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1981 Romanian film Mercenaries' Trap (Romanian: Capcana mercenarilor) is a 1981 Romanian adventure drama war film, directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu. Cast

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Overview of and topical guide to fiction The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fiction: Fiction – narrative which is made up by the author. Literary work, it also includes theatrical, cinematic, documental, and musical work. In contrast to this is non-fiction, which deals exclusively in factual events (e.g.: biographies, histories). Semi-fiction is fiction implementing a great deal of non-fiction, e.g. a fictional description based on a true story. What type of thing is fiction? Elements of fiction Character Plot Setting Theme Style Types of fiction Literary fiction Genre fiction Genre fiction – plot-driven fiction Genres based on age of reader Genres based on subject matter Genres based on form Genres based on the length of the work Other genres Fictional elements History of fiction By content By form By length Uses of fiction Narrative technique Narrative technique – any of several specific methods the creator of a narrative uses to convey what they want — in other words, a strategy used in the making of a narrative to relay information to the audience and, particularly, to "develop" the narrative, usually in order to make it more complete, complicated, or interesting. See List of narrative techniques. Authors of fiction Fantasy fiction authors Horror fiction authors Science fiction authors Comic authors

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_tournament"}

The 2019 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament was the national championship tournament for men's college ice hockey in the United States. The tournament involved 16 teams in single-elimination play to determine the national champion at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the highest level of competition in college hockey. The tournament's Frozen Four – the semifinals and finals – were hosted by the MAAC at the KeyBank Center in Buffalo, New York from April 11–13, 2019. This was the second Frozen Four in the city of Buffalo, as it previously hosted in 2003. This was the first championship since 2007 to have multiple programs make their first NCAA tournament appearance (American International and Arizona State). Bowling Green State University made their first appearance in the NCAA tournament in 29 years, while for the first time since 1992 an Independent program (Arizona State) made the tournament. The tournament is as remembered for the lack of attendance as anything that happened on the ice. All semifinal and championship games had at least 5,000 fewer spectators than the building capacity (19,070) and the title game saw the lowest attendance since 2000. Though there was much discussion on the matter, a general consensus by fan bases was that the ticket prices of $200–$300 were far too high even for a championship game. Tournament procedure The tournament is composed of four groups of four teams in regional brackets. The four regionals are officially named after their geographic areas. The following are the sites for the 2019 regionals: March 29–30 Northeast Regional, SNHU Arena – Manchester, New Hampshire (Host: New Hampshire) West Regional, Scheels Arena – Fargo, North Dakota (Host: North Dakota) March 30–31 East Regional, Dunkin' Donuts Center – Providence, Rhode Island (Host: Brown) Midwest Regional, PPL Center – Allentown, Pennsylvania (Host: Penn State) The winner of each regional will advance to the Frozen Four: April 11/13 KeyBank Center – Buffalo, New York (Host: MAAC) Qualifying teams The at-large bids and seeding for each team in the tournament were announced on March 24. Teams were seeded according to their PairWise rankings (PWR) 1 thru 16 then matchups were adjusted to prevent teams from the same conference meeting in the first round. After the four groups were decided they were placed in regions as close, geographically, to the top seed as possible. The ECAC Hockey had four teams receive a berth in the tournament, the NCHC and Hockey East each had three teams receive a berth, the WCHA and Big Ten had two teams receive a berth, while one team from Atlantic Hockey received a berth. For the first time since 1992 an independent program, Arizona State, also received a tournament berth. Number in parentheses denotes overall seed in the tournament. Tournament bracket Note: * denotes overtime period Results West Region – Fargo, North Dakota Regional semifinal Regional Final Midwest Region – Allentown, Pennsylvania Regional semifinal Regional Final East Region – Providence, Rhode Island Regional semifinal Regional Final Northeast Region – Manchester, New Hampshire Regional semifinal Regional Final Frozen Four – KeyBank Center, Buffalo, New York National semifinal 2019 National Championship (MW1) Minnesota–Duluth vs. (NE1) Massachusetts All-Tournament team * Most Outstanding Player(s) Record by conference Media Television ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament for the fifteenth consecutive year. ESPN aired every game, beginning with the regionals, on ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNews, ESPNU, and ESPN3, which were streamed online via WatchESPN. In Canada, the tournament was broadcast by TSN and streamed on TSN Go. In the UK, the tournament was broadcast by BT Sport ESPN. Broadcast assignments Regionals Frozen Four Radio Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the Frozen Four and broadcast both the semifinals and the championship.

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American dramatist Tim Slover is an American playwright and professor of theatre studies at the University of Utah. Slover has a bachelor's degree in English from Brigham Young University and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. Besides widely performed plays, Slover also wrote the script for A More Perfect Union. His play "A March Tale" won the Association for Mormon Letters Award for Drama in 1995. Among his many plays is God's Fisherman a play about Wilford Woodruff. His work Joyful Noise about George Handel composing the Messiah, was first performed in 1998 at BYU and later by the Lamb's Players Theatre in San Diego, California. He left BYU to teach at Utah Valley University in the mid-1990s, and then at the University of Utah in 1999. Slover also wrote the script for the film Minerva Teichert: A Mission in Paint. Slover also wrote the book The Christmas Chronicles: The Legend of Santa Claus. Slover's play "Virtue" about Hildegard of Bingen received its world premiere at Plan-B Theatre Company in February 2017. Slover is a Latter-day Saint.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denain-Anzin"}

Denain-Anzin (Société des hauts-fourneaux, forges et aciéries de Denain et d'Anzin) was a steel manufacturer in Denain and Anzin in the Nord department of France. The company was created through the merger of two smaller forges to produce rails for the Nord railway company. After World War II it was merged with other companies in 1948 to form Usinor. Origins The Société Serret, Lelièvre et Cie was constituted in 1834 to build and run the Forges de Denain. The partners were Georges Serret, Isidore Charpentier-Odolant and Charles Lelièvre. Pierre François Dumont also participated. Serret and Dumont were also partners in the Forges de Raismes (Renaux, Dumant et Cie). The factory in Denain was located beside the Escaut river, which had been canalized between Valenciennes and Cambrai since 1775. The docks on the river were owned by the Compagnie des Mines d'Anzin, a coal mining operation, apart from one quay used by the steel factory. The Mines d'Anzin operated three coal mines 100 metres (330 ft) below the factory. The first coke-fired blast furnaces of the Forges de Denain began operations in 1836. In 1834 Benoît Vasseur, using external capital, asked for permission to build an iron factory at Anzin similar to that at Denain. Due to lack of money, Vasseur was unable to build a blast furnace and built only a forge and puddling furnaces. In 1842 he sold the business, the Forges et Laminoirs d'Anzin, to the Société de Commerce de Bruxelles, a subsidiary of the Société Générale de Belgique. This was a major bank associated with the Rothschilds that worked with Léon Talabot in the Nord. Both the Denain and Anzin companies had little difficulty training their workers, since there was a long history of mining and industry in the region. Construction of the Chemins de Fer du Nord drove the integration of small forges into rolling mills to supply rails. The Compagnie du chemin de fer du Nord was unable to import Belgian rails in 1846. To obtain a better supply, in 1849 the Talabots took control of the Denain and Anzin forges and merged them. Talabot combined the Forges et Laminoirs d'Anzin with the Serret, Lelièvre, Dumont et Cie company of Denain to form the Société des hauts-fourneaux et des forges de Denain et Anzin, the largest metallurgical company in the Nord Department. Pre-World War I Talabot managed Denain-Anzin after the merger. Georges Serret, who died in 1854, retained an important stake in the company. His second daughter married Hippolyte Waternau, an advocate, who became an administrator of the company. In 1849 Denain-Anzin had capital of 10 million francs. At the time of the merger there was no blast furnace at Anzin, while the Denain factory had three. By 1854 Denain-Anzin had five blast furnaces, of which two were in Anzin. A difficult period for the manufacturers of the north of France began in 1860, which they blamed entirely on the free-trade Cobden–Chevalier Treaty signed at the start of the year. In fact the problem was largely caused by depletion of local iron ore, which was causing the cost of production to rise fast. The imports from Britain and Belgium were not enough to be a significant threat to the iron industry, and imports of cheap coal and coke would have helped. In 1860 the Inspector-General of Mines, Charles Combes, wrote to the Minister of Commerce that the real goal of the Comite des Forges, of which Leon Talabot of Denain-Anzin was president, was to maintain the price of iron by using any arguments of threats they thought would work. In 1863 Hippolyte Waternau became director. Waternau was president of the Conférence Saint-Vincent-de-Paul. He introduced sisters of that charity to run several services for Denain-Anzin. Unlike the nearby coal mines, the demand for steel fluctuated widely, and until 1872 the company's finances were shaky. In the crisis of 1866–68 the company came close to bankruptcy, and was forced to lay off workers at both plants. In 1870 the company became a Société Anonyme. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 the company was unable to pay its workers in cash, but instead paid in vouchers on the company's food store. Paulin Talabot became president in 1872. In 1878 the company was part of a syndicate that obtain the 953 hectares (2,350 acres) Godbrange concession, and in 1890 obtained part of the neighboring Tiercelet concession. In 1879 Senelle-Maubeuge and Denain-Anzin bought the Côte-Rouge mining properties. In 1886 Senelle-Maubeuge and Denain-Anzin acquired the Jarny concession. In 1896 Robert de Nervo became chairman of the Denain-Anzin iron works, which he began to modernise. The Nervo family would make Denain-Anzin the fifth-largest steel producer in France by 1913. In 1902 Denain-Anzin started up a new steelworks using the Thomas process, the Aciérie Jordan, the largest in the Nord. This was one of the largest and most efficient Thomas steel mills in the country. The company absorbed the Compagnie des Charbonnages d'Azincourt on 12 July 1906 to ensure a supply of affordable coal. Denain-Anzin delayed electrification until about 1913, since the change required conversion of all its steam-based power plants. In the fifteen years before World War I (1914–18) the company invested 75 million francs. In 1913 Denain-Anzin produced 390,000 tons of steel, or 7.68% of total French steel production. The company produced only 17,000 tons of iron due to low demand and low profitability. In 1913 the company was the 17th largest publicly held manufacturing enterprise in France, and 8th largest primary metals company with assets of 64.1 million francs. The largest steel company, Marine et Homecourt, had assets of 120.7 million francs. World War I In 1917 the Société Mokta El Hadid and the Société des Hauts Fourneaux de Rouen agreed to form a joint venture to exploit the Boukhadra deposits in Algeria, which was supported by the minister Albert Thomas. However, the administration of Algerian governor Charles Lutaud submitted an alternative proposal to the government that required the company to build blast furnaces in Bône and to pay higher royalties to Algeria. The agreement and specifications for this project were signed early in 1918, with 85% of the capital supplied by Mokta and Hauts Fourneaux de Rouen, and 15% by Denain-Anzin and a consortium of Algerian banks. Two blast furnaces would be built with combined annual capacity of 80,000 tons. However, after Charles Jonnart returned to Algeria as governor the project was delayed and eventually cancelled. Later history The war damages act of 1919 took little account of the age of the facilities that had been destroyed. For Nord-Est, which had 80% new plant in 1914, it was a disaster. For Denain-Anzin, it was a boon, since obsolete plant could be replaced. The Denain factory was built in 1920 to produce rather more than 500,000 tons of steel per year, and would achieve a record of 2,419,631 tons in 1974. The company became a public limited liability company on 19 November 1920. Denain-Anzin built a railway line to Azincourt to carry coke from the mines there to the factory. Between 1928 and 1946 Denain-Anzin invested 75 million in its two factories. In the 1930s the company belonged to a cartel, the Comptoir Sidérurgique de France, which set quotas for each company's production of semi finished steel, structural shapes, merchant bars, thick plates and sheets. However, discipline was weak and the members often exceeded their quotas. Well before the 1948 merger with Nord-Est, the products manufactured by Denain-Anzin had slowly diverged from those by the Valenciennes division of Nord-Est, allowing each firm to scale up production in their speciality with reduced competition. For example, the two companies produced the same quantities of girders in 1930, but by 1936 Nord-Est produced six times as much as Denain-Anzin. After the June 1940 defeat of France during World War II (1939–45), a law of 16 August 1940 created Sidenor, the Groupement des Industries Side-rugiques du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Denain-Anzin and Nord-Est both came under the control of Sidenor, producing 80% of its steel. Usinor (Union Sidérurgique du Nord) was created on 1 July 1948 by a merger of Denain-Anzin with Nord-Est (Forges et Aciéries du Nord et de l'Est). In 1957 the company became "Denain-Anzin", and it absorbed the Société anonyme des tubes de Valenciennes et de Denain, the Compagnie des terres réfractaires françaises, the Société des argiles de la Brie, the Société Les réfractaires de Longueville and the Société des produits minéraux industriels. In 1965 it merged with the Société des forges et aciéries du Nord et de l'Est to form Denain-Anzin Nord-Est. Sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Obs"}

Weekly French newsmagazine L'Obs (French: [ɔps]), previously known as Le Nouvel Observateur (1964–2014), is a weekly French news magazine. Based in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, it is the most prominent French general information magazine in terms of audience and circulation. Its current editor is Cécile Prieur. History and profile The magazine was established in 1950 as L'Observateur politique, économique et littéraire. It became L'Observateur aujourd'hui in 1953 and France-Observateur in 1954. The name Le Nouvel Observateur was adopted in 1964. The 1964 incarnation of the magazine was founded by Jean Daniel and Claude Perdriel. Since 1964, Le Nouvel Observateur has been published by Groupe Nouvel Observateur on a weekly basis and has covered political, business and economic news. It features extensive coverage of European, Middle Eastern and African political, commercial and cultural issues. Its strongest areas are political and literary matters and it is noted for its in-depth treatment of the main issues of the day. It has been described as "the French intellectuals' parish magazine", or more pejoratively as "the quasi-official organ of France's gauche caviar [caviar left]". The magazine's internet site was launched by Patrick Fiole and Christina Sourieau in 1999. The magazine's new charter, adopted in June 2004 (on the 40th anniversary of its foundation), outlines the paper's principles: "The Nouvel Observateur is a cultural and political weekly whose orientation belongs within the general social-democratic movement. A tradition ever concerned with combining respect for freedom and the quest for social justice." Its current editorial board is headed by two of its co-founders, Jean Daniel and Claude Perdriel, two editors-in-chief, Laurent Joffrin and Serge Lafaurie [fr], and the director general, Jacqueline Galvez. André Gorz and other journalists who had left L'Express helped to found the publication. The owners of Le Monde purchased a 65% stake in the magazine in 2014. On 12 March 2014 the two co-directors of the press group, Laurent Joffrin and Nathalie Collin, resigned because the Nouvel Observateur was being sold to Le Monde. Alongside its editorial activities, the Nouvel Observateur group bought the online news site Rue89 in December 2011, becoming its only shareholder. On 23 October 2014, the magazine was renamed L’Obs and its layout was changed to include in-depth reports on investigations, stories and discussions of ideas. Related publications TéleObs is a supplement containing articles about TV and cinema. It was published every two weeks until October 2014, when it began to be published weekly. Challenges is an international business magazine published by Le Nouvel Observateur since 1982. Released every two weeks, it contains information on companies and their managers at the CEO level all around the world. Le Nouvel Observateur formerly published ParisObs, a general information supplement with a focus on Paris and the Île-de-France region, also published weekly. Circulation The circulation of Le Nouvel Observateur was 385,000 copies in 1981, 340,000 copies in 1987 and 370,000 copies in 1988. In 2001-2002, the magazine had a circulation of 471,000 copies. In 2010, its circulation was 502,108 copies, making it the best-selling European news magazine. The magazine had a circulation of 526,732 copies during the first half of 2013 and 460,780 copies in 2014.

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the Town of Bloomington is a town in Grant County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 399 at the 2000 census. The Village of Bloomington is located within the town. Names The town was first called Blake's Prairie, then later Tafton, before being renamed Bloomington ("blooming town"). Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 39.9 square miles (103.3 km2), of which, 36.4 square miles (94.2 km2) is land and 3.5 square miles (9.1 km2; 8.78%) is water. Demographics At the 2000 census there were 399 people, 130 households, and 99 families living in the town. The population density was 11.0 people per square mile (4.2/km2). There were 147 housing units at an average density of 4.0 per square mile (1.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.25% White, 0.50% from other races, and 0.25% from two or more races. 0.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 130 households 41.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.9% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 18.5% of households were one person and 8.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.61. The age distribution was 35.3% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males. The median household income was $27,679 and the median family income was $34,286. Males had a median income of $20,938 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,622. About 18.1% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 39.4% of those age 65 or over.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiteboarding_(disambiguation)"}

Look up kiteboarding, kiteboard, kitesurf, or kitesurfing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kiteboarding is a water-based, kite-powered sport Kiteboarding may also refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDA_Dijon_Basket"}

Basketball team in Dijon, France Jeanne d'Arc Dijon Basket, commonly known as JDA Dijon Basket or simply Dijon, is a professional basketball club from the city of Dijon, France. The club currently plays in the LNB Pro A, the French first tier division. The club has won the French Federation Cup twice, in 1993 and 2006. The club is named after Joan of Arc, a heroine in French history. History The club, named after Joan of Arc, was founded in 1880, as a sports club active in gymnastics, football, as well as cultural activities such as theatre. In the 2003–04 season, JDA reached the finals of the FIBA EuroCup Challenge, the continent's fourth tier level. In its first European final ever, Dijon lost to German club Mitteldeutscher BC, by a score of 68–84. Dijon played in the 2019–20 FIBA Champions League, marking its return to European-wide competitions for the first time since 2014. The team won the bronze medal after defeating Zaragoza in the third place game. In the 2020–21 season, Dijon reached the Finals of the LNB Pro A for the first time in club history, after defeating Monaco in the semi-final. In the single-game Finals, Dijon lost to ASVEL. Arena JDA Dijon Basket plays its home games at the Palais des Sports Jean-Michel Geoffroy, which has a seating capacity of 5,000. Honors and titles Domestic competitions European competitions Season by season Players Roster Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationality not displayed. Notable players Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationality not displayed.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_van_Hoof"}

Dutch politician Hendrikus Andreas Lambertus "Henk" van Hoof (born 9 November 1947) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and naval officer. Van Hoof served in the Royal Netherlands Navy from April 1965 until May 1981 and as a trade union leader for the Royal Association of Navy Officers from May 1981 until November 1991 and served as General-Secretary from July 1990 until November 1991. Van Hoof became a Member of the House of Representatives after Henk Koning was appointed as President of the Court of Audit, taking office on 5 November 1991. After the election of 1998 Van Hoof was appointment as State Secretary for Defence in the Cabinet Kok II, taking office on 3 August 1998. The Cabinet Kok II resigned on 16 April 2002 following the conclusions of the NIOD report into the Srebrenica massacre during the Bosnian War and continuing to serve in a demissionary capacity. After the election of 2002 Van Hoof returned as a Member of the House of Representatives, taking office on 23 May 2002. Following the cabinet formation of 2002 Van Hoof was not giving a cabinet post in the new cabinet and the Cabinet Kok II was replaced by the Cabinet Balkenende I on 22 July 2002. In Augustus 2002 Van Hoof announced that he wouldn't not stand for the election of 2003 and continued to serve until the end of the parliamentary term on 30 January 2003. In August 2003 Van Hoof was appointed as acting Mayor of Delfzijl after acting Mayor Annemarie Jorritsma was nominated as Mayor of Almere, serving from 16 August 2003 until 1 May 2004. Van Hoof was appointment as State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment in the Cabinet Balkenende II after Mark Rutte was appointment as State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science, taking office on 17 June 2004. The Cabinet Balkenende II fell on 30 June 2006 and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until it was replaced by the caretaker Cabinet Balkenende III with Van Hoof continuing as State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment, taking office on 7 July 2006. In August 2006 Van Hoof announced his retirement from national politics and that he wouldn't not stand for the election of 2006. The Cabinet Balkenende III was replaced by the Cabinet Balkenende IV on 22 February 2007. Van Hoof retired from active politic and became active in the private sector and public sector and occupies numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (Limburg Secondary Education association, Stichting Pensioenfonds Zorg en Welzijn) and as a trade association executive for the Industry and Employers confederation (VNO-NCW). Decorations

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Musical artist Santiago Rodriguez (born February 16, 1952) is a Cuban-American pianist. Rodriguez is an exclusive recording artist for Élan Recordings. His Rachmaninov recordings received the Rosette award in The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music and he is a silver medalist in the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition. Background Born on February 16, 1952, in Cárdenas, Cuba, Rodriguez began piano studies at age four with Nelson DeBerge. When Rodriguez was eight years old, he and his brother became part of Project Peter Pan, a project sponsored by Catholic Charities which brought Cuban children to America during Fidel Castro’s regime. Although his parents originally thought that they would be quickly reunited, it took six years for the parents to immigrate to America. He continued his piano lessons while living in the orphanage in New Orleans supported by money that his mother had sewn in his coat. When he was ten years old, Rodriguez debuted with the New Orleans Symphony Orchestra performing Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 27. Rodriguez completed his Bachelor of Music degree with William Race at the University of Texas and the Master of Music degree with Adele Marcus at the Juilliard School. After winning the silver medal at the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 1981, Rodriguez launched his international career. He has been featured on the ABC, NBC, PBS, CNN, BBC, CBC television networks. Concert career Highlights of Rodriguez's concert career include performances at venues such as Carnegie Hall, Schauspielhaus in Berlin, Leipzig’s Gewandhaus, Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, Montreal's Théâtre Maisonneuve, Alice Tully Hall in New York, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., and the Herbst Theatre in San Francisco. He has performed internationally with orchestras, including the London Symphony Orchestra, the Staatskapelle Dresden, the Staatskapelle Weimar, the Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra of Japan, the Tampere Philharmonic of Finland, the Berliner Symphoniker, the Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Baltimore, Seattle, Indianapolis, American Composers, as well as the Houston Symphony Orchestras, the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, D.C., and the American Symphony Orchestra at Avery Fisher Hall in New York. Festivals include the Santander Festival in Spain and the Ravenna Festival in Italy. As a chamber musician, Rodriguez has performed with the Guarneri Quartet, Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Ruggiero Ricci, Nathaniel Rosen, Walter Trampler, Ransom Wilson, Gervaise de Peyer, Aurora Nátola-Ginastera, and Robert McDuffie. Recordings Rodriguez records exclusively for Élan Recordings, a record company which he and his wife, Natalia Rodriguez, founded in 1985. He has recorded for the label works by Rachmaninov, as well as some of the Spanish composers in which he specializes. Other recordings he has made include works by Bach, Brahms, Ginastera, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, and Grieg. Selected discography Critical reception After performances, he has been called a "phenomenal pianist" by the New York Times and "one of the finest pianists in the world" by The Baltimore Sun. The Washington Post review included "Santiago Rodriguez is one of the finest pianists on the international scene. In an age in which classicism is revered, this Cuban-born pianist remains a fervent Romantic, spellbinding the audience with his warmth and Promethean fire." After a 2010 concert for the Festival Miami, his review included: "Rodriguez is a pianist of impeccable technique and refined artistic sensibilities. Every note is perfectly placed, his precision and attention to detail everywhere apparent." Santiago’s Rachmaninov recordings have consistently received rave reviews. In reviewing volume one of the Rachmaninov Series, The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music 2010 stated "...This is some Rachmaninov playing! Santiago Rodriguez is the real thing. For a moment, one imagines that Rachmaninov himself is at the keyboard. Rodriguez has something of Pletnev about him: wonderful authority and immaculate technical control, tremendous electricity as well as great poetic feeling. Outstanding in every way." In reviewing volume one and two of Rachmaninov, Bryce Morrison of Gramophone includes "Santiago Rodriguez, the Cuban-American virtuoso, is born for Rachmaninov, and I doubt whether any of the works on these two discs have often been played with such a spellbinding mix of high-born virtuosity and poetic glamour." In reviewing Rachmaninov 3rd/Prokofiev 3rd, the American Record Guide includes, "This brilliant American virtuoso takes charge immediately and steers his way through the entire concerto with blazing conviction, tremendous technical strength, unswerving concentration and galvanic excitement – but always under absolute control. Among current CDs of the Rachmaninov Third, this goes immediately to the top of the list. I’m familiar with over 60 commercially-issued recordings of the work, and I have no hesitation in placing Rodriguez/Tabakov in the top five." Dixon of Musical America reviewed it as "...The most positively macho, dramatic, and emotionally riveting performance within long memory. At last, we have among us a true artist quite unafraid of being a dramatic virtuoso, the greatest since Kapell." Rodriiguez’ Ginastera cd was reviewed in New York Magazine as "Ginastera’s brilliantly incisive music might have been written for the special talents of this pianist. The lyrical and percussive extremes of the composer’s distinctive style fully exploit Rodriguez’ remarkable combination of introspective, poetic delicacy and explosive virtuosity." Teaching career Rodriguez is active as a pedagogue and masterclass clinician. In 1977, Rodriguez began his teaching career at University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. In 1980, he joined the University of Maryland, College Park as Artist-in-Residence and Professor of Piano. He remained there until fall 2009, when he moved to Frost School of Music at the University of Miami as Chair of the Keyboard Department, Professor of Piano and Artist-in-Residence. Rodriguez is also active as a judge for major piano competitions. Most recently, he was Chair of the Jury at the William Kapell International Piano Competition and the San Antonio International Piano Competition. Sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loipersbach_im_Burgenland"}

Place in Burgenland, Austria Loipersbach im Burgenland (Hungarian: Lépesfalva) is a town in the district of Mattersburg in the Austrian state of Burgenland. Population

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasn%27t_Tomorrow_Wonderful%3F"}

1982 studio album by The Waitresses Wasn't Tomorrow Wonderful? is the debut album of new wave band the Waitresses, originally released in 1982 by Polydor, licensed from ZE Records. The album peaked at No. 41 in the Billboard 200 chart and included the earlier single "I Know What Boys Like". Reception AllMusic critic Ben Tausig, writing retrospectively, said that the album "was a unique and fairly important moment in early-'80s new wave", and noted that "lead singer Patty Donahue's singing ranged from a playful sexiness on the well-known hit "I Know What Boys Like" to a half-talk, half-yell with shades of post-punk groups like Gang of Four and the Raincoats on 'Pussy Strut' and 'Go On.' The guitar and bass were bizarre and funk-influenced in much the same way as other well-known Akron, OH, groups like Devo and the Pretenders". Track listing The original US release contained: Personnel with: Charts

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Species of gastropod Dickdellia labioflecta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Zerotulidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description The length of the shell varies between 5 mm and 7.5 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs off the South Shetlands and in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Convent,_Jerusalem"}

The Maronite Convent, also known as the Maronite Church or the Maronite Monastery, is a Maronite Catholic convent located on Maronite Convent Street 25 near the Jaffa Gate in the Armenian quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. Erected in 1895 as the only Maronite place of worship in the Old City of Jerusalem, it effectively serves as the cathedra of the Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine along with official residence of its archbishop. The compound, based on the residence built for the British consul in 1851, was later used as a hospital run by the Kaiserswerth Deaconesses, a German Protestant congregation, before being bought by Lebanese Maronites in the early 1890s. It comprises a Maronite chapel, as well as the Pilgrim's Guesthouse of Saint Maron (French: Foyer de Saint Maron), maintained by Maronite nuns from the Congregation of Saint Therese of the Child Jesus. In addition to that, it hosts a pilgrim organisation called Peregrinatio Jubilaum Jerusalem (PJJ), set up in 1999 by the Maronite Church in charge of organising tours.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teton_River_(Idaho)"}

River in Idaho, United States The Teton River is a 64-mile-long (103 km) tributary of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho in the United States. It drains through the Teton Valley along the west side of the Teton Range along the Idaho-Wyoming border at the eastern end of the Snake River Plain. Its location along the western flank of the Tetons provides the river with more rainfall than many other rivers of the region. History At the time of the arrival of the Europeans to the region in the 1820s, the area was inhabited by the Shoshone and various related tribes. The lushness of the Teton Basin provided prime area for the fur trade, attracting many other tribes to region, including the Nez Perce, Flathead and the Gros Ventre. At the time, the basin was part of the disputed Oregon Country. The resulting friction between the trading groups led to recurring skirmishes in the basin. In 1832, a trade rendezvous gone awry resulted in the Battle of Pierre's Hole between the Gros Ventre and a party of American trappers, led by William Sublette and aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies. In the brief but bloody battle at least twenty-six Gros Ventres were killed, including women and children, and perhaps a dozen whites and Flatheads. Sublette received severe injuries and returned east to the United States for medical care. The most famous modern incident along the river occurred on June 5, 1976 when the earthen Teton Dam in Teton Canyon collapsed, killing 11 people in the valley below. The force of water due to the dam failure destroyed the lower part of the Teton River, washing away riparian zones and reducing the canyon walls. This seriously damaged the stream ecology, and the native cutthroat trout population has been endangered. The force of the water and excessive sediment also damaged stream habitat in the Snake River and some tributaries. Watershed The Teton River watershed drains 1,133 square miles (2,930 km2), 806 square miles (2,090 km2) in Idaho and 327 square miles (850 km2) in Wyoming. The river mainstem is formed near Victor in Teton County, Idaho, near the Wyoming state line, by the confluence of Warm Creek (Trail Creek watershed) and Drake Creek. It is joined by several additional creeks that descend from surrounding Teton, Big Hole, and Snake River mountain ranges. The majority of flows to the Teton River come from tributaries draining the western flank of the Tetons, including Trail, Fox, Teton, and South Leigh creeks. Trail Creek descends along Highway 22 from the Caribou-Targhee National Forest in Idaho, meeting the other creeks from the south. The river flows north in a slow meandering course through a broad flat valley called the Teton Basin (formerly known as "Pierre's Hole"), flanked by the Teton Range to the east and the Big Hole Mountains to the west. Much of the river's upper course in the Teton Basin is surrounded by extensive wetlands. After emerging from the north end of the Teton Basin, the Teton River enters the nearly inaccessible Teton Canyon, approximately 25 miles (40 km) long, along the Teton-Fremont county line. There it is joined by Badger Creek and Bitch Creek from the east, then turns almost 90 degrees west, and is joined by Canyon Creek from the south. After passing through the failed Teton Dam site, north and east of Newdale, the Teton River bifurcates into two distributaries some four miles downstream, just north of Teton, one called the South Fork Teton River (also called the South Teton River) and the other called North Fork Teton River (also known as the Teton River). The South Teton River travels generally southwest until it joins Henry's Fork west of Rexburg at the southwest end of a large inland delta region on the Henry's Fork, essentially merging with the delta from the east as one of its channels. The Teton River itself (North Fork Teton) continues to travel west, where it joins the Henrys Fork at Warm Slough near Rexburg, approximately seven miles upstream of the confluence with the Snake River. Ecology The upper watershed between Victor and Driggs are key targets for restoration by the Friends of Teton River as they harbor the best spawning habitat for Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri). An Idaho Fish and Game study reported a 95% decline in Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) while non-native brook trout (Salvenlinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations increased by 300%. The Teton River is considered one of three remaining strongholds for YCT, which currently only survive in 27% of their former range in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Hybridization with nonnative rainbow trout has been the primary factor reducing YCT populations. Other factors include competition with nonnative brook trout and habitat degradation from water diversion, grazing, mining, timber harvest and development.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_wills"}

Wills have a lengthy history. Ancient Greece The Ancient Greek practice concerning wills was not the same in all places; some states permitted men to dispose of their estates, others wholly deprived them of that privilege. According to Plutarch, Solon "is much commended for his law concerning wills; for before his time no man was allowed to make any, but all the wealth of deceased persons belonged to their families; but he permitted them to bestow it on whom they pleased, esteeming friendship a stronger tie than kindred, and affection than necessity, and thus put every man's estate in the disposal of the possessor; yet he allowed not all sorts of wills, but required the following conditions in all persons that made them: Wills were usually signed before several witnesses, who put seals to them for confirmation, then placed them in the hands of trustees, who were obliged to see them performed. At Athens, some of the magistrates were very often present at the making of wills. Sometimes the archons were also present. Sometimes the testator declared his will before sufficient witnesses, without committing it to writing. Thus Callias, fearing to be cut off by a wicked conspiracy, is said to have made an open declaration of his will before the popular assembly at Athens. There were several copies of wills in Diogenes Laërtius, as those of Aristotle, Lyco of Troas, and Theophrastus; whence it appears they had a common form, beginning with a wish for life and health." Ancient Rome The development of Roman law furthered the modern understanding of wills and serves as the foundation to the inheritance law of many European countries, greatly aided later by canon law. The early Roman will differed from the modern will in important respects. It was effectual during the lifetime of the person who made it; it was made in public viva voce; all knew of the legator's intentions, the testator declaring his will in the presence of seven witnesses; and it could not be changed – these they called nuncupative wills; but the danger of trusting the will of the deceased to the memory of the living soon abolished these; and all wills were ordered to be in writing. The objective, as in adoption, was to secure the perpetuation of the family. This was done by securing the due vesting of the breed in a person who could be relied upon to keep up the family rites. There is much probability in the conjecture that a will was only allowed to be made when the testator had no known gentile relatives, unless they had waived their rights. The Romans were wont to set aside wills, as being inofficiosa, deficient in natural duty, if they disinherited or totally passed by (without assigning a true and sufficient reason) any of the children of the testator. But if the child had any legacy, though ever so small, it was a proof that the testator had not lost his memory nor his reason, which otherwise the law presumed. Hence probably has arisen that groundless, vulgar error of the necessity of leaving the heir a shilling, or some other express legacy, in order to effectually disinherit him; whereas the modern law, though the heir, or next of kin, be totally omitted, admits no querela inofficiosa, to set aside such will. It is certain from the text of Gaius that the earliest forms of will were those made in the comitia calata and those made in procinctu, or on the eve of battle. The former were published before the comitia, as representative of the patrician genies, and were originally a legislative act. These wills were the peculiar privilege of patricians. At a later time the form of plebeian will developed (irs/amentum per aes ci libram), and the law of testamentary succession was further modified by the influence of tile practor, especially in the direction of recognition of fideicommissa similar in some respects to testamentary trusts. Codicilli, or informal wills, also came into use and were sufficient for almost every purpose except for appointing an heir. In the time of Justinian a will founded partly on the jus civile, partly on the edict of the praetor, partly on imperial constitutions and so called testamentum tripertitum, was generally in use. The main points essential to its validity were that the testator should possess testamentary capacity, and that the will should be signed or acknowledged by the testator in the presence of seven witnesses, or published orally in open court. The witnesses must be idonei, or free from legal disability. For instance, women and slaves were not good witnesses. The whole property of the testator could not be alienated. The rights of heirs and descendants were protected by enactments which secured to them a legal minimum, the querela inofficiosi testamenti being the remedy of those passed over. The age at which testamentary capacity began was fourteen in the case of males, twelve in the case of females. Up to 439 A.D. a will must have been in Latin; after that date Greek was allowed. Certain persons, especially soldiers, were privileged from observing the ordinary forms. The liability of the heir to the debts of the testator varied during different periods. At first it was practically unlimited. The law was then gradually modified in favour of the heir, until in the time of Justinian the heir who duly made an inventory of the property of the deceased was liable only for the assets to which he had succeeded. This limitation of liability is generally termed by the civilians beneficium inventarii. Something like the English probate is to be found in the rules for breaking the seals of a will in presence of the praetor. Closely connected with the will was the donatio mortis causa, the rules of which have been as a whole adopted in England (see below). An immense space in the Corpus juris is occupied with testamentary law. The whole of part v. of the Digest (books xxviii.-xxxvi.) deals with the subject, and so do a large number of constitutions in the Code and Novels. Influence of Christianity In Christian tradition, Eusebius and others have related of Noah's testament, made in writing, and witnessed under his seal, by which he disposed of the whole world. Additionally, wills are spoken of in the Old Testament (in Genesis 48), where Jacob bequeaths to his son Joseph, a portion of his inheritance, double to that of his brethren. The effect of Christianity upon the will was very marked. For instance, the duty of bequeathing to the Church was inculcated as early as Constantine, and heretics and monks were placed under a disability to make a will or take gifts left by will. A will was often deposited in a church. The Canon law follows the Roman law with a still greater leaning to the advantage of the Church. No Church property could be bequeathed. Manifest usurers were added to the list of those under disability. For the validity of a will it was generally necessary that it should be made in the presence of a priest and two witnesses, unless where it was made in pias causes. The witnesses, as in Roman law, must be done. Gifts to the Church were not subject to the deductions in favour of the heir and the children necessary in ordinary cases. In England, the Church succeeded in holding in its own hands for centuries jurisdiction in testamentary matters. This is practically in accordance with the definition of Modestinus in Digest xxviu. I, 1, voluntatis nostrae justa sententia de eo quod quis post mortem suam fieri velit. Ancient Law, chap. vi. dii. ioi. In the Leges barbarorum, where they are unaffected by Roman law, the will, if it existed at all, was of a very rudimentary character. The will is, on the other hand, recognized by Rabbinical and Islamic law. Roman influence on English law The Roman law of wills has had considerable effect upon English law. In the words of Sir Henry Maine, "The English law of testamentary succession to personalty has become a modified English form of the dispensation under which the inheritances of law. Roman citizens were administered." At the same time there are some broad and striking differences which should be borne in mind. The following among others (as of 1911) may be noticed: Development of the law of wills in England Liberty of alienation by will is found at an early period in England. To judge from the words of a law of Canute, intestacy appears to have been the exception at that time. How far the liberty extended is uncertain; it is the opinion of some authorities that complete disposition of land and goods was allowed, of others that limited rights of wife and children were recognized. However this may be, after the Conquest a distinction, the result of feudalism, arose between real and personal property. It will be convenient to treat the history of the two kinds of will separately. Land It became the law after the Conquest, according to Sir Edward Coke, that an estate greater than for a term of years could not be disposed of by will, unless in Kent, where the custom of gavelkind prevailed, and in some manors and boroughs (especially the City of London), where the pre-Conquest law was preserved by special indulgence. The reason why devise of land was not acknowledged by law was, no doubt, partly to discourage deathbed gifts in mortmain, a view supported by Glanvill, partly because the testator could not give the devisee that seisin which was the principal element in a feudal conveyance. By means of the doctrine to uses, however, the devise of land was secured by a circuitous method, generally by conveyance to feoffees to uses in the lifetime of the feoffor to such uses as he should appoint by his will. Up to comparatively recent times a will of lands still bore traces of its origin in the conveyance to uses inter vivos. On the passing of the Statute of Uses lands again became non-devisable, with a saving in the statute for the validity of wills made before 1 May 1536. The inconvenience of this state of things soon began to be felt, and was probably aggravated by the large amount of land thrown into the market after the dissolution of the monasteries. As a remedy an Act was passed in 1540 (which came to be known as the Statute of Wills), and a further explanatory Act in 1542–1543. The effect of these Acts was to make lands held in fee simple devisable by will in writing, to the extent of two-thirds where the tenure was by knight service, and the whole where it was in socage. Corporations were incapacitated to receive, and married women, infants, idiots and lunatics to devise. An Act of 1660, by abolishing tenure by knight service, made all lands devisable, in the same vein the Statute of Frauds (1677) dealt with the formalities of execution. Up to this time simple notes, even in the handwriting of another person, constituted a sufficient will, if published by the testator as such. The Statute of Frauds required, inter alia, that all devises should be in writing, signed by the testator or by some person for him in his presence and by his direction, and should also be subscribed by three or four credible witnesses. The strict interpretation by the courts of the credibility of witnesses led to the passing of an Act in 1751–1752, making interested witnesses sufficient for the due execution of the will, but declaring gifts to them void. The will of a man was revoked by marriage and the birth of a child, of a woman by marriage only. A will was also revoked by an alteration in circumstances, and even by a void conveyance inter vivos of land devised by the will made subsequently to the date of the will, which was presumed to be an attempt by the grantor to give legal effect to a change of intention. As in Roman law, a will spoke from the time of the making, so that it could not avail to pass after-acquired property without republication, which was equivalent to making a new will. Copyholds were not devisable before 1815, but were usually surrendered to the use of the will of the copyhold tenant; an act of 1815 made them devisable simply. Devises of lands have gradually been made liable to the claims of creditors by a series of statutes beginning with the year 1691. Personal property The history of wills of personalty was considerably different, but to some extent followed parallel lines. In both cases partial preceded complete power of disposition. The general opinion of the best authorities is that by the common law of England a man could only dispose of his whole personal property if he left no wife or children; if he left either wife or children he could only dispose of one-half, and one-third if he left both wife and children. The shares of wife and children were called their pars rationabilis. This pars rationabilis is expressly recognized in Magna Carta and was sued for by the writ de rationabili parte. At what period the right of disposition of the whole personalty superseded the old law is uncertain. That it did so is certain, and the places where the old rule still existed—the province of York, Wales and the City of London—were regarded as exceptions. The right of bequest in these places was not assimilated to the general law until comparatively recent times by Acts passed between 1693 and 1726. A will of personalty could be made by a male at fourteen, by a female at twelve. The formalities in the case of wills of personalty were not as numerous as in the case of wills of land. Up to 1838 a nuncupative or oral will was sufficient, subject, where the gift was of £30 or more, to the restrictions contained in the Statute of Frauds. The witnesses to a written will need not be "credible," and it was specially enacted by an Act of 1705 that any one who could give evidence in a court of law was a good witness to a will of personalty. A will entirely in the testator's handwriting, called a holographic will, was valid without signature. At one time the executor was entitled to the residue in default of a residuary legatee, but the Executors Act 1830 made him in such an event trustee for the next of kin. Jurisdiction over wills of personalty was until 1858 in the ecclesiastical courts, probate being granted by the diocesan court if the goods of the deceased lay in the same diocese, in the provincial court of Canterbury (the prerogative court) or York (the chancery court) if the deceased had bona notabilia, that is, goods to the value of £5 in two dioceses. The ecclesiastical jurisdiction was of a very ancient origin. It was fully established under Henry II, as it is mentioned by Glanvill. In the city of London wills were enrolled in the Court of Hustings from 1258 to 1688 after having been proved before the ordinary. Contested cases before 1858 were tried in the provincial court with an appeal originally to the Court of Delegates, later to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. There were also a few special local jurisdictions, courts baron, the university courts, and others, probably for the most part survivals of the pre-Conquest period, when wills seem to have been published in the county court. The ecclesiastical courts had no jurisdiction over wills of land, and the common law courts were careful to keep the ecclesiastical courts within their limits by means of prohibition. No probate of a will of land was necessary, and title to real estate by will might be made by production of the will as a document of title. The liability of the executor and legatee for the debts of the testator has been gradually established by legislation. In general it is limited to the amount of the succession. Personal liability of the executor beyond this can by the Statute of Frauds only be established by contract in writing. Legislation Such were the principal stages in the history of the law as it affected wills made before 1838 or proved before 1858. The principal Acts in force in the early twentieth century were the Wills Act 1837, the amending Act of 1852, the Court of Probate Act 1857, the Judicature Acts 1873 and 1875, and the Land Transfer Act 1897. All but the Acts of 1837 and 1852 deal mainly with what happens to the will after death, whether under the voluntary or contentious jurisdiction of the Probate Division. The earliest on the statute roll is an Act of Henry III (1236), enabling a widow to bequeath the crops of her lands. Before the Wills Act 1837 uniformity in the law had been urgently recommended by the Real Property Commissioners in 1833. It appears from their report that at the time of its appearance there were ten different ways in which a will might be made under different circumstances. The Wills Act 1837 affected both the making and the interpretation of wills. Excluding the latter for the present, its main provisions were these: Rules of interpretation or construction depend chiefly on decisions of the courts, to a smaller extent on statutory enactment. The law was gradually brought into its present condition through precedents extending back for centuries, especially decisions of the court of chancery, the court par excellence of construction, as distinguished from the court of probate. The court of probate did not deal unless incidentally with the meaning of the will; its jurisdiction was confined to seeing that it was duly executed. The present state of the law of interpretation is highly technical. Some phrases have obtained a conventional meaning which the testators who used them probably did not dream of. Many of the judicial doctrines which had gradually become established were altered by the Wills Act 1837. Rules of interpretation founded on principles of equity independent of statute are very numerous. Some of the more important, stated in as general a form as possible, are these: A will may be void, in whole or in part, for many reasons, which may be divided into two great classes, those arising from external circumstances and those arising from the will itself. The main examples of the former class are revocation by burning, tearing, etc., by a later will, or by marriage of the testator (except as below), incapacity of the testator from insanity, infancy or legal disability (such as being a convict), undue influence and fraud, any one of which is ground for the court to refuse or revoke probate of a will. A will being ambulatory is always revocable, unless in one or two exceptional instances. Undue influence is a ground upon which frequent attempts are made to set aside wills. Its nature is well explained in a judgment of Lord Penzance's: "Pressure of whatever character, whether acting on the fears or the hopes, if so exerted as to overpower the volition without convincing the judgment, is a species of restraint under which no valid will can be made." There is nothing corresponding to the querela inofficiosi testamenti, but unnatural provisions may be evidence of mental defect. The circumstances appearing on the face of the will which make it open to objection may either avoid it altogether or create a partial intestacy, the will remaining good as a whole. Where the will is not duly executed, e.g. if it is a forgery or if it is not signed by the testator or the proper number of witnesses, the will is not admitted to probate at all. Where it contains devises or bequests bad in law, as in general restraint of marriage, or tending to create perpetuities, or contrary to public policy, or to some particular enactment, only the illegal part is void. A remarkable instance is a well-known case in which a condition subsequent in a devise was held void as against public policy, being a gift over of the estate devised in case the first devisee, the eldest son of an earl, did not before his death obtain the lapsed title of Duke of Bridgewater. At common law there could be no larceny of a will of lands. But by the Larceny Act 1861 stealing, injuring or concealing a will, whether of real or personal estate, was punishable with penal servitude for life. Forgery of a will (at one time a capital crime) rendered the offender liable to the same penalty. Fraudulent concealment of a will material to the title by a vendor or mortgagor of land or chattels is, by the Law of Property Amendment Act 1859, a misdemeanour punishable by fine or imprisonment or both. History of wills in other jurisdictions United States In the 21st century, eighteen is the typical age of testamentary capacity. Full liberty of disposition is not universal. In particular, many states normally grant spouses the right to at least half the estate regardless of what the will says (or if no will can be found). Some require that children cannot be disinherited without good cause. In many case, children omitted in a will may still take their share. Louisiana followed French law, by which the testator can under no circumstances alienate by will more than half his property if he leave issue or ascendants. In 1911, the husband's consent was sometimes required for a married woman's will to be valid, but this is no longer the case. Nuncupative and holographic wills are valid in some states, but are forbidden in others. The former are confined to personality and must generally be reduced to writing within a short time after the words are spoken. In Louisiana the mystic or sealed will still existed in 1911. The number of witnesses necessary for the validity of a will of any kind is usually two. Vermont, the last state to require three witnesses, changed its law in 2006. To be valid, witnesses must not be heirs under the will. In 1911, wills of soldiers and sailors were privileged, as in England. In modern U.S. law, wills are not required to be registered prior to death in most states, but are registered and put in the public record after the person making the will dies and the estate is probated. However, it is often still a good idea to have the signing and witnessing of a will notarized, to reduce the risk of disputes over the will's validity after death. Wills can be used to nominate guardians for minor children, but because children are not property, the will cannot have the final word on the question. Guardianship is decided by courts, though the usual outcome is that guardianship is awarded to the other surviving parent, or, if no parents survive, to the guardian nominated in the last surviving parent's will. Scotland (as of 1911) Up to 1868 wills of immovables were not allowed under Scots law. The usual means of obtaining disposition of heritage after death was a trust disposition and settlement by deed de praesenti, under which the truster disposed the property to trustees according to the trusts of the settlement, reserving a life interest. Thus something very similar to a testamentary disposition was secured by means resembling those employed in England before the Wills Act of Henry VIII. The main disadvantage of the trust disposition was that it was liable to be overthrown by the heir, who could reduce ex capite lecti all voluntary deeds made to his prejudice within sixty days of the death of his ancestor. In 1868 the Titles to Land Consolidation Act made it competent to any owner of lands to settle the succession to the same in the event of death by testamentary or mortis causa deeds or writings. In 1871 reduction ex capite lecti was abolished. A will of immovables must be executed with the formalities of a deed and registered to give title. The disability of a woman as a witness was removed by the Titles to Land Consolidation Act. As to wills of movables, there arc several important points in which they differ from corresponding wills in England, the influence of Roman law being more marked. Males may make a will at fourteen, females at twelve. A nuncupative legacy is good to the amount of £100 Scots (£8, 6s. 8d.), and a holograph testament is good without witnesses, but it must be signed by the testator, differing in this from the old English holograph. By the Conveyancing Act 1874 such a will is presumed to have been executed on the date which it bears. Not all movables can be left, as in England. The movable property of the deceased is subject to jus relictae and legitime. See McLaren, Wills and Succession, for the law, and Judicial Styles for styles. France (as of 1911) The law is mainly contained in art. 967–1074 of the French Civil Code. Wills in France may be of three kinds: Beneficiaries and their blood relations to the fourth degree may not be witnesses. Nuncupative wills are not recognized. Soldiers' and sailors' wills are subject to special rules as in most other countries. Full freedom of testation only exists when the testator has no ascendants or descendants, otherwise the disposable portion of his estate is constrained by the rules of forced heirship: if the testator has one child he may only dispose of half his estate, if two only one-third, if three or more only one-fourth; if he has no descendants but ascendants in both lines he may dispose of half, if ascendants in one line only he may dispose of three-fourths. The full age of testamentary capacity is 21 years, but minors over the age of 16 may dispose by will of half of the estate of which they could dispose had they been of full age. There is no restriction against married women making wills. Will substitutes such as will contracts or a pactum successorium (aka contract concerning succession) are invalid (art. 791 FrCC). The civil codes of southern continental Europe are in general accordance with French law. Germany (as of 1911) Most of the law will be found in the German Civil Code, ss. 2064–2273. A holograph will, either single or joint, is allowed. Other wills must be notarially executed, declared before a judge, or (if outside Germany) a consul. Two witnesses are required, unless the witness is a notary or a clerk of court (court registrar), any of whom will suffice. The formalities may be relaxed in certain cases, such as imminent death, a state of siege, a prevailing epidemic, etc. Freedom of testation is constrained by the rules of forced heirship: descendants, ascendants, and the spouse are all entitled to forced shares (aka legal right shares). Forced heirs may only be disinherited for certain specified kinds of misconduct. Will contracts are invalid; however, a pactum successorium (aka contract concerning succession) made inter vivos is valid in certain cases and will operate on the death of the deceased. The two main types of pacta successoria are the contractual disclaimer of interest (Erbverzichtvertrag) and deed of variation (Erbauskaufvertrag). Revoking a will works much the same as in England, except with respect to marriage. One particular form of revocation in Germany occurs when a will is found to be inconsistent with a pactum successorium; in such an event the will is wholly or pro tanto revoked. International law There are three main directions which the opinion of jurists and the practice of courts have taken, as of 1911: Testamentary capacity is generally governed by the law of the testator's domicile at the time of his death, the form of the instrument in most countries either by the law of his domicile or the law of the place where the will was made, at his option. The old rule of English law was to allow the former alternative only. The law was altered for the United Kingdom in 1861 by the Wills Act 1861 (known as Lord Kingsdown's Act), by which a will made out of the United Kingdom by a British subject is, as far as regards personal estate, good if made according to the forms required by the law of the place where it was made, or by the law of the testator's domicile at the time of making it, or by the law of the place of his domicile of origin. Subsequent change of domicile does not avoid such a will. Another act passed on the same day, the Domicile Act 1861, enacted that by convention with any foreign government foreign domicile with regard to wills could not be acquired by a testator without a year's residence and a written declaration of intention to become domiciled. By the same act foreign consuls may by convention have certain authority over the wills and property of subjects of foreign states dying in England. In the United States some states have adopted the narrow policy of enacting by statute the old common law rule, and providing that no will is valid unless made in the form required by the law of the state of the testator's domicile. The capacity of the testator, revocation and construction of a will, are governed by the law of the domicile of the testator at the time of his death—except in cases affected by Lord Kingsdown's Act, as he must be supposed to have used language in consonance with that law, unless indeed he express himself in technical language of another country. A good instance is Groos' Case (1904), Prob. 269, where it was held that the will of a Dutch woman (at the time of her death domiciled in England) duly made in Holland was not revoked by her marriage, that being no ground of revocation by the law of Holland. The persons who are to take under a will are decided by different rules according as the property is movable or immovable, the former being governed by the law of the domicile, the latter by the lex loci rei sitae. It was held, however, in 1881 by the court of appeal in England that, under the will of an Englishman domiciled in Holland, leaving personal property to children, children legitimated per subsequens matrimonium could take, as they were legitimate by the law of Holland, though not by the law of England (re Goodman's Trusts, 17 Ch. D. 266). This principle was carried further in re Grey's Trusts (1892), 3 Ch. 88, where it was held that a legitimated child was entitled to share in a devise of English realty. But it is to be noted that a person born out of lawful wedlock, though legitimated, could not succeed as heir to real estate in England as of 1911[update] (Birtwhistle v. Vardill, 2 Cl. and F. 895). A will duly executed abroad is generally required to be clothed with the authority of a court of the country where any property affected by the will is situate.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Michigan"}

Village in Michigan, United States Lyons is a village in Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 789 at the 2010 census. Most of the village is within Lyons Township. A small portion extends west into Ionia Township. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.35 square miles (3.50 km2), of which 1.22 square miles (3.16 km2) is land and 0.13 square miles (0.34 km2) is water. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 789 people, 297 households, and 209 families living in the village. The population density was 646.7 inhabitants per square mile (249.7/km2). There were 325 housing units at an average density of 266.4 per square mile (102.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 95.4% White, 0.4% African American, 0.3% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population. There were 297 households, of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.6% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.08. The median age in the village was 37.8 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.8% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.3% male and 47.7% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 726 people, 296 households, and 200 families living in the village. The population density was 596.7 inhabitants per square mile (230.4/km2). There were 311 housing units at an average density of 255.6 per square mile (98.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 95.73% White, 0.41% African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.83% from other races, and 2.20% from two or more races. 2.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 296 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.94. In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males. The median income for a household in the village was $39,191, and the median income for a family was $48,333. Males had a median income of $31,167 versus $23,864 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,629. 9.0% of the population and 5.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 12.4% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"}

Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (/kɔːrˈtɛs/; Spanish: [eɾˈnaŋ koɾˈtez ðe monˈroj i piˈθaro altamiˈɾano]; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish explorers and conquistadors who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue adventure and riches in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda (the right to the labor of certain subjects). For a short time, he served as alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous people against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter. She later bore his first son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of being punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died six years later of natural causes. Name Cortés himself used the form "Hernando" or "Fernando" for his first name, as seen in the contemporary archive documents, his signature and the title of an early portrait. William Hickling Prescott's Conquest of Mexico (1843) also refers to him as Hernando Cortés. At some point writers began using the shortened form of "Hernán" more generally. Physical appearance Weiditz's depiction of Cortés in 1529. Copy of a portrait of Cortés dated to the year 1525. In addition to the illustration by the German artist Christoph Weiditz in his Trachtenbuch, there are three known portraits of Hernán Cortés which were likely made during his lifetime, though only copies of them have survived. All of these portraits show Cortés in the later years of his life. The account of the conquest of the Aztec Empire written by Bernal Díaz del Castillo, gives a detailed description of Hernán Cortés's physical appearance: He was of good stature and body, well proportioned and stocky, the color of his face was somewhat grey, not very cheerful, and a longer face would have suited him more. His eyes seemed at times loving and at times grave and serious. His beard was black and sparse, as was his hair, which at the time he sported in the same way as his beard. He had a high chest, a well shaped back and was lean with little belly. — Bernal Díaz del Castillo Early life Cortés was born in 1485 in the town of Medellín, then a village in the Kingdom of Castile, now a municipality of the modern-day province of Badajoz in Extremadura, Spain. His father, Martín Cortés de Monroy, born in 1449 to Rodrigo or Ruy Fernández de Monroy and his wife María Cortés, was an infantry captain of distinguished ancestry but slender means. Hernán's mother was Catalína Pizarro Altamirano. Through his mother, Hernán was second cousin once removed of Francisco Pizarro, who later conquered the Inca Empire of modern-day Peru, and not to be confused with another Francisco Pizarro, who joined Cortés to conquer the Aztecs. (His maternal grandmother, Leonor Sánchez Pizarro Altamirano, was first cousin of Pizarro's father Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodriguez.) Through his father, Hernán was related to Nicolás de Ovando, the third Governor of Hispaniola. His paternal great-grandfather was Rodrigo de Monroy y Almaraz, 5th Lord of Monroy. According to his biographer and chaplain, Francisco López de Gómara, Cortés was pale and sickly as a child. At the age of 14, he was sent to study Latin under an uncle in Salamanca. Later historians have misconstrued this personal tutoring as time enrolled at the University of Salamanca. After two years, Cortés returned home to Medellín, much to the irritation of his parents, who had hoped to see him equipped for a profitable legal career. However, those two years in Salamanca, plus his long period of training and experience as a notary, first in Valladolid and later in Hispaniola, gave him knowledge of the legal codes of Castile that he applied to help justify his unauthorized conquest of Mexico. At this point in his life, Cortés was described by Gómara as ruthless, haughty, and mischievous. The 16-year-old youth had returned home to feel constrained life in his small provincial town. By this time, news of the exciting discoveries of Christopher Columbus in the New World was streaming back to Spain. Early career in the New World Plans were made for Cortés to sail to the Americas with a family acquaintance and distant relative, Nicolás de Ovando, the newly appointed Governor of Hispaniola. (This island is now divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Cortés suffered an injury and was prevented from traveling. He spent the next year wandering the country, probably spending most of his time in Spain's southern ports of Cadiz, Palos, Sanlucar, and Seville. He finally left for Hispaniola in 1504 and became a colonist. Arrival Cortés reached Hispaniola in a ship commanded by Alonso Quintero, who tried to deceive his superiors and reach the New World before them in order to secure personal advantages. Quintero's mutinous conduct may have served as a model for Cortés in his subsequent career. Upon his arrival in 1504 in Santo Domingo, the capital of Hispaniola, the 18-year-old Cortés registered as a citizen; this entitled him to a building plot and land to farm. Soon afterward, Governor Nicolás de Ovando granted him an encomienda and appointed him as a notary of the town of Azua de Compostela. His next five years seemed to help establish him in the colony; in 1506, Cortés took part in the conquests of Hispaniola and Cuba. The expedition leader awarded him a large estate of land and Taíno slaves for his efforts. Cuba (1511–1519) In 1511, Cortés accompanied Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, an aide of the Governor of Hispaniola, in his expedition to conquer Cuba. Velázquez was appointed Governor of New Spain. At the age of 26, Cortés was made clerk to the treasurer with the responsibility of ensuring that the Crown received the quinto, or customary one fifth of the profits from the expedition. Velázquez was so impressed with Cortés that he secured a high political position for him in the colony. He became secretary for Governor Velázquez. Cortés was twice appointed municipal magistrate (alcalde) of Santiago. In Cuba, Cortés became a man of substance with an encomienda to provide Indian labor for his mines and cattle. This new position of power also made him the new source of leadership, which opposing forces in the colony could then turn to. In 1514, Cortés led a group which demanded that more Indians be assigned to the settlers. As time went on, relations between Cortés and Governor Velázquez became strained. Cortés found time to become romantically involved with Catalina Xuárez (or Juárez), the sister-in-law of Governor Velázquez. Part of Velázquez's displeasure seems to have been based on a belief that Cortés was trifling with Catalina's affections. Cortés was temporarily distracted by one of Catalina's sisters but finally married Catalina, reluctantly, under pressure from Governor Velázquez. However, by doing so, he hoped to secure the good will of both her family and that of Velázquez. It was not until he had been almost 15 years in the Indies that Cortés began to look beyond his substantial status as mayor of the capital of Cuba and as a man of affairs in the thriving colony. He missed the first two expeditions, under the orders of Francisco Hernández de Córdoba and then Juan de Grijalva, sent by Diego Velázquez to Mexico in 1518. News reached Velázquez that Juan de Grijalva had established a colony on the mainland where there was a bonanza of silver and gold, and Velázquez decided to send him help. Cortés was appointed Captain-General of this new expedition in October 1518, but was advised to move fast before Velázquez changed his mind. With Cortés's experience as an administrator, knowledge gained from many failed expeditions, and his impeccable rhetoric he was able to gather six ships and 300 men, within a month. Velázquez's jealousy exploded and he decided to put the expedition in other hands. However, Cortés quickly gathered more men and ships in other Cuban ports. Conquest of Mexico (1519–1521) In 1518, Velázquez put Cortés in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. At the last minute, due to the old argument between the two, Velázquez changed his mind and revoked Cortés's charter. Cortés ignored the orders and, in an act of open mutiny, went anyway in February 1519. He stopped in Trinidad, Cuba, to hire more soldiers and obtain more horses. Accompanied by about 11 ships, 500 men (including seasoned slaves), 13 horses, and a small number of cannons, Cortés landed on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mayan territory. There he encountered Geronimo de Aguilar, a Spanish Franciscan priest who had survived a shipwreck followed by a period in captivity with the Maya, before escaping. Aguilar had learned the Chontal Maya language and was able to translate for Cortés. Cortés's military experience was almost nonexistent, but he proved to be an effective leader of his small army and won early victories over the coastal Indians. In March 1519, Cortés formally claimed the land for the Spanish crown. Then he proceeded to Tabasco, where he met with resistance and won a battle against the natives. He received twenty young indigenous women from the vanquished natives, and he converted them all to Christianity. Among these women was La Malinche, his future mistress and mother of his son Martín. Malinche knew both the Nahuatl language and Chontal Maya, thus enabling Cortés to communicate with the Aztecs through Aguilar. At San Juan de Ulúa on Easter Sunday 1519, Cortés met with Moctezuma II's Aztec Empire governors Tendile and Pitalpitoque. In July 1519, his men took over Veracruz. By this act, Cortés dismissed the authority of the Governor of Cuba to place himself directly under the orders of King Charles. To eliminate any ideas of retreat, Cortés scuttled his ships. March on Tenochtitlán In Veracruz, he met some of the tributaries of the Aztecs and asked them to arrange a meeting with Moctezuma II, the tlatoani (ruler) of the Aztec Empire. Moctezuma repeatedly turned down the meeting, but Cortés was determined. Leaving a hundred men in Veracruz, Cortés marched on Tenochtitlán in mid-August 1519, along with 600 soldiers, 15 horsemen, 15 cannons, and hundreds of indigenous carriers and warriors. On the way to Tenochtitlán, Cortés made alliances with indigenous peoples such as the Totonacs of Cempoala and the Nahuas of Tlaxcala. The Otomis initially, and then the Tlaxcalans fought with the Spanish in a series of three battles from 2 to 5 September 1519, and at one point, Diaz remarked, "they surrounded us on every side". After Cortés continued to release prisoners with messages of peace, and realizing the Spanish were enemies of Moctezuma, Xicotencatl the Elder and Maxixcatzin persuaded the Tlaxcalan warleader, Xicotencatl the Younger, that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them. In October 1519, Cortés and his men, accompanied by about 1,000 Tlaxcalteca, marched to Cholula, the second-largest city in central Mexico. Cortés, either in a pre-meditated effort to instill fear upon the Aztecs waiting for him at Tenochtitlan or (as he later claimed, when he was being investigated) wishing to make an example when he feared native treachery, massacred thousands of unarmed members of the nobility gathered at the central plaza, then partially burned the city. By the time he arrived in Tenochtitlán, the Spaniards had a large army. On November 8, 1519, they were peacefully received by Moctezuma II. Moctezuma deliberately let Cortés enter the Aztec capital, the island city of Tenochtitlán, hoping to get to know their weaknesses better and to crush them later. Moctezuma gave lavish gifts of gold to the Spaniards which, rather than placating them, excited their ambitions for plunder. In his letters to King Charles, Cortés claimed to have learned at this point that he was considered by the Aztecs to be either an emissary of the feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl or Quetzalcoatl himself – a belief which has been contested by a few modern historians. But quickly Cortés learned that several Spaniards on the coast had been killed by Aztecs while supporting the Totonacs, and decided to take Moctezuma as a hostage in his palace, indirectly ruling Tenochtitlán through him. Meanwhile, Velázquez sent another expedition, led by Pánfilo de Narváez, to oppose Cortés, arriving in Mexico in April 1520 with 1,100 men. Cortés left 200 men in Tenochtitlán and took the rest to confront Narváez. He overcame Narváez, despite his numerical inferiority, and convinced the rest of Narváez's men to join him. In Mexico, one of Cortés's lieutenants Pedro de Alvarado, committed the massacre in the Great Temple, triggering a local rebellion. Cortés speedily returned to Tenochtitlán. On July 1, 1520, Moctezuma was killed (he was stoned to death by his own people, as reported in Spanish accounts; although some claim he was murdered by the Spaniards once they realized his inability to placate the locals). Faced with a hostile population, Cortés decided to flee for Tlaxcala. During the Noche Triste (June 30 – July 1, 1520), the Spaniards managed a narrow escape from Tenochtitlán across the Tlacopan causeway, while their rearguard was being massacred. Much of the treasure looted by Cortés was lost (as well as his artillery) during this panicked escape from Tenochtitlán. Destruction of Tenochtitlán After a battle in Otumba, they managed to reach Tlaxcala, having lost 870 men. With the assistance of their allies, Cortés's men finally prevailed with reinforcements arriving from Cuba. Cortés began a policy of attrition towards Tenochtitlán, cutting off supplies and subduing the Aztecs' allied cities. During the siege he would construct brigantines in the lake and slowly destroy blocks of the city to avoid fighting in an urban setting. The Mexicas would fall back to Tlatelolco and even succeed in ambushing the pursuing Spanish forces, inflicting heavy losses, but would ultimately be the last portion of the island that resisted the conquistadores. The siege of Tenochtitlán ended with Spanish victory and the destruction of the city. In January 1521, Cortés countered a conspiracy against him, headed by Antonio de Villafana, who was hanged for the offense. Finally, with the capture of Cuauhtémoc, the tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán, on August 13, 1521, the Aztec Empire was captured, and Cortés was able to claim it for Spain, thus renaming the city Mexico City. From 1521 to 1524, Cortés personally governed Mexico. Appointment to governorship of Mexico and internal dissensions Many historical sources have conveyed an impression that Cortés was unjustly treated by the Spanish Crown, and that he received nothing but ingratitude for his role in establishing New Spain. This picture is the one Cortés presents in his letters and in the later biography written by Francisco López de Gómara. However, there may be more to the picture than this. Cortés's own sense of accomplishment, entitlement, and vanity may have played a part in his deteriorating position with the king: Cortés personally was not ungenerously rewarded, but he speedily complained of insufficient compensation to himself and his comrades. Thinking himself beyond reach of restraint, he disobeyed many of the orders of the Crown, and, what was more imprudent, said so in a letter to the emperor, dated October 15, 1524 (Ycazbalceta, "Documentos para la Historia de México", Mexico, 1858, I). In this letter Cortés, besides recalling in a rather abrupt manner that the conquest of Mexico was due to him alone, deliberately acknowledges his disobedience in terms which could not fail to create a most unfavourable impression. King Charles appointed Cortés as governor, captain general and chief justice of the newly conquered territory, dubbed "New Spain of the Ocean Sea". But also, much to the dismay of Cortés, four royal officials were appointed at the same time to assist him in his governing – in effect, submitting him to close observation and administration. Cortés initiated the construction of Mexico City, destroying Aztec temples and buildings and then rebuilding on the Aztec ruins what soon became the most important European city in the Americas. Cortés managed the founding of new cities and appointed men to extend Spanish rule to all of New Spain, imposing the encomienda system in 1524. He reserved many encomiendas for himself and for his retinue, which they considered just rewards for their accomplishment in conquering central Mexico. However, later arrivals and members of factions antipathetic to Cortés complained of the favoritism that excluded them. In 1523, the Crown (possibly influenced by Cortés's enemy, Bishop Fonseca), sent a military force under the command of Francisco de Garay to conquer and settle the northern part of Mexico, the region of Pánuco. This was another setback for Cortés who mentioned this in his fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy by his archenemies Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Diego Columbus and Bishop Fonseca as well as Francisco Garay. The influence of Garay was effectively stopped by this appeal to the King who sent out a decree forbidding Garay to interfere in the politics of New Spain, causing him to give up without a fight. Royal grant of arms (1525) Although Cortés had flouted the authority of Diego Velázquez in sailing to the mainland and then leading an expedition of conquest, Cortés's spectacular success was rewarded by the crown with a coat of arms, a mark of high honor, following the conqueror's request. The document granting the coat of arms summarizes Cortés's accomplishments in the conquest of Mexico. The proclamation of the king says in part: We, respecting the many labors, dangers, and adventures which you underwent as stated above, and so that there might remain a perpetual memorial of you and your services and that you and your descendants might be more fully honored ... it is our will that besides your coat of arms of your lineage, which you have, you may have and bear as your coat of arms, known and recognized, a shield ... The grant specifies the iconography of the coat of arms, the central portion divided into quadrants. In the upper portion, there is a "black eagle with two heads on a white field, which are the arms of the empire". Below that is a "golden lion on a red field, in memory of the fact that you, the said Hernando Cortés, by your industry and effort brought matters to the state described above" (i.e., the conquest). The specificity of the other two quadrants is linked directly to Mexico, with one quadrant showing three crowns representing the three Aztec emperors of the conquest era, Moctezuma, Cuitlahuac, and Cuauhtemoc and the other showing the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. Encircling the central shield are symbols of the seven city-states around the lake and their lords that Cortés defeated, with the lords "to be shown as prisoners bound with a chain which shall be closed with a lock beneath the shield". Death of his first wife and remarriage Cortés's wife Catalina Súarez arrived in New Spain around summer 1522, along with her sister and brother. His marriage to Catalina was at this point extremely awkward, since she was a kinswoman of the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, whose authority Cortés had thrown off and who was therefore now his enemy. Catalina lacked the noble title of doña, so at this point his marriage with her no longer raised his status. Their marriage had been childless. Since Cortés had sired children with a variety of indigenous women, including a son around 1522 by his cultural translator, Doña Marina, Cortés knew he was capable of fathering children. Cortés's only male heir at this point was illegitimate, but nonetheless named after Cortés's father, Martín Cortés. This son Martín Cortés was also popularly called "El Mestizo". Catalina Suárez died under mysterious circumstances the night of November 1–2, 1522. There were accusations at the time that Cortés had murdered his wife. There was an investigation into her death, interviewing a variety of household residents and others. The documentation of the investigation was published in the nineteenth century in Mexico and these archival documents were uncovered in the twentieth century. The death of Catalina Suárez produced a scandal and investigation, but Cortés was now free to marry someone of high status more appropriate to his wealth and power. In 1526, he built an imposing residence for himself, the Palace of Cortés in Cuernavaca, in a region close to the capital where he had extensive encomienda holdings. In 1529 he had been accorded the noble designation of don, but more importantly was given the noble title of Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca and married the Spanish noblewoman Doña Juana de Zúñiga. The marriage produced three children, including another son, who was also named Martín. As the first-born legitimate son, Don Martín Cortés y Zúñiga was now Cortés's heir and succeeded him as holder of the title and estate of the Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca. Cortés's legitimate daughters were Doña Maria, Doña Catalina, and Doña Juana. Cortés and the "Spiritual Conquest" of Mexico Since the conversion to Christianity of indigenous peoples was an essential and integral part of the extension of Spanish power, making formal provisions for that conversion once the military conquest was completed was an important task for Cortés. During the Age of Discovery, the Catholic Church had seen early attempts at conversion in the Caribbean islands by Spanish friars, particularly the mendicant orders. Cortés made a request to the Spanish monarch to send Franciscan and Dominican friars to Mexico to convert the vast indigenous populations to Christianity. In his fourth letter to the king, Cortés pleaded for friars rather than diocesan or secular priests because those clerics were in his view a serious danger to the Indians' conversion. If these people [Indians] were now to see the affairs of the Church and the service of God in the hands of canons or other dignitaries, and saw them indulge in the vices and profanities now common in Spain, knowing that such men were the ministers of God, it would bring our Faith into much harm that I believe any further preaching would be of no avail. He wished the mendicants to be the main evangelists. Mendicant friars did not usually have full priestly powers to perform all the sacraments needed for conversion of the Indians and growth of the neophytes in the Christian faith, so Cortés laid out a solution to this to the king. Your Majesty should likewise beseech His Holiness [the pope] to grant these powers to the two principal persons in the religious orders that are to come here, and that they should be his delegates, one from the Order of St. Francis and the other from the Order of St. Dominic. They should bring the most extensive powers Your Majesty is able to obtain, for, because these lands are so far from the Church of Rome, and we, the Christians who now reside here and shall do so in the future, are so far from the proper remedies of our consciences and, as we are human, so subject to sin, it is essential that His Holiness should be generous with us and grant to these persons most extensive powers, to be handed down to persons actually in residence here whether it be given to the general of each order or to his provincials. The Franciscans arrived in May 1524, a symbolically powerful group of twelve known as the Twelve Apostles of Mexico, led by Fray Martín de Valencia. Franciscan Geronimo de Mendieta claimed that Cortés's most important deed was the way he met this first group of Franciscans. The conqueror himself was said to have met the friars as they approached the capital, kneeling at the feet of the friars who had walked from the coast. This story was told by Franciscans to demonstrate Cortés piety and humility and was a powerful message to all, including the Indians, that Cortés's earthly power was subordinate to the spiritual power of the friars. However, one of the first twelve Franciscans, Fray Toribio de Benavente Motolinia does not mention it in his history. Cortés and the Franciscans had a particularly strong alliance in Mexico, with Franciscans seeing him as "the new Moses" for conquering Mexico and opening it to Christian evangelization. In Motolinia's 1555 response to Dominican Bartolomé de Las Casas, he praises Cortés. And as to those who murmur against the Marqués del Valle [Cortés], God rest him, and who try to blacken and obscure his deeds, I believe that before God their deeds are not as acceptable as those of the Marqués. Although as a human he was a sinner, he had faith and works of a good Christian, and a great desire to employ his life and property in widening and augmenting the fair of Jesus Christ, and dying for the conversion of these gentiles ... Who has loved and defended the Indians of this new world like Cortés? ... Through this captain, God opened the door for us to preach his holy gospel and it was he who caused the Indians to revere the holy sacraments and respect the ministers of the church. In Fray Bernardino de Sahagún's 1585 revision of the conquest narrative first codified as Book XII of the Florentine Codex, there are laudatory references to Cortés that do not appear in the earlier text from the indigenous perspective. Whereas Book XII of the Florentine Codex concludes with an account of Spaniards' search for gold, in Sahagún's 1585 revised account, he ends with praise of Cortés for requesting the Franciscans be sent to Mexico to convert the Indians. Expedition to Honduras and aftermath (1524–1541) Expedition to Honduras (1524–1526) From 1524 to 1526, Cortés headed an expedition to Honduras where he defeated Cristóbal de Olid, who had claimed Honduras as his own under the influence of the Governor of Cuba Diego Velázquez. Fearing that Cuauhtémoc might head an insurrection in Mexico, he brought him with him to Honduras. In a controversial move, Cuauhtémoc was executed during the journey. Raging over Olid's treason, Cortés issued a decree to arrest Velázquez, whom he was sure was behind Olid's treason. This, however, only served to further estrange the Crown of Castile and the Council of Indies, both of which were already beginning to feel anxious about Cortés's rising power. Cortés's fifth letter to King Charles attempts to justify his conduct, concludes with a bitter attack on "various and powerful rivals and enemies" who have "obscured the eyes of your Majesty". Charles, who was also Holy Roman Emperor, had little time for distant colonies (much of Charles's reign was taken up with wars with France, the German Protestants and the expanding Ottoman Empire), except insofar as they contributed to finance his wars. In 1521, year of the Conquest, Charles was attending to matters in his German domains and Bishop Adrian of Utrecht functioned as regent in Spain. Velázquez and Fonseca persuaded the regent to appoint a commissioner (a Juez de residencia, Luis Ponce de León) with powers to investigate Cortés's conduct and even arrest him. Cortés was once quoted as saying that it was "more difficult to contend against [his] own countrymen than against the Aztecs." Governor Diego Velázquez continued to be a thorn in his side, teaming up with Bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, chief of the Spanish colonial department, to undermine him in the Council of the Indies. A few days after Cortés's return from his expedition, Ponce de León suspended Cortés from his office of governor of New Spain. The Licentiate then fell ill and died shortly after his arrival, appointing Marcos de Aguilar as alcalde mayor. The aged Aguilar also became sick and appointed Alonso de Estrada governor, who was confirmed in his functions by a royal decree in August 1527. Cortés, suspected of poisoning them, refrained from taking over the government. Estrada sent Diego de Figueroa to the south. De Figueroa raided graveyards and extorted contributions, meeting his end when the ship carrying these treasures sank. Albornoz persuaded Alonso de Estrada to release Gonzalo de Salazar and Chirinos. When Cortés complained angrily after one of his adherents' hands was cut off, Estrada ordered him exiled. Cortés sailed for Spain in 1528 to appeal to King Charles. First return to Spain (1528) and Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca In 1528, Cortés returned to Spain to appeal to the justice of his master, Charles V. Juan Altamirano and Alonso Valiente stayed in Mexico and acted as Cortés's representatives during his absence. Cortés presented himself with great splendor before Charles V's court. By this time Charles had returned and Cortés forthrightly responded to his enemy's charges. Denying he had held back on gold due the crown, he showed that he had contributed more than the quinto (one-fifth) required. Indeed, he had spent lavishly to build the new capital of Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán, leveled during the siege that brought down the Aztec empire. He was received by Charles with every distinction, and decorated with the order of Santiago. In return for his efforts in expanding the still young Spanish Empire, Cortés was rewarded in 1529 by being accorded the noble title of don but more importantly named the "Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca" (Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca) and married the Spanish noblewoman Doña Juana Zúñiga, after the 1522 death of his much less distinguished first wife, Catalina Suárez. The noble title and senorial estate of the Marquesado was passed down to his descendants until 1811. The Oaxaca Valley was one of the wealthiest regions of New Spain, and Cortés had 23,000 vassals in 23 named encomiendas in perpetuity. Although confirmed in his land holdings and vassals, he was not reinstated as governor and was never again given any important office in the administration of New Spain. During his travel to Spain, his property was mismanaged by abusive colonial administrators. He sided with local natives in a lawsuit. The natives documented the abuses in the Huexotzinco Codex. The entailed estate and title passed to his legitimate son Don Martín Cortés upon Cortés's death in 1547, who became the Second Marquess. Don Martín's association with the so-called Encomenderos' Conspiracy endangered the entailed holdings, but they were restored and remained the continuing reward for Hernán Cortés's family through the generations. Return to Mexico (1530) and appointment of a viceroy (1535) Two copies of the same protrait, the original was likely made during his lifetime. The left copy is dated to the 17th century and the right copy was made by José Salomé Pina, c. 1879. This portrait is characterized by having a different armor than other portraits. Cortés returned to Mexico in 1530 with new titles and honors. Although Cortés still retained military authority and permission to continue his conquests, Don Antonio de Mendoza was appointed in 1535 as a viceroy to administer New Spain's civil affairs. This division of power led to continual dissension, and caused the failure of several enterprises in which Cortés was engaged. On returning to Mexico, Cortés found the country in a state of anarchy. There was a strong suspicion in court circles of an intended rebellion by Cortés. After reasserting his position and reestablishing some sort of order, Cortés retired to his estates at Cuernavaca, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Mexico City. There he concentrated on the building of his palace and on Pacific exploration. Remaining in Mexico between 1530 and 1541, Cortés quarreled with Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán and disputed the right to explore the territory that is today California with Antonio de Mendoza, the first viceroy. Cortés acquired several silver mines in Zumpango del Rio in 1534. By the early 1540s, he owned 20 silver mines in Sultepec, 12 in Taxco, and 3 in Zacualpan. Earlier, Cortés had claimed the silver in the Tamazula area. In 1536, Cortés explored the northwestern part of Mexico and discovered the Baja California peninsula. Cortés also spent time exploring the Pacific coast of Mexico. The Gulf of California was originally named the Sea of Cortés by its discoverer Francisco de Ulloa in 1539. This was the last major expedition by Cortés. Later life and death Second return to Spain After his exploration of Baja California, Cortés returned to Spain in 1541, hoping to confound his angry civilians, who had brought many lawsuits against him (for debts, abuse of power, etc.). On his return he went through a crowd to speak to the emperor, who demanded of him who he was. "I am a man," replied Cortés, "who has given you more provinces than your ancestors left you cities." Expedition against Algiers The emperor finally permitted Cortés to join him and his fleet commanded by Andrea Doria at the great expedition against Algiers in the Barbary Coast in 1541, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. During this campaign, Cortés was almost drowned in a storm that hit his fleet while he was pursuing the Pasha of Algiers. Last years, death, and remains Having spent a great deal of his own money to finance expeditions, he was now heavily in debt. In February 1544 he made a claim on the royal treasury, but was ignored for the next three years. Disgusted, he decided to return to Mexico in 1547. When he reached Seville, he was stricken with dysentery. He died in Castilleja de la Cuesta, Seville province, on December 2, 1547, from a case of pleurisy at the age of 62. He left his many mestizo and white children well cared for in his will, along with every one of their mothers. He requested in his will that his remains eventually be buried in Mexico. Before he died he had the Pope remove the "natural" status of four of his children (legitimizing them in the eyes of the church), including Martin, the son he had with Doña Marina (also known as La Malinche), said to be his favourite.[citation needed] His daughter, Doña Catalina, however, died shortly after her father's death. After his death, his body was moved more than eight times for several reasons. On December 4, 1547, he was buried in the mausoleum of the Duke of Medina in the church of San Isidoro del Campo, Sevilla. Three years later (1550) due to the space being required by the duke, his body was moved to the altar of Santa Catarina in the same church. In his testament, Cortés asked for his body to be buried in the monastery he had ordered to be built in Coyoacan in México, ten years after his death, but the monastery was never built. So in 1566, his body was sent to New Spain and buried in the church of San Francisco de Texcoco, where his mother and one of his sisters were buried. In 1629, Cortes's last male descendant Don Pedro Cortés, fourth Marquez del Valle, died. The viceroy decided to move the bones of Cortés along with those of his descendant to the Franciscan church in México. This was delayed for nine years, while his body stayed in the main room of the palace of the viceroy. Eventually it was moved to the Sagrario of Franciscan church, where it stayed for 87 years. In 1716, it was moved to another place in the same church. In 1794, his bones were moved to the "Hospital de Jesus" (founded by Cortés), where a statue by Tolsá and a mausoleum were made. There was a public ceremony and all the churches in the city rang their bells.[citation needed] In 1823, after the independence of México, it seemed imminent that his body would be desecrated, so the mausoleum was removed, the statue and the coat of arms were sent to Palermo, Sicily, to be protected by the Duke of Terranova. The bones were hidden, and everyone thought that they had been sent out of México. In 1836, his bones were moved to another place in the same building.[clarification needed] It was not until November 24, 1946, that they were rediscovered, thanks to the discovery of a secret document by Lucas Alamán. His bones were put in the charge of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). The remains were authenticated by INAH. They were then restored to the same place, this time with a bronze inscription and his coat of arms. When the bones were first rediscovered, the supporters of the Hispanic tradition in Mexico were excited, but one supporter of an indigenist vision of Mexico "proposed that the remains be publicly burned in front of the statue of Cuauhtemoc, and the ashes flung into the air". Following the discovery and authentication of Cortés's remains, there was a discovery of what were described as the bones of Cuauhtémoc, resulting in a "battle of the bones". On December 16, 1560, the lawsuits related to vassals of the Cortes estate were resolved by a royal order issued by Philip II. Taxa named after Cortés Cortés is commemorated in the scientific name of a subspecies of Mexican lizard, Phrynosoma orbiculare cortezii. Disputed interpretation of his life There are relatively few sources to the early life of Cortés; his fame arose from his participation in the conquest of Mexico and it was only after this that people became interested in reading and writing about him. Probably the best source is his letters to the king which he wrote during the campaign in Mexico, but they are written with the specific purpose of putting his efforts in a favourable light and so must be read critically. Another main source is the biography written by Cortés's private chaplain Lopez de Gómara, which was written in Spain several years after the conquest. Gómara never set foot in the Americas and knew only what Cortés had told him, and he had an affinity for knightly romantic stories which he incorporated richly in the biography. The third major source is written as a reaction to what its author calls "the lies of Gomara", the eyewitness account written by the Conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo does not paint Cortés as a romantic hero but rather tries to emphasize that Cortés's men should also be remembered as important participants in the undertakings in Mexico. In the years following the conquest more critical accounts of the Spanish arrival in Mexico were written. The Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas wrote his A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies which raises strong accusations of brutality and heinous violence towards the Indians; accusations against both the conquistadors in general and Cortés in particular. The accounts of the conquest given in the Florentine Codex by the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún and his native informants are also less than flattering towards Cortés. The scarcity of these sources has led to a sharp division in the description of Cortés's personality and a tendency to describe him as either a vicious and ruthless person or a noble and honorable cavalier. Representations in Mexico In México there are few representations of Cortés. However, many landmarks still bear his name, from the castle Palacio de Cortés in the city of Cuernavaca to some street names throughout the republic. The pass between the volcanoes Iztaccíhuatl and Popocatépetl where Cortés took his soldiers on their march to Mexico City. It is known as the Paso de Cortés. The muralist Diego Rivera painted several representation of him but the most famous, depicts him as a powerful and ominous figure along with Malinche in a mural in the National Palace in Mexico City. In 1981, President Lopez Portillo tried to bring Cortés to public recognition. First, he made public a copy of the bust of Cortés made by Manuel Tolsá in the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno with an official ceremony, but soon a nationalist group tried to destroy it, so it had to be taken out of the public. Today the copy of the bust is in the "Hospital de Jesús Nazareno" while the original is in Naples, Italy, in the Villa Pignatelli. Later, another monument, known as "Monumento al Mestizaje" by Julián Martínez y M. Maldonado (1982) was commissioned by Mexican president José López Portillo to be put in the "Zócalo" (Main square) of Coyoacan, near the place of his country house, but it had to be removed to a little known park, the Jardín Xicoténcatl, Barrio de San Diego Churubusco, to quell protests. The statue depicts Cortés, Malinche and their son Martín. There is another statue by Sebastián Aparicio, in Cuernavaca, was in a hotel "El casino de la selva". Cortés is barely recognizable, so it sparked little interest. The hotel was closed to make a commercial center, and the statue was put out of public display by Costco the builder of the commercial center. Cultural depictions Hernán Cortés is a character in the opera La Conquista (2005) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, which depicts the major episodes of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521. Writings: the Cartas de Relación Cortés's personal account of the conquest of Mexico is narrated in his five letters addressed to Charles V. These five letters, the cartas de relación, are Cortés's only surviving writings. See "Letters and Dispatches of Cortés", translated by George Folsom (New York, 1843); Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico" (Boston, 1843); and Sir Arthur Helps's "Life of Hernando Cortes" (London, 1871). His first letter was considered lost, and the one from the municipality of Veracruz has to take its place. It was published for the first time in volume IV of "Documentos para la Historia de España", and subsequently reprinted. The Segunda Carta de Relacion, bearing the date of October 30, 1520, appeared in print at Seville in 1522. The third letter, dated May 15, 1522, appeared at Seville in 1523. The fourth, October 20, 1524, was printed at Toledo in 1525. The fifth, on the Honduras expedition, is contained in volume IV of the Documentos para la Historia de España. Children Natural children of Don Hernán Cortés He married twice: firstly in Cuba to Catalina Suárez Marcaida, who died at Coyoacán in 1522 without issue, and secondly in 1529 to doña Juana Ramírez de Arellano de Zúñiga, daughter of don Carlos Ramírez de Arellano, 2nd Count of Aguilar and wife the Countess doña Juana de Zúñiga, and had: In popular culture

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Craig_School"}

Private school in Morris County, New Jersey, United States The Craig School is an independent, private coeducational day school located in Mountain Lakes and Montville, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States, serving students in second through twelfth grades. In the 2015-16 school year, the Lower School (grades 2-8 in Mountain Lakes) had 109 students and the High School (grades 9-12 in Boonton) had 28 students. As of the 2019–20 school year, the school had an enrollment of 127 students and 46.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 2.7:1. The school's student body was 80.3% (102) White, 9.4% (12) Black, 6.3% (8) Asian, 2.4% (3) Hispanic and 1.6% (2) two or more races. The Lower School director is Janet Cozine, the High School director is Dr. Eric Caparulo, and Dr. Kara A. Loftin is the Head of School. The Craig School was founded in 1980. The school specializes in the education of children who have encountered difficulty succeeding in the traditional classroom environment. The Craig School specializes in students limited to dyslexia, auditory processing disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, using a language-based curriculum. The Craig High School was added in 2000. In 2013, The Craig High School moved to new shared facilities at the Boonton High School. In September 2015, the school acquired its current Lower and Middle School facilities, and administrative building, located in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, from The Wilson School (which is now defunct). Following the purchase, The Craig School will begin a renovation program on the Mountain Lakes facilities, including the expansion of the school's Orton Gillingham teaching wing for students with dyslexia and related academic learning disabilities, science lab and technology teaching areas and art studio space. A new state-of-the-art occupational therapy room is also in the preliminary plan. The renovation program, which will be managed to avoid operational disruption, is expected to be completed by September 2016. Accreditation The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 2002and is accredited until July 2027. The Craig School is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools and New Jersey Association of Independent Schools. In 2010, The Craig High School formed its own chapter of the National Honor Society, and in 2012, formed its own chapter of the National Art Honor Society. Athletics On three Fridays during the month of January and into February, students are taken to ski or snowboard at Mount Peter in Warwick, New York, as part of the physical education program.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Comoros"}

As recently as the early 1980s, the Comoros had no national media. State-run Radio Comoros, transmitting from Grand Comore, was not strong enough to send clear signals to the republic's other two islands. In 1984 France agreed to provide Radio Comoros with funding for an FM (frequency modulation) transmitter strong enough to broadcast to all three islands, and in 1985 made a commitment to fund a national newspaper after a United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) study revealed that the Comoros was the only UN member lacking print and electronic media. A state-owned newspaper, Al-Watwan, began operations in July 1985, first as a monthly and soon afterward as a weekly. There are now a number of publications, either daily, such as La Gazette des Comores, or weekly, such as L'Archipel, an independent weekly which began publishing in 1988 and now appears intermittently. Al Balad, a daily published by CGH, is now defunct. A news agency, Agence Comores Presse, is based in Moroni. In addition to national broadcasts on FM in Comorian, Swahili and French, Radio Comoros in 1993 broadcast internationally on the shortwave band in Swahili, Arabic, and French, but shortwave services have now been suspended. There are a number independent commercial FM radio stations in the country, Radio Tropique FM, one of the first, began broadcasting in 1991, although it and its director, political activist Ali Bakar Cassim, have occasionally been the object of government ire. The ORTC (Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores), whose studios were funded by the Chinese government, now broadcasts both radio and television both free to air nationally and by cable and satellite in France. In 1989 the Comoros had an estimated 61,000 radios and 200 television sets. Freedom of Speech Representatives of the independent media have occasionally been rounded up along with other critics of the government during the republic's recurrent bouts of political crisis. However, freedom of speech is generally respected and outlets such as Radio Tropique FM and L'Archipel, which is noted for its satirical column, "Winking Eye", continue to provide independent political commentary.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna_Laba"}

Musical artist Marianna Laba (Ukrainian: Маріанна Лаба), born 7 September 1968) is a Ukrainian singer (soprano), Merited Artist of Ukraine, soloist of Lviv State Philharmonic and The Lviv House of Chamber and Organ music. Biography Marianna Laba was born on 7 September in Serebryanye Prudy, near Moscow in a family of professional musicians. Her father, originally from Chernivtsi region, was the headmaster of a music school then. Her mother, who was a Hungarian origin, sang in the choir led by the father. A few years later the family returned to Ukraine to settle in the town of Khust, Zakarpattia region. Marianna has been playing music since she was four. She studied to play the violin and the piano. From 1983 until 1987, she studied at Uzhhorod Music College, the violinist department. After she had graduated with excellent grades, she received a degree of an orchestra artist and the teacher of music. From 1987 until 1995, she studied at Lviv State Conservatory named after M.V.Lysenko at the department of opera and chamber singing. Since 1996, she has been the soloist of Lviv State Philharmonic, as well as the one of Lviv House of Organ and Chamber music (since 2002). Currently lives in Lviv, raising a son Christian. Music career As a student, being the soloist of "Krynytsia" and "Excelsior" bands, she toured Austria, Germany and Canada. While she was studying in Philharmonic, she participated in "Das Treffen" festival (Bayreuth 1992–1994), and in 1998 in the "Kommern Oper Gettingen" concerts in Germany. In 2000, she toured Italy together with Lviv National Opera and Ballet theatre named after S.Krushelnitska. She represented Ukraine on the numerous polish festivals, as well as on international festivals and forums in Austria, Germany, Canada, Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Germany. From 2008 until 2009, Marianna toured the cities of Spain with Academic symphonic orchestra of Lviv Philharmonic led by Aydar Torybayev within the program "Gala Strauss". Marianna's heritage includes numerous programmes, accompanied with organ, such as A.Vivaldi, J.S.Bach, G.F.Gendel, baroque music by D.Scarlatti, G.Paisiello, D.Pergolesi, A.Stradella, D.Cimarosa, F.Tostti and others. She collaborated with such conductors, as Yezhy Kozek, Woitek Mrozek (Poland), Dieter Wagner (Germany), Mattias Kendlinger (Austria), Gungardt Mattes (Switzerland), Yuriy Lutsiv, Serhiy Burko, Volodymyr Syvohip, Gennadiy Fis'kov, Roman Fylypchuk, Myron Yusypovich (Ukraine), Aydar Torybayev (Kazakhstan). Also she participated in Ukrainian-Polish project, supported by the president of Polish republic of staging the oratory of M.Soltys "Jan-Kazymyr's Oaths". Marianna Laba is an active participant of the national celebrations in Budapest, Hungary. As the artist, she represented Ukraine in Canadian and Belarusian embassies. She speaks 7 languages and does the translations of vocal parties of classical pieces from foreign languages into Ukrainian one. Since 2007 Marianna has revealed another side of music creativity. She became a lead singer of Lviv gothic metal band Polynove Pole ("The wormwood field"). That enabled her to attempt a new and more dynamic modern style of music. And the band itself moved to a higher level of creative activity and onstage performance.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Spirit_of_British_Columbia"}

MV Spirit of British Columbia is an S-class ferry, part of the BC Ferries fleet active along the British Columbia coast. It and Spirit of Vancouver Island represent the two largest ships in the fleet. The ship was completed in 1993 and serves the Tsawwassen–Swartz Bay route. In 2018, it underwent a mid-life refit that included conversion to a dual-fuel system that allows it to use either marine diesel oil or liquefied natural gas. Description Spirit of British Columbia is an S-class ferry that measures 167.5 m (549 ft 6 in) long overall and 156.0 m (511 ft 10 in) between perpendiculars with a beam of 32.9 m (107 ft 11 in). The vessel has a 18,747 gross tonnage (GT), 2,925 tons deadweight (DWT) and a displacement of 11,642 tonnes (11,458 long tons; 12,833 short tons). The gross tonnage later increased to 21,958 as of 2018. The ferry was initially powered by four MAN 6L40/54 diesel engines driving two shafts creating 21,394 horsepower (15,954 kW). Spirit of British Columbia has a maximum speed of 19.5 knots (36.1 km/h; 22.4 mph). In 2018, the ferry began a mid-life refit that involved changing the propulsion system to a dual-fuel system comprising four Wärtsilä 34DF dual-fuel engines which allows the ship to use either marine diesel oil or liquefied natural gas to power the ship. Further changes include navigation and propulsion equipment, steering and evacuation systems, lighting and air conditioning. Passenger areas were upgraded including the lounges, bathrooms and retail areas. The ferry has capacity for 2,100 passengers and crew and 358 automobiles. The ferry is equipped with lounges and cafes. Service history Spirit of British Columbia was constructed in two parts in British Columbia. The ferry's forepart was built by Allied Shipbuilders of North Vancouver with the yard number 254. The rest of the ship was constructed by Integrated Ferry of Esquimalt, British Columbia with the yard number 559. The two sections were joined and the vessel was launched on 17 April 1992 and completed in February 1993. Owned and operated by British Columbia Ferry Services Inc. along the British Columbia Coast, Spirit of British Columbia was assigned to the Tsawwassen–Swartz Bay route. From 2005 to 2006, the S-class ferries underwent major refits. In late 2017, Spirit of British Columbia departed for Poland to undergo its mid-life refit. The refit included conversion to dual-fuel propulsion. The $140 million refit was completed by Remontowa Ship Repair Yard in Gdańsk. The ferry returned to service in June 2018. Citations

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobot%C3%ADn"}

Municipality in Olomouc, Czech Republic Sobotín (German: Zöptau) is a municipality and village in Šumperk District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Klepáčov and Rudoltice are administrative parts of Sobotín. Geography Sobotín is located about 9 km (6 mi) northeast of Šumperk and 48 km (30 mi) north of Olomouc. It lies mostly in the Hanušovice Highlands. In the east, the municipal territory extends into the Hrubý Jeseník mountain range and includes the highest point of Sobotín at 1,125 m (3,691 ft) above sea level. History The first written mention of Sobotín is from 1351. The history of Sobotín is connected with the iron ore mining in the area. In 1844, the Klein family came into the village and had the local industrial building rebuilt into a castle. This family of German businesspeople was very active in the life of the municipality. They were expelled after World War II together with the German population of the municipality. On 1 January 2010, the new municipality of Petrov nad Desnou (including the village of Petrov nad Desnou and the settlement of Terezín) separated from Sobotín. Sights The historic landmarks of Sobotín are the Klein family mausoleum and the Sobotín Castle. The mausoleum, built in 1885, was inspired by the work of the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The castle was built after 1844 and adjacent lands were transformed into a nature park in which exotic trees were planted. Today the castle serves as a hotel. Gallery

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisy_Ma"}

Hong Kong figure skater Maisy Hiu Ching Ma (born November 18, 1999) is a Hong Kong figure skater. She has competed in the free skate at three ISU Championships. Career Ma's family moved to Beijing with her family when she was three years old. Her nursery school was next to an ice rink. She was entranced by the skaters and started skating herself for fun. Ma began skating in 2005. As a child, she was taught by Haijun Gao. 2013–14 season Ma began appearing on the junior international level in the 2013–14 season. After placing fifth at the Asian Trophy, she debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series, placing 6th in Gdańsk, Poland, in September 2013. She appeared at the 2014 World Junior Figure Skating Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, but did not advance to the free skate. She trained under Tammy Gambill in Riverside, California until the end of the season. 2014–15 season In the 2014–15 season, Ma was coached by Rafael Arutyunyan and Nadia Kanaeva in California. She appeared at the 2014 World Junior Figure Skating Championships in Tallinn, Estonia, but did not advance to the freeskate. 2015–16 season In the 2015–16 season, Ma joined Christine Krall and Damon Allen in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Making her senior international debut, she finished 11th at the U.S. International Classic, a Challenger Series (CS) event in September 2015. In January 2016, she won the senior silver medal at the Reykjavík International Games. In February, she competed at her first senior ISU Championship at 2016 Four Continents in Taipei, Taiwan. At the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary, she qualified for the final segment by placing 11th in the short and went on to finish 15th overall. 2016–17 season and after At the beginning of the 2017–18 season, Ma planned to participate in the Asian Figure Skating Trophy, but had to withdraw due to a recurring ankle injury. Programs Competitive highlights CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

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Sebkha-El-Coursia is a salt pan, locality and archaeological site in Tunisia. It was an ancient Roman Catholic diocese. History During antiquity the city was a civitas of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis called Giufi Salaria. During the Byzantine and Roman Empires, Sebkha-El-Coursia was also the seat of an ancient Christian episcopal see, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Carthage. Only two bishops of Giufi Salaria are known. Procolo a catholic attended the Council of Carthage (411), and Bennato who participated in the anti-monothetalism Council of Carthage (646). Today Giufi Salaria survives as titular bishopric and the current bishop is Herman Willebrordus Woorts, of Utrecht.

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Flam is a surname. Notable people with the surname (or its variant Flahm) include:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampronia_rupella"}

Species of moth Lampronia rupella is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in most of Europe, with the exception of Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, the Iberian Peninsula, Croatia and Slovenia. The wingspan is 13–16 mm. The larvae feed on Asteraceae species.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hagelberg"}

1813 battle during the War of the Sixth Coalition The 'Battle of Hagelberg (also: Battle of Lübnitz) took place on 27 August 1813, following the Battle of Grossbeeren and in the run-up to the Battle of Leipzig during the War of the Sixth Coalition. A Prussian force of mostly Landwehr militia, together with Russian Cossacks, destroyed a French, Saxon and Westphalian force of 8,900 men. Prelude In August 1813, the Napoleonic troops under Marshal Oudinot wanted to take Berlin and thus obtain a favorable starting point for negotiations with the Allies. This plan failed on 23 August 1813 in the Battle of Großbeeren. In order to support Oudinot's troops near Berlin, a larger unit of foot soldiers, cavalry and artillery - around 8,900 men, mainly French, Saxon and Westphalian soldiers - came from the fortress of Magdeburg under division general Jean-Baptiste Girard. Since they did not arrive in time, they struck their camp west of Belzig. When securing the camp, they paid particular attention to the east, because they feared attacks by Cossacks of the Russian army in front of Belzig. The camp was poorly secured to the west. Battle For a surprise attack on this camp from the east, the Prussian general Karl Friedrich von Hirschfeld gathered troops near Görzke, including four line battalions, fourteen Landwehr battalions and twelve squadrons of Landwehr cavalry that had previously been in western Brandenburg. On the evening of 26 August he had concentrated 10,350 infantry, 960 cavalrymen and 11 guns. The next morning a forester from Steindorf near Lübnitz led the way for, Hirschfeld's contingent through the forest towards Hagelberg. Around 2 p.m. they reached the edge of the forest to the west of the camp, stood up in a makeshift position and attacked somewhat hastily. For the inexperienced Landwehr, the battle threatened to come to a bad end several times. Energetic officers like Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich August von der Marwitz succeeded time and again in putting the units in order. Since it had been raining since noon, the powder and rifles had often become damp, so that the soldiers mostly fought with bayonets and rifle butts. After 5 p.m., heavy rain barely allowed gunfire and a bloody scuffle broke out on a garden wall in the north of Hagelberg. Russian Cossacks under General Alexander Chernyshyov, who were quartered in nearby Belzig, were able to decide the battle in favor of Prussia by intervening. The Saxon contingents on the French side then went over to the Prussian side. After 6 p.m. the troops of General Girard, who had meanwhile been seriously wounded, began to retreat towards Magdeburg. An energetic pursuit did not take place due to the general exhaustion on the part of the Prussians. This role was taken over by the Cossacks who attacked the French in Wiesenburg that night. They were able to capture a gun and take numerous prisoners. The Prussian losses were 1,759 dead and wounded, while only around 3,000 French were able to reach Magdeburg unharmed. The French corps had practically ceased to exist, with 1,700 men returning to Magdeburg. The battle, actually just a skirmish, was one of the first missions of the newly created Landwehr and confirmed the value of this force. After the battle, a total of 136 Iron Crosses were awarded: 80 to officers, 30 to NCOs and 26 to enlisted men. Citations Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharavati"}

River in Karnataka, India Sharavati is a river which originates and flows entirely within the state of Karnataka in India. It is one of the few westward flowing rivers of India and a major part of the river basin lies in the Western Ghats. The famous Jog Falls, located about 25km from Siddapura, are formed by this river. The river itself and the region around it are rich in biodiversity and are home to many rare species of flora and fauna. Origin and topography The river Sharavati originates at a place called Ambutheertha in the Thirthahalli taluk. According to ancient legend, the god Rama shot at the ground with his Ambu (translates to bow and arrow) because his wife, Sita, was thirsty. When his arrow hit the ground, water poured out (translates to Thirtha) and quenched her thirst. Because the river, according to the legend, originated with this event, the river is called "Sharavati" as "Shara" translates to arrow. The total length of the river is around 128 km (80 mi) and it joins the Arabian Sea at Honnavar in Uttara Kannada district. On its way, the Sharavati forms the Jog Falls where the river falls from a height of 253 m. The river is dammed at Linganamakki; the portion of the river above the dam is upstream and the remaining is downstream. The major tributaries of the river are Nandihole, Haridravathi, Mavinahole, Hilkunji, Yennehole, Hurlihole, and Nagodihole. Sharavati river basin falls into two districts of Karnataka namely Uttara Kannada and Shimoga. The upstream river basin is extended to two taluks i.e, Hosanagar and Sagar. The entire basin has an area of 2,985.66 km2 (1,153 sq mi) with upstream being 1,988.99 km2 (768 sq mi) and the downstream being 996.67 km2 (385 sq mi). Geology The river basin mainly consists of Pre-Cambrian rocks. The two major groups of rocks found in the Sharavati river basin are the Dharwar system and the peninsular gneiss. Soils in the Sharavati basin are mainly lateritic in origin and tend to be acidic and reddish to brownish in colour. The various type of soil found here are clay loamy, clayey, clayey-skeletal, and loamy. Four soil orders are found in the upstream river basin: ultisols, alfisols, inceptisols and entisols. Climate Rainfall With a major part of the river lying in the Western Ghats, the Sharavati river basin receives a large amount of rainfall. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 6000 mm in the western side to 1700 mm in the eastern side of the basin. About 95% of the rainfall is received during the month of June to September (July being the rainiest) when the southwest monsoon is at its peak. There is some rainfall in the post monsoon season in the form of thundershowers mostly during October and some rainfall also occurs during the summer months of April and May. Temperature April is usually the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 35.8 °C and the mean daily minimum at 22.2 °C. Humidity During the morning, the relative humidity exceeds 75% for most times of the year. During the months of monsoon, the relative humidity during the afternoons is approximately 60%. During the driest months (January to March), the relative humidity in the afternoon is less than 35%. Dams Linganamakki dam The Linganamakki dam located in the Sagar taluk has a length of 2.4 km (1 mi) and was constructed across the Sharavati river in 1964. It was designed to impound 4368 million cubic meter of water in an area of around 300 km2 (116 sq mi), submerging 50.62 km2 (20 sq mi) of wetland and 7 km2 (3 sq mi) of dry land, the remaining being forest land and wasteland. The dam's height is 1,819 feet (554 m) above sea level. The total capacity of the reservoir is 152 TMC (Thousand Million Cubicfeet). It has a catchment area of nearly 1,991.71 km2 (769 sq mi). It receives water mainly from rainfall and also from the Chakra and Savahaklu reservoirs, which are linked through Linganamakki through a canal. The water from Linganamakki dam flows to Talakalale Balancing Reservoir through a trapezoidal canal with a discharge capacity of 175.56 cubic metres per second. The length of this channel is about 4318.40 m with a submersion of 7.77 km2 (3 sq mi). It has a catchment area of about 46.60 km2 (18 sq mi). The gross capacity of the reservoir is 129.60 cu meters. Gerusoppa dam The Gerusoppa dam project was completed in 2002 with the main purpose of generation of electricity. It was constructed near the Gerusoppa village in the Uttara Kannada district. It has a height of 56 metres and a length of 545 metres.[citation needed] The Power House on the right bank of the Gerusoppa dam consists of four Francis-type turbines coupled to the generating units of 60 MW each. The units are configured to operate at a design head of 47.5 m. An outdoor switchyard is located between the toe of the dam and the power house. Power from the outdoor yard is evacuated through a 220 kV double circuit transmission line connected to the state grid at Talaguppa.[citation needed] The Gerusoppa Project is a KPC project and the Civil Chief Engineer at the time of completion of the project was K L Krishnamurthy. This is one of the projects constructed by R. N. Shetty under the name Naveen Mechanised Construction Company Private Limited. The Present Chief Engineer (Electrical) is Shivaji . The main power house was constructed by Mr.Chinna Nachimuthu.[citation needed] Waterfalls Jog Falls Jog Falls is the highest waterfall in India if the single drop water fall and the volume of water are considered for height. Otherwise, it is the third highest waterfall in India (after Kunchikal Falls and Barkana Falls); all three are located in Shivamogga district. The Sharavati river plunges 253 meters (830 ft) into a deep gorge here in four different segments called as Raja, Roarer, Rocket and Rani. The volume of water that reaches Jog Falls is controlled upstream by the Linganamakki dam, and the falls are at their mightiest when water is released from the dam. Flora and fauna The Sharavati river basin is rich in biodiversity. In a survey conducted in the basin, 23 amphibians belonging to the families of Bufonidae, Ichthyophiidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae and Rhacophoridae were recorded. Of these, 15 species are endemic to the Western Ghats. The river lends its name to the following species of fish that have been discovered in its waters: In 2011, two new species of diatoms were discovered from Hirebhaskeri Dam of Sharavati River. Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary A part of the Sharavati river basin was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 20 April 1972. Spread over an area of 431.23 km2 (166 sq mi), it has dense evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Linganamakki reservoir, with an area of 128.7 km2 (50 sq mi), is a part of this sanctuary. The remaining area has been divided into core zone (74.33 km2.), buffer zone (170.67 km2) and tourism zone (57.53 km2). The altitude in the sanctuary varies from 94 m to 1102 m, the highest point being Devarakonda on the southern edge of the sanctuary. Temperatures range from 15° to 38 °C and the mean annual rainfall is 4500 mm. Flora The sanctuary has mainly evergreen, semi-green and some moist deciduous forests. Trees in the evergreen forest include species such as Dipterocarpus indicus, Calophyllum tomentosum, Machilus macrantha, Caryota urens and Aporosa lindleyana. In the semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, common species include Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Hopea parviflora, Dalbergia latifolia, Dillenia pentagyna, Careya arborea, Emblica officinalis, Randia sp., Terminalia sp. and Vitex altissima. Fauna The sanctuary is a refuge of the endangered lion-tailed macaque. Other mammals include tiger, leopard (black panther), wild dog, jackal, sloth bear, spotted deer, sambar, barking deer, mouse deer, wild boar, common langur, bonnet macaque, Malabar giant squirrel, giant flying squirrel, porcupine, otter and pangolin. Reptiles include king cobra, python, rat snake, crocodile and monitor lizard. Some of the avian species found in the sanctuary include three species of hornbill, paradise flycatcher, racket-tailed drongo and Indian lories and lorikeets. Places of interest Honnemaradu Honnemaradu is an island on the reservoir formed by the Linganamakki dam. It is located in the Sagar taluk of Shimoga district. This place is popular for water sports, such as canoeing, kayaking and wind surfing. Bird-watching enthusiasts also visit this place.

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The term post-blackness is a philosophical movement with origins in the art world that attempts to reconcile the American understanding of race with the lived experiences of African Americans in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Origins of the term Post-blackness as a term was coined by Thelma Golden, director of Studio Museum in Harlem, and conceptual artist Glenn Ligon to describe, as Touré writes, “the liberating value in tossing off the immense burden of race-wide representation, the idea that everything they do must speak to or for or about the entire race.” In the catalogue for "Freestyle", a show curated by Golden at the Studio Museum in Harlem, she defined post-black art as that which includes artists who are “adamant about not being labeled ‘black’ artists, though their work was steeped, in fact deeply interested, in redefining complex notions of blackness.” In his book, Who's Afraid of Post Blackness? What it Means to be Black Now, Touré, uses this term to describe black identity in the 21st century. According to Touré it is nowadays difficult to find a clear definition of what is black in terms of African-American culture. The post-black generation differentiates itself by the former one in the way they grew up. Their parents grew up in segregation, having to fight for equal rights. Touré claims that blackness became a constructed identity, to defend themselves efficiently as a group. He calls it “boxed into niggerdom”.(21) The attempt to define it results most often in the mixing up of definitions to find an identity in culture or in biological terms. This results often in racial patriotism, racial fundamentalism or racial policing. Additionally, post-blackness has not only to deal with the definition of being black, but with the authenticity of blackness. Touré comes to the point that blackness is too difficult and is too wide-ranging to have a simple definition. However, he does not say that post-blackness signifies the end of blackness, but allows for variation in what blackness means and can mean to be accepted as the truth. He differentiates between post-blackness and post-racial: in his opinion race still does exist, and he warns against conflating it with post-racial: post-racial would suggest colorblindness, and the claim that race does not exist or that society would be beyond the concept of race; in his opinion, this would be a naïve understanding of race in America. Touré sees post-blackness as such: “We are like Obama: rooted in but not restricted by Blackness”. Duke Literature and African-American Studies Professor Wahneema Lubiano defines post-black as the time when “you are no longer caught by your own trauma about racism and the history of Black people in the United States”. UC Santa Cruz professor Derek Conrad Murray claims that there was a “dogmatic transference of trauma”. Today there are identity liberals as well as identity conservatives, who still try to define and preserve a chosen definition of blackness. According to Touré, this search for an identity derives from being constantly reminded, as a black person, of the status of the other. Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye is a famous literary example of this. Facts and statistics In 2003, Forbes magazine may have proclaimed Oprah Winfrey the country's first black woman billionaire, but still most of the black middle class was in this period part of the lower middle class. Since the election of president Barack Obama, Darryl Pinckney is claiming, it has become apparent that being black middle-class is not as elitist as it used to be. The new black elite has become so large that being middle-class has become quite normal. Eugene Robinson states in Disintegration: The Splintering of Black America (2010) that it is not the black poor who are trying to redefine black America. He claims that “pre-civil right one-nation black America” does not exist anymore, and that blacks do not share anything more than a few symbols left over from civil rights history. The black mainstream is now part of the economic and cultural mainstream of America. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, on the other hand, states in the 2010 report that the median income of blacks had fallen from $32,584 to $29,328, compared to the national median income of $49,777. So while 43.7 percent of whites were categorized as middle-class, the percentage of black middle-class fell to 38.4 percent. The rest of the black population was divided into 29 percent working-class and 23.5 percent living in poverty. Definitions of blackness Blackness has been defined in many ways. The following are examples which tried to define Blackness through inheritance or political or cultural rules. Authenticity of blackness This term is used define the division that is being made by blacks themselves, in terms of what is authentically or genuinely black. Sexual orientation, regional variety, geographical diversity, class location or religion can be a reason for exclusion from a particular black group and their beliefs. A single “black identity” may have served well in times of slavery but is in his opinion not sufficient to serve as a means to define race. Blackness, or who and what is black, has been tried to define in sociological, biological or political terms. Authenticity of blackness in hip-hop music Authenticity in hip-hop music refers to whether or not artists exhibits exemplary identification with blackness as it pertains to historical struggle. The idea of authenticity in hip-hop is fluid and ever-changing. An artist's authenticity is inextricably linked with the artists' blackness. A fluid depiction of whiteness causes there to be more defining and re-defining of what blackness is as black people are marked as a racial "other" by the changing parameters of whiteness. The Kinship Schema In Race and Mixed Race The Kinship Schema, Naomi Zack attempts to explain why a person is considered black or white: “If a person has a black parent, a black grandparent, or a black greatn -grandparent (where n represents any number of past generations), then that person is designated black. But if a person has a white parent, or three white grandparents, or Z white greatn -grandparents (where Z is any odd number and n still represents any number of past generations), then that person is not thereby designated white.” According to this definition, a person is white if no black ancestors exist, whereas one black person (or non-white person) in the line makes or person black, or at least not white anymore. This is a rather new development; Willard B. Gatewood writes that between 1850 and 1915, white America moved from overlooking “some blackness in a person” to classifying persons with “one iota of color” as black. Naomi Zack concludes thus that according to this Schema, since white is also defined in terms of blackness, American racial categories are interdependent: American racial categories are, since they thus do not give any positive definition of blackness, groundless and have no empirical foundation. She argues that racial designations refer to physical characteristics of individuals, which were for one inherited from their forebears but also inherent in people in a physical way. So if someone is being called “black” in common American usage, this does not only refer to the looks of the person defined but about the looks of all black people and how the person resembles them. What is perceived as typically black is what scientists now view as the mythology of race which is nowadays closely intertwined with the historical conditions under which the now-disproved scientific theories of race were formulated. W.E.B. Du Bois (who was aware of the lack of an empirical foundation in nature for the concept of race), suggested that the black race was a concept made up by white people. However, du Bois and other important writers in the black emancipatory tradition resist racism on the basis of their own acceptance of the concept of race. “ They argue that their educational, moral, social, legal, and economic deficits in comparison to whites are not physically inherited or necessarily acquired. But there is n sustained objection to ordinary racial designations within the tradition of black emancipation.” The Kinship Schema can also be witnessed in popular culture. Famous actresses who are considered as being black, therefore representing African American Culture, are often only partly black, proving the Kinship Schema. Pam Grier and Halle Berry are both considered as black actresses and connected in some ways as well to Black pride, but both are only partly black: Mia Mask writes in Divas on Screen (2009) that Grier served both as a phenomenon of consumption (consumed by audience-consumers), as well as a phenomenon of production (produced by industrial institutions like American International Pictures). Therefore, Grier was both an object of the gaze and a subject of narrative action in films, promoting the image of African American Women. This image was partly constructed by white people in addition that Grier was only partly black, in fact a mixture of American, Indian and African American heritage. Halle Berry is partly German, Irish, English and African American. Their careers show another side of post- blackness; if Obama and Winfrey show the post- blackness in their multi-linguality, Grier and Berry are signifiers of American Popular Culture and how black women are being perceived. Eugene Robinson and the renaming of black classes Eugene Robinson (journalist) renames the black classes by defining blackness through social classes. There is the Emergent class: African immigrants who are ascending on the social level by outperforming Asian students at the university level, for example. Then the Abandoned, or the underclass: blacks who are trapped by low income in neighborhoods and schools where it is impossible to project a decent future. The Mainstream: they may work in integrated settings but still lead socially all-black lives. The Transcendent: “a small but growing cohort with the kind of power, wealth, and influence that previous generations of African Americans could never have imagined.” Robinson hopes that the Transcendent class will provide leaders, like Du Bois´ Talented Tenth over a century ago. But Robinson's expectations contradict his own evidence: blacks do not feel race solidarity the way they did at one time. He cites a 2007 Pew poll that said 61 percent of blacks don't believe that the black poor and the black middle class share common values. Examples in American culture Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey Touré claims that to have “Black success”, multi-linguality is necessary: the ability to be able to switch between different ways of Blackness. Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey are prime examples for that, switching between different roles of Black identity. He claims that Blackness may be an important part of them, but that Blackness does not dominate their persona. Both are able to switch between different modes of being black, so that they “can trust and also be trusted by European-Americans” but at the same time be able to “display the many forms of blackness when the occasion demands”. The word 'nigga' Post-blackness cannot only be witnessed through individuals in culture, but also in its language. The word nigga and its cultural development is an example for this: The usage of the word nigga nowadays shows additionally another side of post-blackness in American Society. The term is not only used in America, but by blacks globally, sometimes annoying white Americans. The word is not taboo if it is used by people within the Black Diaspora; its meaning is an expression of kinship between Black people, and derogatory if used by whites. Criticism Orlando Patterson Patterson concludes that the sole common experience for blacks in post-blackness is “nothing more” than shared experiences in everyday life: to live with and overcome “old-fashioned racism” and learning to live with the white gaze. He sees therefore a close resemblance to Alan Dershowitz's theory of “the Tsuris Theory of Jewish Survival”; in that he claims that American Jews are always in need of “external troubles and imagined enemies” to maintain their identity. Darryl Pinckney Pinckney states that although black people may be in the mainstream now, black history is not, the prime example being the killing of Trayvon Martin. Henry Louis Gates Jr. calls the recognition scene, when the young boy realizes that he is different, Trayvon Martin's moment of instruction. There he must have realized that “the white world sees black people as different, no matter how blacks feel inside—has a history, one that yanks everybody back a step”. Touré takes the more sensationalistic term for Gates´ moment of instruction the “nigger wake-up call”. Also, in his opinion, Touré represents “the anti-essentialist idea of blackness, a discourse of privilege, far from the race feeling that said if it happens to one of us, it happens to all of us”. Pinckney reminds the reader that history is not so long ago after all, even if black people want to forget. Touré seems to leave out that racism is not for all blacks the same. He writes from the perspective of a privileged black person. Michelle Alexander In her book The New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander writes about how the War on Drugs is today's extension of America's overseer-style management of black men. She claims that like Vagrancy Laws were a form of social control, today this happens in form of the War on Drugs, which target minorities. Randall Kennedy Kennedy agrees with Touré's idea that no black should feel excluded due to issues of “blackness authenticity”. He disagrees however with the point that it is always wrong for blacks to question the “fidelity to black America” of other blacks. He adds that Stephen L. Carter wrote in Confessions of an Affirmative Action Baby that "loving our people and loving our culture does not require any restriction on what black people can think or say or do or be ... " When Touré refers to “our commonality” it is thus not clear what he means; if all can be black, then it is open what exactly this commonality includes. Kennedy states that boundaries and discipline are always fundamental aspects of a community; therefore Touré and his allies are trying to escape what basically defines a community. If there are no boundaries, there is no community. He too criticizes Touré for the perspective he is writing from: he himself is a “preppy talking, privileged black man”. Touré also voices an instrumental patriotism when he refers to the black man's “American-ness”. Kennedy thinks that a person can be indeed de-blacked (a term coined by Washington University Professor Kimberly Jade Norwood), and that a person who pursues a course of conduct that convincingly demonstrates the absence of even a minimal communal allegiance, should be rightly excluded. Another point is racial authenticity: although Kennedy agrees that whether black people are skiing or not is not the point of authenticity, he disagrees with Touré that everything is authentic: one should differentiate between specious and defensible notions of racial authenticity; out of frustration with the former, Touré throws out the latter. Abdul Ali Ali wrote in The Washington Independent Review of Books that Touré is writing like he himself has unresolved issues with his own blackness, rather than dealing with Black identity from a neutral point of view. He verifies this thesis by pointing at the 105 people who were interviewed by Touré to give a definition on blackness: all are either celebrities or upper class, lacking any “normal persons” like workers, immigrants or such, therefore lacking any diversity. Furthermore, he stresses the point that Touré writes about not having ever had a “typical black experience”, like his father did. This statement combined with the lack of “ordinary people” in his interviews makes Ali conclude that Touré ´s lack of perspective from “ordinary” black folks in this work” raises the question of whether the author is pandering to the white gaze by showing an über-sophisticated list of interview subjects, and not black people in our diversity”. The critic concludes that Touré has no real idea what Blackness is and that “we’re not post-black: just as we’re not post-American”. Ben Daité Daité writes in ‘Post-Blackness’ Within A Racial America? Relations To Black Cinema that no authentic black person would talk about or try to define blackness. Persons like Touré or Henry Louis Gates are struggling with their own identities, “constantly plugging our ears with the, ‘we are black too!’”. The critic acknowledges that the margins of slavery have been more clearly defined in the times of slavery than now, but that according to Malcolm X this is only evidence of the dilution he warned of. If Touré argues that there is no post.racial America, then Daité concludes, a post-blackness is not even possible. Touré is writing from a privileged point of view, disregarding the Color Line. Competing and comparable theses Post-blackness stresses the point that there are many different ways of defining what black is, but that they are all right. There are also some ideas not about how the borders of blackness blur, but that the borders of all races start to blur in a way in which post-blackness would not be an issue anymore: Melissa V. Harris-Perry's Sister Citizen Melissa Harris-Perry, a political science professor at Tulane University, deals with the unique experiences of African American women. Black women have been constrained throughout history by three stereotypes: the nurturing mammy, the lascivious Jezebel and the stiff-necked, unyielding matriarch. These archetypes are according to her additional obstacles compared to black men. “Strong is the default category for describing black women,” she writes. “But the myth leaves them sicker, less satisfied and more burdened than any other group.” According to her African American women are being “misrecognized” by society and by themselves; blackness in America is marked by shame that makes blacks view themselves as malignant. As a result, to escape that shame, black women are often politically involved. For example, in a literary way like Zora Neale Hurston or Ntozake Shange. In her opinion it is not only white people responsible for this; a lot of responsibility lies in the black community itself, through black liberation theology's silence on gender or the gender inequality in Christian churches in general; women's achievements in the civil rights movement have not been acknowledged enough or sometimes not at all. Most of the limitations today have not been placed by white people, but by the expectations of black women (or people in general) on themselves. "The Declining Significance of Race" by Wilson "The Declining Significance of Race" is an article by William Julius Wilson, (reprinted from Society Jan./Feb. 1978) written in 1978. In this article he stresses that the economic sphere, class has become more important than race. He acknowledges that the traditional forms of racial segregation and discrimination still exist in contemporary America and that when the article was written blacks still were not welcomed into some private institutions and social arrangements like residential areas or private social clubs. Therefore, the black underclass still had the same problems, but privileged blacks came into a zone were the rules of economy were stronger than the rules of class. Wilson therefore defines three stages of American class relations to explain how this was made possible. In those three stages the relationship of whites and blacks in America changed due to historical, political and economical events: The three stages of American class relations in short: Criticism: According to Darryl Pinckney, this thesis that in the modern industrial system the economic position had much more influence on a black person's life than his race was not well received by black critics: it failed to address institutional racism and systemic inequality. The season of extreme black rhetoric may have coincided with the doubling of the size of white middle class, because of new laws mandating equal employment. Still in order to be considered middle class, black families needed two incomes compared to whites with one. Black women could enter white-collar jobs like secretarial and clerical work, since they were also jobs exclusively for women. A black man, to earn a comparable income to a white man, needed more education and needed also to be in a higher occupation than a white man.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Yunaan"}

Maldivian film actor Mohamed Yunaan (born 26 May 1991) is a Maldivian film actor. Career Prior to his official career debut with Aishath Rishmy-directed romantic drama Bos (2017), Yunaan acted in few office teledramas. In Bos he portrayed the role of an IT specialized intelligent blackmailer who turns into a depressed man following the downturn of love. Penned and produced by Fathimath Nahula, Yunaan termed the film as his "dream project" since he was raised in "Nahula's melodramatic universe". Nahula's selection to rope in Yunaan as the male lead was met with controversy, although she considered it as the "most firm and best decision" she took for the film. Upon release, the film and his character met with mixed reviews from critics. Aishath Fareeha reviewing from Sun appraised his performance and noted that his "innocent face" is a fortune to deliver the "right emotion". However, Avas in its film review wrote: "Even though this is his debut performance, I would personally rate a zero to his acting ability as he fails to bring forth the required emotion". The film emerged as the highest grossing Maldivian film of 2017. In 2019, he again collaborated with Rishmy for Ravee Farooq-directed web television series Ehenas which follows the experiences of a long-term domestic and sexually abused male victim and how he faces the societal obstacles of marriage. The series and his performance as a bully received mainly positive reviews from critics. Aishath Maahaa reviewing from Dho? noted the improvement in his performance compared to his previous venture. Controversy In July 2020, Yunaan alongside his wife grabbed national attention with an emotional plea for financial assistance for medical treatment for their baby daughter in front of the presidential residence. Soon after, there were accusations by a fellow actor for the misuse of the financial aid for their personal gain. On 3 October 2020, several reports in the media accused the couple of having "forced sexual relations" with a 15-year-old boy, who reportedly is a member of their family. Filmography Feature film Television and web series Short film

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_T._Brooke"}

American judge Francis Taliaferro Brooke (August 27, 1763 – March 3, 1851) was a Virginia lawyer, soldier, politician and judge. He served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly before fellow legislators elected him to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals (which later became the Supreme Court of Virginia), where he served decades and became that body's fourth President (now called Chief Justice). Early life and education Brooke was born in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. His parents were Richard Brooke of Smithfield and Ann Hay Taliaferro (of one of the First Families of Virginia). They were the uncle and aunt of Major General Dabney Herndon Maury. His elder brother Robert Brooke would become governor of Virginia, and another brother, Lawrence Brooke, was the surgeon of the Bon Homme Richard, commanded by John Paul Jones. Like his brothers, Brooke received a private education from tutors and in private grammar schools in Fredericksburg. During the American Revolution Brooke was active in the militia and served on General Greene's staff with the rank of lieutenant. At the end of the war he studied medicine for a year, but then decided to study law in his brother Robert’s office. Francis T. Brooke was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of Virginia. Career After admission to the bar in 1788, Brooke traveled westward to the Ohio River and practiced in Monongalia and Harrison counties (in what after the American Civil War would become West Virginia). However, Brooke returned to the Chesapeake bay area and was elected Commonwealth’s Attorney (prosecutor) for Essex County, Virginia, where he also had a private legal practice and would be was elected to the House of Delegates in 1794. Two years later he moved nearer his family's home in Fredericksburg and won election to the State Senate in 1800. After the Revolution, Brooke remained active in the Virginia militia and was promoted to the rank of major in 1796, lieutenant colonel in 1800 and brigadier general in 1802. He was an original member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. In 1811, fellow legislators elected Brooke a judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals, his fellow judges made his president of that court for eight years, from 1823 to 1831. The legislature re-elected Brooke as judge in 1831, and he continued in office until his death on March 3, 1851. Personal life and death Judge Francis Brooke married twice, and survived his eldest son, who died in Macau. In 1791, Francis Brooke married Mary Randolph Spottswood Brooke (1775–1803) and their children who survived to adulthood included John Francis Brooke (1795–1849), Robert Spotswood Brooke (1800–1851) and Mary Randolph Spotswood Brooke Berkeley (1803–1875). The widower remarried in 1804, to Mary Champe Carter Brooke (1788–1846), who bore John Brooke (b. 1805), Francis Edward Brooke (1813–1874) and Helen Brooke Forman (1821–1899). Judge Brooke was buried at the Brooke family cemetery in Spotsylvania County, where he joined his first wife, and would be joined by other family members. His grandson, also Francis Taliaferro Brooke (1846-1913), would join the Confederate States Army as a private and survive the American Civil War, in which the family lost all their enslaved property.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election"}

The 1960 Arkansas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic Governor Orval Faubus won election to a fourth term, defeating Republican nominee Henry M. Britt with 69.21% of the vote. That year, Faubus simultaneously ran for President under the white supremacist National States' Rights Party. Primary elections Primary elections were held on July 26, 1960. By winning over 50% of the vote, Faubus avoided a run-off which would have been held on August 9, 1960. Democratic primary Candidates Results Republican primary Candidates Results General election Candidates Results Bibliography Portals: 1960s Politics United States

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American basketball player Joseph F. Scott (April 22, 1916 – May 25, 1971) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Cleveland Allmen Transfers in the National Basketball League during the 1945–46 season and averaged 2.5 points per game. Scott was also a standout track athlete. He won the United States Decathlon Championship (a 10-event test to determine the best athlete in the country) in New York City in 1938, and successfully defended his title a year later in Cleveland, Ohio.

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American criminal defense lawyer Drew Findling is an American criminal defense lawyer known for representing clients who are hip hop musicians. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, he is the founding partner of The Findling Law Firm, P.C., which focuses exclusively on federal and state criminal defense, trying cases ranging from matters involving complex white-collar crimes to serious violent felonies. Findling spent the first three years of his career as a Fulton County, Ga. public defender. In 2018, Findling was a featured speaker at the Aspen Ideas Festival, participating in a one-on-one interview with journalist Joshua Johnson on "Hip Hop Collision: Music, Race and The Law." In 2022, former U.S. President Donald Trump hired Findling to represent him in the ongoing criminal investigation into election interference in Georgia. Findling is a former president of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) and a current trustee of the NACDL Foundation for Criminal Justice. Findling uses the hashtag "#BillionDollarLawyer" on his Instagram account. Awards The Hollywood Reporter named Findling one of "Hollywood's Troubleshooters" and he was also recognized as one of "Billboard's 2018 R&B/Hip-Hop 100 Power Players".

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/114th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"}

Military unit The 114th Division (第114師団, Dai-hyakujūyon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was Commander Division (将兵団, Sho Heidan). It was formed on 12 October 1937 in Utsunomiya, Tochigi as a B-class square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 14th Division headquarters. It was originally subordinated to the Central China Area Army. First formation In October 1937 the division was subordinated to the Tenth Army and sent to ongoing Battle of Shanghai. It departed from Osaka 30 October and arrived in Hangzhou Bay on 5 November 1937, spending the next five days unloading, due to faulty landing craft. It also participated in Battle of Nanking in December 1937. In February 1938, the division was transferred to the North China Area Army and participated in the Battle of Xuzhou and Battle of Northern and Eastern Henan. Later performing a garrison duties in the North China, the division was demobilized in July 1939. Second formation Because the 26th and 62nd divisions were sent to Pacific War, the 114th was reformed 10 July 1944 in Linfen, simultaneously with the 115th, 117th and 118th divisions. As a security (class C) division, its backbone consisted of independent infantry battalions, and division lacked an artillery regiment. The nucleus for the formation was the 3rd Independent Infantry Brigade in Yuncheng and 69th division in North China. The unit was originally assigned to the First Army. It then garrisoned the Linfen area of Shanxi along the Tongpu Railroad, taking over all of the 69th Division garrisoned territory. By the start of Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945, the 114th division was on move in Tianjin. After World War II ended with the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, a significant fraction of its men have continued to fight under command of the warlord Yan Xishan in the ongoing Chinese Civil War.[citation needed]

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_172001%E2%80%93173000"}

List of 1000 sequentially numbered minor planets The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 172001 through 173000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and "Data Available from the Minor Planet Center". A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. Note that new namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union. 172001–172100 172101–172200 back to top 172201–172300 back to top 172301–172400 back to top 172401–172500 back to top 172501–172600 back to top 172601–172700 back to top 172701–172800 back to top 172801–172900 back to top 172901–173000 back to top back to top

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Kurukshetra is an ancient Indian region. Kurukshetra may also refer to: Films Others Topics referred to by the same term

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Baptist_Church_and_Cemetery"}

Historic church in Tennessee, United States United States historic place Woodlawn Baptist Church and Cemetery, also known as Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church, is a historic building in Nutbush, Haywood County, Tennessee, in the United States. It is on Woodlawn Road, south of Tennessee State Route 19. Founded in 1866 largely by freedmen, Woodlawn Baptist Church and Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. When singer Tina Turner was growing up as Anna Mae Bullock in Nutbush, Woodlawn Baptist was one of her family churches. History Most slave congregations were ministered by white pastors. In 1846, the young slave Hardin Smith, born in Virginia, was allowed by his master's wife to preach to a slave congregation at an evening service at the white Woodlawn Church. It was located near Woodlawn Road. He was the first slave to preach to an area congregation. Hardin Smith was of mixed race; his white father was his mother's master Abner Smith. Hardin, his mother and siblings were sold away from Virginia. In Tennessee, he was secretly taught by his master's wife and children to read and write through the Bible; it was against state law at the time. He in turn secretly taught many slaves to read and write. In 1866, after emancipation and the end of the Civil War, Hardin Smith and Martin Winfield were among three men in Haywood County selected by missionaries of the Baptist Home Mission Board for the first classes in ministry at the newly established Roger Williams College in Nashville. The Northern Baptists wanted to aid freedmen in the South and plant new churches. After his return to Nutbush, Smith, together with other freedmen, the Freedmen's Bureau, and a few whites, founded the Woodlawn Colored Baptist Church. (It is now known as Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.) He was called as the pastor there and served there for the next 56 years, the remainder of his life. Smith consistently encouraged his congregation to seek education, both adults and children. In 1866 Smith and Winfield helped establish the Freedman School in the county seat of Brownsville, Tennessee. It later developed into twelve grades. Smith was a community leader, organizing five other black Baptist churches in Haywood and nearby Lauderdale counties. Winfield helped found the First Baptist Church in Brownsville and became its pastor. All emphasized education. These black Baptist churches soon withdrew from white supervision, as did most black Baptists in the South, establishing their own churches and associations. Smith participated in organizing the National Negro Baptist Convention. In 1895 it merged with two other groups as the National Baptist Convention USA, Inc. This formed the largest black Baptist convention in the United States. Smith also participated in founding Howe Institute of Technology (now merged into LeMoyne-Owen College), an historically black college in Memphis; and developing Roger Williams College from its beginnings in 1866. Before 1900, more students attended Roger Williams College from the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church than from any other community in Tennessee. Graduates from Roger Williams helped lead other black schools and colleges; they became ministers, doctors, lawyers, and teachers. In 1996, Woodlawn Baptist Church and Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its historical significance. Tina Turner Highway Woodlawn Baptist Church is located 3 mi (4.8 km) southeast of Nutbush, south of Tennessee State Route 19. A stretch of State Route 19 between Brownsville and Nutbush was named "Tina Turner Highway" in 2002 after singer Tina Turner, who was born in Brownsville and lived as a child in Nutbush. Woodlawn Baptist Church in Nutbush was a family church of Tina Turner. While growing up, she worshipped here and sang in the choir. Her family members were church officials, musicians and singers; some are buried in this cemetery.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVQ"}

Radio station in Sacramento, California (1922) KVQ was a short-lived Sacramento, California, AM radio station, which operated from February 2, 1922, until December 20 of the same year. It was initially licensed to J. C. Hobrecht, although a few months after its start ownership was transferred to the Sacramento Bee newspaper. KVQ was Sacramento's first broadcasting station. History KVQ was licensed as Sacramento's first broadcasting station on December 9, 1921, to store owner J. C. Hobrecht. The station's establishment was largely due to the efforts of thirty-year-old Carlos McClatchy, son of the Sacramento Bee's editor and publisher, C. K. McClatchy. Carlos recognized the potential for the then-new idea of radio broadcasting, and convinced the Bee's owners to help finance the new station's operations. An arrangement was made to construct a studio in the newspaper's headquarters at Seventh Street between I and J Streets, with a transmitting antenna atop the building. KVQ made its debut broadcast at 5:30 P.M. on February 2, 1922. The station was primarily used to publicize the Hobrecht store and the Bee, and, as was the common standard at the time, did not accept advertising. Initially there was only a single wavelength, 360 meters (833 kHz), available for radio station "entertainment" broadcasts, which required stations in various regions to develop timesharing agreements that allocated operating hours. By November 1, 1922, there were seven "Inland Stations" sharing time on 360 meters, with KVQ allocated 6:30 to 7:30 P.M. daily except Sunday, plus 8:00 to 9:00 P.M. Wednesdays, 8:00 to 9:00 P.M. Saturdays, and 6:00 to 7:00 P.M. Sundays. A few months after the station debuted, ownership was transferred from J. C. Hobrecht to the Bee's publisher, James McClatchy, followed a short time later by a transfer to "Sacramento Bee (James McClatchy Co.)". However, KVQ suspended operations on December 20, 1922 and was formally deleted on January 2, 1923, with the Bee explaining that the station had been shut down in order to "bow to the wishes of Superior California radio fans who sought new fields to conquer and desired the additional quiet hour in the early evening used by the Bee to catch the concerts of stations in far eastern states". In some accounts KVQ has been credited as being a direct predecessor to station KFBK, which was first licensed as Sacramento's second station on August 16, 1922, and initially operated in conjunction with the Bee's primary newspaper competitor, the Sacramento Union. In 1925 the Bee returned to the broadcasting field after a near three-year absence, joining with KFBK's original owner to convert the station to commercial operations. However, early reviews in the Bee treated KVQ as a separate station from KFBK, and government regulators at the time consistently considered the two to be separate, unrelated stations.

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American film director Kat Lehmer (also known as Kathi Lehmer) is an American film director, writer, actor and artist, best known for her cult film Mama and Damian. Life and career While attending the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia where she studied painting, drawing, and sculpture, Lehmer was inspired by the works of an earlier alumnus, David Lynch, to pursue her interest in film making. A subsequent move to New York's Lower East Side exposed her to the underground film movement prevalent in the city during the 1980s where she lived across the street from ABC No Rio, a noted art and punk enclave where underground films were shown. Lehmer started her film production company, Trinka Five Films in 2004. She wrote her first feature-length script for Mama and Damian in 2004, then produced, directed, and starred in the low-budget film production in 2007. Mama and Damian is social commentary cloaked in a tale about a half-bear, half-human boy who begins to push the boundaries of his insular world. Lehmer plays the hybrid bear-boy's dominatrix mother. The film continues to gain a cult film following through DVD and video streaming. According to IMDb, Lehmer redesigned her own apartment to work as the main set for Mama and Damian. In an interview she said, "we couldn't move anything in my apartment for a year." Lehmer's self-proclaimed quest to study all the arts that comprise the making of a film came in many forms. She studied costuming, fashion design, and photography in Philadelphia and New York. She belonged to several rock bands for which she wrote and performed. She worked as a display artist for FAO Schwarz and Bergdorf Goodman. She has also acted in a number of independent films. Lehmer studied editing at Immagine Studios in Wilmington Delaware and edits her own films. Lehmer is currently in production in Philadelphia on her film Mortal, an existential vampire saga. She is also directing a documentary about Sunshine Arts, a unique neighborhood arts center located in an underprivileged area outside of Philadelphia. Filmography Director Producer

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locke"}

Look up Locke or locke in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Locke may refer to: People Places in the United States Art and entertainment Fictional characters Other uses Topics referred to by the same term

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzanene"}

Historical region in Armenia Arzanene (Greek: Ἀρζανηνή) or Aghdznik (Armenian: Աղձնիք, romanized: Ałjnikʻ) was a historical region in the southwest of the ancient kingdom of Armenia. It was ruled by one of the four bdeashkhs (bidakhsh, vitaxa) of Armenia, the highest ranking nobles below the king who ruled over the kingdom's border regions. Its probable capital was the fortress-city of Arzen. The region briefly became home to the capital of Armenia during the reign of Tigranes the Great, who built his namesake city Tigranocerta there. Arzanene was placed under the direct suzerainty of the Roman Empire after the Peace of Nisibis in 298. It was briefly brought back under Armenian control c. 371 but was soon lost again following the partition of Armenia in 387. Name It is generally agreed the Greco-Roman name of Arzanene is derived from the city of Arzan (Arzn or Aghzn in Armenian), which was probably the capital of the province. The name is identified with the Alzi or Alše mentioned in Neo-Assyrian and Urartian inscriptions and is of non-Armenian origin. Geography Arzanene was located between the western Tigris and the eastern Taurus Mountains, covering an area of approximately 15,102 km2 (6,000 sq mi). It was located to the east of the Batman River and to the west of the Botan River (both tributaries of the Tigris). The region was naturally divided between the mountainous part closer to the Taurus in the north, which had an extremely cold climate, and the flat part to the south, which had a warm and dry climate. Arzanene was famous for its rivers and springs, as well as its iron and lead mines. Cattle-breeding, grape cultivation and winemaking were well-developed in the province. The province had about seven fortresses. According the early medieval Armenian geography Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ, Arzanene was divided into ten cantons or gawaṛs (their capitals or main fortresses, where known, are listed adjacent to the canton name): One of the recensions of Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ includes an eleventh district, Saghu, which is likely an error. Historian Suren Yeremian includes Angeghtun among the cantons of Aghdznikʻ, even though it is not listed as such in any of the manuscripts of Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ (Cyril Toumanoff and Robert Hewsen consider Angeghtun to have been a part of Tsopʻkʻ/Sophene). As the domain of one of the four bdeashkhs of Armenia, Arzanene can be divided into the core principality or "Arzanene proper" and the bdeashkhutʻiwn (viceroyalty or march) of Arzanene, which likely included all of the ten cantons of Arzanene listed above (according to Hewsen, probably excluding Npʻrkert) and some further territories to the south. Josef Markwart and Toumanoff include the adjacent province of Moxoene (Mokkʻ) and Corduene (or part of it) in the viceroyalty of Arzanene, although this is rejected by Hewsen. The viceroyalty of Arzanene is also called the bdeashkhutʻiwn of Aruastan in some Armenian sources (Persian: Arabistān, referring in this case to the area around Nisibis), so it is referred to as the Arabian March by some historians. History In the first half of the first millennium BCE, Arzanene may have been the location of the state of Alzi or Alše mentioned in Assyrian and Urartian cuneiform inscriptions. It was conquered by the Kingdom of Urartu (c. 9th–6th centuries BCE), then came under the control of the Medes and soon after passed to the Achaemenid Empire. Under Achaemenid rule, Arzanene was included in the Satrapy of Armenia. The Persian Royal Road passed through the province. After the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, Arzanene became a part of the Armenian kingdom ruled by the Orontid dynasty. The local princes of Arzanene claimed Assyrian royal origin, but in all likelihood they were originally a branch of the Orontid dynasty. During the reign of Tigranes the Great, under whom Armenia reached its greatest territorial extent, Arzanene became the center of his short-lived empire as the location of the new capital of Tigranocerta. It was probably under Tigranes that the bdeashkhutʻiwn of Arzanene was established to defend Armenia from an invasion from Mesopotamia. The office of the bdeashkh of Arzanene continued to exist under the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia and after the region was lost by Armenia, until at least the mid-5th century. In 298 AD, the entire bdeashkhutʻiwn of Arzanene came under the suzerainty of the Roman Empire as a result of the Peace of Nisibis. However, the 5th-century Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium (Book 3, Chapter 8) still speaks of the bdeashkh of Arzanene as a vassal of the king of Armenia in the 330s, which Toumanoff accepts as evidence that the Romans had effectively left Arzanene under Armenian suzerainty. In the 330s, bdeashkh Bakur of Arzanene attempted to defect to the Sasanian Empire, but was killed in battle and the province consequently remained under Roman (or Roman-Armenian) control. The emperor Jovian was forced to give up suzerainty over Arzanene to the Persians according to the peace treaty signed in 363 after Julian's failed Persian expedition. Faustus of Byzantium (Book 5, Chapter 16) names Arzanene among the provinces reconquered for Armenia by Mushegh Mamikonian c. 371, during the reign of King Pap. After the Peace of Acilisene of 387, Arzanene was divided between Rome and the Sasanian Empire (with most of it going to the Persians), and until 591 the Roman-Sasanian border passed through the western part of the province. During the Armenian rebellion of 450–451 against the Sasanian Empire, the Armenian rebels appealed to the bdeashkh of Arzanene as a foreign ruler; this is the last time that any bdeashkh of Arzanene is mentioned in the classical sources. By 591, all of Arzanene had been annexed by the Byzantine Empire. On the ruins of Tigranocerta, the Romans built a new city named Martyropolis or Npʻrkert. In c. 640, the Arab general Iyad ibn Ghanm invaded Arzanene from Syria. Following the Arab conquest of Armenia, many Arab tribes settled in Arzanene, especially in the lowlands. The Armenian population remained in the mountainous parts of the region until the Armenian genocide in 1915. Arzanene was later a small Arab emirate under the Zurarid dynasty in the 9th century. In the 10th century the area fell under Hamdanid control. Hamdum, an Arab chief, conquered Arzanene and Amid around 962. In 963 a sister of Hamdum, whose name is not given in the original sources, governed the region for ten years. After 1045 it fell successively under Byzantine, Seljuk, Mongol and Ottoman Turkish control. For many years the Armenians of Sasun maintained a semi-independent status and fought the Ottoman authorities; well known battles are the Sasun Resistance (1894) and Sasun resistance in 1915. Population The exact ethnic composition of Arzanene is not known. According to Nicholas Adontz, its population was mixed "Armeno-Syrian." Pliny the Elder refers to a people called the Azoni, which Robert Hewsen believes to be a misspelling of *Arzoni, apparently referring to the people of Arzanene as if forming a distinct ethnic group. In Hewsen's view, Armenians must have settled in Arzanene early on but "it is likely that the basic population had remained essentially semitic-speaking." Under Arab rule Arzanene became heavily settled by Arab and Kurdish tribes, but a significant Armenian element (according to one source, an absolute majority of Armenians) remained there until the Armenian genocide. Sources Coordinates: 38°00′00″N 41°41′00″E / 38.0000°N 41.6833°E / 38.0000; 41.6833

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The Fremantle Marlins Water Polo Club is an Australian club water polo team that competes in the National Water Polo League. They are a women's team and are based in Fremantle.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Matagorda_(AVP-22)"}

Tender of the United States Navy USS Matagorda (AVP-22/AG-122) (/ˈmætəˈɡɔːrdə/ ( listen)) was a United States Navy Barnegat-class seaplane tender in commission from 1941 to 1946 that saw service in World War II. After the war, she was in commission in the United States Coast Guard as the cutter USCGC Matagorda (WAVP-373), later WHEC-373, from 1949 to 1967. Construction, commissioning, and shakedown Matagorda was laid down by the Boston Navy Yard at Boston, Massachusetts, on 6 September 1940. She was launched on 18 March 1941, sponsored by Miss Nancy Rowland Brand, and commissioned at Boston on 16 December 1941. United States Navy service World War II Matagorda remained at Boston until 3 April 1942, when she departed for shakedown and training in the Chesapeake Bay. She returned to Boston on 22 April 1942. Operations in the Galápagos Islands, Panama Canal Zone, and Caribbean After returning to Boston, Matagorda joined Patrol Wings Atlantic (PatWingLant) and loaded torpedoes and ordnance stores at Newport, Rhode Island. On 12 May 1942 she departed Newport and moved to Seymour Island in the Galápagos Islands. Arriving there on 25 May 1942, she relieved the seaplane tender USS Osmond Ingram (AVD-9) and began tending seaplanes of Patrol Wing 3 (PatWing 3). After these duties ended, Matagorda arrived at Coco Solo in the Panama Canal Zone on 20 June 1942. She escorted merchant ships to Cuba and Jamaica before resuming seaplane tending duty on 22 July 1942, this time from bases in Central America and South America: She operated out of Puerto Castilla, Honduras, and Cartagena, Colombia until returning to the Panama Canal Zone on 12 November 1942. Following a supply and escort run to Puerto Rico and Trinidad, Matagorda departed Port of Spain, Trinidad, on 23 November 1942 and on 4 December 1942 arrived at Boston for alterations and overhaul. Voyage to Newfoundland On 5 January 1943, Matagorda departed Boston to carry troops and supplies to Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland, returning to Boston on 14 January 1943. Return to the Caribbean After loading aviation supplies at Norfolk, Virginia, Matagorda arrived at San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 11 February 1943. She operated primarily out of Puerto Rico until early August 1943, escorting merchant ships and transporting ordnance and aviation supplies to bases in the Caribbean. She called at the Virgin Islands, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Trinidad. North Atlantic operations Matagorda departed San Juan on 3 August 1943 and steamed via Bermuda and Norfolk to Argentia, where she arrived on 26 August 1943. On 28 August 1943 she joined Convoy UT-1 and made a voyage to the United Kingdom, arriving at Pembroke, Wales, on 4 September 1943. After unloading cargo, she sailed via Iceland and Boston to Norfolk, arriving there on 27 September 1943. Between 5 October 1943 and 5 March 1944 she made two more round trips across the Atlantic Ocean. She carried men and cargo to Pembroke and Bristol, England, and made escort and supply runs to Casablanca, French Morocco, and Gibraltar. South Atlantic operations Departing Boston on 18 April 1944, Matagorda loaded seaplane supplies at Bayonne, New Jersey, and departed Bayonne on 22 April 1944 for Brazil, reaching Recife, Brazil, on 6 May 1944. Until the beginning of April 1945, she conducted extensive training and supply operations and ranged Brazilian waters from Belém to Florianópolis. In late May 1944 and again in July 1944 she tended seaplanes at Florianópolis. Matagorda interrupted this duty on 24 July 1944 and 25 July 1944, when she searched for and rescued the entire crew of 67 men from the American merchant ship SS William Gaston, torpedoed by a German submarine late on 23 July 1944 off the Brazilian coast. Again, while operating out of Fortaleza, she rescued five survivors of a downed Consolidated PBY-5 Catalina flying boat plus the crew from an assisting Martin PBM Mariner flying boat on 29 August 1944. Matagorda made numerous runs along the Brazilian coast during supply and training missions. Based at Recife, she visited many Brazilian ports including Vitória, Natal, the island of Fernando de Noronha, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro. Voyages to the Caribbean Matagorda departed Recife on 1 April 1945, touched briefly at San Juan, Puerto Rico, and reached Norfolk on 14 April 1945. From 2 June 1945 to 6 July 1945 she made two runs to Bermuda and Puerto Rico, returning to Norfolk with men of seaplane squadrons. Conversion to press information ship Matagorda steamed to New York City on 10 July 1945 to begin conversion to a press information ship. As such her mission would be to provide all proper news facilities for the press and transport them to the coast of Japan where they would cover operations “Olympic” and “Coronet”, projected for the invasion of Japan in 1945 and 1946. She was reclassified as a "miscellaneous auxiliary" and redesignated AG-122 on 30 July 1945. The cessation of hostilities with Japan and end of World War II came on 15 August 1945 made the invasion of Japan unnecessary, and Matagorda's conversion was halted in early September 1945. Post-World War II Converted back into a seaplane tender and once again designated AVP-22 as of 10 September 1945, Matagorda departed New York City for Norfolk on 17 October 1945. On 31 October 1945 she departed Norfolk for Orange, Texas. Arriving there on 5 November 1945 for inactivation, she was decommissioned on 20 February 1946 and laid up in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet's Texas Group at Orange. United States Coast Guard service Barnegat-class ships were very reliable and seaworthy and had good habitability, and the Coast Guard viewed them as ideal for ocean station duty, in which they would perform weather reporting and search and rescue tasks, once they were modified by having a balloon shelter added aft and having oceanographic equipment, an oceanographic winch, and a hydrographic winch installed. After World War II, the U.S. Navy transferred 18 of the ships to the Coast Guard, in which they were known as the Casco-class cutters. The Navy loaned Matagorda to the Coast Guard on 7 March 1949. The Coast Guard converted her into a weather-reporting ship and commissioned her as USCGC Matagorda (WAVP-373) on 8 June 1949. Matagorda's primary duty during her Coast Guard service was to serve on ocean stations to gather meteorological data. While on duty in one of these stations, she was required to patrol a 210-square-mile (544-square-kilometer) area for three weeks at a time, leaving the area only when physically relieved by another Coast Guard cutter or in the case of a dire emergency. While on station, she acted as an aircraft check point at the point of no return, a relay point for messages from ships and aircraft, as a source of the latest weather information for passing aircraft, as a floating oceanographic laboratory, and as a search-and-rescue ship for downed aircraft and vessels in distress, and she engaged in law enforcement operations. Matagorda was stationed at Boston, Massachusetts, from her commissioning on 8 June 1949 until 1954. She was used for law enforcement, ocean station, and search and rescue operations in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1954 she was transferred to Honolulu, Hawaii, and took up duties in the Pacific Ocean similar to those she had performed in the Atlantic. On 26 January 1956, Matagorda delivered clothing from Washington Intermediate School in Honolulu to an orphanage in Japan. In August 1960, Matagorda towed the disabled fishing vessel Wild Goose II. On 12 January 1965, Matagorda stood by the disabled Liberian tanker Saint Helena 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km) northwest of Midway Atoll; Saint Helena had sustained hull damage due to heavy seas and was in danger of breaking in two. Matagorda herself sustained damage; she was relieved by the Coast Guard cutter USCGC Bering Strait (WAVP-382) on 13 January 1965 and proceeded to Hawaii, via Midway, in heavy seas. In mid-September 1965, Matagorda escorted the disabled Liberian merchant ship Londias to Honolulu. On 27 February 1966, Matagorda transferred 12,000 US gallons (45,000 L) of water to the disabled merchant ship Union Success and took her under tow until relieved of towing duties. Matagorda was reclassified as a high endurance cutter and redesignated WHEC-373 on 1 May 1966. Decommissioning and disposal Matagorda was decommissioned at Honolulu on 15 October 1967, and she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1968. On 30 October 1968, the Coast Guard returned her to the Navy, which sank her as a target 72 nautical miles (133 km) off Hawaii in October 1969 in position 20°08′00″N 158°30′00″W / 20.13333°N 158.50000°W / 20.13333; -158.50000 ("USCGC Matagorda (WHEC-373)")

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotorsion_group"}

In abelian group theory, an abelian group is said to be cotorsion if every extension of it by a torsion-free group splits. If the group is , this says that for all torsion-free groups . It suffices to check the condition for the group of rational numbers. More generally, a module M over a ring R is said to be a cotorsion module if Ext1(F,M)=0 for all flat modules F. This is equivalent to the definition for abelian groups (considered as modules over the ring Z of integers) because over Z flat modules are the same as torsion-free modules. Some properties of cotorsion groups:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Julio_Mart%C3%ADnez"}

Dominican footballer Carlos Julio Martínez Rivas (born 4 February 1994), known as Carlos Julio in Spain, is a Dominican professional footballer who plays for the Dominican Republic national team. Mainly a right-back, he can also play as a midfielder. Club career Born in Santo Domingo Este, Carlos Julio emigrated to Barcelona in 2000 and was in FC Barcelona's La Masia academy until 2013, when he signed for Villarreal CF. He represented their third and reserve teams in Tercera División and Segunda División B respectively, before on 9 July 2016 signing a two-year deal with Marbella FC of the latter. On 9 July 2018, Carlos Julio joined fellow third division side CD Mirandés. On 18 July of the following year, after achieving promotion to Segunda División, he renewed his contract for a further campaign. On 14 August 2021, he joined Polish I liga side Miedź Legnica on a one-year deal. On 30 January 2023, he left the club after amicably terminating his contract. International career Carlos Julio also holds Spanish citizenship, and represented Dominican Republic at the 2012 Caribbean Cup. Honours Miedź Legnica

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Miska may refer to: People Other Topics referred to by the same term

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Selo in Altai Krai, Russia Telezhikha (Russian: Тележиха) is a rural locality (a selo) in Soloneshensky Selsoviet, Soloneshensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 226 as of 2013. There are 2 streets. Geography Telezhikha is located 22 km south of Soloneshnoye (the district's administrative centre) by road.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid_of_Naples"}

1956 film by Luigi Capuano Mermaid of Naples (Italian: Maruzzella) is a 1956 Italian musical melodrama film directed by Luigi Capuano. Plot Cast

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Thanks_(poetry_collection)"}

1935 collection of poetry No Thanks is a 1935 collection of poetry by E. E. Cummings. He self-published the collection with the help of his mother and dedicated it to the fourteen publishing houses who turned the collection down. The book is unconventionally bound not on the left but rather the top, like a stenographer's pad.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parki_Beach"}

Parki Beach (Bengali: পারকি সৈকত) is a sandy beach in Bangladesh. This beach is between a river and delta in Anwara of Chittagong. It is 20-kilometre (12 mi) from the city of Chittagong. This beach is situated near the Karnaphuli River. History The MV Crystal Gold was beached at Parki Beach when Cyclone Mora came in May 2017. In 2019 the Directorate of Environment recommended that the ship be scrapped. This was opposed by Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon, an environmentalist organisation, who feared environmental damage from scrapping the ship. The ship was owned by Crystal Group who sold it to Four Star Corporation. Four Star Corporation tried to dismantle the ship in 2018 but was stopped by the Department of Environment for failing to secure an environmental clearance. Barasat Union Parishad has been trying to establish the beach as a tourism spot since 2013. The beach is 17km from Chittagong. In August 2020, the beach was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and around 2000 jobs in the tourism industry were lost. Gallery

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-Counter_Hearing_Aid_Act_of_2017"}

The Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid Act of 2017 (OTC Hearing Aid Act) was a law passed by the 115th United States Congress as a rider on the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017. It created a class of hearing aids regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) available directly to consumers without involvement from a licensed professional (like an audiologist, otolaryngologist, or audiometrist). Regulations for this new class of hearing aid are expected to be released by the end of 2020. History Hearing loss affects approximately 466 million individuals worldwide and is most concentrated among older adults. Approximately half of adults in the US age 60+ have some degree of hearing loss. Despite hearing loss' impact on communication, social functioning, and economic productivity across the life course, hearing aid uptake is no higher than 50% - even in settings where costs are covered by insurance. Barriers to addressing hearing loss in the U.S. include stigma, financial costs, and navigating a confusing array of healthcare providers and products to diagnose and treat hearing impairment. In the years leading up to the OTC Hearing Aid Act, the U.S. Institute of Medicine, U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and U.S. Federal Trade Commission convened committees and workshops examining interventions to increase awareness of hearing loss as a public health problem, and improve access to acceptable, safe, and effective treatment options. From these workshops, allowing direct sale of regulated hearing aids produced by consumer electronics companies emerged as a strategy to promote increased access to hearing loss treatments. In March 2017, Representative Joe Kennedy III (D–MA) and Senator Elizabeth Warren (D–MA) introduced Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid bills in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, respectively. These bills were incorporated into the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 which was ratified in August 2017. Provisions The law defined the newly created category of OTC hearing aids as devices using air conduction and/or wireless air conduction to improve hearing among adults with "perceived mild to moderate hearing impairment." Devices that modify or amplify sound for people with normal hearing (like noise-cancelling headphones or game ears) are not classified as OTC hearing aids. To ensure safety and effectiveness, the FDA was charged with developing functional guidelines; labeling and marketing standards; and conditions of sale. The Act required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to document adverse events associated with OTC hearing aids. The FDA was further tasked with implementing rules regarding the extent of pre-marketing approval required before OTC hearing aids can be sold commercially. Implementation In October 2018, the FDA approved the first regulated direct-to-consumer hearing aid, the Bose Hearing Aid, under de-novo premarket review pathway provisions established in the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 and 21st Century Cures Act; regulations under the OTC Hearing Aid Act were not yet published. One year later, the FDA deemed certain Class I and Class II hearing aid-related diagnostic tests and devices exempt from 510(k) pre-market notification requirements. The entry of additional regulated OTC hearing aids, and evaluation of adverse events associated with these devices were to be forthcoming. Regulations for the new class of hearing aid were originally supposed to be released by August 2020, but the FDA delayed them reportedly due to efforts focusing on COVID-19. The new deadline for the release of regulations was expected to be the end of 2020. Reception The OTC Hearing Aid Act provisions were met with both support and concern regarding their effects on consumer safety, patient care, and hearing-related professions. Some advocacy organizations, consumer electronics companies, and trade organizations supported the Act, citing telehealth advances, competitive pricing, and recent device improvements as opportunities to widen access to hearing loss treatments. At the same time, the absence of a clear regulatory pathway detailing manufacturing, safety, and effectiveness standards for OTC hearing aids was raised as a barrier to successful roll-out of OTC hearing devices. Detractors maintained that the current unmet need in hearing loss treatments will not be met by regulating OTC hearing devices. Members of the public and hearing-related professional organizations expressed concerns over the prudence of creating a potentially sub-par class of devices in the absence of evidenced-based practices in patient-directed diagnosis and treatment. Critics also charged that given their lower level of regulation, OTC devices have greater potential to be misused and damage brain function. Critics also noted that in its current form, the Act omits support from licensed professionals, which has been found to improve patient satisfaction and product retention. Patient advocates noted that the Act does nothing for individuals with moderately-severe to profound hearing loss. Additionally, it was proposed that the creation of an OTC hearing device class may motivate insurance carriers to drop hearing aid coverage altogether.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tweed"}

River in the Scottish Borders and northern England The River Tweed, or Tweed Water (Scottish Gaelic: Abhainn Thuaidh, Scots: Watter o Tweid, Welsh: Tuedd), is a river 97 miles (156 km) long that flows east across the Border region in Scotland and northern England. Tweed cloth derives its name from its association with the River Tweed. The Tweed is one of the great salmon rivers of Britain and the only river in England where an Environment Agency rod licence is not required for angling. The river generates a large income for the local borders region, attracting anglers from all around the world. Etymology Tweed may represent an Old Brittonic name meaning "border". A doubtful proposal is that the name is derived from a non-Celtic form of the Indo-European root *teuha- meaning "swell, grow powerful". Course The River Tweed flows primarily through the scenic Borders region of Scotland. Eastwards from the settlements on opposing banks of Birgham and Carham it forms the historic boundary between Scotland and England. It rises in the Lowther Hills at Tweed's Well near to where the Clyde, draining northwest (10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Tweed's Well), and the Annan draining south (1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the Tweed's Well) also rise. "Annan, Tweed and Clyde rise oot the ae hillside" is a saying from the Border region. East of Kelso, it becomes a section of the eastern part of the border. Entering England, its lower reaches are in Northumberland, where it enters the North Sea at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Catchment The river east of St Boswells runs through a drumlin field. It is the relic of a paleo-ice stream that flowed through the area during the last glaciation. Major towns through which the Tweed flows include Innerleithen, Peebles, Galashiels, Melrose, Kelso, Coldstream and Berwick-upon-Tweed, where it flows into the North Sea. Tweed tributaries include: The upper parts of the catchment of the Tweed in Scotland form the area known as Tweeddale, part of which is protected as the Upper Tweeddale National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development. Management Despite that the catchment straddles the border between Scotland and England, management of it – in terms of water quality, bio-security, and ultimately protection of the salmon of the River Tweed – is overseen by a single body, the River Tweed Commission. Gallery

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Mountain in Bolivia Wak'ani (Aymara wak'a girdle, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a girdle", hispanicized spelling Huacani) is a mountain in the Khari Khari mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the Potosí Department, Tomás Frías Province, east of Potosí. Wak'ani lies south and south-west of the mountains Khari Khari and Kimsa Waylla, north-west of the mountain Illimani and south-east of the Khari Khari Lakes.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/148th_Siege_Battery,_Royal_Garrison_Artillery"}

Military unit 148th Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised in Essex and Suffolk during World War I. It saw active service on the Western Front at the Somme, Vimy Ridge, Messines and Ypres, and in the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive. Mobilisation On the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and the majority of the Essex and Suffolk Royal Garrison Artillery did so. This unit had mobilised as part of No 14 (Essex & Suffolk) Coastal Fire Command at Landguard Fort, charged with defending the Haven ports of Harwich, Felixstowe and Ipswich and the associated naval base. By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field. Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were also supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas and providing cadres to form complete new units. In August 1915 Harwich was chosen as one of the depots for forming these units, under the command of Major G.W. Horsfield of the Essex & Suffolk RGA.The rest of the personnel were returning wounded Regulars, men of the Special Reserve, 'Kitchener's Army' volunteers and 'Lord Derby men'. 148th Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Harwich under Army Council Instruction 1091 of 29 May 1916 with a cadre of 4 officers and 78 other ranks (ORs) – approximately a TF RGA company – from the Essex & Suffolk RGA. Western Front Somme The battery went out to the Western Front in August 1916, manning four 9.2-inch howitzers, and initially joined XIII Corps' Heavy Artillery. XIII Corps had been heavily engaged in the early part of the Battle of the Somme and was in the process of being relieved, so the battery was transferred to 33rd HAG under Fourth Army HQ. XIV Corps took over the line from XIII Corps, and continued the Battle of Delville Wood with a carefully-planned attack towards Guillemont. Zero hour was fixed for 14.45 on 18 August and was preceded by a 36-hour methodical bombardment; the rate of fire was not to quicken before the assault so that the enemy would receive no warning. The infantry were then to advance to the first objective behind a curtain of fire provided by the lighter field artillery. There was then to be a 2-hour pause for consolidation while a fresh bombardment was fired at the second objective. The right attack was held up, but good progress was made on the left, where Waterlot Farm and Lonely Trench were captured and consolidated. Fighting continued in Delville Wood, with XIV Corps making a fresh attacks on 3 September (the Guillemont) for which the bombardment had begun at 08.00 the previous day. In the centre the German positions had suffered badly from the bombardment and were quickly taken, but the right attack was a disaster. The attack was renewed next morning and by 6 September Guillemont and most of the other objectives had been captured. XIV Corps then prepared to capture Ginchy on 9 September. The bombardment began at 07.00 with no increase in intensity before Zero at 16.45 to deceive the Germans as to the time of the attack and to deny them an opportunity to counter-attack before dark. The village was taken after heavy fighting, and trench fighting continued in front of the village for several days. Fourth Army's heavy artillery was massed for the Battle of Flers–Courcelette beginning on 15 September, but there was no space to move the heavies forward. The bombardment began on 12 September, with daily firing from 06.00 to 18.30 emphasising Counter-battery (CB) fire, and harassing fire (HF) at night. Each morning the bombardment began with a 'brisk' half hour, and Z day was no different, to maintain an element of surprise. XIV Corps' infantry crossed the Combles Ravine, but did not get beyond their first or second objectives and failed to take the Quadrilateral, a strongpoint on a reverse slope that the bombardment had missed. Over following days the heavy artillery continued to pound the objectives that had not yet been taken – the Quadrilateral fell on 18 September after an accurate bombardment – and minor operations were carried out to prepare for the next major attack (the Battle of Morval). Poor visibility hindered artillery observation, particularly for CB fire, but the attack on 25 September was well served by the guns. The infantry advanced methodically and captured Morval and Lesbœufs, followed by Combles next day. On 1 October a deliberate bombardment was opened along the whole Fourth Army front at 07.00, which continued without increase in the rate of fire until Zero (15.15) when the Battle of the Transloy Ridges was launched. XIV Corps played a minor part in the attack, but took advantage of the hour's intensive bombardment from 15.15 to make some minor advances. But heavy rain and mud made it difficult to serve the guns as the battle continued. 31st HAG HQ moved in on 5 October to take over command of a group of siege batteries including 148th as the fighting continued on the Transloy Ridges. The bombardments and CB work continued, with frequent breakdowns to the worn guns. 31st HAG's batteries bombarded Le Transloy village for the attack on 23 October, but the infantry formations were very weak and made only minor gains. Zenith Trench was captured on 29 October after it was bombarded by 148th and other batteries. The end of the fighting on the Transloy Ridges also marked the end of XIV Corps' participation in the Somme Offensive. 31st HAG HQ left at the end of the month and 148th Siege Bty was transferred to 49th HAG on 29 October. At the time, the battery was at Guillemont. The battery commander, Major George Hugh-Jones (originally of the Essex & Suffolk RGA), was wounded on 4 November and Capt A.N. Street took command. 148th Siege Bty came under 28th HAG on 2 December. There was some firing on most days, when weather permitted observation. The battery's regular targets included Sunken Trench and hostile batteries and strongpoints around Le Transloy. It was temporarily attached to 64th HAG while 28th HAG HQ and several of the other batteries went to a rest camp in January 1917. Routine CB and HF fire continued in the new year, with an increasing number of short destructive bombardments of specific trenches. Vimy The Left half-battery of 148th Siege Bty pulled out on 14 March 1917 for a move north, the rest following on 23 March. It officially joined 53rd HAG with First Army on 21 March. First Army was preparing for the Arras Offensive, with 53rd HAG deployed at Mont-Saint-Éloi supporting Canadian Corps in the opening Battle of Vimy Ridge. Left half battery was in action on 29 March and the whole of 148th Siege Bty was in position by 1 April to participate in the preparations. Its targets included the Ecole Commune, Spandau House, Thélus, Farbus and Vimy village, as well as specific trenches and dugouts. The attack went in at 05.30 on 9 April behind a heavy barrage: 148th Siege Bty laid a barrage on Bloater Trench and the roads behind the Ecole Commune. The Canadians overran three lines of German trenches and seized the crest of the ridge. That afternoon the battery was able to fire at enemy infantry on the move and against a hostile battery to prevent them interfering. Firing continued until 14 April as the Canadians consolidated the captured ground and carried out a limited exploitation. On 15 April the battery officially came under 64th HAG, but there was no firing. On 24 April the Right half-battery took up new positions on the Lens–Arras road, targeting Arleux for the next phase of the offensive (the Battle of Arleux) and also carrying out wire-cutting for the infantry. The assault went in on 28 April but was not as successful as the earlier attacks. The battery then switched to targets at Fresnoy and Acheville for the Third Battle of the Scarpe on 3 May. After the initial barrage, the battery fired at German infantry moving up to counter-attack, causing many casualties. On 5 May the battery was firing at Oppy village when a German shell hit one of the ammunition dumps at the battery position, destroying a large number of cartridges. Fighting on this sector of the offensive died away thereafter, but the battery remained active, firing at Acheville Church, the brewery, and various trenches and machine gun posts, as well as feint barrages and at targets of opportunity. By now the guns were badly worn and needed recalibration, while one was sent to the workshops and the battery temporarily took over a gun of 1st Canadian Siege Bty. By 12 May three of the four guns were in the workshops, and the remaining one was put out of action by enemy CB fire that damaged the gun cradle and destroyed a great deal of ammunition. Only the Canadian gun could now be used, while the rest of the battery was pulled out. Messines On 17 May the battery reverted to 53rd HAG, now under IX Corps, and moved to new positions at Loker, south-west of Ypres, where Second Army was gathering artillery for the Battle of Messines. From 27 May Right half-battery of 148th Siege Bty began registering its guns on Bogaert Farm and Huns Farm near Wytschaete and on dugouts; Left half-battery joined in on 31 May against Box House. By 3 June the batteries were firing practice barrages and demonstrations to confuse the enemy. The bombardment continued until the assault went in on 7 June, following the explosion of huge mines. The results of the limited attack were spectacular, with the whole Messines–Wytschaete Ridge being captured. In the IX Corps area, the 36th (Ulster) Division captured the wreckage of two woods and Bogaert Farm in between, finding that 'the ground about the strongpoints had been literally ploughed up by the bursts of the high-explosive shells during the bombardment; the barbed wire entanglements which had protected this are below the crest lay piled in twisted heaps, and everywhere was the wreckage of once solidly built dugouts and shelters'. Ypres The British artillery was repositioned after the battle, 148th Siege Bty pulling out on 10 June to join II Corps in the Dikkebus area with Fifth Army, where it joined 66th HAG on 17 June. On 22 June 356th Siege Battery joined II Corps. This battery had been raised at Harwich from a nucleus provided by details of the Essex & Suffolk RGA. It arrived with four new Mark II 9.2-inch howitzers, which it was ordered to hand over to 148th Siege Bty. 356th Siege Bty was then split up to reinforce other batteries, including 76th Siege Bty, also formed by the Essex & Suffolk RGA. Fifth Army HQ had been brought to the Ypres Salient to carry out the planned Flanders offensive (the Third Battle of Ypres). Although the preliminary bombardment had begun on 12 June, the Germans had air superiority and better OPs, and the British artillery in the Salient received considerable CB fire. However, the British build-up continued and as time went by the guns began to get the upper hand, with the full artillery preparation beginning on 16 July. The delayed attack (the Battle of Pilckem Ridge) was launched on 31 July. II Corps had the hardest task, and it received the heaviest German retaliatory fire; its divisions made little progress through the shattered woods onto the plateau in front of them. Deadlocked, the corps was unable to continue towards its second and third objectives. Heavy rain in the evening halted any further moves. During August the batteries of 66th HAG continued CB work for II Corps as the massed guns prepared the way for the next assault (the Battle of Langemarck) on 16 August. This was a failure and resulted in heavy casualties. As the Ypres offensive bogged down, Second Army took over its direction in September. 66th HAG continued CB work, now as a double group with 35th HAG. The attack on Glencorse Wood and Nonne Boschen Wood by 1st Australian Division on 20 September supported by 66th HAG during the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge was successful because the objectives were limited and the heavy artillery support was overwhelming. 66th HAG's batteries continued their CB fire for I ANZAC Corps' attack on Gheluvelt on 4 October (the Battle of Broodseinde). But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to hostile CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire. To be able to supply them with ammunition the heavy guns had to stay strung out one behind the other along the few available roads, making them an easy target. Winter 1917–18 The heavy artillery was reorganised on 17 October, 66th HAG going to another corps, and 148th Siege Bty coming under 22nd HAG. CB shoots in conjunction with observation aircraft continued until 22 November when 22nd HAG was reorganised as a bombardment group. 148th Siege Bty (by now at rest following the end of the offensive) transferred back to 28th HAG under II ANZAC Corps. Despite the appalling conditions, Corps HQ ordered 28th HAG to move up and maintain as many guns as possible in action for CB tasks, though as the German activity was lower than normal there were few calls to neutralise enemy batteries. However, 148th Siege Bty took several days to remount one of its 9.2s at Bellewaarde Lake, being impeded by fire from an enemy 5.9-inch howitzer, which damaged the gun's baseplate and carriage on 26 November and damaged it again two days later. December was quiet, apart from a few minor operations on the front. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 28th Brigade, which changed its designation on 23 December 1917, was defined as a Mixed Brigade, with guns and howitzers of several sizes. 148th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice. Spring Offensive The German Spring Offensive was launched against Third and Fifth Armies on 21 March 1918. Second Army despatched reinforcements to help, including 28th Bde, but the 9.2s were deemed too slow: 148th Siege Bty took over the guns of 188th Siege Bty and was then left at Ypres under II Corps in the northernmost part of the Ypres Salient while the rest of the batteries moved out by road. The second phase of the German offensive (the Battle of the Lys was launched in early April and 28th Bde was involved in the fighting with some of its batteries under the tactical command of 51st (Highland) Division. 148th Siege Bty probably rejoined at this time, because a number of casualties from the battery killed on 28 April are buried in La Kreule Military Cemetery at Hazebrouck. Hundred Days Offensive It was not until the summer, after the German offensives had been halted, that 28th Bde fully re-assembled on 31 July, with its batteries deployed in the Forêt de Nieppe under command of XI Corps in the reconstituted Fifth Army. On 7 August, the day before the Allies began their final Hundred Days Offensive with the Battle of Amiens, the German made a withdrawal in front of XI Corps. 28th Brigade carried out numerous harassing fire (HF) tasks and established forward observation posts (OPs). On 9 August a section of 148th Siege Bty moved forward. By 18 August there were indications that the Germans intended a significant withdrawal on the Lys sector, and 148th Siege Bty moved forward again, in front of the forest. By the end of August the Germans had retired to Estaires, and then in September went back to the Aubers Ridge where they solidified their position. 148th Siege Bty carried out some training, and then on 9 September was sent to support XIII Corps. Fifth Army began moving forwards again in early October after the battles of the Canal du Nord and St Quentin Canal. During this advance the 'heavies' were mainly used for HF tasks on the enemy's roads and tracks, and for concentrations on headquarters and the exits of villages. The enemy withdrew to the Escaut in mid-October. By now the offensive had turned into a pursuit, and many of the heavy batteries had to be left behind waiting for roads and bridges to be rebuilt. Fifth Army prepared to make an assault on the Escaut on 11 November, but the Germans retreated out of reach on 8 November. Hostilities were ended on 11 November by the Armistice with Germany. Disbandment 28th Brigade was still with Fifth Army at the time of the Armistice. 148th Siege Bty caught up with it at Templeuve on 13 November. It then moved to Beugin, and education courses began for men awaiting demobilisation. 148th Siege Bty was designated 116th Bty in 29th Bde RGA in the interim order of battle published on 21 May 1919, but this was scrapped after the signature of the Treaty of Versailles in June and the battery was officially disbanded. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records 19 dead from 148th Siege Bty (there may be others where the battery is not specified).

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Southwestern Tai language of Thailand Yong (Nyong) is a Southwestern Tai language of Thailand. It is used by Tai Yong people, who are descended from Tai Lue people from Xishuangbanna, China and Kengtung, Myanmar. Ethnologue reports that Yong is phonologically similar to the Tai Lue language. Most Yong speakers are multilingual and speak Northern Thai and Standard Thai. There were 12,600 speakers as of 2000. Distribution Yong is spoken in San Kamphaeng District, Chiang Mai Province, and Pa Sang District, Mae Tha District, and Mueang Lamphun District, Lamphun Province (Ethnologue). Phonology Yong has six tones: mid-rising, mid, low, high, mid-falling and high-falling. As of 2019, there appears to be a generational change occurring where the high tone is merged with the high- and mid-falling tones due to language contact with Northern Thai and Standard Thai.

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Hindi-language 24/7 television channel Television channel Pragya TV (Hindi: प्रज्ञा) is a Hindi-language 24/7 television channel, owned by Hindu Group Limited. The channel is a free-to-air and launched on 3 November 2007. It relaunched 14 May 2015. The channel is available across all major cable and DTH platforms as well as online.

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César Uribe Piedrahita (1897–1951) was a Colombian doctor and writer. He was born in Medellin. He was little published in his lifetime, but was highly regarded in Colombian literary circles in the first half of the 20th century. Apart from being a writer, he had several other identities: medical surgeon, archaeologist, artist, public health pioneer, etc. He was the director of the National Institute of Hygiene and taught parasitology at the University of Cauca, where he went on to serve as rector. He published novels such as Toá, Narraciones de Caucherías (1933), Mancha de aceite (1936), Sebastián de las Gracias and the incomplete Caribe.

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English footballer Joe Ince (29 November 1908 – 1962) was an English footballer who made 51 appearances in the Football League playing as a goalkeeper for Darlington and Gateshead in the 1930s. He was also on the books of Exeter City without representing them in the League.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adina_Giurgiu"}

Romanian footballer Adina Sabina Giurgiu (born 17 August 1994) is a Romanian women's football defender who plays for Sassuolo of the Italian Serie A. Honours Olimpia Cluj Winner

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Struve"}

Russian political economist, philosopher, historian, social critic and editor Peter (or Pyotr or Petr) Berngardovich Struve (Russian: Пётр Бернга́рдович Стру́ве; pronounced [pʲɵtr bʲɪrnˈɡardəvʲɪtɕˈstruvʲɪ]; 26 January 1870 in Perm – 22 February 1944 in Paris) was a Russian political economist, philosopher, historian and editor. He started out as a Marxist, later became a liberal and after the Bolshevik Revolution joined the White movement. From 1920, he lived in exile in Paris, where he was a prominent critic of Russian Communism. Biography Marxist theoretician Peter Struve is probably the best known member of the Russian branch of the Struve family. Son of Bernhard Struve (Astrakhan and later Perm governor) and grandson of astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, he entered the Natural Sciences Department of the University of Saint Petersburg in 1889 and transferred to its law school in 1890. While there, he became interested in Marxism, attended Marxist and narodniki (populist) meetings (where he met his future opponent Vladimir Lenin) and wrote articles for legally published magazines—hence the term Legal Marxism, whose chief proponent he became. In September 1893 Struve was hired by the Finance Ministry and worked in its library, but was fired on 1 June 1894 after an arrest and a brief detention in April–May of that year. In 1894, he also published his first major book, Kriticheskie zametki k voprosu ob ekonomicheskom razvitii Rossii (Critical Notes on the Economic Development of Russia) in which he defended the applicability of Marxism to Russian conditions against populist critics. In 1895, Struve finished his degree and wrote an Open letter to Nicholas II on behalf of the Zemstvo. He then went abroad for further studies, where he attended the 1896 International Socialist Congress in London and befriended famous Russian revolutionary exile Vera Zasulich. After returning to Russia Struve became one of the editors of the successive Legal Marxist magazines Novoye Slovo (The New Word, 1897), Nachalo (The Beginning, 1899) and Zhizn (1899–1901). Struve was also the most popular speaker at the Legal Marxist debates at the Free Economic Society in the late 1890s—early 1900s in spite of his often impenetrable-to-laymen arguments and unkempt appearance. In 1898 Struve wrote the Manifesto of the newly formed Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. However, as he later explained: Socialism, to tell the truth, never aroused the slightest emotion in me, still less attraction... Socialism interested me mainly as an ideological force – which... could be directed either to the conquest of civil and political freedoms or against them Liberal politician By 1900, Struve had become a leader of the revisionist, i.e. compromising, wing of Russian Marxists. Struve and Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky represented the moderates during the negotiations with Julius Martov, Alexander Potresov and Vladimir Lenin, the leaders of the party's radical wing, in Pskov in March 1900. In late 1900, Struve went to Munich and again held lengthy talks with the radicals between December 1900 and February 1901. The two sides eventually reached a compromise which included making Struve the editor of Sovremennoe Obozrenie (Contemporary Review), a proposed supplement to the radicals' magazine Zaria (Dawn), in exchange for his help in securing financial support from Russian liberals. The plan was frustrated by Struve's arrest at the famous Kazan Square demonstration on 4 March 1901 immediately upon his return to Russia. Struve was banished from the capital and, like other demonstrators, was offered to choose his own place of exile. He chose Tver, a center of Zemstvo radicalism. In 1902 Struve secretly left Tver and went abroad, but by then the radicals had abandoned the idea of a joint magazine and Struve's further evolution from socialism to liberalism would have made collaboration difficult anyway. Instead he founded an independent liberal semi-monthly magazine Osvobozhdenie (Liberation) with the help of liberal intelligentsia and the radical part of Zemstvo. The magazine was financed by D. E. Zhukovsky and was at first published in Stuttgart, Germany (1 July 1902 – 15 October 1904). In mid-1903, after the founding of the liberal Soyuz Osvobozhdeniya (Union of Liberation), the magazine became the Union's official organ and was smuggled into Russia, where it enjoyed considerable success. When German police, under pressure from Okhrana, raided the premises in October 1904, Struve moved his operations to Paris and continued publishing the magazine for another year (15 October 1904 – 18 October 1905) until the October Manifesto proclaimed freedom of the press in Russia. In October 1905 Struve returned to Russia, and became a co-founder of the liberal Constitutional Democratic party and a member of its Central Committee. In 1907 he represented the party in the Second State Duma. After the Duma's dissolution on 3 June 1907, Struve concentrated on his work at Russkaya Mysl (Russian Thought), a leading liberal newspaper, of which he had been publisher and de facto editor-in-chief since 1906. Struve was the driving force behind Vekhi (Milestones, 1909), a groundbreaking and controversial anthology of essays critical of the intelligentsia and its rationalistic and radical traditions. As Russkaya Mysl editor, Struve rejected Andrey Bely's seminal novel Petersburg, which he apparently saw as a parody of revolutionary intellectuals. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Struve adopted a position of support for the government, and in 1916 he resigned from the Constitutional Democratic party's Central Committee over what he saw as the party's excessive opposition to the government in a time of war.[citation needed] Opponent of Bolshevism In May 1917, after the February Revolution of 1917 overthrew monarchy in Russia, Struve was elected as member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, until he was excluded by the Bolshevik-engineered expulsion of 1918. Immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, Struve went to the South of Russia where he joined the Volunteer Army's Council. In early 1918 he returned to Moscow, where he lived under an assumed name for most of the year, contributed to Iz Glubiny (variously translated as De Profundis, From the Deep or From the Depths, 1918), a follow-up to Vekhi, and published several other notable articles on the causes of the revolution. With the Russian Civil War raging and his life in danger Struve had to flee; and after a three-month journey arrived in Finland, where he negotiated with Gen. Nikolai Yudenich and the Finnish leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim before leaving for Western Europe. Struve represented Gen. Anton Denikin's anti-Bolshevik government in Paris and London in 1919, before returning to Denikin-controlled territories in the South of Russia, where he edited a leading newspaper of the White Movement. With Denikin's resignation after the Novorossisk debacle and Gen. Pyotr Wrangel's rise to the top in early 1920, Struve became Wrangel's foreign minister. With the defeat of Wrangel's army in November 1920 Struve left for Bulgaria, where he relaunched Russkaya Mysl under the aegis of the emigre "Russko-Bolgarskoe knigoizdatel'stvo" publishing house. Then Struve left for Paris, where he remained until his death in 1944.In Bulgaria, Struve left many followers in the field of economics, especially his students, who emigrated and took academic positions at Bulgarian universities (the most famous of which are Simeon Demostenov and Naum Dolinski). His children were prominent in the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. Personal life Religion Struve's father was Russian Orthodox while his mother was Lutheran. During his Marxist years Struve was a religious skeptic. Afterwords, he returns to Orthodoxy, but maintained a strongly individual view that was close to Protestantism. Descendants Peter Struve's son Gleb Struve (1898–1985) was one of the most prominent Russian critics of the 20th century. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley and befriended Vladimir Nabokov in the 1920s. Pyotr's grandson, Nikita Struve (1931–2016), was a professor at a Paris university and an editor of several Russian-language periodicals published in Europe. Notes and references Works in English Works in Russian

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This is a list of airport museums in the United States. These are museums that are located inside an airport terminal building, NOT those that are located simply at an airport. By state Arizona California Florida Maryland Nevada North Carolina Ohio Wisconsin

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Huizen"}

Dutch football club Football club SV Huizen is an association football club from Huizen, Netherlands. History The club became Dutch national amateur champions in 1974 and in 2003. In 2001, Huizen won the Regional Cup of the now defunct Central soccer district. In 2016 it Huizen promoted to the Derde Divisie. In 2017 it relegated back to the Hoofdklasse. In 2018 it relegated once again, to the Eerste Klasse. In 2022, Huizen promoted to the Vierde Divisie, after winning an Eerste Klasse section championship.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkali"}

Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran Kalkali (Persian: كلكلي, also Romanized as Kalkalī) is a village in Kuh Sefid Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 339, in 66 families.

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The European Master's in Translation (EMT) is a partnership project between the Directorate-General for Translation (DGT) of the European Commission and a number of universities from European and non-European countries. EMT is a quality label for translation programmes that offer a Master's degree. The DGT awards the label to higher education programmes that meet the EMT quality standards for translator training. The initial project was launched in 2006 and the first network was set up in December 2009. It consisted of 34 universities from 16 European countries. In 2011, 20 more programmes were selected, bringing the total number of members to 54 programmes from 20 European countries. In the 2014 selection round, the EMT membership increased to 63 member programmes from 22 countries, including two non-EU members (from Switzerland). For the 2019 - 2024 period, 81 programmes were selected including three from non-EU countries (Switzerland and Lebanon). As of January 2021, the membership decreased to 68 members when the programmes from United Kingdom left the network after withdrawal of the country from the European Union. After each selection round, the EMT members elect the EMT Board, which decides on strategic issues. It consists of ten representatives from member universities and two representatives from DGT. Why was the EMT set up? There is a growing demand for highly qualified translators who can provide multilingual communication in both public and private sector. Due to evolving needs on the translation markets, translators need to cope with tasks combining wide range of linguistic, technical and entrepreneurial skills. It is important that translator training matches these requirements. In the broader context of the Bologna process, the project serves as a model in its approach to convergence in higher education in Europe. What do EMT universities offer? EMT programmes offer a Master's degree, corresponding to a one- or two-year programme in translation (between 60 and 120 points in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS). At the core of each curriculum is a common set of basic skills in translation, regardless of the language combinations. The core of the EMT programmes is defined by the following six professional competences that graduates should acquire: The EMT quality label Only members of the EMT Network can use the EMT name and logo as a quality label when referring to their master’s programmes in translation. The logo is protected as a registered EU trademark. Members receive a membership certificate and sign the EMT charter, which sets out the obligations of EMT members. Activities of the EMT network EMT members meet twice a year to foster cooperation and exchange best practices in the training of future translators. The meetings can be on-site (in Brussels or hosted by EMT universities), online or hybrid. Between the full network meetings, the members meet within various working groups focusing on specific topics of the translation training. The working groups are chaired by the EMT Board members. How are the activities of the EMT supported by the European Commission? The DGT supports the EMT by: The European Master's in Conference Interpreting has a similar approach.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megactenodes"}

Genus of beetles Megactenodes is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:

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Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe, PC, KC (1705 – 2 November 1778) was an English judge and politician. Early life Born in London, he was descended from Customer Smythe and Waller's "Sacharissa". His father, Henry Smythe of Old Bounds in the parish of Bidborough, Kent, died in 1706, aged 29. His mother, Elizabeth, the daughter of Dr. John Lloyd, canon of Windsor, then became the wife of William Hunt, and died on 6 October 1754. Smythe was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner on 1 July 1721, and graduated B.A. in 1724. Having entered the Inner Temple on 5 June 1724, he was called to the bar in February 1728, and joined the home circuit. In 1740 he was appointed steward of the court of the king's palace at Westminster, in place of Sir Thomas Abney, and in Trinity term 1747 he was made a King's Counsel, and became a bencher of the Inner Temple. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1742. At the 1747 British general election Smythe was returned to the House of Commons for the borough of East Grinstead. He sat in the house for three sessions, and there is no record of any speech he made. In January 1749 he took part in the prosecution of the smugglers who were tried for murder before a special commission at Chichester. Judge Smythe was appointed a baron of the exchequer in place of Charles Clarke who died in 1750. He received the order of the coif on 23 June 1750, took his seat on the bench, and on 7 November was knighted. With Heneage Legge he tried Mary Blandy at the Oxford assizes in March 1752. While a puisne baron, Smythe was twice appointed a commissioner of the Great Seal. On the first occasion, from 19 November 1756 to 20 June 1757, he was joined in the commission with Sir John Willes and Sir John Eardley-Wilmot. On the second occasion, from 21 January 1770 to 23 January 1771, he was chief commissioner, his colleagues being Henry Bathurst and Sir Richard Aston. Smythe succeeded Sir Thomas Parker as lord chief baron on 28 October 1772. Since Parker continued to enjoy good health after his resignation, while Smythe was often prevented by illness from attending the court, Lord Mansfield is said to have cruelly observed, "The new chief baron should resign in favour of his predecessor". Later life and death After presiding in the exchequer for five years, Smythe was compelled in November 1777 to resign because of bad health. He was granted a pension of £2,400, and on 3 December was sworn a member of the privy council. He died at Old Bounds in Bidborough, Kent on 2 November 1778, and was buried at Sutton-at-Hone, Kent. Reputation Smythe is said to have refused the post of Lord Chancellor, and to have been "the ugliest man of his day". He was abused in print and in parliament for his conduct of the trial of John Taylor, a sergeant of the Scots guards, for the murder of James Smith, at the Guildford summer assizes in 1770. The jury brought in a verdict of guilty, and Smythe, who had told them that it was only manslaughter, expressed surprise, and asked that a special verdict should be drawn up, which was duly signed by the jury. Smythe's conduct was vindicated by John Dunning in the House of Commons on 6 December 1770, and his decision was upheld by the judges of the King's Bench on 8 February 1771. The issue was brought up by Junius in his letter to Lord Mansfield of 21 January 1772. Family Smythe married, in 1733, Sarah, daughter of Sir Charles Farnaby, bart., of Kippington in Kent, but left no issue. Both he and his wife took an interest in the evangelical movement. She died on 18 March 1790 and was buried at Sutton-at-Hone.

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Basualdo is a Spanish surname with significant usage in Argentina. Notable people with the surname include:

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Marie-Anne Day Walker-Pelletier CM SOM (born April 15, 1954) is the Chief of the Okanese First Nation. Since becoming chief in 1981 she is the longest-serving female chief in Saskatchewan. In July 2001, Walker-Pelletier was host of a healing conference included native leaders from across Canada. In 2005, she was Chair of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations. She was named a Member of the Order of Canada in 2018 and a Member of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 2021.

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Season of television series The fourth season of the reality television show, Storage Wars aired on A&E from April 16, 2013 to July 2, 2013. It consisted of 22 episodes, beginning with the episode "Auctioning for Dummies" and ending with the episode "Super Bros. Shuffle". Following the departure of Dave Hester, numerous buyers were featured this season as there was no permanent personality for the fourth featured buyer spot. This is the final season to feature for Barry Weiss. All of the episodes this season were filmed at various self-storage facilities throughout Southern California, including Mini-U Storage, Storage Outlet and Extra Storage. Episode overview Episode statistics Although revealed at the end of the episode, the totals are not always reflective and exact of the value of items in the lockers. In many cases, the values of items are estimates made on the spot by the cast members, and are not necessarily actual profits or losses. Some of the episodes were not aired in the order that they were filmed. Therefore, the * column in each season's episode list indicates the sequential order of that episode. Main buyers episode statistics Frequent buyers episode statistics There were many frequent buyers over the course of the season. These are their results. Key: - didn't appear in episode. Notes

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Ivor Canavan, OBE (1929–1999) was a politician in Northern Ireland during the Troubles. On leaving St Columb's College, Canavan studied Engineering at University College Dublin. He returned to his native Derry in 1959 and commenced a lifelong career with Du Pont. In the context of a deepening political crisis, Canavan became an active member of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland shortly after its 1970 inception. Ivor Canavan was elected to Londonderry City Council in 1973. In December that year, he took part in the negotiations that culminated in the Sunningdale Agreement. Canavan was elected Deputy Mayor of Londonderry in 1974 and, the following year, became the first and only Alliance Mayor of Londonderry. In May 1976, the Canavan family home was bombed. The Provisional IRA claimed responsibility. No one was in the house at the time of the blast. Canavan served as Chairman of the Police Authority (NI) Complaints Committee. from 1977-79. He resigned from this post and retired from active politics to take up a position with DuPont in Geneva, Switzerland. Ivor Canavan was appointed an OBE in 1980 for public services in Northern Ireland. Canavan's brother Michael was a prominent member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party.

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Permission marketing is a type of advertising in which the people who are supposed to see the ads can choose whether or not to get them. This marketing type is becoming quite popular in digital marketing these days. Seth Godin first introduced the concept of permission marketing in his book “Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers Into Friends, And Friends Into Customers.” History Traditional marketing methods often involve interruption – whether a television advertisement that cuts into a TV show or an internet pop-up that interferes with a website. According to Godin, such methods (often referred to as “interruption marketing”) have become less effective in the modern world, where consumers are overloaded with information. Interruption marketing is essentially a competition to win people’s attention. In today’s world of mass-marketing, people are overloaded with advertisements that compete for their limited time and attention span. Yankelovich, Inc claims the average consumer comes into contact with 1 million advertisements per year – or nearly 3000 per day. When there is an overflow of interruptions, people’s inevitable response is to disregard them, tune them out, and refuse to respond to them. Such traditional marketing methods are more difficult and costly to attain the same outcome. In 1999, Godin observed that successful campaigns were the ones that sought the customer’s consent. From such observations, Godin believed that marketing strategies should be based on the following elements: These elements were combined[how?] to define permission marketing, first publicized in Godin’s book, “Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends and Friends into Customers”, published on May 6, 1999. Benefits Permission marketing allows consumers to choose whether or not to be subjected to marketing[dubious – discuss]. This choice can result in better engagement. For example, consumers are more likely to open an email marketing message if they "double opt-in" than a regular "single opt-in." By targeting volunteers, permission marketing improves the odds that consumers pay more attention to the marketing message. Permission marketing thus encourages consumers to engage in a long-standing, cooperative marketing campaign. Initiation paradox Supporters of permission marketing claim that it is more effective than interruption marketing, however, this is paradoxical. Permission marketing is inevitably[citation needed] initiated with interruption marketing. To get the attention of a prospective consumer for a permission-based relationship, the first step requires interruption marketing. Levels There are five levels of permission in permission marketing. These "levels" measure the degree of permission a consumer has granted to a specific business. At each successive level of the permission framework, the business achieves a higher efficiency state, with a decrease in marketing cost. Thus, businesses usually aim to achieve the “intravenous permission” level. However, the five levels of permission should not be considered a necessary sequential process, as more than one level could apply simultaneously depending on the nature of the business. Examples Facebook is a prime example – whether it is to post, share, or amplify, the marketer would have to send a friend request (or permission) to the potential prospects. Opt-in email is an example of permission marketing, where Internet users request to receive information about a certain product or a service. Supporters of permission marketing claim it to be effective, as the potential client would be more interested in information that was requested in advance. It is also more cost-efficient than traditional marketing methods, as businesses only need to target consumers who have expressed an interest in their product. RSS Feeds or Really simple syndication is one of the best methods for adopting permission marketing. This method lets subscribers know about the latest promotion or content through notifications. Huffington Post is an American online news aggregator and blog which offers original content in areas including politics, business, entertainment, environment, technology, etc. The Huffington Post has a clear permission marketing-based approach: the readers must register on the site using their social media (such as Facebook, Twitter, etc.). The registration implies that readers have permitted for Huffington Post to send them marketing information, such as newsletters. YouTube is a video-sharing website that allows users to upload, view, and share videos. Many firms utilize YouTube as part of their social media marketing strategy to promote their products and services. Firms specifically use the “subscribing” feature to establish a permission-based relationship with their customers. Subscription would imply that viewers have permitted for the business to market them with updated information, campaign, etc. Sundance Vacations is a travel company that allows customers to buy vacations in bulk. The company employs a method of permission marketing by attending sporting events, shows, and more and getting people to sign up to win their annual sweepstakes. The entry forms that are filled out contain an agreement that says the company is allowed to contact the person filling the form at the methods provided by the entrant. The potential client's signature is considered a form of consent to contact them, allowing the company to email and phone market to entrants.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Saball"}

Chilean politician María Paulina Saball Astaburuaga (born 26 October 1952) is a Chilean politician and social worker. She was a minister during the second government of Michelle Bachelet. Saball studied at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, where she was a member of the leftist movement Popular Unitary Action Movement (MAPU). Saball was an opponent to the Pinochet dictatorship and was linked to human rights defense groups through various entities, such as the Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile and the Vicariate of Solidarity. Similarly, once returned the democracy she was part of the National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation (Rettig Report) during the christian-democratic government of Patricio Aylwin.

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Indian actress Farida Devi, also known as Farida Dadi or Baby Farida, is an Indian actress in Hindi-language films and television serials. Career She started her career as a child actor in films in the 60s and was the most sought-after child actress[citation needed]. She made her debut as the young Shashikala in the movie Sujata (1960), when she was eight years old. Her most remembered roles as a child artist were in Dosti, Ram Aur Shyam, Brahmachari, Sangam, Kabuliwalah, Jab Jab Phool Khile, Phool Aur Patthar and more with directors like Bimal Roy, Raj Kapoor, K Asif, Mehboob Khan and Guru Dutt. Filmography Her films include: Television Web series

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1786_in_Spain"}

List of events Events from the year 1786 in Spain. Incumbents Events Births Deaths

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anauxesis_alboscutellaris"}

Species of beetle Anauxesis alboscutellaris is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

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The Pomegranate Council is a non-profit agricultural commodity marketing organization based in Sonoma, CA. Founded in 1997 by California-based international produce marketer Tom Tjerandsen, in association with charter members Simonian Fruit Company and Roll International (the parent company of what would later become POM Wonderful), the Pomegranate Council is a non-profit organization that exists to promote the pomegranate fruit and its variety of uses. Patterned after the successful Apricot Council, the Pomegranate Council’s activities range from consumer-awareness programs to developing and distributing tools for use by pomegranate producers. The Council has been credited with contributing to the recent marked increase in consumption and awareness of pomegranates and pomegranate products. The Pomegranate Council provides a variety of non-branded commodity marketing support, including press relations, distribution of printed material such as point-of-sale usage guides for retailers and the foodservice industry, and representation at food-related trade shows to distribute literature and product samples. The Council's website also serves as a source of product availability and trade information, as well as pomegranate history and health benefits, recipes, crafting ideas, and answers to frequently asked questions. In addition to the website, the Council uses both domestic and overseas advertising agencies, as well as field promotion programs, to achieve its goals of international pomegranate awareness. The Council provides information and marketing materials to promote increased usage for the fresh market in the U.S. and for all export markets. Much of the Pomegranate Council’s current emphasis is focused on developing selected overseas markets with the help of the MAP program, under the auspices of the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun_station"}

Montreal Metro station Verdun station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Verdun in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Green Line. It opened on September 3, 1978, as part of the extension of the Green Line westward to Angrignon station. Architecture and art Designed by Jean-Maurice Dubé, it is a normal side platform station, built in a deep open cut necessitated by the surrounding Utica shale formation. The ticket hall is located at transept level, and both the mezzanine and platforms are surmounted by high volumes. The volume over the tracks and platforms has a forced perspective; the ceiling lowers and the platform width shortens on the western end of the station. Accesses are located on either side of rue de Verdun. The artwork running throughout the station consists of concrete walls with bas-reliefs in the upper parts and painted motifs on the lower, which were designed by Claude Théberge and Antoine D. Lamarche. Origin of the name This station is named for rue de Verdun and for the borough (formerly the city) of Verdun, in front of whose borough office the station is located. The land that would later constitute the borough was granted as a concession to Zacharie Dupuis in 1671; he named it Fief-de-Verdun for his birthplace at Saverdun in the south of France. Connecting bus routes Nearby points of interest

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayouba_Traor%C3%A9"}

Malian judoka Ayouba Traoré (born 9 August 1982) is a heavyweight judoka from Mali. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics, in the 100 kg category, and was eliminated by Cyrille Maret in the first bout. Traoré works at a French international school in Bamako.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Biathlon_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_Sprint_Men"}

The 2020–21 Biathlon World Cup – Sprint Men started on 29 November 2020 in Kontiolahti and will finished on 19 March 2021 in Östersund Competition format The 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) sprint race is the third oldest biathlon event; the distance is skied over three laps. The biathlete shoots two times at any shooting lane, first prone, then standing, totalling 10 targets. For each missed target the biathlete has to complete a penalty lap of around 150 metres (490 ft). Competitors' starts are staggered, normally by 30 seconds. 2019–20 Top 3 standings Medal winners Standings 7 of 10 competitions scored

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Rice County may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nikolai,_Kiel"}

Church in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany St. Nikolai is the name of a Protestant parish and its church in Kiel, the capital of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is the town's oldest building, at the Alter Markt. It was dedicated to Saint Nicholas. In the 19th century, it was remodeled in Gothic Revival style. Destroyed in World War II, it was rebuilt with a simpler contemporary interior. It features notable artworks such as a bronze baptismal font from 1340, an altar from 1460, a triumphal cross from 1490, a wood-carved pulpit from 1705, and outside a bronze by Ernst Barlach from 1928. History The building was begun shortly after the foundation of the town by Adolf IV of Schauenburg and Holstein, c. 1242. The church is first mentioned in a document of 1246, dedicated to Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of seafarers and merchants. The original Gothic hall church was changed hundred years later, following the model of St. Petri [de], by adding a long choir, and building three naves. The steeple was connected to the church by the annex of chapels. In 1526, Marquard Schuldorp (1495–1529) introduced the Reformation. From 1877 to 1884, the church was remodeled in Gothic Revival style, including a new facade and a flatter roof. The funeral chapels from the 17th century were demolished. Inside, the Lettner, balconies and seating were removed. Reception of the changes were mixed. In World War II, the church was badly damaged by bombing on 22 May 1944. The interior features had been removed. The church was completely demolished because the ruin was unstable. It was rebuilt from 1950 by Gerhard Langmaack [de] who turned to modern forms and construction, such as concrete columns and ceiling. The interior was remodeled by Peter Kahlcke in an "unpretentious" style, faithful to Langmaack's concept, and completed in 1986. Gallery Interior The bronze baptismal font (Taufe) by Hans Apengeter [de] dates back to 1344 and is the oldest artwork in the church. It is regarded as one of the best medieval bronzes in northern Germany. He created it after the Wismar Taufe of 1331 and the Lübeck Taufe of 1337. The Erzväteraltar (Altar of the patriarchs) from 1460 was made for the church of the Liel Abbey [de], and was moved to St. Nikolai in 1541 when the monastery was dissolved in the Reformation. The large Triumphkreuz (Triumphal cross) dates back to 1490. The Baroque pulpit is a woodcarving by Theodor Allers [de] from 1705. It was a donation by Henning von Wedderkop to replace a 1522 pulpit. The church holds the oldest Nagelkreuz von Coventry [de] in Germany, from 1947. On a commission by the town of Kiel, Ernst Barlach created a large sculpture as his first work of the kind. An angel with a sword dominates a wolf-like creature, as a symbol for the superiority of spirit and its victory over evil. The bronze was first installed at the Heiligengeistkirche [de] of the former monastery, without a public celebration, because people objected to its style. First untitled, the sculpture was called Geistkämpfer (The Fighter of the Spirit) by the population. In 1937, the Nazi government removed the sculpture as entartete Kunst. It was hidden in Schnega in the atelier of Hugo Körtzinger [de], a friend of Barlach. After the war, Kiel bought the Geistkämpfer back and installed it in St. Nikolai in 1954. Copies of the sculpture are in front of the Gethsemane Church in Berlin, and in front of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts in Minnesota. The main organ was built in 1965 by Detlef Kleuker of Brackwede. It had three manuals and pedalboard, 45 stops and 3,288 pipes. It was extensively restored in 1998 by the Ulrich Babel of Gettorf, to overcome problems which had arisen from electrification and the use of synthetic materials for the windchest. It was repitched by Eppo Rynko Ottes of (Barcelona). In the choir there is a small positive organ by the Babel organ works. Literature

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Storkerson Bay is a Canadian Arctic waterway in the Northwest Territories. It is an arm of Amundsen Gulf on central western Banks Island. Historically, it has been a wintering area for Inuvialuit families.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Philips_Open"}

Tennis tournament The 1992 Philips Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the ATP World Series of the 1992 ATP Tour. It was the 21st edition of the tournament and took place from 13 April through 19 April 1992. Unseeded Gabriel Markus, who defeated top-seeded Pete Sampras in the semifinal, won the singles title. Finals Singles Gabriel Markus defeated Javier Sánchez 6–4, 6–4 Doubles Patrick Galbraith / Scott Melville defeated Pieter Aldrich / Danie Visser 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurylepis"}

Genus of lizards Eurylepis is a genus of skinks found in Asia. Species There are two species:

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Kai Alexander Kennedy (born 28 March 2002) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a winger for Falkirk, on loan from Rangers. Kennedy previously had loan spells with Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Raith Rovers, Dunfermline Athletic and Hamilton Academical. Career Club Kennedy came through the youth system at Rangers On 15 June 2018, Kennedy signed a three-year contract with the club. He made his first-team debut for Rangers on 17 January 2020 in a Scottish Cup match against Stranraer at Ibrox Stadium. In late September 2020, it was reported by the Daily Record that Kennedy was being chased by multiple clubs including Sheffield United, Manchester City, Roma and Bayern Munich due to a contract dispute with Rangers. In October 2020 he was loaned to Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship. On 5 January 2021, Kennedy's loan at Inverness Caledonian Thistle was cut-short due to homesickness after Scotland was placed into another full lockdown, leaving him with the inability to travel between Inverness and his family in Glasgow. On 8 January 2021, Kennedy signed a new contract with Rangers until the Summer of 2023. On the same day he signed a loan deal with Raith Rovers until the end of the season. On 22 July 2021, Kennedy returned to Fife with Dunfermline Athletic, signing a season-long loan deal. Kennedy was recalled by his parent club during the January transfer window. On 14 January 2022, Kennedy joined Scottish Championship side Hamilton Academical on loan for the remainder of the 2021–22 season. In July 2022 Kennedy was loaned to Falkirk for the 2022–23 season. International Kennedy has represented Scotland at various youth levels up to under-19s. He was promoted to the under-21 squad in November 2020. Career statistics As of match played 21 January 2023

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tarpon_(N17)"}

Submarine of the Royal Navy The second HMS Tarpon (N17) was a T-class submarine of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by Scotts, Greenock and launched in October 1939. She is named after the large fish Tarpon; one species of which is native to the Atlantic, and the other to the Indo-Pacific Oceans. Career Tarpon had a short career, serving in the North Sea. She left Portsmouth on 5 April 1940 for Rosyth in company with HMS Severn. The following day they were ordered to Norway. On the 10th Tarpon was ordered to take up a new position. Tarpon was never heard from again. It is asserted that there is a combination of British and German records which state that she was engaged by Schiff 40. The records show that Tarpon had attacked the Q-ship Schiff 40/Schürbek, but her first torpedoes had missed. The Q-ship picked up the Tarpon on her sonar and her periscope was sighted. The ship dropped numerous depth charges in a sustained counterattack that went on most of the morning. Finally a pattern of depth charges brought wreckage to the surface. The Q-ship remained on the scene until 0500 the next morning when it became clear the submarine had been sunk. Tarpon was reported overdue on 22 April 1940. Wreck The wreck was found and identified in the Danish part of the North Sea, near the harbour town of Thyborøn, by a Danish commercial diver, Gert Normann Andersen of the company JD-Contractor and British marine archaeologist Dr Innes McCartney in March 2016. The wreck was explored in a live TV program by Denmark's Radio on 28 August 2016. The submarine wreck was found with two torpedo tubes empty; confirming it likely they were fired in battle before her sinking. It is therefore still most likely she was then sunk by depth charges. The wreck is submerged in 40 metres of water.

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Moratuwa Sports Club was a first-class cricket team in Sri Lanka. It competed in the Premier Trophy, Sri Lanka's main first-class cricket competition, for 13 of the seasons following the international recognition of first-class status for the 1988–89 season, although its first-class status was not continuous. In addition, it competed in the Premier Limited Overs Tournament, Sri Lanka's main List A cricket competition, for five seasons. Status in different cricket seasons Moratuwa's matches in the Premier Trophy are considered by international cricket authorities as having been of first-class status in the seasons 1988–1991, 1992–1996, 2001–2004 and 2007–2010. Its games in the Premier Limited Overs Tournament are similarly considered to be of List A status in the seasons 1993–94, 2002–03 and 2007–2010. It has not competed at either first-class or List A status since 2010. Notable people

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ust-Dzhegutinsky_District"}

District in Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia Ust-Dzhegutinsky District (Russian: Усть-Джегути́нский райо́н; Karachay-Balkar: Джёгетей Аягъы район, Cögetey Ayağı rayon; Abaza: Усть-Джьгваты район; Kabardian: Жэгуэтэныпэ куей) is an administrative and a municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic. The area of the district is 992 square kilometers (383 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Ust-Dzheguta. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 50,641, with the population of Ust-Dzheguta accounting for 60.4% of that number. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Ust-Dzhegutinsky District is one of the ten in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and has administrative jurisdiction over one town (Ust-Dzheguta) and nine rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Ust-Dzhegutinsky Municipal District. The town of Ust-Dzheguta is incorporated into an urban settlement, while the nine rural localities are incorporated into seven rural settlements within the municipal district. The town of Ust-Dzheguta serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplo"}

Defunct American motor vehicle manufacturer The Simplo was an American high wheeler automobile manufactured from 1908 until 1909 by the Cook Motor Vehicle Company in St. Louis, Missouri. History Cook Motor Vehicle Company of St. Louis advertised the Simplo as The biggest automobile value in America. Several variations were offered; air or water-cooled 2-cylinder engines and both solid or pneumatic tires. The Simplo featured a friction transmission, double chain drive and right-hand wheel steering on the runabout, priced at $600, equivalent to $10,686 in 2021. In 1909, roadster and surrey models were added, but after a year of trying, the Cook Motor Vehicle Company decided to become a multi-marque automobile dealership.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishra_Yantra"}

Mishra Yantra is one of the four unique astronomical instruments of the Jantar Mantar observatory located in New Delhi, India. Each instrument at the Jantar Mantar are separate brilliant architectures constructed based on mathematical observations, and help in calculating different aspects of celestial objects and time. It is widely believed that the Jantar Mantar was constructed in the year 1724. The four instruments of Jantar Mantar are Samrat Yantra (a large sundial for calculating time), Jay Prakash Yantra (2 concave hemispherical structures, used to ascertain the position of Sun and other heavenly bodies), Ram Yantra (two large cylindrical structures with open top, used to measure the altitude of stars based on the latitude and the longitude on the earth) and the Mishra Yantra (meaning mixed instrument, since it is a compilation of five different instruments). Historical and cultural importance of the Mishra Yantra The Mishra or composite Yantra is composed of five different instruments. This Yantra is unique to the Delhi observatory. It is believed to have been constructed by Maharaja Madho Singh (1751–68), the son of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. The five component yantras are the Dakshinottar Bhitti, Samrat Yantra (a smaller version of the large sundial, attached to Mishra Yantra, in two halves), Niyat Chakra, Kark Rashivalaya, and the Western Quadrant. The Dakshinottar Bhitti was also built in the Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi and Mathura observatories. It is a modified version of the Portable Meridian Dial present in Greek, Arabic, Hindu and European systems of astronomy. The Dakshinottar Bhitti of the Mishra Yantra is in the form of a graduated semicircle located on the eastern wall.

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The ITF Beach Tennis Tour (ITF BTT) is a beach tennis contest organized by the International Tennis Federation. It began in 2008, and has already seen an increase of nearly six times in the number of tournaments on the ITF BTT calendar. Points Players are ranked according to total number of points attained. Points are awarded throughout each tournament as follows:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_kyllingiella"}

Species of sedge parts Cyperus kyllingiella is a species of sedge that is native to parts of the Indian subcontinent and tropical and southern parts of Africa.

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South African writer and journalist Karobo Moses Motsisi (1932–1977), better known as Casey Motsisi or Casey "Kid" Motsisi, was a South African short story writer and journalist Biography Motsisi was born in Johannesburg and worked for a time in Pretoria as a teacher. He was a reporter for Drum magazine until 1962 and then left to work for The World, returning to Drum in 1974. He wrote the regular "Bugs" column, which was humorous and satirical, featuring discussions and conversations between two bed bugs. He also wrote the "On the Beat" column. Motsisi's style borrowed heavily from that of Damon Runyon, using "Americanese" and Tsotsitaal (local township slang). The stories he wrote were based on his extensive knowledge of the Sophiatown shebeen culture, depicting a variety of township types, such as Aunt Peggy, the shebeen queen, and a variety of rogues including Kid Playboy and Kid Hangover. Motsisi also contributed to The Classic, a journal edited by a fellow Drum journalist Nat Nakasa. The Drum Decade contains a number of articles by Motsisi, including: Books

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabowiec,_Piotrk%C3%B3w_County"}

Village in Łódź Voivodeship, Poland Grabowiec [ɡraˈbɔvjɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gorzkowice, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Gorzkowice, 23 km (14 mi) south of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 68 km (42 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. The village has a population of 140.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Grace_and_Company"}

American chemical company W. R. Grace and Co. is an American chemical business based in Columbia, Maryland. It produces specialty chemicals and specialty materials in two divisions: Grace Catalysts Technologies, which makes catalysts and related products and technologies used in petrochemical, refining, and other chemical manufacturing applications, and Grace Materials and Chemicals, which makes specialty materials, including silica-based and silica-alumina-based materials, used in pharmaceutical/consumer, coatings, and chemical process applications. For much of its early history, Grace's main business was in South America, in maritime shipping, railroads, agriculture, and silver mining, with 30,000 employees in Peru. In the 1950s, Grace began to diversify and grew into a Fortune 100 worldwide conglomerate. After emerging from a prolonged bankruptcy period of 12 years in 2014, the company spun off its other major operating divisions. In September 2021, Standard Industries acquired the company. History The company was founded in 1854 in Peru by William Russell Grace at the age of 22. Grace left Ireland during the Great Famine and traveled to South America with his family. He went first to Peru to work as a ship chandler for the firm of Bryce and Company, to the merchantmen harvesting guano, used as a fertilizer and gunpowder ingredient due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. His brother, Michael P. Grace, joined the business, and in 1865 the company name was changed to Grace Brothers & Co. The company set up head office operations in New York City in 1865. Working in fertilizer and machinery, the company was formally chartered in 1872, and incorporated in 1895. In 1904, Michael P. Grace became president after the death of William Grace. The company expanded, creating business divisions including Grace Shipping, Grace Cruise Lines, Grace Petroleum, Grace Drilling, and Grace Healthcare. Grace acquired and combined other companies to create and expand businesses such as Barilla Pasta, FAO Schwarz, Ingersoll-Rand, Roto-Rooter, Del Taco, and Cartavio Distilleries. In 1914, it created Grace National Bank. In 1945, the founder's grandson, J. Peter Grace, became president. Under his leadership, the company owned the country's largest oil-drilling fleet, ran the world's largest cattle ranch and the world's largest cocoa bean company; sugar plantations in Peru; cotton mills in Chile; silver, clay, phosphate, and tin mines; and processed rare earths for the US nuclear arms program. Grace owned a food group that operated 900 chain restaurant locations, a retail division with chains for sporting goods, home improvement, jewelry, aftermarket automotive parts, and leather goods. The company operated fertilizer companies, confectioners, and beverage companies, including Miller Brewing. Grace pioneered genetic engineering at its Agricetus division in Wisconsin, and human gene therapy at its Aurigent Pharmaceuticals group. The company constructed a 160-acre research complex, the Washington Research Center, in Columbia, Maryland. It also commissioned the New York City skyscraper, the W. R. Grace Building, as its world headquarters, in midtown Manhattan, from where it directed worldwide operations, including Grace Container Products. In 1953, the company became a public company via an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1954, the company acquired Davison Chemical Company and Dewey & Almy Chemical Company, entering the specialty chemicals and specialty materials industries and establishing the basis for the current product lines. In 1987, Grace built a can sealant plant in Minhing, China, near Shanghai, thereby became the first wholly foreign-owned, private company to do business in The People's Republic of China. In February 2016, Grace completed the corporate spin-off of GCP Applied Technologies. In July 2016, the company acquired a catalysts business from BASF. In June 2021, the company acquired a unit from Albemarle Corporation. In September 2021, Standard Industries acquired the company. Incorporation There are two accounts of the incorporation date of W. R. Grace & Co. According to The New York Times, the company was incorporated as part of estate and successor planning, in 1895. The three brothers consolidated most of their holdings into a new private company, incorporated in West Virginia, called W. R. Grace & Company. The consolidation involved W. R. Grace & Co. of New York, Grace Brothers & Co. of Lima, Peru, Grace & Co. of Valparaiso Chile, William R. Grace & Co. of London, and J. W. Grace & Co of San Francisco. According to its website, W. R. Grace & Co. was incorporated in Connecticut in 1899. The listed capital of $6 million did not include Grace Brothers & Co. Limited in London or its branches in San Francisco, Lima and Callao, Peru, nor in Valparaiso, Santiago, and Concepción, Chile. J. Louis Schaefer, who joined the company as a boy, played a key role in not only W. R. Grace & Company, in which he became a vice president, but also as president of Grace National Bank. Schaefer was a co-executor of the estate of Michael Grace with William's son and corporate successor, Joseph Peter Grace, Sr. J. Louis Schaefer died in 1927. Shipping For most of its history, Grace's main business was cargo shipping, operating the Grace Line. To get cargo from Peru to North America and Europe, including guano and sugar, and noticing the need for other goods to be traded, William Grace founded a shipping division. Grace Line began service in 1882, with ports of call between Peru and New York. Regular steamship service was established in 1893, with a subsidiary called the New York & Pacific Steamship Co., that operated under the British flag. Ships built outside the United States prior to 1905 were banned from US registry. US-flag service began in 1912 with the Atlantic and Pacific Steamship Company. The activities of both companies and the parent firm were consolidated into the Grace Steamship Company beginning in 1916. The firm originally specialized in traffic to the west coast of South America; then later expanded into the Caribbean. In 1916, Grace acquired a controlling interest in the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. In 1921, Pacific received five 535 ft. President class ships from the United States Shipping Board for transpacific operation. In 1923, the US Shipping board decided to place the five ships up for bid and Dollar Shipping Company won the bid. With no large ships for the transpacific operations Grace sold the Pacific Mail, its registered name, and goodwill to Dollar. Now without a transpacific service, Grace did not need the six intercoastal freighters and sold them to the American Hawaiian Line. At this time, Grace formed the Panama Mail Steamship Company, to operate the smaller ships that were formerly owned and used by the Pacific Mail in the Central American trade. These ships were not involved in the sale to Dollar. On the death of William R. Grace in 1904, he was succeeded by William L. Sauders as company president followed by Joseph Peter Grace, Sr. (1872–1950) who became president in 1907. In 1938 the Colombian Line merged with Grace Line bringing an end to the Colombian Line. During World War II, Grace Lines operated transport for the U.S. War Shipping Administration, including the SS Sea Marlin. J. Peter Grace took over management of the company after his father suffered a stroke in 1945. After the war the Grace line operated 23 ships totaling 188,000 gross tons, and an additional 14 more on bareboat charters. In 1954 the company bought Davison Chemical Company (founded by William T. Davison as Davison, Kettlewell & Company in 1832), and the Dewey & Almy Chemical Company (founded in 1919 by Bradley Dewey and Charles Almy). In 1960 Grace Line, inspired by the pioneering efforts of Sea-Land Service, Matson Navigation, and Seatrain Lines, sought to begin containerizing its South American cargo operations by converting the conventional freighters Santa Eliana and Santa Leonor into fully cellular container ships. However, the effort was stymied by the opposition of longshoremen in New York and Venezuela and the ships were repeatedly laid up idle and were ultimately sold to the domestic container line Sea-Land Service in 1964. In 1963 Grace made a second attempt to containerize its South American trade when it ordered the four M-class combination passenger-cargo ships Santa Magdalaena, Santa Maria, Santa Mariana and Santa Mercedes with partial cellular holds, but they were no more successful as mixing conventional break-bulk cargo and containers in the same ship negated the operating economies that full containerization promised. In 1966, the company bought a 53% controlling stake in Miller Brewing for $36 million from Lorraine Mulberger, the granddaughter of Frederick Miller, who sold the stake for religious reasons. The company sold the Miller stake in 1969 to Philip Morris for $130 million, after first cancelling an agreed-upon sale to PepsiCo for $120 million. This resulted in a lawsuit. In 1970, Grace Line was sold to Prudential Lines for $44.5 million, with the merged company renamed Prudential Grace Line. It was taken over by Delta Steamship Lines in 1978, thereby extinguishing the name Grace in ocean shipping. Subsequently, Delta Steamship Lines was itself acquired and consolidated by Crowley Maritime in 1982. Property nationalized In 1974, the Peruvian government nationalized properties in Peru owned by the company. Harold Logan, Grace executive vice president, stated the company would join in governmental level talks over compensation of expropriated American concerns. The loss of Grace's properties in Peru began in 1969, when 25,000 acres of sugarcane plantations were taken over in an agrarian reform. The sugar lands were at Paramonga, 110 miles north of Lima, and at Cartavio, near Trujillo, 200 miles farther up coast. Grace retained small mining operations producing copper, tin and silver, in southern Peru, about 100 miles north of Juliaca. Jose E. Flores, head of W. R. Grace S.A. Peru, closed the mining operations for Grace in Latin America when the government of Peru nationalized the remaining interests. Airline In 1928, Grace and Pan American Airways jointly formed Pan American-Grace Airways known as Panagra, establishing the first air link between the North and South America, that began operation in 1929. Retail Prior to 1985, W. R. Grace operated a retail division. Among its ownings were Handy City home improvement stores, Home Quarters Warehouse, J. B. Robinson Jewelers, Sheplers Western Wear, and Herman's World of Sporting Goods which it had acquired in 1970. These were sold to various buyers in 1985. Headquarters The company has its headquarters in Columbia, MD, an unincorporated census-designated place in Howard County, Maryland. Although W. R. Grace commissioned the W. R. Grace Building in New York City, built in 1971, the company no longer has any offices at that location. Previously, the company had its headquarters in Boca Raton, Florida. Prior to its closing, the Boca Raton headquarters had about 130 employees. On January 27, 1999, it announced it was moving its administrative staff to the Columbia office and closing the Boca Raton headquarters. About 40 of the employees went to Columbia, and some employees went to Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2014, the company emerged from a 13-year bankruptcy case stemming from asbestos claims, and immediately built a new 90,000 sq ft headquarters building on its 160-acre Columbia campus. Contamination incidents The company has been involved in several controversial incidents of proven and alleged corporate crimes, including exposing workers and residents of an entire town to asbestos contamination in Libby and Troy, Montana, water contamination (the basis of the book and film A Civil Action) in Woburn, Massachusetts, and an Acton, Massachusetts, Superfund site. Asbestos While Grace no longer makes asbestos or related products, at the time of its bankruptcy in 2001 it faced over 65,000 asbestos-related personal injury lawsuits involving over 129,000 claims. On April 2, 2001, Grace and its subsidiaries in United States filed voluntary petitions for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy reorganization in Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. The company was trying to find the resolution through federal court-supervised reorganization in response to the quickly growing number of asbestos-related bodily injury claims. On September 19, 2008, Grace filed a revised plan of reorganization to the same court, jointly by the asbestos injury claimants. In January 2011, the court issued an order in favor of the new plan and in January 2012, the court denied all appeals and affirmed the plan. After a motion for reconsideration, the plan was reaffirmed on June 11, 2012. On February 3, 2014, Grace emerged from the asbestos-related Chapter 11 bankruptcy, which took more than 12 years. Under the plan of reorganization approved by the court, all parties filings the asbestos-related claims were to direct their inquiry to either an asbestos personal injury trust or a separate asbestos property damage trust. In popular culture Neem patent In 1995, the European Patent Office (EPO) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product derived from the neem tree to the United States Department of Agriculture and W. R. Grace. The Indian government challenged the patent when it was granted, claiming that the process for which the patent had been granted had been in use in India for more than 2,000 years. In 2000, the EPO ruled in India's favour, but W. R. Grace appealed, claiming that prior art about the product had never been published in a scientific journal. On March 8, 2005, that appeal was lost and the EPO revoked the Neem patent.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovgaard_Island"}

Island in Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica Hovgaard Island is an island 6 km (3 nmi) long, lying off the northwest coast of Kyiv Peninsula, 2.8 km (1.5 nmi) southwest of Booth Island in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica. It was discovered and named "Krogmann-Insel" (Krogmann Island) by the German 1873–74 expedition under Eduard Dallmann, but the name Hovgaard, after Polar explorer and officer of the Danish Navy Andreas Hovgaard, applied by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, has overtaken the original name in usage. The name Krogmann Point has been given to the western extremity of Hovgaard Island. Hovgaard Island is a popular location for camping in Antarctica among expedition groups due to the presence of a relatively flat campsite along Penola Strait. Campers dig "snow graves" to sleep in. The holes offer protection from the wind.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_J_M_Nasir_Uddin"}

Bangladeshi politician Abu Jafar Mohammad Nasir Uddin aka A J M Nasir Uddin (Bengali: আ জ ম নাসির উদ্দিন; born 1 January 1957) is a Bangladeshi politician and former Mayor of Chittagong City Corporation. He is also the vice president of Bangladesh Cricket Board. Personal life Uddin was born on 1 January 1957 in Andarkilla, Chittagong. He completed his primary level education at Kadam Mubarak Primary school then completed S.S.C. in 1973 from Government Muslim High School. He completed H.S.C and his graduation at Chittagong College. Career On 24 January 1993, a rally of Awami league led by Sheikh Hasina at Laldighi Maidan, Chittagong was attacked. After which a case was filed by Sufian Siddique, Bangladesh Chattra League leader, against 28 including Uddin. Bangladesh Police submitted the charge sheet in the case on 7 March 1993. Uddin was acquitted in the case on 23 July 2015. Uddin submitted his nomination form to contest the mayoral election in Chittagong on 31 March 2015. He won on 30 April 2015 the election defeating the candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party Mohammad Manjur Alam. Bangladesh Nationalist Party called the vote rigged and boycotted it. A voter was threatened with three years imprisonment by a polling agent of Uddin saying that his vote had already been cast. In 2017, Uddin traded barbs with former mayor ABM Mohiuddin Chowdhury. On 3 April 2019, Uddin slapped an engineer of National Housing Authority over land disputes regarding construction of sewage line between National Housing Authority and Chittagong City Corporation. On 28 October 2019, he forced Hasina Mohiuddin, the wife of the former Mayor of Chittagong ABM Mohiuddin Chowdhury, off the stage at a program of Awami League. He presented the Chittagong City Key to cricketer Shakib Al Hasan. After Uddin's term as Mayor of Chittagong ended in 2020 he did not receive a nomination from Awami League for the future election. He blamed it on a "conspiracy". Awami League nominated Rezaul Karim Chowdhury to contest the Chittagong Mayoral election.

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