallurgy. Hoch developed and patented new ways to prevent corrosion. Works at Northrop Grumman credit her corrosion prevention efforts in the design of the fuselage panels for Boeing 747s. She presented her work at the 1971 NATO conference held in Brussels, Belgium. Gerry suffered from cancer but continued to work at Lockheed while she was unwell. Personal life Geraldine Holm met her future husband, Harry Edward Hoch, an industrial engineer, in a carpool at work. They raised 3 children who all became engineers. She was a member Business and Professional Women's Foundation in San Fernando Valley, California. She died of cancer on May 3, 1973 in Los Angeles.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lews_Castle_College"}

Lews Castle College (Scottish Gaelic: Colaisde a' Chaisteil [ˈkʰɔl̪ˠɪʃtʲə ə ˈkʰaʃtʰal], meaning literally "College of the Castle") is a further and higher education college in the Western Isles of Scotland. The main campus is in the grounds of Lews Castle, Stornoway. The College also has two learning centres in Benbecula and Barra. The college is part of the University of the Highlands and Islands. The college opened in September 1953; its first principal was Colonel John Macsween. It was originally run by the local authority. It had 83 students and 9 full-time faculty members. In 1993, the College became an independent entity under the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992. Lews Castle was originally used as accommodation for the students, but it is currently needing renovation. In December 2012, the college had 2,700 students enrolled in 150 full-time, part-time and online courses, representing nine different nationalities, and employed 130 staff. The college has a subsidiary company, Lews Castle College (Trading) Limited, which provides Gaelic translation services. Merchant navy training Lews Castle College conducts several courses for the seagoing merchant navy personnel both long and short term: Notable alumni

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chila_Chhonauta"}

Place in Barisal Division, Bangladesh Chila Chhonauta is a village in Barguna District in the Barisal Division of southern-central Bangladesh.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Shubael_Smith"}

American publisher Francis Shubael Smith I (December 29, 1819 – February 1, 1887) partnered with Francis Scott Street and started the publishing firm of Street & Smith. Biography He was born at 1798 Division Street in New York City, and was the fourth son of Mary Reed (1781-1864) and Moses Rogers Smith (1768-1847). Moses was a sailing master in the US Navy, and served in the War of 1812. Moses met Mary Reed in the West Indies, they eloped and sailed to Manhattan. In 1832 Francis was apprenticed to the printer of the New York Albion. After completing his apprenticeship he worked at various papers including the New York Weekly Dispatch. He then became a reporter at the Dispatch and then an editor. He married Mary Jellett Duff (1838-1885) around 1853, and had the following children: Francis Shubael Smith II (1854-?); Cora Anna Smith (1855-1945) who married George H. Gould; George Campbell Smith (1859-?); and Ormond Gerald Smith (1860-1933). He partnered with Francis Scott Street in 1855 to buy a failing magazine. They then bought the New York Weekly Dispatch in 1858. He published over 20 of his own short stories in the newspaper and many of his poems. He retired around 1877, and Francis Scott Street died in 1883. His son Ormond took over the business after his Francis's death. He died on February 1, 1887, at the Windsor Hotel in New York City of apoplexy. His funeral was held at Zion Church on Madison Avenue in New York City. Publications

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Zorky_(1960)"}

Kanin-class destroyer Zorky was the third ship of the Kanin-class destroyer of the Soviet Navy. Construction and career The ship was built at Zhdanov Shipyard in Leningrad and was launched on 14 October 1959 and commissioned into the Northern Fleet on 23 December 1960. On October 14, 1961, the ship entered the Baltic Fleet of the Soviet Navy. In 1966, she won the prize of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for missile training (as part of the IBM). May 19, 1966 reclassified into a large rocket ship (BRK). In the period from May 29, 1969, to December 31, 1971, she was modernized and rebuilt according to the Project 57-A. On October 27, 1971, it was reclassified as a large anti-submarine ship (BOD). Between December 1972 and February 1973, the ship made a trip to Cuba. From 12 to 17 November 1974, she paid a visit to Oslo (Norway). In the period from 12 to 17 April 1979, the ship visited Bissau (Guinea-Bissau). In the period from February 10, 1984, to February 17, 1987, she underwent a major overhaul at the shipyard No. 35 in Murmansk. On June 1, 1992, the large anti-submarine ship was reclassified into a patrol ship. On June 30, 1993, she was decommissioned by the Russian Navy in connection with delivery to ARVI for disarmament, dismantling and sale. On December 31, the ship's crew was disbanded. On July 18, 1995, the ship's hull was sold to an American firm for cutting into metal in United States. Pennant numbers

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fablok_TKh49"}

The Fablok T3A also known as TKh49 or Ferrum 47 / 724 is a class of Polish steam industrial tank locomotive. It was built by Fablok in 1948-1961 years. History The locomotive is based on a draft from the years 1927-1929; seven locomotives of the factory designation T1A, basing upon Austrian license, were built by Fablok then. Its development with a superheater was Fablok T2A (Ferrum 29 or Tkh29), of which eleven were built before World War II. The name Ferrum came from Ferrum Ironworks, for which it was developed. The technical documentation survived until after World War II and ten more T2A were manufactured. Due to big need of industrial locomotives in looted post-war Poland, it was decided to develop it into a simplified class of locomotive, factory name T3A or Ferrum 47, from 1947 year. Among other it lacked a superheater. At least 437 examples were made in the years 1948 - 1961, including 30 to China, 3 to Romania and 3 to Hungary. Some factory records indicate 480 locomotives made, but details are not confirmed. Later production locomotives, with more welding adopted, were referred to as Ferrum 724. In China the locomotives were designated as XK 13 and several examples of the class were reported to be working in 1993, with at least three preserved thereafter. These locomotives worked exclusively in industry, like coalmines, ironworks, chemical works, and were usually designated with TKh prefix, meaning 0-6-0T freight locomotives in Polish State Railways designation system, merged with serial numbers. Only in 1996 one locomotive was acquired by the Polish State Railways (PKP) for its museum depot in Chabówka, and formally designated as PKP class TKh49, namely TKh49-1, thus being the newest PKP steam locomotive. Preservation The locomotive TKh49-1 is preserved at the Museum of Vehicles and Railway Technology in Chabówka, whilst thirteen more are in other museums or as monuments. Several are in working condition. After industrial service, several locomotives have been exported to the United Kingdom for use on heritage railways as detailed below.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Dead_(video_game)"}

1984 video game The Evil Dead is an adventure game produced by Palace Software for the Commodore 64, BBC Micro and ZX Spectrum. It is based on the 1981 horror film of the same name. Although the BBC Micro and C64 versions received a full commercial release, the ZX Spectrum version was never released on its own and eventually appeared on the "B"-side of Cauldron. The Evil Dead was the first officially licensed video game based on the series. Starting with 2000's Evil Dead: Hail to the King, several other Evil Dead games have since been released, albeit from other publishers and with no direct connection to Palace's 1984 game. Gameplay The game is set in the cabin from the Evil Dead film. The player controls Ash, and must close cabin windows to prevent monsters from entering, while also killing monsters that are already in the cabin. As the player defeats monsters with various weapons (shovels, shotguns, and axes), Ash's energy level decreases. Ash must continuously pick up new weapons in order to increase his energy. Once he has defeated all the monsters, Ash must obtain The Book of the Dead and destroy it in order to defeat the evil. Reception Contemporary opinion and "computer nasties" controversy Your Computer magazine's 1984 review noted then-contemporary concerns that gaming spin-offs of "video nasties" (such as The Evil Dead) might spawn similarly explicit "computer nasties". However, it considered that the game itself allayed any such fears, saying "you might have wondered if home computer graphics were capable of the sort of gory special effects video nasties trade in. The Evil Dead would confirm your doubts [..] there is nothing here to keep even the most unworldly 12-year-old awake at night". Despite this, and the game's similarities to Atic Atac being noted, the review was generally positive, considering the graphics "excellent" and stating that there was "enough variety in it to keep the interest alive". Retrospective In a 2004 retrospective, Retro Gamer stated that while the game was simplistic by current standards, it was "fun to play (for about five minutes anyway)".

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamdum_Seldum"}

Nigerian weightlifter Mamdum Dickson Seldum (born (1992-09-23)23 September 1992) is a Nigerian male weightlifter, competing in the 77 kg category and representing Nigeria at international competitions. He won the silver medal at the 2015 African Games, lifting a total of 320 kg. He participated at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the 77 kg event. Major competitions

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Canadian snowboarder Matt Horne (born March 6, 1978) is a Canadian snowboarder, Over his ten-year snowboarding career, he competed in over 125 race events in giant slalom, parallel slalom, parallel giant slalom and snowboard cross. Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Matt Horne’s snowboarding career with the Canadian National Snowboard Team officially began in March 1998 at the 1997–1998 National Championship in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. It continued through until his last race at the 2007 Nor-Am Cup in Mt. Norquay, Alberta with a 10th-place finish in the Parallel GS. Matt has had 14 International Ski Federation World Cup starts, beginning in February 2000 in Sapporo, Japan where he finished in 30th place in Snowboard cross and 44th in the Parallel Giant Slalom event. Matt’s most prolific season was the 2002–2003 season, in which he competed in 23 different International Ski Federation race events. It might be argued that his best season was the 2003–2004 season where- in 14 races- Matt had eight Top 10 finishes, three of which were also Top 3 finishes. Between the 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 seasons, Matt founded DECO Windshield Repair, a Canadian mobile windshield repair and glass treatment company, so that he could fund his training and career with the Canadian Snowboard Team. In 2016 he founded Beep For Service, a startup that lets users in Canada book car repair using a mobile app.

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The esophageal veins drain blood from the esophagus to the azygos vein, in the thorax, and to the inferior thyroid vein in the neck. It also drains, although with less significance, to the hemiazygos vein, posterior intercostal vein and bronchial veins. In the abdomen, some drain to the left gastric vein which drains into the portal vein.

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American mathematician John Coleman Moore (May 27, 1923 – January 1, 2016) was an American mathematician. The Borel−Moore homology and Eilenberg–Moore spectral sequence are named after him. Early life and education Moore was born in 1923 in Staten Island, New York. He received his B.A. in 1948 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his Ph.D. in 1952 from Brown University under the supervision of George W. Whitehead. Career Moore began his career at Princeton University as an instructor, and was eventually promoted to full professor in 1961. He retired from Princeton in 1989, after which he took a half-time position at the University of Rochester. His most-cited paper is on Hopf algebras, co-authored with John Milnor. As a faculty member at Princeton University, he advised 24 students and is the academic ancestor of over 1000 mathematicians. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1958 in Edinburgh and in 1970 in Nice. In 1983, a conference on K-theory was held at Princeton in honor of Moore's 60th birthday. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He died in 2016 at the age of 92. Publications

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madlyn_Rhue"}

American actress Madlyn Soloman Rhue (née Madeline Roche, October 3, 1935 – December 16, 2003) was an American film and television actress. Early life and education Rhue was born in Washington, D.C., graduated from Los Angeles High School, and studied drama at Los Angeles City College. Entertainment career Rhue debuted in show business at age 17 as a dancer at the Copacabana night club in New York City. At that time she decided to create a stage name for herself by adapting the title of the film 13 Rue Madeleine (1947). From the 1950s to the 1990s, she appeared in some 20 films, including Operation Petticoat, The Ladies Man, A Majority of One, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Kenner (1969), and Stand Up and Be Counted (1972). Rhue guest-starred in dozens of television series, beginning with Cheyenne (1955). She played the spouse of the character portrayed by Ricardo Montalbán in a 1960 episode of Bonanza, "Day of Reckoning". That year, she also played the title role of Marian Ames in the Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Wayward Wife" and appeared in Route 66 Season 3 Episode 9. Later in the 1960s, her appearances included Stagecoach West (1961), Rawhide (1963), The Defenders (1965) in Whipping Boy as Christine Knox and the classic Star Trek episode "Space Seed" (1967) where she once again appeared opposite Ricardo Montalbán (who played Khan Noonien Singh) playing his love interest Lt. Marla McGivers. Rhue played regulars Marjorie Grant in Bracken's World (1969–70) and Hilary Madison in Executive Suite (1976–77). Other guest appearances included Have Gun – Will Travel, Gunsmoke, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (as Consuela Sandino in episode "The Dark Pool"), Route 66 (as Ara Rados in the episode, "Every Father's Daughter"), The Untouchables, The Rebel, Perry Mason, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Fugitive, Ironside, The Wild Wild West, Mannix, Hawaii Five-O, Mission: Impossible, Longstreet, Fantasy Island, Charlie's Angels (as Georgia in "Angels on the Street" in 1979) and Fame (as Angela Schwartz). She also appeared in the television movie Goldie and the Boxer, and made appearances on the game show The Match Game during 1974–1976. In the early 1960s, Rhue was injured in an automobile accident that resulted in lost teeth and a cut lower lip. She was hospitalized before returning to acting. In 1962, Rhue married actor Tony Young and acted with him in the Western He Rides Tall. They divorced in 1970. Multiple sclerosis and later entertainment career In 1977, Rhue was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. She continued to work, including a role in Days of Our Lives, but by 1985, Rhue's legs had become so weak from the multiple sclerosis that she could only get around by wheelchair. Once becoming a wheelchair user, Rhue described feelings of fear and anxiety over being unable to land on-screen work in the entertainment industry for a period of 11 months. Regarding the matter, she was quoted as stating, "It became apparent that I would have to invent a giant accident to explain the wheelchair or start telling the truth". Despite being reliant on a wheelchair, Rhue managed to resume her entertainment career and was praised by media outlets for not allowing her health issues to overthrow her career. She played intermittent roles that did not require her to walk or stand, sometimes incorporating the wheelchair as part of the character. For example, she played a wheelchair-using ballistics expert on the CBS police-based legal drama, Houston Knights. She also played a judge role in the scripted court show, Trial by Jury, lasting only the 1989–90 television season. She performed the role in a wheelchair, unseen to viewers as she presided from the judge's bench. Her part as a female judge was uncharacteristic for court shows, the genre dominated by men performing the judge role to that point. She also performed a recurring role in Murder, She Wrote, said to be her last television role. Angela Lansbury created a role for her when she heard that Rhue was at risk of losing her health insurance because she could no longer work enough hours. Contrary to rumors, her illness apparently had nothing to do with her not reprising the Star Trek role of Lt. Marla McGivers in the film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982). At the time of the film's production start in late 1981, Rhue was still mobile and appearing in television roles, but hiding her diagnosis for fear of it impacting her career. Director Nicholas Meyer stated that he wrote McGivers out of his drafts of the film (with a line referencing the character's death) in order to give the Khan character additional motivation for seeking vengeance. In 1991, in her last movie, she played a wheelchair using character in the made for television thriller A Mother's Justice. Death Rhue eventually became completely incapacitated by multiple sclerosis and died from pneumonia at the age of 68 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills in Los Angeles, California. Religion and politics Rhue adhered to Judaism outside of her marriage to Young, during which she partook in Catholicism. She was also a registered Republican who supported the administrations of Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush. Partial filmography

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Duck Creek Township is a township in Stoddard County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. Duck Creek Township was erected in 1850, taking its name from Duck Creek.

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Argentinian footballer Darío Enrique Dubois (born 10 March 1971), better known as Darío Dubois, was an Argentine footballer famous for playing in numerous games with corpse-paint makeup. Due to this unusual characteristic, he became a famous and revered figure among those who like curious facts about football. Professional career In total, Dubois played 146 games and scored 13 goals for clubs in the Primera C and Primera D categories, fourth and fifth level of Argentine football respectively. He retired in 2005 after suffering a ligament injury in his knee and not earning enough money to perform the knee surgery. Death Dubois was shot twice on March 17, 2008 as he left a club where he worked as an audio operator. The causes have unfortunately never been clarified.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotheca_sporadica"}

Species of plant Philotheca sporadica, commonly known as Kogan waxflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Queensland. It is a shrub with small, narrow oval leaves with the narrower end toward the base and white flowers with a pink midrib, usually arranged singly on the ends of branchlets. Description Philotheca sporadica is a shrub that grows to a height of about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and has sparsely glandular-warty branchlets. The leaves are more or less sessile, narrow oval with the narrower end towards the base and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) long. The flowers are usually arranged singly on the ends of branchlets on a pedicel 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) long. There are five broadly triangular sepals and five elliptic white petals about 6 mm (0.24 in) long with a pink midrib. The ten stamens are free from each other and hairy. Flowering occurs from August to November. Taxonomy and naming This philotheca was first formally described in 1942 by Michael J. Bayly who gave it the name Eriostemon sporadicus and published the description in the journal Australian Systematic Botany. In 1998, Paul Wilson changed the name to Philotheca sporadica in the journal Nuytsia. Distribution and habitat Philotheca sporadica grows in woodland and shrubland on shallow soil from near Kogan to Tara in the Darling Downs region of Queensland. Conservation status Philotheca sporadica is classified as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as of "least concern" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992, but consideration is being given to delisting the species from the EPBC Act.

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English politician John Alfray (fl. 1447–1459) was an English politician. Family He was the son of John Alfray II, grandson of John Alfray I and great-grandson of another John Alfray, all of whom were MPs for East Grinstead, as was his brother, Richard Alfray. Career He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for East Grinstead four times between 1447 and 1459.

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The South Asia Forum for Human Rights (SAFHR) is a South Asia-focused human rights organization based in Kathmandu whose mission is to "promote respect for universal standards of human rights with emphasis on universality and interdependence of human rights." They view human rights as interlinked with peace and democracy, and their broader program encompasses all these concerns. SAFHR aims to be a forum for dialog between regional human rights organizations and activists. SAFHR was created in 1990 as an outcome of the December 1990 Third World Congress on Human Rights in New Delhi. At this congress representatives from over fifty NGO's recognized the need for a regional perspective on South Asian human rights issues. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) had been created in 1985 for similar purposes, but SAARC was an intra-government organization, and had not focused on human rights issues. Activities SAFHR has a number of education programs, including a Peace Studies course and workshops on refuge and minority rights. They have a library of over a thousand books focusing on South Asian issues available to researchers. SAFHR has published several books, including Reduced To Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab. SAFHR staff write focused reports and working papers on various topics, and issue topical E-Briefs. They were the publisher of Refugee Watch from 1998 through 2004. Partners and Associates The Council of SAFHR consists of representatives of roughly 40 partner organizations. South Asian Region: International:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati_Jansen"}

German swimmer Katharine "Kati" Jansen (born 12 February 1934) is a retired German freestyle swimmer who won a bronze medal at the 1954 European Aquatics Championships. She competed at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 4 × 100 m freestyle events and finished fourth in the relay in 1956.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lawrence_(politician)"}

Canadian politician Philip Lawrence MP is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Northumberland—Peterborough South in the House of Commons of Canada in the 2019 Canadian federal election. He was appointed Shadow Minister of National Revenue in the Conservative Party's shadow cabinet on Sept. 8, 2020. Background Lawrence started his studies in Political Science at Brock University where he earned his BA. He went on to attend Osgoode Hall Law School and the Schulich School of Business to obtain his law degree and MBA. He started his practice in law with a focus on taxation and corporations. In 2008 he joined one of Canada's largest financial institution becoming the third generation in his family to work in Financial Services. He was 40 years of age in a statement published Sept. 22, 2018. Lawrence also chose to contribute to his profession by volunteering at the Financial Planning Standards Council. He participated in developing the examination questions, and eventually moved to the disciplinary committee, where he continues to serve. Politics In February 2020, he proposed a private member's bill, Bill C-206, An Act to amend the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (qualifying farming fuel). The bill would have exempted natural gas and propane used by farmers from carbon taxes. In April 2021, he sponsored an e-petition brought forward by an anti-LGBT pastor aiming to water down Bill-6, which would bring a federal conversion therapy ban into force in Canada. In mid-May 2021, he sent a letter to the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness stating that "the government’s failure to secure the border and prevent the further spread of variants has cost Canadians their lives and livelihoods." Personal life Lawrence is the son of James and Leslie Lawrence. Leslie was a teacher, while James worked in insurance and financial services, bringing Philip on as an associate during his university studies. The family had lived in Regina, Saskatchewan and the Durham area before settling in Pelham Ontario. In 2004 he married Natasha, who is an Occupational Therapist. The couple moved to a farm in Orono, Ontario in January 2013, where they had their two children, James and Margaret. He is a member of the Newcastle Lions Club and a Director in the Northumberland-Peterborough South Conservative Party riding association. Electoral record

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_El_Oued"}

Commune in Algiers Province, Algeria Bab El Oued is a neighbourhood in Algiers, the capital of Algeria, along the coast north of the city centre. As of 2008, the population of the commune of Bab El Oued was 64,732. History During the existence of French Algeria, Bab El Oued was established as the main neighbourhood of poor pied-noirs, including many poor fishermen. Towards the end of the Algerian War, the neighbourhood became the stronghold of the Organisation armée secrète, until OAS attacks on the French Army led them to assault and purge the neighbourhood, during the siege of Bab el Oued in March 1962. Soon after, Algeria became independent, and the pied noir population fled the country. The neighbourhood was then settled by Muslim Algerians. The neighbourhood again gained notoriety during the leadup to the Algerian Civil War (which broke out in 1991) as a stronghold of the Islamic Salvation Front, or FIS. Its population in 1998 was 102,200. Notable people

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_O%27Brien_House"}

Historic house in North Carolina, United States United States historic place William Thomas O'Brien House is a historic home in Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. It was built about 1890, and is a two-story, Gothic Revival style frame dwelling. It has a center hall plan and features a one-story wraparound porch, an original embossed tin shingle roof, and projecting bays. It was the home of William Thomas O'Brien, who perfected the Bonsack machine for the W. Duke Sons & Company. The house originally sat on a large tract of land that extended to Rome Street. The property included a servants' house, a smokehouse, and a chicken coop. The house, located down the street from Immaculate Conception Catholic Church and Immaculata Catholic School, played a significant role in Durham's Catholic community. O'Brien, who was Catholic, invited a priest to perform masses in the home until Immaculate Conception was constructed in 1906 on West Chapel Hill Street, on land that O'Brien deeded to the Church. After O'Brien's death in 1907, his wife moved to South Duke Street. In 1919, a carpenter and interior decorator named Edward J. Long lived in the house. Located in the Burch Avenue Historic District, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

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Old State House or Old Statehouse may refer to:

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British and Australian business executive Shirine Khoury-Haq (born 1971) is a British and Australian businesswoman, and CEO of The Co-operative Group since August 2022. She is the first female chief executive of the business since the Co-op was founded in 1863. Prior to joining the Co-op in 2019, she was COO of Lloyd's of London. Early life and education Khoury-Haq was born in Beirut, Lebanon, and is of Arabic and Turkish heritage. Her father worked in the oil industry, so they lived in several countries growing up. She learned English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, in addition to her native Turkish language. She attended high school in Australia, followed by the Australian National University, where she earned a bachelor of commerce degree in accounting and economics. She earned an MBA from Ohio State University and is a US certified public accountant, and holds a postgraduate management diploma from University of the West of England in Bristol. Career Early in her career, Khoury-Haq worked in finance and operations at McDonald's, and was responsible for improving sales and profitability at 160 restaurants. She then moved to IBM, and was based in the US for three years, followed by six years in the UK. In 2007, she became group head of operations and UK chief operating officer at Catlin Group, which was then the largest syndicate and managing agent within Lloyd's of London. In 2014, she was appointed COO of Lloyd's of London, where she remained for five years, and implemented a programme to modernise the way that Lloyd's operates, by using technology and hiring people from outside the insurance industry. Khoury-Haq joined The Co-operative Group in August 2019, serving as chief financial officer and head of the life services division, which sells insurance and provides funeral care and legal services. In May 2022, she was appointed interim CEO following the departure of Steve Murrells, becoming the group's first female CEO in its 159-year history. She was confirmed as permanent CEO in August 2022. Khoury-Haq is one of only a handful of women CEOs leading FTSE 100 or equivalent businesses in the UK. She earns an annual salary of £750,000, plus a bonus, bringing her total compensation to over £1 million in past years. Personal life Khoury-Haq has twin daughters. In 2022, she told The Sunday Times that each of her children would receive a single Christmas gift in solidarity with people experiencing financial challenges. She lives in Cheshire, England.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Douglas_(Royal_Navy_officer)"}

Admiral Robert Gordon Douglas (7 June 1829 – 12 January 1910) was a Royal Navy officer who became Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard. Naval career Promoted to lieutenant on 3 May 1853 and captain on 11 April 1866, Douglas became commanding officer of the corvette HMS Cossack in August 1871, commanding officer of the frigate HMS Newcastle in September 1874 and commanding officer of the frigate HMS Warrior in March 1878. Promoted to rear admiral on 8 January 1883, he became Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard in 1887. He was promoted to vice admiral on 15 December 1888 and to full admiral on 9 December 1894. Family His youngest son Archibald George Gordon died in December 1902, only 18 years old.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreana,_Illinois"}

Village in Illinois, United States Oreana is a village in Macon County, Illinois, United States, which had a population of 891 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Decatur, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography Oreana is located in northeastern Macon County at 39°56′17″N 88°52′10″W / 39.93806°N 88.86944°W / 39.93806; -88.86944 (39.937964, -88.869322). Illinois Route 48 passes through the village, leading southwest 9 miles (14 km) to Decatur, the county seat, and northeast 4 miles (6 km) to Argenta. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oreana has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.29 km2), all land. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 892 people, 343 households, and 267 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,785 inhabitants per square mile (689/km2). There were 353 housing units at an average density of 706 per square mile (273/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.99% White, 0.11% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population. There were 343 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.2% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.00. In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $51,339, and the median income for a family was $58,229. Males had a median income of $45,000 versus $21,118 for females. The per capita income for the village was $20,133. About 1.4% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

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Orange-hued giant star in the constellation Hydra HD 122430 is single star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. It has an orange hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.47. The star is located at a distance of 105.6 light years from the Sun based on parallax. This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K2–3III. It has completely run out of the hydrogen fuel that keeps it stable, although it is only two billion years old, younger than the Sun's 4.6 billion years. HD 122430 has a mass of 1.6 times and radius of 22.9 times that of the Sun. Despite its younger age, it has slightly lower metallicity, approximately 90%. It is radiating 190 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4300 K. A candidate exoplanet was reported orbiting the star via the radial velocity method at a conference in 2003, and designated HD 122430 b. It has an orbital period of 0.94 years and an eccentricity of 0.68. However, a follow-up study by Soto et al. (2015) failed to detect a signal, so it remains unconfirmed.

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Fafinski is a Polish surname. People

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_Pedder"}

Off Pedder (Traditional Chinese: 畢打自己人) is a TVB modern drama series broadcast since October 2008 and ended on 12 February 2010. The sitcom is about office politics in a magazine company, as well as family and romantic relationships amongst the characters, with the majority of the cast from Best Selling Secrets. Synopsis Chiu (潮) Magazine is part of the Kam Bo Corporation, and has its offices on Pedder Street in Hong Kong (thus giving rise to the name of the series). The show centres on the politics of the Chiu (潮) and Kam Bo office, and the lives of the characters who work in this office. Central to the plot are Yan Seung (Teresa Mo), who takes up a position early on in the series as editor of Chiu (潮). The initial plot focused on her rivalry with the Head of Sales, Susan Ka So-Shan (Elaine Jin). As more characters were introduced, the plot expanded to focus on Yim Yue Tai (Stephen Au) and Yu Ka Sing (Wayne Lai). How will these four individuals affect Pedder Street and who will become the ultimate leader of Chiu (潮) Magazine...? Episode Guide Cast Chiu(潮) Magazine Editorial Department Sales and Marketing Department Design Department Kam Bo (金波) Corporation Yip (葉氏) Family Happy Bar Other cast Production notes Award nominations TVB Anniversary Awards (2009) Won: Nominated: 14th Asian Television Awards (2009) Nominated Minpao Weekly Awards 2010 Nominated Viewership ratings Weeks 1 to 20 Weeks 21 to 40 Weeks 41 to 60 Weeks 61 to 68

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The Atlanta Harm Reduction Coalition (often abbreviated AHRC) is an Atlanta-based non-profit organization that operates the only needle exchange program in Georgia. Such programs were illegal in the state until 2019. The organization was formally incorporated in 1995. The AHRC's needle exchange program is also the largest and most comprehensive such program in the South. The program is conducted twice a week in the Atlanta neighborhood The Bluff. A third weekly needle exchange was added in the Little Five Points neighborhood. In 2015, the North Carolina Harm Reduction Coalition filmed a documentary about the AHRC.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis"}

A hypothesised negative feedback loop connecting the marine biota and the climate The CLAW hypothesis proposes a negative feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth's climate. The hypothesis specifically proposes that particular phytoplankton that produce dimethyl sulfide are responsive to variations in climate forcing, and that these responses act to stabilise the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere. The CLAW hypothesis was originally proposed by Robert Jay Charlson, James Lovelock, Meinrat Andreae and Stephen G. Warren, and takes its acronym from the first letter of their surnames. CLAW hypothesis The hypothesis describes a feedback loop that begins with an increase in the available energy from the sun acting to increase the growth rates of phytoplankton by either a physiological effect (due to elevated temperature) or enhanced photosynthesis (due to increased irradiance). Certain phytoplankton, such as coccolithophorids, synthesise dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and their enhanced growth increases the production of this osmolyte. In turn, this leads to an increase in the concentration of its breakdown product, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), first in seawater, and then in the atmosphere. DMS is oxidised in the atmosphere to form sulfur dioxide, and this leads to the production of sulfate aerosols. These aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and increase cloud droplet number, which in turn elevate the liquid water content of clouds and cloud area. This acts to increase cloud albedo, leading to greater reflection of incident sunlight, and a decrease in the forcing that initiated this chain of events. The figure to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Note that the feedback loop can operate in the reverse direction, such that a decline in solar energy leads to reduced cloud cover and thus to an increase in the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface. A significant feature of the chain of interactions described above is that it creates a negative feedback loop, whereby a change to the climate system (increased/decreased solar input) is ultimately counteracted and damped by the loop. As such, the CLAW hypothesis posits an example of planetary-scale homeostasis or complex adaptive system, consistent with the Gaia hypothesis framed by one of the original authors of the CLAW hypothesis, James Lovelock. Some subsequent studies of the CLAW hypothesis have uncovered evidence to support its mechanism, although this is not unequivocal. Other researchers have suggested that a CLAW-like mechanism may operate in the Earth's sulfur cycle without the requirement of an active biological component. A 2014 review article criticised the model for being an oversimplification and that the effect might be much weaker than proposed. Anti-CLAW hypothesis In his 2006 book The Revenge of Gaia, Lovelock proposed that instead of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW hypothesis may act to create a positive feedback loop. Under future global warming, increasing temperature may stratify the world ocean, decreasing the supply of nutrients from the deep ocean to its productive euphotic zone. Consequently, phytoplankton activity will decline with a concomitant fall in the production of DMS. In a reverse of the CLAW hypothesis, this decline in DMS production will lead to a decrease in cloud condensation nuclei and a fall in cloud albedo. The consequence of this will be further climate warming which may lead to even less DMS production (and further climate warming). The figure to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Evidence for the anti-CLAW hypothesis is constrained by similar uncertainties as those of the sulfur cycle feedback loop of the CLAW hypothesis. However, researchers simulating future oceanic primary production have found evidence of declining production with increasing ocean stratification, leaving open the possibility that such a mechanism may exist.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Super_Cup"}

Football match The 1989 European Super Cup was the 14th European Super Cup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's European Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup competitions. The 1989 Super Cup was played on a home-and-away basis, and was contested by Milan, winners of the 1988–89 European Cup, and Barcelona, who had won the 1988–89 European Cup Winners' Cup. After a 1–1 draw in the first leg at the Camp Nou in Barcelona, Milan won 1–0 at home to secure a 2–1 aggregate win and their first Super Cup. Match details First leg 21:00 Camp Nou, Barcelona Attendance: 50,000 Referee: Joël Quiniou (France) Second leg 20:00 San Siro, Milan Attendance: 52,093 Referee: Helmut Kohl (Austria)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port,_Templeport"}

Townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland Townland in Templeport, Ireland Port (from Irish: Port meaning 'A Landing-Place') is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Templeport and barony of Tullyhaw. Geography Port is bounded on the north by Muinaghan townland, on the west by Kildoagh and Corboy Glebe townlands, on the south by Ray, Templeport and Cloneary townlands and on the east by Cor, Templeport and Kilsallagh townlands. Its chief geographical features are Templeport Lough, Inch Island, woods, streams and spring wells. Port is traversed by minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 335 statute acres. Etymology The old name of the townland was Templeport (now shortened to Port) which is the anglicisation of the Gaelic Teampall An Phoirt ("The Church of the Port or Bank or Landing-Place"). The church referred to is the old church on St. Mogue's Island in the middle of Port Lake. This church fell into disuse in medieval times and a new church was built on the opposite shore of the lake. It was forfeited to Queen Elizabeth in 1590 and started use as a Protestant church in about 1610. It is very unlikely that the island church ever served as the parish church because there was only one boat available and it would have been extremely inconvenient if not logistically impossible for hundreds of worshipers to go to and from the church in time for mass, especially in rough winter weather. It was built firstly for the convenience of any pilgrim wishing to go to St. Mogue's birthplace and secondly as an interment or mortuary chapel for the few family members attending burials on the island. History The 1609 Baronial Map depicts the townland as Aghavanme (probably Irish 'Achadh an Mhanaigh' meaning "The Field of the Monk"). The 1652 Commonwealth Survey lists the townland Aghowanny. The 1665 Down Survey map depicts it as Port. William Petty's 1685 map depicts it as Port. An 1809 map of ecclesiastical lands in Templeport depicts the townland as Templeport with a subdivision in the northeast part named Portlargy (from Irish: Port Láirge meaning 'The Hillside of the Landing-Place') Saint Máedóc of Ferns, also known as St. Mogue or Aidan, was born in the island of 'Breaghwee' in Templeport Lake about 558 A.D. This is an Anglicisation or even Latinisation of the Irish Inis Brechmaighe meaning the 'Island of the Wolf Plain', now called Inch Island which is an abbreviation and duplication of the Irish word Inis. The earliest surviving mention of the name seems to be c.1200 in the Latin Life of St. Mogue, which spells it as Brecrimaige. The Papal annates for 1426 spell it as Inisbrechiruigy alias Tempullapuyrt. The earliest mention of the townland name in the annals of Ireland is in the Annals of the Four Masters for 1496 A.D.- M1496.17- Magauran, i.e. Donnell Bearnagh, Chief of Teallach-Eachdhach, was treacherously slain before the altar of the church of Teampall-an-phuirt, by Teige, the son of Hugh, son of Owen Magauran; and the marks of the blows aimed at him are still visible in the corners of the altar. The church had two different rights, one was ownership of the church lands (both termon lands and the site of the church and graveyard) and the other was ownership of the church tithes (also called the rectorial tithes or the rectory) which were a tenth of all the produce of the lands within the parish which were not owned by the church. These rights were often owned by different people and so had a different history, as set out below. Church Lands Port formed part of the termon or hospital lands belonging to Templeport Church and so its history belongs to the ecclesiastical history of the parish. It would have belonged to the parish priest and the erenach family rather than the McGovern chief. The earliest mention of the name in the Vatican archives is for 2 September 1414- To the archdeacon of Kilmore. Mandate to collate and assign to Magonius Macamragan, priest, of the diocese of Kilmore, if found fit, the perpetual vicarage, value not exceeding 6 marks, of Insula Brechungy alias Tempullapuret in the said diocese, collation and provision of which, on its voidance by the death of Andrew Macgamragan, was made to him by bishop Nicholas. He doubts whether the said collation and provision of the said vicarage which, as the pope has learned, is still void as above, holds good. Dignum [arbitramur]. In the 16th century these ecclesiastical lands in Templeport were seized in the course of the Reformation in Ireland and kept first by the English monarch and then eventually granted to the Anglican Bishop of Kilmore. An Inquisition held in Cavan Town on 20 June 1588 valued the total vicarage of Templeport at £10. An Inquisition held in Cavan Town on 19 September 1590 found the termon or hospital lands of Templeport to consist of four polls of land at a yearly value of 4 shillings. Port was one of these four polls. By grant dated 6 March 1605, along with other lands, King James VI and I granted a lease of the farm, termons or hospitals of Tampleporte containing 4 pulls for 21 years at an annual rent of 10 shillings to Sir Garret Moore, 1st Viscount Moore. Port was one of these four pulls. By grant dated 10 August 1607, along with other lands, King James VI and I granted a further lease of the farms, termons or hospitals of Templeport containing 2 pulls for 21 years at an annual rent of 13 shillings to the aforesaid Sir Garret Moore, 1st Viscount Moore of Mellifont Abbey, County Louth. This grant covered the two extra polls of ecclesiastical land in the parish which had been overlooked in the previous inquisitions and grants. A survey held by Sir John Davies (poet) at Cavan Town on 6 September 1608 stated that- the ecclesiastical lands of Templeporte were containing 6 pulls lying near the parish church and that the rectory was appropriated to the Abbey of Kells, County Meath. Port was one of these six pulls. An Inquisition held in Cavan Town on 25 September 1609 found the termon land of Templeport to consist of six polls of land, out of which the Bishop of Kilmore was entitled to a rent of 10 shillings and 2/3rd of a beef per annum. Port was one of these six polls. The Inquisition then granted the lands to the Protestant Bishop of Kilmore. By a deed dated 6 April 1612, Robert Draper, the Anglican Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh granted a joint lease of 60 years over the termons or herenachs of, inter alia, 6 polls in Templepurt to Oliver Lambart, 1st Lord Lambart, Baron of Cavan, of Kilbeggan, County Westmeath and Sir Garret Moore, 1st Viscount Moore, of Mellifont Abbey, County Louth. Port formed part of the six polls in this lease. By deed dated 17 July 1639, William Bedell, the Anglican Bishop of Kilmore, extended the above lease of Templepart to Oliver Lambert’s son, Charles Lambart, 1st Earl of Cavan. The 1652 Commonwealth Survey lists the proprietor as The Lord of Cavan (i.e. Charles Lambart, 1st Earl of Cavan), who also appears as proprietor of several other Templeport townlands in the same survey. Rectorial Tithes From medieval times the rectorial tithes were split between the local parish priest who received 1/3 and the Abbey of Kells who received 2/3, until they were seized in the 16th century Dissolution of the Monasteries. A list of the rectories owned by King Henry VIII of England in 1542 included Templeporte. In 1587 Elizabeth I of England granted the rectory of Templeporte to Garret (otherwise Gerald) Fleming of Cabragh. On 30 October 1603 the aforementioned Gerrald Fleming surrendered the rectory of Templeporte to King James VI and I and it was regranted to him for a term of 21 years. By grant dated 22 December 1608, along with other lands, King James VI and I granted a lease of the rectories, churches, or chapels formerly belonging to Kells Abbey, including Templeporte to Gerald Fleminge of Cabragh, County Cavan. On 4 March 1609 the aforementioned Gerrald Fleming sold the rectory of Templeporte to his son James Fleming and Walter Talbot of Ballyconnell. On 8 June 1619 the aforesaid James Fleming and Walter Talbot were pardoned by King James VI and I for obtaining the said rectory of Templeport without getting a licence from the king. An Inquisition held at Cavan on 19 October 1616 stated that the aforementioned Gerald Fleming died on 5 April 1615 and his son Thomas Fleming (born 1589) succeeded to the rectorial tithes of Templeporte. In 1622 Thomas Moigne, the Anglican Bishop of Kilmore made a visitation to the parish. He found that the rectory was impropriate to the vicar of Templeport, John Patrick, who was not a resident, but that there was a curate resident. The annual value of the rectory was £20. The church was in a ruinous condition and the parsonage was a timber house. On 9 March 1669 King Charles II of England granted to Josias Hallington, incumbent of Templeport, Co. Cavan, the rectory of the said parish, forever. 18th century onwards Major Edward Magauran was born in Ballymagovern, County Cavan on 16 April 1746, the grandson of Colonel Bryan Magauran, the Chief of the McGovern Clan who fought in the Battle of the Boyne for King James II against William III of Orange. In his book Memoirs of Major M’Gauran, Volume I, Page 127 (London 1786), he states (about the year 1765)- Upon my return from Luxemburg, the General wrote to Mr. John M'Gauran, of Port, in the County of Cavan, married to Ann O'Donnel, the General's cousin-german, telling him that a cousin of his, grand-son of Colonel Bryan M'Gauran, and son of Mary O'Donnel, was serving then in Loudon's regiment, quartered where he resided. Mr. M'Gauran, jealous of my prosperity, having many young sons of his own, whom he thought better entitled to the General's protection; but, notwithstanding, though he knew me to be his own near relation, wrote to the General, to inform him that I was not the son of Mary O'Donnel, but an impostor. The General shewed me the letter, and asked me the truth, which I told him, together with the motives I had for not revealing it sooner; all of which he approved, and matters seemed to be accommodated. In the Templeport Poll Book of 1761 there was only one landowner in Port registered to vote in the 1761 Irish general election - Reverend Peter Lombard, who was the Church of Ireland rector of Templeport parish from 1732 to 1767. He resided in Clooncorick townland, Carrigallen Parish, County Leitrim. He was entitled to cast two votes. The four election candidates were Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont and Lord Newtownbutler (later Brinsley Butler, 2nd Earl of Lanesborough), both of whom were then elected Member of Parliament for Cavan County. The losing candidates were George Montgomery (MP) of Ballyconnell and Barry Maxwell, 1st Earl of Farnham. Lombard voted for Maxwell and Montgomery. Absence from the poll book either meant a resident did not vote or, more likely, was not a freeholder entitled to vote, which would mean most of the inhabitants of Port. The 1790 Cavan Carvaghs list spells the name as Purt. The 1809 map of ecclesiastical lands in Templeport depicts Port as still belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland. The tenants on the land were- Robert Hume, Hugh Reilly, the widow of M. Kernan, John Lynch and James Hoey.Templeport Development Association - 1809 Templeport map The Tithe Applotment Books for 1827 list thirteen tithepayers in the townland. The 1836 Ordnance Survey Namebooks state- The soil is light yellow clay intermixed with sand stone...The townland is bounded on the W. side by a large lake, on the E. bank of which is situated the parish church. It is a handsome modern building to which is attached a graveyard in which nearly all the Protestant inhabitants are buried. There is an island belonging to this townland near the centre of the lake. The Port Valuation Office Field books are available for 1839-1840. Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists twenty four landholders in the townland. On 17 March 1943 a Royal Air Force Bristol Beaufighter JL710 crash landed beside the island in Templeport Lough.Beaufighter JL710 Richard Kukura & Tommy Hulme A distinguished native of the townland is the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise, Francis Duffy (bishop) Church of Ireland clergy The list of Anglican rectors of Templeport is viewable at-St Peter's Church Templeport / History-Clergy. Port School The Second Report from the Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry dated 1826 stated that Terence McManus was the headmaster of the school which was a pay school with charges of 10d to 1/3d per annum. The schoolhouse was built of mud at a cost of 5 guineas. There were 77 pupils of which 71 were Roman Catholics and 6 were Church of Ireland. 46 were boys and 31 were girls. It was closed before 1900. Census In the 1901 census of Ireland, there are fourteen families listed in the townland. In the 1911 census of Ireland, there are only twelve families listed in the townland. Antiquities

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFP-675"}

AFP-675 (Air Force Program-675) was a Space Shuttle experiment package that was carried into orbit on Discovery as part of STS-39. AFP-675 consisted of six experiment packages mounted on a pallet in the Discovery's cargo bay. The total weight of the package was 5,080 kilograms (11,200 lb). The objectives of the project were: The experiments Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle The Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS 1A) experiment was designed to measure the spectral, spatial, and temporal properties of the Earth's limb (edge). The primary instruments in this experiment were a Michelson spatial interferometer and a spatial radiometer. Infrared radiation was collected through a cryogenically cooled telescope that was controlled from the flight deck. The principal investigator (PI) for the instrument was Dr. Robert R. O'Neil of the Phillips Laboratory. Far Ultraviolet Cameras The Far Ultraviolet Cameras experiment was to capture imagery and photometry of naturally occurring and man-made emission phenomena such as airglow and diffuse aurora. Secondary missions were to study interplanetary and interstellar objects (such as comets and stars) and to make atmospheric density measurements by stellar occultations. The instrument consisted of two imaging cameras and a low-light-level TV camera mounted on the same base. Like CIRRIS, they were controlled from the flight deck. Dr. George R. Carruthers, then working for the United States Naval Research Laboratory, was the PI for this experiment. Uniformly Redundant Array The Uniformly Redundant Array conducted a technology demonstration of coded aperture imaging in space and the capability to form images without stabilization. The instrument was a wide field-of-view, photon-counting imaging device. Edward E. Fenimore of the Los Alamos National Laboratory was PI for this experiment. Gamma Ray Advanced Detector GRAD was another technology demonstration program to test the suitability of bismuth germanate in gamma-ray detectors, the suitability of n-type, high-purity germanium gamma-ray detectors for space, the performance of an advanced gamma-ray spectrometer and to study the gamma ray background around the shuttle, as well as the gamma-ray spectrum of the sun and the Galactic Center. The instrument is non-steerable and is pointed by moving the Shuttle. Dr. C. Rester from the University of Florida was the PI. Horizon Ultraviolet Program The Horizon Ultraviolet Program (HUP) demonstrated the ability to measure the spatial and spectral characteristics of the Earth's horizon in the vacuum ultraviolet wavelength. The sensor was an Ebert-Fastie spectrometer telescope. Francis Leblanc and Robert E. Huffman of the Phillips Laboratory were Principal Investigators. Quadrupole Ion Neutral Mass Spectrograph The Quadrupole Ion Neutral Mass Spectrograph was designed to support the CIRRIS 1A experiment by providing positive ion and neutral contaminant species identifications, concentrations, and temporal variabilities. The sensor package was made up of an electron impact ion source, an ion-focusing grid system, a set of quadrupole rods, and an electron multiplier. Dr. Edmond Tryczinski of Phillips Laboratory was the PI.

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William Halsey (1770 – August 16, 1843) was the first Mayor of Newark, New Jersey serving from 1836 to 1837. He was 66 years of age and an attorney when elected. Halsey Street in downtown Newark is named after him. He also served as director of the Newark Aqueduct Company. Footnotes

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Ghana's concert party theater is a known traveling theater performing in rural and urban cities with itinerant actors staging vernacular shows and a tradition of the twentieth century in West Africa. History The Ghanaian Concert party is an art genre that emerged in sub-Saharan Africa amalgamating local and foreign elements;using material from American movies, Latin gramophone records, African-American spirituals and highlife songs. The actors were in make-up and played the role of Ananse the trickster character of Ghanaian story telling. The language was changed to Ghanaian languages as sketches which mocked Europeans living in Africa were replaced with Ghanaian cultural nationalism. This style of art was distinctive features expressing identities, aesthetics,symbols and underlying value orientations of African practitioners and audience. The concert parties were made up of professional group of actors that combined slapstick musical comedies, folk stories, acrobatics, moral sermons, magical displays and dance-music sessions. Ghana's first concert actor was Teacher Yalley, headmaster of Sekondi Elementary school. As early as 1903 Two Mac's performed for the black and white elite at a costume ball and concert at Cape Castle.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_Cibikli"}

Coordinates: 39°21′17″N 46°27′43″E / 39.35472°N 46.46194°E / 39.35472; 46.46194 Place in Qubadli, Azerbaijan Aşağı Cibikli (also, Ashagy Dzhibikli) is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Ditlev-Simonsen_(born_1865)"}

Norwegian ship owner Olaf Ditlev-Simonsen (15 December 1865 – 16 January 1960) was a Norwegian ship owner who developed one of the largest shipping companies in Norway. Personal life Ditlev-Simonsen was born in Sarpsborg to Ole Christian Simonsen and Christiane Dorthea Christiansen. He was the father of Olaf Ditlev-Simonsen Jr (1897–1978), father of Sverre Ditlev-Simonsen, and grandfather of politician Per Ditlev-Simonsen (minister of defense and mayor of Oslo). Career Ditlev-Simonsen developed one of the largest shipping companies in Norway, together with three of his sons. He was also active in organizational work, and was a board member of the Norwegian Shipowners' Association, Kristiania Rederiforening, Oslo chamber of commerce and the Port Board of Oslo. He was elected member of the municipal council of Kristiania, and served as vice mayor 1914–1915. In this position he was quite busy with the 1914 Jubilee Exhibition at Frogner and Skarpsno. The maritime part of the exhibition laid the foundation for the Norwegian Maritime Museum. Ditlev-Simonsen was a proponent for the establishment of the museum, and became a member of the board from 1915. He was chairman of the board from 1922 to 1933. He chaired the board of Norges Handels og Sjøfartstidende from 1911 to 1939, and chaired the board of Det Søndenfjelds-Norske Dampskibsselskab from 1924 to 1940. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1939, and was Commander of the Order of Vasa. Ditlev-Simonsen was an eager sports sailor, and had the two cutters Vav and Isabel Alexandra. Selected works

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Ibrahim"}

Jordanian footballer Faisal Ibrahim Suleiman is a retired Jordanian footballer of Palestinian origin. International career An international friendly match between was played between Jordan and Iraq on 16 September 2010 in Amman at the King Abdullah Stadium to mark Faisal's retirement, which resulted in a 4-1 victory for Jordan. After playing the first few minutes of the match, Faisal gave the captain armband to his teammate Hassouneh Al-Sheikh as well as his #16 jersey shirt to his younger teammate Basem Fat'hi. International goals Honors and Participation in International Tournaments In AFC Asian Cups In Pan Arab Games In Arab Nations Cup In WAFF Championships

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata,_Algeria"}

Commune and town in Tlemcen Province, Algeria Zenata is a town and commune in Tlemcen Province in north-western Algeria.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Robin_Hood"}

Statue in Nottingham, England A statue of Robin Hood is installed at Nottingham Castle, in Nottingham, England. The sculpture was unveiled in 1952.

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Former village in Alberta, Canada Evarts is an unincorporated community in central Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County. It is located on Township Road 382 to the east of the Medicine River, approximately 5.0 km (3.1 mi) south of the Hamlet of Benalto and 13.0 km (8.1 mi) southwest of the Town of Sylvan Lake. History The community has the name of Louis P. Evarts, a pioneer citizen. Evarts incorporated as a village on May 9, 1906. It subsequently dissolved from village status on May 27, 1916. Demographics The Dominion Bureau of Statistics recorded Evarts' population as 25 in 1911 and 26 in 1916. According to Alberta Municipal Affairs, the Village of Evarts had a population of 18 in 1914 and 22 in 1915.

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Senator Harp may refer to: Topics referred to by the same term

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Bononcini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Davidson"}

Rugby player Tim Davidson (born 3 November 1982, in Young, Australia) is a rugby union footballer. His regular playing position is either flanker or eighthman. He represented the Melbourne Rebels in Super Rugby having previously played for the Western Force and Waratahs. Davidson's association within the Shute Shield and at Sydney University Football Club (SUFC) stems back to his first season of playing in 1st Colts in 2002. In 2005, Davidson became SUFC 1st Grade captain, a position he held up until his last season playing rugby in 2013. During this time he captained SUFC to eight Shute Shield titles, including six in concession, and is the most capped SUFC 1st Grade forward in the club's history. Beyond SUFC, Davidson held a Super Rugby career across three franchises, being the Melbourne Rebels’ inaugural off-field club captain in 2013. Despite his retirement from rugby at the end of the 2013 season, Davidson has continued his involvement including SUFC 1st Grade forwards coach for 2015, a member of the club's networking and mentoring group made up of past SUFC players, and a member of the 2015 SUFC executive committee. Outside of rugby, he works for NAB[clarification needed] in corporate agribusiness.

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1990 video game Flight Assignment: A.T.P. (Airline Transport Pilot or simply ATP) was an amateur flight simulator released in 1990 by the Sublogic Corporation. It runs on DOS based PCs. The simulation models the Boeing 737, 747, 767, Airbus A320 and Shorts 360. It features most major aviation beacons in the United States and about 30 major airports. It also includes a multi-voiced air traffic control simulator. The game's July 1990 release was snarled by a lawsuit from Microsoft, which claimed ownership of some of Sublogic's source code rights, and it was settled with a number of concessions on the part of Sublogic, most notably dropping the phrase "flight simulator" from all of its products. This allowed the release of ATP in December 1990. Releases and updates continued through 1993, and the software remained on the market until December 13, 1995. In late 1994, Italian company LAGO and Austrian company Nomissoft released a plugin for ATP entitled 3D Advanced Graphics System. The companies went on to purchase rights to portions of the ATP code from Sierra, which had acquired Sublogic in 1995. Although Sierra's own plans for a re-release of ATP on the Windows platform never came to fruition, LAGO and Nomissoft gave new life to the ATP code with the release of their own product, Airline Simulator in September 1996. In April 1997, LAGO and Nomissoft showed a successor. Airline Simulator 2 Pro was demonstrated at a conference in Europe, but by that December development was halted, as the two companies parted due to fundamental disagreements about the way forward. In March 1998, Nomissoft announced that it had secured the necessary rights to Airline Simulator 2 code, and by August 4, 1999, the grandchild of Sublogic ATP hit retail. Development of another followup, Airline Simulator 3, had long been teased by Nomissoft founder Simon Hradecky in parallel with Airline Simulator 2's development, but within weeks of AS2's release, AS3's development had been taken over by Aerosoft, a German company. Again, development stagnated, and finally in January 2013, the company confirmed that development had been ceased and the project written off.

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Village in Central Norway, Norway Storsand is a village in Melhus municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located on the eastern side of the river Gaula and on the western slopes of the mountain Vassfjellet, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the village of Melhus. The European route E06 highway and the Dovrebanen railway line both run through the village. Melhus Church is located in the village. The 0.39-square-kilometre (96-acre) village has a population (2018) of 484 and a population density of 1,241 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,210/sq mi).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Guelfi"}

French racing driver (1919–2016) André Guelfi (6 May 1919 – 28 June 2016) was a French racing driver. He was born in Mazagan, Morocco. He participated in one Formula One World Championship race, on 19 October 1958. He also participated in several non-championship Formula One races. At the time of his death he was the oldest living Formula One driver and had been since the death of Robert La Caze on 1 July 2015.[failed verification] Complete Formula One World Championship results (key)

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Georgian poet Ioane Shavteli (Georgian: იოანე შავთელი) was a Georgian poet of the late 12th and early 13th centuries credited to have written the encomiastic poem traditionally, and unsuitably, known as Abdulmesiani (აბდულმესიანი), i.e., "Slave of the Messiah" (from Arabic عبد المسيح, Abdul Masīh). A reference to Shavteli and his work is made in a postscript of Shota Rustaveli’s The Knight in the Panther's Skin (ვეფხისტყაოსანი), which is the source of the poem's incongruous title. Shavteli's ode is, in fact, a eulogy to the two greatest monarchs of medieval Georgia, David "the Builder" (r. 1089-1125) and the poet's contemporary Queen Tamar (r. 1184-1213). Little is known about the author's biography himself. "Shavteli" seems to be a territorial epithet, meaning "of/from Shavsheti" (modern Şavşat, Turkey). Shavteli's style includes a strong patristic discourse and his language is to a considerable extent artificial and archaically bookish. Possibly a cleric, he is reported by the medieval chronicles to have been a famous poet and philosopher and to have accompanied Tamar in several of her travels and military campaigns. Shavteli's panegyric focuses on praising the Christian virtues of David and Tamar, without naming either however. The references to Tamar are coded by praise of her beauty, her love of "doing good by stealth", also praised in similar phrases by the queen's chronicler as well as by the two contemporary poets - Rustaveli and Chakhrukhadze. David can be recognized by allusions to his biblical namesake (from whom the Georgian dynasty of Bagrationi claimed descent) as well as by interweaving words and phrases from the king's own religious lyrics, the Hymns of Penitence (გალობანი სინანულისანი).

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_program"}

1985 Soviet space program with the first balloon flight on Venus The Vega program (Cyrillic: ВеГа) was a series of Venus missions that also took advantage of the appearance of comet 1P/Halley in 1986. Vega 1 and Vega 2 were uncrewed spacecraft launched in a cooperative effort among the Soviet Union (who also provided the spacecraft and launch vehicle) and Austria, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Federal Republic of Germany in December 1984. They had a two-part mission to investigate Venus and also flyby Halley's Comet. The flyby of Halley's Comet had been a late mission change in the Venera program following on from the cancellation of the American Halley mission in 1981. A later Venera mission was canceled and the Venus part of the Vega 1 mission was reduced. Because of this, the craft was designated VeGa, a contraction of Venera and Gallei (Венера and Галлей respectively, the Russian words for "Venus" and "Halley"). The spacecraft design was based on the previous Venera 9 and Venera 10 missions. The two spacecraft were launched on 15 and 21 December 1984, respectively. With their redesignated dual missions, the Vega probes became part of the Halley Armada, a group of space probes that studied Halley's Comet during its 1985/1986 perihelion. The Vega spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 were identical sister ships. The spacecraft was a development of the earlier Venera craft. They were designed by Babakin Space Center and constructed as 5VK by Lavochkin at Khimki. The craft was powered by twin large solar panels and instruments included an antenna dish, cameras, spectrometer, infrared sounder, magnetometers (MISCHA), and plasma probes. The 4,920 kg (10,850 lb) craft was launched by a Proton 8K82K rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Kazakh SSR (current Kazakhstan). Both Vega 1 and Vega 2 were three-axis stabilized spacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dual bumper shield for dust protection from Halley's comet. Bus Instruments The Venus mission Vega 1 arrived at Venus on 11 June 1985 and Vega 2 on 15 June 1985, and each delivered a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb), 240 cm (94 in) diameter spherical descent unit. The units were released some days before each arrived at Venus and entered the atmosphere without active inclination changes. Each contained a lander and a balloon explorer. Descent craft The landers were identical to that of the previous five Venera missions and were to study the atmosphere and surface. Each had instruments to study temperature and pressure, a UV spectrometer, a water concentration meter, a gas-phase chromatograph, an X-ray spectrometer, a mass spectrometer, and a surface sampling device. The Vega 1 lander's surface experiments were inadvertently activated at 20 km (12 mi) from the surface by an especially hard wind jolt, and so failed to provide results. It landed at 7.5°N, 177.7°E. The Vega 2 lander touched down at 03:00:50 UT on 15 June 1985 at 8.5° S, 164.5° E, in eastern Aphrodite Terra. The altitude of the touchdown site was 0.1 km (0.062 mi) above the planetary mean radius. The measured pressure at the landing site was 91 atm and the temperature was 736 K (463 °C; 865 °F). The surface sample was found to be an anorthosite-troctolite. The lander transmitted data from the surface for 56 minutes. Payload Balloon The two balloon aerobots were designed to float at 54 km (34 mi) from the surface, in the most active layer of the Venusian cloud system. The instrument pack had enough battery power for 60 hours of operation and measured temperature, pressure, wind speed, and aerosol density. The balloon envelopes were surfaced with polytetrafluoroethylene to resist attack by the corrosive atmosphere. Both Vega-1 and Vega-2 balloons operated for more than 46 hours from injection to the final transmission. The balloons were of spherical superpressure types of 3.54 m (11.6 ft) diameter, filled with helium. A gondola assembly weighing 6.9 kg (15 lb) and 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) long was connected to the balloon envelope by a tether 13 m (43 ft) long. Total mass of the entire assembly was 21 kg (46 lb). The top section of the gondola assembly was capped by a conical antenna 37 cm (15 in) tall and 13 cm (5.1 in) wide at the base. Beneath the antenna was a module containing the radio transmitter and system control electronics. The lower section of the gondola assembly carried the instrument payload and batteries. The instruments consisted of: The small low-power (5 watt) transmitter only allowed a data transmission rate of 2,048 bit/s, though the system performed data compression to squeeze more information through the narrow bandwidth. Nonetheless, the sampling rate for most of the instruments was only once every 75 seconds. The balloons were tracked by two networks (20 radio telescopes total) back on Earth: the Soviet network, coordinated by the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and the international network, coordinated by Centre national d'études spatiales of France (CNES). The balloons were pulled out of the lander at 180,000 feet (54,8 km) above the planet's darkside surface, and fell to 164,000 feet (50 km) ASL while they were being inflated. After that, they rose to 177,000 feet (53,9 km) and stabilized. At this altitude, pressure and temperature conditions of Venus are similar to those of Earth at 18,000 feet MSL (5,5 km), though the planet's winds move at hurricane velocity, and the carbon dioxide atmosphere is laced with sulphuric acid, along with smaller concentrations of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid. The balloons moved swiftly across the night side of the planet into the light side, where their batteries finally died, and contact was lost. Tracking indicated that the motion of the balloons included a surprising vertical component, revealing vertical motions of air masses that had not been detected by earlier probe missions. The Halley mission After their encounters, the Vega motherships were redirected to intercept Comet Halley, utilizing the gravity of Venus to alter their trajectory. Vega 1 made its closest approach on 6 March, around 8,890 km (5,520 mi) from the nucleus, and Vega 2 made its closest approach on 9 March at 8,030 km (4,990 mi). The data intensive examination of the comet covered only the three hours around closest approach. They were intended to measure the physical parameters of the nucleus, such as dimensions, shape, temperature, and surface properties, as well as to study the structure and dynamics of the coma, the gas composition close to the nucleus, the dust particles' composition and mass distribution as functions of distance to the nucleus, and the cometary-solar wind interaction. In total Vega 1 and Vega 2 returned about 1,500 images of Comet Halley. Spacecraft operations were discontinued a few weeks after the Halley encounters. The on-board TV system was created in international cooperation of the scientific and industrial facilities from the USSR, Hungary, France, and Czechoslovakia. The TV data was processed by an international team, including scientists from the Soviet Union, Hungary, France, East Germany, and the United States. The basic steps of data acquisition and preprocessing were performed in IKI using an image processing computer system based on a PDP-11/40 compatible host. Vega 1 and Vega 2 are currently in heliocentric orbits.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipayal_Silgadhi"}

Municipality in Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal Dipayal Silgadhi (Nepali: दिपायल सिलगढी) is a municipality and the district headquarters of Doti District in Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal. Previously, it also served as the headquarters of the Far-Western Development Region. It lies in the Lesser Himalayas on the bank of Seti River. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 32,941 people living in 7,447 individual households. Transportation Seti Highway begins in Dipayal Silgadhi, linking it to Amargadhi, from where the Terai region of Nepal can be reached on Mahakali Highway. Doti Airport is now functional operating twice a week lies in Dipayal Silgadhi. Media Radio Nepal has a regional station in Dipayal Silgadhi which transmits various programs of mass interest.[citation needed] Silgadhi based Tribeni FM 94.4 MHz, Radio Shaileswori 105.9 MHz are the F.M. station here to serve people. Among them Tribeni FM and Radio Shaileswori are Community radio Station.[citation needed]

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American football coach and administrator (1915–1993) William Anderson "Dutch" McElreath (September 25, 1915 – April 18, 1993) was an American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Trinity University in San Antonio from 1952 to 1961, compiling a record of 47–42–2. McElreath was also the athletic director at Trinity from 1952 to 1962. A native of Sulphur Springs, Texas, McElreath attended Greenville High School in Greenville, Texas, where he played football as an end under coach Henry Frnka. He then played college football at Vanderbilt University, lettering in 1937, 1938, and 1940. A back injury he sustained late in 1938 prevented him from playing in 1939. In February 1941, McElreath was appointed head football coach at Morgan School in Petersburg, Tennessee. He graduated from Vanderbilt that June and coached at Morgan in the fall of 1941. McElreath enlisted in the United States Coast Guard in 1942 and was assigned to the Coast Guard's physical education program run by Jack Dempsey, former heavyweight boxing champion. During World War II, he spent 18 months in the Pacific theater on an amphibious cargo ship and served in the Bougainville campaign. After the war, McElreath returned to coaching and reunited with Frnka, who was then head football coach at Tulane University. McElreath worked for six seasons as an assistant at Tulane under Frnka. In February 1962, McElreath was reassigned to an administrative position as a development program counselor at Trinity. He was succeeded as head football coach by W. C. McElhannon. Head coaching record College

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Josephine Maria Ransom, née Davies (1879-1960) was an Australian Theosophist and writer. She served as General Secretary of three different national sections of the Theosophical Society, and wrote A Short History of the Theosophical Society. Ransom was also Honorary Secretary of the Britain and India Association, and editor of its magazine Britain and India. Life Josephine Davies was born in Armidale, Australia on 22 March 1879. She travelled to India, where she became a member of the Theosophical Society in 1897, and worked with Annie Besant in Ceylon (today Sri Lanka). After moving to England, she attempted to make the English more aware of Indian attitudes. In 1918 she lectured English audiences advocating Indian self-government. After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre she founded an illustrated monthly magazine, Britain and India, 'for the Promotion of Friendliness, Understanding and Sympathy between Britain and India'. Charlotte Despard, persuaded by Annie Besant that "womenhood everywhere is one", contributed an address to Indian women in support of the franchise for Indian women. Sarojini Naidu, then living in London, also wrote for the journal, and it featured interviews with other intellectuals such as Rabindranath Tagore. By August 1920 the magazine needed to become bimonthly, and financial difficulties forced its closure at the end of the year. Ransom also regularly lectured on different aspects of Theosophy, and was active in the organization of the Theosophical Society. She was General Secretary of the Australian Section of the Theosophical Society in 1924–5, and General Secretary of the South African Section in 1926–7. She was General Secretary of the English Section between 1933 and 1936. . Though Ransom was nominated Vice-President of the Theosophical Society in 1960, she never assumed office. After a traffic accident in London, she died on 2 December 1960. Works

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_spiny-tailed_skink"}

Species of lizard The pygmy spiny-tailed skink (Egernia depressa) is a species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia and is found in the states Western Australia, the Northern Territory and South Australia.

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Episode of Only Fools and Horses "Modern Men" is an episode of the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses. It was the second episode of the 1996 Christmas trilogy and the fourteenth Christmas special, first screened on 27 December 1996. In the episode, Del Boy is a reading a new lifestyle book, Modern Man. Later, Cassandra suffers a miscarriage. Synopsis Due to the good news of Cassandra and Rodney expecting a baby, the Trotters go for a night out at the Nag's Head. At the Nag's Head, Del Boy is able to convince Mike to accept £5 for a trayful of drinks as well as sell him a "hairdryer" (actually an electric paint stripper) by doing the "I can make you turn your hands over without touching you" trick. Mickey Pearce then reminds Rodney that he needs to get a proper job before his and Cassandra's child is born (Rodney accidentally quit his last job in "The Chance of a Lunchtime"). Later that night, while they are in bed, Del shows Raquel a new book he bought called "Modern Man", which Del thinks will turn him into a debonair when he meets Raquel's parents in the near future. Raquel then requests that Del give Rodney a proper job because of his impending fatherhood. Meanwhile, while they are in bed, Rodney tells Cassandra that Del has to stop making impulsive decisions. Del, however, has decided to have a vasectomy. The next morning at Nelson Mandela House, Rodney tells Albert about a job advert in the paper for a successful company. He picks up the phone and dials the company, but does not realise that he has called Del's new mobile phone. Del takes part in the conversation with the false identity of "Ivor Hardy" and talking in a strong Welsh accent, as well as explaining what his company sells; "anything it can get its hands on", and Rodney's job is to take the stuff to the market and sell it from a suitcase. Del enters the lounge and says in his own voice, "We're always on the lookout for dirty little plonkers like you!" Rodney realises that the job he wanted is already his, and that Del only placed that ad in the newspaper so that someone could help him while Rodney looks for a real job. Del accuses Rodney of trying to get rid of him when Rodney said that he had not got a brother to Del. Completely understanding about his younger brother's worried pride, Del promotes Rodney to Sales Director. The Trotter Brothers go to Sid's café to avoid a Sikh medic named Dr. Singh, who is looking for Del because of the faulty paint (whose expiration date was June 1983) he sold him. Del tells Rodney that he is getting a vasectomy, much to his younger brother's disgust. Sometime later, Del is in a medical clinic, ready for his vasectomy, and Dr. Singh is going to operate on him. Del screams loudly, and wakes up back in his own bed with Raquel. Del then decides to not have the vasectomy after all, and goes back to sleep. The next day, upon returning from the market, Rodney teases Del for backing out of the vasectomy. At that moment, Dr. Singh appears and demands that Del get rid of the faulty paint he sold him immediately. As the doctor leaves on a motor scooter, Del comments about him not wearing a crash helmet because of his turban. Rodney explains that it is a genuine legal exemption under UK law, which gives Del an idea. At 5:30pm that afternoon, Rodney is shown wearing a horse riding helmet with Raquel's scarf on it, which Del calls a "Trotter Crash Turban". Raquel and Rodney believe that the product will never catch on, while Albert receives a phone call for Rodney from Cassandra's bank informing them that Cassandra suffered a miscarriage. The Trotter Brothers quickly drive to the hospital and ask the sister about which room Cassandra is in. As they head off, a drunken man in the waiting room is harassing the hospital staff and its patients. As Del and Rodney arrive at Cassandra's room in theatre gowns, Del tells Rodney that he has to be patient and supportive as well as talk about the future, not the past or present. The Trotter Brothers enter, and Cassandra tearfully apologise. To Rodney's surprise, Del begins to cry uncontrollably. Rodney tries his best to calm his wife and tell her that things just happen. Del agrees and leaves the room tearfully. Cassandra then says that she lost the baby, but Rodney tells her that they will get through this. Cassandra smiles sweetly and hugs her husband. Back in the waiting room, the drunken man is still hassling the staff, and becomes even more abusive when Mike (who accidentally burned his forehead with the paint stripper Del sold him) is attended to before him. As Del enters the room to compose himself, he is offended by the drunken man's rudeness. Del silences the drunken man by punching him in the face. The impact from the hit causes the drunken man to sober up. Feeling relieved, Del says to a waiting patient, "I bet you wish you'd gone private!" then confidently leaves. Episode cast Music

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Martin Welzel (born November 11, 1972 in Vechta, West Germany) is a German organist, musicologist, and pedagogue. Biography Martin Welzel received his first musical training in Bremen, where Käte van Tricht (a former student of Karl Straube) was one of his teachers. Between 1993 and 2001, he studied organ with Daniel Roth and Wolfgang Rübsam, piano with Kristin Merscher, and harpsichord with Gerald Hambitzer at the Hochschule für Musik Saar in Saarbrücken. Later, he studied organ and harpsichord with Carole Terry at the University of Washington in Seattle and graduated with a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in 2005. During his graduate studies, he was the recipient of an Ambassadorial Scholarship from the Rotary Foundation. In 2006–2007, he was acting professor of organ at the Hochschule für Musik in Saarbrücken and lecturer of piano accompaniment at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich. He was associate organist at Munich Cathedral from 2021–2022. As a concert performer, he has played throughout Europe, in Russia, South Africa, and the United States, and has recorded organ works by Max Reger at Trier Cathedral for Naxos. Discography Bibliography

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