the federalist (kelak disebut the federalist papers) adalah kumpulan 85 artikel dan esai yang ditulis (di bawah nama samaran publius) oleh alexander hamilton, james madison, dan john jay yang mendukung ratifikasi konstitusi amerika serikat.
77 artikel diterbitkan secara berseri di the independent journal dan the new york packet antara oktober 1787 dan agustus 1788.
77 artikel tersebut dan 8 artikel lainnya dengan judul the federalist; or, the new constitution diterbitkan dalam dua volume pada tahun 1788 oleh j. dan a.
mclean.jackson, kenneth t. the encyclopedia of new york city: the new york historical society; yale university press; 1995. p. 194. judul aslinya adalah the federalist; judul the federalist papers baru muncul pada abad ke-20.
meski para penulis the federalist papers hendak memengaruhi pemegang hak suara agar mendukung ratifikasi konstitusi, mereka merumuskan perdebatannya secara luas dari sudut pandang politik dalam federalist no. 1:
it has been frequently remarked, that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not, of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend, for their political constitutions, on accident and force.
highlights abound in the essays of the federalist.
dalam federalist no. 10, madison membahas cara mencegah faksi mayoritas penguasa dan mendukunng republik besar yang komersial.
federalist no. 10 umumnya diakui sebagai artikel terpenting dari 85 artikel federalis dari sudut pandang filsafat.
artikel ini dilengkapi oleh federalist no. 14; madison menggambarkan ukuran amerika serikat dan menganggapnya cocok untuk dijadikan republik besar.
selain itu, madison juga mempertahankan kreativitas konstitusi dan politik konvensi federal.wills, x.
dalam federalist no. 84, hamilton menyatakan bahwa konstitusi tidak perlu diamendemen dengan menambahkan deklarasi hak dan bahwa berbagai pasal dalam konstitusi yang melindungi kebebasan sudah setara dengan "deklarasi hak".
federalist no. 78, juga ditulis oleh hamilton, menjadi dasar doktrin peninjauan yudisial undang-undang federal atau keputusan presiden oleh pengadilan federal.
federalist no. 70 menjelaskan alasan amerika serikat perlu dipimpin seorang kepala eksekutif.
dalam federalist no. 39, madison memaparkan penjelasannya tentang "federalisme".
dalam federalist no. 51, madison mengutarakan pemeriksaan dan penyeimbangan (checks and balances) lewat sebuah esai yang sering dikutip karena menyebut pemerintah sebagai "cerminan terbaik sifat manusia."
menurut sejarawan richard b. morris, the federalist papers adalah "pembahasan konstitusi yang tiada bandingnya, sebuah karya klasik dalam ilmu politik yang tidak dapat ditandingi kekayaan dan kedalamannya oleh penulis manapun di amerika serikat."richard b. morris, the forging of the union: 1781-1789 (1987) p. 309
warna baris disesuaikan dengan penulisnya.
october 27, 1787
october 31, 1787
concerning dangers from foreign force and influence
november 3, 1787
the same subject continued: concerning dangers from foreign force and influence
november 7, 1787
the same subject continued: concerning dangers from foreign force and influence
november 10, 1787
the same subject continued: concerning dangers from foreign force and influence
november 14, 1787
concerning dangers from dissensions between the states
november 15, 1787
the same subject continued: concerning dangers from dissensions between the states
november 20, 1787
the consequences of hostilities between the states
november 21, 1787
the union as a safeguard against domestic faction and insurrection
november 22, 1787
the same subject continued: the union as a safeguard against domestic faction and insurrection
november 24, 1787
the utility of the union in respect to commercial relations and a navy
november 27, 1787
the utility of the union in respect to revenue
november 28, 1787
advantage of the union in respect to economy in government
november 30, 1787
objections to the proposed constitution from extent of territory answered
december 1, 1787
the insufficiency of the present confederation to preserve the union
december 4, 1787
the same subject continued: the insufficiency of the present confederation to preserve the union
december 5, 1787
the same subject continued: the insufficiency of the present confederation to preserve the union
december 7, 1787
the same subject continued: the insufficiency of the present confederation to preserve the union
18, 19, 20 are frequently indicated as being jointly written by hamilton and madison.
however, adair concurs with previous historians that these are madison's writing alone: "madison had certainly written all of the essays himself, including in revised form only a small amount of pertinent information submitted by hamilton from his rather sketchy research on the same subject."
december 8, 1787
the same subject continued: the insufficiency of the present confederation to preserve the union
december 11, 1787
the same subject continued: the insufficiency of the present confederation to preserve the union
december 12, 1787
other defects of the present confederation
december 14, 1787
the same subject continued: other defects of the present confederation
december 18, 1787
the necessity of a government as energetic as the one proposed to the preservation of the union
december 19, 1787
the powers necessary to the common defense further considered
december 21, 1787
the same subject continued: the powers necessary to the common defense further considered
december 22, 1787
the idea of restraining the legislative authority in regard to the common defense considered
december 25, 1787
the same subject continued: the idea of restraining the legislative authority in regard to the common defense considered
december 26, 1787
the same subject continued: the idea of restraining the legislative authority in regard to the common defense considered
january 9, 1788
concerning the militia
december 28, 1787
concerning the general power of taxation
january 1, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the general power of taxation
january 2, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the general power of taxation
january 2, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the general power of taxation
january 5, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the general power of taxation
january 5, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the general power of taxation
january 8, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the general power of taxation
january 11, 1788
concerning the difficulties of the convention in devising a proper form of government
january 12, 1788
the same subject continued, and the incoherence of the objections to the new plan exposed
january 18, 1788
the conformity of the plan to republican principles
january 18, 1788
the powers of the convention to form a mixed government examined and sustained
january 19, 1788
general view of the powers conferred by the constitution
january 22, 1788
the powers conferred by the constitution further considered
january 23, 1788
the same subject continued: the powers conferred by the constitution further considered
january 25, 1788
restrictions on the authority of the several states
january 26, 1788
the alleged danger from the powers of the union to the state governments considered
january 29, 1788
the influence of the state and federal governments compared
january 30, 1788
the particular structure of the new government and the distribution of power among its different parts
february 1, 1788
these departments should not be so far separated as to have no constitutional control over each other
february 2, 1788
method of guarding against the encroachments of any one department of government
james madisonone of twelve "disputed papers" to which both madison and hamilton laid claim.
modern scholarly consensus leans towards madison as the author of all twelve, and he is so credited in this table.
see federalist papers: disputed essays.
see adair, 93: "the disputed numbers of the federalist claimed by both hamilton and madison are numbers 49 through 58 and numbers 62 and 63.
february 5, 1788
periodic appeals to the people considered
february 6, 1788
the structure of the government must furnish the proper checks and balances between the different departments
february 8, 1788
the house of representatives
february 9, 1788
the same subject continued: the house of representatives
february 12, 1788
the apportionment of members among the states
february 13, 1788
the total number of the house of representatives
february 16, 1788
the same subject continued: the total number of the house of representatives
february 19, 1788
the alleged tendency of the new plan to elevate the few at the expense of the many
february 20, 1788
objection that the number of members will not be augmented as the progress of population demands considered
february 22, 1788
concerning the power of congress to regulate the election of members
february 23, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the power of congress to regulate the election of members
february 26, 1788
the same subject continued: concerning the power of congress to regulate the election of members
february 27, 1788
march 1, 1788
the senate continued
march 5, 1788
the powers of the senate
march 7, 1788
the powers of the senate continued
march 8, 1788
objections to the power of the senate to set as a court for impeachments further considered
march 11, 1788
the executive department
march 12, 1788
the mode of electing the president
march 14, 1788
the real character of the executive
march 15, 1788
the executive department further considered
march 18, 1788
the duration in office of the executive
march 19, 1788
the same subject continued, and re-eligibility of the executive considered
march 21, 1788
the provision for the support of the executive, and the veto power
march 25, 1788
the command of the military and naval forces, and the pardoning power of the executive
march 26, 1788
the treaty making power of the executive
april 1, 1788
the appointing power of the executive
april 2, 1788
the appointing power continued and other powers of the executive considered
may 28, 1788 (book)june 14, 1788 (newspaper)
the judiciary department
may 28, 1788 (book)june 18, 1788 (newspaper)
the judiciary continued
june 21, 1788
the powers of the judiciary
june 25, 1788 andjune 28, 1788
the judiciary continued, and the distribution of the judicial authority
july 2, 1788
the judiciary continued
july 5, 1788,july 9, 1788 andjuly 12, 1788
the judiciary continued in relation to trial by jury
july 16, 1788,july 26, 1788 andaugust 9, 1788
certain general and miscellaneous objections to the constitution considered and answered
august 13, 1788 andaugust 16, 1788
fame and the founding fathers.
indianapolis: liberty fund, 1974. a collection of essays; that used here is "the disputed federalist papers".
frederick mosteller and david l. wallace.
inference and disputed authorship: the federalist.
addison-wesley, reading, mass., 1964.
the authority of publius: a reading of the federalist papers.
ithaca, new york: cornell university press, 1984.
explaining america: the federalist, garden city, nj: 1981.
meyerson, michael i. liberty's blueprint: how madison and hamilton wrote the federalist papers, defined the constitution, and made democracy safe for the world, new york: basic books, 2008.
the federalist: a classic on federalism and free government, baltimore: the johns hopkins press, 1960.
epstein, david f. the political theory of the federalist, chicago: the university of chicago press, 1984.
gray, leslie, and wynell burroughs.
"teaching with documents: ratification of the constitution", social education, 51 (1987): 322-324.
kesler, charles r. saving the revolution: the federalist papers and the american founding, new york: 1987.
patrick, john j., and clair w. keller.
lessons on the federalist papers: supplements to high school courses in american history, government and civics, bloomington, in: organization of american historians in association with eric/chess, 1987.
ed 280 764.
schechter, stephen l. teaching about american federal democracy, philadelphia: center for the study of federalism at temple university, 1984.
ed 248 161.
scott, kyle. the federalist papers: a readers guide (new york: bloomsbury press, 2013) 202 pp.
sunstein, cass r. the enlarged republicthen and now, new york review of books, (march 26, 2009): volume lvi, number 5, 45.
webster, mary e. the federalist papers: in modern language indexed for today's political issues.
bellevue, wa.: merril press, 1999.
philosophy, the federalist, and the constitution, new york: 1987.
the federalist papers: (or, how government is supposed to work), edited for readability.
oakesdale, wa: lucky zebra press, 2007.
the federalist papers on the bill of rights
teaching the federalist papers
booknotes interview with robert scigliano on the federalist papers, january 21, 2001.
collection of the federalist papers
edsitement on the federalist and anti-federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic