alih korporasi kota london
alih revolusi industri
berikut adalah daftar peperangan dan bencana berdasarkan jumlah korban jiwa.
data mencakup perkiraan jumlah korban jiwa, nama peristiwa, lokasi, dan waktu terjadinya peristiwa tersebut.
sebuah peristiwa bisa saja masuk dalam lebih dari satu kategori, beberapa peristiwa bisa beririsan dengan yang lain.
perang, konflik bersenjata, dan genosida
angka di bawah dituliskan dalam jutaan dan mencakup kematian dari penyakit, kelaparan, dan kematian dalam pertempuran, pembantaian, ataupun genosida.
angka yang ditulis merupakan angka perkiraan.
bila hanya ada satu perkiraan, maka perkiraan terendah dan tertinggi ditulis dengan nilai sama.
perkiraan kematian dalam jutaan perkiraanterendah
perkiraan log. mean perkiraantertinggi peristiwa lokasi mulai akhir durasi (tahun) catatan, lihat pula
58fink, george: stress of war, conflict and disasterperang dunia 2 seluruh dunia 193919456 tahun 1 hari korban perang dunia ii and perang tiongkok-jepang kedua (termasuk holocaust dan kematian di kamp konsentrasi)
30the cambridge history of china: alien regimes and border states, 9071368, 1994, p.622, cited by white
3540 ekspansi mongol eurasia12061368163 kekaisaran mongol
25 25 ekspansi manchuchina1616166247 dinasti qing
32100livre noir du communisme: crimes, terreur, rpression, page 468by train to shanghai: a journey on the trans-siberian railway by william j. gingles page 259pemberontakan taipingtiongkok1851186414
3165 1918 influenza: the mother of all pandemics, cdc perang dunia i
191419184 tahun, 3 bulan, 1 minggu kematian akibat flu spanyol dimasukan dalam angka perkiraan tertinggi.
1720penaklukan timur-e-langasia barat, asia selatan, asia tengah, rusia1369140537dinasti timurid
2136 pemberontakan an lushanchina7557639 peperangan pada abad pertengahan
88perang sipil tiongkoktiongkok1927194922
6.79perang sipil rusiarusia191719215
8.4 17 holocaust eropa 1941 1945 4 angka perkiraan terendah berasal dari jumlah orang yahudi yang tewas dalam peristiwa ini sementara angka tertinggi mencakup semua kebijakan pembunuhan jerman yang berbasis ras dan politik, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung.
4.97.0charles esdaile "napoleon's wars: an international history."perang napoleoneropa, atlantik, pasifik, dan samudra hindia1803181513
5.911.5perang tiga puluh tahunkekaisaran romawi suci1618164831 perang agama
4.67.0pemberontakan sorban kuningchina18420522 bagian dari perang tiga kerajaan
2.5bethany lacina and nils petter gleditsch, "monitoring trends in global combat: a new dataset of battle deaths, european journal of population" (2005) 21: 145166.
3.75.4 "congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study"  reuters, 22 jan 2008.perang kongo keduarepublik demokratik kongo199820036perang kongo pertama
2.582jacques vallin, france mesle, serguei adamets, serhii pyrozhkov, a new estimate of ukrainian population losses during the crises of the 1930s and 1940s, population studies, vol. 56, no. 3.
(nov. 2002), pp. 249264france mesl, gilles pison, jacques vallin france-ukraine: demographic twins separated by history, population and societies, n413, juin 2005
4.5 8.0  "the famine of 193233", encyclopdia britannica.
quote: "the great famine (holodomor) of 193233a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime.
of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the soviet union, about four to five million were ukrainians... its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in ukraine...
soviet authorities set requisition quotas for ukraine at an impossibly high level.
brigades of special agents were dispatched to ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated...
the rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
holodomor (and soviet famine of 19321933) ukrainian ssr (and other areas of southern ussr, western siberia) 1932 1933 1 targeted famine and forced relocation of soviet ethnic groups, especially landed ukrainian peasants, by stalin regime.
2.83.3hundred years' warwestern europe13371453107edwardian war (1337-1360), caroline war (1369-1389), lancastrian war (141553)
2.0rummel, r.j. death by government, chapter 3: pre-twentieth century democide
14 100 european colonization of the americas americas 1492 1900 408 colonization, disease, ethnic cleansing and war.
2.84.0french wars of religionfrance1562159837 religious war
1.72.0shaka's conquestssouthern africa1816182813 ndwandwezulu war
1.72.0war in afghanistanafghanistan1979200022 soviet-afghan war, taliban era. death toll estimates through 1999 (2m) and 2000 (1.5m and 2m).
1.7 3.0 nigerian civil war nigeria 1966 1970 4 ethnic cleansings of the igbo people followed by civil war.
1.0heuveline, patrick (2001).
"the demographic analysis of mortality in cambodia."
in forced migration and mortality, eds.
holly e. reed and charles b. keely.
washington, d.c.: national academy press.
1.7 3.0 cambodian genocide cambodia 1975 1979 4 war casualties, famine, health system collapse, executions and ethnic cleansing during the khmer rouge regime.
1.0john shertzer hittell, "a brief history of culture" (1874) p.137: "in the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by white
1.73.0robertson, john m., "a short history of christianity" (1902) p.278.
cited by white crusadesholy land, europe10951291 197 christian military excursions against the muslim conquests.
1.0, u.s. committee for refugees, 2001.
archived 10 december 2004 on the internet archive.
accessed 10 april 2007
1.42.0 second sudanese civil war sudan1983200523 first sudanese civil war
0.941.0 gallic warsfrance58 bc50 bc9 roman empire
0.891.0 du wenxiu rebellionchina1856187318
0.8charles hirschman et al., "vietnamese casualties during the american war: a new estimate," population and development review, december 1995.
1.5 3.0vietnam warsoutheast asia1955197521 cold war and first indochina war
0.750.85american civil warunited states of america186118654estimates include civilian deaths
1.12.0 soviet war in afghanistanafghanistan198019889 sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the cold war.
0.5christoph bergner, secretary of state in germany's bureau for inner affairs, deutschlandfunk, november 29, 2006,
3.0 expulsion of germans after world war ii europe 1945 1950 5 both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic german civilians and pows during the redrawing of national borders after world war ii.
2.0mexican revolutionmexico, united states1911192010 includes pancho villa's raids and the columbus raid.
2.0iraniraq wariran, iraq198019889 includes the al-anfal campaign and the invasion of kuwait.
0.5see, e.g., rwanda: how the genocide happened, bbc, april 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and oau sets inquiry into rwanda genocide, africa recovery, vol. 12 1#1 (august 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000.
7 out of 10 tutsis were killed.
1.0 rwandan genocide rwanda 1994 1994 1 part of the rwandan civil war.
0.711.0spanish civil warspain193619394
0.4paul goble circassians demand russian apology for 19th century genocide, radio free europe / radio liberty 15 july 2005, volume 8, number 23
0.5charles king: "the ghost of freedom: a history of the caucasus", oxford university press, 2008.
circassian genocide circassia 1864 1867 3 deaths during the ethnic cleansing of circassia by the russian empire in the aftermath of the russocircassian war (17631864).
0.4rummel, r.j., statistics of north korean democide: estimates, calculations, and sources, statistics of democide, 1997.
4.5korean warkorean peninsula195019534 categorized as part of the cold war.
0.3kamuran grn: ermeni soykirmi.
3rd volume, ankara 1985, p. 227
1.5 french in armenia 'massacre' row bbc armenian genocide anatolia 1915 1923 8 called the first genocide of the 20th century and officially recognized by 21 countries as such, though modern turkey disputes the use of this term and some associated claims.
0.3jurg meister, francisco solano lpez nationalheld oder kriegsverbrecher?, osnabrck: biblio verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 4545
1.2another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (war and the breed, david starr jordan, p. 164.
boston, 1915; applied genetics, paul popenoe, the macmillan company, new york, 1918)paraguayan warsouth america186418707 military history of south america, francisco solano lpez and lus alves de lima e silva, duke of caxias
0.3jan wrbel, odnale przeszo 1 (2002)
0.4 delugepolish-lithuanian commonwealth165516606 the second northern war, including subsequent campaigns by the same powers through the 1650s, and skirmishes between catholic and protestant partisans.
1.260 "update on iraqi casualty data" by opinion research business.
"revised casualty analysis.
new analysis 'confirms' 1 million+ iraq casualties".
january 28, 2008.
opinion research business.
word viewer for.doc files.
war on terror greater middle east 2001 2013 12 includes iraq war, war in afghanistan (2001present), and war in north-west pakistan.
0.2henry morgenthau, ambassador morgenthau's story, doubleday, page &
company, garden city, new york, 1919.
1.0 greek genocide anatolia 1915 1923 8 the use of the term "genocide" is disputed by modern turkey.
0.097207 research and documentation center: rezultati istraivanja "ljudski gubici '91'95", pp. 9698
0.2 statement by dr. haris silajdi, chairman of the presidency bosnia and herzegovina, head of the delegation of bosnia and herzegovina at the 63rd session of the general assembly on the occasion of the general debate, summary, 23 september 2008.
bosnian war bosnia 1992 1995 3 during the bosnian war, at least 97,207 people were killed.
0.075massacres of poles in volhynia and eastern galicia
0.13 massacres of poles by the ukrainian insurgent army volhyn and eastern galicia 1943 1944 1 killings conducted by the ukrainian insurgent army on polish civilians.
3.0 1971 bangladesh genocide east pakistan (now bangladesh) 1971 1971 1 killings by the pakistani armed forces in east pakistan leading to the bangladesh liberation war and indo-pakistani war of 1971; widely regarded as a genocide against the bengali people.
kematian di penjara dan kamp
essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the auschwitz camp), le monde juif, octdec 1983, pp. 127159brian harmon, john drobnicki, historical sources and the auschwitz death toll estimates
peter witte and stephen tyas, a new document on the deportation and murder of jews during "einsatz reinhardt" 1942, holocaust and genocide studies, vol. 15, no. 3, winter 2001, isbn 0-19-922506-0yitzhak arad, beec, sobibor, treblinka.
the operation reinhard death camps, indiana university press, bloomington and indianapolis, 1987, ncr 0-253-34293-7
kolyma, soviet union
ludwik kowalski: alaska notes on stalinism retrieved 18 january 2007.
case study: stalin's purges from genderside watch.
retrieved 19 january 2007.
george bien, gulag survivor in the boston globe, june 22, 2005, kolyma
stuttof, third reich
second world war
primarily for women and children
26,000 - 40,000
second boer war
south african republic
116,000 boer women and children; 26,370 died
second boer war#concentration camps .281900.e2.80.931902.29
115,000 black people 15,000 died second boer war
81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children emily hobhouse
phnom penh, cambodia
confederate states of america
andersonville, georgia, usa
the andersonville prison trial: the trial of captain henry wirz, by general n.p. chipman, 1911.
nazi regime, gestapo
united states of america
elmira, new york, usa
catatan: beberapa dari peristiwa di bawah disebabkan oleh alam
lowest estimate highest estimate event location from to notes
banjir dan tanah longsor
1. 2,500,0003,700,000 1931 china floods china 1931
2. 900,0002,000,000 1887 yellow river (huang he) flood china 1887
3. 500,000700,000 1938 yellow river (huang he) flood china 1938
4. 26,000-230,000230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in the failure of 62 dams in zhumadian prefecture, henan, the largest of which was banqiao dam, caused by typhoon nina. china august 1975
5. 145,000 1935 yangtze river flood china 1935
6. more than 100,000 st. felix's flood, storm surge netherlands 1530
7. 100,000 hanoi and red river delta flood north vietnam 1971
8. 100,000 1911 yangtze river flood china 1911
9. 50,00080,000 st. lucia's flood, storm surge netherlands, england 1287
10. 10,00050,000 vargas tragedy, landslide venezuela 1999
11. 2,400 north sea flood, storm surge netherlands, scotland, england, belgium 31 january 1953
12. 2,209 johnstown flood pennsylvania 31 may 1889
pengorbanan manusia dan ritual
this section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide.
for notable individual episodes, see human sacrifice and mass suicide.
lowest estimate highest estimate description group location from to notes
human sacrifice in aztec culture aztecs mexico 14th century 1521 up to 3,000 sacrificed yearly" the enigma of aztec sacrifice", by michael harner.
natural history, april 1977, vol. 86, no. 4, pages 4651.
13,000national geographic, july 2003, cited by white 13,100 human sacrifice shang dynasty china bc1300 bc1050 last 250 years of rule
sakuntala narasimhan, sati: widow burning in india, quoted by matthew white, "selected death tolls for wars, massacres and atrocities before the 20th century", p.2 (july 2005), historical atlas of the 20th century (self-published, 19982005).
ritual suicides sati , india 1815 1828
kamikaze suicide pilots, see notethis toll is only for the number of japanese pilots killed in kamikaze suicide missions.
it does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000.
kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the pacific (see kamikaze).
imperial japanese air forces pacific theatre 1944 1945
jonestown murder-suicidethe largest single loss of american civilian life in a deliberate act until the september 11, 2001 attacks.
followers of the peoples temple cult jonestown november 18, 1978 november 19, 1978
967 967 mass suicide motivated religious and political.
judean rebels masada spring 73
peristiwa mematikan lainnya
events with a large anthropogenic death toll not fitting any of the above classifications.
may include deaths caused by famine, genocide, and other events listed above, as a portion of the total.
lowest estimate highest estimate event location from to notes