graph database dalam dunia ilmu komputer adalah database yang menggunakan struktur data graph yg memiliki komponen node, edge dan properties unutk merepresentasikan penyimpanan data.
graph database menyediakan index-free adjacency yang artinya setiap elemen berisi direct pointer ke adjacent element dan tidak membutuhkan lagi suatu index lookups.
berikut struktur dari graph database:
setiap simpul melambangkan suatu entitas seperti orang, bisnis, akun, atau item lain yang hendak dilacak.
dibanding dengan relational database, graph database sering lebih cepat untuk himpunan data asosiatif, dan memetakan lebih langsung ke struktur aplikasi berorientasi obyek (object-oriented application).
database ini dapat diskala lebih alamiah ke himpunan data lebih besar karena umumnya tidak membutuhkan operasi "join" yang mahal.
karena kurang tergantung dari skema kaku, mereka lebih cocok untuk dikelola secara ad hoc dan data yang berubah-ubah dengan skema yang terus diperbarui.
sebaliknya, relational database umumnya lebih cepat dalam mengerjakan operasi yang sama dengan jumlah elemen data yang lebih banyak.
proyek-proyek graph database
berikut adalah daftar sejumlah proyek graph database yang terkenal :
nama versi lisensi bahasa pemerian
allegrograph 4.14.1 (september 2014) proprietary, clients - eclipse public license v1 c#, c, common lisp, java, python a rdf and graph database.
arangodb 2.2.1 (july 2014) apache 2 c, c++ &
javascript a distributed multi-model document store and graph database.
highly scalable supporting acid and full transaction support.
including a built-in graph explorer.
bigdata 1.3.1 (may 2014) gplv2, evaluation license, or commercial license.
java a rdf/graph database capable of clustered deployment.
bigdata supports high availability (ha) mode, embedded mode, single server mode.
as of version 1.3.1, it supports the blueprints api and reification done right (rdr).
bitsy 1.5.0 agpl, enterprise license (unlimited use, annual/perpetual) java a small, embeddable, durable in-memory graph database
brightstardb mit license c# an embeddable nosql database for the .net platform with code-first data model generation.
cayley 0.4.0 (august 2014) apache 2 go an open-source graph inspired by the graph database behind freebase and google's knowledge graph.
dex/sparksee 5.1.0 (2014) evaluation, research or development use (free) / commercial use c++ a high-performance and scalable graph database management system from sparsity technologies, a technology transition company from dama-upc.
its main characteristics is its query performance for the retrieval &
exploration of large networks.
sparksee 5 mobile is the first graph database for mobile devices.
filament bsd java a graph persistence framework and associated toolkits based on a navigational query style.
graphbase 1.0.03a proprietary java a customizable, distributed, small-footprint graph store with a rich tool set from factnexus.
graphd proprietary the proprietary back-end of freebase.
horton proprietary c# a graph database from microsoft research extreme computing group (xcg) based on the cloud programming infrastructure orleans.
hypergraphdb 1.2 (2012) lgpl java a graph database supporting generalized hypergraphs where edges can point to other edges.
ibm system g native store v1.0 (july 2014) proprietary c, c++, java a high performance graph store using natively implemented graph data structures and primitives for achieving superior efficiency.
ibm system g native store can handle various simple graphs, property graphs, and rdf graphs, in terms of storage, analytics, and visualization.
native store is accessible from most programming languages by providing apis in c++, java (tinkerpop/blueprints), and python.
its gshell graph command collection and the native store rest apis provide language-free interfaces.
infinitegraph 3.0 (january 2013) proprietary java a distributed and cloud-enabled commercial product with flexible licensing.
infogrid 2.9.5 (2011) agplv3, free for small entities java a graph database with web front end and configurable storage engines (mysql, postgresql, files, hadoop).
jcoredb graph an extensible database engine with a graph database subproject.
mapgraph v3 (2014) apache 2 cuda mapgraph is massively parallel graph processing on gpus.
the mapgraph api makes it easy to develop high performance graph analytics on gpus.
the api is based on the gather-apply-scatter (gas) model as used in graphlab.
retrieved aug 7, 2014.
mapgraph is up to two orders of magnitude faster than parallel cpu implementations on up 24 cpu cores and has performance comparable to a state-of-the-art manually optimized gpu implementation.
new algorithms can be implemented in a few hours that fully exploit the data-level parallelism of the gpu and offer throughput of up to 3.3 billion traversed edges per second on a single gpu. retrieved aug 7, 2014.
and up to 30 billion traversed edges per second on a cluster with 64 gpus retrieved aug 7, 2014.
neo4j 2.1.6 (november 2014) gplv3 community edition.
agplv3 options for enterprise and advanced editions neo4j.org java a highly scalable open source graph database that supports acid, has high-availability clustering for enterprise deployments, and comes with a web-based administration tool that includes full transaction support and visual node-link graph explorer.
neo4j, worlds leading graph database.
retrieved september 16, 2013.
neo4j is accessible from most programming languages using its built-in rest web api interface.
neo4j is the most popular graph database in use today.
db-engines ranking of graph dbms. retrieved july 19, 2013.
orly (march 2014) apache 2 neo4j.org c++ a highly scalable open source graph database.
orly, graph database.
retrieved march 16, 2014.
orly is accessible from most programming languages using its built-in rest web api interface.
orly is a popular graph database in use today.
openlink virtuoso 7.1 (march 2014) gplv2 for open source edition.
proprietary for enterprise edition.
c, c++ a hybrid database server handling rdf and other graph data, rdb/sql data, xml data, filesystem documents/objects, and free text.
may be deployed as a local embedded instance (as used in the nepomuk semantic desktop), a single-instance network server, or a shared-nothing elastic-cluster multiple-instance networked server.
oracle spatial and graph 11.2 (2012) proprietary java, pl/sql 1) rdf semantic graph: comprehensive w3c rdf graph management in oracle database with native reasoning and triple-level label security. 2) network data model property graph: for physical/logical networks with persistent storage and a java api for in-memory graph analytics.
oracle nosql database 2.0.39 (2013) proprietary java rdf graph for oracle nosql database is a feature of enterprise edition providing w3c rdf graph capabilities in nosql database.
orientdb 1.7.10 (november 2014) community edition apache 2, enterprise edition is commercial java orientdb is a 2nd generation distributed graph database with the flexibility of documents in one product with an open source commercial friendly license (apache 2 license).
it has a multi-master replication and sharding.
supports schema-less, schema-full and schema-mixed modes.
has a strong security profiling system based on user and roles and supports sql amongst the query languages.
thanks to the sql layer, it's straightforward to use for those skilled in the relational database world.
oqgraph gplv2 a graph computation engine for mysql, mariadb and drizzle.
ontotext owlim 5.3 owlim lite is freeowlim se and enterprise are commercially licenced java a graph database engine, based entirely on semantic web standards from w3c: rdf, rdfs, owl, sparql.
owlim lite is an "in memory" engine.
owlim se is robust standalone database engine.
owlim enterprise is a clustered version which offers horizontal scalability and failover support and other enterprise features.
r2df r2df framework for ranked path queries over weighted rdf graphs.
rois freeware modula-2 a programmable knowledge server that supports inheritance and transitivity.
used in opengalen as a terminology server.
sones graphdb agplv3 c# a graph database and universal access layer (funded by deutsche telekom).
sparqlcity v1.0.95 (october 2014) gplv3 c, c++ &
javascript sparqlcity produces sparqlverse: a standards and hadoop based analytic graph engine for performing rich business analytics on structured and semi-structured data.
sqrrl enterprise v1.5.1 (august 2014) proprietary java distributed, real-time graph database featuring cell-level security and massive scalability.
stardog v2.2 (july 2014) proprietary java fast, scalable, pure java semantic graph database.
teradata aster v6 (2013) proprietary java, sql, python, c++, r a high performance, multi-purpose, highly scalable and extensible mpp database incorporating patented engines supporting native sql, mapreduce and graph data storage and manipulation.
an extensive set of analytical function libraries and data visualization capabilities are also provided.
titan 0.5.2 (2014) apache 2 java a distributed, real-time, scalable transactional graph database developed by aurelius.
trinity c#, c, x64 assembly a distributed general purpose graph engine on a memory cloud.
triplebit c/c++ a centralized rdf store.
velocitygraph open source with proprietary back-end c# high performance, scalable &
flexible graph database build with velocitydb object database.
vertexdb revised bsd c a graph database server that supports automatic garbage collection.
weaver 0.1 (december 2014) bsd licenses c, python a fast, scalable, acid transactional graph database with replication and migration.
whitedb 0.7.0 (october 2013) gplv3 and a free commercial licence c a graph/n-tuples shared memory database library.
ohmdb 1.0.0 (august 2014) apache 2 java rdbms + nosql database for java.
graph database features
the following table compares the features of the above graph databases.
name graph model api query methods visualizer consistency backend scalability
allegrograph rdf java, java:sesame, javajena, python, ruby, perl, c#, clojure, lisp, scala, rest sparql 1.1, prolog, jig, javascript gruff - view graphs, visual query builder for sparql and prolog acid native graph storage1 trillion rdf triples
arangodb property graph javascript, blueprints, rest graph traversals via javascript, gremlin built-in graph explorer mvcc/acid native c/c++ replication and sharding
bigdata rdf java, sesame, blueprints, gremlin, sparql, rest sparql, gremlin bigdata workbench ui mvcc/acid native java embedded, client/server, high availability (ha)
bitsy property graph blueprints gremlin, pixy acid with optimistic concurrency control human-readable json-encoded text files with checksums and markers for recovery
dex/sparksee labeled and directed attributed multigraph java, c++, .net, python native java, c#, python and c++ apis, blueprints, gremlin exporting functionality to visualization formats consistency, durability and partial isolation and atomicity native graph.
light and independent data structures with a small memory footprint for storage master/slave replication
graphbase enterprise(1) graphbase agility(2) (1) mixed, (2) framework-managed simple graph java bounds language, embedded java graphpad, boundspad, navigator acid, graph-based transactions proprietary native (1) shared nothing distributed, (2) simple replication, 100+ billion arcs per server
horton attributed multigraph horton query language (regular language expression + sql) c#, .net framework, asynchronous communication protocols
hypergraphdb object-oriented multi-relational labeled hypergraph custom,java mvcc/stm
ibm system g native store property graph, rdf* c++, java, python native store gshell, gremlin, sparql built-in visualizer acid native graph storage both scale-up (using multithreading) and scale-out (using ibm pami)
infinitegraph labeled and directed multi-property graph java, blueprints (read only) java (with parallel, distributed queries), gremlin (read only) graph browser for developers.
plugins to allow use of external libraries.
acid. there is also a parallel, loosely synchronized batch loader.
objectivity/db on standard filesystems distributed &
objectivity/db was the first dbms to store a petabyte of objects.
infogrid dynamically typed, object-oriented graph, multigraphs, semantic models
neo4j property graph java, python, jpython, ruby, jruby, javascript (node.js), php, .net, django, clojure, spring, scala, or rest (any language) cypher (native/preferred), native java apis (special cases), traverser api, rest, blueprints, gremlin data browser included.
supports a variety of 3rd party tools: gephi, linkurio.us, cytoscape, tom sawyer, keylines, etc. acid native graph storage with native graph processing engine horizontal read scaling via master-slave clustering with cache sharding.
openlink virtuoso rdf graph: triple &
quad (named graphs); expandable column store sparql, xmla, odbc, jdbc, ado.net, ole db, jena, sesame, virtuoso pl/sql, java, python, perl, php, http, etc. sparql 1.1; sparql web service endpoint; sql; others pivot viewer (silverlight or html5); openlink data explorer; sparql-compliant tools; apache jena-based tools; xml &
json-based tools; sql based tools acid internal column-store or row-store (depending on licensure), hybrid rdf/sql/rdb engine infinite via commercial edition's cluster module elastic cluster functionality; simple master-slave clustering of single-server instances also an option.
oracle spatial and graph rdf graph: triple &
quad (named graphs); network data model property graph java; apache jena; pl/sql sparql 1.1; sparql web service end point; sql sparql-compliant tools; apache jena-based tools; xml &
json-based tools; sql based tools acid efficient, compressed, partitioned graph storage; native persisted in-database inferencing; sparql 1.1 &
sql integration; triple-level label security; semantic indexing of documents parallel load, query, inference; query controls; scales from pc to oracle exadata; supports oracle real application clusters and oracle database 8 exabytes
oracle nosql database rdf graph: triple default graph, triple &
quad named graphs java (apache jena) sparql 1.1; sparql web service end point sparql-compliant tools; apache jena-based tools; xml &
json-based tools acid; configurable consistency &
durability policies key/value store; w3c sparql 1.1 &
update; in-memory rdfs/owl inferencing parallel load/query; query controls for: parallel execution, timeout, query optimization hints
orientdb property graph java, python, jpython, ruby, jruby, javascript (node.js), php, .net, clojure, spring, scala, or rest (any language) own sql-like query language, rest, blueprints, gremlin, sparql (via blueprints) console and studio web tool supporting also graph editor acid, mvcc custom on disc or in memory horizontal read and write scaling via multi-master replication + sharding.
sqrrl enterprise property graph thrift, blueprint own sql-like query language and java api integrates with 3rd party tools fully consistent and acid (transactions limited to a single graph node) apache accumulo distributed cluster with tens of trillions of edges
stardog rdf java, sesame, jena, snarl, http/rest, python, ruby, node.js, c#, clojure, spring sparql 1.1 stardog web, pelorus acid native graph storage 50 billion rdf triples on $10,000 server
titan property graph java, blueprints, rest, rexpro binary protocol, python, clojure (any language) integrates with 3rd party tools acid or eventually consistent apache cassandra, apache hbase, mapr m7 tables, berkeley db, persistit, hazelcast distributed cluster (120 billion+ edges) or single server.
trinity cell based graph model c# trinity query language cell level atomicity native graph store and processing engine billion node in-memory graph
triplebit labeled direct graph c, c++ sparql acid or eventually consistent] native graph store and processing engine billion triples
weaver property graph c, python node programs acid hyperdex automatic replication and migration
pemrosesan graf yang didistribusi
angrapa - graph package in hama, a bulk synchronous parallel (bsp) platform
apache hama - a pure bsp(bulk synchronous parallel) computing framework on top of hdfs (hadoop distributed file system) for massive scientific computations such as matrix, graph and network algorithms.
bigdata - a rdf/graph database capable of clustered deployment.
bigdata supports high availability (ha) mode, embedded mode, single server mode and has available commercial licenses.
as of version 1.3.1, it supports the blueprints api and reification done right (rdr).
faunus - a hadoop-based graph computing framework that uses gremlin as its query language.
faunus provides connectivity to titan, rexster-fronted graph databases, and to text/binary graph formats stored in hdfs. faunus is developed by aurelius.
flockdb - an open source distributed, fault-tolerant graph database based on mysql and the gizzard framework for managing twitter-like graph data (single-hop relationships) flockdb on github.
giraph - a graph processing infrastructure that runs on hadoop (see pregel).
graphbase - enterprise edition supports embedding of callable java agents within the vertices of a distributed graph.
goldenorb - pregel implementation built on top of apache hadoop
graphlab - a framework for machine learning and data mining in the cloud
graphx - graphlab built on the spark cluster computing system.
dr. joseph gonzalez is the project lead, the creator of graphlab.
hipg - a library for high-level parallel processing of large-scale graphs.
hipg is implemented in java and is designed for distributed-memory machine
ibm system g graph analytics toolkit - a comprehensive graph analytics library consisted of network topological analysis tools, graph matching and search tools, and graph path and flow tools.
it has been applied to various use cases and industry solutions.
infinitegraph - a commercially available distributed graph database that supports parallel load and parallel queries.
jpregel - in-memory java based pregel implementation
kdt - an open-source distributed graph library with a python front-end and c++/mpi backend ( combinatorial blas).
openlink virtuoso - the shared-nothing cluster edition supports distributed graph data processing.
oracle spatial and graph - loading, inferencing, and querying workloads are automatically and transparently distributed across the nodes in an oracle real application cluster, oracle exadata database machine, and oracle database appliance.
phoebus - pregel implementation written in erlang
pregel - google's internal graph processing platform, released details in acm paper.
powergraph - distributed graph-parallel computation on natural graphs.
powerlyra - a distributed graph analytics based on graphlab using differentiated graph computation and partitioning on skewed (e.g. power-law and bipartite) graphs (dynamically applying different computation and partition strategies for different vertices).
cyclops - a computation and communication efficient graph processing system with significantly low communication cost.
imitator - a reliable distributed graph processing system with replication-based fault-tolerance.
sedge - a framework for distributed large graph processing and graph partition management (including an open source version of google's pregel)
signal/collect - a framework for parallel graph processing written in scala
sqrrl enterprise - distributed graph processing utilizing apache accumulo and featuring cell-level security, massive scalability, and json support
titan - a distributed, disk-based graph database developed by aurelius.
trinity - distributed in-memory graph engine under development at microsoft research labs.
parallel boost graph library (pbgl) - a c++ library for graph processing on distributed machines, part of boost framework.
mizan - an optimized pregel clone that can be deployed easily on amazon ec2, local clusters, stand-alone linux systems and supercomputers (ibm bluegene/p). it utilizes runtime graph repartitioning between iterations to provide dynamic load balancing for better algorithm performance.
weaver - a fast and scalable graph store designed specifically for dynamically-changing graphs
gpgpu graph processing
medusa - a framework for graph processing using graphics processing units (gpus) on both shared memory and distributed environments.
medusa allows users with no gpu programming expertise to leverage gpus for graph processing.
apis and graph query/programming languages
bounds language - terse c-style syntax which initiates concurrent traversals in graphbase and supports interaction between them.
blueprints - a java api for property graphs from tinkerpop and supported by a few graph database vendors.
blueprints.net - a c#/.net api for generic property graphs.
bulbflow - a python persistence framework for rexster, titan, and neo4j server.
cypher query language - a declarative graph query language for neo4j that enables ad hoc as well as programmatic (sql-like) access to the graph
gremlin - an open-source graph programming language that works over various graph database systems.
neo4jclient - a .net client for accessing neo4j.
neography - a thin ruby wrapper that provides access to neo4j via rest.
neo4jphp - a php library wrapping the neo4j graph database.
nodeneo4j - a node.js driver for neo4j that provides access to neo4j via rest
pacer - a ruby dialect/implementation of the gremlin graph traversal language.
pipes - a lazy dataflow framework written in java that forms the foundation for various property graph traversal languages.
pixy - a declarative graph query language that works on any blueprints-compatible graph database
pyblueprints - a python api for property graphs.
pygr - a python api for large-scale analysis of biological sequences and genomes, with alignments represented as graphs.
rexster - a graph database server that provides a rest or binary protocol api (rexpro).
supports titan, neo4j, orientdb, dex, and any tinkerpop/blueprints-enabled graph.
rdfsharp - a .net api for modeling rdf graphs, storing them on many sql databases (firebird, mysql, postgresql, sql server, sqlite) and querying them with sparql.
sparql - a query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in resource description framework format.
spasql - an extension of the sql standard, allowing execution of sparql queries within sql statements, typically by treating them as subquery or function clauses.
this also allows sparql queries to be issued through "traditional" data access apis (odbc, jdbc, ole db, ado.net, etc.)
spring data neo4j - an extension to spring data (part of the spring framework), providing direct/native access to neo4j
oracle sql and pl/sql apis - have graph extensions for oracle spatial and graph.
styx (previously named pipes.net) - a data flow framework for c#/.net for processing generic graphs and property graphs.
thunderdome - a titan rexster object-graph mapper for python (no longer maintained)
mogwai - a titan rexster object-graph mapper for python - forked from thunderdome
rexpro-python - a titan rexpro connection handler for python.
resource description framework (rdf) - framework to express node-edge graphs
graph transformation for a complementary topic (rule based in memory manipulation of graphs instead of transaction safe persistence).
nosql frankfurt 2010 - the graphdb landscape and sones
graph databases and the future of large-scale knowledge management
top graph databases
social networks in the database: using a graph database
scaling online social networks without pains
large-scale graph computing at google
eric lai. (2009, july 1).
no to sql?
anti-database movement gains steam
renzo angles, claudio gutierrez.
survey of graph database models.
acm computing surveys, feb. 2008.
infogrid - an open-source application platform including a graph database
rodriguez, m.a., neubauer, p, the graph traversal pattern article.
optimizing schema-last tuple-store queries in graphd sigmod 2010
ibm system g native graph store