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Battle of Castlehaven

The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle, and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured, or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships.

The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle, and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured, or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships. Background On 23 September 1601, a Spanish Fleet under Don Juan del Águila arrived in Kinsale harbour. Zubiaur with six ships became separated from the main fleet. Eventually Zubiar arrived with a total force of 2000 men near Castlehaven on 1 December. At that time Castlehaven Castle was held by the O'Driscoll clan and they welcomed the Spanish. On 2 December, a day after the Spanish arrived in Castlehaven, Lord Mountjoy was informed that seven Spanish ships had entered the harbour of Castlehaven. On 4 December, Mountjoy received confirmation of the story. The danger posed by the Spaniards’ arrival was immediately realized, and Mountjoy took immediate steps to strengthen English defences. The commander of the English naval forces at Kinsale, Admiral Leveson, was ordered to "seeke the Spanish fleete at Castlehaven, to take them if he could, or otherwise to distresse them as much as he might." Leveson then left his vice-admiral Preston to guard Kinsale harbour and took the rest of the fleet heavily armed to Castlehaven. Battle Leveson had with him four naval vessels, Warspite, Defiance, Swiftsure, and Merlin, as well as a merchantman and a caravel. The following day, the wind was blowing inland, thereby preventing the English ships from leaving. Leveson had his vessels towed out of Kinsale harbour, and he then set off for Castlehaven.At 10 o’clock the next morning, 6 December, Leveson’s fleet arrived off Castlehaven. Zubiaur however was ready for them with an eight-gun battery at the mouth of the harbour. A Captain Fleming commanding the 10-gun Merlin rowed through Spanish fire to make a channel for the 518-ton Warspite to follow. A heavy pounding from the Spanish shore batteries and the vessels ensued which Leveson said ‘much annoyed’ him. From then until four o’clock that afternoon the two sides battled. Zubiaur's flagship galleon Maria Francesca was sunk with most hands. Another 200-ton vessel Cisno Camello was holed below the waterline and soon began to sink, and settled in shallow water. A French hire ship used for supplies was according to Leveson reduced to matchwood. Two more Spanish vessels were pounded until their crews forced them onto the rocks after sustaining continuous fire particularly from the big galleons Defiance and Warspite. Finally a Spanish merchant was boarded and captured and was found to have wheat and biscuits before being abandoned and it too being driven aground.The Spanish were now being reinforced by more Irish foot men. Leveson's ships were running low on ammunition as they were continually returning fire. With all but one of the Spanish vessels neutralized, and with the wind blowing onshore, Leveson managed to withdraw his ships, being towed out under fire from the remaining shore batteries. Aftermath The fleet had suffered moderate damage; most of the time Leveson had to tow his ships to Kinsale as the wind never seemed to be in his favour. After returning, Warpsite was found to have nearly 209 cannonballs struck according to the ship's surgeon William Farmer.Leveson had achieved a victory, neutralising Zubiaur’s naval potential. He would assist in Mountjoy's siege of Kinsale; he closed off the bay and blockaded it from the sea which was crucial to the English victory there. The Spanish garrison at Castlehaven was now cut off but distributed themselves around the area at Baltimore (Donneshed Castle), but these soon surrendered when news of the defeat at Kinsale came through. Pedro De Zubiaur made his way back to Spain and was arrested for his responsibilities but later released. References footnotes Citations Bibliography Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). The companion to British history. Informa Healthcare. ISBN 978-0-415-18583-7. Childs, David (2014). Pirate Nation: Elizabeth I and her Royal Sea Rovers. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-294-3. Colm, Lennon (1995). Sixteenth Century Ireland — The Incomplete Conquest. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN 0-312-12462-7. Ekin, Des (2014). The Last Armada: Siege of 100 Days: Kinsale 1601. O'Brien Press. ISBN 978-1-84717-699-8. McGurk, John (2009). The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: The 1590s Crisis. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8051-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) Silke, John J (2000). Kinsale: the Spanish intervention in Ireland at the end of the Elizabethan war. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-85182-551-6. Thomas, Stafford (1896). A history of the wars in Ireland, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth Vol. II. Downy. ISBN 1-170-31027-3. Graham, Winston (2013). The Spanish Armadas. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-5684-7.

Teldix

Teldix GmbH was a significant German aircraft electronics (military avionics) company, in the field of aircraft navigation.

Teldix GmbH was a significant German aircraft electronics (military avionics) company, in the field of aircraft navigation. History It was established in 1960 by Telefunken and Bendix Corporation (USA). Another company similar at the time was Ottico Meccanica Italiana (OMI), of Italy. In 1973 Teldix was acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH and became part of their division "Kommunikationstechnik - Bosch Telecom" on july 1989. In 2005, the company was acquired by Rockwell Collins. Aviation In the late 1960s it made Head-Up Displays for fighter aircraft. It was partly responsible for the head-up display of the Panavia Tornado. Among other things, Teldix supplied gyroscopes and accelerometers for the HAWK anti-aircraft missile of the German Federal Armed Forces. The company developed much of the electronics for the Eurofighter Typhoon, notably its Defensive Aids Computer (DAC). Automotive In the early 1970s it developed an anti-skid (ABS) system for Mercedes-Benz which signed an agreement with Teldix that allowed other German car makers to use the system. This was the first commercial-available anti-lock braking system in 1978. Structure It was headquartered at Grenzhöfer Weg 36 in Wieblingen, Heidelberg, in Baden-Württemberg, off the L637 road, north of the junction of the Bundesautobahn 656 and Bundesautobahn 5. Products Air navigation equipment Anti-lock braking systems (it invented them) Moving map displays for aircraft See also Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics == References ==

Winnie Yu (nurse)

Winnie Yu Wai-ming (Chinese: 余慧明; born 28 May 1987) is a Hong Kong nurse and activist. She is the founder and chairwoman of the Hospital Authority Employees Alliance (HAEA), a labour union representing Hospital Authority staff. She played an instrumental role in the labour strike in February 2020 to demand full border closure in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong.

Winnie Yu Wai-ming (Chinese: 余慧明; born 28 May 1987) is a Hong Kong nurse and activist. She is the founder and chairwoman of the Hospital Authority Employees Alliance (HAEA), a labour union representing Hospital Authority staff. She played an instrumental role in the labour strike in February 2020 to demand full border closure in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. Biography Yu was trained as a nurse in university. She became a nurse at a Hospital Authority public hospital after graduation. In the 2014 Occupy protests, she volunteered as a paramedic at the protest site which opened the door for her to social activism. She also volunteered in many protest scenes, including the 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest. She was also transferred from Intensive Care Unit to the Hospital Authority head office and planned to emigrate to Japan.In the 2019 anti-extradition protests, Yu became active in social activism, volunteering as a paramedic. The Hospital Authority Employees Alliance (HAEA) was founded in the call for forming labour unions to launch a city-wide strike to pressure the government, in which Yu became the chairwoman. Following the first outbreak of the COVID-19 in Hong Kong in January 2020, the Hong Kong government announced several control measures, including decreases in flights and closures of several border ports. Health care experts and the HAEA called for stronger border control closures than what the government has announced; at that time, areas in mainland China adjacent to Hong Kong, such as Shenzhen, had significantly more cases of coronavirus than Hong Kong. The HAEA called for a full border closure with mainland China, demanding that the government prevent all non-Hong Kong residents from entering the city via the mainland. The union attracted more than 12,000 applications to join as of January 2020.Following Chief Executive Carrie Lam's announcement to close four borders to the mainland, rather than a full closure demanded by the HAEA, the union launched a labour strike for five days between 3 and 7 February 2020. Yu said that over 2,500 hospital workers participated in the strike on the first day, with about 60 to 70 percent of them being nurses. The strike was attended by about 6,000 workers each day over the five days. In response, Chief Executive Carrie Lam announced that four more borders to be closed but refused to fully close the border. She also called the medical workers who were on strike as "radical". In response to the government's decision not to fully close the border, Yu shifted the union's demands, asking for adequate protection measures for HA medical workers and for the HA to rule out penalising staff who participated in the strike. as well as On 7 February, the HAEA fell 2,000 votes short of the target it set to extend industrial action into middle of next week. In response, Yu announced an end to the five-day strike, though she said that ending the strike "doesn't mean [the union members] are giving up" with their demands.Yu participated in the 2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries and received 2,493 votes, winning against incumbent lawmaker Joseph Lee in the Health Services functional constituency.On 6 January 2021, Yu was among 53 members of the pro-democratic camp who were arrested under the national security law, specifically its provision regarding alleged subversion. The group stood accused of the organisation of and participation in the primaries of July 2020. Yu was released on bail on 7 January. On 28 February, Yu was formally charged, along with 46 others, for subversion. After Yu was charged for subversion, she was suspended from her duties by the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. On 28 July, she was released on bail, after her bail application being granted by High Court judge Esther Toh. According to a written judgement that was released by the judiciary on 14 September, Toh granted her bail, observing in her written explanation that there was no evidence that Yu ever had an international connection. On 8 March 2022, one day after Yu being arrested again, her bail was revoked by a magistrate; as the application of defence for lifting of reporting restrictions was turned down, the nature of the violation of bail conditions was not immediately clear. == References ==

List of dams and reservoirs in Alabama

This article lists the dams and reservoirs in Alabama. In 2015, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimated that the state has about 2,271 dams.

This article lists the dams and reservoirs in Alabama. In 2015, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimated that the state has about 2,271 dams. Reservoirs and manmade lakes with known dams See also List of dam removals in Alabama List of dams and reservoirs in the United States List of dams and reservoirs of the Tennessee River List of lakes List of lakes in Alabama References External links Lakes in Alabama, United States

Pierre-Étienne Fortin

Pierre-Étienne Fortin (December 14, 1823 – June 15, 1888) was a physician and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Gaspé in the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative member from 1867 to 1874 and from 1878 to 1887, he also represented Gaspé in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1878. In 1887, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada for Kennebec division.

Pierre-Étienne Fortin (December 14, 1823 – June 15, 1888) was a physician and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Gaspé in the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative member from 1867 to 1874 and from 1878 to 1887, he also represented Gaspé in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1878. In 1887, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada for Kennebec division. Biography He was born in Verchères, Lower Canada in 1823, grew up in Laprairie and studied at the Petit Séminaire de Montréal. His uncle was Ludger Duvernay, Patriote and publisher of La Minerve. Fortin graduated from McGill College in medicine in 1845 and practiced at Laprairie. He helped treat patients during the typhus epidemic of 1847-48 at Grosse-Île. In 1849, he led a group of mounted constables that controlled riots after the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill. From 1852 to 1867, he served as magistrate protecting fisheries in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Fortin also served as customs agent in the Gulf and, with his ship, La Canadienne, was the sole guardian of law and order in this region. During this period, Fortin also published a list of fish found in the Gulf region and prepared descriptions of marine mammals found there. In 1867, he was elected to the federal and provincial legislatures for Gaspé. He was named commissioner of crown lands in the provincial executive council but resigned in 1874 after a scandal implicating the party in power. In the same year, he resigned from federal politics after it became illegal to hold seats in both houses. In 1875, he was named speaker for the provincial assembly; he was forced to resign in 1876 after allegations of improper procedures in his election. Although he was later exonerated, a replacement had already been chosen. While in office, he helped promote the development of the Baie de Chaleur Railway, telegraph service connecting the Gaspé peninsula to the rest of the province and the installation of lighthouses in the region. Fortin also helped to establish formal education in navigation in Canada. He opposed reciprocity with the United States and was a strong defender of Canadian fishing rights. He helped found the Société de Géographie de Québec and served as its first president. He died in Laprairie in 1888, while still a member of the Senate. In 2002, the Quebec Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune named a wildlife reserve on the Richelieu River after Pierre-Étienne Fortin. References A life on the line : Commander Pierre-Étienne Fortin and his times, W. Brian Stewart (1997) ISBN 0-88629-315-4 External links "Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec. "Pierre-Étienne Fortin". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016. Pierre-Étienne Fortin – Parliament of Canada biography USQUE AD MARE: A History of the Canadian Coast Guard and Marine Services, Thomas E Appleton

Knights of Seth

The Knights of Seth were a 19th-century British-German Neo-Sethian group that attempted to resurrect medieval Gnostic and dualistic Christian ideas. While achieving a certain popularity among wealthy young Englishmen in the 1850s, the Knights never gained considerable influence and were by many considered a mere gentlemen's club rather than a religious movement. Apart from a handful of members in Edinburgh and Berlin, the group presently appears to be almost extinct. The group is sometimes referred to by its Latin name Ordo Equester Sethiani.

The Knights of Seth were a 19th-century British-German Neo-Sethian group that attempted to resurrect medieval Gnostic and dualistic Christian ideas. While achieving a certain popularity among wealthy young Englishmen in the 1850s, the Knights never gained considerable influence and were by many considered a mere gentlemen's club rather than a religious movement. Apart from a handful of members in Edinburgh and Berlin, the group presently appears to be almost extinct. The group is sometimes referred to by its Latin name Ordo Equester Sethiani. Core beliefs Like the gnostics, the Knights of Seth believe that there is a true God and a false one. The latter is known as the demiurge. According to gnostic tradition the demiurge created the world. In doing so, the demiurge (Classical Greek for craftsman-creator) carried out an order of the true god. The malevolent demiurge, which sometimes goes by the name of Yaldabaoth, then usurped the true god's position. According to the Ordo Equester, Adam's third son Seth was a messiah who could get in touch with the true god and acted as his herald, thwarting the plans of the evil demiurge. The Knights believe that seven prophets will deliver various teachings to humanity. These will then enable men to experience the true, hidden god. This allegedly requires studying different religions and meditation, resulting in a process of recognition (gnosis, Greek language for knowledge). Sources Stoyanov, Yuri (2004). The Other God. Dualist Religions from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08253-3.

Toronto's Festival of Beer

The Toronto Festival of Beer (TFOB), also known as Beer Fest, is an annual event that takes place at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The festival launched in 1996 and celebrates Canada’s rich brewing history by showcasing beer of all styles, paired with food curated by some of Toronto's popular restaurants and Chefs, in addition to world renowned entertainment on the Bandshell Stage. Today, Toronto's Festival of Beer features more than 400 brands from around the world and many Ontario craft brewers. The event has become Canada’s largest beer festival with 40,000 people attending every year.

The Toronto Festival of Beer (TFOB), also known as Beer Fest, is an annual event that takes place at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The festival launched in 1996 and celebrates Canada’s rich brewing history by showcasing beer of all styles, paired with food curated by some of Toronto's popular restaurants and Chefs, in addition to world renowned entertainment on the Bandshell Stage. Today, Toronto's Festival of Beer features more than 400 brands from around the world and many Ontario craft brewers. The event has become Canada’s largest beer festival with 40,000 people attending every year. History Toronto's Festival of Beer was founded in 1996 by Greg Cosway and Scott Rondeau. Their love for beer started at Carleton University where they started “The Gourmet Beer Club” which was the first of its kind in Canada. The festival came from those roots and has grown to become an annual celebration of the golden beverage. In early, 2008, Greg Cosway joined forces with Les Murray, a beer industry veteran. The event has grown into the largest three day beer festival in Canada under the company Beerlicious. In 2017, Greg Cosway sold his interest in the company to pursue other business interests. The festival was previously held at Fort York in Toronto, but in 2009 due to its growing popularity and expansion, the festival moved to Bandshell Park in Toronto’s Exhibition Place. It has grown from just a small beer festival to now including a variety of internationally recognized musical acts, brand experience areas and also gourmet food offerings. Toronto's Festival of Beer showcases a wide variety of local craft brewers from the province on Ontario, in addition to national and international brewers. The festival also showcases a World of Beer pavilion which is focused on a different destination each year. Some previous nations that have been showcased at the festival in the past include: Ireland, Sweden, Canada, US and many more. From craft beer to local chefs and food purveyors, to international musical artists, the festival has something for everyone. Beer sampling During the event, over 100 different exhibits showcase over 400 different styles and brands of beer. The styles of beer range from locally crafted beer to international offerings from various parts of the globe. Toronto's Festival of Beer is also known for hosting a feature pavilion each year that is dedicated to a specific destination. In the past, the festival featured Ireland, Sweden, and Canada. Details for the 2020 festival can be found at www.beerfestival.ca Additional services The Toronto Festival of Beer also offers food and refreshment services to paying patrons. These services vary from drinks, to classic BBQ, and even exotic food. The services offered by the Toronto Festival of Beer include: South St. Burger Co. Pizza Pizza Caplansky's The Dawgfather Tiny Tom's Donuts Ontario Corn Roasters Grandpa Ken's Back Bacon Heavenly Dreams Ice Cream The Real Jerk La Poutine Machine The Friendly Greek Edo Sushi Oyster Boy Shanghai Cowgirl Mac n' Cheese boothThe Toronto Festival of Beer also hosts entertainment groups as well as radio stations such as 99.9 Virgin Radio and various other music bands and groups. Environmental awareness The Toronto Festival of Beer has always had a large gathering of people at their events, however they also want to become part of an act to help the environment. The Toronto Festival of Beer acknowledges the impact that a large event like the festival would have on the environment. The Toronto Festival of Beer has newly introduced reusable plastic sampling tokens, and recyclable paper cups. With this change to the Toronto Festival of Beer's layout there has been a great reduction in the number of disposable tokens and disposable paper cups. The management team of the Toronto Festival of Beer has also put a beer bottle drive into effect which will allow for more beer bottles to be recycled rather than thrown away. These actions that Toronto Festival of Beer are doing will cut back dramatically the environmental impact and cut clean-up expenses. Attractions There are many activities planned for the Toronto's Festival of Beer. Audiences will be entertained through the various musical talents that will be performing live on the Planter's main stage. There is a grilling tent hosted by professional chefs for those who are interested in gaining grilling tips. The Libation Nation hosts events that happen in the festival every year. This year the Girl's Guided Beer Tour event will lead women throughout the festival educating them on the history of beer and women in the industry. References External links Toronto's Festival of Beer

Cedars of God

The Cedars of God (Arabic: أرز الربّ Arz ar-Rabb "Cedars of the Lord"), located in the Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, Lebanon, are one of the last vestiges of the extensive forests of the Lebanon cedar that thrived across Mount Lebanon in antiquity. All early modern travelers' accounts of the wild cedars appear to refer to the ones in Bsharri; the Christian monks of the monasteries in the Kadisha Valley venerated the trees for centuries. The earliest documented references of the Cedars of God are found in Tablets 4-6 of the great Epic of Gilgamesh, six days walk from Uruk. The Phoenicians, Israelites, Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, and Turks used Lebanese timber. The Egyptians valued their timber for shipbuilding, and in the Ottoman Empire their timber was used to construct railways.

The Cedars of God (Arabic: أرز الربّ Arz ar-Rabb "Cedars of the Lord"), located in the Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, Lebanon, are one of the last vestiges of the extensive forests of the Lebanon cedar that thrived across Mount Lebanon in antiquity. All early modern travelers' accounts of the wild cedars appear to refer to the ones in Bsharri; the Christian monks of the monasteries in the Kadisha Valley venerated the trees for centuries. The earliest documented references of the Cedars of God are found in Tablets 4-6 of the great Epic of Gilgamesh, six days walk from Uruk. The Phoenicians, Israelites, Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, and Turks used Lebanese timber. The Egyptians valued their timber for shipbuilding, and in the Ottoman Empire their timber was used to construct railways. History Ancient history The mountains of Lebanon were once shaded by thick cedar forests and the tree is the symbol of the country. After centuries of persistent deforestation, the extent of these forests has been markedly reduced.It was once said that a battle occurred between the demigods and the humans over the beautiful and divine forest of Cedar trees near southern Mesopotamia. This forest, once protected by the Sumerian god Enlil, was completely bared of its trees when humans entered its grounds 4700 years ago, after winning the battle against the guardians of the forest, the demigods. The story also tells that Gilgamesh used cedar wood to build his city. Over the centuries, cedar wood was exploited by the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, and Turks. The Phoenicians used the Cedars for their merchant fleets. They needed timbers for their ships and the Cedar woods made them the “first sea trading nation in the world”. The Egyptians used cedar resin for the mummification process and the cedar wood for some of “their first hieroglyph bearing rolls of papyrus”. In the Bible, Solomon procured cedar timber to build the Temple in Jerusalem. The emperor Hadrian claimed these forests as an imperial domain, and destruction of the cedar forests was temporarily halted. Early modern history All early modern travelers' accounts of the wild cedars of Lebanon appear to refer to the Bsharri cedars.Pierre Belon visited the area in 1550, making him the first modern traveler to identify the Cedars of God in his ‘’Observations’’. Belon counted 28 trees: “At a considerable height up the mountains the traveler arrives at the Monastery of the Virgin Mary, which is situated in the valley. Thence proceeding four miles up the mountain, he will arrive at the cedars, the Maronites or the monks acting as guides. The cedars stand in a valley, and not on top of the mountain, and they are supposed to amount to 28 in number, though it is difficult to count them, they being distant from each other a few paces. These the Archbishop of Damascus has endeavored to prove to be the same that Solomon planted with his own hands in the quincunx manner as they now stand. No other tree grows in the valley in which they are situated and it is generally so covered with snow as to be only accessible in summer". Leonhard Rauwolf followed in 1573-75, counting 24 trees: “saw nothing higher, but only a small hill before us, all covered with snow, at the bottom whereof the high cedar trees were standing… And, although this hill hath, in former ages, been quite covered with cedars, yet they are since so decreased, that I could tell no more but twenty-four that stood round about in a circle and two others, the branches whereof are quite decayed for age. I also went about this place to look for young ones, but could find none at all". Jean de Thévenot counted 23 trees in 1655: "It is a Fobbery to say, that if one reckon the Cedars of Mount Lebanon twice, he shall have a different number, for in all, great and small, there is neither more or less than twenty three of them". Laurent d'Arvieux in 1660 counted 20 trees; and Henry Maundrell in 1697 counted 16 trees of the “very old” type: “Sunday, May 9 The noble (cedar] trees grow amongst the snow near the highest part of Lebanon; and are remarkable as well as for their own age and largeness, as for those frequent allusions made to them in the word of God. Here are some of them very old, and of prodigious bulk; and others younger of a smaller size. Of the former I could reckon up only sixteen, and the latter are very numerous. I measured one of the largest, and found it twelve yards six inches in girt, and yet sound; and thirty seven yards in the spread of its boughs. At about five or six yards from the ground, it was divided into five limbs, each of which was equal to a great tree. After about half an hour spent surveying this place, the clouds began to thicken, and to fly along upon the ground; which so obscured the road, that my guide was very much at a loss to find our way back again. We rambled about for seven hours thus bewildered, which gave me no small fear of being forc'd to spend one night more on Libanus". Jean de la Roque in 1722 found 20 trees. In 1738 Richard Pococke provided a detailed description. "They form a grove about a mile in circumference, which consists of some large cedars that are near to one another, a great number of young cedars and some pines. The great cedars, at some distance, look very like large spreading oaks; the bodies of the trees are short, dividing at the bottom into three or four limbs, some of which growing up together for about ten feet, appear something like thick Gothic columns, which seem to be composed of seven pillars, higher up they begin to spread horizontally: one that had the rounded body, tho' not the largest, measured twenty four feet in circumference, and another with a sort of triple body, as described above, and of a triangular figure, measured twelve feet on each side. The young cedars are not easily know they bear a greater quantity of fruit than the larger ones. The wood does not differ from white deal in appearance, nor does it seem to be harder; it has a fine smell, but not so fragrant as the juniper of America which is commonly called cedar; and it also falls short of it in beauty; I took a piece of the wood from a great tree that was blown down by the wind, and left there to rot; there are fifteen large ones standing. The Christians of several denominations near this place come here to celebrate the festival of the transfiguration, and have built altars against several of the large trees, on which they administer the sacrament. These trees are about half a mile to the north of the road to which we returned...” From the 19th century onwards, the number of writers recording their visits increased substantially, and the number of cedars counted by the writers was in hundreds. Alphonse de Lamartine visited the place during his travel in Lebanon (1832–33), mentioning the cedars in some texts. In 1871, Edward Henry Palmer of the Palestine Exploration Fund described the cedars as follows: Descending by a steep zigzag path to the cedars, we pitched our camp and proceeded to examine the sacred and renowned grove, and could not repress a feeling of disappointment at its small extent, and the insignificant appearance of the trees. They consist of a little clump of trees of comparatively modern growth, not more than nine of them showing any indications of a respectable antiquity, and covering only about three acres of ground. They stand on a ridge consisting of five mounds and two spurs running nearly east and west, as in the accompanying plan. The whole number of trees we estimated at about 355; their size has also been grossly exaggerated, none of them being over 80ft. high. The ground is covered with débris of cedar and white limestone, and in the centre of the clump is a hideous little building, a Maronite chapel, the appointments of which are painfully poverty-stricken and inadequate. The trees have been lopped and otherwise maltreated, especially by the irrepressible tourist, who has been at infinite pains to cut his name on every available trunk. One tree, rather a large one, has a hole in it where a branch had broken away, and this has been enlarged into a chamber. They are scrubby scanty specimens, and not half so fine as may be seen in many an English park. Concern for the protection of the biblical "cedars of God" goes back to 1876, when the 102-hectare (250-acre) grove was surrounded by a high stone wall, paid for by Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (often erroneously attributed to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, as Augusta Victoria was Queen of Prussia and hence ‘Queen Victoria’) to protect saplings from browsing by goats. Nevertheless, during World War I, British troops used cedar to build railroads.Henry Bordeaux came in 1922 and wrote, Yamilé, a story about the place. Recent history Time, along with the exploitation of the Cedars’ wood and the effects of climate change, has led to a decrease in the number of cedar trees in Lebanon. However, Lebanon is still widely known for its cedar tree history, as they are the emblem of the country and the symbol of the Lebanese flag. The remaining trees survive in mountainous areas, where they are the dominant tree species. This is the case on the slopes of Mount Makmel that tower over the Kadisha Valley, where the Cedars of God are found at an altitude of more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Four trees have reached a height of 35 metres (115 ft), with their trunks reaching 12–14 metres (39–46 ft). World Heritage Site In 1998, the Cedars of God were added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Current status The forest is rigorously protected. It is possible to tour if escorted by an authorized guide. After a preliminary phase in which the land was cleared of detritus, the sick plants treated, and the ground fertilized, the "Committee of the Friends of the Cedar Forest" initiated a reforestation program in 1985. The Committee planted 200,000 cedars, with 180,000 surviving.These efforts will only be appreciable in a few decades due to the slow growth of cedars. In these areas the winter offers incredible scenery, and the trees are covered with a blanket of snow. Biblical and other ancient references The Cedar Forest of ancient Mesopotamian religion appears in several sections of the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Lebanon Cedar is mentioned 103 times in the Bible. In the Hebrew text it is named ארז and in the Greek text (LXX) it is named κέδρου. Example verses include: "Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is come down." (Zechariah 11:1, 2) "He moves his tail like a cedar; The sinews of his thighs are tightly knit." (Job 40:17) "The priest shall take cedarwood and hyssop and scarlet stuff, and cast them into the midst of the burning of the heifer" (Numbers 19:6) "The voice of the Lord breaks the cedars; the Lord breaks in pieces the cedars of Lebanon" (Psalm 29:5) "The righteous flourish like the palm tree and grow like the cedar in Lebanon" (Psalm 92:12) "I will put in the wilderness the cedar, the acacia, the myrtle, and the olive" (Isaiah 41: 19) "Behold, I will liken you to a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and forest shade" (Ezekiel 31:3) "I destroyed the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars" (Amos 2:9) "The trees of the Lord are watered abundantly, the cedars of Lebanon that he planted." (Psalm 104:16 NRSV) [King Solomon made] cedar as plentiful as the sycamore-fig trees in the foothills. (1 Kings 10:27, NIV, excerpt) Gallery See also Garden of the Gods Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve List of individual trees References Bibliography Hepper, F. Nigel (2001). "The Bsharré Cedars of Lebanon as seen by Travellers" (PDF). Archaeology & History in Lebanon (14): 96–105. Aiello, Anthony S., and Michael S. Dosmann. "The quest for the Hardy Cedar-of-lebanon." Arnoldia: The magazine of the Arnold Arboretum 65.1 (2007): 26–35. Anderson, Mary Perle. “The Cedar of Lebanon.” Torreya, vol. 8, no. 12, 1908, pp. 287–292. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40594656. External links Lebanon eco-tourism: Cedars of God

The Loves of Hercules

The Loves of Hercules (Italian: Gli amori di Ercole) is a 1960 international co-production film starring Jayne Mansfield and her then husband Mickey Hargitay. The film was distributed internationally as Hercules vs. the Hydra.

The Loves of Hercules (Italian: Gli amori di Ercole) is a 1960 international co-production film starring Jayne Mansfield and her then husband Mickey Hargitay. The film was distributed internationally as Hercules vs. the Hydra. Plot While Hercules (Hargitay) is away, his village is plundered and his wife is killed by the army of Ecalia, a country ruled by King Eurysteus. Licos (Massimo Serato), chief minister to the king, sees an opportunity to seize the throne himself. Licos knows that Hercules will come to Ecalia for vengeance; as the first part of his plan, he murders the king, planning to claim he died in battle to ensure that he does not bring ruin on Ecalia by resisting Hercules. While consulting an oracle, Hercules learns of the murder of his wife from a survivor and seeks vengeance. The newly-crowned Queen Deianira (Mansfield), daughter of the king, offers her life to Hercules in order to spare Ecalia, as Licos anticipated. Hercules offers mercy, but by law, the Queen and Hercules must participate in a rite to appease the goddess of justice. Deianira is bound to a wall as Hercules throws axes toward her, attempting to sever her bonds. He succeeds, proving her innocence to her people. Licos hatches another scheme to wed Deianira and rule through her. Hercules admires Deianira and her bravery. While escorting Deianira back to her capital, they come across a band of peasants who have been attacked by a monster. As Hercules seeks the monster, their cattle are stampeded and Hercules kills a wild bull with his dagger. Arriving in the city, Hercules discovers Deinaira is betrothed to a man named Achelous, whom Licos has sent to the couple, expecting Achelous to challenge Hercules and be killed, thereby alienating Hercules from Deianira and removing Achelous as a rival for her hand in marriage. The plan nearly succeeds, but Deinaira successfully begs Hercules to stay his hand. Hercules decides to leave Ecalia and Deinaira behind him. Licos follows through on the plan anyway, ordering Achelous' murder with the dagger Hercules left behind in the bull; he does not expect Hercules to return to defend himself. Licos is foiled again, however, when one of Hercules' companions finds him on the road and informs him that he is accused of the murder; Hercules decides to clear his name. Licos sends the actual murderer, Philoctetes, into hiding beyond the gates of the Underworld. Licos intends for Hercules to follow Philoctetes to prove his innocence, and for both men to be killed by the monstrous Hydra. Believing that his plan is working, Licos attempts to convince Deianira to marry him, but she is hesitant. Philoctetes is killed by the Hydra. Hercules kills the Hydra, but their battle weakens him into unconsciousness. He's rescued by Amazons loyal to Queen Hippolyta (Tina Gloriana). Hippolyta turns her lovers into living trees after growing tired of them, but Hercules is only interested in Deinaira. Angered that he is interested in Deinaira but determined to make Hercules her lover, Hippolyta's advisor suggests the only way she can gain the attention of Hercules is to change her face and body through magic to resemble Deianira (Mansfield with red hair). Meanwhile, Deianira discovers Licos' scheming and he has her imprisoned. Hercules manages to escape with his life due to the intervention of the Amazon, Nemea (Moira Orfei), at the cost of her own life, while Hippolyta is crushed to death by one of the trees. Hercules is informed of Licos' treachery and returns to Ecalia at the head of an army to overthrow him. Defeated in battle, Licos tries to escape Ecalia with Deianira as a hostage, but he is strangled to death by the monster, Alcione, who is in turn killed by Hercules as he rescues Deianira. Main cast Production notes This was one of the earlier movies to follow from Italy in the wake of the success of Hercules (1958) starring Steve Reeves, and marked an attempt to add some star power to the notion of a muscleman movie, not so much in the title role as the female lead. Filmed on location in Italy during the height of the sword and sandal craze, this was not one of Jayne Mansfield's "loan out" films. Mansfield was offered the film while she was shooting The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw in Spain; she agreed on the condition that her husband Mickey Hargitay played Hercules. She received a fee of $75,000 for starring in the movie. Mansfield received permission from her studio 20th Century Fox to film this movie in the early weeks of 1960 whilst she was four months pregnant. A hit in Italy, it was later broadcast as a movie of the week in 1966 on American television and has since gained a cult following. The scene where Mickey Hargitay wrestles a bull was prepared by treating the animal with tranquilizers first.On April 14, 2017, the film was featured in the eleventh season of Mystery Science Theater 3000 as episode 1108. Release The film was released in Italy on August 19, 1960 with a 97-minute running time. The film was released in the United States in 1966 with a 98-minute running time. See also List of films featuring Hercules References Footnotes Sources External links The Loves of Hercules at IMDb The Loves of Hercules at AllMovie The Loves of Hercules at the TCM Movie Database

Timeline of the Alex Salmond scandal

The Alex Salmond scandal refers to the political scandal in Scotland concerning the behaviour of former First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond, and his successor, former First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. The scandal created a feud within the Scottish National Party and a ministerial code investigation into Sturgeon conducted by James Hamilton concluded that she did not break the ministerial code over her conduct with Salmond. The following is a timeline of events that happened in the Alex Salmond political scandal.

The Alex Salmond scandal refers to the political scandal in Scotland concerning the behaviour of former First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond, and his successor, former First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. The scandal created a feud within the Scottish National Party and a ministerial code investigation into Sturgeon conducted by James Hamilton concluded that she did not break the ministerial code over her conduct with Salmond. The following is a timeline of events that happened in the Alex Salmond political scandal. 2017 Late 2017: The Scottish Government receives sexual harassment complaints against Salmond, concerning his behaviour while he was First Minister. 2018 29 March: Sturgeon meets with Salmond's former chief of staff, Geoff Aberdein, in her office at Holyrood. 2 April: Salmond meets with Sturgeon at her private residence in Glasgow. 6 June: Sturgeon informs the Scottish Government's Permanent Secretary, Leslie Evans, that she knows about the inquiry into harassment complaints and has discussed it with Salmond. 29 August: Salmond formally begins his judicial review of the government’s handling of harassment complaints against him. He also resigns his membership from the Scottish National Party amid allegations of sexual misconduct. 30 August: The Scottish Parliament establish the Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints to investigate the Scottish Government’s handling of the affair. 31 August: Then senior counsel for the government, Roddy Dunlop QC, warns the government that the revelation that a senior official had previously met and briefed the two complainers was “extremely concerning”. 6 December: Leslie Evans is warned by Roddy Dunlop QC that Salmond’s legal challenge will “more likely than not succeed”. 31 December: Evans concedes the judicial review. 2019 8 January: The Court of Session, Scotland's supreme civil court, declares the inquiry unlawful on procedural grounds and Salmond is awarded £512,000 in legal costs. 13 January: Sturgeon refers herself to the independent ministerial ethics body after opposition parties raise concerns about her meetings with Salmond. 24 January: Police Scotland arrest Salmond, and he was charged with 14 offences, including two counts of attempted rape, nine of sexual assault, two of indecent assault, and one of breach of the peace. 2020 23 March: Salmond is cleared of all charges. A jury finds him not guilty of 12 charges, one charge was dropped by prosecutors earlier in the trial while one charge was found not proven. 8 December: Sturgeon's husband and Chief Executive of the SNP, Peter Murrell, gives his evidence to the Scottish Parliament's inquiry. 2021 26 February: Salmond goes before the Scottish Parliament's Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints. 3 March: Sturgeon gives her evidence before the committee. 19 March: A leaked Scottish Parliament committee report on the handling of the government's allegations finds Sturgeon misled parliament. On the same day, Leader Scottish Conservatives, Douglas Ross, calls for her resignation or a motion of no confidence vote will be brought to parliament. 22 March: Sturgeon is cleared of breaching the ministerial code by a report by James Hamilton QC. 23 March: The official report of the Scottish Parliament's inquiry into the Scottish Government’s handling of sexual harassment allegations is found by a majority of votes that Sturgeon misled parliament. Opposition leader in Holyrood, Ruth Davidson, motions a vote of no confidence against Sturgeon. She survives the vote by 65 to 31 to reject the motion, with the Scottish Greens supporting the SNP and Scottish Labour and Liberal Democrats abstaining. 26 March: Salmond is announced as the new leader of the Alba Party and announces his intention to seek election at the May election. 6 May: The Scottish people vote at the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Sturgeon secures a third term and Salmond's new party fails to win any seats. See also Alex Salmond scandal HM Advocate v Salmond Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints == References ==

Narcissus in culture

Narcissi are widely celebrated in art and literature. Commonly called daffodil or jonquil, the plant is associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune. Its early blooms are invoked as a symbol of Spring, and associated religious festivals such as Easter, with the Lent lilies or Easter bells amongst its common names. The appearance of the wild flowers in spring is also associated with festivals in many places. While prized for its ornamental value, there is also an ancient cultural association with death, at least for pure white forms.Historically the narcissus has appeared in written and visual arts since antiquity, being found in graves from Ancient Egypt.

Narcissi are widely celebrated in art and literature. Commonly called daffodil or jonquil, the plant is associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune. Its early blooms are invoked as a symbol of Spring, and associated religious festivals such as Easter, with the Lent lilies or Easter bells amongst its common names. The appearance of the wild flowers in spring is also associated with festivals in many places. While prized for its ornamental value, there is also an ancient cultural association with death, at least for pure white forms.Historically the narcissus has appeared in written and visual arts since antiquity, being found in graves from Ancient Egypt. In classical Graeco-Roman literature the narcissus is associated with both the myth of the youth who was turned into a flower of that time, and with the Goddess Persephone, snatched into the underworld as she gathered their blooms. Narcissi were said to grow in meadows in the underworld. In these contexts they frequently appear in the poetry of the period from Stasinos to Pliny. In western European culture narcissi and daffodils are among the most celebrated flowers in English literature, from Gower to Day-Lewis, while the best known poem is probably that of Wordsworth. The daffodil is the national flower of Wales, associated with St. David's Day. In the visual arts, narcissi are depicted in three different contexts, mythological, floral art, or landscapes, from mediaeval altar pieces to Salvador Dalí. The narcissus also plays an important part in Eastern cultures from their association with the New year in Chinese culture to symbolising eyes in Islamic art. The word 'Daffodil' has been used widely in popular culture from Dutch cars to Swedish rock bands, while many cancer charities have used it as a fundraising symbol. Symbols The daffodil is the national flower of Wales, where it is traditional to wear a daffodil or a leek on Saint David's Day (March 1). In Welsh the daffodil is known as "Peter's Leek", (cenhinen Bedr or cenin Pedr), the leek (cenhinen) being the other national symbol. The narcissus is also a national flower symbolising the new year or Newroz in the Kurdish culture. The narcissus is perceived in the West as a symbol of vanity, in the East as a symbol of wealth and good fortune (see Eastern cultures). In classical Persian literature, the narcissus is a symbol of beautiful eyes, together with other flowers that equal a beautiful face with a spring garden, such as roses for cheeks and violets for shining dark hair. In western countries the daffodil is associated with spring festivals such as Lent and its successor Easter. In Germany the wild narcissus, N. pseudonarcissus, is known as Osterglocke or "Easter bell." In the United Kingdom, particularly in ecclesiastical circles, the daffodil is sometimes variously referred to as the Lenten or Lent lily. Tradition has it that the daffodil opens on Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent, and dies at Easter which marks the end of Lent.Although prized as an ornamental flower, some people consider narcissi unlucky, because they hang their heads implying misfortune, and hence refuse to have them in the house. White narcissi are especially associated with death, especially the pure white N triandrus 'Thalia', and hence are considered grave flowers. Indeed, in Ancient Greece narcissi were planted near tombs. Robert Herrick, describes them as portents of death, an association which also appears in the myth of Persephone and the underworld (see The Arts, below). The arts Antiquity Narcissi have been used decoratively for a long time, a wreath of white-flowered N. tazetta having been found in an ancient Egyptian grave, and in frescoes on the excavated walls of Pompeii. It is thought to have been mentioned in the Bible, for instance in the Book of Isaiah. The rose mentioned here being the original translation into English from the Biblical Hebrew word chabatstsileth (Hebrew: חבצלת). This so-called "Rose of Sharon" being actually a bulbous plant, probably N. tazetta which grows in Israel on the Plain of Sharon, where it is a protected plant. They make a frequent appearance in classical literature. Greek culture The narcissus has also frequently appeared in literature and the visual arts, and forms part of two important Graeco-Roman myths, that of the youth Narcissus (Greek: Νάρκισσος) who was turned into the flower of that name, and of the Goddess Kore, or Persephone (Greek: Περσεφόνη; Latin: Proserpina) daughter of the goddess Demeter (Greek: Δημήτηρ), snatched into the Underworld by the god Hades (Greek: Ἅιδης) while picking narcissi. Hence, the narcissus is listed as having been sacred to both Hades and Persephone, and to grow along the banks of the river Styx (Στύξ) in the underworld.The Greek poet Stasinos (Greek: Στασῖνος, flourished ca. 800 – 900 BC) mentioned them in the Cypria (Κυπρία) in which he sings of the flowers of the island of Cyprus. εϊματα μέν χροϊ έστο, τά ο'ι Χάριτες τε και Ώραι ποίησαν και έβαφαν έν άνθεσιν είαρινοΐσιν δσσα φέρουσ' ωραι, εν τε κρόκωι έν θ' ΰακ'ινθωι έν τε ϊωι θαλέθοντι ρόδου τ ένι ανθεί καλώι ήδέϊ νεκταρέωι έν τ άμβροσίαις καλνκεσσιν άνθεσι ναρκίσσου καλλιρρόου δ' oia Αφροδίτη ώραις παντοίαις τεθνωμένα εϊματα έστο.She clothed herself with garments which the Graces and Hours had made for her and dyed in flowers of spring -- such flowers as the Seasons wear -- in crocus and hyacinth and flourishing violet and the rose's lovely bloom, so sweet and delicious, and heavenly buds, the flowers of the narcissus and lily. In such perfumed garments is Aphrodite clothed at all seasons The legend of Persephone comes to us primarily in the anonymous seventh century BC Homeric Hymn To Demeter (Εἲς Δημήτραν). In the opening scene, the author describes the narcissus, and its role as a lure to trap the young Persephone. νάρκισσόν θ᾽, ὃν φῦσε δόλον καλυκώπιδι κούρῃΓαῖα Διὸς βουλῇσι χαριζομένη Πολυδέκτῃ,θαυμαστὸν γανόωντα: σέβας τό γε πᾶσιν ἰδέσθαιἀθανάτοις τε θεοῖς ἠδὲ θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποις:τοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ ῥίζης ἑκατὸν κάρα ἐξεπεφύκει:κὦζ᾽ ἥδιστ᾽ ὀδμή, πᾶς τ᾽ οὐρανὸς εὐρὺς ὕπερθενγαῖά τε πᾶσ᾽ ἐγελάσσε καὶ ἁλμυρὸν οἶδμα θαλάσσης The narcissus, which Earth made to grow at the will of Zeus and to please the Host of Many, to be a snare for the bloom-like girl — a marvellous, radiant flower. It was a thing of awe whether for deathless gods or mortal men to see: from its root grew a hundred blooms and it smelled most sweetly, so that all wide heaven above and the whole earth and the sea's salt swell laughed for joy The flower, she later recounts to her mother was the last flower she reached for; "νάρκισσόν θ᾽, ὃν ἔφυσ᾽ ὥς περ κρόκον εὐρεῖα χθών" (l. 428) "and the narcissus which the wide earth caused to grow yellow as a crocus".Other Greek authors making reference to the narcissus include Sophocles (Greek: Σοφοκλῆς, c. 497 – 406 BC) and Plutarch (Greek: Πλούταρχος, c. 46 AD – 120 AD). Sophocles, in his Oedipus at Colonus (Οἰδίπους ἐπὶ Κολωνῷ) utilises narcissus in a highly symbolic manner, implying fertility, and allying it with the cults of Demeter and her daughter Kore (Persephone) (μεγάλαιν θεαίν, the Great Goddesses), but by extension through the Persephone association, a symbol of death. Jebb comments here that νάρκισσος is the flower of imminent death with its fragrance being νάρκη or narcotic, emphasised by its pale white colour. Just as Persephone reaching for the flower heralded her doom, the youth Narcissus gazing at his own reflection portended his death. θάλλει δ ουρανίας υπ άχναςο καλλίβοτρυς κατ ημαρ αεινάρκισσος, μεγάλαιν θεαίναρχαιον στεφάνωμ And, fed on heavenly dew,the narcissus blooms day by day with its fair clusters;it is the ancient crown of the Great Goddesses. Plutarch refers to this in his Symposiacs as follows, "and the daffodil, because it benumbs the nerves and causes a stupid narcotic heaviness in the limbs, and therefore Sophocles calls it the ancient garland flower of the great (that is, the earthy) gods." This reference to Sophocles' "crown of the great Goddesses", here is the source of the commonly quoted phrase in the English literature "Chaplet of the infernal Gods" incorrectly attributed to Socrates. A passage by Moschus' (Greek: Μόσχος, fl. 100 BC) has been incorrectly attributed to Theocritus (Greek: Θεόκριτος, fl. c. 150 BC). Moschus describes fragrant narcissi (νάρκισσον ἐΰπνοον) in his Idylls (Εἰδύλλια), "Now the girls so soon as they were come to the flowering meadows took great delight in various sorts of flowers whereof one would pluck sweet breathed narcissus" (Europa and the Bull), and narcissi were said to have been part of Europa's floral headdress. Another Greek writer, Homer (Greek: Ὅμηρος, ca. 7th century BC), in his Odyssey (Ὀδύσσεια), in several places (e.g. Od. 11:539; 24.14) described the underworld as having Elysian meadows (Ἠλύσιον πεδίον) carpeted with flowers, though using the term asphodel (ἀσφοδελὸν), hence Asphodel Meadows. This may have actually been narcissus, with its associations with the underworld, as described by Theophrastus (Greek: Θεόφραστος), and frequently used in later literature to refer to daffodils. A similar account is provided by Lucian (Greek: Λουκιανὸς, c. 125 – 180 AD) in his Necyomantia or Menippus (Μένιππος ἢ Νεκυομαντεία), describing asphodel in the underworld (Nec. 11:2; 21:10).The myth of the youth Narcissus is also taken up by Pausanias (Greek: Παυσανίας, c. 110 – 180AD) in his Description of Greece (Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις). Pausanias, deferring to Pamphos, believed that the myth of Persephone long antedated that of Narcissus, and hence discounts the idea the flower was named after the youth. νάρκισσον δὲ ἄνθος ἡ γῆ καὶ πρότερον ἔφυεν ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, εἰ τοῖς Πάμφω τεκμαίρεσθαι χρή τι ἡμᾶς ἔπεσι: γεγονὼς γὰρ πολλοῖς πρότερον ἔτεσιν ἢ Νάρκισσος ὁ Θεσπιεὺς Κόρην τὴν Δήμητρός φησιν ἁρπασθῆναι παίζουσαν καὶ ἄνθη συλλέγουσαν, ἁρπασθῆναι δὲ οὐκ ἴοις ἀπατηθεῖσαν ἀλλὰ ναρκίσσοις.The flower narcissus grew, in my opinion, before this, if we are to judge by the verses of Pamphos. This poet was born many years before Narcissus the Thespian, and he says that the Maid, the daughter of Demeter, was carried off when she was playing and gathering flowers, and that the flowers by which she was deceived into being carried off were not violets, but the narcissus. Roman culture Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, 70 BC – 19 AD), the first known Roman writer to refer to the narcissus, does so in several places, for instance twice in the Georgics, Book four, l. 122 "nec sera comantem Narcissum" (nor had I passed in silence the late-flowering narcissus) and l. 159 "pars intra septa domorum, Narcissi lacrymam" (some within the enclosure of their Hives, lay Narcissus' tears). Virgil refers to the cup shaped corona of the narcissus flower, allegedly containing the tears of the youth Narcissus. Milton makes a similar analogy in his Lycidas "And Daffodillies fill their Cups with Tears". Virgil also mentions narcissi three times in the Eclogues. In the second book l. 48 "Narcissum et florem jungit bene olentis anenthi" (joins the narcissus and flower of sweet-smelling anise), also the fifth book, l. 38 "pro purpureo narcisso" (in lieu of the empurpled narcissus). For the idea that narcissus could be purple, see also Dioscorides (επ ενίων δε πορφυροειδές) and Pliny (sunt et purpurea lilia). This was thought to be an allusion to the purple-rimmed corona of N. poeticus. Finally, in the eighth book of the Eclogues, Virgil writes, l. 53 "narcisso floreat alnus" (the alder with narcissus bloom).Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, 43 BC – 17 AD) was also familiar with narcissi, in his recounting of the self-loving youth who is turned into the flower, in the third book of his Metamorphoses l. 509 "croceum pro corpore florem inveniunt, foliis medium cingemtibus albis" (They came upon a flower, instead of his body, with white petals surrounding a yellow heart) and also the fifth book of his Fasti l. 201 "Tu quoque nomen habes cultos, Narcisse, per hortos" (You too, Narcissus, were known among the gardens). This theme of metamorphosis was broader than just Narcissus, for instance see crocus (Krokus), laurel (Daphne) and hyacinth (Hyacinthus). He also advocated the use of the bulb of the narcissus as a cosmetic, in his Medicamina Faciei Femineae (Cosmetics for the Female Face), ll. 63–64 "adice narcissi bis sex sine cortice bulbos, strenua quos puro marmore dextra terat" (add twelve narcissus bulbs after removing their skin, and pound them vigorously on a pure marble mortar). Western culture Although there is no clear evidence that the flower's name derives directly from the Greek myth, this link between the flower and the myth became firmly part of western culture. The narcissus or daffodil is the most loved of all English plants, and appears frequently in English literature. Many English writers have referred to the cultural and symbolic importance of Narcissus, for instance Elizabeth Kent (Flora Domestica, 1823), FW Burbidge (The Narcissus, 1875), Peter Barr (Ye Narcissus Or Daffodyl Flowere, 1884), and Henry Nicholson Ellacombe (The Plant-lore & Garden-craft of Shakespeare, 1884). No flower has received more poetic description except the rose and the lily, with poems by authors including John Gower, Spenser, Constable, Shakespeare, Addison and Thomson, together with Milton (see Roman culture, above), Wordsworth, Shelley and Keats. Frequently the poems deal with self-love derived from Ovid's account. An example of this is Gower's retelling of Ovid's Metamorphoses : For in the winter fresh and faireThe flowres ben, which is contraireTo kind, and so was the folieWhich fell of his surquedrie Gower's reference to the yellow flower of the legend has been assumed to be the daffodil or Narcissus, though as with all references in the older literature to the flower that sprang from the youth's death, there is room for some debate as to the exact species of flower indicated, some preferring Crocus.Spenser announces the coming of the Daffodil in Aprill of his Shepheardes Calender (1579), "Strowe me the ground with Daffadowndillies". Constable compares the object of affection to the daffodil, DIAPHENIA like the daffadowndilly,White as the sun, fair as the lily,Heigh ho, how I do love thee! Shakespeare, who frequently uses flower imagery, refers to daffodils twice in The Winter's Tale (Autolycus act iv, sc. 3(1) "When Daffodils begin to peer" and Perdita act iv, sc. 4(118) "Daffodils, That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty" 1623)., and also in The Two Noble Kinsmen (act iv, sc. 1(94) "chaplets on their heads of Daffodillies" 1634). However Shakespeare also uses the term 'Narcissus' in the latter (act ii, sc. 2(130) "What flowre is this? Tis called Narcissus, madam").Robert Herrick, in Hesperides (1648) alludes to their association with death in a number of poems such as To Daffadills ("Faire Daffadills we weep to see, You haste away so soone") and Divination by a Daffadill; When a daffadill I see,Hanging down his head t'wards me,Guesse I may, what I must be:First, I shall decline my head;Secondly, I shall be dead:Lastly, safely buryed Among the English romantic movement writers none is better known than William Wordsworth's short 1804 poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (The Daffodils) which has become linked in the popular mind with the daffodils that form its main image, here associated with vitality and pleasure. Wordsworth also included the daffodil in other poems, such as Foresight. Yet the description given of daffodils by his sister, Dorothy is just as poetic, if not more so, just that her poetry was prose and appears almost an unconscious imitation of first section of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (see Greek culture, above); I never saw daffodils so beautiful they grew among the mossy stones about and about them, some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness & the rest tossed & reeled & danced & seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the Lake, they looked so gay ever glancing ever changing Among their contemporaries, Keats refers to daffodils among those things capable of bringing 'joy for ever'; A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:...Some shape of beauty moves away the pall...and such are daffodils, With the green world they live in while Shelley looks back to the legend in his description of the flower; And narcissi, the fairest among them all,Who gaze on their eyes in the stream’s recess,Till they die of their own dear loveliness A. E. Housman, using one of the daffodil's more symbolic names (see Symbols), wrote the Spring poem The Lent Lily in his collection A Shropshire Lad, describing the traditional Easter death of the daffodil: And there's the Lenten lily, That has not long to stay, And dies on Easter day Later Cecil Day-Lewis wrote: Now the full throated daffodils, Our trumpeters in gold, Call resurrection from the ground, And bid the year be bold In Black Narcissus (1939) Rumer Godden describes the disorientation of English nuns in the Indian Himalayas, and gives the plant name an unexpected twist, alluding both to narcissism and the effect of the perfume Narcisse Noir (Caron) on others. The novel was later adapted into the 1947 British film of the same name. The narcissus also appears in German literature. Paul Gerhardt, a pastor and hymn writer wrote: Narzissus und die TulipanDie ziehen sich viel schöner anAls Salomonis SeideDaffodil and tulip are dressed more beautifully than Solomon's silk In the visual arts, narcissi are depicted in three different contexts, mythological (Narcissus, Persephone), floral art, or landscapes. The Narcissus story has been popular with painters and the youth is frequently depicted with flowers to indicate this association, for instance those of François Lemoyne, John William Waterhouse, and that of Poussin depicting flowers sprouting around the dying Narcissus, or Salvador Dalí's Metamorphosis of Narcissus. The Persephone theme is also typified by Waterhouse in his Narcissus, the floral motif by van Scorel and the landscape by Van Gogh's Undergrowth. Narcissi first started to appear in western art in the late middle ages, in panel paintings, particularly those depicting crucifixion. For instance there is a crucifixion scene by the Westfälischer Meister in Köln (c. 1415 – 1435) in the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne, where daffodils symbolise not only death but also hope in the resurrection, because they are perennial and bloom at Easter. Another example from this period is the altarpiece panel Noli me tangere from the Magdalenenkirche, Hildesheim Germany, by the Meister des Göttinger Barfüßeraltars (c. 1410). In the centre of the panel, between the hand of Jesus and Mary Magdalene, daffodils can be seen growing. Eastern cultures In Chinese culture interest in narcissi centres on Narcissus tazetta, which can be grown indoors. Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis is widely grown in China as an ornamental plant and often known outside China as Chinese sacred lilies (N. tazetta 'Chinese Sacred Lily', 水仙花) or joss flowers. Tazetta daffodils were probably introduced to China, where they became naturalised, by Arab traders travelling the Silk Road at some time prior to the beginning of the Song Dynasty (i.e. before 960), presumably for their claimed medicinal properties. Flowering in spring, they became associated with Chinese New Year, signifying good fortune, prosperity and good luck. If the narcissus blooms on Chinese New Year, it is said to bring extra wealth and good fortune throughout the year. Its sweet fragrance is also highly revered in Chinese culture. The flower has many names in Chinese culture, including water narcissus (since they can be grown in water) and seui sin faa (water immortal flowers). In ancient Chinese culture the narcissus is referred to as water goddess of the Xiang River (Chinese: 水仙; pinyin: shuǐ xiān), or the "goddess standing above the waves" (lingbo xianzi), also translated as "fairy over rippling waters". There are many legends in Chinese culture associated with Narcissus, including one of a poor but good man who was brought great wealth by this flower.As Chinese Garden Art expert Marianne Beuchert writes, in contrast to the West, narcissi have not played a significant part in Chinese Garden art, but have become a symbol of good luck, in which the multi-headed inflorescence of N. tazetta symbolised a hundred headed water spirit. However, Zhao Mengjian (趙孟堅, c. 1199 – 1267), in the Southern Song Dynasty was noted for his portrayal of narcissi, and Zhao's love of the flower is celebrated by the loyalist Song poet Qiu Yuan (c. 1247 – 1327).Narcissus bulb carving and cultivation has become an art akin to Japanese bonsai. The bulbs may be carved to create curling leaves (crab claw culture). The bulbs can produce six to eleven flower stems from a single bulb, each with an average of eight fragrant blooms. With the additional use of props such as ribbons, artificial eyes, bindings and florists' wire, even more elaborate scenarios can be created, representing traditional subjects such as roosters, cranes, flower baskets and even teapots.The Japanese visual novel Narcissu contains many references to the narcissus, the main characters setting out for the famed narcissus fields on Awaji Island, N. tazetta having also naturalised there. Islamic culture Islamic scholar Annemarie Schimmel states that the narcissi (called نرگس narges in Persian, whence the Arabic, Turkic and Urdu common names) are one of the most popular garden plants in Islamic culture. The Persian ruler Khosrau I (r. 531–579) is said to have not been able to tolerate them at feasts because they reminded him of eyes, an association that persists to this day. The Persian phrase نرگس شهلا (narges-e šahlâ, literally "a reddish-blue narcissus") is a well-known metonymy for the "eye(s) of a mistress" in the classical poetries of the Persian, Turkic, and Urdu languages; to this day also the vernacular names of some narcissus cultivars (for example, Shahla-ye Shiraz and Shahla-ye Kazerun). As described by the poet Ghalib (1797–1869), "God has given the eye of the narcissus the power of seeing". The imagery could also be negative, such as blindness (white eye), sleepless or longing for love. The eye imagery is also found in a number of poems by Abu Nuwas (756–814). In one of his most famous poems about narcissi he writes "eyes of silver with pupils of molten gold united with an emerald stalk". Schimmel describes an Arab legend that despite the apparent sinfulness of much of his poetry, his narcissus poems alone would earn him a place in Paradise. Another poet who refers to narcissi, is Rumi (1207–1273). Even the prophet Mohammed is said to have praised the narcissus, "Whoever has two loaves of bread, sell one and buy narcissi, for while bread nourishes the body, the narcissus feeds the soul". Popular culture The word 'Daffodil' has been used widely in popular culture from Dutch cars to Swedish rock bands. Festivals In some areas where wild narcissi are particularly prevalent, their blooming in spring is celebrated in festivals. The slopes around Montreux, Switzerland and its associated riviera come alive with blooms each May (May Snow), and are associated with the Narcissi Festival. However, the narcissi are now considered threatened. Festivals are held in many other countries and regions including Fribourg (Switzerland), Austria and in the United States, including Hawaii (Chinese New Year) and Washington state's Daffodil Festival. Cancer Various cancer charities around the world, including the American Cancer Society, New Zealand Cancer Society, Cancer Council Australia, the Irish Cancer Society, and Marie Curie (UK)'s Great Daffodil Appeal use the daffodil emblem as a fundraising symbol. "Daffodil Days", first instituted in Toronto in 1957 by the Canadian Cancer Society, are organized to raise funds by offering the flowers in return for a donation. Notes References Bibliography Media related to Narcissus in art at Wikimedia Commons

W. John Kress

Walter John Emil Kress (born Illinois, 4 March 1951) is an American botanist and the vice-president for science at the National Museum of Natural History. He currently holds the appointment (2010) as the Director of the Consortium for Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet at the Smithsonian and is the former Executive Director of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation.

Walter John Emil Kress (born Illinois, 4 March 1951) is an American botanist and the vice-president for science at the National Museum of Natural History. He currently holds the appointment (2010) as the Director of the Consortium for Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet at the Smithsonian and is the former Executive Director of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. Early life and education Kress received his education at Harvard University (B.A.,1975) and Duke University (Ph.D., 1981), studying tropical biology, plant systematics, pollination ecology, and ethnobotany.Kress' travels to tropical regions began as a graduate student where he conducted post-doctorate research in Columbia. His dissertation was mainly focused on the plants in genus Heliconia. Kress focused on both the systematics and the plant-animal interactions of this group. His research later took him to Las Cruces Botanic Garden in San Vito where he studied what factors may prevent species hybridization. He is responsible for the collection of many of the Zingiberales from around the country that exist in the botanic garden today. Research Kress is now the vice-president of science at the National Museum of Natural History, where he formerly held positions of Curator and Chairman of the Department of Botany. Kress worked formerly as the director of research at the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens in Florida from 1984 to 1988.Focusing mostly on the Zingiberales, including Heliconia, Musa, and other gingers, Kress has extensively studied the systematics and plant animal interactions of this order. His current research is focused on biodiversity genomics, conservation, and the Anthropocene. Kress' publications regarding the anthropocene warn that human created complexes, still-to-be-resolved issues, including the impacts of climate change, will endanger humanity's future if they are not addressed immediately. Tropical plant diversity Kress is responsible for the variety of Heliconias in Las Cruces Botanic Garden as well but a garden planted in an enclosed aviary in Dominica’s mountains. The main purpose of this garden was so that he and his colleagues could watch the hummingbirds interact with plants in an experimental situation. He claims that seeing that symbiosis between Heliconia and hummingbirds allowed him to gain deeper understanding of the mechanism of evolution. Systematics and taxonomy Published findings by Kress include the lineages of and the divergence of Zingiberales. His research found that speciation from the remaining monocots occurred approximately 124 million years ago. In addition to discovering that major family-level lineages become established in the late Cretaceous (80–110 mya), his research also found that crown lineages within families began diversifying in the early to mid-Tertiary (29–64 mya).He aided in developing an award-winning smart-phone app, Leafsnap, and works as the Principal Investigator of the Leaf Project at the Smithsonian. It is the first mobile tree identification smart-phone app was a collaboration between Columbia University and the University of Maryland. Conservation His role in collection management at the Smithsonian Institution has made him an spokesman for the importance of collections, explaining how the worldwide decline of specimens in the natural world increases their inherent value. He claims that as the world ages and the natural world changes, museum collections serve as a record for phenology as well as preserve beyond nature. Many of his publications advocate for the conservation of tropical plants, specifically, Zingiberales.Kress is an advocate for a biodiverse future, and serves on a panel that asks difficult questions about sustainability. His role as the director of the Consortium for Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet at the Smithsonian Institution has made him a proponent of humans living sustainably prior to irreversible damage occurring to the planet. The consortium originated from a strategic 10-year plan put in place by the Smithsonian Institution to create interdisciplinary work by scholars both related and not related to the Institution. Sustained by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the consortium promotes interactions between scholars in complementary fields and have resulted in the facilitation of new avenues of thought in scientific endeavors. Kress, as Director of the Biodiversity and Sustainability Consortium, brings together scientists from numerous fields to address broad research projects which dive deep into questions on biology with relevant societal impacts. Museum collections that Kress manages have aided in advancement of knowledge and understanding of both life on the planet and how it can be sustained. Selected publications Betts, Matthew G., Hadley, Adam S. and Kress, W. J. 2015. Pollinator recognition by a keystone tropical plant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(11): 3433–3438. doi:10.1073/pnas.1419522112 Chen, Juan, Zhao, Jietang, Erickson, David L., Xia, Nianhe and Kress, W. J. 2015. Testing DNA barcodes in closely related species of Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) from Myanmar and China. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15(2): 337–348. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12319 Bawa, K. S., Kress, W. John, Nadkarni, N. M. and Lele, S. 2004. Beyond paradise – meeting the challenge in tropical biology in the 21st Century. Biotropica, 36: 437–446 Kress, W. J., & Erickson, D. 2012. DNA Barcodes: Methods and Protocols. DNA Barcodes, 3–8. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-591-6_1 Kress, W. J. 1990. The phylogeny and classification of the Zingiberales. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 77: 698–721 Kress, W. J. 1996. Review of: Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Quart.Rev.Biol., 71: 124–125 Kress, W. J. 1990. The diversity and distribution of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) in Brazil. Acta botânica brasilica, 4: 159–167 Kress, W. J., Wurdack, Kenneth J., Zimmer, Elizabeth Anne, Weigt, Lee A. and Janzen, Daniel H. 2005. Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102: 8369–8374The standard author abbreviation W.J.Kress is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Awards and distinctions Kress is currently a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a non-profit with the goal of promotion of science and defending scientific freedom. Members play an active role in advocacy for a future with science. Additionally, since 1997 he has held the seat as Executive Director of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. He has been appointed as an Adjunct Professor of Biology at George Mason University in Virginia, at George Washington University in Washington, DC, and at Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Yunnan. 2008: Lifetime Achievement Award from Heliconia Society International 2013: Honorary Fellow of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation 2013: Parker/Gentry Award for Excellence and Innovation in Conservation and Environmental Biology from the Field Museum 2018: Edward O. Wilson Biodiversity Technology Pioneer Award == References ==

Jepsonia parryi

Jepsonia parryi is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common names coast jepsonia and Parry's jepsonia. It is a small geophytic plant that flowers briefly during fall, and often only has a single leaf that may appear above the ground after or during flowering. It is native to the coast and inland hills chaparral of southern California and Baja California.

Jepsonia parryi is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common names coast jepsonia and Parry's jepsonia. It is a small geophytic plant that flowers briefly during fall, and often only has a single leaf that may appear above the ground after or during flowering. It is native to the coast and inland hills chaparral of southern California and Baja California. Description This plant is a small perennial herb emerging from an enlarged underground stem, referred to as a caudex. The caudex is unbranched, shaped ovoid or rarely spherical. Typically, only one leaf is produced per plant on average, but if this leaf is injured another one may develop to replace it. The leaf is round or kidney-shaped and has a ruffled, lobed edge. Flowering is from October to February, producing a naked brown peduncle that is generally 3 to 28 cm tall, which holds a small inflorescence of fewer than four flowers. The tiny flower has tan to purplish-veined petals.The leaves typically emerge after flowering has completed, although some emerge before this. In very dry years, no leaves may be produced at all. This species produces the fewest inflorescences per plant and the fewest flowers per inflorescence in the genus. It also has the shortest flowering period in the genus. This species is heterostylous, meaning that the flowers have styles of differing lengths. The heterostylous condition of the species makes pollination difficult. The pollinators for this plant are hover flies and halictid bees. Taxonomy This plant was first collected between San Diego and San Luis Rey in 1850 by Charles C. Parry. This species was described as Saxifraga parryi by John Torrey in 1859. Torrey called this plant a "remarkable species," comparing it to a Heuchera. Torrey's description is comprehensive, but contains a number of errors, such as suggesting that the leaves wither after the flowers appear, and that singular plants may possess both long and short-styled flowers. In 1896, John K. Small later transferred Saxifraga parry to the current combination Jepsonia parryi, based on the distinctive habit and floral characteristics that separate them from Saxifraga. Small named the genus Jepsonia after Willis Linn Jepson. Distribution and habitat This species is distributed in both the United States and Mexico, where it is found in the states of California and Baja California. In California, this species is found in the far southern coast and the Peninsular Ranges, distributed in Orange, Riverside and San Diego counties. In Baja California, this plant is uncommonly found from the vicinity of Tijuana south to El Rosario, also being found on the adjacent Coronado Islands.This plant usually inhabits shrubby, rocky to brushy clay slopes, often north-facing, and usually below 1100–1200 m. It is also occasionally found in rich flatlands or shaded rock crevices. The habitat's climate is usually strongly influenced by the Pacific Ocean. Gallery See also California chaparral and woodlands References External links Jepson Manual Treatment of Jepsonia parryi Jepsonia parryi— UC Photo gallery

Mildred Z. Solomon

Mildred Z. Solomon is an American bioethics researcher. She is the president of The Hastings Center, an organization instrumental in the establishment of the field of bioethics. Solomon helped to develop the subfield of empirical ethics and has conducted numerous studies on a broad range of bioethics topics. She is also a professor at Harvard Medical School, where she directs the Fellowship Program at the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School, which has prepared over 100 bioethicists from across the globe.

Mildred Z. Solomon is an American bioethics researcher. She is the president of The Hastings Center, an organization instrumental in the establishment of the field of bioethics. Solomon helped to develop the subfield of empirical ethics and has conducted numerous studies on a broad range of bioethics topics. She is also a professor at Harvard Medical School, where she directs the Fellowship Program at the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School, which has prepared over 100 bioethicists from across the globe. Education Solomon earned her doctorate in educational research methods and adult learning at Harvard University and her B.A. from Smith College. Career Mildred Z. Solomon is President of The Hastings Center, the world-recognized bioethics institute focused on ethical issues in medicine, health care, life sciences research and the environment based in Garrison, New York.In addition, she is Clinical Professor of Anaesthesia at Harvard Medical School where she directs the school’s Fellowship in Bioethics which is a program aimed at building the bioethics capacity of Harvard-affiliated hospitals. In addition to Fellows from the United States, her program has trained bioethicists from Germany, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Israel, Australia, Italy and Iceland.Solomon is a bioethicist and social science researcher who conducts both normative and empirical ethics research. The primary focus of her scholarship has been on the ethics of end-of-life care for both adults and children, organ transplantation, research ethics, particularly related to oversight of comparative effectiveness and implementation science, as well as professionalism and responsible conduct of research. She has served on committees of the National Academies of Science, was a member of the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services’ Advisory Committee on Organ Transplantation, and consults to numerous Foundations and government agencies including the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.Solomon is also a bioethics educator. Early in her career, she co-founded the continuing medical education program, Decisions Near the End of Life, which was adopted by 230 hospitals across the United States, with approximately 40,000 clinicians participating in the program. She also founded The Initiative for Pediatric Palliative Care, which involved more than 2,000 pediatric sub-specialists, pediatric critical care nurses and related health care professionals. Before assuming the leadership of The Hastings Center, Solomon was Senior Director of Implementation Science at the Association of American Medical Colleges, a membership association of all accredited medical schools in the United States and Canada, 450 teaching hospitals, and 90 medical and scientific specialty societies. At the AAMC, she was responsible for helping academic medical centers develop their capacities in comparative effectiveness research, patient outcomes research and implementation science. == References ==

Dark Ages Radio Explorer

Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) is a NASA mission concept intended to identify redshifted line emission from the earliest neutral hydrogen atoms forming after the Cosmic Dawn. The emissions from neutral hydrogen atoms (which have a wavelength of 21 cm and a frequency of 1420 MHz at rest) provide unique opportunities to probe the formation of the first stars in the Universe and the period immediately following the Dark Ages of the universe. The planned orbiter would explore the universe as it was from around 80 million years to 420 million years after the Big Bang. The dataset gathered by the mission would provide insight about the formation of the first stars, how the first black holes grew so rapidly, and how the universe underwent reionization. Computer models of galaxy formation would also be tested.

Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) is a NASA mission concept intended to identify redshifted line emission from the earliest neutral hydrogen atoms forming after the Cosmic Dawn. The emissions from neutral hydrogen atoms (which have a wavelength of 21 cm and a frequency of 1420 MHz at rest) provide unique opportunities to probe the formation of the first stars in the Universe and the period immediately following the Dark Ages of the universe. The planned orbiter would explore the universe as it was from around 80 million years to 420 million years after the Big Bang. The dataset gathered by the mission would provide insight about the formation of the first stars, how the first black holes grew so rapidly, and how the universe underwent reionization. Computer models of galaxy formation would also be tested. Additionally, this mission could add to research on dark matter decay and provide insight for developing lunar surface telescopes that help refine exoplanet exploration of nearby stars. Background The period between the formation of stars and galaxies and recombination is known as the "dark ages". During this time, the majority of matter in the universe was neutral hydrogen. This hydrogen has yet to be observed, but experiments are underway to detect the hydrogen line produced during this era. The hydrogen line is produced when an electron in a neutral hydrogen atom is excited to a state where the electron and proton have aligned spins or de-excited as the electron and proton spins transition from being aligned to anti-aligned. The energy difference between these two hyperfine states is 5.9 × 10 − 6 {\displaystyle 5.9\times 10^{-6}} electron volts, corresponding to a wavelength of 21 centimeters. At times when neutral hydrogen is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the photons in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the neutral hydrogen and CMB are said to be "coupled", and the hydrogen line is not observable. The hydrogen line can only be observed when the two temperatures differ. Theoretical motivation Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was hot, dense, and nearly homogeneous. As it expanded and cooled, it became a suitable environment for the formation of nuclei and later of atoms. At a redshift of about 1100, equivalent to about 400,000 years after the Big Bang, when the primordial plasma filling the universe cooled sufficiently for protons and electrons to combine into neutral hydrogen atoms, the universe became optically thin whereby photons from this early era no longer interacted with matter. We detect these photons today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The CMB shows that the universe was still smooth and uniform.After the protons and electrons combined to produce the first hydrogen atoms, the universe consisted of a nearly-uniform, almost completely-neutral, intergalactic medium (IGM) whose dominant matter component was hydrogen gas. This period is called the Dark Ages due to the lack of luminous sources. Theoretical models predict that over the next few hundred million years, gravity will have slowly condensed the gas into increasingly dense regions, within which the first stars appeared, marking Cosmic Dawn.As more stars formed and the first galaxies assembled, the universe was flooded with ultraviolet photons capable of ionizing hydrogen gas. A few hundred million years after Cosmic Dawn, the first stars produced enough ultraviolet photons to re-ionize nearly all the universe's hydrogen atoms. This era of reionization marks the transition of the IGM back to a nearly completely ionized state.The emergence of structural complexity in the universe has not yet been investigated observationally. In order to study the earliest structures in the universe, it is necessary to use a telescope more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope. Theoretical models suggest that existing measurements are beginning to probe the tail end of Reionization, but the first stars and galaxies in the Dark Ages and the Cosmic Dawn are not yet observable with current tools.The proposed DARE mission would make the first measurements of the birth of the first stars and black holes and would measure the properties of the otherwise invisible stellar populations. Such observations would place existing measurements in context and contribute to understanding how the first galaxies grew from earlier generations of structures. Mission DARE's proposed approach is to measure the spectral shape of the sky-averaged, redshifted 21-cm signal over a radio bandpass of 40–120 MHz, observing neutral hydrogen at redshifts in the range 11–35, which correlates to 420–80 million years after the Big Bang. The DARE mission's proposed timeline has it orbit the Moon for 3 years, taking data above the Lunar far side, the only location in the inner Solar System thought to be free of human-generated radio frequency interference and any significant ionosphere. The scientific instrument would be mounted to an RF-quiet spacecraft bus and is composed of a three-element radiometer, including an electrically short, tapered, biconical dipole antennae, a receiver, and a digital spectrometer. The smooth frequency response of the antennae and the differential spectral calibration approach used for DARE may be effective in removing the intense cosmic foregrounds so that the weak cosmic 21-cm signal can be detected. Similar projects Besides DARE, other similar projects are proposed to also study this area such as the Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER), Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), and the Large Aperture Experiment to Detect the Dark Ages (LEDA). See also Reionization Wouthuysen–Field coupling References This article incorporates public domain material from DARE paper in Advances in Space Research now in press. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Further reading Furlanetto, Steven R.; Peng Oh, S.; Briggs, Frank H. (2006). "Cosmology at low frequencies: The 21cm transition and the high-redshift Universe". Physics Reports. 433 (4–6): 181–301. arXiv:astro-ph/0608032. Bibcode:2006PhR...433..181F. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.08.002. S2CID 118985424. External links JPL Helps Shoot for the Moon, Stars, Planets and More

Micro Cornucopia

Micro Cornucopia, sometimes shortened to Micro C, was a 1980s magazine for microcomputer hobbyists and enthusiasts. It was published in Bend, Oregon by former Tektronix engineer David J. Thompson. The magazine, conceived as a newsletter for users of the Ferguson Big Board (a single-board CP/M computer), was published bi-monthly beginning in July 1981. It soon expanded its coverage to other board-level computers, the Kaypro computer, and general hobbyist/experimental computing, with special interest areas being robotics, interfacing, embedded systems and programming languages. The magazine routinely published circuit diagrams and source code.

Micro Cornucopia, sometimes shortened to Micro C, was a 1980s magazine for microcomputer hobbyists and enthusiasts. It was published in Bend, Oregon by former Tektronix engineer David J. Thompson. The magazine, conceived as a newsletter for users of the Ferguson Big Board (a single-board CP/M computer), was published bi-monthly beginning in July 1981. It soon expanded its coverage to other board-level computers, the Kaypro computer, and general hobbyist/experimental computing, with special interest areas being robotics, interfacing, embedded systems and programming languages. The magazine routinely published circuit diagrams and source code. Micro C carried articles on a wide range of subjects, some system-specific and newsletter-like, but also covering (then) off-mainstream topics, e.g. 3D graphics, artificial intelligence, or the special needs of disabled users. They published a 32-page catalog of CP/M and MS-DOS software, cover date Fall/Winter 1986, describing it as the second, the first having been the Spring issue. The publishers of Micro C organized free annual user conference dubbed "SOG" (Semi-Official Get-together) in Oregon. Final issue In issue 53, May 1990, Thompson wrote, "I'm closing down Micro C and I don't know what I'll be doing next." He explained his loss of interest in the magazine, and subscribers were offered the choice to switch to one of several other magazines, including Computer Language. Personnel Publisher: David J. Thompson Technical Editor: Larry Fogg Regular contributors & staff: Scott Robert Ladd Bruce Eckel Tony & Becky Ozrelic References External links Micro Cornucopia at the Internet Archive Issue 12, June 1983 page images

James Herbert Stitt

James Herbert Stitt (July 25, 1891 – November 29, 1958) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. Stitt was born in Picton, Ontario and was educated at Queen's University and the University of Manitoba Law School. After graduating he practiced law in Winnipeg, Manitoba. During World War I he joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force and served in Europe with the 6th Field Company of the Canadian Engineers and the Canadian Field Artillery. He gained notoriety during 1927 as the defense attorney for American serial killer Earle Nelson.

James Herbert Stitt (July 25, 1891 – November 29, 1958) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. Stitt was born in Picton, Ontario and was educated at Queen's University and the University of Manitoba Law School. After graduating he practiced law in Winnipeg, Manitoba. During World War I he joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force and served in Europe with the 6th Field Company of the Canadian Engineers and the Canadian Field Artillery. He gained notoriety during 1927 as the defense attorney for American serial killer Earle Nelson. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1930 federal election as a Conservative representing Selkirk and served for five years. He did not stand for re-election in 1935 after being appointed to the Civil Service Commission, with which he served for a decade. External links Manitoba Historical Society biography James Herbert Stitt – Parliament of Canada biography

Dougal Marchant

Dougal Marchant was an English motorcycle designer, active from the 1920s to the 1950s.

Dougal Marchant was an English motorcycle designer, active from the 1920s to the 1950s. Work Chater-Lea He was hired by Chater-Lea in the early 1920s. The company wanted to change their touring image into a sportier one and employed Dougal Marchant as a development engineer. He converted a Woodmann designed ohv Blackburne engine to an overhead camshaft design and it became the first 350 cc to exceed 100 mph, recording a speed of 100.81 mph over the flying kilometre during April 1924. In 1926 Marchant set a World Record Flying Kilometre for 350 cc and 500 cc motorcycles at 102.9 mph for the firm, though the engine was his special and not the face cam Chater-Lea production engine. Few resulting sports Chater-Lea models were sold but the firm was fortunate enough to win the contract to supply 800 AA Patrol sidecar outfits. Austrian rider Michael Geyer won many races riding the "Camshaft" model. Motosacoche In 1928 Dougal Marchant went to Motosacoche who made a name in the Grand Prix, with the 350 M 35 ohc racing bike he developed, ridden to two 1928 European championship titles, 350 and 500, by Wal Handley. 1931 Isle of Man TT Dougal Marchant joined the FN firm in 1930, and he created some very rapid 348 cc and 498 cc ohc racing singles. The TT bike had a Unit construction powerplant, with a bevel-driven overhead camshaft. In 1931 Wal Handley was entered in the TT on an FN, instead of the usual Rudge, but his FN broke down in practice, and he qualified on a Rudge. FN repaired the bike, and held Handley to his contract. The gearbox locked on his first lap. Despite the failure on the day, there was no doubt the FN was a fine machine. The year before, with Handley or Marchant aboard, similar machines of 350 cc and 500 cc had set speed records at Arpajon and Montlhery, recording speeds up to 192.7 km/h (500 cc flying mile). At the end of 1930, FN held 33 World records. After the 1931 TT Marchant was let go, and development was done in-house. Motosacoche again After the war Marchant was re-employed by Motosacoche, who attempted to come back into business with an unusual 200 cc side-valve engined motorcycle, designed by Dougal Marchant. It was presented at the 1947 Geneva motor-show, but remained a prototype and was never produced. == Sources ==

Xu Chengzhong

Chengzhong Xu from the Wayne State University, Detroit, MI was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for leadership in resource management for parallel and distributed systems. == References ==

Chengzhong Xu from the Wayne State University, Detroit, MI was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for leadership in resource management for parallel and distributed systems. == References ==

STart

STart was a computer magazine covering the Atari ST published from Summer 1986 through April/May 1991—42 issues total. STart began as sections of Atari 8-bit family magazine Antic, before being spun off into a separate publication. Its primarily competitor ST-Log was similarly spawned by ANALOG Computing. Each issue of STart included a cover disk.

STart was a computer magazine covering the Atari ST published from Summer 1986 through April/May 1991—42 issues total. STart began as sections of Atari 8-bit family magazine Antic, before being spun off into a separate publication. Its primarily competitor ST-Log was similarly spawned by ANALOG Computing. Each issue of STart included a cover disk. See also Atari ST User, A British Atari ST magazine Page 6, Long-running Atari magazine for 8-bit and ST machines References External links STart Magazine archive—At the Classic Computer Magazine Archive Archived STart magazines on the Internet Archive

Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat

The Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori) locally known in Tagalog as Bayakan is a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to the Philippines and known from the islands of Cebu, Negros and Sibuyan. It occurs in and near primary and secondary subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is often found near water. The species is named for Dioscoro S. Rabor who, with several others, first collected the species.Other common names of the species include Visayan tube-nosed fruit bat and Rabor's tube-nosed fruit bat.

The Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori) locally known in Tagalog as Bayakan is a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to the Philippines and known from the islands of Cebu, Negros and Sibuyan. It occurs in and near primary and secondary subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is often found near water. The species is named for Dioscoro S. Rabor who, with several others, first collected the species.Other common names of the species include Visayan tube-nosed fruit bat and Rabor's tube-nosed fruit bat. Conservation Nyctimene rabori is currently classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation. See also Giant golden-crowned flying fox Philippine naked-backed fruit bat IUCN Red List endangered species (Animalia) == References ==

Nambi (mythology)

Nambi is the daughter of Mugulu, also known as Ggulu in some versions of Baganda mythology. In the Ugandan creation myth, it is Nambi and her younger sister who discover Kintu, the first man. Nambi helps Kintu throughout his journey and trials, and eventually becomes his wife and mother of his children.

Nambi is the daughter of Mugulu, also known as Ggulu in some versions of Baganda mythology. In the Ugandan creation myth, it is Nambi and her younger sister who discover Kintu, the first man. Nambi helps Kintu throughout his journey and trials, and eventually becomes his wife and mother of his children. Mythological character The Ugandan creation story begins with Kintu, the first man, wandering Earth with only his possessions on him and his cow. For many days he wandered in Uganda alone, until suddenly, Nambi and her younger sister dropped down from heaven. Nambi is curious to see the man, unknowing who or what he is, nor what kind of creature his cow is. Kintu also sees the sisters, but instead of approaching them, keeps his distance. Nambi eventually approaches Kintu, asking what animal is with him and tells him that neither her or her sister had ever seen a man before. After their meeting, Nambi and her sister discuss the interaction. Nambi decides that Kintu is a man, and upon asking him if this is true, she is proved correct. Nambi shares to Kintu about herself and her sister and insists they all return to her father in heaven together. Kintu persists that his cow must be taken along, but Nambi declines, and the sisters return to heaven alone. When Nambi and her sister return to Mugulu, they tell him of their findings. Nambi tells her father that she would like to bring him up to heaven but Mugulu tells her that he will take care of the matter and dismisses her. Mugulu then tells his sons to go down to earth and to only retrieve the cow because he believed that Kintu would perish shortly anyway. Without his cow, his only source of food and drink, Kintu became angry and restless. The next day Nambi observes only the cow in heaven and becomes very upset, stating that tomorrow she will go down from heaven and bring Kintu to her father herself. Nambi brings Kintu up to heaven and shows him all the resources and people they have in plenty. When Mugulu hears from his sons that Kintu had been brought to heaven, he begins setting up the first of many tasks he wants Kintu to accomplish. Kintu quickly completes his first task of eating an overabundance of food and impresses Mugulu. Mugulu then creates a second task for Kintu to accomplish and tells him if he does so, that he will have his cow back and will take Nambi's hand in marriage. After three more impossible tasks are completed by Kintu, Mugulu tells him to take Nambi and his cow and return to earth. Mugulu also packs them a bag of crops and one hen but warns them not to return to heaven, for they may encounter Nambi's evil brother, Walumbe. Nambi and Kintu set on their journey back to Uganda but discovered they had forgotten the millet to feed the hen. Ignoring Mugulu's wishes, Kintu sets back to heaven and when he arrives, comes across Walumbe who inquires about Nambi's whereabouts. Walumbe accompanies Kintu back to earth and they soon reunite with Nambi. Nambi insists that Walumbe return home to heaven, but eventually it is decided that he will live with them on earth for a short period of time. Nambi, Kintu, and Walumbe settle in Magongo, a part of Uganda, and Nambi begins growing the crops as they settle in. After some time Nambi and Kintu had three children, but Walumbe wants one of them to be his own to help him with daily tasks. Nambi and Kintu avoid his question, telling him that one day he will have one of them. Nambi continues having more children, and Walumbe grows upset because he still has no helper. Walumbe claims that day by day, he will kill one child until he feels that justice is served. Walumbe follows through on his proclamation, and each day, one of Kintu and Nambi's children dies. Kintu goes back to heaven to tell Mugulu their troubles. Mugulu explains that he had warned them about Walumbe but that he would send his son Kayiikuuzi down to earth to capture Walumbe. Walumbe and Kayiikuuzi begin to fight, but Walumbe quickly jumps into a hole in the ground, escaping Kayiikuuzi's every attempt to grasp him. Kayiikuuzi formulates a plan of two days of silence, claiming that Walumbe will come up from the ground to see why no one is making noise. Kayiikuuzi's plan works and he captures and Walumbe comes out in Ttanda Pits, a different area of Uganda. When he comes across children who scream when they notice his presence, breaking the silence. Kayiikuuzi, frustrated, states that he will no longer partake in bringing Walumbe back to Mugulu in heaven, and Walumbe remained in Uganda. Historical figure Nambi and Kintu in the Ugandan creation myth are rooted to Kato Kintu and Nambi Nantuttululu, historical figures from the fourteenth century Kingdom of Buganda. Uses for modern reception Nambi is seen in The Quest for Kintu and the Search for Peace: Mythology and Morality in Nineteenth-Century Buganda, alongside her husband Kintu. It is said in this journal that in Nineteenth-century Buganda, political leaders tried to unite back the kingdom by re-telling the creation myth and reminding those living in Buganda of where their constitutional and social roots come from. At the time, there was strife between the kingdom and the issue of war versus peace was at the root of the problem. During the time of Kabaka Mutesa's rule, violence in the Kingdom of Buganda peaked. In a narrative recounted by Sir Apolo Kaggwa, once Kintu and Nambi returned home to Earth and Warumbe had established his residence with them as well, Kintu began creating political roles, geographical boundaries, and civil defense methods. It is after establishing these that Nambi is found to be having an affair in this version of the myth, and consequently Kintu disappears for many years, during which the Chwa dynasty take the throne. The Chwa dynasty are assumed to be directly related to Kintu and it is stated that their Kabaka's followed the same ruling styles that Kintu possessed. Political leaders in Uganda then took this story, and used it to challenge Kabaka Mutesa, stating that all Kabakas should rule as Kintu and Chwa did, and that the ideals they possessed, such as non-violence and compassion, should be passed on from ruler to ruler. Nambi and other characters from the Bugandian creation story can be seen in "Kyazze Tekizzikayo- Short Ugandan Musical Film". This short film highlights and shows Nambi and Kintu's initial introduction, as well as their interactions with Warumbe, all told through musical styling. Nambi (film) is also adapted into a 2023 Ugandan film written and directed by Peter Mikiibi and produced by Dennis Arthur Abwakat and Usama Mukwaya. Other narratives of the Ugandan creation story In Kintu: The Myth, Nambi is the only daughter of Ggulu. Her and her brothers were playing on earth one day when they spotted him. While all of her brothers returned to heaven, she remained in Buganda to get to know Kintu better. After getting to know each other, they decided to marry one another and return to heaven to get Ggulu's approval. Ggulu creates tasks for Kintu to accomplish, and upon his completion of them, allows them to return to earth as man and wife. The rest of the myth follows as the one in Introduction to Mythology: Contemporary Approaches to Classical and World Myths. In The Quest for Kintu and the Search for Peace: Mythology and Morality in Nineteenth-Century Buganda, a different narrative of the Ugandan creation story is accounted. In Sabadu's version of the myth, after Kintu completed the tasks set by Mugulu and Nambi and Kintu return to earth, Nambi bore two sons and two daughters every year who each came out of the womb fully grown. After many years, Buganda was filled with thriving people, animals, and plants. Kintu then cut off pieces of his personal banana and tuber tree and tells his descendants to make life elsewhere for themselves. However, Kintu and Nambi never warned those leaving to teach right from wrong or good from evil to their offspring, so many of the descendants became wicked and unjust. He then goes to Nambi, telling her that they must leave and travel elsewhere. Their sons searched for them day and night, but when they could not be found, Chwa assumed the throne, thus leading to the second Kabaka after Kintu who is historically recognized. This also marked the beginning of the long lineage of kings of Buganda, which is now on its 36th king, King Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II, whose lineage can be traced back to Kintu. The Voice of Africa, a poem by Y.B. Lubambula recites a different narrative of how Kintu and Nambi initially meet. The poem begins with Kintu trapping different insects and animals, all of which he released after forming a blood-bond with them. One day, he comes to his trap and sees that instead of insects and animals, he has trapped a woman. The woman introduces herself as Nambi and requests a pole, a reed, and a blade of grass. The next day, a house had formed for the two of them. Nambi then plants a sweet-potato, which sprouted into many crops and grew rapidly. The next day, they find a cow eating the crops, so they trap it and domesticate it. A few days later Kintu cannot find Nambi; one of the insects he had previously caught and formed a bond with informs him that they are up in Heaven. It is here that Kintu meets Mugulu and begins completing his tasks for survival and for Nambi's hand in marriage. == References ==

Duanmu Ci

Duanmu Ci (traditional Chinese: 端木賜; simplified Chinese: 端木赐; pinyin: Duānmù Cì; Wade–Giles: Tuan¹-mu⁴ Tzʻŭ⁴; 520–456 BC), also known by his courtesy name Zigong (traditional Chinese: 子貢; simplified Chinese: 子贡; pinyin: Zǐgòng; Wade–Giles: Tzŭ³-kung⁴), was a Chinese businessman, philosopher, and politician. He was one of the most important and loyal disciples of Confucius. Among Confucius' students, he was the second best at speech, after only Zai Yu. He was a prominent diplomat of the Spring and Autumn period who served as a high official in several states, and was a very wealthy businessman.

Duanmu Ci (traditional Chinese: 端木賜; simplified Chinese: 端木赐; pinyin: Duānmù Cì; Wade–Giles: Tuan¹-mu⁴ Tzʻŭ⁴; 520–456 BC), also known by his courtesy name Zigong (traditional Chinese: 子貢; simplified Chinese: 子贡; pinyin: Zǐgòng; Wade–Giles: Tzŭ³-kung⁴), was a Chinese businessman, philosopher, and politician. He was one of the most important and loyal disciples of Confucius. Among Confucius' students, he was the second best at speech, after only Zai Yu. He was a prominent diplomat of the Spring and Autumn period who served as a high official in several states, and was a very wealthy businessman. Life Duanmu Ci (Zigong) was a native of the State of Wey, born in present day Xun County. He was 31 years younger than Confucius.Zigong had mental sharpness and ability, and appears in the Analects as one of the most eloquent speakers among Confucius' students. Confucius said, "From the time that I got Ci, scholars from a distance came daily resorting to me." According to Zhu Xi, Zigong was a merchant who later became wealthy through his own efforts, and developed a sense of moral self-composure through the course of his work. (His past profession as a merchant is elaborated in Analects 11.18).When he first came to Confucius he quickly demonstrated an ability to grasp Confucius' basic points, and refined himself further through Confucius' education. He is later revealed to have become a skillful speaker and an accomplished statesman (Analects 11.3), but Confucius may have felt that he lacked the necessary flexibility and empathy towards others necessary for achieving consummate virtue (ren): he once claimed to have achieved Confucius' moral ideal, but was then sharply dismissed by the Master (Analects 5.12); later he is criticized by Confucius for being too strict with others, and for not moderating his demands with an empathic understanding of others' limitations (Analects 14.29). He is one of the Confucius' students most commonly referred to in the Analects, also appearing in Analects 9.6, 9.13, 11.13, 13.20, 14.17, and 17.19.Duke Jing of Qi once asked Zigong how Confucius was to be ranked as a sage, and he replied, "I do not know. I have all my life had the sky over my head, but I do not know its height, and the earth under my feet, but I do not know its thickness. In my serving of Confucius, I am like a thirsty man who goes with his pitcher to the river, and there he drinks his fill, without knowing the river's depth."After studying with Confucius, Zigong became commandant of Xinyang, and Confucius gave him this advice: "In dealing with your subordinates, there is nothing like impartiality; and when wealth comes in your way, there is nothing like moderation. Hold fast these two things, and do not swerve from them. To conceal men's excellence is to obscure the worthy; and to proclaim people's wickedness is the part of a mean man. To speak evil of those whom you have not sought the opportunity to instruct is not the way of friendship and harmony."Following Confucius's death, many of the disciples built huts near their Master's grave, and mourned for him three years, but Zigong remained there, mourning alone for three years more.According to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, Duanmu Ci later served as Prime Minister for both the states of Lu and Wey, but this account could not be confirmed with other ancient chronicles. He finally died in the state of Qi. Zigong saved the state of Lu (子貢救魯) Source:Tian Chang (田常), prime minister of the state of Qi (齊) was to attack the state of Lu (魯), home state of Confucius. Confucius wisely chose Zigong among his disciples for the mission of saving the state of Lu. Zigong first went to Qi to meet with Tian Chang and said, "The state of Lu has weak army and impaired fortress, Qi will surely win the battle against Lu, and the military leaders will gain prestige, challenging the power of yours. I suggest you attack the state of Wu (吴) instead, who has strong army and impenetrable fortress, military leaders will be defeated and yielding more power to you." Tian Chang loved the idea, but struggled to find excuses to shift target, hence Zigong promised to persuade the King of Wu to attack Qi instead. Fuchai (夫差), King of Wu was belligerent and aspired a victory over powerful Qi, but he was concerned that the neighboring state of Yue (越) might be planning a revenge against him for a previous disgraceful defeat. Zigong appealed to his arrogant nature by emphasizing the legacy winning Qi could bring. He also appeased him by convincing the King of Yue to show more obedience. Zigong said to Goujian (句踐) the King of Yue, "This is your once in a lifetime opportunity to revenge yourself. Qi and Wu both have strong military power, and their battle will surely weaken both of them deeply. You need to relieve the concern of Fuchai so that he will wage the war against Qi". Goujian thought this is the best advice, and gifted Fuchai with fine armors and well trained soldiers, and even offered to help the battle personally. Fuchai thus went to attack Qi. Finally, Zigong went to the state of Jin (晉) to warn the King of Jin a possible attack from Wu in the event that Fuchai defeated Qi and believed himself undefeatable. The chain of events after Zigong's manipulation: Qi lost the battle to Wu, resulting in Tian Chang gaining much more power within Qi; Fuchai indeed went on to attack Jin and was defeated by the well prepared Jin army; Goujian attacked Wu while Fuchai was on the way back from Jin and gained control of Wu. Zigong not only saved the state of Lu, but changed the fate of all five states involved. Honours In Confucian temples, Duanmu Ci's spirit tablet is placed the third among the Twelve Wise Ones, on the east.During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong posthumously awarded Duanmu Ci the nobility title of Marquis of Li (黎侯). During the Song dynasty, he was further awarded the titles of Duke of Liyang (黎陽公) and Duke of Li (黎公).Duanmu Ci's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì). Notes Bibliography Confucius (1997). The Analects of Confucius. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506157-4. Han, Zhaoqi (2010). "Biographies of the Disciples of Confucius". Shiji (史记) (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3. Legge, James (2009). The Confucian Analects, the Great Learning & the Doctrine of the Mean. Cosimo. ISBN 978-1-60520-644-8. Slingerland, Edward (2003). Analects: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 1-60384-345-0. Taylor, Rodney Leon; Choy, Howard Yuen Fung (2005). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism: N–Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-4081-3.

Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines (abbreviation: SIA or SQ) is the flag carrier of the Republic of Singapore with its hub located at Changi Airport, and a member of the Star Alliance. The airline is notable for highlighting the Singapore Girl as its central figure in the corporate branding segment. Widely renowned as one of the best carriers, airline is ranked as a 5-star airline by Skytrax, and it has also been ranked as the world's best airline five times. The airline operates a variety of Boeing and Airbus aircraft, including the A350, 787, 777, A380, and 737. Singapore Airlines Group has more than 20 subsidiaries, including numerous airline-related subsidiaries.

Singapore Airlines (abbreviation: SIA or SQ) is the flag carrier of the Republic of Singapore with its hub located at Changi Airport, and a member of the Star Alliance. The airline is notable for highlighting the Singapore Girl as its central figure in the corporate branding segment. Widely renowned as one of the best carriers, airline is ranked as a 5-star airline by Skytrax, and it has also been ranked as the world's best airline five times. The airline operates a variety of Boeing and Airbus aircraft, including the A350, 787, 777, A380, and 737. Singapore Airlines Group has more than 20 subsidiaries, including numerous airline-related subsidiaries. SIA Engineering Company handles maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) business across nine countries with a portfolio of 27 joint ventures including with Boeing and Rolls-Royce. Singapore Airlines Cargo operates SIA's freighter fleet and manages the cargo-hold capacity in SIA's passenger aircraft. Scoot, a wholly owned subsidiary, operates as a low-cost carrier. Singapore Airlines was the first to put the Airbus A380—the world's largest passenger aircraft—as well as the Boeing 787–10 into service and is the only operator of the ultra-long-range (ULR) version of the Airbus A350-900. It ranks amongst the top 15 carriers worldwide in terms of revenue passenger kilometres and is ranked tenth in the world for international passengers carried. Singapore Airlines was voted as the Skytrax World's Best Airline Cabin Crew 2019. The airline has also won the second and fourth positions as the World's Best Airlines and World's Cleanest Airlines respectively in 2019. In 2023, the airline for the fifth time took the prize of "Best Airline" as well as the "Best First Class Airline" by Skytrax. History Corporate affairs Singapore Airlines is majority-owned by the Singapore government investment and holding company Temasek Holdings, which held 55% of voting stock as of 31 March 2020.The Singapore government, which holds a golden share via the country's Ministry of Finance, has stressed its non-involvement in the management of the company, a point emphasised by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew when he said the Singapore Changi Airport's front-runner status as an aviation hub is more important than the SIA. However, he was personally involved in easing tensions between the company and its pilots in the early 2000s, warned the airline to cut costs, and made public his advice to the airline to divest from its subsidiary companies.Singapore Airlines is headquartered at Airline House, a former hangar at the Changi Airport in Singapore. Business trends The key trends for Singapore Airlines are (as of the financial year ending 31 March): Branding Branding and publicity efforts have revolved primarily around flight crew, in contrast to most other airlines, who tend to emphasise aircraft and services in general. In particular, the promotion of its female flight attendants known as Singapore Girls has been widely successful and is a common feature in most of the airline's advertisements and publications.The Singapore Airlines logo is a bird, inspired by a dagger featured in regional folklore known as a silver kris or keris. The kris is central in Singapore Airlines' branding, such as the SilverKris lounge and the KrisWorld entertainment system. The logo has remained unchanged since Singapore Airlines' inception from the split of Malaysia–Singapore Airlines, except for a minor tweak in 1987. Destinations Singapore Airlines flies on five continents from its primary hub in Singapore. After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Singapore Airlines discontinued its routes to Berlin, Darwin, Cairns, Hangzhou, Kagoshima, and Sendai. Toronto was discontinued earlier, in 1992, due to a petition from Air Canada. During the SARS outbreak in 2003–04, Singapore Airlines ceased flights to Brussels, Chicago, Las Vegas, Hiroshima, Kaohsiung, Madrid, Mauritius, Shenzhen, Surabaya, and Vienna. Singapore Airlines discontinued flights to Vancouver and Amritsar in 2009, and São Paulo in 2016.The airline has a key role in the Kangaroo Route, operating flights between Australia and the United Kingdom via Singapore. It flew 11.0% of all international traffic into and out of Australia in the month ended March 2008. As of summer 2023, it operated more flights to Australia than any other country. Singapore Airlines also operated flights between Singapore and Wellington, New Zealand via Canberra until May 2018, when the intermediate stop was changed to Melbourne. This route was known as the Capital Express. The route was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore Airlines has taken advantage of liberal bilateral aviation agreements between Singapore and Thailand, and with the United Arab Emirates, to offer more onward connections from Bangkok and Dubai, respectively.In 2005 AirAsia, a low-cost carrier (LCC) based in Malaysia, accused Singapore Airlines of double standards, when it claimed that the Government of Singapore attempted to keep it out of the Singapore market, despite desiring to fly routes out of Australia itself. In 2007 Singapore Airlines welcomed the liberalisation of the Singapore-Kuala Lumpur route, previously restricted to Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines under rules designed to protect the state-run airlines from competition for over three decades, accounting for about 85% of the over 200 flight frequencies then operated. A highly lucrative route for LCCs due to its short distance and heavy traffic as the fourth-busiest in Asia, bringing Singapore Airline's capacity share on the route down to about 46.7%, Malaysia Airlines' down to 25.3%, and increase to 17.3% to the three LCCs now permitted on the route, and the remainder shared by three other airlines as of 22 September 2008. Until 1 December 2008, Singapore Airlines operated six flights per day. Singapore Airlines operated four flights per day plans from 1 December 2008 when the route was completely opened, while its sister airline SilkAir also operated four flights per day. Malaysia Airlines, the main opponent to the liberalisation of the route and deemed to be the party that stands to lose the most, continued to codeshare with both Singapore Airlines and SilkAir on the route. Singapore Airlines operated two of the longest flights in the world, both nonstop flights from Singapore to Los Angeles and Newark with Airbus A340-500 aircraft. All A340-500s were phased out in 2013 and nonstop flights to both destinations were terminated. Nonstop service to Los Angeles was terminated on 20 October 2013 (the airline continues to serve Los Angeles from Singapore via Tokyo-Narita), and the nonstop service to Newark was terminated on 23 November 2013 in favour of a Singapore-New York JFK route via Frankfurt.From 23 October 2016, Singapore Airlines resumed non-stop flights from Singapore to the United States, beginning with San Francisco. The route is flown by the A350-900 aircraft and includes Business, Premium Economy, and Economy classes. This was followed by the resumption of non-stop flights to Newark and Los Angeles from 11 October 2018 and 2 November 2018, respectively, with the delivery of the Airbus A350-900ULRs, allowing the airline to operate two of the world's longest non-stop flights again.On 14 October 2015, Singapore Airlines announced plans to resume the world's longest non-stop flight between Singapore and New York – a 15,300 km (9,500 mi), 19-hour route that the airline had dropped in 2013. A340-500 aircraft were formerly employed to serve this route until their retirement in 2013. SIA resumed the route following the acquisition of new Airbus A350-900ULR aircraft on 18 October 2018. At the time, Singapore Airlines Flights 21 and 22 was the longest scheduled route in the world. It was suspended again in March 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, and resumed in March 2022.On 9 November 2020, SIA relaunched the nonstop flights between Changi Airport and New York, but this time to John F. Kennedy International Airport, three times a week. The route, Singapore Airlines Flights 23 and 24, is the longest scheduled flight in the world. Codeshare agreements Singapore Airlines codeshares with the following airlines: Fleet Singapore Airlines operates a fleet of 149 Airbus and Boeing passenger aircraft including 10 freighters. As of 1 April 2020, the average passenger aircraft age stands at 5 years 11 months. Livery Original MSA livery (1966–1972) In May 1966 Malaysian Airways (MAL) became Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA). The original MSA livery features a yellow MSA logo on the vertical stabiliser and a black nose, with a white and grey fuselage. All aircraft in this original livery have been repainted or retired. Second-generation livery (1972–1987) The second-generation livery features a blue and yellow strip on the windows on the white fuselage, with the kris bird logo. The word "Singapore Airlines" is stylised in italics. Current livery (1987–present) The current livery has only some minor changes, and the gold-blue color scheme and the bird logo have been retained. In the change to the current livery, the yellow rear fuselage was changed to metallic gold with a new orange line added above it. The same orange line was also added behind the bird logo. The font typeface of the word "Singapore Airlines" was modified. Since 2005, the livery has had a minor update, in which both the word "Singapore Airlines" and the bird logo were enlarged. Services Cabins Singapore Airlines offers five classes of service – Suites, first class, business class, premium economy class, and economy class. Major upgrades to its cabin and in-flight service were announced on 17 October 2006, constituting the first major overhaul in over eight years and costing the airline approximately S$570 million. Initially planned for the Airbus A380-800's introduction into service in 2006, and subsequently on the Boeing 777-300ER, the postponement of the first A380-800 delivery meant it had to be introduced with the launch of the first Boeing 777-300ER with the airline on 5 December 2006 between Singapore and Paris.On 9 July 2013, Singapore Airlines, in collaboration design firms James Park Associates and DesignworksUSA, released new cabin products for the first, business, and economy classes. It entered service onboard new Boeing 777-300ERs and Airbus A350s. London was the first city served with the new product in September 2013. The product was later extended to all Boeing 777-300ERs.On 2 November 2017, Singapore Airlines released new cabin products for the Airbus A380-800. These new changes cost roughly S$1.16 billion and were rolled out in response to growing competition from Middle Eastern carriers such as Emirates, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways. The seating configuration in the new design consists of 6 suites and 78 business class seats on the upper deck, with 44 Premium Economy Class seats and 3-4-3 Economy Class seats on the lower deck. The new changes were rolled out on the five new Airbus A380 aircraft that were delivered to Singapore Airlines, while the existing A380 fleet had these new products retrofitted until 2020. Sydney was the first city served with the new product on 18 December 2017. Business class The current version of the Business Class was unveiled on 9 July 2013 and is available on refitted Boeing B777-300ERs and the Airbus A350-900. Features include a power socket and ports all in one panel, stowage beside the seat, two new seating positions, arranged in a 1-2-1 configuration and an 18-inch in-flight entertainment screen. The seat has a recline of 132 degrees and can be folded into a 78 in (198.1 cm) length bed.Long haul business class is available on Airbus A380 and refitted Boeing 777-200ER aircraft, where a fully flat bed is available in a 1-2-1 configuration featuring 30 in (76 cm) of seat width. These seats are forward-facing, in contrast to the herring-bone configuration used by several other airlines offering flat beds in business class. The leather seats feature a 15.4 in (39.1 cm) diagonal screen-size personal television, in-seat power supply and two USB ports. The product was voted the world's best business class by Skytrax in 2011. On eight Airbus A380 aircraft, the first of which entered service in October 2011, Singapore Airlines dedicated the entire upper deck to the Business class cabin, unlike the original configuration's upper deck shared by 16 rows of business class and 11 rows of economy at the rear.Medium and short haul business class layouts are available on Airbus A330-300, Boeing 777-300 and all unrefitted Boeing 777-200 aircraft, configured in 2-2-2 layout and with iPod connectivity, only available in the A330. The Business Class seat is lie-flat at an eight-degree incline, featuring Krisworld on a 15.4-inch (39 cm) screen.On 28 March 2018, the new regional business class was unveiled following the delivery of the first Boeing 787-10. These new seats manufactured by Stelia Aerospace are arranged in a forward-facing 1-2-1 staggered configuration, providing every passenger direct aisle access. Each seat measures up to 26 in (66.0 cm) in width and can be reclined into a 76-inch (193.0 cm) fully flat bed. There are also adjustable dividers at the centre seats to provide passengers with a "customised level of privacy".Unveiled on 2 November 2017, the new A380 business-class seats were being progressively rolled out on the Airbus A380-800 fleet. There are 78 Business class seats on the aircraft, offered in a 1-2-1 configuration behind the Singapore Airlines Suites on the upper deck. The seats, designed by JPA Design and upholstered with Poltrona Frau grain leather, can be reclined into a fully flat bed. There are also adjustable dividers between the centre seats that can either be fully raised, half raised or fully lowered. When the centre divider is fully lowered, the pair of centre seats directly behind each bulkhead can form double beds. There is also an 18-inch (46 cm) touchscreen LCD TV and a panel containing power and USB port, as well as an NFC reader for contactless payments. Economy class A redesign of the economy class seat was unveiled on 9 July 2013 alongside new first and business class products. Features include 32-inch (81 cm) of legroom, slimmer seats, an adjustable headrest, and an 11.1-inch (28 cm) touch-screen inflight entertainment system which is also controllable with a video touch-screen handset as well as brand new KrisWorld software. The new seats were originally announced to be available exclusively onboard factory-fresh Airbus A350-900 and refitted Boeing 777-300ER.The previous generation economy class seats on unrefitted Airbus A380-800, and Airbus A330-300 are 19 in (48 cm) wide, have in-seat power and have a 10.6-inch (27 cm) personal television screen which has a non-intrusive reading light under it, which can be used by folding the screen outwards. These are configured 3-4-3 on the lower deck of the Airbus A380, 3-3-3 on the Boeing 777, and 2-4-2 on the Airbus A330, as well as the upper deck of the Airbus A380. Other features include an independent cup-holder (separate from the fold-out table), a USB port, and a power socket, as well as an iPod port exclusively on board the Airbus A330. Singapore Airlines introduced a similar design on board the Boeing 777 aircraft through its ongoing cabin retrofit program. The Boeing 777–300 was the first model to undergo refit and had introduced the product on the Singapore–Sydney route on 22 July 2009. They are equipped with slightly smaller 9-inch screens (which are, however, larger than the 6.1-inch VGA screens on unrefitted aircraft) and AVOD in each seat. The seats are installed onboard all B777-200ERs and all but one B777-200. Catering Singapore Airlines offers a wide array of food options on each flight. Regional dishes are often served on their respective flights, such as the Kyo-Kaiseki, Shi Quan Shi Mei, and Shahi Thali meals are available for first-class passengers on flights to Japan, China and India, respectively. SIA has also introduced a Popular Local Fare culinary programme offering local favourites to passengers in all classes flying from selected destinations. The dishes featured in this programme included Singaporean hawker fare such as Teochew porridge, bak chor mee, Hainanese chicken rice, Satay (meat skewers), etc. are also featured on certain routes. They published a cookbook in 2010 titled, Above & Beyond: A Collection of Recipes from the Singapore Airlines Culinary Panel.Passengers in Suites, First and Business class may choose to use the "Book the Cook" service, where specific dishes may be selected in advance from a more extensive menu. Premium Economy class passengers may also choose to use the "Premium Economy Book the Cook". This service is only available on selected flights. In-flight entertainment KrisWorld is Singapore Airlines' in-flight entertainment system, introduced in 1997 on Boeing 747–400, Airbus A310-300, Airbus A340-300 and Boeing 777–200 aircraft. KrisFlyer overhauled Singapore Airlines' in-flight experience with a new, cheaper entertainment solution that would supersede the primitive Thales entertainment systems on offer at that time by Virgin Atlantic and the Emirates Google Doodle for its fifth anniversary.The original KrisWorld provided 14 movies, 36 television programmes, and 5 cartoons, as well as many Super NES games, KrisFone and fax, text news and flight path in all classes. The original KrisWorld was subsequently upgraded to feature Wisemen 3000, an audio and video-on-demand version of the KrisWorld system featured exclusively in First and Raffles Class cabins, then progressively introduced into Economy Class in 747 cabins and selected 777 cabins.In 2002, Singapore Airlines introduced a re-branding of the KrisWorld system. Named Enhanced KrisWorld, it featured additional movies, television programming, music and games, and was installed on Boeing 747-400 and selected Boeing 777-200 aircraft. Connexion by Boeing, an in-flight Internet service, was introduced in 2005. Live television streaming was proposed on Connexion, but this service was discontinued in December 2006. Since October 2005, Singapore Airlines has offered complimentary language lessons by Berlitz. and, starting December 2005, live text-news feeds.In 2007, a new KrisWorld based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux was introduced, featuring a new interface, additional programming and audio and video on demand as standard. Widescreen personal video systems were installed in all cabins, including 23-inch LCD monitors in First Class, 15-inch monitors in Business Class, and 10.6-inch monitors in Economy Class. The new KrisWorld is available on Airbus A330, Airbus A380 and Boeing 777-300ER. Features include, Widescreen LCD TV with 1280 × 768 resolution A range of movies, TV, music, games and interactive programs Built-in office software, based on the StarOffice Productivity Suite for use with the USB port In-seat AC power portsA $400 million new KrisWorld entertainment system was unveiled in 2012. This comes from a major deal with Panasonic Avionics, which will provide the latest Panasonic eX3 systems. The eX3 system features a larger screen with much higher resolution, wide touch-screen controllers, new software, and, above all, in-flight connectivity. Singapore Airlines launched its in-flight connectivity in August 2012. Passengers are now able to make phone calls, send text messages and access the Internet for a fee. The new eX3 systems are unveiled alongside the new cabin product and are available on the Airbus A350-900 and refitted B777-300ER aircraft. In-flight connectivity is offered on the aforementioned two aircraft as well as select Airbus A380s. Senior leadership Chairman: Peter Seah Lim Huat (since January 2017) Chief Executive: Goh Choon Phong (since January 2011) Vice President: David Lau (since November 2023) List of former chairmen J. Y. Pillay (1972–1996) Michael Fam Yue Onn (1997–2001) Koh Boon Hwee (2001–2005) Stephen Lee Ching Yen (2006–2016) List of former chief executives Lim Chin Beng (1972–1982) Cheong Choong Kong (1984–2003) Chew Choon Seng (2003–2010) Controversies In February 2019, TechCrunch reported that the Singapore Airlines mobile app in the iOS App Store was using session-replay functionality to record users' activities and send the data to Israeli firm Glassbox without the users' informed consent, compromising users' privacy and contravening the rules of the iOS App Store. Accidents and incidents 13 July 1982 – A Boeing 747 operating as Singapore Airlines flight SQ-21A between Singapore and Melbourne flew into volcanic ash from erupting Galunggung volcano and experienced multiple engine failures. A two-engine emergency landing was made at Jakarta and all four engines were replaced. 26 March 1991 – Singapore Airlines Flight 117, an Airbus A310-300, was hijacked by militants en route from Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport to Singapore Changi International Airport, where it was stormed by the Singapore Special Operations Force. All hijackers were killed in the operation, with no fatalities amongst the passengers and crew. 31 October 2000 – Singapore Airlines Flight 006, a Boeing 747-400, attempted to take off on the wrong runway at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (previously Chiang Kai-shek International Airport) while departing for Los Angeles International Airport. It collided with the construction equipment that was parked on a closed runway, killing 83 of the 179 onboard and injuring a further 71 people. This was the first and only fatal accident of a Singapore Airlines aircraft to date. The aircraft 9V-SPK was painted in a "Tropical" promotional livery at the time of the accident. The only other aircraft painted with the promotional livery, another 747-400 registered 9V-SPL, was immediately removed from service and repainted with standard Singapore Airlines livery. 12 March 2003 – A Boeing 747-400 operating as Singapore Airlines Flight 286 from Auckland International Airport to Changi Airport was involved in a tailstrike while taking off from Auckland's Runway 23L, causing severe damage to the aircraft's tail and damaging the APU (Auxiliary Power Unit), causing in-flight APU fire warnings. The flight returned to Auckland with no fatalities or injuries on board. The cause was later determined to be an error in the pilots' calculations of the aircraft's takeoff weight and reference speeds, which caused the pilots to rotate the aircraft prematurely. 27 June 2016 – Singapore Airlines Flight 368, a Boeing 777-300ER, with 222 passengers and 19 crew on board, suffered an engine oil leak during a flight from Singapore to Milan. The oil-leak alarm was sounded above Malaysia, two hours into the flight. During the emergency landing at the point of origin, Singapore Changi Airport, the right engine caught fire, leading to the right-wing being engulfed in flames. The fire was extinguished within five minutes after the plane landed. No injuries were reported. 28 September 2022 – A drunken passenger on board the Singapore Airlines Flight 33 from San Francisco to Singapore made bomb threats and also inappropriately touched other people. The Republic of Singapore Air Force scrambled their F-16 Fighting Falcons to escort the plane to Changi Airport where the airliner was searched and the threat was declared to be false thereafter. 25 October 2022 – A Boeing 777-300ER registered as 9V-SWH and operating as SQ 319 from London to Singapore with 280 persons on board, diverted to Batam due to adverse surface wind conditions and poor visibility caused by a thunderstorm over Singapore. As the aircraft approached Batam, the weather conditions had similarly deteriorated due to a thunderstorm over Batam and after three unsuccessful attempts at landing, the aircraft landed with a fuel quantity that was "significantly below" the final reserve fuel requirement of 3,024 kg. (Final reserve fuel is an amount of fuel calculated using the estimated mass of the aeroplane on arrival at the destination alternate aerodrome and in the case of a turbine engine aeroplane, is an amount of fuel sufficient for the aeroplane to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 450 m (1,500 ft) above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions) There was no injury to any persons on board or any damage to the aircraft. See also List of airlines of Singapore Transport in Singapore Notes References External links Official website

Harvey II, Viscount of Léon

Harvey II (Breton: Hoarvei, French: Hervé, or Latin: Herveus; c. 1110 – 1168), also known as Hervey Brito or Hervey le Breton, was a Breton nobleman. He was the Earl of Wiltshire in England between 1140 and 1141. About 1157, he succeeded his father, Guihomar III, as the Viscount of Léon in Brittany.

Harvey II (Breton: Hoarvei, French: Hervé, or Latin: Herveus; c. 1110 – 1168), also known as Hervey Brito or Hervey le Breton, was a Breton nobleman. He was the Earl of Wiltshire in England between 1140 and 1141. About 1157, he succeeded his father, Guihomar III, as the Viscount of Léon in Brittany. Earl of Wiltshire According to William of Malmesbury, Harvey declined an invitation from King Henry I of England (1100–35) to attend his court. However, he went to England to assist King Stephen in the war against Matilda. The Gesta Stephani describes Harvey as "a man of distinction and soldierly qualities". He was careful to state that he was going of his own free will and not out of compulsion or allegiance owed to the English king. Around 1139, in reward for his service to Stephen, who was at the time secure on his throne, Harvey received the hand in marriage of the king's illegitimate daughter Sybilla. He also received the Earldom of Wiltshire and the honour of Eye in Suffolk, which had been Stephen's before his accession.As lord of Eye, Harvey seems to have had the ambition to turn its priory, which depended on the abbey of Notre-Dame de Bernay in Normandy, into an abbey. He issued a charter confirming the priory's liberties and listing his predecessors as lord of Eye. He confirmed that the priory owed 10,000 herrings to the abbey of Bernay every year, asserted his right to select the prior with the abbot's approval and also asserted his right to raise the priory to an abbey at any time. Whatever his long-term intentions were, he did not hold the honour long enough to see them through.In 1140, Harvey somehow negotiated the surrender of Devizes Castle, preventing it from falling into the hands of Robert, Earl of Gloucester. In response, the king formally granted him Devizes so that he could better defend Wiltshire. From there, according to the Gesta Stephani, he fought "obstinate and unceasing warfare with the king's assailants." The following year, however, he was embarrassed when Devizes was overtaken by a mob of countrymen (comprovinciales) and he abandoned it to Matilda's men. As a result, his earldom was confiscated and he left England in disgrace. Matilda then appointed Patrick of Salisbury her early in Wiltshire.Harvey's wife probably followed him to Brittany. Likely because of her he held animosity towards the Plantagenet dynasty that succeeded Stephen on the throne. Viscount of Léon About 1157, Harvey succeeded his father in Léon. He expanded his power and began styling himself "Count of Léon" (comes Leoniæ), but he struggled to maintain his de facto independence from his immediate overlord, the Duke of Brittany, and from the influence of the England. In 1167 Harvey raised the standard of revolt with Eudo II, viscount of Porhoët, and Geoffrey IV, viscount of Thouars, with tacit support from King Louis VII of France. After an agreement with Louis, King Henry II of England led a campaign against Léon in August 1167. Harvey's son Guihomar was defeated and captured, and his major castles razed. Guihomar submitted and offered hostages. Harvey died soon after in 1168. Issue Harvey and Sybilla had several children: Guihomar IV, who succeeded his father E. who has been identified as Elimarius, Abbot of Landevennec, or possibly Eudon or Evenus, Abbots of Saint-Mathieu Hamo, Bishop of Léon, murdered by his brother Guihomar in 1171A mention dated 1169 indicates that Harvey had an illegitimate son: Harvey, who was the father of Gradlon, Budic and Guigon Notes Sources Brown, V., ed. Eye Priory: Carultary and Charters. Part II. Boydell Press, 1994. Chaillou, Léa. The House of Léon: Genealogy and Origins. Foundations: The Journal of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, volume 11, 2019, pp. 19–48 ISSN 1479-5078 Davies, R. H. C. King Stephen, 1135–1154. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967. Everard, J. A. Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158–1203. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-521-66071-8 Green, J. A. The Aristocracy of Norman England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Kernévez, Patrick, Bourgès, André-Yves. Généalogie des vicomtes de Léon (XIe, XIIe et XIIIe siècles). Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Finistère, volume CXXXVI, 2007, pp. 157–188 Stringer, K. J. The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England. London: Routledge, 1993. White, G. "Earls and Earldoms during King Stephen's Reign", at pp. 76–95 in D. E. S. Dunn, ed., War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. Liverpool University Press, 2000.

Fukoku kyōhei

Fukoku kyōhei (富国強兵, "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces") was Japan's national slogan during the Meiji period, replacing the slogan sonnō jōi ("Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians"). It is a yojijukugo phrase, originally from the ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States period, Zhan Guo Ce.

Fukoku kyōhei (富国強兵, "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces") was Japan's national slogan during the Meiji period, replacing the slogan sonnō jōi ("Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians"). It is a yojijukugo phrase, originally from the ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States period, Zhan Guo Ce. Etymology During the Warring States period of China, the Qin—through its legalist policies—placed considerable focus on the enhancement of state wealth and military power, also known by the expression Fuguo Qiangbing. This expression was adopted in Meiji Japan as Fukoku kyōhei in Japanese. Significance The slogan was the central objective of the Meiji leaders. Fukoku kyōhei entailed the formulation of far-reaching policies to transform Japanese society in an all-out effort to catch up with the West. Although the government played a major role in providing the setting for industrialization, destroying old institutions that proved obstacles to industrialization, and creating new institutions that would facilitate economic and political modernization, private enterprise also played a critical role in the distinctly Japanese combination of public and private sector effort, later criticized in the 1980s as "Japan Inc." This symbolized an emerging nationalism in Japan. == References ==

Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I)

Hanzade Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: خانزادہ سلطان, "descendent of the Khan"; c. 1609 – 21 September 1650) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and Kösem Sultan. She was a half sister of Osman II (r. 1618–1622) and a sister of Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) and Ibrahim I (r. 1640–1648), and the paternal aunt of Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687), Suleiman II (r. 1687–1691) and Ahmed II (r. 1691–1695).

Hanzade Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: خانزادہ سلطان, "descendent of the Khan"; c. 1609 – 21 September 1650) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and Kösem Sultan. She was a half sister of Osman II (r. 1618–1622) and a sister of Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) and Ibrahim I (r. 1640–1648), and the paternal aunt of Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687), Suleiman II (r. 1687–1691) and Ahmed II (r. 1691–1695). Life Hanzade Sultan was born in 1609. She was the daughter of Sultan Ahmed I. Her mother was Kösem Sultan. After her father's death in 1617, she settled in the Old Palace. Hanzade married Ladliki Bayram Pasha, who was then the agha of the Janissaries in 1623 in the Old Palace. Esin Akalin, notes that her elaborate bridal procession was escorted among the cheering crowds in the streets of Istanbul by the vezirs of the Sultan. By this marriage, Hanzade had a daughter who name is unknown and who probably died in infancy.After Bayram's death in 1638, she married vezir Nakkaş Mustafa Pasha in October 1639 in the Bayram Pasha Palace.During the reign of her brother Ibrahim, her stipend consisted of 400 aspers per day. Late in his reign, she fell, for reasons unknown, in disgrace and was submitted, alongside her sisters Ayşe and Fatma and niece Kaya Sultan, to the indignity of subordination of his concubines. He took away their lands and wealth, and made them serve his newest favourite, Hümaşah, by standing at attention like servants while she ate and by fetching and holding the soap, basin and the pitcher of water with which she washed her hands. Because of what he believed was failure to serve her properly, the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace. Death Hanzade Sultan died on 21 September 1650, and was buried in the mausoleum of her brother Sultan Ibrahim in Haghia Sophia. See also List of Ottoman Princesses References Sources Dumas, Juliette (2013). Les perles de nacre du sultanat: Les princesses ottomanes (mi-XVe – mi-XVIIIe siècle). Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken. Peirce, leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5. Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.

Altona Coastal Park

Altona Coastal Park, a 70 hectares intertidal and salt marsh area located 11 km from Melbourne CBD in the western suburb of Altona, is an important recreational and nature conservation area, providing habitats for a large biodiversity of flora and fauna. It is part of the Cheetham and Altona Important Bird Area.

Altona Coastal Park, a 70 hectares intertidal and salt marsh area located 11 km from Melbourne CBD in the western suburb of Altona, is an important recreational and nature conservation area, providing habitats for a large biodiversity of flora and fauna. It is part of the Cheetham and Altona Important Bird Area. History It was the site of the Williamstown Racecourse from 1864 to 1940, which was closed in 1940 to make way for an army camp during World War II. The site was extensively modified by land filling and site development; and known as the Altona Sports Park before its current name was adopted. The remnants of the Williamstown Racecourse Grandstand and a palm tree at the entry to the Grandstand still remains. A 4-metre sculpture called Requiem for a Champion, created by the artist Yvonne George, featuring a bronze stint perched on top of a galloping horse, was installed to commemorate the location of the former Williamstown racecourse. Flora The Park has predominantly saltmarsh vegetation including shrubby glasswort and beaded glasswort, which provide food for the rare orange-bellied parrot. It has at least 8 regionally rare plant species, including the White Mangroves (Avicennia marina) along the southern banks of Kororoit Creek . Large areas of Carpobrotus rossii can be found at the park. It blooms in late October, resulting in swathes of pink flowers. Ongoing rehabilitation programs, which include revegetation of indigenous flora and weed removal, serve to enhance the area's ability to sustain a wider diversity of fauna. Fauna At least 149 bird species are recorded here, of which 13 are rare or endangered.The aquatic birds include black swans, black ducks, pelicans, stilt, giant petrels, ibis, cranes, gulls, red-legged oyster catchers, grey teal, spoonbills, dotterels while the terrestrial birds include blue wrens, larks, rosellas, magpie larks, little tits, crimson robins, nankeen kestrels, wagtails and ravens. Gould's Wattled Bat and the White Striped Freetail bat (both microbats) may also be found hunting insects at night. In addition, one may find tiger snakes in the grasslands and rocky outcrops while native fish, crabs, oysters, cockles, periwinkles and larger warreners proliferate in the sea and creeks. Geology The landform changes from grassy plains in the inner areas to salt marsh, shallow intertidal flats and rocky basalt platforms off the coast of Port Phillip Bay. Kororoit Creek flows through the Park into Port Phillip Bay. Regionally significant geomorphological areas can be found at the wetland terrain at the mouth of the Kororoit Creek as well as at the extensive sand bars off Kororoit Creek.The Park provides a protective buffer zone for the Wader Beach area of the Jawbone Flora and Fauna Reserve, which is located between Williamstown and Altona. Recreational and community use The park is popular with walkers, cyclists and dog-walkers, with the Hobsons Bay Coastal Trail passing through the park. The large, open spaces provide unrestricted views of Port Phillip Bay and Melbourne City across the salt marsh. At low tides when the seawater recedes, much of the coastal seabeds are exposed, allowing one to walk a considerable distance into the sea. The park is also used for research and study purposes. References External links Cr Tony Briffa JP – Councillor for Altona and Deputy Mayor of the City of Hobsons Bay Friends of Altona Coastal Park

William Ticknor

William Davis Ticknor I (August 6, 1810 – April 10, 1864) was an American publisher in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and a founder of the publishing house Ticknor and Fields.

William Davis Ticknor I (August 6, 1810 – April 10, 1864) was an American publisher in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and a founder of the publishing house Ticknor and Fields. Life and work William Davis Ticknor was born on August 6, 1810, on the outskirts of Lebanon, New Hampshire, the oldest boy of nine brothers and sisters. His parents, William and Betsey (Ellis) Ticknor, were prosperous farmers. His cousin was the famous writer and historian George Ticknor. As a boy, Ticknor worked on the family farm during the summers and attended the district school during the winters. In 1827 at age seventeen he left home and went to Boston. He was first employed in the brokerage house of his uncle Benjamin. When his uncle died a few years later he was offered a position at the Columbian Bank, a position he held for a year or two. In 1832 he went into partnership with John Allen forming the publishing house of Allen and Ticknor which operated out of the Old Corner Bookstore. The following year Allen withdrew and Ticknor carried on the house under the name William D. Ticknor and Company, which would remain the legal name of the firm until his death. In 1837 he published the national monthly American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. On December 25, 1832, he married Emeline Staniford Holt. They had seven children together; only five survived into adulthood. Their three sons Howard Malcom, Benjamin Holt and Thomas Baldwin Ticknor all graduated from Harvard and entered into their father's firm. During the Civil War, Benjamin Holt Ticknor enlisted in the Forty-Fifth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers and was commissioned as second lieutenant of Company G until May 1863. He was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Second Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He was later commissioned as captain of Company E and was in command of the recruiting camp at Readville, Massachusetts. He resigned from service shortly after his father's death. In 1845 the imprint of the firm was changed to Ticknor, Reed and Fields, after John Reed and James T. Fields were admitted as partners. It continued under this imprint until 1854 when John Reed withdrew and the name was changed to the well-known Ticknor and Fields. With the widely varying but well matched talents of the two partners, Ticknor and Fields grew to become one of the leading publishing houses in the 19th century. Ticknor was the first American publisher to pay foreign authors for the rights to their works, beginning with a check to Alfred Tennyson in 1842. From the Old Corner Book Store, Ticknor and Fields published the works of Horatio Alger, Lydia Maria Child, Charles Dickens, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Tennyson, Henry David Thoreau, Mark Twain, and John Greenleaf Whittier. The firm also published the Atlantic Monthly, Our Young Folks, and the North American Review. During his life Ticknor was very involved with the Baptist church. He was a director of the Boston Lyceum, treasurer of the American Institute of Instruction, a trustee of the Perkins Institute, and a leading member of the School Committee. He was also a resident member of the New England Historic Genealogical Society. Shortly after the firm contracted for Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Ticknor became a close friend and advisor to Hawthorne. Death In the spring of 1864 Hawthorne's health was failing. Both Ticknor and Sophia Hawthorne insisted on a restorative health trip. During their trip, Ticknor's health suddenly failed. He caught what he assumed was a cold before leaving Boston, and Hawthorne later wrote home that his friend had eaten bad oysters. By the time they reached New York, his illness was determined to be pneumonia.Ticknor was more concerned about Hawthorne, writing to Sophia, "You will be glad to hear that your patient continues to improve." In Philadelphia, the duo visited Fairmount Park and Ticknor offered Hawthorne his jacket for warmth before they returned to the Continental Hotel. Hawthorne wrote to Fields that "our friend Ticknor is suffering under a billious attack... He had previously seemed uncomfortable, but not to an alarming degree." A physician offered various medicines, but Ticknor died on the morning of April 10, 1864. George William Childs arrived shortly after and accompanied the distraught and grieving Hawthorne back to Boston. The sudden loss of Ticknor was devastating to the already failing health of Hawthorne, who died about a month later on May 19. Ticknor was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery; the distinguished of both literary and business circles came to pay their final tribute. References Further reading Ticknor's catalogue of Christmas and New Year's presents, for 1842. 1842. J.C. Derby (1884), "William D. Ticknor", Fifty Years Among Authors, Books and Publishers, New York: G.W. Carleton & Co. Caroline Ticknor (1913), Hawthorne and his Publisher, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, OCLC 756324 The New England Historical and Genealogical Register (1916). Boston: Published by the Society Fiske, John. (1889). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, New York: D. Appleton and Company External links Works by or about William Ticknor at Internet Archive American National Biography Online "Ticknor, William Davis" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1889.

Polyptych of the Misericordia (Piero della Francesca)

The Polyptych of the Misericordia is a painting conserved in the Museo Civico di Sansepolcro in the town of Sansepolcro, region of Tuscany, Italy. The painting is one of the earliest works of the Italian Renaissance painter Piero della Francesca, who was born in the town. The central panel is of the common motif of the Virgin of Mercy or Madonna della Misericordia. In 1445, the Compagnia della Misericordia, a confraternity of Borgo San Sepolcro, commissioned Piero, a native of the town, to paint a polyptych for them. According to the taste of the time, the polyptych was to be painted with precious colours and have a gilded background.

The Polyptych of the Misericordia is a painting conserved in the Museo Civico di Sansepolcro in the town of Sansepolcro, region of Tuscany, Italy. The painting is one of the earliest works of the Italian Renaissance painter Piero della Francesca, who was born in the town. The central panel is of the common motif of the Virgin of Mercy or Madonna della Misericordia. In 1445, the Compagnia della Misericordia, a confraternity of Borgo San Sepolcro, commissioned Piero, a native of the town, to paint a polyptych for them. According to the taste of the time, the polyptych was to be painted with precious colours and have a gilded background. Piero did not respect the three-year time limit set in the contract—he was busy working on many other projects. The polyptych was only finished seventeen years later, in 1462. The oldest two panels, to the left of the main panel, depict St Sebastian and John the Baptist. St Sebastian's panel shows a close connection with Masaccio's nudes, which Piero would have seen in an early visit to Florence. Piero painted the outlying panels of the tympanum later; including the Crucifixion at the top centre, St Benedict, the Angel, the Madonna of the Annunciation, and St Francis in the sides. Towards 1450 he finished the figures of St. Andrew and St. Bernardino. The predellas, with five scenes of Jesus's life, were mostly executed by assistants. The last part of the polyptych to be painted was the main central panel showing the Madonna della Misericordia. The panel portrays the mercifully protective gesture of the Madonna enfolding her followers in her mantle. Piero resolves the difficulty of dealing with a flat solid gilded background, requested by the patrons, by placing the kneeling members of the confraternity (who commissioned the altarpiece) in the realistic three-dimensional space created by the Madonna's mantle, a space resembling the apse of a church. Notably, the Madonna is still portrayed larger in size than the human figures, a tradition in medieval painting. However, the fully three-dimensional rendering of the figure, inspired by Masaccio, and the perspective study, inspired by Brunelleschi, are plainly of the Renaissance. See also Consecration and entrustment to Mary References Montenegro, Riccardo (May 2007). "Un'arte per tutte le stagioni". Medioevo (124): 34–35.

Avalon Theatre, Hobart

The Avalon Theatre is a historic former Temperance Hall, theatre and cinema in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.

The Avalon Theatre is a historic former Temperance Hall, theatre and cinema in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. History A ceremony for the foundation stone of a Temperance Hall was held on 21 March 1889 by the Tasmanian Temperance Alliance, which included members of the Society of Friends. Opening 1 May 1890, the Temperance Hall was used for religious gatherings, tea drinking, live entertainment and family-focused activities. Notably, the Temperance Hall was used for meetings surrounding Women's suffrage in Australia and visited by Jessie Ackermann of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, who spoke at the hall in 1892. As influence of the Temperance movement in Australia waned following The Great War, the venue was increasingly used for dances, skating and as a cinema projecting silent films. The hall was eventually sold in 1922.Over the following decade, the venue operated as the Bijou Theatre showcasing pantomimes, boxing, travelling theatre productions and live music. Although the theatre was popular, the operators were allured by the larger profit margins found in cinema exhibition. Established by the Avalon Theatre Co Ltd, the independent theatre was remodelled and reopened as Hobart’s first talkie theatre, the Avalon Theatre on 11 March 1932. The venue changed operators to Tasmanian Amusements Pty Ltd in 1934. A Western Electric Mirrophonic sound system was installed at the cinema in 1937. Commencing with My Fair Lady, it became the city's only 70mm theatre in 1966. The Avalon was taken over by Village Cinemas in July 1969 and closed in November 1976, coinciding with the opening of their new West End Twin theatre on Collins Street. The Avalon operated as theatre for over 86 years, then as a Danny Bourke Electrical appliance store for over 30 years, closing in 2009. Brunacci Avalon Market Opening in February 2013, an indoor market called the Brunacci Avalon Market was held at the premises each Saturday and Sunday. The market permanently closed in September 2017. Contemporary use The Avalon Theatre featured in Open House Hobart programming in 2018. The same year, the venue was used for concerts by House of Vnholy, Chrysta Bell and Rebekah Del Rio as part of Dark Mofo celebrations.Hillsong Church purchased the heritage-listed theatre for $2.55 million in 2020. The theatre underwent renovations commencing in 2022. See also List of theatres in Hobart == References ==

John Ronald Lidster

John Ronald Lidster (1916–2008) was a British artist, archaeologist and curator based in Yorkshire.

John Ronald Lidster (1916–2008) was a British artist, archaeologist and curator based in Yorkshire. Biography Lidster was born in Hull in 1916 and moved to Scarborough as a child. During the Second World War he was an artist with the Royal Army Medical College in London. In 1946 he joined the Scarborough and District Archaeological Society where he met William Lamplough. Between 1948 and 1961, Lamplough and Lidster undertook rescue excavations of thirty-seven barrows in the North York Moors; the artefacts from which are now in the Yorkshire Museum. Lidster created detailed paintings of the landscapes in which the barrows are situated. He and William Lamplough also led excavations for the Scarborough and District Archaeological Society in 1951 at the site of King Alfred's Cave (Ebberston, North Yorkshire).Lidster acted as the first secretary of the recently founded Scarborough Geological Society in the 1950s In 1950, Lidster worked as a technician and, later, as the Assistant Curator of the Wood End Museum in Scarborough. In 1955 he moved to Doncaster Museum as Assistant Curator. He was later Keeper of the museum, a position he left in 1966–7. Cantley Kilns Whilst working in Doncaster, in 1959, Lidster investigated the Roman kilns site at Cantley. The diagrams produced by Lidster of the Cantley kilns were used in 1962 as the basis for an experimental archaeology project to reconstruct and fire a replica of Cantley Kiln 31. Publications Lamplough, W.H. and Lidster, J. R. 1959. "The Excavation of King Alfrid's Cave, Ebberston", Transactions of the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society Vol 55. pp 16–31. Lamplough, W. H. and Lidster, J. R. 1960. "The Excavation of the Kirkless Barrow", Transactions of the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society (New Series) Vol. 3. pp 29–32. See also North York Moors Bronze Age Britain History of Yorkshire Tumulus References External links North York Moors Website

Aang

Avatar Aang (Chinese: 安昂; pinyin: Ān Áng), or simply Aang, is the title character and protagonist of Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender (created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko), voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen. Aang is the last surviving Airbender, a monk of the Air Nomads' Southern Air Temple, and the youngest ever airbending master (for his time). He is an incarnation of the "Avatar", the spirit of light and peace manifested in human form. As the Avatar, Aang controls all four elements (water, earth, fire, and air) and is tasked with bringing balance and keeping the Four Nations at peace. At biologically 112 years old (physically 12), Aang is the series' reluctant hero, spending a century in suspended animation in an iceberg before being discovered and joining new friends Katara and Sokka on a quest to master the elements and save their world from the imperialist Fire Nation.

Avatar Aang (Chinese: 安昂; pinyin: Ān Áng), or simply Aang, is the title character and protagonist of Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender (created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko), voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen. Aang is the last surviving Airbender, a monk of the Air Nomads' Southern Air Temple, and the youngest ever airbending master (for his time). He is an incarnation of the "Avatar", the spirit of light and peace manifested in human form. As the Avatar, Aang controls all four elements (water, earth, fire, and air) and is tasked with bringing balance and keeping the Four Nations at peace. At biologically 112 years old (physically 12), Aang is the series' reluctant hero, spending a century in suspended animation in an iceberg before being discovered and joining new friends Katara and Sokka on a quest to master the elements and save their world from the imperialist Fire Nation. Aang's character has appeared in other media, such as trading cards, video games, T-shirts, and web comics. Aang has also been portrayed by Noah Ringer in the live-action film The Last Airbender (2010) and voiced by D.B. Sweeney in the sequel series The Legend of Korra. Gordon Cormier will portray Aang in the upcoming Netflix live-action adaptation of the same name. Appearances Avatar: The Last Airbender Upon death, Avatar Roku was reincarnated and Aang was born, and later raised by Monk Gyatso, a senior monk at the Southern Air Temple and friend of the late Avatar Roku. Even prior to learning he was the Avatar, Aang distinguished himself by becoming one of the youngest Airbending Masters in history by inventing a new technique. As a result of Fire Lord Sozin's increasingly hostile attitude towards the other nations, the senior monks decided to reveal Aang's nature as the Avatar four years before the traditional age (Avatars are usually told of their status once they turn 16) and relocate him to one of the other Air Temples. Learning that he was to be taken from Gyatso caused Aang to flee the monastery on his flying bison, Appa, before being caught by a storm; the life-or-death conditions triggered the Avatar State, encasing the young Avatar and his bison in an air-pocket among icebergs, where he remained suspended for a century. Although Monk Gyatso had snuck into Aang's bedroom late at night to tell Aang that he will not be relocated to the Eastern Air Temple, it had already been too late. Book One: Water After one hundred years of suspended animation in an iceberg, twelve-year-old Aang was freed when found by Katara and Sokka, yet unaware of the events that occurred during his rest. His reawakening catches the attention of Prince Zuko, the banished son of current Fire Lord Ozai, and Aang is forced to leave, with Katara and Sokka accompanying him after they learn that he is the Avatar. Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple, where they meet a winged lemur whom Aang later names Momo. It is there that Aang learns that the Fire Nation wiped out his people, including Gyatso which causes Aang to summon his avatar spirit and the other 3 nations find out the avatar is back. After a series of misadventures, Aang meets his previous incarnation, Roku, who informs him that he must master all four bending arts and end the war before the coming of Sozin's Comet at the end of summer. Upon arriving to the Northern Water Tribe, after a few conflicts, Aang became an apprentice of Waterbending Master Pakku alongside Katara. After helping the Water Tribe drive off a Fire Nation invasion headed by Admiral Zhao, with Katara as his teacher, Aang and his group journey to the Earth Kingdom to find an Earthbending teacher. Ozai, angered that Iroh betrayed the Fire Nation, sends his daughter, Princess Azula, to hunt down Zuko and Iroh. Book Two: Earth In the second season, Aang learns Earthbending from Toph Beifong after he has a vision of the blind Earthbender in a swamp telling him to find her. On their journey, they are chased by Fire Princess Azula and her friends Mai and Ty Lee. The group learns about the Day of Black Sun in a secret underground library, and they attempt to reveal the information to the Earth King at Ba Sing Se. However, their flying bison, Appa, is captured by Sandbenders. Aang grows upset and angry and confronts the Sandbenders, learning that Appa has been sold. After stopping a Fire Nation drill threatening the safety of Ba Sing Se, they look for Appa only to find themselves dealing with the Dai Li before exposing their leader's deception. The group reunites with Jet helping them find Appa at Dai Li headquarters. They expose the Hundred Year War to the Earth King, who promises to help them invade the Fire Nation. Soon after, Aang meets a guru who attempts to teach Aang to open his seven chakras in order to control the defensive 'Avatar State'; but when Aang perceives Katara in danger, he leaves before the seventh chakra is opened, and thus loses his progress until the seventh is opened. Though Aang manages to unlock the Seventh Chakra, he is fatally electrocuted by Azula. He is later brought back to life by Katara, using the spirit water given to her by the Northern Water Tribe at the start of the second season. Book Three: Fire In the beginning of third and final season, after he woke after being knocked out by Azula, Aang grew some hair. After that, Aang is unable to use the Avatar State for quite a while. Although reluctant with the plan at first, Aang accepts to have everyone think he had died and his remaining allies attack the Fire Nation's capital, but are thwarted by Azula. However, Zuko has a change of heart, rebels against his father, and offers to teach Aang Firebending. Aang and Zuko also improve their Firebending powers with the help of their world's last two dragons. (In this part of the show, he is 13) During the finale, finding himself on a strange island, Aang is reluctant to actually kill Fire Lord Ozai, despite his four previous past lives (Roku, Kyoshi, Kuruk, and Yangchen) convincing him it is the only way. But upon learning that he was actually on the back of a Lion Turtle, one of four that made the first benders by manipulating humans' chi, Aang receives the Lion Turtle's Energybending. During the final battle, Aang's scar is pressed against a jutting rock, opening his chakras and allowing him to enter the Avatar State. Aang wins the battle, but before he delivers the final blow, he stops himself. Instead, Aang removes Ozai's firebending ability, rendering him harmless and ending the Hundred Year War. Later, in the Fire Nation capital, Aang is seen beside Zuko, the new Fire Lord. The series ends with Aang and his friends relaxing at Iroh's tea shop at Ba Sing Se, where Aang and Katara share a kiss. Graphic Novel Trilogies After beginning the Harmony Restoration Movement, an event that was meant to remove Fire Nation remnants from the Earth Kingdom, Aang agrees to end Zuko's life should he go down a path similar to his father, after the latter requests it, being stopped by Katara from entering the Avatar State as he began a later encounter with Zuko and then tries to mediate protestors and the Yu Dao resistance, afterward assembling members of a fan club and forming the "Air Acolytes", a group that he intends to teach the ways of the Air Nomads. Aang then participated in a search for Zuko's mother Ursa, successfully finding her and entering the Spirit World to assist in locating the Mother of Faces, convincing her to grant Rafa a new face. After a period of entertainment, Aang is contacted by his former life Yangchen, who tried contacting him about Old Iron's return. Aang also has a fight with the Rough Rhinos when they try to oust him from the Eastern Fire Refinery. Aang then aids in preventing Azula, disguised as the Kemurikage, from stealing any more children. He later returns to the South Pole and reunites with Katara and Sokka during the festival of the rebuilt and newly expanded Southern Water Tribe, with assistance from dozens of waterbenders and healers from the Northern Water Tribe. The Legend of Korra While frozen in an iceberg for 100 years, the Avatar State drained much of Aang's life energy. While he did not feel the effects for many years, after he entered middle age in his 50s, the strain of this exertion increasingly weighed upon his body. Ultimately, it resulted in Aang dying at the relatively young biological age of 66 (since he was in the ice for 100 years, in 153 AG). Aang was outlived by his wife, Katara, and his three children, but he did not live to see his grandchildren, all of whom would become powerful airbenders. As his death drew near, Aang tasked the Order of the White Lotus with finding and guiding the new Avatar after him. When Aang died, the Avatar spirit reincarnated into Korra of the Southern Water Tribe. Aang intended for the Order to simply guide and guard Korra, but several mishaps in the aftermath of Aang's death (including a kidnapping attempt by the anarchist Zaheer) and the still-fragile state of relations between the now-Five Nations resulted in Katara and Tenzin sequestering Korra in a compound at the South Pole, bringing teachers to her instead of allowing her to seek out her own. Book One: Air In the sequel series' first season, Avatar Aang's spirit occasionally serves as the spiritual advisor to seventeen-year-old Korra (much like the previous Avatar incarnation, Roku, did for Aang). Korra struggles with the spiritual aspects of bending and being the avatar, so initially Aang is only able to give Korra glimpses of his memory concerning Yakone in relation to her confrontations with his two sons, Amon and Tarrlok, the products of Yakone's Bloodbending vendetta on the Avatar. It is only after she loses her ability to bend that Korra allows herself to listen to her past lives, at which point Aang is able to manifest more directly to her and helps to restore her powers by triggering the Avatar State and teaching her to Energybend. Book Two: Spirits The sequel series' second season reveals that Avatar Aang apparently treated Tenzin as his favorite child, due to his son's Airbender status; Kya and Bumi mentioned to Tenzin that Aang always took Tenzin on vacations with him, but never them. Aang's Air Acolytes also were unaware that Aang had two other children besides Tenzin. Tenzin himself insists that Aang loved all his children equally, but that Aang took more precedence in raising him since Tenzin would have to take care of future generations of airbenders. Aang himself later appears, along with Roku, Kyoshi and Kuruk, before Korra in a vision and encourages her to learn the origins of Wan (the first Avatar) and Raava. Aang, or possibly a vision of him, later appears in the Spirit World, encouraging Tenzin to move past the enormous legacy of being Aang's son and find his own path. Korra's connection to Aang and the other preceding Avatars is severed when Vaatu extracts and subsequently kills Raava, the divine Avatar Spirit entity within her. Even though Raava is reborn and fused again with Korra, she discovers, to her dismay, that her spiritual connection to Aang and all past Avatars is presumably gone forever. Book Three: Change When Zaheer gave an ultimatum: Surrender to him or lose the new airbenders, Korra meditated into the spirit realm, she expressed her wish to call upon Aang's spirit and ask his advice in saving the new Air Nomads. Iroh's spirit assured her that, even though Aang was no longer able to guide her, she could ask one of Aang's closest friends: Lord Zuko. Appearances in other media Games Aang's character appeared in the Avatar: The Last Airbender Trading Card Game on a multitude of cards. He appeared in the Avatar: The Last Airbender video game as one of the four playable characters. Two sequels were made: Avatar: The Last Airbender – The Burning Earth, followed by Avatar: The Last Airbender – Into the Inferno. Aang also appeared in Escape from the Spirit World, an online video game found on Nickelodeon's official website. The game includes certain plot changes that are not shown in the show. The show's directors, Michael DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, claim the events are canon.Aang is also a playable character in Nickelodeon crossover titles such as Nicktoons Nitro, Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix, and the Nickelodeon Super Brawl series, including Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl and its sequel. Aang appears as a crossover skin in Brawlhalla for the character Wu Shang. Films Tokyopop has published a films comic (sometimes referred to as cine-manga), in which Aang, being the main character of the show, appears repeatedly.In 2010, director M. Night Shyamalan cast 12-year-old Tae Kwon Do practitioner Noah Ringer as Aang in the film adaptation of the series, The Last Airbender. His name in the film is pronounced [ɑŋ] instead of [eəŋ]. The casting of a presumed white actor in the role of Aang (as well as a primarily Caucasian cast) in the Asian-influenced Avatar universe triggered negative reactions from some fans, marked by accusations of racism, a letter-writing campaign, and a protest outside of a Philadelphia casting call for movie extras. The casting decisions were also negatively received by several critics, who stated that the original casting call expressed a preference for Caucasian actors over others. Noah Ringer later identified himself to Entertainment Weekly as an American Indian. Creation and conception Aang's character was developed from a drawing by Bryan Konietzko, depicting a bald man with an arrowlike design on his head, which the artist developed into a picture of a child with a flying bison. Meanwhile, Michael Dante DiMartino was interested in a documentary about explorers trapped in the South Pole, which he later combined with Konietzko's drawing. "There's an air guy along with these water people trapped in a snowy wasteland...and maybe some fire people are pressing down on them..." The plot they described corresponds with the first and second episodes of Avatar: The Last Airbender, where the "water people" (Katara and Sokka) rescue the "air guy" (Aang) while "trapped in a snowy wasteland" (the Southern Water Tribe) with "some fire people [that] are pressing down on them" (Fire Nation Troops and Zuko). The creators of the show intended Aang to be trapped in an iceberg for one hundred years, later to wake inside a futuristic world, wherein he would have a robot named Momo and a dozen bisons. The creators lost interest in this theme, and changed it to one hundred years of suspended animation. The robotic Momo became a flying lemur, and the herd of bison was reduced to one.In the episode "Tales of Ba Sing Se", Aang's name was written as 安昂 (ān áng) in Chinese. Personality and characteristics Michael Dante DiMartino, the show's co-creator, said: "We wanted Aang to solve problems and defeat enemies with his wits as well as his powerful abilities". According to the show's creators, "Buddhism and Taoism have been huge inspirations behind the idea for Avatar." As shown in "The King of Omashu" and "The Headband", a notable aspect of Aang's character is his vegetarian diet, which is consistent with Buddhism, Hinduism, and Taoism. In the Brahmajala Sutra, a Buddhist code of ethics, vegetarianism is encouraged. Furthermore, the writers gave Aang a consistent reluctance to fight and an aversion to killing. In "The Spirit World (Winter Solstice, Part 1)", Aang encounters an angry spirit destroying a village and kidnapping villagers; but instead of fighting the spirit, Aang negotiates. He is also depicted showing ethical reluctance in killing the Phoenix King, and eventually strips Ozai of his bending instead of murdering him. Bending the elements As the Avatar, Aang is capable of bending all four elements (air, water, earth and fire). The series' creators consulted a professional martial artist in the design of the show's fighting style; each of these styles' philosophies and set movements corresponds to a specific "bending arts".The creators made bending a natural extension of consistent limitations and rules of the world. Everything in Avatar's world, whether it be clothing, culture or infrastructure, is influenced by bending. The City of Omashu uses a complex system of gravity and earthbending to transport supplies. The Water Tribes were a naval superpower: their buildings are made of ice and used waterbending as mechanisms for their walls and gates. Airbenders built temples atop high mountains and cliffs that could only be easily reached by Airbending and they have a hermetic ideology to reflect this isolation. The Fire Nation were the first to industrialize due to their ability to generate power and master metallurgy with their bending of fire and lightning. At the start of the series, Aang is initially only proficient in air, having been able to bend it with ease since he was a young child. Through the teaching of Katara and Zuko, he gradually learns waterbending and firebending; but struggles with Toph's teachings of earthbending due to its rigid nature conflicting with his desire for freedom. Aang utilizes all elements equally, but heavily favors airbending for crowd control and non-lethal purposes, in accordance with his pacifism principles. Airbending: The bending art Aang primarily uses in the entire franchise, is a Southern Temple Style based on an "internal" Chinese martial art called Baguazhang. Aang is the only person in living memory to have mastered this form of airbending, and would later pass down this knowledge to his son, Tenzin, who with the aid of Korra, would prove instrumental in the reconstruction and preservation of Air Nomad oral and intangible cultural heritage. Due to the genocide of his people, all other "styles of airbending arts" have been forever lost to history. This fighting style focuses on circular movements, and does not have many finishing moves; traits meant to represent the unpredictability of air and the peaceful character of Airbenders. Airbending represents the element of freedom, and is categorized as the most elusive of the "four bending arts". Airbending utilizes negative jing, which involves retreating and dodging attacks. Airbending involves "smooth coiling and uncoiling actions"; dynamic footwork, throws, and open-handed techniques; and swift, evasive maneuvers designed to evoke the "intangibility and explosive power of wind". These techniques are intended to increase the difficulty for opponents to attack directly or land a lethal blow—allowing airbenders to defend themselves while also protecting their attacker from injury—a pacifist-philosophy that is prevalent among the Air Nomad people. Airbending lacks "finishing moves" or effective methods for permanently disabling foes, a weakness frequently exploited by opponents. Waterbending: Waterbending is the bending art Katara, later Pakku, teaches Aang in the series, which is based on Chinese martial arts techniques of "internal style" tai chi and Jeet Kune Do. When Aang traveled north, he learned Northern Tribe Yin-style. During The Legend of Korra, Katara is the only Master of "Southern Tribe Yang-style", forced to reconstruct the style from surviving manuscripts; all other masters were killed, their collective knowledge confiscated or destroyed by the Fire Nation. Waterbending represents the element of change—a shapeshifter constantly changing forms—and is categorized as the most adaptive or pliable of the "four bending arts". Waterbending emphasizes "softness and breathing" over "hard aggression"; fluid and graceful, acting in concert with the environment; creating opportunities where none exist; this "flow of energy" allows their defensive maneuvers to translate into focus on control and counter-offenses, turning their opponents' momentum against them. Despite these advantages, Waterbending is almost entirely dependent on inertia; it is essential for practitioners to not be rigid, but to be fluid and able to adapt to any situation. Earthbending: Earthbending is the martial art Toph teaches Aang in the series, which is based on Chinese martial arts techniques of Hóng Quán and Chu Gar Nán Pài Tángláng. Earthbending represents the element of substance. Toph's earthbending style is Chu Gar Praying Mantis, as opposed to the more common Hung Gar, taught to her by the original earthbenders, badgermoles. Earthbending is categorized as the most diverse and enduring of the "four bending arts". Earthbending is the geokinetic ability to manipulate earth, rock, sand, lava, and metals in all their various forms. Earthbending utilizes neutral jing, which involves waiting and listening for the right moment to act decisively. Earthbending involves enduring attacks until the right opportunity to counterattack reveals itself, emphasizes "heavily rooted stances and strong blows that evoke the mass and power of earth", and demands precise stepping footwork to maintain constant contact with the ground. Earthbending parallels Five Animals movements (such as the tiger's hard blows and the crane's affinity to landing gracefully). Earthbending is at its strongest when the feet or hand are in direct contact with the ground, enabling earthbenders to transfer their kinetic energies into their bending for fast and powerful moves. This reliance on direct contact with the earth is a literal Achilles' heel; separating earthbenders from any contact with the earth renders them ineffective. Firebending: Firebending is the martial art Zuko teaches Aang in the series, which is based on Chinese martial arts techniques of Changquan, Shaolinquan, Lóng Xíng Mó Qiáo and Xing Yi Quan. Firebending represents the element of power—desire and will paired with energy to achieve it, a philosophy reflected in firebending's unique capability for its users to generate their central element, rather than manipulating already present sources. Firebenders use breath control to manipulate chi in their own bodies and convert the energy from breathing into fire once it exits the body. A century of warfare have corrupted the Fire Nation's rich culture, and with it, their firebending-styles "regressed" into militarized format based on hatred and raw aggression; Zuko and Aang sought to learn firebending in its purest and most harmonious form, and rediscovered Dancing Dragon Style from the last surviving dragons. Dragon Style is the bending art first practiced by the Sun Warriors, the earliest incarnation of the modern Fire Nation; for the Sun Warriors, fire is life, energy, and creativity, rather than destruction and hate. Firebending is categorized as the most determined and powerful of the "four bending arts". All Firebending styles emphasize initiative and speed, overwhelming their opponents with powerful jabs and kicks that hurl fire before building to an explosive finishing move, mirroring the vitality and explosive power of fire. This is often seen in the "Agni Kai" or fire-duels that Zuko competes in. A master firebender will confidently control fire, rather than allowing their energy to become unfocused rage. A select few high-level firebenders can access highly destructive and lethal skills, such as lightning-bending and combustion-bending. Firebending's offensive power comes with a trade-off: a lack of blocks or evasive maneuvers, particularly when facing other elements. Energybending: Aang learned about energybending from the last living lion turtle, as he did not wish to kill Ozai, and was given the ability to do so. He is able to use energybending to connect with his inner spirit and gain cosmic energy from the universe. In The Legend of Korra, Aang gave Avatar Korra, the current Avatar, the ability to energybend, which was used to restore people's bending abilities after Amon removed them using bloodbending. The Avatar State As the Avatar, Aang serves as a bridge between "Material World" and the "Spirit World", the plane of existence where the universe's disembodied spirits dwell. His spirituality training progressed swiftly, granting visions and access to the various memories from his past lives. As his predecessors, his most powerful ability is the Avatar State, in which he receives a massive boost in raw power from the cosmic energy, enabling him to easily overcome any opponent that tries to fight him head on. In addition, this state allows him to access bending techniques he would not have learned during his own lifetime but throughout those of his past lives. If he is killed in the Avatar State, then this would cause the Avatar to cease being reincarnated and end the Avatar Cycle. Critical reception Aang was received exceptionally by critics and fans. Kendall Lyons stated, "Aang seems to be the lighthearted kid that you can easily familiarize yourself with", and that he "seems to bring comfort in the most dangerous or hostile situations." There are many similar descriptions about Aang as a childlike character who is "reckless and excitable". Reviews point out that "as the Avatar, Aang seems unstoppable, but as Aang, he is just another Airbender"; the review states later that the show continues to focus on a more realistic character instead of a perfect one by revealing many character flaws.In 2016, Screen Rant ranked Aang #15 on its "30 Best Animated TV Characters Of All Time" list.At the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, Dutch windsurfer Kiran Badloe won the gold medal in Men's RS: X while having a blue arrow haircut inspired by Aang's design. Family tree References External links Official TV Show Website at Nick.com Aang at Nick.com

Superman (1978 film series character)

Superman (Kal-El) or Clark Kent is a fictional character portrayed by Christopher Reeve in the Warner Bros. Superman film series produced by Ilya and Alexander Salkind and Cannon Films, and is an adaption of the original DC Comics character, Superman. Many actors were interviewed for the part before Christopher Reeve was chosen to fill the role. Superman is portrayed as a superhero who stands for "truth, justice and the American way". The character was received positively and Reeve's performance is ranked as one of the best in superhero films. The 2006 film Superman Returns served as an alternate sequel to the first two Reeve films while ignoring the events of Superman III and Superman IV: The Quest For Peace, with Brandon Routh portraying the same iteration in an alternate timeline, after Reeve's paralysis in 1995 and death in 2004.

Superman (Kal-El) or Clark Kent is a fictional character portrayed by Christopher Reeve in the Warner Bros. Superman film series produced by Ilya and Alexander Salkind and Cannon Films, and is an adaption of the original DC Comics character, Superman. Many actors were interviewed for the part before Christopher Reeve was chosen to fill the role. Superman is portrayed as a superhero who stands for "truth, justice and the American way". The character was received positively and Reeve's performance is ranked as one of the best in superhero films. The 2006 film Superman Returns served as an alternate sequel to the first two Reeve films while ignoring the events of Superman III and Superman IV: The Quest For Peace, with Brandon Routh portraying the same iteration in an alternate timeline, after Reeve's paralysis in 1995 and death in 2004. The film was dedicated to both him and his wife, Dana, who died two years after her husband's death and shortly before its release. A CGI version of Reeve as Superman makes a cameo in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film The Flash (2023), which retroactively incorporates him into the franchise's multiverse, alongside a de-aged Helen Slater as Supergirl. Development and execution Christopher Reeve The development process behind the creation of DC Comics' character Superman in the Superman film by Mario Puzo, David Newman, Leslie Newman and Robert Benton began when Ilya Salkind bought the film rights for the character. Many A-list directors and actors were considered until Richard Donner took over the directing duties and Christopher Reeve was chosen for the part. Originally Reeve's picture and résumé was rejected many times and Reeve thought that he would not get the part after being self-described as a "skinny WASP." His appearance was originally very slim. He refused to wear fake muscles and instead went on a training regimen, supervised by former British weightlifting champion David Prowse, which consisted of running in the morning, followed by two hours of weightlifting and ninety minutes on a trampoline. Reeve also doubled his food intake and adopted a high protein diet. He added 30 pounds (14 kg) of muscle to his thin 189 pounds (86 kg) frame. He later made even greater gains for Superman III (1983), though for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), he decided it would be healthier to focus more on cardiovascular workouts. One of the reasons Reeve could not work out as much for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was an emergency appendectomy he had undergone in June 1986.Reeve was never a Superman or comic book fan, though he had watched the television program Adventures of Superman starring George Reeves. Reeve found the role offered a suitable challenge because it was a dual role. He said, "there must be some difference stylistically between Clark and Superman. Otherwise, you just have a pair of glasses standing in for a character". Jeff East Jeff East portrays teenage Clark Kent. His lines were overdubbed by Reeve during post-production. "I was not happy about it because the producers never told me what they had in mind", East commented. "It was done without my permission but it turned out to be okay. Chris did a good job but it caused tension between us. We resolved our issues with each other years later." East tore several thigh muscles while performing the stunt of racing alongside the train. It took three to four hours each day to add prosthetic makeup to his face so he resembled Reeve. Brandon Routh Various actors including Jerry O'Connell (who later voiced the DCAMU version of the character), Henry Cavill (who auditioned for J. J. Abrams's cancelled 2004 film Superman Flyby and eventually played Clark Kent in the DCEU), Daniel Cudmore (who later played an armored Bizzaro in Superman & Lois), Paul Walker, Will Smith, Josh Hartnett, Matt Bomer, Brendan Fraser, Ashton Kutcher, David Boreanaz, Hayden Christensen, Ian Somerhalder, Jim Caviezel, Jason Behr, Jared Padalecki, and Ryan McPartlin were all considered for the role before Routh was cast. Director Bryan Singer believed only an unknown actor would be suitable for the part of Superman. Brandon Routh was chosen from thousands of candidates interviewed at casting calls in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. He had coincidentally auditioned for Clark Kent in the television series Smallville, but lost to Tom Welling. Routh had also met director Joseph "McG" Nichol for the role during pre-production of Superman: Flyby. Dana Reeve, wife of Christopher Reeve, believed Routh's physical resemblance to her late husband was striking. To obtain the muscular physique to play Superman convincingly, Routh underwent a strict bodybuilding exercise regimen. He also opted further in preparation to study Reeve's performance by watching the original film many times and subsequent features behind the scenes as well. Portrayal and characteristics Christopher Reeve first imagined the approach of his role on a flight to London. He felt that in the 1970s, the masculine image had changed and that it was acceptable "for a man to show gentleness and vulnerability". He also felt "that the new Superman ought to reflect that contemporary male image". Reeve would base his portrayal of Clark Kent, Superman's alter ego, on Cary Grant's performance for his role in the 1936 film Bringing Up Baby. Superman's personality as depicted in the films is a do gooder with little or no conflict who stands for "truth, justice and the American way" — a recurring theme shared by the character in the original The Adventures of Superman radio program. The noble Superman portrayed by Reeve, though, hides his secret identity by pretending to be an awkward and apprehensive reporter named Clark Kent. Lois Lane is indifferent to him but shares his obsession over Superman. Reeve felt that even though Superman upholds "truth, justice, and the American way" there was nothing self-conscious about him — that was simply what he believed in. Themes The Superman character has been cited as a metaphor for Christ and has actions compared to many religious themes. Many have noted the examples of apparent Christian symbolism. Donner, Tom Mankiewicz and Ilya Salkind have commented on the use of Christian references when discussing the themes of Superman. Mankiewicz deliberately fostered analogies with Jor-El as God and Kal-El as Jesus. Donner is somewhat skeptical of Mankiewicz' actions, joking,"I got enough death threats because of that".The mythic status of Superman is enhanced by events that recall the hero's journey (or monomyth) as described by Joseph Campbell. Each act has a discernible cycle of "call" and journey. The journey is from Krypton to Earth in the first act, from Smallville to the Fortress of Solitude in the second act, and then from Metropolis to the whole world in the third act.The spacecraft that brings Kal-El to Earth is shaped in the form of a star (Star of Bethlehem). Kal-El comes to Jonathan and Martha Kent, who are unable to have children. Martha Kent states, "All these years how we've prayed and prayed that the good Lord would see fit to give us a child" — comparing her to the Virgin Mary. Just as little is known about Jesus during his middle years, Clark travels into the wilderness to find out who he is and what he has to do. Jor-El says Live as one of them, Kal-El, to discover where your strength and power are needed. But always hold in your heart the pride of your special heritage. They can be a great people, Kal-El, and they wish to be. They only lack the light to show the way. For this reason above all, their capacity for good, I have sent them you, my only son. The theme resembles the Biblical account of God sending his only son Jesus to Earth for the good of mankind. More symbolism was seen when Donner was able to complete Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, featuring the fall, resurrection and battle with evil, which parallels the crucifixion of Jesus, the resurrection and the Harrowing of Hell. Another vision was that of The Creation of Adam.The Christian imagery in the Reeve films has provoked comment on the Jewish origin of Superman. Rabbi Simcha Weinstein's book Up, Up and Oy Vey: How Jewish History, Culture and Values Shaped the Comic Book Superhero, says that Superman is both a pillar of society and one whose cape conceals a "nebbish", saying "He's a bumbling, nebbish Jewish stereotype. He's Woody Allen." Ironically, it is also in the Reeve films that Clark Kent's persona has the greatest resemblance to Woody Allen, though his conscious model was Cary Grant's character in Bringing Up Baby. This same theme is mirrored in other 1940s superheroes.In the scene where Lois Lane interviews Superman on the balcony, Superman replies, "I never lie". Salkind felt this was an important point in the film, since Superman, living under his secret identity as Clark Kent, is "telling the biggest lie of all time". His romance with Lois also leads him to contradict Jor-El's orders to avoid altering human history, time traveling to save her from dying. Superman instead takes the advice of Jonathan Kent, his father on Earth. One of the most important aspects in the first and second films was the romantic relationship between the two main characters; Clark was hopelessly in love with Lois and even gave up his powers to be with her as depicted in Superman II. Role in the franchise The Superman film relates the origin of Superman as it depicts baby Kal-El escaping from the doomed planet Krypton to Earth. It tells of his life in Smallville to Metropolis, where he falls in love with Lois Lane and goes up against the villain Lex Luthor. Superman II focuses more on his romance with Lois and depicts him battling the Kryptonians, General Zod, Ursa and Non. In Superman III, he is reunited with his high school crush, Lana Lang. He deals with an evil businessman who forces a computer hacker to create technology that plays havoc with the world, while turning Superman evil. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace shows Superman deciding to rid the world of all nuclear missiles. Once again he comes face to face with Luthor and his new creation from Superman's DNA called Nuclear Man. Christopher Reeve was originally planned to make a cameo appearance in the 1984 Supergirl spin-off film starring Helen Slater as Superman's cousin, but bowed out early on. Superman (1978) In 1973, producer Ilya Salkind convinced his father Alexander to buy the rights to Superman. They hired Mario Puzo to pen a two-film script, and negotiated with Steven Spielberg to direct, though Alexander Salkind eventually chose someone else. Marlon Brando and Gene Hackman signed on to play Jor-El and Lex Luthor respectively, and Guy Hamilton was hired to direct. However, Brando was faced with an obscenity lawsuit in Italy over Last Tango in Paris, and Hamilton was unable to shoot in England as he had violated his tax payments. The Salkinds hired Richard Donner to direct the film. Donner hired Tom Mankiewicz to polish the script, giving it a serious feel with Christ-like overtones.Christopher Reeve was cast as Superman. The film was a success both critically and commercially; being released during the Christmas season of 1978, it did not have much competition, leading the producers to believe that this was one factor in the film's success. Superman II (1980) Shooting of the two films was marred by Donner's bad relationship with the Salkinds, with Richard Lester acting as mediator. With the film going over-budget, the filmmakers decided to temporarily cease production of II and move that film's climax into the first film. Despite Superman's success, Donner did not return to finish Superman II, and it was completed with Lester, who gave the film a more tongue-in-cheek tone. Superman II was another financial and critical success, despite stiff competition with Raiders of the Lost Ark in the same year. In 2006, after receiving many requests for his own version of Superman II, Richard Donner and producer Michael Thau produced their own cut of the film and released it on November 28, 2006. The new version of the film received positive response from critics and the stars of the original film. Superman III (1983) For the third installment, Ilya Salkind wrote a treatment that expanded the film's scope to a cosmic scale, introducing the villains Brainiac and Mister Mxyzptlk, as well as Supergirl. Warner Bros. rejected it and created their own Superman III film that co-starred Richard Pryor as computer wizard Gus Gorman, who under the manipulation of a millionaire magnate, creates a form of Kryptonite that turns the Man of Steel into an evil self. The retooled script pared Brainiac down into the film's evil "ultimate computer". Despite the film's success, fans were disappointed with the film, in particular with Pryor's performance diluting the serious tone of the previous films, as well as controversy over the depiction of the evil Superman. Salkind's rejected proposal was later released online in 2007. Supergirl (1984) Upon gaining the rights for the film Superman, Alexander Salkind and his son, Ilya Salkind, also purchased the rights to the character of Superman's cousin Supergirl. Supergirl was released in 1984 as a spin-off of the Reeve films; Reeve was slated to have a cameo but he ultimately backed out of the production, although his likeness appears in a photo. It stars Helen Slater in her first motion picture in the title role, while Faye Dunaway (who received top billing) played the primary villain, Selena; the film also featured Marc McClure reprising his role as Jimmy Olsen. Even though the film performed poorly at the box office, Helen Slater was nominated for a Saturn Award. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) Cannon Films picked up an option for a fourth Superman/Reeve film, with Reeve reprising the role due to his interest in the film's topic regarding nuclear weapons. However, Cannon decided to cut the budget resulting in poor special effects and heavy re-editing, which contributed to the film's poor reception. Warner Bros. decided to give the series a break following the negative reception of the last two Superman films. Superman Returns (2006) Following several unsuccessful attempts to reboot the franchise, Bryan Singer, who was said to be a childhood fan of Richard Donner's film, was approached by Warner Bros to direct a new Superman film. He accepted, abandoning two films already in pre-production, X-Men: The Last Stand (which, coincidentally, would come to be directed by Ratner) and a remake of Logan's Run. The film acts as a soft reboot of the franchise and uses the events of Superman and, to less of a degree, Superman II as a backstory, while directly not referencing the events of Superman III and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace. Singer's story tells of Superman's return to Earth following a five-year search for survivors of Krypton. He discovers that in his absence Lois Lane has given birth to a son and become engaged. Singer chose to follow Donner's lead by casting relatively unknown Brandon Routh as Superman, who resembled Christopher Reeve somewhat, and more high-profile actors in supporting roles, such as Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor. Singer brought his entire crew from X2 to work on the film. Via digitally-enhanced archive footage, the late Marlon Brando appeared in the film as Jor-El. Superman Returns received generally positive reviews and grossed approximately $391 million worldwide. Arrowverse Routh later reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths". During the crossover, Superman references his son Jason. Superman '78 A comic continuation titled Superman '78 was submitted to DC Comics and was released in 2021. The run was inspired by DC's recent comic run Batman '66, which was a continuation of the 1966 television series and by Batman '89, a continuation of the Tim Burton continuity. The comic acts as a direct sequel to Superman II, taking place before Superman III and ignoring both Superman Returns and his Arrowverse portrayal. Timelines Original continuity Superman (1978) On the distant planet Krypton, unable to convince Kryptonian elders, scientist Jor-El promises that neither he nor his wife, Lara, will leave the planet. However, he sends his infant son, Kal-El, to Earth to ensure his survival, just as Krypton begins its death throes. Kal-El's spaceship crash-lands in Smallville, Kansas three years later in 1951 (Lex Luthor later states the Krypton exploded in 1948). The boy is found and adopted by a childless couple, Jonathan and Martha Kent, who name him Clark Kent and find that he is no ordinary child, but incredibly agile and strong. He is told by his parents to keep his abilities hidden. Shortly before Clark's eighteenth-birthday, Jonathan unexpectedly dies from a fatal heart attack. At his father's funeral, Clark conveys helplessness about having "all those powers and I couldn't even save him". Months later, Clark hears the call of a green crystal hidden in his parents' barn, and decides it is time to discover his purpose and departs on a journey to the Arctic and uses the crystal to build the Fortress of Solitude, a majestic crystal palace in the architectural style of his home planet, Krypton. Inside, learns his true name, Kal-El, the reason he was transported to Earth, and his future role on the planet from holographic recordings of his father. After 12 years of education and training within the Fortress of Solitude, he emerges garbed in a red cape and blue body suit with the El family symbol on the chest and flies off. Arriving in the city of Metropolis, Clark becomes a reporter for the Daily Planet newspaper by its editor-in-chief, Perry White. While there, he meets editor-in-chief, Perry White, teenage photographer Jimmy Olsen, and Lois Lane, who he becomes immediately infatuated with but is unable to properly gain her affection while in the bumbling guise of Clark Kent. It isn't long before Clark's true nature is unveiled when he publicly Lois from a helicopter accident atop the Daily Planet building. Following a series of incidents in which Clark in his yet-unnamed guise comes to the rescue and saves the day, Perry issues his reporters to find out as much information as possible about this mysterious hero. Lois receives an invitation to meet someone at her place, signed only "a friend". Following a perfunctory interview with the Man of Steel, Lois joins him on a flight over Metropolis, ostensibly to see how fast he can go. After their romantic flight, the costumed hero flies off and Lois says to herself, "What a super man", then pauses, and says "Superman!," thus giving him his name. Meanwhile, Lex Luthor plans to launch two missiles, one of which is programmed to hit the San Andreas Fault, causing most of California to slide into the ocean, killing millions of people while making the worthless desert land that he had purchased to skyrocket in value when it becomes the United States' new West Coast. With Superman's fame rapidly spreading, Luthor perceives him to be a serious problem, luring to his lair with a phony threat to gas the population of Metropolis. Having succeeded in attracting his attention, he traps the superhero with a nodule of kryptonite — the only thing to which he is vulnerable. However, Superman escapes with the help of Luthor's assistant, Eve Teschmacher, who is frightened as her mother lives in Hackensack, New Jersey where the other missile is headed. Superman forces the Hackensack missile first into space, the California missile hits the San Andreas Fault, triggering the massive earthquake Luthor intended. Superman prevents the catastrophic landslide by plunging deep into the earth to shore up the fault line, but Lois, reporting in the area trapped inside her car is crushed to death. Disobeying his father, Superman travels back in time and prevents the Hoover Dam burst, fixing the fault line and preventing Lois' death. Superman bids farewell and delivers Luthor and Otis and delivering them to prison. Superman II (1980) Clark learns from Perry White that Lois is in Paris, France, where terrorists have seized the Eiffel Tower, threatening to level the city with a Hydrogen Bomb. Superman arrives and throws the elevator containing the bomb out of the atmosphere and into deep space, where it explodes, shattering the Phantom Zone mirror containing the Kryptonian criminals General Zod, Ursa (DC Comics) and Non. Clark and Lois are sent on assignment in Niagara Falls, Ontario. After Superman rescues a boy who falls over the railing, Lois starts noticing how Clark disappears every time Superman is around. Later in their hotel room, Clark's identity is revealed to Lois when he quickly retrieves his fallen glasses from the fireplace with his bare hands. Clark admits the truth and takes Lois to the Fortress of Solitude, where he tells Jor-El his desire to give up being Superman to live a normal life with Lois. Jor-El shows him a crystal chamber which will expose him to harnessed rays from Krypton's red sun, permanently removing his powers. After undergoing this de-powering process, Clark takes Lois to his bedchamber and they sleep together. Meanwhile, the three Kryptonian criminals arrive on Earth and wreak havoc on a small town, easily defeating the U.S. military. After defacing Mount Rushmore, the trio conquer the White House, where Zod forces the President of the United States to kneel before him. Realizing his mistake, Clark returns to the Fortress, and uses the green crystal that called out to him at the start of his journey to reactivate the panel. Lex Luthor arrives at the White House, informing Zod that Superman being Jor-El's son and manipulates them into luring Superman into a trap. They arrive at the Daily Planet offices and seize Lois, only to be interrupted by the arrival of a fully restored Superman. Following a destructive battle between the four Kryptonians, Superman flees, seemingly in defeat. Luthor convinces the villains to pursue Superman in his Fortress of Solitude, where they force Superman into the same depowering chamber he used before, but this time the red light is actually set loose on the Fortress removing the criminals' power while Superman is safe inside the chamber. Superman then crushes the now powerless Zod's hand and throws him down a crevice in the fortress Lois punches Ursa, Non leaps toward Superman, and they both fall through the fog of the fortress. Superman notifies the U.S. Arctic Patrol, who arrest the four criminals. Superman, realizes that life with Lois can never be, kisses Lois, erasing her memory of their romance. Superman III (1983) Clark returns to Smallville for a High School Reunion where a small romance blossomed between him and Lana Lang. During this time a computer genius named Gus Gorman befriends a millionaire named Ross Webster, who orders him to create synthetic Kryptonite using a satellite to locate and analyze Krypton's debris substituting tobacco tar for an unknown element. Lana convinces Superman to appear at Ricky's birthday party, which Smallville turns into a town celebration. Gus and Ross' sister Vera, arrive disguised as Army officers, giving Superman the flawed Kryptonite as an award. Although it has no immediate effect, Superman becomes selfish and commits petty acts of vandalism such as straightening the Leaning Tower of Pisa and blowing out the Olympic Flame. Gus asks Webster to build the world's most sophisticated supercomputer if he creates an energy crisis by directing all oil tankers to the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. When one tanker refuses, Ross' assistant, Lorelei seduce Superman, persuading him to breach its double hull, causing an oil spill. After creating a disturbance at a bar, the corrupted Superman was spotted by Lana and her son Ricky, who pleads with Superman to become great again. Taking flight, Ricky's words reach his buried conscience, causing him to split into two beings: the immoral, corrupted dark Superman and the moral, mild-mannered Clark Kent, who engage each other in a battle at a deserted automobile graveyard. Clark emerges victorious and becomes Superman once more. Superman arrives at the supercomputer's location in Glen Canyon. The supercomputer severely weakens Superman with a Kryptonite ray. Horrified by the notion of "going down in history as the man who killed Superman", Gus destroys the Kryptonite ray with a firefighter's axe. Superman fetches beltric acid, which becomes volatile by the supercomputer's intense heat, destroying it. Superman leaves Webster and his cronies for the authorities and drops Gus off at a West Virginia coal mine, recommending him to the company as a computer programmer. Supergirl (1984) Though Clark doesn't appear, a photo of him does. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman learns that the United States and the Soviet Union may soon engage in nuclear war, threatening the survival of the planet. Before taking action, he departs to the north pole to seek advice from the spirits of his Kryptonian ancestors at the Fortress of Solitude, who warn Kal-El that interring with human politics is forbidden. However, a letter from a young boy named Jeremy changes his mind and he tells the United Nations that he is going to rid the Earth of all nuclear weapons. Over the next several days, Superman takes all the nuclear weapons, and gathers them into a gigantic net in orbit above the planet. When he has almost all the weapons, he closes the net and tosses it into the Sun. Meanwhile, Lex Luthor's nephew, Lenny, helps breaks his uncle out of prison and steal a strand of hair that Superman had donated to a museum. Luthor creates a genetic matrix from the strand of hair, and attaches it to the final American nuclear missile. After the missile is fired off into the air, Superman grabs the missile and throws it into the Sun. A few moments after the missile explodes on the Sun's surface, a ball of energy is discharged from the Sun, which rapidly develops into a "Nuclear Man". Nuclear Man finds his way to his "father", Luthor, who establishes that while he is indeed powerful, he will completely deactivate if isolated from the Sun's rays or suitably bright artificial light. A worldwide battle soon follows between Lex's creation and the Man of Steel. While successfully saving the Statue of Liberty, Superman is injured by Nuclear Man. The Daily Planet, to Lois' disgust, blares the headline that Superman is dead. Felled by radiation sickness, Clark staggers weakly to the terrace of his apartment, where he retrieves the last remaining crystal from Krypton, which he took from the barn in Smallville at the beginning of the film. Nuclear Man develops a crush on Lacy Warfield, daughter of the tycoon who has purchased The Daily Planet, and threatens mayhem if he is not introduced to her. Superman agrees to take Nuclear Man to Lacy. In an attempt to disable the villain, Superman lures Nuclear Man into an elevator in the building, traps Nuclear Man in it, and pulls the elevator out of the building and flies to the Moon, heaving the elevator onto the ground there. Superman doesn't realize the doors have opened a crack. As the sun rises, Nuclear Man breaks out of his makeshift prison and the two resume battle on the Moon's surface. At the end of the battle, Superman is driven into the ground by his nuclear-charged opponent. Nuclear Man returns to Earth, abducting Lacy and flying her into outer space (where she, strangely enough, is unaffected by the lack of breathable atmosphere and air pressure). Meanwhile, the Man of Steel pushes the Moon out of its normal orbit, casting Earth into a solar eclipse which shuts off Nuclear Man's powers. He then rescues Lacy from the arms of Nuclear Man, of whom he disposes by returning him to Earth and sealing him into the core of a nuclear power plant. Later, in a press conference, Superman declares only partial victory in his peace campaign, stating: "There will be peace when the people of the world want it so badly, that their governments will have no choice but to give it to them." Superman Returns Superman Returns (2006) According to dates on the Daily Planet newsapers, Superman Returns takes places in late September 2006. Five years earlier, Superman leaves Earth to try to find his former home world of Krypton after astronomers have supposedly found it, but finds nothing and returns home to Earth. During Superman's absence, Lois Lane becomes engaged to Perry White's nephew, Richard, and has a son named Jason. To make matters worse, Lex Luthor is at it again—after swindling an elderly, terminally ill woman. Luthor vows vengeance against the Man of Steel and contrives a new sinister plot, using the crystals of Krypton to build a new continent which would submerge the United States underwater. Embedded in the continent's structure is Kryptonite—the lethal substance that is Superman's only weakness. Upon learning of Luthor's sinister scheme, Clark confronts Luthor, who stabs him with a Kryptonite crystal, allowing Luthor and his goons to beat him down before he plunges into the depths of the sea. He is saved when Lois Lane and Perry White arrive in a chopper, and the former pulls the Kryptonite blade out of him. Clark foils Lex Luthor's plans, leaving him on a Stranded island before fainting and falling into a coma. Lois and Jason visit him at the hospital where Lois whispers that Jason is his son and then kisses him. Clark later awakens and visits Jason, reciting his father Jor-El's words to Jason as he sleeps. Lois starts writing another article, titled “Why the World Needs Superman”. Clark reassures her that he is now back to stay, and flies off to low orbit, where he gazes down at the world once again. Arrowverse Years after the events of Superman Returns Clark now works at the Daily Planet as its editor-in-chief after Lois, Perry, Jimmy, and his other friends were killed, when a "reject from Gotham" gassed the Daily Planet. Since the incident, Clark has worn an outfit similar to the Kingdom Come version of Superman. Clark and Lois of Earth-38 meet him and asks for his help, realizing that he is the Paragon of Truth, but then their universe's Lex Luthor appears with the Book of Destiny and brainwashes the Earth-96 Clark to attack Clark. The two fight, but Lois knocks Lex out, stopping the brainwashed Clark. Afterwards, they go to the Waverider, where he meets all the other heroes including his Earth-1 dopplegänger, Ray Palmer/Atom. When Lyla Michaels / Harbinger appears, possessed by the Anti-Monitor, she attacks the heroes and lets the anti-matter wave consume Earth-1, the last one in the Multiverse. Nash Wells / Pariah teleports the Paragons, including Clark, to the Vanishing Point, a place outside time. After the heroes' arrival, Clark falls and disappears as Lex was able to use the Book of Destiny and substitute himself as the Paragon of Truth. After the end of the Crisis, Earth-96 is recreated and Clark can be seen, his crest again red and yellow, hinting that the Daily Planet gassing was reversed and that Lois, Perry, and Jimmy are alive. Superman '78 After the events of Superman II, Clark Kent discusses his future as a reporter at the Daily Planet with his boss, Perry White, when Metropolis is suddenly attacked by a robot from outer space, which begins wreaking havoc on the streets while scanning the people and environment. Clark suits up as Superman and manages to destroy the robot, but not before it identifies him as a Kryptonian and informs its creator, Brainiac, an exterrastrial cyborg from the planet Colu who is the last of his kind and obsessed with preserving life and cultures. Superman takes the head of the robot and gives it to Lex Luthor (who was recently released on parole) to analyze. While discussing the robot with Lois Lane, Clark notices a large spaceship approaching the city. Brainiac arrives and demands Metropolis to hand Superman over to him, believing his presence is endangering Earth's ecosystem. Superman fends off the robots, but ultimately surrenders when Brainiac threatens to destroy the city. After taking him into his ship, Brainiac shrinks Clark and places him in the bottle city of Kandor, the last remains of Krypton that was preserved before the planet's destruction, where he discovers that a portion of Kryptonians survived, including his birth parents, Jor-El and Lara. Clark agrees to succeed his father as leader of Krypton's council affairs, but has a hard time adapting to the new environment. On Earth, Lex brings Lois into his secret hideout and reveals he planted a receiver on Superman before Brainiac took him. He allows Lois to use his space transmitter to communicate with Superman, which Brainiac is quickly alerted to. Lex reveals his plan was for Brainiac to intercept the transmission so he could challenge the alien's intellect. However, it instead encourages Brainiac to excise Metropolis and shrink it to preserve it like he's done for the other civilizations, leading Lex to flee in a hot air balloon. Jor-El finds the receiver on Superman's suit and realizes he can modify it to help Clark return to normal size and escape from the bottle. Despite Lara's protests, Clark agrees to the procedure so he can save Metropolis and Kandor. After returning to the ship and regaining his powers, Superman faces off against Brainiac and his legion of robots. He defeats the cyborg and retrieves all of the bottled civilizations before the core of the ship explodes, destroying Brainiac and his backup models. Metropolis begins plummeting back to the ground, but Superman helps the city land safely. Clark begins working on follow-up stories of the incident with Lois at the Daily Planet. He briefly stops at the Fortress of Solitude to talk with his parents, vowing to find a way to free them and the rest of the civilizations Brainiac had in his possession. Reception Christopher Reeve The character and the portrayal by Christopher Reeve has garnered positive reviews from film critics and many other journalists. American Film Institute ranked Reeve's take on Superman in the first film as the 26th greatest hero of all time in their AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains list. Business Insider placed Reeve's Superman as the fourth greatest superhero film performance out of twenty, while The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number three out of fifty top performances in a superhero film. In 2009, Entertainment Weekly placed Superman third on its list of the coolest heroes in pop culture. Mark Hughes of Forbes felt that Reeve portrays Superman and Clark Kent like two different people, and that it felt like watching two different actors on the screen. Ben Kuchera of Polygon opined that the "performance as both Clark Kent and Superman kept the characters distinct, and it was done through his body". Brandon Routh Routh's performance as Clark in Superman Returns received mixed reviews, Joe Morgenstern from The Wall Street Journal felt Routh's portrayal of Superman was "somewhat dead or super average. Nothing special." Roger Ebert also felt that Routh lacked "charisma as Superman", and surmised that he was only cast because of his resemblance to Reeve.Routh won the Saturn Award for Best Actor at the 33rd Saturn Awards for his portrayal of Superman. See also Superman curse Clark Kent (DC Extended Universe) Clark Kent (Superman & Lois) Clark Kent (Smallville) References Text was copied from Superman at Superman Anthology Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. Text was copied from Clark Kent / Superman (Arrowverse) at Wikipedia, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. Text was copied from Superman '78 (comic book) at Wikipedia, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. Text was copied from Superman III at Wikipedia, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. Text was copied from Superman (Superman Returns) Heroes Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. Text was copied from Superman Returns at Wikipedia, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. External links Kal-El (Donnerverse) on DC Database, a DC Comics wiki

Patersonia spirafolia

Patersonia spirafolia (common name - spiral-leaved Patersonia) is a species of plant in the iris family Iridaceae and is endemic to Western Australia.It was first described by Gregory John Keighery in 1990. There are no synonyms.

Patersonia spirafolia (common name - spiral-leaved Patersonia) is a species of plant in the iris family Iridaceae and is endemic to Western Australia.It was first described by Gregory John Keighery in 1990. There are no synonyms. Gallery Description Patersonia spirafolia is a perennial herb which grows to 50 cm high in tussocks up to 40 cm wide. It has a woody rootstock. The leaves are linear (20 cm by 5 mm) and spirally twisted. The leaf margins are fringed with soft hairs pointing towards the centre of the leaf. The reddish-green scape is up to 25 cm long, 1-2 mm wide. The structure which envelops the flower cluster is brown. The flowers have three broad, mauve sepals and three very small, upright, blue-violet petals.It is found to the south west of Badgingarra, growing on sand over laterite. == References ==

Willy Ley

Willy Otto Oskar Ley (October 2, 1906 – June 24, 1969) was a German and American science writer and proponent of cryptozoology. The crater Ley on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor.

Willy Otto Oskar Ley (October 2, 1906 – June 24, 1969) was a German and American science writer and proponent of cryptozoology. The crater Ley on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor. Early life and Berlin years Willy Otto Oskar Ley was the son of Julius Otto Ley, a traveling merchant, and Frida May, the daughter of a Lutheran sexton. Ley grew up in his native Berlin during the First World War under the supervision of two aunts. When war erupted his father was in Great Britain. Consequently, he spent the remainder of the war at a detention camp on the Isle of Man. Meanwhile, his mother worked as milliner in a distant city in Germany. As Ley later recalled he "grew up, so to speak, in the shadow of the Museum of Natural History in Berlin". When his school teacher asked him to compose an essay on the subject "What Do I Want to Be When I Am Grown and Why?", Ley responded: "I want to be an explorer." His teacher thought this silly, but Ley was unconvinced. At the University of Berlin, he studied astronomy, physics, zoology and paleontology. Ley explained, "I was never quite sure whether my studies would earn me the title of 'zoologist' or 'geologist', but I kept exploring, in a manner of speaking, looking especially into such corners as others had neglected." He then became interested in spaceflight after reading Hermann Oberth's book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space). Although it was a difficult technical book, Ley worked through the calculations and concluded that outer space would soon become the next great frontier of human exploration. Ley was so convinced by Oberth's book that he sat down at the age of 19 to write a popularization of its contents. He also began corresponding with every known rocket enthusiast in Europe, including Oberth himself. After publishing Die Fahrt ins Weltall (Travel in Outer Space) in 1926, Ley became one of the first members of Germany's amateur rocket group, the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR – "Spaceflight Society") in 1927 and wrote extensively for its journal, Die Rakete (The Rocket). Ley would eventually become the group's Vice-President during a time when it had no active President. Meanwhile, he was writing hundreds of short articles about rockets for German and foreign newspapers. Due to the influence of Ley and other popular science writers, such as Max Valier, Germans witnessed a short-lived "rocketry fad" in Berlin. From exhibits at public locations to large spectator events, such as Fritz von Opel's rocket-car stunts, the German public was excited about both the future possibilities of space travel and the potential for new "weapons of wonder" that could revive the German Empire. The "rocketry fad" culminated with Fritz Lang's 1929 film Die Frau im Mond (Woman in the Moon), which became the first realistic depiction of spaceflight in cinematic history. Although Oberth is often credited as the main technical consultant to the film, Ley's role was of central importance. Oberth was tasked with building a small rocket to be launched at the film's premiere. This project never materialized. However, Ley's work on the movie did. As director Fritz Lang later recalled, "The work he had done as consultant and advisor ... was amazing. The models of the spaceship, really a highly advanced model of a rocket, the trajectories and the orbits of the modular capsule from the earth, around the earth and to the moon and back ... were so accurate that in 1937 the Gestapo confiscated not only all models of the spaceship but also all foreign prints of the picture."Despite the many successes the "rocketry fad" could not be sustained during the early years of the Great Depression. The German public lost interest amidst economic turmoil. Meanwhile, some rocket researchers formed closer ties with the military, which greatly expanded under the leadership of Wernher von Braun. With the collapse of the VfR, the rise of a culture of necessary secrecy and the loss of public enthusiasm, Ley grew discouraged. He continued to write articles for the domestic and foreign press while he stayed in touch with close friends. Yet for the most part, Ley turned back to his original scientific interests, while writing a biography of Conrad Gessner (the "father" of modern zoology). To make ends meet, Ley also worked as a clerk and then manager at a Berlin bank. When the Nazis seized power, Ley's situation became increasingly desperate. He was horrified by National Socialism, its ideology and its style of violent politics. His perception of political events can be inferred from a short science fiction story "Fog", which Ley wrote in 1940 under the pen name of Robert Wiley. It is a biographical narrative about an office manager dealing with the everyday effects of totalitarianism. Although the story is set in New York City during a failed Communist revolution, it is clear that Ley is retelling his personal experiences in Berlin. In fact, John Campbell, the editor of Astounding, requested that Ley center the narrative on his personal experience. Ley not only disliked the irrational nature of German politics, but he also associated the Nazis with the rise of "Pseudo-science". To make matters worse, Ley had an established reputation as an international scientist, who openly shared and popularized technical information about rocketry, while his articles continued to be republished by foreign newspapers throughout 1934. In January 1935, Ley used company stationery to write a letter that authorized his vacation in London. Carrying only his favorite books, a few changes of clothing and travel documentation, Ley fled Germany for the United Kingdom and ultimately the United States. In the United States In 1936, he supervised operations of two rocket planes carrying mail at Greenwood Lake, New York. Ley was an avid reader of science fiction, and began publishing scientific articles in American science fiction magazines, beginning with "The Dawn of the Conquest of Space" in the March 1937 issue of Astounding Stories. In the February 1937 issue of that same magazine, he had published a science fiction short story "At the Perihelion" under the pseudonym Robert Wiley, which was later reprinted as "A Martian Adventure" in the 1962 anthology Great Science Fiction by Scientists (Collier Books, Groff Conklin, ed.). He was a member of science fiction fandom as well, attending science fiction conventions, and was eventually a Guest of Honor at Philcon II, the 1953 World Science Fiction Convention. In 1940 Ley joined the staff of PM. In the winter of 1941 he met the paper's fitness columnist and model, Olga Feldmann (1912–2001). They became engaged on December 11 and married on Christmas Eve.His book Rockets – the Future of Travel Beyond the Stratosphere (1944) describes the early rockets at VfR and more futuristic projects to reach the moon using a 3-stage rocket "as high as 1/3 of the Empire State Building" – a very good estimate of the height of the Saturn V rocket designed 20 years later. His works from the 1950s and '60s are regarded as classics of popular science and include The Conquest of Space 1949 (with Chesley Bonestell), The Conquest of the Moon (with Wernher von Braun and Fred Whipple, 1953), and Beyond the Solar System (1964). His book, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, (1957) was cited in the Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications, a staff report of the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration of the U.S. House of Representatives, which provided non-technical information about spaceflight to U.S. policy makers. Ley had a regular science column called "For Your Information" in Galaxy Science Fiction from March 1952 until his death. Ley participated in "Man in Space", a 1955 episode of Disneyland which explained spaceflight to a large television audience. Fellow Galaxy columnist Floyd C. Gale wrote that Ley "has become as familiar to TV audiences as Howdy Doody". In the late 1950s, he designed for Monogram models a range of space vehicles. The kits included informational booklets on space travel written by Ley. He also consulted for the Tom Corbett, Space Cadet series of children's science fiction books and TV series, as well as the 1959 feature film entitled The Space Explorers. Robert A. Heinlein honored him by mentioning a future "Leyport" on the Moon in his 1952 juvenile novel The Rolling Stones. Likewise and long after his death, Larry Niven and Steven Barnes named a future Space Shuttle the “Willy Ley” in their 1982 novel The Descent of Anansi. In 1954, Ley wrote Engineers' Dreams in which he discussed 'Seven Future Wonders of the World'. These included accurate predictions of the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France and commercial wind, solar and geothermal power. Other schemes were less practical: damming the River Jordan to provide power and irrigation to Israel/Palestine and the plans of fellow German Herman Sörgel to drain the Mediterranean to link Europe with Africa and create the new continent of Atlantropa. He was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery solvers the Black Widowers. Ley died at the age of 62 on June 24, 1969 – less than a month before men first landed on the Moon – in his home in Jackson Heights, Queens, where he had lived with his family since the mid-1950s. Cryptozoology Ley was best known for his books on rocketry and related topics, but he also wrote a number of books about cryptozoology, a pseudoscience. In 1949, Ley published an article Do Prehistoric Monsters Still Exist? which popularised the living dinosaur idea and included a discussion on the Mokele-mbembe legend. Ley collected much source material on anomalous animals for his writings. Science historian Brian Regal has noted that Ley "copied entire chapters of Heuvelmans's On the Track of Unknown Animals for his own reference." Bibliography Die Fahrt ins Weltall. Hachmeister & Thal. 1926. Das Drachenbuch: Plaudereien von Echsen, Lurchen und Vorweltsaurien. Theringer Verlags-Anstalt/H. Bartholomaeus. 1927. Mars der Kriegsplanet. Hachmeister & Thal. 1927. Eiszeit. Theringer Verlags-Anstalt/H. Bartholomaeus. 1927. Konrad Gessner: Leben und Werk. Muenchner Drucke. 1929. Grundriss einer Geschichte der Rakete. Hachmeister & Thal. 1932. Luftschutz-ABC. Hachmeister & Thal. 1934. The Lungfish and the Unicorn: An Excursion into Romantic Zoology. Modern Age Books. 1941. The Days of Creation: A Biography of Our Planet. Modern Age Books. 1941. Bombs and Bombing. Modern Age Books. 1941. Shells and Shooting. Modern Age Books. 1942. Rockets: The Future of Travel Beyond the Stratosphere. Viking Press. 1944. The Lungfish, the Dodo, & the Unicorn: An Excursion Into Romantic Zoology (expanded edition of The Lungfish and the Unicorn). Viking Press. 1948. (with Chesley Bonestell) (1949). The Conquest of Space. Dragons in Amber: Further Adventures of a Romantic Naturalist. Sidgwick & Jackson. 1951. (with L. Sprague de Camp) (1952). Lands Beyond. Rinehart & Company. (with Wernher Von Braun; et al. (1953). The Complete Book of Outer Space. Maco Magazine Corporation. (with Wernher von Braun; Fred Lawrence Whipple) (1953) [1952 – Collier's, "Man on the Moon"]. Cornelius Ryan (ed.). Conquest of the Moon. illustrated by Chesley Bonestell, Fred Freeman, Rolf Klep. New York: The Viking Press. Engineers' Dreams. Viking Press. 1954. ISBN 978-9997483218. Salamanders and other Wonders. Viking Press. 1955. (with Wernher Von Braun) (1956). The Exploration of Mars. Viking Press. Adventure in Space: Space Pilots. Guild Press. 1957. Man-Made Satellites. Guild Press. 1957. Space Pilots. Guild Press. 1957. (with Wernher Von Braun) (1957). The Complete Book of Satellites and Outer Space (2nd ed.). Maco Magazine Corporation. Adventure in Space: Space Stations. Guild Press. 1958. Adventure in Space: Space Travel. Guild Press. 1958. Satellites, Rockets and Outer Space. New American Library. 1958. Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel. New York: The Viking Press. 1958. Willy Ley's Exotic Zoology. Random House. 1959. ISBN 0-517-62545-8. Mars and Beyond: A Tomorrowland Adventure. L.W. Singer. 1959 [adapted for school use by Willy Ley]. Tomorrow the Moon: A Tomorrowland Adventure. L.W. Singer. 1959 [adapted for school use by Willy Ley]. Rockets (published lectures). Doubleday. 1960. Ballistics. Nelson Doubleday. 1961. Planets. Nelson Doubleday. 1961. The Poles. LIFE Nature Library. 1962. Harnessing Space. New York: MacMillan. 1963. p. 314. Watchers of the Sky: An Informal History of Astronomy From Babylon to the Space Age. Viking Press. 1963. Fire. Doubleday. 1963. Beyond the Solar System. Viking Press. 1964. Missiles, Moonprobes, and Megaparsecs. New American Library. 1964. Our Work in Space. MacMillan. 1964. ISBN 1-251-02668-0. Ranger to the Moon. New American Library. 1965. Mariner IV to Mars. New American Library. 1966. ISBN 1-251-02668-0. Willy Ley's For Your Information: On Earth and in the Sky. Doubleday. 1967. The Borders of Mathematics. Pyramid Publications. 1967. Rockets, Missiles, and Men In Space (revision of Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel). Signet Books/Viking. 1968. Inside the Orbit of the Earth. McGraw Hill. 1968. Dawn of Zoology. Prentice-Hall. 1968. ISBN 600-03-8663-X. The Meteorite Craters. Illustrated by John Bierhorst. Weybright and Talley. 1968.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Discovery of the Elements. Delacourte. 1968. Another Look at Atlantis and Fifteen Other Essays. Doubleday. 1969. ISBN 0-517-14543-X. Events in Space. Popular Library. 1969. Visitors from Afar: The Comets. McGraw Hill. 1969. Bibcode:1969vfac.book.....L. Gas Giants: The Largest Planets. McGraw-Hill. 1969. The Drifting Continents. Weybright and Talley. 1969. Willy Ley's Worlds of the Past. Illustrated by Rudolph Zallinger. Golden Press. 1971.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) References and notes Further reading Buss, Jared S. Willy Ley: Prophet of the Space Age (University Press of Florida, 2017) online review Geppert, Alexander C. T. (2008). "Space Personae: Cosmopolitan Networks of Peripheral Knowledge, 1927–1957". Journal of Modern European History. 6 (2): 262–286. doi:10.17104/1611-8944_2008_2_262. S2CID 147176114. Archived from the original on 2014-03-22. External links Works by Willy Ley at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Willy Ley at Internet Archive Willy Ley at Library of Congress, with 55 library catalogue records Willy Ley at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Dr. Willy Ley (August 4, 1952)" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive Disneyland - Man in Space - Part 1 of 4. Video in which Dr. Ley explains principles of rocketry at 11:36 Willy Ley Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

Rio (Chinese drink)

Rio (Chinese: RIO锐澳鸡尾酒) is a Chinese ready to drink alcopop beverage brand conceived in 2003 and manufactured by Shanghai Bacchus Limited Company, an arm of the Australian-based Bacchus Distillery. Rio is a member of the China Alcoholic Drinks Association, and was inducted in 2010. Along with Breezer, Rio is one of the largest alcopop producers in China where both the brands share a combined two-thirds of the alcopop market in China. Rio generated revenue of 365 million yuan (US$59 million) in the first half of 2014. In 2016, Bacchus reached a partnership with Veolia Water Technologies China.

Rio (Chinese: RIO锐澳鸡尾酒) is a Chinese ready to drink alcopop beverage brand conceived in 2003 and manufactured by Shanghai Bacchus Limited Company, an arm of the Australian-based Bacchus Distillery. Rio is a member of the China Alcoholic Drinks Association, and was inducted in 2010. Along with Breezer, Rio is one of the largest alcopop producers in China where both the brands share a combined two-thirds of the alcopop market in China. Rio generated revenue of 365 million yuan (US$59 million) in the first half of 2014. In 2016, Bacchus reached a partnership with Veolia Water Technologies China. Background and naming The founder of Rio was present at a wine tasting event in Singapore. However, in the 90's, most alcohol brands used only single wine-based ingredients. He was puzzled by the few types of juices that could form a good taste with alcohol. He then studied chuhai cocktails in Japan to suit the tastebuds of Asians before launching the product in 2003. Unlike its Japanese counterparts, Rio was sold in glass bottles instead of aluminium cans as the founder believed that cocktails are better received by consumers when packaged in glass. The brand was given the name Rio to evoke the tropical feel of Brazil's Rio de Janeiro. Marketing Rio is the title sponsor for multiple Chinese dramas, movies and variety shows. Rio's products are endorsed in the shows, which include drama Boss & Me, Love O2O, top variety show Keep Running and many more. Yang Yang and Amber Kuo are currently the spokespersons for Rio, succeeding Zhou Xun. Lawsuit In 2017, Bacchus filed an action with the Beijing Dongcheng District People's Court against Tonghua Dongte Wine Co., Ltd. for unfair competition in which the former claims of Dongte's "BIO" series has infringed its "RIO" series's appearance and packaging. The court hearing rendered Bacchus with compensations of RMB 3 million in damages. == References ==

Church of St Michael, Alnham

The Church of St Michael in Alnham, in the English county of Northumberland, is a medieval structure dating from circa 1200. Built on a Roman camp site, it is mentioned in records dating to 1291; it is a Grade I listed building.

The Church of St Michael in Alnham, in the English county of Northumberland, is a medieval structure dating from circa 1200. Built on a Roman camp site, it is mentioned in records dating to 1291; it is a Grade I listed building. Parish The Parish of Alnham is situated in the northwest of Northumberland, and the small village lies within 8 miles (13 km) of the Scottish border. The Oliverian Survey of Church Livings, 1650, says:— "That the Parish of Alneham was formerly a Viccaridge, the Earle of Northumberland Patron thereof, Mr. Thompson Viccar, and the value of the said Viccaridge worth twenty pounds p'annu," while the Rentals and Rates of 1663 show that the neighbouring landowners then held the rectorial tithes. Amongst the papers belonging to the parish now in the possession of the Vicar is:—"A Terrier of the Gleeb Land belonging to the Vicaridg of Alneham in the County of Northumberland and Diocese of Durham. Imp".—There is a vicarage house which is an old ruined tower. The parish register begins in 1688. Geography The church stands on the site of a small Roman camp, "which most probably has been for a Centurion's guard to protect the herds of cattle when grazing during summer, in the rich pastures on the banks of the river Aln, above Whittingham." The Transitional-style church is situated in a pastoral district near the source of the Aln. Nearby are the remains of a castle, and a pele tower that was later used as the vicarage house. The church is sited on a slope. History While the walls are indicative of the period in which it was erected, very few records are available regarding the church's early history and its pre-Reformation rectors. Like most of the ancient parish churches, it would have been built and endowed by the early owners of the manor, but towards the end of the 12th century, William de Vesci granted Alnham Church to the monks of Alnwick Abbey via a charter. It is in this charter (dated 1184) where the first written evidence of the church is found. Its style of architecture corresponds with that period. It would appear that the monastic brethren rebuilt the church, as it was their usual custom either to rebuild or beautify churches that were given to them. In the Taxatio Ecclesiastica—a tax made on all church property about 129—Alnham Rectory was valued at £31. The Nonarum inquisitiones of 1340 states its value was £37 13s. 4d.In the king's books (Henry VIII, early 16th century), it was valued at £3 7s. as a discharged vicarage. During the reign of Elizabeth, it was also £3 7s. It is part of a formal document written in 1597, by Henry, the ninth Earl of Northumberland, to Thomas Percy. For many years this Thomas Percy, one of the leaders in the Gunpowder Plot, was constable of Alnwick Castle, and auditor and commissioner to the Earl. Notice of Alnham Church is found in Tate's 1866 The History of the borough, Barony and Castle of Alnwick, Vol. I. It is dedicated to St. Michael, the most popular Saint in north Northumberland, with no less than eight churches in the Archdeaconry of Lindisfarne dedicated to him. Architecture Although the building appears to date from about 1200, older features include Saxon quoins within the nave. The church is constructed in the style of architecture which prevailed during the early part of the reign of Edward III (mid-1300s), though some of the windows are of more modern construction.Building features include a bell-cot, a lower chancel, a porch, and a three-bay arcade. There was a north aisle in previous centuries. There are north and south transepts, though only the south one is part of the original construction. The north transept was used as a Sunday school. The chancel has a Transitional arch. There are four buttresses at the west end and two at the north and south. Some of the ancient windows are preserved. The church restorers of the 18th century inserted a few sash windows, and in some minor matters otherwise impaired its integrity. Elements from 16th and 17th-century work include a porch and doorway. A strong roof was added in about 1840.In 1862, the church was described as having a rickety door and mildewed walls. The western end contained an Early Transitional single window. The rest of the window openings had been modernised and filled with common sashes, which were rotten, letting in wind and rain. The east end had a small square sash, such as is ordinarily provided for a scullery or any inferior office. Three of the pews were square, with a table fixed in the centre of each; a fourth formed three sides of a quadrangle that was occupied by a stove. Fungi abounded, and the pavement was sodden and damp. Ruin was considered imminent unless precautions were taken to avert it. In 1870, the church underwent a careful restoration under the supervision of the architect F. R. Wilson of Alnwick. The bell-cot, which had been lowered to the porch, was to be re-erected on the west gable. Sashes were to be taken out and replaced with windows corresponding with the character of the building. New sittings were to be furnished for the nave, and stalls for the chancel. Fittings The communion plate consists of four pieces, a cup, a paten, a small, straight-sided flagon, and a brass alms dish. The small bowl font, which dates to 1664, has heraldic devices; the symbols associate it with the Percy family. On the chancel floor, there are tomb slabs. The bell is inscribed "Alnham," Nov. 1759". Within the walls of the church and on the outside grounds, there are several tablets and gravestones. An inscription on a mural tablet is in memory of the Collingwoods who were at one time an important family in the area. == References ==

Yang Baibing

Yang Baibing (Chinese: 杨白冰; pinyin: Yáng Báibīng; 9 September 1920 – 15 January 2013) was a Chinese military officer. He was a senior general and political commissar in the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the younger half-brother of Yang Shangkun. Together, the two brothers effectively controlled the PLA from the early 1980s until the early 1990s.

Yang Baibing (Chinese: 杨白冰; pinyin: Yáng Báibīng; 9 September 1920 – 15 January 2013) was a Chinese military officer. He was a senior general and political commissar in the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the younger half-brother of Yang Shangkun. Together, the two brothers effectively controlled the PLA from the early 1980s until the early 1990s. Biography Yang was born as Yang Shangzheng (杨尚正; 楊尚正; Yáng Shàngzhèng) in Tongnan, Chongqing, on 9 September 1920. He became a guerrilla fighter in 1937, after Japan invaded China and joined the Chinese Communist Party in March 1938. He graduated from the Military–Political University, the Central Party School, and the "Northern Shaanxi Public School", which trained security and intelligence officers for the Communist Party's Central Social Affairs Department. Many years later, in 1958, he also graduated from the Higher Political Academy of the PLA. Yang had a long and eventful military career, serving as both battlefield commander and political commissar. He fought in the Second Sino–Japanese War and subsequently in the Chinese Civil War, which led to the victory of the CCP and the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. From 1949 until 1966 and the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, Yang continuously served in the Southwest, and took part in the invasion and conquest of Tibet in 1950–51, as well as the crushing of the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion. In 1960 he became Deputy Director, and in 1964 Director, of the Political Department of the Chengdu Military Region. Along with his half-brother Yang Shangkun, Yang Baibing was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, being arrested, imprisoned and expelled from the Party in November 1966. He remained in prison for almost a decade, until he was released in 1975. In 1978, both Yang brothers made their comeback as allies of Deng Xiaoping. Yang Baibing went on to serve as: Director of the Political Department and Deputy Political Commissar of the Beijing Military Region (1978–1985) Political Commissar of the Beijing Military Region (1985–1987) Director of the PLA General Political Department (1987–1992) Secretary–General of the Central Military Commission (1989–1992) Full Member of the Politburo (1992–1997)Together with his brother Yang Shangkun, Yang Baibing played a leading role in crushing the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and was a main planner of the actual operations to clear the square and violently suppress all opposition. The PLA 27th Group Army, which arrived from Hebei and killed several hundred protesters, was commanded by his son, Yang Jianhua. In the early 1990s, Yang was one of many top Chinese officials who pushed for a strategic partnership with Russia, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, despite the fact that just a few years earlier, in the 1980s, the PLA was very active in aiding the Mujahedeen against the Soviets in Afghanistan. Yang himself was very active in coordinating military assistance to the Afghans throughout the 1980s, which eventually included weapons such as heavy machine guns, rocket launchers and anti-aircraft artillery.Yang died in Beijing on 15 January 2013, at the age of 92. == References ==

Government House, Hong Kong

Government House, located on Government Hill in Central, Hong Kong, is the official residence of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. It was constructed in 1855 as a Colonial Renaissance-style building, but was significantly remodelled during the Japanese occupation, resulting in the current hybrid Japanese-neoclassical form. Government House was the official residence of the Governor from 1855 to 1997, when the territory was under British rule. Of the 28 governors of Hong Kong, 25 used this building as their official residence. Located between Upper Albert Road and Lower Albert Road, Mid-Levels, Central, Government House is on a 24,000-square-metre (5.9-acre) plot of land.

Government House, located on Government Hill in Central, Hong Kong, is the official residence of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. It was constructed in 1855 as a Colonial Renaissance-style building, but was significantly remodelled during the Japanese occupation, resulting in the current hybrid Japanese-neoclassical form. Government House was the official residence of the Governor from 1855 to 1997, when the territory was under British rule. Of the 28 governors of Hong Kong, 25 used this building as their official residence. Located between Upper Albert Road and Lower Albert Road, Mid-Levels, Central, Government House is on a 24,000-square-metre (5.9-acre) plot of land. Its front elevation faces south towards the Peak, while right below its northern part are the former Central Government Offices (currently the Justice Place). Government House is a declared monument under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance. History/Timeline Government House was designed by Charles St George Cleverly. Construction started in 1851, eight years after Hong Kong became a British colony, and took four years to complete. The first Governor to live there was Sir John Bowring, the fourth Governor of the territory. The last one was the last Governor, Chris Patten. Government House also housed the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1855 to the 1930s. The Council used the ballroom from 1891 onward During the Japanese occupation during the Second World War (1941–1945), it was occupied by the Japanese Military Governor. The form of the building was changed to a hybrid Japanese/neoclassical image by Seichi Fujimura (藤村正一 Fujimura Seiichi) in 1944, primarily through the addition of a tower and roof elements. On 16 September 1945, the Instrument of Surrender was signed at Government House. The Japanese fittings of Government House were removed in 1946, but the tower remains to this day. During 1947 to 1957, two sculptured stone lions were erected at the entrance. During 1971 to 1982, a kidney-shaped swimming pool was built in the garden. During 1982 to 1986, an ornamental pool with a fountain was created at the foot of the main stairs leading down from the north Veranda. During 1987 to 1992, a small pergola on the lower terrace was erected and the water feature of the main garden staircase was converted into an impressive planter. Government House was declared a monument in 1995 under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance. After the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the House became a reception for ceremonies (such as the conferring of Honours and formal banquets). Tung Chee Hwa, the first chief executive, did not reside in Government House but rather at Grenville House. During 1997 to 2005, a bonsai gallery was introduced in the Veranda. Donald Tsang, the second Chief Executive, moved into Government House in January 2006, following extensive renovations. The Standard criticised that the renovation cost was estimated at HK$14.5 million, including a sum of HK$300,000 allocated to a new fish pond designed to accommodate Tsang's collection of koi.During 2005 to 2012, an outdoor fish pond was added in the back garden. During 2012 to 2017, three-bin composting system was added in the back garden. In 2017, one of the tennis courts was converted into a Landscaped Area. In 2022, HK$2.8 million was spent to renovate the house, before John Lee moved in. Major features Exterior The main entrance of the house faces south towards Victoria Peak. Down on the northern side is the Former Central Government Offices, where most government secretariat offices were situated until 2011. The carriage porch at the front with granite frames is a notable architectural feature of Government House The exterior of Government House is plastered in Art Deco style. Government House has its unique character and historical meanings with a blend of different architectural styles added on over more than a century. Garden Government House has a front lawn and a back garden with dazzling flowers. Originally planted in 1919, the multi-coloured azaleas bloom every spring. There is also a rare species of tree, Brownea grandiceps (Rose of Venezuela), originating from South America and listed in the Register of Old and Valuable Trees of the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Seven metres tall, with a crown spread of nine metres, this tree has been maintained in superb condition by the dedicated horticultural staff. Indeed, there are many mature trees on the grounds. Among those trees stands the giant Litchi chinensis. The garden also features a kidney-shaped swimming pool and an outdoor fish pond. Interior Ballroom – The Ballroom is used for hosting banquets for guests from home and abroad. It is also the venue for the Honours and Awards Presentation Ceremony and various community engagement activities. Dining Room – The Dining Room is used for banquets of smaller scale for guests from home and abroad. Drawing Room – The Drawing Room is used for receiving guests and holding meetings. Its walls and ceilings are embellished with exquisite plaster mouldings. Gate Lodges and Government House Guards At the front entrance on Upper Albert Road, there are two buildings with an iron gate known as the Gate Lodges. Built in 1855, they are the oldest structures of Government House. They were designed by Surveyor General Charles St. George Cleverly who was in charge of the construction of the first generation of Government House in the 1850s. The lodges once housed the Government House Guards, who stood in front of the house and protected the Governor of Hong Kong. Various units of the British Army stationed in Hong Kong were used as guard units. 1st Battalion of the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment 1962-63 C Company of the 1st Battalion of the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment Berkshire and WiltshireFollowing the handover in 1997, officers of the Hong Kong Police have guarded the building. Open days The garden of Government House is opened twice a year to the public. At least one will be arranged in spring to enable members of the public to share the delight in viewing the full bloom of the azaleas. Visitors are usually allowed to pass by the drawing room, dining room and ballroom where key official functions are held. The open days are generally arranged during weekends. Dates are announced through press releases one week in advance. No admission fee is charged. Booking The ballroom of Government House was made available in the 1990s on three Fridays each month for bookings by charitable, non-profit or public organisations to host events that benefit the community. The nature of the event under application must be well-matched with the identity of Government House as an important historical monument of Hong Kong and with its status as a dignified location for the Hong Kong Government to hold official functions. In early 2006, the Chief Executive moved into Government House and used it as official residence and office. Most of the staff in the Chief Executive's Office have also been relocated to Government House to support the Chief Executive. Since then, Government House is no longer available for booking due to security and operational reasons. Other official residences In 1900, Mountain Lodge, on Victoria Peak, was built as an alternate summer home for the Governor, a role it retained until 1934. The building survived until 1946, but today only the Gate Lodge and Victoria Peak Garden remain. One of three "GOVERNOR'S RESIDENCE" marking stones of the former Mountain Lodge was erected in the small flower bed in front of the entrance of the Government House in 1980. From 1934, Fanling Lodge, in the New Territories, was used as a summer residence for the Governor. It has retained this role, and is now the alternative residence of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. The Lodge is occupied mainly at weekends and on holidays. Feng shui According to The New York Times, alleged bad feng shui was the reason Tung Chee Hwa refused to live or work in Government House upon becoming Chief Executive. During his terms as Chief Executive, he was still heavily criticised by Hong Kongers, and his popularity fell well below 40% by the time of his resignation.The Standard believed Tung's reason to stay away from the mansion was political: a subtle effort to reduce the age-old British legacy over Hong Kong. Other sources mention that "it was the warning about spying devices [installed throughout Government House] that scared him away". Staff There are 20 housekeeping positions at the house. The senior chef is paid around HK$30,000 per month. See also Government House Government Houses of the British Empire Governor of Hong Kong History of Hong Kong List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong List of official residences References External links Government House, official website Government House Archived 6 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Antiquities and Monuments Office

Craig Allen (meteorologist)

Craig Allen (born January 25, 1957, Brooklyn, New York) is a meteorologist whose weather reports can be heard weekdays on WCBS Newsradio 880 (880 AM radio) in New York City and globally on Audacy.com. He also does freelance forecasting for the News 12 Networks. He recently returned to CBS2 Weekend mornings to help out the First Alert Weather Team after the tragic passing of one of their members Allen previously worked for WCBS-TV until September 2006 including CBS This Morning from 1996-1999. He has also done part time work for WNYW-TV and was the weekend meteorologist at WPIX-TV from 2010 to 2020. Allen is a graduate of Farmingdale High School.

Craig Allen (born January 25, 1957, Brooklyn, New York) is a meteorologist whose weather reports can be heard weekdays on WCBS Newsradio 880 (880 AM radio) in New York City and globally on Audacy.com. He also does freelance forecasting for the News 12 Networks. He recently returned to CBS2 Weekend mornings to help out the First Alert Weather Team after the tragic passing of one of their members Allen previously worked for WCBS-TV until September 2006 including CBS This Morning from 1996-1999. He has also done part time work for WNYW-TV and was the weekend meteorologist at WPIX-TV from 2010 to 2020. Allen is a graduate of Farmingdale High School. He earned his bachelor's degree from Stony Brook University in 1979 and has been the chief meteorologist on WCBS since 1981. On April 27, 2021, Allen began his 40th year with WCBS-AM/880. He is now the longest running primary meteorologist on a radio station in the country according to CBS News, the New York Daily News and an interview with Jerry Barmash from the New York Examiner/Fish Bowl NY. See also New Yorkers in journalism == References ==

Forbidden fruit

In Jewish mythology, forbidden fruit is a name given to the fruit growing in the Garden of Eden which God commands mankind not to eat. In the biblical story, Adam and Eve eat the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and are exiled from Eden: And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. As a metaphor outside of the Abrahamic religions, the phrase typically refers to any indulgence or pleasure that is considered illegal or immoral.

In Jewish mythology, forbidden fruit is a name given to the fruit growing in the Garden of Eden which God commands mankind not to eat. In the biblical story, Adam and Eve eat the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and are exiled from Eden: And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. As a metaphor outside of the Abrahamic religions, the phrase typically refers to any indulgence or pleasure that is considered illegal or immoral. Biblical story The story of the Book of Genesis places the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, in the Garden of Eden, where they may eat the fruit of many trees, but are forbidden by God to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. In Genesis 3, a serpent tempts the woman: And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die:For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. Desiring this knowledge, the woman eats the forbidden fruit and gives some to the man, who also eats it. They become aware of their nakedness and make fig-leaf clothes, and hide themselves when God approaches. When confronted, Adam tells God that Eve gave him the fruit to eat, and Eve tells God that the serpent deceived her into eating it. God then curses the serpent, the woman, then the man, and expels the man and woman from the Garden before they ate of the tree of eternal life. Quranic story According to the Quran, Surah Al-A'raf 7:19 describes Adam and his wife in Paradise where they may eat what is provided, except for one Tree they must not eat from, lest they be considered Ẓālimūn (Arabic: ظالمون; 'wrongdoers').Surah Al-A'raf 7:20–22 describes Shaitan (Arabic: شيطان), who whispers to Adam and his wife and deceives them. When they tasted of the tree, their nakedness was exposed to them, prompting them to cover themselves with leaves from Paradise. Then their Lord called out to them, "Did I not forbid you from that tree and ˹did I not˺ tell you that Satan is your sworn enemy?" Gnostic story A Gnostic interpretation of the story proposes that it was the archons who created Adam and attempted to prevent him from eating the forbidden fruit in order to keep him in a state of ignorance, after the spiritual form of Eve entered the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil while leaving a physical version of herself with Adam once she awakened him. However, the forces of the heavenly realm (Pleroma) sent the serpent as a representative of the divine sphere to reveal to Adam and Eve the evil intentions of their creators. The serpent succeeded in convincing them to eat the fruit and become like gods, capable of distinguishing between good and evil. Identifications and depictions The word fruit appears in Hebrew as פֶּ֫רִי‎, pərî. As to which fruit may have been the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden, possibilities include an apple, grapes, a pomegranate, a fig, carob, etrog or citron, pear, quince, and mushrooms. The pseudepigraphic Book of Enoch describes the tree of knowledge: "It was like a species of the Tamarind tree, bearing fruit which resembled grapes extremely fine; and its fragrance extended to a considerable distance. I exclaimed, How beautiful is this tree, and how delightful is its appearance!" (1 Enoch 31:4).In Islamic tradition, the fruit is commonly either identified with wheat or with grapevine. Apple In Western Europe, the fruit was often depicted as an apple. This was possibly because of a misunderstanding of – or a pun on – two unrelated words mālum, a native Latin noun which means 'evil' (from the adjective malus), and mâlum, another Latin noun, borrowed from Greek μῆλον, which means 'apple'. In the Vulgate, Genesis 2:17 describes the tree as "de ligno autem scientiae boni et mali": "but of the tree [literally 'wood'] of knowledge of good and evil" (mali here is the genitive of malum). According to the Bible, there is nothing to show the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge was necessarily an apple.The larynx, specifically the laryngeal prominence that joins the thyroid cartilage, in the human throat is noticeably more prominent in males and was consequently called an Adam's apple, from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit getting stuck in Adam's throat as he swallowed it. Grape Rabbi Meir says that the fruit was a grape, made into wine. The Zohar explains similarly that Noah attempted (but failed) to rectify the sin of Adam by using grape wine for holy purposes. The midrash of Bereishit Rabah states that the fruit was grape, or squeezed grapes (perhaps alluding to wine). Chapter 4 of 3 Baruch, also known as the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch, designates the fruit as the grape. 3 Baruch is a first to third century text that is either Christian or Jewish with Christian interpolations. Fig The Bible states in the book of Genesis that Adam and Eve had made their own fig leaf clothing: "And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves girdles". Rabbi Nehemiah Hayyun supports the idea that the fruit was a fig, as it was from fig leaves that Adam and Eve made garments for themselves after eating the fruit. "By that with which they were made low were they rectified." Since the fig is a long-standing symbol of female sexuality, it enjoyed a run as a favorite understudy to the apple as the forbidden fruit during the Italian Renaissance, Michelangelo Buonarroti depicting it as such in his fresco on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Pomegranate Proponents of the theory that the Garden of Eden was located somewhere in what is now known as the Middle East suggest that the fruit was actually a pomegranate, as it is one of the earliest domesticated plants on the Eastern Mediterranean. The association of the pomegranate with knowledge of the underworld as provided in the Ancient Greek legend of Persephone may also have given rise to an association with knowledge of the otherworld, tying-in with knowledge that is forbidden to mortals. It is also believed Hades offered Persephone a pomegranate to force her to stay with him in the underworld. Hades is the Greek god of the underworld and the Bible states that whoever eats the forbidden fruit shall die. Wheat Rabbi Yehuda proposes that the fruit was wheat, because "a baby does not know to call its mother and father until it tastes the taste of grain."In Hebrew, wheat is khitah, which has been considered to be a pun on khet, meaning "sin".Although commonly confused with a seed, in the study of botany a wheat berry is technically a simple fruit known as a caryopsis, which has the same structure as an apple. Just as an apple is a fleshy fruit that contains seeds, a grain is a dry fruit that absorbs water and contains a seed. The confusion comes from the fact that the fruit of a grass happens to have a form similar to some seeds. Mushroom A fresco in the 13th-century Plaincourault Abbey in France depicts Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, flanking a Tree of Knowledge that has the appearance of a gigantic Amanita muscaria, a psychoactive mushroom.Terence McKenna proposed that the forbidden fruit was a reference to psychotropic plants and fungi, specifically psilocybin mushrooms, which he theorized played a central role in the evolution of the human brain. Earlier, in a well-documented but heavily criticized study, John M. Allegro proposed the mushroom as the forbidden fruit. Banana Several proponents of the theory that the forbidden fruit was a banana exist dating from the 13th century. In Nathan HaMe'ati's 13th-century translation of Maimonides's work The Medical Aphorisms of Moses, the banana is called the "apple of Eden". In the 16th century, Menahem Lonzano considered it common knowledge in Syria and Egypt that the banana was the apple of Eden. Coco de mer Charles George Gordon identified the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge with the coco de mer. Parallel concepts Greek mythology The similarities of the story to the story of Pandora's box were identified by early Christians such as Tertullian, Origen, and Gregory of Nazianzus. See also Grapefruit, originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados. Medieval popular Bible Ningishzida Pomme d'Adammo Serpent seed References External links Genesis 2:16–17 – English–Hebrew comparison at mechon-mamre.org

List of adaptive radiated Hawaiian honeycreepers by form

This is a List of adaptive radiated Hawaiian honeycreepers by form; these are the Hawaiian honeycreepers, especially the extinct forms, lost through late-European colonization. (These are adaptive radiative equivalents.)

This is a List of adaptive radiated Hawaiian honeycreepers by form; these are the Hawaiian honeycreepers, especially the extinct forms, lost through late-European colonization. (These are adaptive radiative equivalents.) Finch-like ? species Hummingbird-like ? species Parrot-like ? species Unique: longhorn beetle larva hunter-(parrot-like bill) 1 species-? Warbler-like ? species Woodpecker-like ? species Surviving forms: non-Prehistoric, not extinct Finch-like ? species (Finch-like) (secondary: hummingbird-like)--(Hawaiian lobelioid-specialist) 1 speciesTrue hummingbird-like species are all extinct. Parrot-like 4 species Warbler-like ? species(the only warbler-like?, (the other amakihi 's radiated-?)) Woodpecker-like 1 species Alphabetical listing Surviving forms in list References Wilson, Eisner, Briggs, Dickerson, Metzenberg, O'Brien, Susman, & boggs. Life on Earth, Edward O. Wilson, Thomas Eisner, Winslow R. Briggs, Richard E. Dickerson, Robert L. Metzenberg, Richard D. O'Brien, Millard Susman, William E. boggs, c 1973, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publisher, Stamford, Connecticut. 1033 pp, 19 p Index & Back Page (hardcover, ISBN 0-87893-934-2) See also Hawaiian honeycreepers Adaptive radiation Honeycreepers

Ardgowan House

Ardgowan House, Castle & Gardens is a Privately owned late 18th-century mansion on the Firth of Clyde near Inverkip, Scotland. Ardgowan is located in Inverclyde, in the former county of Renfrewshire. The Ardgowan Estate has been held by the Stewart family since the early 15th century: towards the end of that century, their tower house Ardgowan Castle was built within the site of the previous Inverkip Castle fortress. The present house was erected in 1797 and completed in 1801 from designs by Cairncross. It is the seat of the Shaw Stewart baronets, currently Sir Ludovic Houston Shaw Stewart, 12th Baronet of Greenock and Blackhall.

Ardgowan House, Castle & Gardens is a Privately owned late 18th-century mansion on the Firth of Clyde near Inverkip, Scotland. Ardgowan is located in Inverclyde, in the former county of Renfrewshire. The Ardgowan Estate has been held by the Stewart family since the early 15th century: towards the end of that century, their tower house Ardgowan Castle was built within the site of the previous Inverkip Castle fortress. The present house was erected in 1797 and completed in 1801 from designs by Cairncross. It is the seat of the Shaw Stewart baronets, currently Sir Ludovic Houston Shaw Stewart, 12th Baronet of Greenock and Blackhall. The House is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens. History In 1403, King Robert III granted the lands of Ardgowan to his natural son, Sir John Stewart. In 1667 Archibald Stewart was created a baronet. The 3rd baronet married, in 1730, Helen Houston, heiress of the Shaws of Greenock. Their son Sir John Shaw-Stewart, 4th baronet, commissioned a design for a new house from the architect Hugh Cairncross. Construction began in 1797, and was completed around 1801. The grounds were laid out to designs by James Ramsay from 1800.In 1825 William Burn was appointed by the 6th baronet to extend the house. Sir Michael Shaw-Stewart, 7th Baronet and his wife Lady Octavia, daughter of the 2nd Marquess of Westminster, continued improvements to the grounds, employing their gardener brought from Eaton Hall, Cheshire to install formal gardens. In 1904 the 8th baronet commissioned Robert Lorimer to design the conservatory. Planting of new trees and shrubs continued until the Second World War, during which the house was employed as a hospital. The house remains home to the Shaw-Stewarts, and is also operated as a venue for rent. The estate The estate includes the remains of the 15th-century Ardgowan Castle, also known as Inverkip Castle. Only this tower house remains to mark the position of the old castle of Inverkip, which was a major fortress besieged by the forces of Edward I of England led by Earl of Ulster and his son-in-law Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick. The castle was then held by the English through the first part of what became known as the Scottish Wars of Independence. The three-story ruin is protected as a category B listed building.The gothic Chapel of St Michael and All Angels, built in the mid-19th century, is also on the estate, but since 2010 it has lost its roof and is falling into ruin. In media The house was in used in Ordeal by Innocence, a three-part BBC drama that was first broadcast during April 2018, and based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name, with the adapted screenplay by Sarah Phelps, and directed by Sandra Goldbacher.The house features in the episode "Fly Society" of the sitcom Still Game. See also List of Category A listed buildings in Inverclyde List of listed buildings in Inverkip, Inverclyde References External links Ardgowan House website Historic Environment Scotland. "Ardgowan House (41390)". Canmore.

Don Webb (writer)

Don Webb (born 1960) is an American science fiction and mystery writer, as well as an author of several books on Left Hand Path occult philosophy. He is also a former High Priest of the Temple of Set.

Don Webb (born 1960) is an American science fiction and mystery writer, as well as an author of several books on Left Hand Path occult philosophy. He is also a former High Priest of the Temple of Set. Writing career Webb's first professional fiction sale was the short story "Rhinestone Manifesto", published in Interzone 13, Autumn 1985. He is best known for weird, experimental, and offbeat fiction, as well as works inspired by H. P. Lovecraft and according to Locus Magazine, he has published many stories, essays, interviews and other writing materials. His short stories have appeared or been referenced in numerous anthologies, including The Year's Best Science Fiction: Eleventh Annual Collection, Asimov's Science Fiction and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction His story "The Great White Bed" (F&SF May 2007) was nominated for the International Horror Critics Award.Webb has published 12 books and over 400 other items covering a broad range of topics. Webb is a member of the Turkey City Writer's Workshop. He currently lives in Austin, Texas and teaches creative writing at the University of California, Los Angeles. Magico-religious activities Webb served as High Priest of the Temple of Set from 1993 to 2002. He is an authority regarding the Temple of Set and has published several works of non-fiction on the topic. The Temple of Set continues to publish several of his articles as recommended introductory material for prospective members. Bibliography Books FictionJudas Payne: A Weird Western / Webb's Weird Wild West: Western Tales of Horror (double book with Michael Hemmingson, Wildside Press, 2010) ISBN 1-4344-1194-X When They Came (Temporary Culture, 2006) ISBN 0-9764660-1-5 Endless Honeymoon (St. Martin's Minotaur, 2001) ISBN 0-312-26582-4 Essential Saltes (St. Martin's Press, 1999) ISBN 0-312-20302-0 Serenade at the End of Time (Bereshith Pub, January 1999) The Explanation and Other Good Advice (Wordcraft of Oregon, 1998) ISBN 1-877655-25-2 The Double: An Investigation (St. Martin's Press, 1998) ISBN 0-312-19144-8 Anubis on Guard Selected Poetry of Don Webb (Dark Regions Press 1998) Stealing My Rules (CyberPsychos AOD Books, 1997) ISBN 1-886988-05-6 A Spell for the Fulfillment of Desire (Black Ice Books, 1996) ISBN 1-57366-012-4 The Seventh Day and After (Wordcraft of Oregon, 1993), ISBN 1-877655-05-8 Märchenland ist abgebrannt: Profane Mythen aus Milwaukee (short story collection, translated by Susanna Harringer, Guthmann-Peterson, 1989) Uncle Ovid's Exercise Book (Illinois State University Press, Fiction Collective Two, 1987) The Bestseller and Others (Chris Drumm Publications)Non-fictionThe Seven Faces of Darkness (Occult non-fiction, Runa-Raven Press) ISBN 1-885972-07-5 Uncle Setnakt's Essential Guide to the Left Hand Path (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 1-885972-10-5 Mysteries of the Temple of Set: Inner Teachings of the Left Hand Path (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 1-885972-27-X Aleister Crowley: The Fire and the Force (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 1-885972-28-8 Overthrowing the Old Gods: Aleister Crowley and the Book of the Law (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 1-62055-189-6 Set the Outsider (with Judith Page) (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 978-1548138066 Uncle SetNakt's Nightbook (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 978-1885972897 Energy Magick of the Vampyre (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 978-1644111321 How To Become a Modern Magus (Occult non-fiction) ISBN 978-1644113424 Short fiction CollectionsWebb, Don (2014). Through Dark angles : works inspired by H. P. Lovecraft. Hippocampus Press.Stories"Tamarii Notebook" (in More Amazing Stories, edited by Kim Mohan, Tor, 1998) "Four-and-Twenty" (Originally published in Pulphouse: The Hardback Magazine Issue 7: Spring 1990 (Pulphouse Publishing, Spring 1990) "The Key to the Mysteries" (Originally published in Grue Magazine, 1989, collected in The Explanation and Other Good Advice, 1998) "In the Wings" (Originally published in Pulphouse: The Hardback Magazine Issue 3: Spring 1989 (Pulphouse Publishing, Spring 1989) London is Calling with t. Winter-Damon (Back Brain Recluse, 1989; The Explanation and Other Good Advice collection, Wordcraft of Oregon, 1998) Pulphouse Issue 19 Non-fiction Webb, Don (February 2001). "The Box from Japan by Harry Stephen Keeler (1932)". Curiosities. F&SF. 100 (2): 162. Reviews "Book Becoming Power" by Henry Wessells (New York Review of Science Fiction, March 2000) "Webb on the Web" by Jon Lebkowsky (The Austin Chronicle, Vol. 17, No. 47, July 31, 1998) References External links Don Webb at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Citations for Don Webb in the Locus Index to Science Fiction Point of Inquiry interview with Don Webb Archived April 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine "R. A. Lafferty: Effective Arcanum" by Don Webb

Hinterland Aviation

Hinterland Aviation is a regional airline and charter company based at Cairns Airport in Queensland, Australia. The airline operates scheduled flights from Cairns Airport and Townsville Airport.

Hinterland Aviation is a regional airline and charter company based at Cairns Airport in Queensland, Australia. The airline operates scheduled flights from Cairns Airport and Townsville Airport. History The airline was established in 1984 Fleet Hinterland has a fleet of 15 aircraft: 11 x Cessna Caravan C208B 2 x Beechcraft King Air 200 1 x Cessna 404 1 x Cessna 402 Destinations From its Cairns base, Hinterland Aviation operates scheduled airline services to Cooktown, Kowanyama, Pormpuraaw and Coen. From the airline's Townsville base they operate scheduled flights to Palm Island. The airline also operates numerous charter flights for private clients and Queensland government agencies. See also List of airlines of Australia References External links Official website

Janice Raymond

Janice G. Raymond (born January 24, 1943) is an American lesbian radical feminist and professor emerita of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is known for her work against violence, sexual exploitation, and medical abuse of women, and for her controversial work denouncing transsexuality and the transgender rights movement. Raymond is the author of five books, including The Transsexual Empire (1979). She has published numerous articles on prostitution and lectures internationally on many of these topics via the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. Her opposition to rights for trans women and calls for their disenfranchisement have been criticized by many (from mainstream media to the LGBT and feminist communities) as transphobic.

Janice G. Raymond (born January 24, 1943) is an American lesbian radical feminist and professor emerita of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is known for her work against violence, sexual exploitation, and medical abuse of women, and for her controversial work denouncing transsexuality and the transgender rights movement. Raymond is the author of five books, including The Transsexual Empire (1979). She has published numerous articles on prostitution and lectures internationally on many of these topics via the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. Her opposition to rights for trans women and calls for their disenfranchisement have been criticized by many (from mainstream media to the LGBT and feminist communities) as transphobic. Education Raymond received a BA in English literature from Salve Regina College in 1965, a master's degree in religious studies from Andover Newton Theological School in 1971, and her PhD in ethics and society from Boston College in 1977. Academic career Raymond is professor emerita of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She was a faculty member at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst from 1978 on. When she retired from the university in 2002, the Boston Globe included her among the several "marquee talents" lost to the campus.Since 2000, Raymond has also served as an adjunct professor of international health at Boston University School of Public Health. She has been a faculty member of the Five Colleges (Amherst College, Hampshire College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College and the University of Massachusetts Amherst) Professor of Women's Studies and Medical Ethics (1975–78), visiting research scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1990–91), visiting professor at the University of Linkoping in Sweden (1995), and lecturer at the Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University, Center for Women Studies, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (2002). Advocacy work From 1994 to 2007, Raymond was the co-executive director of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW). She is currently on the board of directors of CATW.During her tenure, CATW expanded its international work, especially in the Baltics and in Eastern Europe.In January 2004, Raymond testified before the European Parliament on "The Impact of the Sex Industry in the EU." In 2003, Raymond testified before a subcommittee of the United States Congress on "The Ongoing Tragedy of International Slavery and Human Trafficking." She was an NGO member of the U.S. Delegation to the Asian Regional Initiative Against the Trafficking of Women and Children (ARIAT), Manila, the Philippines, hosted by the governments of the Philippines and the United States. In 1999–2000, as an NGO representative to the UN Transnational Crime Committee, in Vienna, she helped define the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. Personal life Raymond is a former member of the Sisters of Mercy. She left the convent and became open about her lesbianism. As of 2016, she and her partner, Pat Hynes, an alumna of Chestnut Hill College, had been together for 42 years. Awards and honors In 2007, Raymond received the "International Woman Award, 2007" from the Zero Tolerance Trust, in Glasgow, Scotland.In 1986, Raymond's book A Passion for Friends: a Philosophy of Female Friendship was named the best non-fiction book of the year by the UK magazine, City Limits.Raymond has been the recipient of grants from the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. National Institute of Justice, the Ford Foundation, the United States Information Agency, the National Science Foundation, the Norwegian Organization for Research and Development (NORAD), and UNESCO. Publications In her 1993 book, Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women's Freedom, Raymond examined how reducing infertility to a disease in the West has helped to promote the use of new reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization and surrogacy. At the same time, women's fertility is rejected in the East promoting technologies of forced sterilization, sex predetermination and female feticide. The book was one of the first to look at the international reproductive trafficking of women and children as organized by the adoption, organ and surrogacy trade.Women as Wombs, as K. Kaufman wrote in the San Francisco Chronicle, "is a strongly written, carefully reasoned critique of ...'reproductive liberalism'." Beverly Miller of Library Journal stated that "...it is hard to resist her conclusion that many reproductive experiments can represent another form of violence against women."Raymond's 1986 book, A Passion for Friends: a Philosophy of Female Affection, deviates from her work on medical technologies into the realm of feminist friendship as a basis for a broader feminist theory and politics. Carolyn Heilbrun in The Women's Review of Books wrote: "Hers is a brave undertaking, and she begins by facing the central issue of women's friendships: the necessary relation of these friendships to power and the public sphere...Raymond's is the most probing and honorable discussion of female friendships we have..." Published also in a UK edition, A Passion for Friends received the City Limits award for the Best Non-Fiction Book of 1986. Novelist Jeanette Winterson wrote that "It's a complex, food-for thought book that rewards the time and concentration that it needs." Writings on transsexualism and transgender issues In 1979, Raymond published a book on transsexualism called The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male. Controversial even today, it looked at the role of transsexualism – particularly psychological and surgical approaches to it – in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, the ways in which the medical-psychiatric complex is medicalizing "gender identity" and the social and political context that has helped spawn transsexual treatment and surgery as normal and therapeutic medicine. Raymond maintains that transsexualism is based on the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering," and "making of woman according to man's image." She claims this is done in order "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality," adding: "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves… Transsexuals merely cut off the most obvious means of invading women, so that they seem non-invasive."These views on transsexuality have been criticized by many in the LGBT and feminist communities as extremely transphobic and as constituting hate-speech against transsexual men and women.In The Transsexual Empire, Raymond includes sections on Sandy Stone, a trans woman who had worked as a sound engineer for Olivia Records, and Christy Barsky, accusing both of creating divisiveness in women's spaces. These writings have been heavily criticized as personal attacks on these individuals. In response, Stone wrote her 1987 essay, "The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto". In 2021, Raymond's Doublethink: A Feminist Challenge to Transgenderism was published. A positive review by Claire Heuchan was published in the gender critical publication Lesbian and Gay News. Heuchan wrote, "With a directness that is characteristic of her work, Raymond cuts through the culture of fear and intellectual dishonesty that defines many discussions around gender identity. Writings on prostitution and sex trafficking In 2000, Raymond co-published one of the first studies on trafficking in the United States entitled Sex Trafficking in the United States: Links Between International and Domestic Sex Industries. In 2002, she directed and co-authored a multi-country project in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Venezuela and the United States, entitled Women in the International Migration Process: Patterns, Profiles and Health Consequences of Sexual Exploitation.Among the many articles she has published, her work entitled "Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution" has been translated into over 10 languages. This essay looks at the legislative models that have legalized or decriminalized the prostitution industry and the rationales supporting them, and argues that legitimating the sex trade has made its harm to women invisible. Raymond supports the alternative legal model of rejecting legalization and decriminalization of the sex industry, and penalizing buyers of sex while not arresting prostitutes. Bibliography Books ——— (1979). The Transsexual Empire. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807021644. Reprinted by Teachers College, Columbia University, New York; Editions du Seuil, Paris (1994). with Leidholdt, Dorchen, eds. (1990). The sexual liberals and the attack on feminism. New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 9780807762394. with Dumble, Lynette J. (1991). RU 486: misconceptions, myths and morals. Melbourne / Hamburg / Dhaka, Bangladesh: Spinifex Press / Konkret Literatur Verlag / Narigrantha Prabartan. ISBN 9781742198446. ——— (1993). Women as wombs: reproductive technologies and the battle over women's freedom. San Francisco / Melbourne / Munich: Harper / Spinifex Press / Frauenoffensive. ISBN 9780062508997. ——— (1996). A passion for friends: toward a philosophy of female affection. Boston / London / Munich: Beacon Press / The Women's Press / Frauenoffensive. ISBN 9780807067246. Reprinted by Spinifex Press, Melbourne (2001). with Hughes, Donna M.; Gomez, Carol (March 2001). Sex trafficking of women in the United States: international and domestic trends. Kingston, Rhode Island: Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2015. Pdf. ——— (2002). A Comparative Study of Women Trafficked in the Migration Process: Patterns, Profiles and Health Consequences of Sexual Exploitation in Five Countries (Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Venezuela and the United States). Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. OCLC 50414499. ——— (2021). Doublethink: A Feminist Challenge to Transgenderism. Spinifex Press. ISBN 9781925950380. Book chapters Raymond, Janice G. (1999). "Class matters: Yes it does". In Zmroczek, Christine; Mahony, Pat (eds.). Women and social class – international feminist perspectives. London: University College Press, (Taylor and Francis Group). pp. 105–113. ISBN 9781857289299. Raymond, Janice G.; Hynes, H. Patricia (2002). "Put in harm's way: The health consequences of sex trafficking in the United States". In Silliman, Jael; Bhattacharjee, Anannya (eds.). Policing the national body: Race, gender, and criminalization. Boston: South End Press. pp. 197–229. Raymond, Janice G. (2004). "Ten reasons for not legalizing prostitution and a legal response to the demand for prostitution". In Farley, Melissa (ed.). Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stress. Binghamton: Haworth Press. pp. 315–332. Translated into many languages including French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Finnish, Norwegian, Hungarian, Estonian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Romanian, Russian and Hindi. Articles ——— (April 11, 1993). "RU 486: Miracle drug turns nasty". Los Angeles Times. pp. M5. ——— (1995). Report to the United Nations special rapporteur on violence against women: Prostitution and trafficking. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. ——— (December 11, 1995). "Perspective on human rights: Prostitution is rape that's paid for". Los Angeles Times. pp. B6. ——— (January–February 1998). "Prostitution as violence against women: NGO stonewalling in Beijing and elsewhere". Women's Studies International Forum. 21 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/S0277-5395(96)00102-1. ——— (September–October 2002). "The new UN trafficking protocol". Women's Studies International Forum. 25 (5): 491–502. doi:10.1016/S0277-5395(02)00320-5. ——— (January 2004). "Ten reasons for not legalizing prostitution and a legal response to the demand for prostitution". Journal of Trauma Practice. 2 (3–4): 315–332. doi:10.1300/J189v02n03_17. S2CID 168039341. ——— (October 2004). "Prostitution on demand: Legalizing the buyers as sexual consumers". Violence Against Women. 10 (10): 1156–1186. doi:10.1177/1077801204268609. S2CID 73405101. References Further reading Expert Meeting on Prostitution Prevention and Victim Protection Strategy (Women's Human Rights Commission of Korea) Washington Post Global – Raymond, Janice (February 28, 2007). "Need to Know: Debating Legalized Prostitution". PostGlobal. Archived from the original on March 28, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2023. Herald Scotland – "Educate boys on sex trade, says feminist". Herald Scotland. May 21, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2010. Where did we go wrong? Feminism and trans theory- two teams on the same side? by Stephen Whittle, 2000. External links janiceraymond.com, Janice Raymond's personal website Coalition Against Trafficking of Women Prostitution Research and Education Papers of Janice G. Raymond, 1972-2018: A Finding Aid

Ben Collins-Sussman

Ben Collins-Sussman is an American software engineer, composer, and author. He is the co-creator of the Subversion version control system, co-composer of the musicals Eastland, and Winesburg, Ohio, and co-author of two books on software and management. He co-created two interactive fiction games, Rover's Day Out and Hoosegow. Collins-Sussman lives and works in Chicago, Illinois.

Ben Collins-Sussman is an American software engineer, composer, and author. He is the co-creator of the Subversion version control system, co-composer of the musicals Eastland, and Winesburg, Ohio, and co-author of two books on software and management. He co-created two interactive fiction games, Rover's Day Out and Hoosegow. Collins-Sussman lives and works in Chicago, Illinois. Software Collins-Sussman is one of the founding software engineers of the Subversion version control system, which was used by 36.9% of developers in the 2015 Stack Overflow Developer Survey. Collins-Sussman co-founded the Google Chicago engineering office in 2005, which employed more than 300 engineers as of 2019. He is a senior engineering manager leading a team focused on the latency of Google's search engine. Books Collins-Sussman is the co-author of the book Version Control with Subversion along with C. Michael Pilato and Brian Fitzpatrick, published by O'Reilly Media in 2009. Collins-Sussman and Fitzpatrick co-authored Debugging Teams: Better Productivity through Collaboration, about managing software development teams, published by O'Reilly Media in 2015. Musical compositions In collaboration with Andre Pluess, Collins-Sussman co-composed the music for two musicals, Eastland and Winesburg, Ohio. Eastland Eastland is a musical telling the story of a 1915 disaster in which the passenger ship SS Eastland capsized while moored in the Chicago River, killing 844 people. The musical opened in June 2012 and ran for 9 weeks. It was produced by the Tony Award-winning Lookingglass Theatre Company and was nominated for four Joseph Jefferson awards.The reviewer for Time magazine, Richard Zoglin, wrote, "The elegiac mood, a sense of hard-working, turn-of-the-century Americans betrayed by the American dream, is heightened by the somber, folk-ballad flavor of the music — much of it played (on guitars and violins mostly) onstage by members of the cast." The Chicago Tribune arts reviewer Chris Jones wrote, "Pluess and [Collins-Sussman] are richly talented songwriters [...] whose rootsy melodies understand the musical language of the ordinary Midwesterner." The Chicago Time Out reviewer, Oliver Sava, wrote that the score "evokes O Brother, Where Art Thou? and Ragtime, though the lyrics can get heavy-handed." Winesburg, Ohio Winesburg, Ohio is a musical adaptation of Sherwood Anderson's novel, Winesburg, Ohio, about a small American town. It was developed by Chicago's About Face Theatre and Steppenwolf Theatre Company, and produced at Steppenwolf Theatre, Arden Theatre, and Kansas City Repertory Theatre. The Arden Theatre production won five Barrymore Awards for Excellence in Theater in 2005.The Chicago Tribune arts reporter Chris Jones wrote that "one is most struck by the beauty of the vocal music that Pluess and Collins-Sussman] have woven into Anderson's poignant prose." The Chicago Reader reviewer, Justin Hayford, said that "composers Andre Pluess and Ben [Collins-Sussman] create a haunting anthem revealing the town's inner life. It's a stirring opening, intricate in its dark shadings." Interactive fiction Collins-Sussman co-created the interactive fiction title Rover's Day Out with Jack Welch, which in 2009 won the 15th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition, judged by the readership of the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.int-fiction. Games reviewer Jimmy Maher described it as "an impressively intricate, multi-layered piece of fiction." Welch and Collins-Sussman also co-authored Hoosegow, which won the Casual Gameplay Design Competition #7 by influential game review website Jay Is Games in 2010. == References ==

Junkers Ju 160

The Junkers Ju 160 was a German single-engine, low-wing six-seat passenger transport aircraft developed from the Ju 60 and targeted at the same fast airliner market as the Heinkel He 70 and the Lockheed Model 9 Orion. The Deutsche Lufthansa fleet of 21 aircraft began operations in 1935 and continued until the start of World War II.

The Junkers Ju 160 was a German single-engine, low-wing six-seat passenger transport aircraft developed from the Ju 60 and targeted at the same fast airliner market as the Heinkel He 70 and the Lockheed Model 9 Orion. The Deutsche Lufthansa fleet of 21 aircraft began operations in 1935 and continued until the start of World War II. Design and development The earlier Ju 60 from which the Ju 160 was developed was not fast enough to compete with the Heinkel He 70 and only about three were used by Lufthansa in the period 1933-6. The Ju 160 was cleaned up aerodynamically and had a more powerful engine, that combination making it about 72 km/h (45 mph) faster. Like the Ju 60 and in the Junkers' tradition, the Ju 160 was a low-wing cantilever design, the wings being built around twin duralumin spars and covered in sheet duralumin. For the first time, though, a Junkers aircraft used entirely smooth skinning; the Ju 60 had a smooth-skinned fuselage but the traditional corrugated flying surfaces. The improved performance of the Ju 160 was in part due to this change of skinning. The wing planform was also revised to have taper only on the leading edge. The trailing edge carried the usual Junkers "double wing", a full-width adjustable flap cum aileron arrangement. Other aerodynamic improvements included a cockpit enclosure better faired into the fuselage and a seriously revised undercarriage which now retracted inwards into the underside of the wing where the wheels were completely enclosed. The Ju 60 undercarriage left the wheels partially protruding in Douglas DC-3 fashion on retraction. Finally, the power was increased by 10% with a 490 kW (660 hp) BMW 132E radial engine. Seating was for six passengers in two forward-facing and one rear-facing pairs. The crew, pilot and radio operator sat in tandem in an enclosed cockpit with rudder pedals, folding control column and seat for a second pilot to starboard. The first prototype Ju 160 V1, D-UNOR, was taken from the Ju 60 construction line and first flew in January 1934. Lufthansa used it in trials and a number of changes were made to the final prototype (V3), including a wider chord, less deep rudder and a faired tailwheel plus minor door modifications. The first civil production series were designated Ju 160 A-0. The second prototype V2 was for a military version. Operational history Including prototypes, 47 Ju 160s were produced. Lufthansa were the main commercial operator, receiving 21 production aircraft. They were running on 13 domestic routes in 1935 alone and stayed in service for example on the fast route between Berlin and Vienna until 1941. One of the 21 was initially operated by the Lufthansa subsidiary Eurasia; this aircraft, however, crashed in Shanghai and was taken back to Germany and to Lufthansa after repairs. The first 11 Lufthansa machines were Ju 160 A-0s registered in 1935, followed by 10 D-0s in 1936. The D-0 version had larger cockpit windows and other crew comfort enhancements. Weser Flugbau used an ex-Lufthansa aircraft. Two machines appeared on the Manchurian civil register, one of then having earlier been registered in Germany, the other sold direct. The German Research Institute for Aviation (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fur Luftfahrt e.V ) operated four Ju 160s. Five others operated at the Flight Research Centre (E-Stelle) at Travemünde. The remaining aircraft were mostly military versions. Most of the surviving civilian Ju 160s in Germany were eventually impressed in Luftwaffe service. The Manchurian aircraft appear to have ended up in Japan. Operators GermanyDeutsche Lufthansa Luftwaffe JapanImperial Japanese Navy Air Service as the "LXJ" Specifications (Ju 160) Data from German Aircraft of the Second World War General characteristics Crew: 2 Capacity: 6 pax Length: 12 m (39 ft 4 in) Wingspan: 14.32 m (47 ft 0 in) Height: 4 m (13 ft 1 in) Wing area: 34.8 m2 (375 sq ft) Empty weight: 2,320 kg (5,115 lb) Powerplant: 1 × BMW 132A 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 490 kW (660 hp) Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propellerPerformance Maximum speed: 340 km/h (210 mph, 180 kn) Cruise speed: 315 km/h (196 mph, 170 kn) Range: 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi) at 1,900 m (6,200 ft) Endurance: 3 hours 12 minutes Service ceiling: 5,200 m (17,100 ft) Wing loading: 66.7 kg/m2 (13.7 lb/sq ft) Power/mass: 0.14 kW/kg (0.085 hp/lb) See also Related lists List of military aircraft of Germany References Bibliography Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7. ISSN 0143-5450

Satre (Etruscan god)

Satre or Satres was an Etruscan god who appears on the Liver of Piacenza, a bronze model used for haruspicy. He occupies the dark and negative northwest region, and seems to be a "frightening and dangerous god who hurls his lightning from his abode deep in the earth." It is possible that Satre is also referred to with the word "satrs" in the Liber Linteus ("Linen Book," IX.3), the Etruscan text preserved in Ptolemaic Egypt as mummy wrappings.Satre is usually identified with the Roman god Saturn, who in a description by Martianus Capella holds a position similar to that of Satre on the liver. The name Satre may be only an Etruscan translation of Saturnus, or Saturnus may derive from the Etruscan; it is also possible that the two deities are unrelated. No image in Etruscan art has been identified as Satre: "this deity remains a riddle."

Satre or Satres was an Etruscan god who appears on the Liver of Piacenza, a bronze model used for haruspicy. He occupies the dark and negative northwest region, and seems to be a "frightening and dangerous god who hurls his lightning from his abode deep in the earth." It is possible that Satre is also referred to with the word "satrs" in the Liber Linteus ("Linen Book," IX.3), the Etruscan text preserved in Ptolemaic Egypt as mummy wrappings.Satre is usually identified with the Roman god Saturn, who in a description by Martianus Capella holds a position similar to that of Satre on the liver. The name Satre may be only an Etruscan translation of Saturnus, or Saturnus may derive from the Etruscan; it is also possible that the two deities are unrelated. No image in Etruscan art has been identified as Satre: "this deity remains a riddle." References External links Media related to Satre (Etruscan god) at Wikimedia Commons

ASHRAE Handbook

The ASHRAE Handbook is the four-volume flagship publication of the nonprofit technical organization ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers). This Handbook is considered the most comprehensive and authoritative repository of practical knowledge on the various topics that form the field of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R).The four volumes are Fundamentals, Refrigeration, HVAC Applications ("Applications"), and HVAC Systems and Equipment ("Systems and Equipment"). Members of ASHRAE receive the current volume, in both print and CD-ROM form, each year as a basic membership benefit. An enhanced electronic version, known as ASHRAE Handbook Online is a web-based version updated annually that contains the four latest volumes as well as extra content such as calculations, demonstration videos, and spreadsheets. The various versions of the Handbook are typically available to the public via technical, and other, libraries and bookstores.

The ASHRAE Handbook is the four-volume flagship publication of the nonprofit technical organization ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers). This Handbook is considered the most comprehensive and authoritative repository of practical knowledge on the various topics that form the field of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R).The four volumes are Fundamentals, Refrigeration, HVAC Applications ("Applications"), and HVAC Systems and Equipment ("Systems and Equipment"). Members of ASHRAE receive the current volume, in both print and CD-ROM form, each year as a basic membership benefit. An enhanced electronic version, known as ASHRAE Handbook Online is a web-based version updated annually that contains the four latest volumes as well as extra content such as calculations, demonstration videos, and spreadsheets. The various versions of the Handbook are typically available to the public via technical, and other, libraries and bookstores. History The ASHRAE Handbook has had a variety of titles. It began in 1922 as the ASH&VE Guide. In 1973 it became the ASHRAE Handbook, and in 1985 separate publication of inch-pound (I-P) and international system (SI) units versions of the volumes began. The current publisher of record is W. Stephen Comstock, and the Editor is Mark S. Owen. The Handbook is published by ASHRAE from its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. Review and Revision The Handbook's content is created and modified by volunteers via ASHRAE's many Technical Committees (TCs), and then edited and formatted by professional staff at ASHRAE. For example, three chapters, in three different volumes, are maintained by TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution. Each chapter within a particular volume is reviewed and revised in a repeating four-year cycle; one volume is printed each year. In the summer of 2017 the new Fundamentals' volume was released. ASHRAE's Handbook Committee maintains an Authors and Revisers Guide, which can be obtained freely via the Handbook portion of the ASHRAE Web site. While each new or revised chapter manuscript is to be reviewed for technical content by each TC voting and corresponding member before publication, there are often many other pre- and post-publication reviewers. For example, members of the Society's Handbook Committee and the College of Fellows review chapters each year. Reviews, from basic comments to detailed new content, are encouraged from all users of the Handbook and may be submitted through an online commenting system. Notes References External links ASHRAE's Web site

St Benet Fink

St Benet Fink was a church and parish in the City of London located on what is now Threadneedle Street. Recorded since the 13th century, the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666, then rebuilt to the designs of Sir Christopher Wren. The Wren church was demolished between 1841 and 1846.

St Benet Fink was a church and parish in the City of London located on what is now Threadneedle Street. Recorded since the 13th century, the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666, then rebuilt to the designs of Sir Christopher Wren. The Wren church was demolished between 1841 and 1846. History "St Benet" is short for "St Benedict". There were four churches with this dedication in London before the Great Fire of 1666. The earliest surviving reference to the church is in a document of 1216, although the discovery of a 10th-century wheel-headed cross in its former churchyard suggests a Saxon foundation. In the case of St Benet, it is certain that the Benedict referred to Benedict Biscop the 7th-century Anglo-Saxon founder of Jarrow Priory, and St Benedict Fink referred to Benedict of Nursia, the 6th century founder of Western monasticism. "Fink", according to John Stow, is derived from Robert Fink (alias Finch), a 13th-century benefactor who paid to have the church rebuilt. Finch Lane (originally being named as “Fink” or “Finck” Lane), off Threadneedle Street, was named after the same family. The most significant event in the pre-Fire church was the marriage there, on 10 September 1662, of the Puritan divine Richard Baxter to Margaret Charlton. The wedding ceremony was officiated by a friend of Baxter's, the noted Puritan biographer Mr Samuel Clarke.St Benet Fink was one of 89 churches destroyed in the Great Fire. Rebuilding began comparatively quickly, in 1670, thanks partly to a donation of £1000 by George Holman, a Roman Catholic. In gratitude, he was given two pews and a place in the vault. Building of the church and steeple was completed in 1675 at a total cost of £4129. The parish registers record the death of the church warden, Thomas Sharrow, in 1673, from falling in a vault in Paternoster Row and lying there undiscovered for 11 days. The register entry includes the admonition "Let all who read this take heed of drink".On 9 April 1801, John Henry Newman, the future cardinal, was baptised in St Benet Fink.In 1838, the Royal Exchange, which had also been rebuilt after the Great Fire, burnt down. In order to improve the site of the Exchange, the Corporation of London petitioned Parliament for permission to demolish the tower of St Benet Fink and appropriate its churchyard, as well as demolish the nearby St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange. More than twenty City churches were to be demolished over the next century but in 1840 the demolition was enough of a novelty to elicit protests from Edward John Carlos in The Gentleman's Magazine, and from the parish. The Bishop of London, however, supported the Corporation as there were many other churches in the immediate neighbourhood. The first stage of demolition was carried out in 1842. A new entrance was made in the west wall of the truncated church. This proved unsatisfactory, and the Corporation petitioned Parliament for another Act to demolish the rest of the church. This was granted and the church was knocked down in 1846. The parish was combined with that of St Peter le Poer and proceeds of the sale of the site were used to build St Benet Fink Church, Tottenham. Sale of the furnishings realised only £15 5s. The paintings of Moses and Aaron that formed part of the altarpiece are now in the chapel of Emanuel School, Battersea. Today, the site is occupied by No.1 Threadneedle Street, an 8-storey office block completed in 1991. Architecture The pre-Fire church was rectangular. After the Fire, the City appropriated the northwest corner of the church for widening Threadneedle Street. This left an irregular site on which to build, which Wren dealt with by rebuilding St Benet's to a decagonal plan. On top of the decagon sat an oval dome with a lantern, supported from within by six arches. The church had two aisles being spanned by entablatures supporting barrel vaults. It is possible that the decagonal design employed by Wren was borrowed from Bernini's Sant'Andrea al Quirinale in Rome. Wren had studied Bernini's drawings when he met him in Paris in 1665. The walls were made from brick and rubble, faced with Portland stone, although the church was built around by houses for much of its history. The tower was attached to the west end of the decagonal body of the church. It had a square dome surmounted by a bell cage, and, uniquely for a Wren church, a ball and cross, instead of a vane. The tower, including the steeple, was 110 ft. high. The backs of houses constructed in Sweetings Rents – a lane demolished in the rebuilding of the Royal Exchange - were partly built over the churchyard, and these were supported by pillars, forming a colonnade. See also List of Christopher Wren churches in London List of churches rebuilt after the Great Fire but since demolished St. Anthony's Hospital, St Benet Fink References Jeffery, Paul. The city churches of Sir Christopher Wren, {Hambledon Press, 1996} Ellen, R.G. A London steeplechase, {City Press, 1972} Cobb, Gerald. London city churches, {B T Batsford Ltd., 1977} Huelin, Gordon. Vanished churches of the City of London, {Guildhall Library Publications, 1996} Hibbert, C./Keay, J./Weinreb, D. The London Encyclopaedia (Pan Macmillan, 2008) == External links ==

Paul Rose (British politician)

Paul Bernard Rose (26 December 1935 – 3 November 2015) was a British Labour Party politician and a leading campaigner against the politics of the National Front.Rose was educated at Bury Grammar School and Manchester University. He was chairman of the Manchester Federation of Young Socialists. He became a barrister, called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1958.He became Chairman of the Manchester Left Club and edited a youth page for "Labour's Northern Voice" and led the Suez Demonstrations in Manchester in 1956. His main interests were industrial safety, Northern Ireland and civil liberties, and he was active in the field of human rights, not least in relation to Greece under the rule of the Colonels.Rose was elected Member of Parliament for Manchester Blackley in 1964. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Barbara Castle at the Ministry of Transport and after 1970 spoke for the Labour opposition on industrial relations.

Paul Bernard Rose (26 December 1935 – 3 November 2015) was a British Labour Party politician and a leading campaigner against the politics of the National Front.Rose was educated at Bury Grammar School and Manchester University. He was chairman of the Manchester Federation of Young Socialists. He became a barrister, called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1958.He became Chairman of the Manchester Left Club and edited a youth page for "Labour's Northern Voice" and led the Suez Demonstrations in Manchester in 1956. His main interests were industrial safety, Northern Ireland and civil liberties, and he was active in the field of human rights, not least in relation to Greece under the rule of the Colonels.Rose was elected Member of Parliament for Manchester Blackley in 1964. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Barbara Castle at the Ministry of Transport and after 1970 spoke for the Labour opposition on industrial relations. He was also a member of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group. In mid-1978, Rose called for an inquiry into "lesbian attacks" at a prison in Cheshire.He stepped down in 1979, and later joined the Social Democratic Party in the 1980s.Rose noted discrimination against Catholics in Northern Ireland and in the early 1960s was one of the first to predict The Troubles. He became Chairman of the Campaign for Democracy in Ulster, Chairman of the North West Sports Council, and Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party Home Office Group. He served on the Council of Europe and was Vice-Chairman of Labour Campaign for Europe. He was also founder and chairman of the anti-cult organisation Family, Action, Information, and Rescue. He became a coroner in the south of London. He was a Deputy Circuit Judge and a Part Time Immigration and Political Asylum Adjudicator. An atheist and humanist, Rose was a member of the British Humanist Association, which later invited him to be one of its patrons.Rose was the editor of six books on law, politics and history, including Backbencher's Dilemma and A History of the Fenians In England after publishing The Manchester Martyrs. He prepared a manuscript for publication on the Unification Church called "The Moonies Unmasked"; however, it was not published. He also contributed many articles to newspapers and magazines on history, law and politics. He died on 3 November 2015 at the age of 79. He was buried with a humanist service. == References ==

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources

Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the environmental impacts of electricity generation. Measurement of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions involves calculating the global warming potential of energy sources through life-cycle assessment. These are usually sources of only electrical energy but sometimes sources of heat are evaluated. The findings are presented in units of global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated by that source. The scale uses the global warming potential unit, the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), and the unit of electrical energy, the kilowatt hour (kWh).

Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the environmental impacts of electricity generation. Measurement of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions involves calculating the global warming potential of energy sources through life-cycle assessment. These are usually sources of only electrical energy but sometimes sources of heat are evaluated. The findings are presented in units of global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated by that source. The scale uses the global warming potential unit, the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), and the unit of electrical energy, the kilowatt hour (kWh). The goal of such assessments is to cover the full life of the source, from material and fuel mining through construction to operation and waste management. In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change harmonized the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) findings of the major electricity generating sources in use worldwide. This was done by analyzing the findings of hundreds of individual scientific papers assessing each energy source. Coal is by far the worst emitter, followed by natural gas, with solar, wind and nuclear all low-carbon. Hydropower, biomass, geothermal and ocean power may generally be low-carbon, but poor design or other factors could result in higher emissions from individual power stations. For all technologies, advances in efficiency, and therefore reductions in CO2e since the time of publication, have not been included. For example, the total life cycle emissions from wind power may have lessened since publication. Similarly, due to the time frame over which the studies were conducted, nuclear Generation II reactor's CO2e results are presented and not the global warming potential of Generation III reactors. Other limitations of the data include: a) missing life cycle phases, and, b) uncertainty as to where to define the cut-off point in the global warming potential of an energy source. The latter is important in assessing a combined electrical grid in the real world, rather than the established practice of simply assessing the energy source in isolation. Global warming potential of selected electricity sources 1 see also environmental impact of reservoirs#Greenhouse gases. List of acronyms: PC — pulverized coal CCS — carbon capture and storage IGCC — integrated gasification combined cycle SC — supercritical NGCC — natural gas combined cycle CSP — concentrated solar power PV — photovoltaic power Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage As of 2020 whether bioenergy with carbon capture and storage can be carbon neutral or carbon negative is being researched and is controversial. Studies after the 2014 IPCC report Individual studies show a wide range of estimates for fuel sources arising from the different methodologies used. Those on the low end tend to leave parts of the life cycle out of their analysis, while those on the high end often make unrealistic assumptions about the amount of energy used in some parts of the life cycle.Since the 2014 IPCC study some geothermal has been found to emit CO2 such as some geothermal power in Italy: further research is ongoing in the 2020s.Ocean energy technologies (tidal and wave) are relatively new, and few studies have been conducted on them. A major issue of the available studies is that they seem to underestimate the impacts of maintenance, which could be significant. An assessment of around 180 ocean technologies found that the GWP of ocean technologies varies between 15 and 105 gCO2eq/kWh, with an average of 53 gCO2eq/kWh. In a tentative preliminary study, published in 2020, the environmental impact of subsea tidal kite technologies the GWP varied between 15 and 37, with a median value of 23.8 gCO2eq/kWh), which is slightly higher than that reported in the 2014 IPCC GWP study mentioned earlier (5.6 to 28, with a mean value of 17 gCO2eq/kWh). In 2021 UNECE published a lifecycle analysis of environmental impact of electricity generation technologies, accounting for the following impacts: resource use (minerals, metals); land use; resource use (fossils); water use; particulate matter; photochemical ozone formation; ozone depletion; human toxicity (non-cancer); ionising radiation; human toxicity (cancer); eutrophication (terrestrial, marine, freshwater); ecotoxicity (freshwater); acidification; climate change, with the latter summarized in the table above.In June 2022, Électricité de France publishes a detailed Life-cycle assessment study, following the norm ISO 14040, showing the 2019 French nuclear infrastructure produces less than 4 gCO2eq/kWh. Cutoff points of calculations and estimates of how long plants last Because most emissions from wind, solar and nuclear are not during operation, if they are operated for longer and generate more electricity over their lifetime then emissions per unit energy will be less. Therefore, their lifetimes are relevant. Wind farms are estimated to last 30 years: after that the carbon emissions from repowering would need to be taken into account. Solar panels from the 2010s may have a similar lifetime: however how long 2020s solar panels (such as perovskite) will last is not yet known. Some nuclear plants can be used for 80 years, but others may have to be retired earlier for safety reasons. As of 2020 more than half the world's nuclear plants are expected to request license extensions, and there have been calls for these extensions to be better scrutinised under the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context.Some coal-fired power stations may operate for 50 years but others may be shut down after 20 years, or less. According to one 2019 study considering the time value of GHG emissions with techno-economic assessment considerably increases the life cycle emissions from carbon intensive fuels such as coal. Lifecycle emissions from heating For residential heating in almost all countries emissions from natural gas furnaces are more than from heat pumps. But in some countries, such as the UK, there is an ongoing debate in the 2020s about whether it is better to replace the natural gas used in residential central heating with hydrogen, or whether to use heat pumps or in some cases more district heating. Fossil gas bridge fuel controversy As of 2020 whether natural gas should be used as a "bridge" from coal and oil to low carbon energy, is being debated for coal-reliant economies, such as India, China and Germany. Germany, as part of its Energiewende transformation, declares preservation of coal-based power until 2038 but immediate shutdown of nuclear power plants, which further increased its dependency on fossil gas. Missing life cycle phases Although the life cycle assessments of each energy source should attempt to cover the full life cycle of the source from cradle-to-grave, they are generally limited to the construction and operation phase. The most rigorously studied phases are those of material and fuel mining, construction, operation, and waste management. However, missing life cycle phases exist for a number of energy sources. At times, assessments variably and sometimes inconsistently include the global warming potential that results from decommissioning the energy supplying facility, once it has reached its designed life-span. This includes the global warming potential of the process to return the power-supply site to greenfield status. For example, the process of hydroelectric dam removal is usually excluded as it is a rare practice with little practical data available. Dam removal however is becoming increasingly common as dams age. Larger dams, such as the Hoover Dam and the Three Gorges Dam, are intended to last "forever" with the aid of maintenance, a period that is not quantified. Therefore, decommissioning estimates are generally omitted for some energy sources, while other energy sources include a decommissioning phase in their assessments. Along with the other prominent values of the paper, the median value presented of 12 g CO2-eq/kWhe for nuclear fission, found in the 2012 Yale University nuclear power review, a paper which also serves as the origin of the 2014 IPCC's nuclear value, does however include the contribution of facility decommissioning with an "Added facility decommissioning" global warming potential in the full nuclear life cycle assessment.Thermal power plants, even if low carbon power biomass, nuclear or geothermal energy stations, directly add heat energy to the earth's global energy balance. As for wind turbines, they may change both horizontal and vertical atmospheric circulation. But, although both these may slightly change the local temperature, any difference they might make to the global temperature is undetectable against the far larger temperature change caused by greenhouse gases. See also Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage Carbon capture and storage Carbon footprint Climate change mitigation Efficient energy use Low-carbon economy Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy References External links National Renewable Energy Laboratory. LCA CO2 emissions of all present day energy sources. Wise uranium CO2 calculator

Hannes Gnauck

Hannes Gnauck (born 8 August 1991) is a German politician of AfD. He is federal chairman of the far-right youth organization of AfD, JA and since 2021 member of the Bundestag. Germanys Military Counterintelligence Service (MAD) classifies him as an “recognized extremist”.

Hannes Gnauck (born 8 August 1991) is a German politician of AfD. He is federal chairman of the far-right youth organization of AfD, JA and since 2021 member of the Bundestag. Germanys Military Counterintelligence Service (MAD) classifies him as an “recognized extremist”. Life and politics Gnack was born 1991 in Prenzlau. He was soldier of German Bundeswehr. The Bundeswehr's Military Counterintelligence Service (MAD) classifies him as an “recognized extremist”. MAD investigates information about possible anti-constitutional efforts within the armed forces. After the MAD determined in 2020 that Gnauck is an right-wing extremist, the Bundeswehr law was applied to him. He is forbidden of wearing the Bundeswehr uniform, he is forbidden from duty and he is only allowed to enter Bundeswehr facilities when he is asked to do so by Bundeswehr.In 2021, Hannes Gnauck was elected as the successor to Carlo Clemens as federal chairman of the far-right youth organization of AfD, JA.Gnauck was elected to the Bundestag in 2021. There he represents the AfD in the defense committee. Politicians from other parties criticize sharply that an extremist, investigated by German Intelligent Service is part of the state defence committee. == References ==

James Walter Grimes

James Walter Grimes, known as Jim Grimes, is an American botanist.

James Walter Grimes, known as Jim Grimes, is an American botanist. Career Grimes can be attributed to over 240 taxa names, either as sole author or co-author. Grimes worked at the New York Botanical Garden studying Fabaceae. In 1996 Grimes moved to Australia, taking up a position in the National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria as Mueller Fellow July–October 1996, where he worked on developmental morphology of inflorescences in Acacia. From July 1997 to his resignation in February 2002, Grimes was in the position of Systematic Botanist. His research interests included the systematics of Fabaceae, subfamily Mimosoideae, and the historic collections held in the Herbarium. Grimes was co-organiser of the 2001 Legumes Down Under conference. He served as Taxonomic Co-ordinator for legume tribes Ingeae and Psoraleeae for the International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) 2000–2, and as Councillor of the Society of Australian Systematic Biologists 2001–2. Grimes was Editor of Muelleria from 1997 to 2001 A significant number, over 1000 collections, are held at NY.MEL holds over 300 specimens collected by Grimes. Other herbaria in Australia holding his collections include MELU, CANB, NSW, HO, ATH, AD, and BRI. Standard author abbreviation The standard author abbreviation J.W.Grimes is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Selected published names Abarema abbottii (Rose & Leonard) Barneby & J.W.Grimes Zygia turneri (McVaugh) Barneby & J.W.Grimes See also Category:Taxa named by James Walter Grimesand International Plant Name Index Selected publications Journal articles Barneby, R.C. & Grimes, J.W. (1996). Silk tree, guanacaste, monkey's earring: a generic system for the synandrous Mimosaceae of the Americas. Part I. Abarema, Albizia, and allies. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 74: 1–292. Grimes, J.W. (1996). Nomenclatural changes in Cullen (Fabaceae: Psoraleeae). Muelleria 9: 195–196. == References ==

Lawrence Holland

Lawrence Holland is an American video game designer and founder of the now defunct Totally Games. He is best known for the Star Wars: X-Wing series published by LucasArts. In 2009, he was chosen by IGN as one of the top 100 game creators of all time.

Lawrence Holland is an American video game designer and founder of the now defunct Totally Games. He is best known for the Star Wars: X-Wing series published by LucasArts. In 2009, he was chosen by IGN as one of the top 100 game creators of all time. Early life His interest in computer programming started when his college roommate attempted to program a game onto his computer. After buying his own computer, Lawrence Holland studied to figure out how the computer worked and began his career in game design. In 1983, Holland was hired by Human Engineered Software (HESware) to program and convert arcade games to home computers. He started his own team, Micro Imagery, while working with HESware in 1984. During this time, he invented his own game and composed/programmed music for numerous video games. Career His first game was called Slime for the VIC-20. He went on to do the music for the Commodore 64 and Apple II versions of The Bard's Tale.Other early games include Spike's Peak, Super Zaxxon and Project Space Station.He became an independent game developer, and achieved notability through a series of World War II flight simulators developed for LucasArts (then LucasFilm Games): Battlehawks 1942, Their Finest Hour and Secret Weapons of the Luftwaffe. The success of his World War II flight simulators lead to him being approached to develop a series of space flight simulators in the Star Wars franchise. The resulting game Star Wars: X-Wing, followed by Star Wars: TIE Fighter, Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter and Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance. Holland took a break from LucasArts owned licenses in 2002 to work on a Star Trek licensed product Star Trek: Bridge Commander for Activision. His next release was a return to World War II flight simulators with Secret Weapons Over Normandy in 2003. The game was well received but sales were disappointing. His most recent release, 2007's Alien Syndrome, for the Sony PSP and the Nintendo Wii, was met with negative reception and sales. Games References External links Lawrence Holland at MobyGames

Gabrielle Diana

Gabrielle Diana Gladu (born 1999), also known as Gabrielle Diana, is a Canadian social media influencer and transgender rights activist. She has been public about her transition and created the #MomentsInTransition hashtag on Twitter and Instagram.

Gabrielle Diana Gladu (born 1999), also known as Gabrielle Diana, is a Canadian social media influencer and transgender rights activist. She has been public about her transition and created the #MomentsInTransition hashtag on Twitter and Instagram. Advocacy Gladu has used her social media to promote recognition and visibility for the trans community, including by documenting aspects of her transition. In 2015, The Advocate named her one of "25 Trans Pioneers Who Took Us Past The Tipping Point." Gladu also contributed an essay to MTV News titled "What I Want You To Know During Transgender Awareness Week" that was published on November 20, 2015.At age 16, Gladu contributed two articles to the online magazine Queer Voices. Writing for ATTN:, author Kyle Fitzpatrick stated Gladu is a teen who embodies America's "new queerness", even though she is international and not based in the United States.In 2016, at age 17, Gladu was credited with the #MomentsInTransition hashtag trend on Twitter and Instagram after posting photos documenting her own transition. According to Cosmopolitan magazine, "it's grown into a really beautiful collection of pictures and celebration for transgender people."In March 2019, Gladu received public attention after a dispute on Twitter with singer/songwriter Azealia Banks. The dispute included public and DM messages between Gladu and Banks about the role of transgender and cis women in society. Banks claimed that cis women are being erased by trans women, which Gladu disputed. After the conflict, Out published commentary by Rose Dommu titled "Azealia Banks isn't a Queer Ally-- She is a Bully!" Personal life Early life and education Gladu was raised in Ottawa, Ontario in an "extremely conservative community". In 2015, she left Catholicism and identified as a Buddhist. She attended a parochial school and then chose to attend a public school due to a concern about whether her transition would be as accommodated and welcomed. Transition Gladu has written on her social media that she "used to wear my mom's dresses and makeup, and it wasn't easy in the beginning since I wasn't transitioning".At the beginning of eighth grade, Gladu attempted suicide on December 12, 2012. Though Gladu was not yet out as trans, the suicide attempt was related to her gender identity and confusion surrounding her female identity that she had yet to explore. With regard to her suicide attempt, Gladu said, "I was very, very confused. I knew something was different about me. I was so afraid of what people would think of me." Cleis Abeni of The Advocate writes Gladu then received intensive therapy and "began to reorganize everything in her life around accepting her identity."Galdu came out as trans during her freshman year in high school; The New York Times writes that "she asked everyone to call her Belle, a shortened version of Gabrielle, and to use female pronouns" and that she began "documenting her transition online in a series of popular YouTube videos." The New York Times also writes, "Support flowed in, giving her the courage to continue, and she began her medical transition the next year."On September 27, 2015, Gladu received the message that her name had been legally changed to Gabrielle Diana Gladu. Gladu uploaded a video to her Twitter, which was filmed by her cousin. Gladu's mother surprised her with a cake that revealed that her name was legally changed, which received attention from People magazine, MTV News, BuzzFeed, and NewNowNext. Cleis Abeni of The Advocate also noted the viral video, and commented, "In the lore of trans lives, public and government acceptance of personal choices for naming stands near the top of the proverbial affirmation pyramid." Buzzfeed quotes Gladu stating, "I hope when people see this video, they see the importance of names and pronouns, because they are so important to someone's transition" [...] "It makes them feel valued and important, and that makes transitioning a lot easier." == References ==

List of birds of Ivory Coast

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Ivory Coast. The avifauna of Ivory Coast include a total of 744 species, of which one has been introduced by humans. 26 species are globally threatened. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account.

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Ivory Coast. The avifauna of Ivory Coast include a total of 744 species, of which one has been introduced by humans. 26 species are globally threatened. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Ivory Coast. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Ivory Coast (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Ivory Coast as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. White-faced whistling-duck, Dendrocygna viduata Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor Knob-billed duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos Hartlaub's duck, Pteronetta hartlaubii Egyptian goose, Alopochen aegyptiacus (A) Spur-winged goose, Plectropterus gambensis African pygmy-goose, Nettapus auritus Garganey, Spatula querquedula Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope (A) Cape teal, Anas capensis (A) Northern pintail, Anas acuta Green-winged teal, Anas crecca (A) Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula (A) Guineafowl Order: Galliformes Family: Numididae Guineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds that resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage. Helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris White-breasted guineafowl, Agelastes meleagrides Western crested guineafowl, Guttera verreauxi New World quail Order: Galliformes Family: Odontophoridae Despite their family's common name, this species and one other are native to Africa. Stone partridge, Ptilopachus petrosus Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. Latham's francolin, Peliperdix lathami White-throated francolin, Campocolinus albogularis Blue quail, Synoicus adansonii Common quail, Coturnix coturnix Harlequin quail, Coturnix delegorguei Ahanta francolin, Pternistis ahantensis Double-spurred francolin, Pternistis bicalcaratus Flamingos Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down. Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus Lesser flamingo, Phoenicopterus minor Grebes Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis Pigeons and doves Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Sandgrouse Order: Pterocliformes Family: Pteroclidae Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. Four-banded sandgrouse, Pterocles quadricinctus Bustards Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. Arabian bustard, Ardeotis arabs Denham's bustard, Neotis denhami White-bellied bustard, Eupodotis senegalensis Savile's bustard, Lophotis savilei Black-bellied bustard, Lissotis melanogaster Turacos Order: Musophagiformes Family: Musophagidae The turacos, plantain eaters and go-away-birds make up the bird family Musophagidae. They are medium-sized arboreal birds. The turacos and plantain eaters are brightly coloured, usually in blue, green or purple. The go-away birds are mostly grey and white. Great blue turaco, Corythaeola cristata Guinea turaco, Tauraco persa Yellow-billed turaco, Tauraco macrorhynchus Violet turaco, Musophaga violacea Western plantain-eater, Crinifer piscator Cuckoos Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. Nightjars and allies Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Standard-winged nightjar, Caprimulgus longipennis Brown nightjar, Caprimulgus binotatus Red-necked nightjar, Caprimulgus ruficollis (A) Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus (A) Fiery-necked nightjar, Caprimulgus pectoralis Swamp nightjar, Caprimulgus natalensis Plain nightjar, Caprimulgus inornatus Freckled nightjar, Caprimulgus tristigma Long-tailed nightjar, Caprimulgus climacurus Swifts Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Mottled spinetail, Telacanthura ussheri Black spinetail, Telacanthura melanopygia Sabine's spinetail, Rhaphidura sabini Cassin's spinetail, Neafrapus cassini Alpine swift, Apus melba Mottled swift, Apus aequatorialis Common swift, Apus apus Pallid swift, Apus pallidus (A) African swift, Apus barbatus Little swift, Apus affinis White-rumped swift, Apus caffer Bates's swift, Apus batesi (A) African palm-swift, Cypsiurus parvus Flufftails Order: Gruiformes Family: Sarothruridae The flufftails are a small family of ground-dwelling birds found only in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. White-spotted flufftail, Sarothrura pulchra Buff-spotted flufftail, Sarothrura elegans Rails, gallinules and coots Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Corn crake, Crex crex (A) African crake, Crex egregia Gray-throated rail, Canirallus oculeus Spotted crake, Porzana porzana (A) Lesser moorhen, Paragallinula angulata Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni African swamphen, Porphyrio madagascariensis Nkulengu rail, Himantornis haematopus Striped crake, Amaurornis marginalis Black crake, Zapornia flavirostris Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla Finfoots Order: Gruiformes Family: Heliornithidae Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots. African finfoot, Podica senegalensis Cranes Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". Black crowned crane, Balearica pavonina Thick-knees Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. Water thick-knee, Burhinus vermiculatus Senegal thick-knee, Burhinus senegalensis Spotted thick-knee, Burhinus capensis Egyptian plover Order: Charadriiformes Family: Pluvianidae The Egyptian plover is found across equatorial Africa and along the Nile River. Egyptian plover, Pluvianus aegyptius Stilts and avocets Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta (A) Oystercatchers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus Plovers and lapwings Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Painted-snipes Order: Charadriiformes Family: Rostratulidae Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured. Greater painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis Jacanas Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. Lesser jacana, Microparra capensis African jacana, Actophilornis africanus Sandpipers and allies Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Buttonquails Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae The buttonquails are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young. Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica Black-rumped buttonquail, Turnix nanus Quail-plover, Ortyxelos meiffrenii (A) Pratincoles and coursers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. Temminck's courser, Cursorius temminckii Bronze-winged courser, Rhinoptilus chalcopterus Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni (A) Rock pratincole, Glareola nuchalis Skuas and jaegers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. Great skua, Stercorarius skua (A) Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A) Gulls, terns, and skimmers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish. Tropicbirds Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings. White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A) Southern storm-petrels Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus Northern storm-petrels Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family. European storm-petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (A) Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous (A) Shearwaters and petrels Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. Cory's shearwater, Calonectris borealis Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis (A) Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus (A) Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus (A) Storks Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. African openbill, Anastomus lamelligerus Black stork, Ciconia nigra Abdim's stork, Ciconia abdimii African woolly-necked stork, Ciconia microscelis White stork, Ciconia ciconia Saddle-billed stork, Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Marabou stork, Leptoptilos crumenifer Yellow-billed stork, Mycteria ibis Boobies and gannets Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. Masked booby, Sula dactylatra (A) Brown booby, Sula leucogaster Anhingas Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae Anhingas or darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving. African darter, Anhinga rufa Cormorants and shags Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. Long-tailed cormorant, Microcarbo africanus Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo Pelicans Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. Pink-backed pelican, Pelecanus rufescens Hammerkop Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Scopidae The hammerkop is a medium-sized bird with a long shaggy crest. The shape of its head with a curved bill and crest at the back is reminiscent of a hammer, hence its name. Its plumage is drab-brown all over. Hamerkop, Scopus umbretta Herons, egrets, and bitterns Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. Ibises and spoonbills Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus African sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus Olive ibis, Bostrychia olivacea Spot-breasted ibis, Bostrychia rara Hadada ibis, Bostrychia hagedash African spoonbill, Platalea alba Secretarybird Order: Accipitriformes Family: Sagittariidae The secretarybird is a bird of prey in the order Accipitriformes but is easily distinguished from other raptors by its long crane-like legs. Secretarybird, Sagittarius serpentarius Osprey Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. Osprey, Pandion haliaetus Hawks, eagles, and kites Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. Barn-owls Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. Barn owl, Tyto alba Owls Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Trogons Order: Trogoniformes Family: Trogonidae The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage. Narina trogon, Apaloderma narina Hoopoes Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops Woodhoopoes and scimitarbills Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Phoeniculidae The woodhoopoes are related to the kingfishers, rollers and hoopoes. They most resemble the hoopoes with their long curved bills, used to probe for insects, and short rounded wings. However, they differ in that they have metallic plumage, often blue, green or purple, and lack an erectile crest. Green woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus purpureus White-headed woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus bollei Forest woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus castaneiceps Black scimitarbill, Rhinopomastus aterrimus Ground-hornbills Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucorvidae The ground-hornbills are terrestrial birds which feed almost entirely on insects, other birds, snakes, and amphibians. Abyssinian ground-hornbill, Bucorvus abyssinicus Hornbills Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucerotidae Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured. Red-billed dwarf hornbill, Lophoceros camurus African pied hornbill, Lophoceros fasciatus African gray hornbill, Lophoceros nasutus Western red-billed hornbill, Tockus kempi (A) White-crested hornbill, Horizocerus albocristatus Black dwarf hornbill, Horizocerus hartlaubi Black-casqued hornbill, Ceratogymna atrata Yellow-casqued hornbill, Ceratogymna elata Black-and-white-casqued hornbill, Bycanistes subcylindricus Brown-cheeked hornbill, Bycanistes cylindricus Piping hornbill, Bycanistes fistulator Kingfishers Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. Shining-blue kingfisher, Alcedo quadribrachys Malachite kingfisher, Corythornis cristatus White-bellied kingfisher, Corythornis leucogaster African pygmy kingfisher, Ispidina picta African dwarf kingfisher, Ispidina lecontei Chocolate-backed kingfisher, Halcyon badia Gray-headed kingfisher, Halcyon leucocephala Woodland kingfisher, Halcyon senegalensis Blue-breasted kingfisher, Halcyon malimbica Striped kingfisher, Halcyon chelicuti Giant kingfisher, Megaceryle maximus Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis Bee-eaters Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. Black bee-eater, Merops gularis Blue-moustached bee-eater, Merops mentalis Red-throated bee-eater, Merops bulocki Little bee-eater, Merops pusillus Swallow-tailed bee-eater, Merops hirundineus Black-headed bee-eater, Merops breweri (A) White-throated bee-eater, Merops albicollis African green bee-eater, Merops viridissimus Blue-cheeked bee-eater, Merops persicus European bee-eater, Merops apiaster Rosy bee-eater, Merops malimbicus Northern carmine bee-eater, Merops nubicus Rollers Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. European roller, Coracias garrulus Abyssinian roller, Coracias abyssinica Rufous-crowned roller, Coracias naevia Blue-bellied roller, Coracias cyanogaster Broad-billed roller, Eurystomus glaucurus Blue-throated roller, Eurystomus gularis African barbets Order: Piciformes Family: Lybiidae The African barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured. Yellow-billed barbet, Trachyphonus purpuratus Bristle-nosed barbet, Gymnobucco peli Naked-faced barbet, Gymnobucco calvus Speckled tinkerbird, Pogoniulus scolopaceus Red-rumped tinkerbird, Pogoniulus atroflavus Yellow-throated tinkerbird, Pogoniulus subsulphureus Yellow-rumped tinkerbird, Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-fronted tinkerbird, Pogoniulus chrysoconus Yellow-spotted barbet, Buccanodon duchaillui Hairy-breasted barbet, Tricholaema hirsuta Vieillot's barbet, Lybius vieilloti Double-toothed barbet, Lybius bidentatus Bearded barbet, Lybius dubius Honeyguides Order: Piciformes Family: Indicatoridae Honeyguides are among the few birds that feed on wax. They are named for the greater honeyguide which leads traditional honey-hunters to bees' nests and, after the hunters have harvested the honey, feeds on the remaining contents of the hive. Cassin's honeyguide, Prodotiscus insignis Wahlberg's honeyguide, Prodotiscus regulus Yellow-footed honeyguide, Melignomon eisentrauti Willcock's honeyguide, Indicator willcocksi Least honeyguide, Indicator exilis Lesser honeyguide, Indicator minor Spotted honeyguide, Indicator maculatus Greater honeyguide, Indicator indicator Lyre-tailed honeyguide, Melichneutes robustus Woodpeckers Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla African piculet, Verreauxia africana Melancholy woodpecker, Chloropicus lugubris Cardinal woodpecker, Chloropicus fuscescens Fire-bellied woodpecker, Chloropicus pyrrhogaster Brown-backed woodpecker, Chloropicus obsoletus African gray woodpecker, Chloropicus goertae Brown-eared woodpecker, Campethera caroli Buff-spotted woodpecker, Campethera nivosa Little green woodpecker, Campethera maculosa Fine-spotted woodpecker, Campethera punctuligera Golden-tailed woodpecker, Campethera abingoni (A) Falcons and caracaras Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus Fox kestrel, Falco alopex Gray kestrel, Falco ardosiaceus Red-necked falcon, Falco chicquera Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus Eleonora's falcon, Falco eleonorae (A) Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo African hobby, Falco cuvierii Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus Old World parrots Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand. Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri Black-collared lovebird, Agapornis swindernianus Red-headed lovebird, Agapornis pullarius African and New World parrots Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back. Most of the more than 150 species in this family are found in the New World. Gray parrot, Psittacus erithacus Brown-necked parrot, Poicephalus robustus Red-fronted parrot, Poicephalus gulielmi Senegal parrot, Poicephalus senegalus African and green broadbills Order: Passeriformes Family: Calyptomenidae The broadbills are small, brightly coloured birds, which feed on fruit and also take insects in flycatcher fashion, snapping their broad bills. Their habitat is canopies of wet forests. African broadbill, Smithornis capensis Rufous-sided broadbill, Smithornis rufolateralis Pittas Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates. African pitta, Pitta angolensis Cuckooshrikes Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured. White-breasted cuckooshrike, Coracina pectoralis Ghana cuckooshrike, Lobotos lobatus Red-shouldered cuckooshrike, Campephaga phoenicea Purple-throated cuckooshrike, Campephaga quiscalina Blue cuckooshrike, Cyanograucalus azureus Old World orioles Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus African golden oriole, Oriolus auratus Western black-headed oriole, OrioluCôte d'Ivoire brachyrhynchus Black-winged oriole, Oriolus nigripennis Wattle-eyes and batises Order: Passeriformes Family: Platysteiridae The wattle-eyes, or puffback flycatchers, are small stout passerine birds of the African tropics. They get their name from the brightly coloured fleshy eye decorations found in most species in this group. Brown-throated wattle-eye, Platysteira cyanea West African wattle-eye, Platysteira hormophora White-spotted wattle-eye, Platysteira tonsa Red-cheeked wattle-eye, Platysteira blissetti Yellow-bellied wattle-eye, Platysteira concreta Senegal batis, Batis senegalensis West African batis, Batis occulta Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Vangidae The helmetshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes, but tend to be colourful species with distinctive crests or other head ornaments, such as wattles, from which they get their name. White helmetshrike, Prionops plumatus Red-billed helmetshrike, Prionops caniceps African shrike-flycatcher, Megabyas flammulatus Black-and-white shrike-flycatcher, Bias musicus Bushshrikes and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Malaconotidae Bushshrikes are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive. Brubru, Nilaus afer Northern puffback, Dryoscopus gambensis Sabine's puffback, Dryoscopus sabini Marsh tchagra, Tchagra minuta Black-crowned tchagra, Tchagra senegala Brown-crowned tchagra, Tchagra australis Tropical boubou, Laniarius major Yellow-crowned gonolek, Laniarius barbarus Lowland sooty boubou, Laniarius leucorhynchus Sulphur-breasted bushshrike, Telophorus sulfureopectus Many-coloured bushshrike, Telophorus multicolor Fiery-breasted bushshrike, Malaconotus cruentus Lagden's bushshrike, Malaconotus lagdeni Gray-headed bushshrike, Malaconotus blanchoti Drongos Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. Western square-tailed drongo, Dicrurus occidentalis Shining drongo, Dicrurus atripennis Glossy-backed drongo, Dicrurus divaricatus Fanti drongo, Dicrurus atactus Monarch flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching. Blue-headed crested-flycatcher, Trochocercus nitens Black-headed paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone rufiventer African paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone viridis Shrikes Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio (A) Emin's shrike, Lanius gubernator Yellow-billed shrike, Lanius corvinus Northern fiscal, Lanius humeralis Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator Crows, jays, and magpies Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Piapiac, Ptilostomus afer Pied crow, Corvus albus Rockfowl Order: Passeriformes Family: Picathartidae Rockfowl are lanky birds with crow-like bills, long necks, tails and legs, and strong feet adapted to terrestrial feeding. They are similar in size and structure to the completely unrelated roadrunners, but they hop rather than walk. They also have brightly coloured unfeathered heads. White-necked rockfowl, Picathartes gymnocephalus Hyliotas Order: Passeriformes Family: Hyliotidae The members of this small family, all of genus Hyliota, are birds of the forest canopy. They tend to feed in mixed-species flocks. Yellow-bellied hyliota, Hyliota flavigaster Violet-backed hyliota, Hyliota violacea Fairy flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Stenostiridae Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers African blue flycatcher, Elminia longicauda Dusky crested-flycatcher, Elminia nigromitrata Tits, chickadees and titmice Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. White-shouldered black-tit, Melaniparus guineensis Dusky tit, Melaniparus funereus Penduline-tits Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. Yellow penduline-tit, Anthoscopus parvulus Forest penduline-tit, Anthoscopus flavifrons Larks Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. Rufous-rumped lark, Pinarocorys erythropygia Chestnut-backed sparrow-lark, Eremopterix leucotis Rufous-naped lark, Mirafra africana Flappet lark, Mirafra rufocinnamomea Sun lark, Galerida modesta Crested lark, Galerida cristata Nicators Order: Passeriformes Family: Nicatoridae The nicators are shrike-like, with hooked bills. They are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Western nicator, Nicator chloris African warblers Order: Passeriformes Family: Macrosphenidae African warblers are small to medium-sized insectivores which are found in a wide variety of habitats south of the Sahara. Green crombec, Sylvietta virens Lemon-bellied crombec, Sylvietta denti Northern crombec, Sylvietta brachyura Moustached grass-warbler, Melocichla mentalis Kemp's longbill, Macrosphenus kempi Gray longbill, Macrosphenus concolor Green hylia, Hylia prasina Tit-hylia, Pholidornis rushiae Cisticolas and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. Reed warblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. Eastern olivaceous warbler, Iduna pallida Western olivaceous warbler, Iduna opaca (A) Melodious warbler, Hippolais polyglotta Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina (A) Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Eurasian reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus Greater swamp warbler, Acrocephalus rufescens (A) Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus Grassbirds and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. Fan-tailed grassbird, Catriscus brevirostris Swallows Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Bulbuls Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests. Leaf warblers Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors. Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita (A) Bush warblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Scotocercidae The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place genus Erythrocerus in another family. Chestnut-capped flycatcher, Erythrocercus mccallii Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla Garden warbler, Sylvia borin Western Orphean warbler, Curruca hortensis Greater whitethroat, Curruca communis White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye. Northern yellow white-eye, Zosterops senegalensis Ground babblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Pellorneidae These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus Illadopsis are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands. Brown illadopsis, Illadopsis fulvescens Pale-breasted illadopsis, Illadopsis rufipennis Blackcap illadopsis, Illadopsis cleaveri Puvel's illadopsis, Illadopsis puveli Rufous-winged illadopsis, Illadopsis rufescens Laughingthrushes and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus Turdoides tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia. Capuchin babbler, Turdoides atripennis Brown babbler, Turdoides plebejus Blackcap babbler, Turdoides reinwardtii Treecreepers Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. African spotted creeper, Salpornis salvadori Oxpeckers Order: Passeriformes Family: Buphagidae As both the English and scientific names of these birds imply, they feed on ectoparasites, primarily ticks, found on large mammals. Yellow-billed oxpecker, Buphagus africanus Starlings Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. Violet-backed starling, Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Neumann's starling, Onychognathus neumanni Chestnut-winged starling, Onychognathus fulgidus Narrow-tailed starling, Poeoptera lugubris Copper-tailed starling, Hylopsar cupreocauda Long-tailed glossy-starling, Lamprotornis caudatus Splendid starling, Lamprotornis splendidus Chestnut-bellied starling, Lamprotornis pulcher Lesser blue-eared starling, Lamprotornis chloropterus Greater blue-eared starling, Lamprotornis chalybaeus Emerald starling, Lamprotornis iris Purple starling, Lamprotornis purpureus Bronze-tailed starling, Lamprotornis chalcurus Thrushes and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. Finsch's flycatcher-thrush, Neocossyphus finschi White-tailed ant-thrush, Neocossyphus poensis Gray ground-thrush, Geokichla princei African thrush, Turdus pelios Old World flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. Sunbirds and spiderhunters Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed. Weavers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season. Waxbills and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. Indigobirds Order: Passeriformes Family: Viduidae The indigobirds are finch-like species which usually have black or indigo predominating in their plumage. All are brood parasites, which lay their eggs in the nests of estrildid finches. Pin-tailed whydah, Vidua macroura Exclamatory paradise-whydah, Vidua interjecta Togo paradise-whydah, Vidua togoensis Village indigobird, Vidua chalybeata Wilson's indigobird, Vidua wilsoni Jambandu indigobird, Vidua raricola Baka indigobird, Vidua larvaticola Cameroon indigobird, Vidua camerunensis Variable indigobird, Vidua funerea Parasitic weaver, Anomalospiza imberbis Old World sparrows Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I) Northern gray-headed sparrow, Passer griseus Sahel bush sparrow, Gymnoris dentata Wagtails and pipits Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. Mountain wagtail, Motacilla clara Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava African pied wagtail, Motacilla aguimp Long-billed pipit, Anthus similis Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris (A) Plain-backed pipit, Anthus leucophrys Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus Yellow-throated longclaw, Macronyx croceus Finches, euphonias, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. White-rumped seedeater, Crithagra leucopygius Yellow-fronted canary, Crithagra mozambicus West African seedeater, Crithagra canicapilla Old World buntings Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. Brown-rumped bunting, Emberiza affinis Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana Cabanis's bunting, Emberiza cabanisi Gosling's bunting, Emberiza goslingi See also List of birds Lists of birds by region References Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of Birds of Côte d'Ivoire". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 27 April 2020. Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: A Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1. External links Birds of Ivory Coast and its national parks - World Institute for Conservation and Environment

Saint Ténénan

Saint Ténénan (or Saint Thénénan) is one of the mythical Breton saints of Armorica. He is known as Tudogilus (or Saint Tudon or Saint Thudon), as the father of Saint Gouesnou, Saint Majan and a girl named Tudona. Records suggest Saint Ténénan and Saint Tudon immigrated to Brittany at the same time, frequented the same places and therefore may be one individual.

Saint Ténénan (or Saint Thénénan) is one of the mythical Breton saints of Armorica. He is known as Tudogilus (or Saint Tudon or Saint Thudon), as the father of Saint Gouesnou, Saint Majan and a girl named Tudona. Records suggest Saint Ténénan and Saint Tudon immigrated to Brittany at the same time, frequented the same places and therefore may be one individual. Early life The life of Ténénan is so poorly known that Albert Le Grand wrote that at least three saints may have been confused: the first, of Irish origin (Hibernia at the time) lived in the fifth century as a contemporary of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland; the second "Ténénan-Tinidor"; and a third who lived at the time of the Norman invasions. Ténénan or Tinidor was born in Wales; he was at first a brilliant young man attending the noble courts. According to Albert Le Grand, he was the son of Tinidor (whose name is wrongly attributed to him) and the nephew of Saint Jaoua. As a teenager, he was so handsome that the Countess d'Arondel's daughter wanted him for her husband. Desiring to flee worldliness and having decided "to keep his virginity, he prayed, begging the Divine Majesty to make him so ugly and so deformed that no one would want him any more, promising, in return, to keep perpetual chastity, if God did him this favor. It was granted, and in a moment the whole surface of his body was covered with leprosy, so that he horrified all who looked upon him." Career Ténénan entered the monastery directed by Saint Carantec in Hibernia (present-day Ireland); the latter cured him of leprosy by plunging him into a bath, "his skin became clear and white like that of a little child," and sent him to preach in Armorica. An angel appeared to him, telling him to go to the flock that Saint Paul Aurelian had shepherded. Coming from overseas, Ténénan came to Leon by the Goulet and the Élorn. After disembarking at Joyeuse-Garde, he built his hermitage in the forest at Lan-Tinidor (not far from Landerneau). Then, penetrating further into the forest, he settled near Gallo-Roman ruins at Plabennec.In 615, on the death of Saint Goulven, bishop of Leon, Tenenan was elected to replace him and deputies went to Ploubennec to bring him the news. Tenenan answered them "that he felt his shoulders too weak to bear a burden so heavy," but yielding to their petitions, finally accepted. He was consecrated bishop in the cathedral of Dol by Saint Guennou. After serving as bishop of Leon, Ténénan returned to Plabennec, where he died around 650. He was buried in his cathedral. According to Dom Lobineau, only one relic of the saint remained in the early eighteenth century, in the church of Trégarantec, under the name of St. Ternoc. Saint Ténénan is sometimes confused with Saint Arnoc and some historians believe that he is in fact the same saint. Legacy A single parish undoubtedly bears the name of Saint-Ténénan according to the old form: Saint-Thonan; but the church is today dedicated to Saint Nicolas. Saint Ténénan is the patron saint of Guerlesquin, La Forest-Landerneau and Plabennec where his relics were once located. There used to be a kind of tromenie of Saint Ténénan in Plabennec, and whose starting point was, until its ruin, the Saint-Ténan chapel in Lez-Kélen. References Sources Vita S. Tenenani, cited in : Albert Le Grand, Les vies des saints de la Bretagne Armorique : ensemble un ample catalogue chronologique et historique des evesques d'icelle... et le catalogue de la pluspart des abbés, blazons de leurs armes et autres curieuses recherches... (5e éd.), J.Salaün, Quimper [1]

Nouvelair

Nouvelair Limited Company (French: Nouvelair Société Anonyme, Arabic: الطيران الجديد تونس), trading as Nouvelair Tunisie, or simply Nouvelair, is a Tunisian airline with its registered office in Tunis, while its head office in the Dhkila Tourist Zone in Monastir, near the Hôtel Sahara Beach. The airline operates tourist charters from European cities to Tunisian holiday resorts. Its main bases are Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport, Tunis–Carthage International Airport and Djerba–Zarzis International Airport.

Nouvelair Limited Company (French: Nouvelair Société Anonyme, Arabic: الطيران الجديد تونس), trading as Nouvelair Tunisie, or simply Nouvelair, is a Tunisian airline with its registered office in Tunis, while its head office in the Dhkila Tourist Zone in Monastir, near the Hôtel Sahara Beach. The airline operates tourist charters from European cities to Tunisian holiday resorts. Its main bases are Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport, Tunis–Carthage International Airport and Djerba–Zarzis International Airport. History The airline was established in 1989 as Air Liberté Tunisie and started operations on 21 March 1990. It was founded as a charter affiliate of French operator Air Liberté. It is majority owned by Aziz Miled (who died in 2012) and has 614 employees (at March 2007). Corporate affairs Ownership and management The airline is privately owned. Current shareholders are (July 2014) Tunisian Travel Service (TTS) (55%), Sofiat (20%), Carte (15%) and Marhaba Hotels (10%). The CEO is Chokri Zarrad. Business trends Full annual reports do not appear to be published. In the absence of these, available information on trends is shown below (for years ending 31 December): Fleet As of July 2022, Nouvelair operates the following aircraft: References External links Media related to Nouvelair at Wikimedia Commons Official website Official website (in French)

Qatar Airways Flights 15 and 16

Qatar Airways Flight 15 (IATA: QR15, ICAO: QTR15) and Qatar Airways Flight 16 (IATA: QR16, ICAO: QTR16), marketed as the Qatar Airways Business One service were all-business-class flights operated by Qatar Airways from its home of Doha to London—Heathrow in the UK's capital city, and returning home to Doha from London—Heathrow. The flights were operated with aircraft in a 40-seat configuration from 15 May 2014 to 15 November 2015. It was the second all-business class service from London Heathrow to the Persian Gulf area, after Silverjet's short-lived Luton to Dubai International Boeing 767 service, which was terminated in late 2007/early 2008.

Qatar Airways Flight 15 (IATA: QR15, ICAO: QTR15) and Qatar Airways Flight 16 (IATA: QR16, ICAO: QTR16), marketed as the Qatar Airways Business One service were all-business-class flights operated by Qatar Airways from its home of Doha to London—Heathrow in the UK's capital city, and returning home to Doha from London—Heathrow. The flights were operated with aircraft in a 40-seat configuration from 15 May 2014 to 15 November 2015. It was the second all-business class service from London Heathrow to the Persian Gulf area, after Silverjet's short-lived Luton to Dubai International Boeing 767 service, which was terminated in late 2007/early 2008. History On 18 February 2014, Qatar Airways announced an all-business class flight operating between Heathrow Airport in London and Hamad International Airport in Doha. The flight was the sixth daily flight operated by Qatar Airways between Doha and London, increasing the number of weekly services between the two cities from 35 to 42, and would be operated with an Airbus A319 in an all-business class configuration. Service commenced on 15 May 2014, and the flight operated from Heathrow Terminal 4.In July 2015, Qatar Airways announced that the all-business class Airbus A319 service would be discontinued on 25 October 2015, with Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft replacing the A319 on the route. Qatar Airways also operated an all-business class service on the Doha to Jeddah route, and uses this aircraft on its Qatar Executive charter service. However, the A319 service was later extended to 15 November 2015.As of March 2018, the flights are operated by the Airbus A350-1000, of which Qatar Airways is the launch customer. A319 flight Qatar Airways Flight 15 operates from Hamad International Airport (IATA: DOH, ICAO: OTHH) in Doha to Heathrow Airport (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL) in London, while Flight 16 is the return flight from London to Doha. Flight 15 departs Doha at 14:50 and arrives at Heathrow at 20:25, and Flight 16 departs Heathrow at 21:55 and arrives at Doha the next day at 06:40. The flight is operated daily.The Airbus A319LR that operated the flight was fitted with an all-business class layout with 40 seats, in a single-aisle, 2-2 seating configuration. Prior to the conversion to an all-business class layout, the aircraft was previously in a conventional two-class configuration with 8 business class seats and 102 economy class seats, for a total of 110 seats. The business class seats used were Collins Aerospace Diamond seats that can be reclined to a fully flat bed, and feature the airline's Oryx entertainment system, plus AC laptop power and inflight mobile phone access. Reception At the time of the announcement, Business Traveller magazine noted that the schedules for the flight "appear logical" and would appeal to business people wanting to maximize working time. One Mile at a Time noted that the business class seats on the A319 operating the flight were inferior to the "Super Diamond" business class seats on Qatar Airways' Boeing 787 and Airbus A380 aircraft operating the same route, and said that the service was "puzzling".An analysis by Centre for Aviation noted that the service was more likely to succeed than other previous failed all-premium flights. The analysis noted the lower risk of this route due to the comparatively short distance between London and Doha, small A319 aircraft with only 40 seats, the flexibility, reputation and premium positioning of Qatar Airways, and the focus on local rather than connecting traffic.Business Traveller gave a positive review, noting the quicker boarding and deboarding time compared to wide-body aircraft, and more personal attention by staff, but also noted that the seats on the aircraft were quite narrow and were smaller than normal business class seats. See also Club World London City, a set of all-business-class flights operated by British Airways between 2009 and 2020 == References ==

Temple du Marais

The Temple du Marais, sometimes known as the Temple Sainte-Marie, or historically, as the Church of Sainte Marie de la Visitation, is a Protestant church located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, in the district of Le Marais at 17 Rue Saint-Antoine. It was originally built as a Roman Catholic convent by the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, whose sisters were commonly called the Visitandines. The church was closed in the French Revolution and later given to a Protestant congregation which continues its ministry to the present. The closest métro station is Bastille

The Temple du Marais, sometimes known as the Temple Sainte-Marie, or historically, as the Church of Sainte Marie de la Visitation, is a Protestant church located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, in the district of Le Marais at 17 Rue Saint-Antoine. It was originally built as a Roman Catholic convent by the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, whose sisters were commonly called the Visitandines. The church was closed in the French Revolution and later given to a Protestant congregation which continues its ministry to the present. The closest métro station is Bastille Catholic Convent The Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary was founded in 1610 by Saint Francis de Sales and Saint Jane de Chantal in Annecy as a Catholic religious order of nuns. It started a convent in Paris in 1619 which built the current church and the crest of the order still surmounts the rose window above the entrance. The building was designed by François Mansart in 1632, in the Baroque style. The church's benefactor, Noël Brûlart de Sillery, an admirer of the Pantheon in Rome, desired a centralized plan. Mansart, no doubt also influenced by the chapel of the Château d'Anet, delivered a highly original design with eight interconnected subsidiary spaces surrounding the central 13-metre (44-foot) dome including the sanctuary to the south, the vestibule to the north, three chapels, two sacristies, and the nuns' choir to the west. The design for the exterior was also quite original with the street elevation's three components, the arch with its Michelangelo inspired portal and projecting cross, the toit à l'impèriale with its lantern, and the cross-topped spire, drawing the eye heavenward. The building's construction was overseen by the master mason contractor Michel Villedo.Saint Vincent de Paul served as the spiritual director of the convent for twenty-eight years. The church crypt, finished in 1665, was the family mausoleum of Nicolas Fouquet, Superintendent of Finances for Louis XIV, whose remains were transferred to Paris a year after his death. The church is also home to the tomb of Henri, Marquis de Sévigné, husband of noted writer Marie de Rabutin-Chantal.In 1790 during the French Revolution the convent was seized, its furniture sold, and the building converted into storage for books seized from immigrants. In 1792 the sisters were expelled and the Society of Friends of the Law, led by the courtesan Theroigne de Mericourt, used the chapel for meetings. In 1796 the buildings were sold and all were later demolished apart from the chapel during the creation of the Rue Castex in 1805. The Revolution left its mark on the chapel in the form of a Phrygian cap above a door.After the Revolution the sisters reconstituted their convent as the Monastère de la Visitation at 68 avenue Denfert-Rochereau where it continues to the present day. The remains of the patron of the convent, Noël Brûlart de Sillery, as well as of Bishop Frémiot (Archbishop of Bourges and brother of Jane de Chantal) were removed to the new location in 1836 rather than leave them in a Protestant church. Protestant Church After the Concordat of 1801 the church was turned over, along with Saint-Louis-du-Louvre and the chapel of the Pentemont Abbey, for the use of Reformed believers in Paris who had been forced to worship in secret or in the chapels of foreign embassies since the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The first time that Pastor Paul-Henri Marron preached in the new church he remarked on how Protestants could now worship in freedom and security nestled between such symbols of the oppression of their forebears, the Bastille and the home of the Jesuits in the Lycée Charlemagne.The church was home to the famed city planner Georges-Eugène Haussmann and architect Victor Baltard during their student days at Collège Henri IV. While Baltard was a Lutheran he went with his more radical Protestant peers to the doctrinally stricter Calvinist church. In 1830 the church held the state funeral for Benjamin Constant.The building was damaged in May 1871 by fierce fighting at a barricade directly in front of the church during the Paris Commune. Restoration work was undertaken in 1874 by Marcellin Varcollier and the statues on the pediment of charity and religion were carved by Ernest-Eugène Hiolle. The church's organ was built by Joseph Merklin in 1895 with additional work by Haerpfer in 1960 and Heddelin in 1992.Elisée Lacheret became the pastor of the church in 1902 moving from the more theologically liberal l'Oratoire to the more evangelical Temple du Marais. As president of the permanent commission of the Reformed Church he played an important role during the debate that led to the Laïcité policy that separated church from state in France in 1905. A plaque in the church commemorates his role in assuring the free practice of religion as well as in organizing the Eglises Réformées Evangéliques, the evangelical wing of the Reformed church. During the World Wars the church crypt was used as a shelter from bombardment and under the German occupation of France during World War II the organ was used to hide Jews.The church continues as part of the United Protestant Church of France and has experienced a great revitalization in recent years going from a handful of congregants in 2004 to 300 weekly attenders, most under the age of 40, today. There are French services at 10:30am on Sundays, an African community service (in French) at 1:00pm, a Japanese service at 4:00pm, and an Arabic service at 6:00pm. The congregation also holds many activities throughout the week including prayer and Bible study groups. The church is open to tourists on Saturday afternoons from 3:30-5:30pm and volunteers provide tours. See also History of early modern period domes Gallery References External links Church website in English Video of the church's architecture An art performance in the church during Nuit Blanche 2010

Yan Fuqing

Yan Fuqing (simplified Chinese: 颜福庆; traditional Chinese: 顏福慶; pinyin: Yán Fúqìng; 1882–1970), also known as Fu Ching (F.C.) Yen, was a Chinese medical practitioner, public health pioneer, civil servant, and educator. Born in Shanghai in 1882, Yen came from a renowned family with a history of serving the Chinese government and society. Notable relatives include cousin Chinese Premier Yan Huiqing, in-law Liu Hongsheng, and the Soong sisters. A graduate of St. John's College and Yale Medical School, Yen later returned to China and pioneered several public health initiatives, including the establishment of a local Red Cross, overseeing the Hunan-Yale Agreement, the foundation of the National Medical Association of China as well as the National Shanghai Medical College, now the Medical College at Fudan University.

Yan Fuqing (simplified Chinese: 颜福庆; traditional Chinese: 顏福慶; pinyin: Yán Fúqìng; 1882–1970), also known as Fu Ching (F.C.) Yen, was a Chinese medical practitioner, public health pioneer, civil servant, and educator. Born in Shanghai in 1882, Yen came from a renowned family with a history of serving the Chinese government and society. Notable relatives include cousin Chinese Premier Yan Huiqing, in-law Liu Hongsheng, and the Soong sisters. A graduate of St. John's College and Yale Medical School, Yen later returned to China and pioneered several public health initiatives, including the establishment of a local Red Cross, overseeing the Hunan-Yale Agreement, the foundation of the National Medical Association of China as well as the National Shanghai Medical College, now the Medical College at Fudan University. Yen actively treated patients during the Japanese occupation of China in World War II, and subsequently during the Cultural Revolution. Due to his historical, social status, practice of Christianity, and Western ties, he was barred from joining the Communist Party of China (CPC). By 1966, his home, property, and social standing had been destroyed for political reasons. Yen died under house arrest in 1970. After his death, he has been celebrated as a patriot and hero by the Chinese government. Early life and education The second of five children, Yen Fuqing was born in July 1882. His father, Yen Rusong, was a pastor who raised their family as practicing Episcopalians. Yen and his siblings were noted for being Western-educated. Both his father and his uncle, Yen Yongjing, had volunteered to fight for the Union North in the American Civil War while attending college at Kenyon in Ohio.During his childhood, Yen Fuqing's father died, leaving his uncle, Yen Yongjing, to take care of him at the age of seven. Due to his father's death and his mother's sickness, Fuqing became interested in medicine at a young age. He grew up in a relatively cosmopolitan environment, heavily influenced by Western and Christian morality and thought. Uncle Yan Yongjing was founder and a principal educator at St. John's University in Shanghai, and Yen Fuqing was given an Anglican education there. After graduating from St. John's University's School of Medicine in 1903, Yen briefly went to work at St. Luke's Hospital before traveling to South Africa to treat Chinese miners working in the then-British colony. Time in South Africa After the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, the British government sought to address the issue of a labor shortage and subsequent low production in Witwatersrand gold mines with workers imported from China. Between the years of 1904-1910, over 60,000 Chinese contracted miners were sent to work in the mines. In recruiting a labor force, the Chinese government contacted Chinese doctors to accompany the miners. Yen was recruited for meeting the unusual requirements of both the English language and Western medical education. He enrolled after passing an examination by a medical panel in Tianjin.Upon arrival in South Africa, Yen was appalled by the dangerous and unsanitary conditions to which the laborers were subjected. He found his own clinical skills to be inadequate, and after practicing in South Africa for one year, Yen went on to the United States to further his medical studies. Before leaving, the miners he had treated, presented Yen with a gold badge to show their gratitude for his practice. Time at Yale Yen relocated to the United States in 1906 and enrolled in Yale University's medical school at age 24.At Yale, Yen struggled with the transition to both the rigorous curriculum, the New England winter, and the language barrier. However, by his third year at Yale, he had completed his basic courses and shifted to clinical education. By his fourth year, Yen was engaged in clinical practice and started writing his dissertation, entitled, “A Study of the Cutaneous Method of Von Pirquet and the Percutaneous Method of Moro and a Comparison with Other Tuberculin Tests in Diagnosis of Tuberculosis".During this time, Yen was also active in the Yale Chinese Students’ Club. It was through the Chinese Students’ Club that he met A.C. Williams, a Yale-China Association Trustee. Williams later suggested that Yen join the Yale-in-China mission in Changsha upon completion of his medical degree.In June 1909, Yen graduated and became the first Asian to receive a doctorate in medicine at Yale University. That same year, he was elected a member of the American Natural Sciences Association. Upon completion of his studies, Yen made his way to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in Liverpool, England for one semester's advanced study. For his work, Yen earned a certificate of study. Return to China Yen returned to Shanghai in the winter of 1910 on a two-year Yale-China Association contract, where he worked with Dr. Edward H. Hume. His presence as a Chinese doctor in the leadership of a Western medical organization inspired confidence and interest among other Chinese medical practitioners. This faith allowed Yen to serve as a bridge for cooperation and outreach between traditional Chinese medicine, culture and Western medicine.Yen was a prolific administrator and practitioner for the next 18 years of his career. Between 1910 and 1921, he established himself and was elected leader of the Hunan Red Cross. He also launched a public health initiative that ultimately eradicated bubonic plague in areas along the Peking-Hankou Railway, initiated various public hygiene education campaigns, built a Tuberculosis hospital in Changsha, and founded the National Medical Association of China. In 1914, he founded the Xiangya Medical College (now part of the Central South University) in Changsha and served as the first principal. He also obtained a certificate in public health from Harvard around this time. In 1901, Yen attended the China Missionary Medical Association conference, and decided that he and other Chinese doctors would found their own version of this association. This happened in 1915, when he co-founded the Chinese Medical Association with Wu Lunde. The establishment of the group laid the foundation for the widespread practice of Western medicine in China. Already a co-founder, Yen would go on to become the first president of the group. In 1921, Yen briefly returned to the United States with his wife and eldest daughter Hilda Yen to study Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. Despite the fears of his colleague Dr. Hume that he would give up his work in preventive medicine, Yen simply added Ophthalmology to his medical practice. In 1926, Yen also co-founded and became the first Dean of the institution that would ultimately become the Fudan University Medical School. He would go on to spearhead the opening of the Shanghai Medical Center and the establishment of the Hunan-Yale Medical School.While working at the Hunan-Yale Medical College in 1919, Yen received a Director's approval to grant a free sickbed to a peasant woman who had fallen ill after delivering a baby. As was his propensity for patients who could not afford treatment, Yen granted the request and forgot the incident. Thirty-seven years later, Yen would be reminded of this event when he sat beside Chairman Mao Zedong at a dinner held for intellectuals in Shanghai, where Mao recounted that the peasant woman had been Mao's wife, Yang Kaihui.During this time Yen developed several public health outreach and education programs tackling specific diseases. Yen's efforts, which included a hygiene program to address cases of snail fever in the Tongting Lake area, and the construction of an advanced sanitation system and public education campaign to address hookworm infestations among coal miners, ultimately laid the foundation for standardizing industrial sanitation rules in China. The 1920s were a time of burgeoning instability in China. The social and political atmosphere that emerged around the time of the May Fourth Movement in 1919 largely shaped China's tumultuous twentieth century. The anti-imperialist, anti-western, and nationalist student-driven movements and the Northern Expedition led by the Kuomintang had a strong impact on the environment in which foreign-educated professionals like Yen could operate. This affected Yen's relationships with foreign colleagues and friends and ultimately the stability of his practices. Under pressure from the Northern Expedition's approach, Yen's longtime colleague Dr. Hume retreated to the US led by an armed escort in 1926. It was at this same time that Yen left the Changsha region. In 1927, Yen became vice president of Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), the leading medical school in China at the time. Later that year, the Northern Expedition army captured Nanjing and attacked foreign institutions, homes, consulates, churches, and schools. The vice president of Nanking University was shot dead in his home by looters, and five dormitories were set on fire. Despite the danger inherent to both academics and those with foreign ties, Yen led a group from PUMC into Wuhan as part of the Wounded Soldiers Relief Association to treat those who had been injured in the fighting.In 1928, Yen leased the General Hospital of the China Red Cross Society from the organization. He then became its first director, providing a convenient and willing institution for clinical medical education.In 1929, shortly before departing to participate in the Pan-Pacific Surgery Conference in Honolulu, Yen drew up plans for establishing the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital. He later submitted the plan for what would become the Shanghai Medical Center the following year. By January 1931, significant funding had been secured from sources such as fellow Yale alumnus, Central Bank President H. H. Kung, Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek, and the Soong sisters, and the project was officially initiated. The hospital's mission was to focus on public health and disease prevention, both considered major gaps in healthcare in the city of Shanghai at that time. World War II, Japanese Occupation, and the Start of Communist China In the summer of 1937, as the Shanghai Medical College expanded its staff, student body, and scope of education and medical practice, the Japanese invaded China. Soon after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Shanghai was quickly militarized and the Battle of Shanghai was launched. During this time, Yen was appointed Chairman of a medical response coalition to treat wounded soldiers. During their assault on the city, the Japanese attacked civilians and medical personnel alike. On August 23, Japanese soldiers attacked one of several medical auxiliary groups and shot five doctors and nurses on their knees at point blank range. When Shanghai officially fell to the Japanese in early November 1937, Yen and the staff of the Sun Yatsen Hospital rushed to evacuate the staff, patients, and equipment of the hospital. Yen and his teams retreated inland to Chongqing with other Chinese civilians and government officials. At this time, he was appointed the Minister of Public Health.Thousands of other Chinese citizens flooded into the region at the same time. Many focused on similar infrastructure and other mobilization efforts, both with respect to both domestic improvement and wartime support. As both a doctor and in his capacity as Public Health Minister, Yen was concerned with the high rates of disease and dismal living conditions of many citizens, particularly laborers. To address this issue, Yen worked with the central government to set up 72 medical rescue stations along regional highways as part of an emergency medical network. After the Japanese war and occupation, these were subsequently converted to full hospitals and served as foundations for the area's public medical infrastructure. As the fighting continued, the Yen family became increasingly involved. Yen's daughter Hilda Yen partnered with fellow aviator Li Xiaqing to fly for fundraising events in the United States. Yen recalled his eldest son William (Woqing) from college in the United States to assist in the war effort. Yen's wife Cao Xiuying, as a leader of the Shanghai Anti-Japanese Women's Federation, set up an orphanage for wartime orphans. Her organization also mobilized women in Shanghai to sew uniforms and shoes for soldiers.In 1940, Yen resigned from his post as Public Health Minister and traveled to the United States for surgery for a stomach ulcer. On his way back to China via Hong Kong, he was intercepted by Japanese police and placed under surveillance. By 1942, Yen was allowed to return to Shanghai. He began to teach at Shanghai Medical College, one of the few institutions in the city that remained under non-Japanese control. Although the College was later forced to register with the Japanese occupation government, the administration did so on the condition that no leadership from the Nanjing government be sent to take control. Partially due to this, the Nanjing government would constantly harangue Yen and other senior colleagues with bribes and offers to take roles in the occupational government. Yen refused. In March 1943, Yen's wife Cao Xiuying died suddenly of a stroke at age 62. Yen's first grandson, Yen Zhiyuan, was born in February 1945. In August 1945, the Japanese surrendered to the United States, ending World War II. By this time, the Communist Party had grown in both power and membership. They began to take over China, moving through the countryside toward major cities, mobilizing peasants, and by 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the foundation of the People's Republic of China. Against this backdrop of political uncertainty and change, Yen decided to remain in Shanghai, China, continuing his work at Shanghai Medical College and serving as a consultant to the communist party. Cultural Revolution Yen was barred from the Communist Party for his status as a Christian, and instead joined the Jiusan Society - one of 8 legally-sanctioned political parties allowed by the Communist government.Through the 1950s and 1960s, Yen often held Westernized social events at his home. These included activities like bridge and Western-style social dancing. With the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Yen was condemned for these events. Yen was accused of living a “decadent and bourgeois life”, for crimes just as listening to foreign music, and answering the telephone with in English. Red guards searched Yen's home and office repeatedly during the Cultural Revolution. They destroyed gramophone records of Western classical music and jazz, as well as his family's personal effects, including a granddaughter's dollhouse. In the spring of 1966, in anticipation of the Culture Revolution, Yen asked his eldest grandson Zhiyuan to take and distribute Yen's savings among family members. Zhiyuan was also asked to destroy several potentially politically-sensitive personal effects, including a photograph of Yen's daughter Hilda with her airplane, which included an American flag in the backdrop.In June 1966, began a campaign of character assassination against Yen. This included both mental and physical torture by the government and its agents. At eighty-four years old, Yen was condemned as a US spy, an active counter-revolutionary, and several other fabricated charges. In August, Yen was made to wear a sign around his neck that read “I am a bastard” and paraded through the streets of Shanghai. Yen's grandchildren were often made to walk through the streets with Yen during these public humiliations, where rioters would hit and spit on them. In later searches of Yen's home,the Red Guards gradually removed gold, jewelry, US dollars, deeds to property, a refrigerator, a motorcycle, several bicycles, trunks of clothing and textiles and more. After much of the family's property had been stolen, the Red Guards would come into the homes and carve their names or Communist slogans into walls and cabinets. In 1966, Yen was placed under house arrest. A Communist propaganda team was stationed in the family home, where they would often curse, yell Communist slogans, threaten, and condemn Yen, as his family remained powerless to help him. Yen remained staunch in his conviction that he had done nothing wrong and his resolve not to commit suicide, as was a common reaction to such treatment. Despite his commitment, Yen's health failed under these conditions. Death After suffering a sudden pulmonary episode at home, Yen was rushed to the Sun Yatsen Hospital, where he was refused treatment for political reasons. When his son Victor, also a physician, requested the use of an oxygen cylinder for treatment at home, he was also refused. Yen was able to receive medication and oxygen through a series of illegal channels, including Dr. Li Huade at Sun Yatsen hospital.Yen spent his final days living with his youngest son Victor, his wife Mary, and their 5 children. On November 29, 1970, after years of illness, harassment, and house arrest, Yen passed away at home at the age of 88. Legacy Despite his treatment by the government at the end of his life, Yen has since been lauded by the Communist Party as a national hero. His contributions to the foundation of public and western medicine across China were critical to the tremendous economic and social growth that the country has enjoyed since the 1980s. In November 1978, a state-organized ceremony was held on the anniversary of Yen's death, during which state leaders and celebrities gathered to honor Yen's public service and accomplishments.In 1997, a statue of Dr. Yen was erected on the Medical School's Eastern campus to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Shanghai Medical College. In 2005, in honor of the 100th anniversary of Fudan University, the road in front of Yen's statue was renamed “Fuqing Road.” Personal life Yen was married to Cao Xiuying, a relative of Sun Yat-sen. After her marriage to Yen, Cao became a philanthropist and opened several teaching orphanages. Cao and Yen had six children, though only four survived to adulthood. This included Woqīng (Western name William), Yǎqīng (Western name Hilda), Xiangqīng (Western name Dorothy), and Ruiqīng (Western name Victor). Cao was renowned for her generosity. In one story, she was said to have lent a Steinway piano to an impoverished fellow parishioner in the 1930s in order to help the woman provide for her two young daughters. After ultimately having the means to raise their daughters, the family returned Cao's piano to her family after her death in 1966, just before the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution.During his time at Yale Medical School, Yen became close friends with the only other two foreign students, Jacque Louis Buttner, from France, and Carl Johannes Grade, from Denmark. When Yen returned to the United States for the treatment of a gastric ulcer in the 1950s, it was Buttner who acted as his surgeon at New Haven Hospital.Yen had eight grandchildren. During the three years of Great Chinese Famine, Yen's rations were provided by the government for his position as a “senior intellectual”. He consistently distributed these to his grandchildren, concerned that they would not grow without adequate nutrition.Yen Zuiyuan, F.C. Yen's eldest grandson, is currently an associate professor at Fudan University. In 2007, Zuiyuan wrote and published a comprehensive biography of his grandfather's life. The book was released by Fudan University Press and has been translated into English. In 1921, when Yen took a two-year sabbatical from his roles at the Yale-China Association and Hunan Medical College, his daughter Hilda was granted entry into Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Eighty-nine years later, Dr. Yen's great-granddaughter would go on to graduate from Smith College. Ninety-three years after Hilda's admission to Smith College, another great-granddaughter would also graduate from Smith College. Dr. Yen's great-grandson Ronald Chen, Hilda Yen's grandson through her first marriage to P.T. Chen, is dean of Rutgers Law School. == References ==

Morris Markin

Morris Markin (Russian: Морис Маркин) (July 15, 1893 – July 8, 1970) was a Russian-born American businessman who founded the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company (which would later become the Checker Motors Corporation).

Morris Markin (Russian: Морис Маркин) (July 15, 1893 – July 8, 1970) was a Russian-born American businessman who founded the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company (which would later become the Checker Motors Corporation). Early years Born in to a Jewish family in Smolensk, a city in western Russia, Morris Markin worked in a clothing factory during his young years. His determination and hard work got him promoted to a supervisor position by the age of nineteen, when he emigrated to the United States in November 1912. When he arrived at Ellis Island, he spoke no English and couldn't afford to pay the bond required to enter the country. A janitor at the facility loaned him the twenty-five dollars he needed for the bond. From New York City, Markin went to Chicago to live with his uncle. He held several jobs as an errand boy, the last for a tailor who taught him the trade. When the tailor died, Markin purchased the business on credit from the widow. He worked hard and saved enough money to bring seven brothers and two sisters to the States. Markin then teamed up with one of the brothers and opened a factory which made pants under government contracts during World War I. This company prospered after the war. Formation of Checker Cab In 1921, Markin entered the automobile business when he collected an auto body manufacturing company from an engineer named Lomberg. Markin had loaned fifteen-thousand-dollars to Lomberg earlier in an effort to keep the company afloat. When it failed, Lomberg returned to Markin to ask for more money. Markin refused and took over the company for his debt. He then picked up a failed automobile manufacturer, Commonwealth Motors, and with it the accountant, Ralph E. Oakland. Then, in a bold move, Markin purchased the defunct Handley-Knight chassis plant and the Dort body plant in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He moved his entire operation to Kalamazoo and on February 2, 1922 formed the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company. In 1929, he purchased the Yellow Cab Company from John Hertz. References External links Internet Checker Taxicab Archive

Maduran leaf-nosed bat

The Maduran leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros madurae) is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae endemic to Indonesia. This species is known from the eastern half of Java and on Madura Island. It is found below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). It is an IUCN Red List Near Threatened species, with the status changed from Least Concern after a 2021 assessment.

The Maduran leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros madurae) is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae endemic to Indonesia. This species is known from the eastern half of Java and on Madura Island. It is found below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). It is an IUCN Red List Near Threatened species, with the status changed from Least Concern after a 2021 assessment. Taxonomy and etymology It was described as a new species in 1993 by Kitchener and Maryanto. Its species name "madurae" was derived from Madura Island where the holotype was collected. == References ==

Le Cheval Blanc (brewpub)

Le Cheval Blanc is a brewpub located on rue Ontario in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 1986, it became the first licensed brewpub in Montreal.Some of its craft beers available on tap being quite popular, in 1987 the establishment started a microbrewery of its own: La Brasserie Le Cheval Blanc, which is also said to be the city's first. In 1998, it merged with two other microbreweries Les Brasseurs GMT and Les Brasseurs de l'Anse to form Les Brasseurs RJ. The Cheval's bottled beers most commonly available in Quebec's dépanneurs are: La Blanche Cheval Blanc, traditional Belgian white, 5% Coup de grisou, buckwheat amber ale, spiced with coriander, refermented, 5%In 1999, the tavern was renovated and is now also a music venue and an art gallery.

Le Cheval Blanc is a brewpub located on rue Ontario in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 1986, it became the first licensed brewpub in Montreal.Some of its craft beers available on tap being quite popular, in 1987 the establishment started a microbrewery of its own: La Brasserie Le Cheval Blanc, which is also said to be the city's first. In 1998, it merged with two other microbreweries Les Brasseurs GMT and Les Brasseurs de l'Anse to form Les Brasseurs RJ. The Cheval's bottled beers most commonly available in Quebec's dépanneurs are: La Blanche Cheval Blanc, traditional Belgian white, 5% Coup de grisou, buckwheat amber ale, spiced with coriander, refermented, 5%In 1999, the tavern was renovated and is now also a music venue and an art gallery. See also Quebec beer Canadian beer References External links Le Cheval Blanc Web site

Puannum

Puannum of Kish was the sixth Sumerian king in the First Dynasty of Kish, according to the Sumerian king list. Puannum is unlikely to have existed as his name does not appear on texts dating from the period in which he was presumed to have lived (Early Dynastic period). == References ==

Puannum of Kish was the sixth Sumerian king in the First Dynasty of Kish, according to the Sumerian king list. Puannum is unlikely to have existed as his name does not appear on texts dating from the period in which he was presumed to have lived (Early Dynastic period). == References ==

Robert Lloyd Smith

Robert Lloyd Smith (January 8, 1861 – July 10, 1942) was an educator, businessman, and Republican politician who served two terms in the Texas Legislature. Born a free black in Charleston, South Carolina in 1861, he moved to Texas about 1880. He served as principal of the Oakland Normal School in Colorado County in 1885. In 1890 he founded the Farmer's Home Improvement Society, a farmer's cooperative association whose purpose was to help poor blacks lift themselves out of poverty. He was first elected to the legislature in 1895 and served until 1899.

Robert Lloyd Smith (January 8, 1861 – July 10, 1942) was an educator, businessman, and Republican politician who served two terms in the Texas Legislature. Born a free black in Charleston, South Carolina in 1861, he moved to Texas about 1880. He served as principal of the Oakland Normal School in Colorado County in 1885. In 1890 he founded the Farmer's Home Improvement Society, a farmer's cooperative association whose purpose was to help poor blacks lift themselves out of poverty. He was first elected to the legislature in 1895 and served until 1899. He was the last African-American to serve in the Texas State Legislature until Barbara Jordan's election in the 1960s. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1896. In 1902, he was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt as Deputy U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Texas. He was an associate of Booker T. Washington and also served as a trustee of the Jeanes Foundation. He was married to Ruby Cobb and had two adopted children. He is depicted at the lower left on the Black Legislators Monument erected in 2010 at the Texas State Cemetery. See also African-American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era References Texas Legislators: Past & Present - Robert L. Smith Rice, Lawrence D. (June 15, 2010). "Smith, Robert Lloyd". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Rice, Lawrence D. (September 4, 2013) [June 15, 2010]. "Farmers' Home Improvement Society". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Forever Free: Nineteenth Century African-American Legislators and Constitutional Convention Delegates of Texas Texas State Cemetery - Monuments

Iconic Newspapers

Iconic Newspapers is a British-owned newspaper company that publishes over 20 regional newspapers in Ireland. Iconic Newspapers are owned by Mediaforce who are majority owned by British businessman Malcolm Denmark. Iconic Newspapers hold their newspaper assets in a subsidiary called Formpress Publishing.In 2014, Iconic Newspapers acquired Johnston Press Ireland. Johnston Press Ireland was formed in 2005 following the purchase of Scottish Radio Holdings's newspapers known as Score Press by Johnston Press in 2005 for £155 million. In the same year, Johnston Press Ireland also purchased the Leinster Leader Group (just after Leinster Leader Group had purchased Tallaght Publishing Ltd), who published six titles, for €138.6 million.The company is based in Naas, County Kildare.

Iconic Newspapers is a British-owned newspaper company that publishes over 20 regional newspapers in Ireland. Iconic Newspapers are owned by Mediaforce who are majority owned by British businessman Malcolm Denmark. Iconic Newspapers hold their newspaper assets in a subsidiary called Formpress Publishing.In 2014, Iconic Newspapers acquired Johnston Press Ireland. Johnston Press Ireland was formed in 2005 following the purchase of Scottish Radio Holdings's newspapers known as Score Press by Johnston Press in 2005 for £155 million. In the same year, Johnston Press Ireland also purchased the Leinster Leader Group (just after Leinster Leader Group had purchased Tallaght Publishing Ltd), who published six titles, for €138.6 million.The company is based in Naas, County Kildare. History In May 2017, it was reported that Iconic Newspapers may bid to acquire some Landmark Media Investments regional titles. Iconic Newspapers did not proceed with this acquisition. In September 2017, it was reported that Iconic Newspapers managing director, Joe Flaherty, had been selected to run for Fianna Fáil in Longford-Westmeath.In November 2017, it was reported that Iconic Newspapers were making staff redundant at the Donegal Democrat.In January 2018, the 2017 accounts were published. Revenues at Formpress Publishing Ltd declined by 2pc from €13m to €12.6m. Numbers employed by the company last year reduced from 165 to 161 with staff costs declining from €6.84m to €6.59m.In November 2018, it was announced that Iconic Newspapers had acquired 7 titles from River Media.In November 2018, Fine Gael Senator Paudie Coffey sued Iconic Newspapers over an article written in the Kilkenny People.In January 2019, the accounts up to March 2018 were published. Revenues at Formpress Publishing Ltd. declined by 3pc, from €12.6m to €12.2m. Numbers employed by the company last year increased from 161 to 163. Profits declined 6%.In March 2019, Iconic Newspapers settled a defamation action from an ex-minister over an article in the Tipperary Star.In April 2019, Iconic Newspapers acquired two newspaper titles from Alpha Newspaper Group. The acquisition was subject to Competition Authority approval. In October 2019, the Competition Authority approved the transaction subject to conditions. The Irish Government needed to approve the acquisition next.In August 2019, Fine Gael Senator Paudie Coffey settled his High Court action with Iconic Newspapers.In October 2019, it was reported that Ionic Newspapers were in advance talks to acquire The Munster Express.In March 2020, the accounts up to 31 March 2019 were published. The results were affected by the acquisitions. Numbers employed by the company reduced from 153 to 149.In March 2020, Iconic Newspapers let staff go due to lack of newspaper advertising due to the coronavirus pandemic. The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) said that Iconic Newspapers "has laid off dozens of journalists, made a number of staff compulsorily redundant and temporarily shut two newspapers".In December 2020, it was announced that Iconic Newspapers' owners Mediaforce was subscribing £6 million in loan notes towards the sale of JPI Media Publishing Limited to National World plc. JPIMedia is the third largest publisher of regional newspapers and websites in the United Kingdom, with over 100 newspapers including 13 daily newspapers.In January 2021, further staff cuts occurred at Iconic Newspapers publications such as the Tipperary Star.In October 2021, it was announced that David Fordham had taken up a directorship role with National World, plc, at the request of Mediaforce, which is the owner of Iconic Newspapers. It was revealed in the same report that Mediaforce owns 26pc of National World.In September 2022, it was announced Iconic Media Group will purchase The Mayo News. Current Irish newspaper titles As of 2019, the company's titles included: Derry News (acquired from River Media) County Derry Post (acquired from River Media) Donegal Democrat (acquired from Johnston Press) Donegal People's Press (acquired from Johnston Press) Donegal Post (acquired from River Media) Dundalk Democrat (acquired from Johnston Press) Finn Valley Post (acquired from River Media) Inish Times (acquired from River Media) Kildare Post (acquired from River Media) Kilkenny People (acquired from Johnston Press) The Kilkenny Reporter (launched by Iconic Newspapers, not connected to closed title called Kilkenny Reporter) Leinster Express (acquired from Johnston Press) Leinster Leader (acquired from Johnston Press) Leitrim Observer (acquired from Johnston Press) Letterkenny People (acquired from Johnston Press) Letterkenny Post (acquired from River Media) The Limerick Chronicle (acquired from Johnston Press) Limerick Leader (acquired from Johnston Press) Longford Leader (acquired from Johnston Press) Midland Tribune (acquired from Alpha Newspaper Group) The Nationalist (Tipperary) (acquired from Johnston Press) Tipperary Star (acquired from Johnston Press Tullamore Tribune (acquired from Alpha Newspaper Group) Former newspaper titles Limerick Chronicle (now a supplement in the Limerick Leader, not a standalone title) Offaly Express Websites Carlow Live Cork Live Offaly Express (former newspaper title) Derry Now Donegal Live (involves the news teams of the Donegal Democrat, Donegal Post, Donegal People's Press and Inish Times) ÉireBheo Kildare Now Tipperary Live (The Nationalist and the Tipperary Star) Waterford LiveIconic Newspapers run 23 websites in total, which are mainly websites linked to their newspaper titles. == References ==

Santa Maria della Pietà, Prato

Santa Maria della Pietà is a Baroque-style, Roman Catholic church in Prato, region of Tuscany, Italy.

Santa Maria della Pietà is a Baroque-style, Roman Catholic church in Prato, region of Tuscany, Italy. History and Description The church was built between 1617-1620 to house a venerated 14th century icon of the Madonna and Child previously held in a tabernacle in the neighborhood (borgo) of Pesce. The church was designed by Gherardo Mechini who erected a typical Tuscan order portico. The interior has a delineated architecture recalling Brunelleschi churches. In 1699, the land adjacent was granted to the Discalced Carmelite nuns (Teresians), who built a convent. In 1786, the convent was suppressed, and the church became the Priory of Santa Caterina de’Ricci, but the Carmelites returned in 1792, and stayed until 1818, when they were moved to the Monastery of San Francesco. The Monastery was given to Gaetano Magnolfi to establish an orphanage and school. The former convent and orphanage is now a nursing home and cultural center. The main altar was designed by mechini, but completed in polychrome marble by Giovanni Battista Cennini and Pier Maria Ciottoli. The main altar houses a 17th-century fresco of figures interacting with the framed 13th-century icon of the Madonna (1638), painted by Mario Balassi. This recalls the miraculous event in 1616 during which the Madonna from icon was observed to cry, are attributed to Giovanni Bonsi. Other paintings in the church include works by Matteo Bertini, Domenico Salvi, and Domenico Pedrini; and a St Theresa receives the Scapular from the Virgin by Alessandro Gherardini. In the piazza in front of the church is the ‘’Monument to Gaetano Magnolfi’’, patron of the former orphanage and school once located in the buildings annexed to the church. Gallery == References ==

Murder of Grégory Villemin

Grégory Villemin (24 August 1980 – 16 October 1984) was a French boy from Lépanges-sur-Vologne, Vosges, who was abducted from his home and murdered at the age of four. His body was found four kilometres (2.5 mi) away in the River Vologne near Docelles. The case became known as the Grégory Affair (French: l'Affaire Grégory) and for decades has received public interest and media coverage in France. The murder remains unsolved.

Grégory Villemin (24 August 1980 – 16 October 1984) was a French boy from Lépanges-sur-Vologne, Vosges, who was abducted from his home and murdered at the age of four. His body was found four kilometres (2.5 mi) away in the River Vologne near Docelles. The case became known as the Grégory Affair (French: l'Affaire Grégory) and for decades has received public interest and media coverage in France. The murder remains unsolved. Preceding events From September 1981 to October 1984, Grégory's parents, Jean-Marie and Christine Villemin, and his paternal grandparents, Albert and Monique Villemin, received numerous anonymous letters and phone calls from a man threatening revenge against Jean-Marie for some unknown offense. The communications indicated he possessed detailed knowledge of the extended Villemin family. Murder Shortly after 5:00 pm on 16 October 1984, Christine Villemin reported Grégory to police as missing after she noticed he was no longer playing in the Villemins' front yard. At 5:30 pm, Gregory's uncle Michel Villemin informed the family he had just been told by an anonymous caller that the boy had been taken and thrown into the River Vologne. At 9:00 pm, Grégory's body was found in the Vologne with his hands and feet bound with rope and a woolen hat pulled down over his face. Aftermath On 17 October, the Villemins received another anonymous letter that said, "I have taken vengeance". From then on, the unidentified author was referred to in the media as Le Corbeau ("The Crow"), French slang for an anonymous letter-writer, a term made popular by the 1943 film Le Corbeau.Bernard Laroche, a cousin of Jean-Marie Villemin, was implicated in the murder by handwriting experts and by a statement from Laroche's sister-in-law Murielle Bolle. He was taken into custody on 5 November 1984. Bolle later recanted her testimony, saying it had been coerced by police. Laroche, who denied any part in the crime or being "the Crow", was released from custody on 4 February 1985. Jean-Marie vowed in front of reporters that he would kill Laroche.On 25 March 1985, handwriting experts identified Grégory's mother Christine as the likely author of the anonymous letters. On 29 March Jean-Marie shot and killed Laroche as he was leaving for work. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to five years in prison. With credit for time served awaiting trial and a partial suspension of the sentence, he was released in December 1987 after having served two and a half years.In July 1985, Christine was charged with murdering Grégory. Pregnant at the time, she launched a hunger strike that lasted eleven days. Christine was freed after an appeals court cited flimsy evidence and the absence of a coherent motive. She reportedly collapsed and miscarried, losing one of the twins she was carrying shortly after being questioned by authorities. She was cleared of the charges on 2 February 1993.The case was reopened in 2000 to allow for DNA testing on a stamp used to send one of the anonymous letters, but the tests were inconclusive. In December 2008, following an application by the Villemins, a judge ordered the case reopened to allow DNA testing of the letters, the rope found on Grégory's body, and other evidence. This testing too proved inconclusive. Further DNA testing in April 2013 on Grégory's clothes and shoes was also inconclusive. Later events On 14 June 2017, based on new evidence, three people were arrested: Grégory's great-aunt and great-uncle, as well as an aunt—the widow of Michel, who died in 2010. The aunt was released, while the great-aunt and great-uncle invoked their right to remain silent. Murielle Bolle was also arrested and held for thirty-six days before being released, as were the others who had been detained.On 11 July 2017, the magistrate in charge of the first investigation, Jean-Michel Lambert, committed suicide. In a farewell letter to a local newspaper, Lambert cited the increasing pressure he felt as a result of the case being reopened as the reason for ending his life.In 2018, Bolle authored a book on her involvement in the case, Breaking the Silence. In the book, she maintained her innocence and that of Laroche, and blamed police for coercing her into implicating him. In June 2017, Bolle's cousin Patrick Faivre told police that Bolle's family had physically abused her in 1984 in order to make her recant her initial testimony against Laroche. Bolle accused Faivre of lying about the reason why she recanted her initial statement. In June 2019, she was indicted for aggravated defamation after Faivre lodged a complaint with police. In January 2020, the Court of Appeal of Paris determined that Bolle's 1984 detention by police had been unconstitutional; the court ordered removed from the investigative file the statements Bolle had made while in custody. However, the statements Bolle made while not in custody remain in the file, including the initial allegations against Laroche that she subsequently retracted.Monique Villemin, Grégory's paternal grandmother, died from COVID-19 complications on 19 April 2020 at the age of 88. During the 2017 investigation, Monique was named by investigators as the author of a 1990 threatening letter sent to Judge Maurice Simon, who had succeeded Jean-Michel Lambert as investigating judge on the case in 1987. In popular culture The murder and investigation have been the subject of several documentary series including The Curse of the Vologne (France 3 2018) and Who Killed Little Gregory? (Netflix 2019).The 6-episode 2021 French mini-series Une affaire française (aka A French Case) dramatized the case, casting a harsh light on career-minded judicial investigators and a scapegoating, fact-free media. The writer Marguerite Duras (played by a chain-smoking Dominique Blanc) is depicted in a particularly damning light, as she insinuates herself into the investigation by accusing the mother of the crime, based on no evidence except her own fabricated psychological theories, helping to whip up a judicial witch-hunt. See also List of unsolved murders Notes == References ==

Anne Beathe Tvinnereim

Anne Beathe Kristiansen Tvinnereim (née Kristiansen, born 22 May 1974) is a Norwegian politician and diplomat currently serving as the Minister of International Development and Minister of Nordic Cooperation since 2021. A member of the Centre Party, she has served as the party's second deputy leader since 2014.

Anne Beathe Kristiansen Tvinnereim (née Kristiansen, born 22 May 1974) is a Norwegian politician and diplomat currently serving as the Minister of International Development and Minister of Nordic Cooperation since 2021. A member of the Centre Party, she has served as the party's second deputy leader since 2014. Career Born in Halden on 22 May 1974, Tvinnereim has studied political science at the University of Costa Rica and the University of Oslo. From 2000 to 2002 she was leader of the Centre Youth, and she was political advisor for the Centre Party's parliamentarians at the Storting from 2002 to 2005. She was assigned as secretary at the Norwegian embassy in Maputo, Mozambique (2007–2011). From 2006 to 2011 she was political adviser in the Ministry of Transport and Communications. She served as State Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development from February 2011 to October 2013. In 2014 she was elected second deputy leader of the Centre Party. Minister of International Development On 14 October 2021, Tvinnereim was appointed minister of international development and minister of Nordic Cooperation in Støre's Cabinet. 2021 When John-Arne Røttingen was elected to be one of the ten international members of the National Academy of Medicine, Tvinnereim issued her congratulations, saying: "It is nice to be able to congratulate Røttingen on this membership. We see that an important part of the solution to the global health challenges lies in international research collaboration. Norway has high confidence and the opportunity to act on complex global health issues. This appointment shows that we have the expertise it requires to continue the Norwegian commitment in global health and make a difference".Tvinnereim and the government announced an increased priority for food safety and smaller farmers in the south in the development budget. Tvinnereim stated that the government wanted to prioritise the environment and food a lot more than the previous government, and that the fight against hunger was a number one priority.On 9 December, Tvinnereim announced that Norway would enter an agreement with the World Food Programme to support locally produced school food in Ethiopia, Malawi and Niger. She went on to say: "Something as simple as a meal at school has countless ripple effects both for children's development and for local communities. We see that more people go to school when they get food. I'm very happy to sign the agreement with the World Food Program today. Norway contributes with 50 million NOK to school food programs in three countries, and to strengthen WFP's cooperation with the African Union on this important work".On 16 December, a proposal to establish a new UNICEF office in Oslo was voted down in the Storting. Liberal Party leader Guri Melby criticised the government for removing help to "the most vulnerable of the vulnerable". Tvinnereim denied that there was a partisan issue, and stated that "the government reserves the right to adjust the instruments we use". She also said believed "it is a wrong use of development assistance funds to allocate half a billion kroner over ten years to manage a center in Oslo". 2022 At the annual Norad conference on 25 January 2022, Tvinnereim spoke critically of food safety. She announced that the government would spend the next year and a half to prioritise and work with said investment. She also emphasised how the issue effects smaller and poorer producers, and that she looked forward to enter dialog with civil society organisations and other actors about the issue for the next coming months.During a parliamentary session in March, Tvinnereim announced that with the exception of 250 million NOK would be given to humanitarian aid in Ukraine, and these would not be taken from other humanitarian aids. She also assured that it would not hinder humanitarian aid to other parts of the world.Ahead of the Our Ocean conference in April, Tvinnereim stressed the importance of maintaining healthy oceans for future generations: "The ocean is in crisis, and we must act now to ensure a healthy and productive sea. We are completely dependent on the sea for food, prosperity and jobs. The sea is a resource that must be managed in a sustainable way so that future generations can also benefit from it". She went on to talk about productive oceans, saying: "Healthy and productive oceans are fundamental to many communities around the world. And it is especially important in poor countries, and for small island states like Palau. Food from the sea is a crucial source of food security. Norway's efforts will contribute to ensuring good living conditions for communities living by and by the sea, and making them resistant to climate change".On 24 June, Tvinnereim attended the international Uniting for Global Food Security conference in Berlin, Germany. She emphasised the importance of food security and Norway's efforts to combat the issue. Tvinnereim also thanked the host country for their inviative, while also expressing expectations for the G7 countries to take responsibility and action, and assured that Norway would follow up on the G7's proposals in the fight against world hunger.On 12 September, Tvinnereim announced that Norway would be strengthening its global pandemic efforts. Among the measures would be a seed means financial mechanism that would assist with pandemic readiness. She stated: "After more than two years with a pandemic, Norway is embarking on a new initiative to strengthen the world's pandemic preparedness. This will reduce the risk and consequences of a new pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic has shown the importance of strengthening global health preparedness, particularly in poor countries. If a virus is allowed to continue to develop in one country, it will threaten the health security of all of us".In the wake of the government's state budget for 2023, Tvinnereim sat down with international aid organisations to hear their opinions on the cuts for international aid. Dagbladet later revealed that Tvinnereim was working to find other means of money then the state budget for international aid. According to Dagbladet, Tvinnereim was said to have become furious and tearful when it was revealed that the government was planning to remove billions of NOK from international aid in the 2023 state budget. In early August, she had been assured of the opposite by prime minister Støre, while during the budget conference on 31 August, no money was announced to be allocated to international aid.Tvinnereim visited Somalia in early December, and also announced that Norway would spend 25 million NOK in development aid to help Somalia combat drought. 2023 During her attendance at the 59th Munich Security Conference in February 2023, Tvinnereim told media that "we should respect that the war in Ukraine looks different for other countries in the South", specifically referring to a military exercise conducted by South Africa and Russia. She also specified that contact with South African authorities would be maintained despite this.On 20 June, Tvinnereim was appointed interim education minister on request from Tonje Brenna, who admitted to not being impartial in an appointment of a friend to Wergelandsenteret, who supplies funds to Utøya AS. In her interim capacity, she was charged with evaluating matters that Brenna deemed herself not impartial in handling. This included ruling that the friend's seat at the board for Wergelandsenteret was void.In September, she and higher education minister Sandra Borch announced a new scholarship scheme for foreign students studying in Norway, who would have been effected by the government's implementation of tuition fees for foreign students from the EU and EEA countries.In late October, Tvinnereim announced that the government would allocate an additional 40 million NOK to the existing 248 million NOK aid budget to humanitarian aid in the Sahel region of Africa.In mid-December, she announced that the government would be increasing their support spending to Sudan by 60 million kroner. The money would go through the United Nations with the intent of combating sexual violence against children and refugees. Other activities World Bank, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2021) Personal life She is married to Jan Tvinnereim, with whom she has two children. They reside in Ytre Enebakk. == References ==

Waterloo Brewing Company

Waterloo Brewing LTD. (formerly the Brick Brewing Co.) is a brewery based in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, with several divisions. The company is reportedly the largest Canadian-owned brewer in the province, and it was also Ontario's first modern craft brewery.Waterloo's most successful brand is the Laker series. It also operates LandShark Lager Canada and Waterloo Brewing; the latter is their craft brewing division. In mid-2019, the company announced that it would change the corporate name from Brick to Waterloo Brewing Ltd.In December 2022, the company announced that it was being acquired by Carlsberg Group. On March 7, 2023, Carlsberg completed the acquisition of Waterloo Brewing through its Canadian subsidiary.

Waterloo Brewing LTD. (formerly the Brick Brewing Co.) is a brewery based in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, with several divisions. The company is reportedly the largest Canadian-owned brewer in the province, and it was also Ontario's first modern craft brewery.Waterloo's most successful brand is the Laker series. It also operates LandShark Lager Canada and Waterloo Brewing; the latter is their craft brewing division. In mid-2019, the company announced that it would change the corporate name from Brick to Waterloo Brewing Ltd.In December 2022, the company announced that it was being acquired by Carlsberg Group. On March 7, 2023, Carlsberg completed the acquisition of Waterloo Brewing through its Canadian subsidiary. Overview The company's administration currently consists of president and CEO George Croft and COO Russell Tabata. Founder Jim Brickman resigned in 2008.In the early 1990s, Waterloo briefly produced Pride Lager, Canada's first beer marketed specifically to gay consumers. Pride Lager was not a new product, however, but simply one of the company's existing brews bottled and sold under an alternate label.In January 2017, Waterloo put its Formosa Springs Brewery in Formosa, Ontario, up for sale; that resulted in the re-opening of the 40,000 square foot plant after the new owner was interested in retaining the facility. In addition to the Formosa brand, Waterloo also sold the Red Baron lines.Waterloo planned to consolidate its operations in Kitchener and expand the plant, at an estimated cost of $4 million.In late 2018, the company announced a plan to invest $9.6 million in a tasting room, small-batch brewhouse, expanded warehouse and production facility and an expanded retail store at its Bingemans Centre Drive operation. This is said to bring its investment to nearly $30 million CAD in five years. After all of the projects are completed, the company's investment over the previous six years will have totaled about $45 million. Waterloo Brewing brands Waterloo Craft Lager Waterloo Amber Waterloo Dark Waterloo IPA Waterloo Grapefruit Radler Waterloo Raspberry Radler Seasonal/limited beers: Waterloo Double Double Doppelbock; Waterloo Salted Caramel Porter; Waterloo Pineapple Radler; Waterloo Citrus Radler; Waterloo Vanilla Porter Laker family of brands Laker Lager Laker Light Laker Ice Laker Red Laker Strong Other products Landshark Lager Seagram Craft Cider Seagram Wildberry Vodka Cooler Seagram Island Time Anytime Seagram Island Time Tiki Mule Red Cap Ale See also Beer in Canada References External links Laker Beer Seagram Coolers Waterloo Brewing

Bhalobasha Express

Bhalobasha Express (Also known by the previous working title as Red: The Color of Love) is a 2014 Bangladeshi romantic drama film directed by Shafi Uddin Shafi and produced Mohammad Abul Kalam under his Titash Kothachitro. It features superstar Shakib Khan, Apu Biswas and Mim Chowdhury (in her debut) in the lead roles. Also Ahmed Sharif, Misha Sawdagor, Afzal Sharif, Abdullah Saki, DJ Shohel have played important roles in the film. The film is loosely inspired by the Three Telugu film; Sivamani (2003), Julayi (2012) and Mirchi (2013). The film principal photography was begun in December 2013.

Bhalobasha Express (Also known by the previous working title as Red: The Color of Love) is a 2014 Bangladeshi romantic drama film directed by Shafi Uddin Shafi and produced Mohammad Abul Kalam under his Titash Kothachitro. It features superstar Shakib Khan, Apu Biswas and Mim Chowdhury (in her debut) in the lead roles. Also Ahmed Sharif, Misha Sawdagor, Afzal Sharif, Abdullah Saki, DJ Shohel have played important roles in the film. The film is loosely inspired by the Three Telugu film; Sivamani (2003), Julayi (2012) and Mirchi (2013). The film principal photography was begun in December 2013. Its soundtrack was composed by Ahmed Humayun. The film was released on May 9, 2014. Cast Shakib Khan as Turjo Khan Apu Biswas as Bonna Mirza Mim Chowdhury as Tamanna Ahmed Sharif Misha Sawdagor as Shafqat Mirza Afzal Sharif as Qutub Abdullah Saki DJ Sohel Jadu Azad Production The principal photography of the film was begun in December 2013. Previously, the film was supposed to be released with the title as Red: The Color of Love on Valentine's Day, in 2014, but due to unavoidable circumstances in the post production phase, the release was delayed. later, the film's director changed its name to Bhalobasa Express. Soundtrack The film's soundtrack is composed by Ahmed Humayun and lyrics penned by Kabir Bakul. Release Bhalobasha Express was released in more than seventy cinemas on May 9, 2014, around the country. The film had its world television premiere on ATN Bangla on Eid al-Adha 2016. References External links Bhalobasha Express at IMDb Bhalobasha Express at the Bangla Movie Database (in Bengali) Bhalobasha Express on YouTube

List of hospitals in Indianapolis

This list of hospitals in Indianapolis includes 21 existing and 11 former hospitals located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Most of the city's medical facilities belong to three private, non-profit hospital networks: Ascension St. Vincent Health, Community Health Network, and Indiana University Health. Several of the city's hospitals are teaching hospitals affiliated with the Indiana University School of Medicine and its academic medical center at IUPUI, or with the Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine. Eskenazi Health's flagship Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital serves as the city's public safety net hospital.

This list of hospitals in Indianapolis includes 21 existing and 11 former hospitals located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Most of the city's medical facilities belong to three private, non-profit hospital networks: Ascension St. Vincent Health, Community Health Network, and Indiana University Health. Several of the city's hospitals are teaching hospitals affiliated with the Indiana University School of Medicine and its academic medical center at IUPUI, or with the Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine. Eskenazi Health's flagship Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital serves as the city's public safety net hospital. Current hospitals Defunct hospitals Central State Hospital (1848–1994) Deaconess Hospital and Clinic (1895–1935) Eleanor Hospital (1895–1909) Lincoln Hospital (1909–1915) Marion County Healthcare Center (1832–1996) Norways Sanatorium (1898–1957) Robert W. Long Hospital (1914–1970) Sunnyside Sanatorium (1917–1969) Westview Hospital (1975–2016) William H. Coleman Hospital for Women (1927–1974) Winona Memorial Hospital (1956–2004) See also List of hospitals in Indiana Notes == References ==

Reid Venable Moran

Reid Venable Moran (June 30, 1916 – January 21, 2010) was an American botanist and the curator of botany at the San Diego Natural History Museum from 1957 to 1982.Moran was the world authority on the Crassulaceae, a family of succulent plants, and in particular the genus Dudleya, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. He named at least 18 plants new to science — some in that family and some not — and published many papers elucidating relationships within the Crassulaceae. As a mark of the respect he earned among his peers, more than a dozen plants have been named for him. Jane Goodall described Moran as "a sort of living myth in botanical exploration in Baja California and the Pacific Islands of Mexico," citing specifically his analysis of the environmental impact of introduced species (especially goats) on the flora of Guadalupe Island.

Reid Venable Moran (June 30, 1916 – January 21, 2010) was an American botanist and the curator of botany at the San Diego Natural History Museum from 1957 to 1982.Moran was the world authority on the Crassulaceae, a family of succulent plants, and in particular the genus Dudleya, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. He named at least 18 plants new to science — some in that family and some not — and published many papers elucidating relationships within the Crassulaceae. As a mark of the respect he earned among his peers, more than a dozen plants have been named for him. Jane Goodall described Moran as "a sort of living myth in botanical exploration in Baja California and the Pacific Islands of Mexico," citing specifically his analysis of the environmental impact of introduced species (especially goats) on the flora of Guadalupe Island. Biography Early life Born in Los Angeles, California on June 30, 1916, to Edna Louise Venable and Robert Breck Moran (a petroleum geologist), Moran was raised in Pasadena. By 1932, 16-year old Moran was noted as a "discriminating young collector" of Dudleya. A now invalid species of Dudleya known as Dudleya moranii was named after him. He received his B. A. from Stanford University in 1939 and his M. S. in botany from Cornell University in 1942 before his studies were interrupted by World War II. Military career Moran served in World War II as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1946, his enlistment interrupting his studies at Cornell. By 1944, Moran served as a navigator on a B-24 Liberator in the 515th Bombardment Squadron during the Big Week raids. On the 23rd of February, Moran's aircraft was shot down over Steyr, Austria on its first mission, but the crew had managed to complete their bombing run and bailed out over German-controlled Yugoslavia. Moran was rescued by Yugoslav partisans and managed to return to friendly territory in Italy after 6 weeks with the rest of his crew, collecting plants on the way.On his way back to the United States, Moran passed through Algeria and Morocco, visiting the French botanist René Maire, at the time the authority on Algerian and Moroccan plants. Moran collected plants and Maire assisted with identification and gave Moran tours of the local botanic gardens. Moran later stopped in Dakar and Brazil before making his way back to the United States, returning with 350 herbarium specimens. By September of 1944 Moran was assigned as an Assistant Research Officer in the AAF Instructor's School at Selma, Alabama. Moran was discharged in 1946. Later life After service in World War II, Moran worked at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden for a year and a half, but left when he was expected to become its next director, as he found the position too restrictive. Moran went on to receive his Ph.D. in botany from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1951. His doctoral dissertation was titled "A Revision of Dudleya (Crassulaceae)." He then went on to join the Bailey Hortorium at Cornell, and then left to join the University of California's Far East Program teaching biology to military personnel in Korea, Japan, the Philippines and Okinawa. While there, Moran spent time collecting specimens of Crassulaceae and sending them to Charles H. Uhl at Cornell for cytology. After his time in Asia, Moran was hired by his longtime collaborator George Edmund Lindsay, who by then was the director of the San Diego Natural History Museum, as the curator of botany. Moran worked as curator from 1957 to 1982.As curator of botany, Moran traveled the Baja California Peninsula and its surrounding islands extensively, visiting Guadalupe Island numerous times and exploring the peninsula via car, mule, or by foot. During his time at the museum, the number of specimens in the herbarium increased from 44,000 to 108,000, the majority being Moran's.In 1996, Moran published the Flora of Guadalupe Island, a culmination of his nearly 50 years studying the island. The book was pivotal in raising awareness to the plight of the island to feral goats and contributed to their removal.Moran died on January 21, 2010, in Clearlake, California. Career Moran conducted a botanical survey of the Channel Islands for the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History and performed taxonomic work for the Santa Barbara Botanical Garden and the Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University before joining the San Diego Museum of Natural History as curator of botany, succeeding Ethel Bailey Higgins in 1957.Moran specialized in the systematics of the Crassulaceae (the stonecrop family), and in the floristics of the Baja California peninsula. In addition to a large number of technical research papers, Moran published The Flora of Guadalupe Island and the treatment of the Crassulaceae for the Flora of North America (Vol. 8, published in 2009). He co-authored (with Frank W. Gould) The Grasses of Baja California, Mexico in 1981 and (with Geoffrey A. Levin) The Vascular Flora of Isla Socorro, Mexico in 1989. Among Moran's publications was "Cneoridium dumosum (Nuttall) Hooker F. Collected March 26, 1960, at an Elevation of about 1450 Meters on Cerro Quemazón, 15 Miles South of Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California, México, Apparently for a Southeastward Range Extension of Some 140 Miles" (1966), a paper which comprised, apart from its title and acknowledgements, just five words and a reference number. See the list of genera and species described by Moran. "Author Details for Reid Venable Moran" (HTML). International Plant Names Index. International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). Retrieved 2015-10-16. See also Joseph Nelson Rose and Nathaniel Lord Britton Dudleya References External links Works by Reid Moran at JSTOR Works by Reid Moran at the Biodiversity Heritage Library The San Diego Natural History Museum Research Library houses a significant collection of Reid Moran’s papers and photographs. Finding aid to the Reid Moran Collection, Online Archive of California. Moran's 18 volumes of field notes are digitized and indexed at BajaFlora.org: The Flora of Baja California The University and Jepson Herbaria houses a collection of lists of label data for Reid Moran’s botanical collections made in the Philippines, Korea, Okinawa, Japan, and Guam between 1954 and 1956. Photographs (prints, negatives, and slides) taken by Moran of the flora and physical features of the Baja California Peninsula and Guadalupe Island are held in the Robert B. and William R. Moran MSS Collection at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Bridge (1988 film)

Bridge (Мост) is a musical film, the first USA/USSR student co-production.

Bridge (Мост) is a musical film, the first USA/USSR student co-production. Introduction Winner of a College Emmy from the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences and two CINE Eagle Awards from the Council on International Non-Theatrical Events in Washington, D.C., “The Bridge Project” is the ground-breaking student film that embraced Mikhail Gorbachev’s “Glasnost” and “Perestroika” in 1988 to become the first filmed collaboration between students in the United States and the former Soviet Union. Shot on location in Moscow, Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and Chicago, the project brought together young filmmakers who bridged the gap between their respective countries to express a message of hope and cooperation through their shared visual language of film. The completed film premiered in Chicago in October 1988 and was later screened worldwide via satellite to American embassies during the May–June 1990 summit between then presidents George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev. Plot A young Soviet boy, confronted with the combative spirit of his grandfather, has a vision of a brighter future. Beyond the rigid wall of history, he imagines traveling to the United States to engage with the people and culture. Similarly, a young American girl dreams of dancing beyond the borders of her own country. As a young man and woman, the two might even meet and discover that they both have similar aspirations——to explore the world and join in a global community of friendship. Just as children join together in play, there is hope that we too can learn to embrace each other and see the common hope for peace that unites us all. Cast Vadim Stepashkin as Young Man Rhonda Muffley as Young Woman Sasha Tcherbackov as boy Amanda Armato as girl Alexei P. Ustinov as old man The Birth of an Idea In July 1988, Robert Kath, Paolo Mazzucato and Stuart Merrill were invited to travel to Moscow, in what was, at the time, the Soviet Union. It had taken over a year of planning and preparation to find the proper channel of communication by which Kath’s proposal for a joint US/Soviet student film production could be delivered to a receptive authority within the U.S.S.R. Lawrence Schiller, the producer of the television miniseries “Peter the Great” had enjoyed unprecedented access to locations in Russia during his production and had agreed to hand-deliver the proposal to Alexander Komshalov of Goskino, the Soviet State Film Agency.Through Goskino, Kath’s idea was approved and passed on to Moscow’s All Union State Institute for Cinematography (V.G.I.K.) in Moscow which then extended the formal invitation by which the July trip was made possible. The trip’s purpose was to negotiate the terms of “The Bridge Project,” envisioned as a cross-cultural exchange and film coproduction. The project would pair seven student filmmakers from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, with their seven Soviet counterparts from V.G.I.K. to create a short film conceived, written, produced and edited by the students. The students were: Robert Kath and Boris Gorbunov, producers; Paolo Mazzucato and Boris Airapetyan, directors; Stephan Perrault and Sergei Kozlov, cinematographers; Cindy Chastain, assistant cinematographer; Eric Fichtner and Sergey Mavrody, art directors; Robert Borden and Natasha Ivanova, assistant directors; H.D. Motyl and Misha Sychev, documentary cinematographers; and Stuart Merrill and Gelena Gutlina, translators. While the logistics of the physical production were finalized, the two directors, Mazzucato and Airapetyan, dove into the process of creating a story and joint concept for the film. Producer Kath had secured rights to the song “Bridges of Trust” co-written by Russian composer, Vladimir Kopisov, and the U.S. Band, Collective Vision, during the 1987 Peace March from Leningrad to Moscow. The song became the framework for an idea that would explore the hope of a younger generation—the hope that two cultures, closed to each other for so many years, would learn to see and embrace both their differences and similarities, recognizing the common dream that we all have for a world of peace and friendship. Action! Production began in September 1988, with three weeks of filming in Moscow and Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). Hosted by Tatiana Storchak, the lead administrator of V.G.I.K., the U.S. students were welcomed and immersed in Soviet culture. They were escorted to a wide range of locations, both simple and grand—from produce markets along the street, to backstage at the Bolshoi Theater and the courtyard of the Winter Palace of Peter the Great in Leningrad. They were encouraged to capture on film their own impressions of Russia with the same Glasnost, or “openness,” that made the dreams of the film’s characters a new and hopeful possibility. A crew of students from V.G.I.K., eager to participate in the project, joined the core group of filmmakers and assisted in the Soviet portion of the shoot. Equipment from the school was supplemented with additional Arriflex motion picture cameras from a Moscow television studio, as well as some impressive “add ons” including a towering crane used to shoot the stunning Factory Worker & Collective Farmer statue in Moscow and a panoramic view overlooking Red Square. The second phase of the shoot began in October, when the core group of Soviet student filmmakers was, in turn, hosted by their U.S. counterparts in Chicago. Producer Kath had secured corporate sponsorship for the U.S. portion of the project which included accommodations at the North Shore Hilton along with a variety of local restaurants. Additionally, Eastman Kodak, Sony Corporation, RiverNorth Recorders and Editel—Chicago, among others, provided the film and video products and services that had made the project itself possible. Students from Northwestern University rounded out the U.S. crew and worked to make the second half of the project as successful as the first half had been. Location shooting, during the first two weeks, included a trip to the Chicago Board of Trade and a Lake Michigan cruise on the Star of Chicago. The Cutting Edge The third week in Chicago was devoted to post-production. Using the brand-new Montage non-linear editing system at Editel-Chicago allowed directors Mazzucato and Airapetyan to assemble and fine-tune their collaborative effort on a tight schedule without having to compromise any creative exploration. Premiere Then finally, on October 20, 1988, “Bridge/MOCT,” was screened at a premiere event at the LimeLight Club in downtown Chicago. The newly recorded version of the song “Bridges of Trust” featured soaring vocals by Jerry Jordan and Valentina along with a children’s chorus that contained all the hope that The Bridge Project itself had come to represent. Like the characters on the screen, the student filmmakers had ventured beyond their own, known borders. They reached for an idea that may have seemed unlikely, and together, they made that idea a reality. The film was the first-ever US/Soviet student co-production and was eventually screened via-satellite at American embassies around the world during the May/June 1990 summit between then presidents George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev. Awards and honors 1988, Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Frank O'Connor Memorial Award (North Hollywood, California) - currently known as College Emmy Award 1989, CINE Eagle Award (Washington, D.C.) - Winner 1989, Golden Reel Competition (International Television and Video Association) - finalist 1989, Chicago Music Video Contest (Chicago, Illinois) - 1st place 1989, Houston International Film and Video Competition, currently WorldFest Houston - Honorable Mention (Bridging The Gap, documentary) 1990, The IAC International Film/Video Festival (London, UK) - Silver Certificate 1990, The Badalona Film Festival (Badalona, Spain) - Special Mention of the Jury 1990, CINE Eagle Award (Washington, D.C.) - Winner (Bridging the Gap, documentary) References External links Official website Bridge/MOCT(1988) at IMDb

Team Tango

Team Tango is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Williston, Florida and owned by Revolution Aviation Inc. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction.The company's first offering was the two-seats in side-by-side configuration Tango 2, a composite aircraft with a cruise speed of 182 kn (337 km/h). The company also offers a four-seater, the Team Tango Foxtrot, which has a cruise speed of 188 kn (348 km/h).

Team Tango is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Williston, Florida and owned by Revolution Aviation Inc. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction.The company's first offering was the two-seats in side-by-side configuration Tango 2, a composite aircraft with a cruise speed of 182 kn (337 km/h). The company also offers a four-seater, the Team Tango Foxtrot, which has a cruise speed of 188 kn (348 km/h). Aircraft References External links Official website

Defense of the Great Wall

The defense of the Great Wall (simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937 and after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. It is known in Japanese as Operation Nekka (熱河作戰, Nekka Sakusen) and in many English sources as the First Battle of Hopei. During this campaign, Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang, and incorporated it into the newly created state of Manchukuo, whose southern frontier was thus extended to the Great Wall of China.

The defense of the Great Wall (simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937 and after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. It is known in Japanese as Operation Nekka (熱河作戰, Nekka Sakusen) and in many English sources as the First Battle of Hopei. During this campaign, Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang, and incorporated it into the newly created state of Manchukuo, whose southern frontier was thus extended to the Great Wall of China. Battle of Shanhai Pass Shanhaiguan is the fortified eastern end of the Great Wall of China, where the Great Wall meets the ocean. Per the terms of the 1901 Boxer Rebellion accord, the Imperial Japanese Army maintained a small garrison of around 200 men at Shanhaiguan. On the night of 1 January 1933, the Japanese garrison commander staged an "incident" by exploding a few hand grenades and firing a few shots. The Kwantung Army used this as an excuse to demand that the Chinese 626th Regiment of the Northeastern Army, guarding Shanhaiguan, evacuate the pass defenses. When the Chinese garrison refused, the Japanese 8th Division issued an ultimatum, and then attacked the pass with the support of 4 armored trains and 10 tanks. The Japanese attack was supported by close air support from bombers, and by shelling by warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy's IJN 2nd Fleet with a dozen warships offshore. On January 3, Chinese regimental commander Shi Shian, unable to withstand this attack, was forced to evacuate from his positions after losing half of his force. Battle of Rehe The province of Rehe, on the northern side of the Great Wall, was the next target. Declaring the province to be historically a portion of Manchuria, the Japanese Army initially hoped to secure it through the defection of General Tang Yulin to the Manchukuo cause. When this failed, the military option was put into action. The Japanese army's Chief of Staff requested Emperor Hirohito's sanction for the 'strategic operation' against Chinese forces in Rehe. Hoping that it was the last of the army's operations in the area and that it would bring an end to the Manchurian matter, the Emperor approved, while stating explicitly that the army was not to go beyond the Great Wall. On February 23, 1933, the offensive was launched. On February 25, Chaoyang and Kailu were taken. On March 2, the Japanese 4th Cavalry Brigade encountered resistance from the forces of Sun Dianying, and after days of fighting, took Chifeng. On March 4, Japanese cavalry and the 1st Special Tank Company took Chengde the capital of Rehe. Falling back from Rehe, Wan Fulin's 32nd Army retreated to Lengkou Pass, while the 29th Army of General Song Zheyuan also fell back, Zhang Zuoxiang's 37th Division retreated to Xifengkou Pass, General Guan Linzheng's 25th Division to the Gubeikou Pass. On March 4, the 139th Division of the KMT 32nd Army managed to hold Lengkou Pass, and on March 7, the KMT 67th Army withstood attacks by the 16th Brigade of the Japanese 8th Division, at Gubeikou Pass. On March 9, Chiang Kai-shek held discussions with Zhang Xueliang in Baoding about resisting the Japanese invasion. Chiang Kai-shek began to relocate his forces away from his campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet, which would include the forces of Huang Jie, Xu Tingyao and Guan Linzheng. Chiang Kai-shek also called over Fu Zuoyi's 7th Army from Suiyuan. However, his actions were too late and the reinforcements were of insufficient strength to stop the Japanese advance. On March 11, Japanese troops pushed up to the Great Wall itself. On March 12, Zhang Xueliang resigned his post to He Yingqin who, as the new leader of the Northeastern Army, was assigned the duty of securing defensive positions along the Great Wall. Over twenty close assaults were launched, with sword-armed Northwestern Army soldiers repelling them. However, on March 21, the Japanese took Yiyuankou Pass. The KMT 29th Army evacuated from Xifengkou Pass on April 8. On April 11, Japanese troops retook Lengkou Pass after dozens of seesaw fights over the pass defenses and Chinese forces at Jielingkou abandoned that pass. The Chinese army was significantly underarmed in comparison to the Japanese and many units were equipped with predominantly with handguns, hand grenades, and traditional Chinese swords with limited supplies of trench mortars, heavy machine guns, light machine guns and rifles. Beaten back by overwhelming Japanese firepower, on May 20, the Chinese army retreated from their remaining positions on the Great Wall. Although the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) suffered defeat in the end, several individual NRA units like the He Zhuguo platoon managed to hold off the better equipped Japanese army for up to three days before being overrun. Some NRA Divisions also managed to win minor victories in passes like Xifengkou and Gubeikou by using the ramparts to move soldiers from one sector to another in the Great Wall, just like the Ming dynasty soldiers before them. Aftermath On May 22, 1933, Chinese and Japanese representatives met at Tanggu, Tianjin, to negotiate an end of the conflict. The resulting Tanggu Truce created a demilitarized zone extending one hundred kilometers south of the Great Wall, which the Chinese army was prohibited from entering, thus greatly reducing the territorial security of China proper, whereas the Japanese were permitted to use reconnaissance aircraft or ground units to make sure that the Chinese complied. Furthermore, the Chinese government was forced to acknowledge the de facto independence of Manchukuo and the loss of Rehe. See also Events preceding World War II in Asia Jinan incident (May 1928) Huanggutun incident (Japanese assassination of the Chinese head of state Generalissimo Zhang Zuolin on 4 June 1928) Japanese invasion of Manchuria Mukden Incident (18 September 1931) January 28 Incident (Shanghai, 1932) Marco Polo Bridge Incident (7 July 1937) List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War Order of battle Operation Jehol Order of battle Defense of the Great Wall Baimaguan Fort Suiyuan campaign Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army References Citations Sources External links Battles of the Great Wall The History of Battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks Jehol 1933 Japanese photos from Operation Nekka. "On Bended Knee". Time. January 23, 1933. "Bumps & Blood". Time. February 27, 1933. "War of Jehol". Time. March 6, 1933. "Two-Gun Tang". Time. March 6, 1933. "Glorious 16th". Time. March 13, 1933. Topographic maps Cheng-te nk50-11 SW Jehol Province, SE Chahar Province, NW Hebei Province (north of Beijing, Gubeikou Pass) Lin-yu nk50-12 S Jehol Province, NE Hebei Province, Great Wall to Shanhaikuan upper Luan River area Ch'ang-Li nj50-4 NE Hebei Luan River area

Podrobytsi

Podrobytsi (Ukrainian: подробиці, literally "details"), often referred to as podrobnosti.ua, is a Ukrainian news portal, one of the leading Internet news projects in the nation. As of early 2007 the site was visited by more than 30,000 viewers daily. It is affiliated with a leading privately held national TV channel Inter whose analytic department operates the site as well as the eponymous analytical TV-program that runs on the channel.

Podrobytsi (Ukrainian: подробиці, literally "details"), often referred to as podrobnosti.ua, is a Ukrainian news portal, one of the leading Internet news projects in the nation. As of early 2007 the site was visited by more than 30,000 viewers daily. It is affiliated with a leading privately held national TV channel Inter whose analytic department operates the site as well as the eponymous analytical TV-program that runs on the channel. Time and language The program is broadcast daily at 20:00 in Ukrainian language (from October 13, 2018). References Ukrainian Independent TV-corporation, Inter TV-channel External links podrobnosti.ua

Laulasi Island

Laulasi island is an artificial island in the Langa Langa Lagoon, South of Auki on the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands. It is believed that hostilities among the inlanders of Malaita forced some people into the lagoon where over time they built their islands on sandbars after diving for coral. The religion of the island was based on prayers and offerings to the ghosts of dead ancestors, mediated by priests who kept their skulls and relics in tabu houses. Some ancestors were incarnated as sharks which protected their descendants. Langalanga is also the main source of the shell money now made in Solomon Islands.

Laulasi island is an artificial island in the Langa Langa Lagoon, South of Auki on the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands. It is believed that hostilities among the inlanders of Malaita forced some people into the lagoon where over time they built their islands on sandbars after diving for coral. The religion of the island was based on prayers and offerings to the ghosts of dead ancestors, mediated by priests who kept their skulls and relics in tabu houses. Some ancestors were incarnated as sharks which protected their descendants. Langalanga is also the main source of the shell money now made in Solomon Islands. History In Malaita legend, the first settlement on the island began around 3,000 BC at a place called Siale. The first places in the Malaita area to be settled were Dukwasi (Kwara'ae speaking people), and the Asi (man-made islands) namely: Aoke, Kaloka and Rarata in Langa Langa lagoon, Laulasi, Alite Koalia and Gwa'ata – Ta'alulolo.It is also believed the early settlers originated from Mt. Kolovrat (Alasa'a), the highest peak on the main Malaita Island. The early settlers were believed to be castaways from the Alasa'a community. Some said they chose not to return to Alasa´a because of the distance. It is an approximately two days walk. And the main reason why they came is to fish and in search for other sea foods in the island of Launasi meaning I'm stuck now known as Laulasi. From then they named the island Launasi in relation to the expression.After they had settled, other people began to arrive from different parts of Malaita and outside to settle in the Langalanga lagoon. They came from Small Malaita, Florida (Ngella), some came from the northern part of Guadalcanal believed to be from Longuvalasi area and others from the northern region of Malaita. Through inter-marriages, their descendants spread to the whole of the Langalanga lagoon. Certain cultural features or Tambu House (Place of the first settlements) are still preserved which attest to the settlement patterns that were made. 1800 to 1900 In 1892 the Queensland government Australia abandoned the Pacific labour trade known as Blackbirding and in 1901 the Commonwealth of Australia enacted the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 which facilitated the deportation of Pacific Islanders that was the precursor to the White Australia policy.Britain was provided with a "plausible excuse for protecting the Solomons" and so protecting their labour reserves. By declaring a protectorate, the British were able to justify keeping out other colonial powers.In 1893 then Gibson of HMS Curacoa (1854) sailed around the islands to declare a protectorate with the only opposition by the Laulasi villages who refused the British flag. When Gibson asked why the flag was refused, the villages were afraid that their acceptance of it would signify to the bush people that by aligning themselves with Britain the lagoon dwellers were preparing for war and this would lead the bush people discontinuing trade with the lagoon people, who had no gardens and were dependent on food. 1911 – Author Jack London American author Jack London travelled to Langa Langa in a yacht in 1908. "We ran down the lagoon from Langa Langa, between mangrove swamps through passages scaresly wider than the Monota, and passed the reef villages of Kaloka and Auki. Like the founders of Venice, these salt water men were originally refugees form the mainland. Too weak to hold their own in the bush, survivors of village massacres, they fled to the sand banks of the lagoon. These sand banks they built up into islands and they were compelled to seek their provender from the sea. They developed canoo bodies, unable to walk about, spending all their time in the canoos, they became thick armed and broad shouldered with narrow waists and frail legs" (p 138). "I sailed in the teak-built ketch, the Minota, on a blackbirding cruise to Malaita, and I took my wife along. The hatchet-marks were still raw on the door of our tiny stateroom advertising an event of a few months before. The event was the taking of Captain Mackenzie's head, Captain Mackenzie, at that time, being master of the Minota.... As we sailed in to Langa-Langa on the shore side of the lagoon, was Binu, the place where the Minota was captured a year previously and her captain killed by the bushmen of Malaita, having been hacked to pieces and eaten" (p 135). "He(Mackenzie) believed in kindness. He also contended that better confidence was established by carrying no weapons. On his second trip to Malaita, recruiting,he ran into Bina, which is near Langa Langa. The rifles with which the boat's-crew should have been armed, were locked up in his cabin. When the whale-boat went ashore after recruits, he paraded around the deck without even a revolver on him. He was tomahawked. His head remains in Malaita. It was suicide. The Log of the Snark states: "..still bore the tomahawk marks where the Malaitans at Langa Langa several months before broke in for the trove of rifles and ammunition locked therein, after bloodily slaughtering Jansen's predecessor, Captain Mackenzie. The burning of the vessel was somehow prevented by the black crew, but this was so unprecedented that the owner feared some complicity between them and the attacking party. However, it could not be proved, and we sailed with the majority of this same crew. The present skipper smilingly warned us that the same tribe still required two more heads from the Minota, to square up for deaths on the Ysabel plantation (p 387). "Three fruitless days were spent at Su'u. The Minota got no recruits from the bush and the bushmen got no heads from the Minota. We towed out with a whaleboat and ran along the coast to Langa Langa, a large village of salt-water people built with labour on a sand bank – literally built up". World War II On the morning of 7 August 1942 (same date as the US Landings on Guadalcanal), "..seven US planes bombed the island. The reason was due to an error namely that the Americans mistook Laulasi for the Japanese camp at Afufu in North Malaita. Which resulted in the killing 24 children, destroying the shell money industry and the incident still remains the subject of an unresolved compensation claim". The British resident commissioner wrote in his diary: "7 US planes bombed Laulasi village – 18 killed – most inexplicable as no enemy repeorted there"(Marchant 7 Aug 1942) "The bombing of Laulasi island was the worst loss of civilian lives in the entire Solomon Islands conflict". Cultural Practices and Beliefs "The LangaLanga and Kwara'ae people more or less have the same cultural and traditional practices and follow the same chiefly system. Male children for example are more valued than females because they will continue with the line or tribe. Girls are not so preferred because they leave the community when they get married. Boys are separated from their parents when they are around 12 or 13 years old to live separate in the men's houses. Around that age, they are taught by the fathers basic important skills such as fishing, building houses, making canoes or cutting and sewing sago palm leaves". "Girls on the other hand, they stay with their mother and taught household cores such as cooking, weeding around the house, cleaning and looking after their younger brothers of sisters. One of the important things that girls learn at an early age too is how to make shell money". Historically, chiefs in the Langalanga lagoon are looked upon as very important in uniting communities. Normally, chiefs are chosen from chiefly tribes or clan. Villages in the past used to have threes chiefs, Fa'atabu who makes offering and communicated with the spirits and ancestors, the Ramo is responsible for tribal warfare and Waenotolo is the chief responsible for controlling, organising, leadership and uniting the whole community. Priests in Laulasi live in "spirit houses," and when they die, their bodies are taken to the nearby village of Alite to decompose, after which the skulls are brought back and placed in a "house of skulls."On the side of the island is an inlet where custom priests calls the sharks to come to the surface. The sharks are re-incarnation of the people's ancestors who died many years before. They also offer sacrifices to the sharks in the form of pigs. Ordinary men are not allowed to visit the shark site unless invited by the custom priest.According to local legend, a fisherman whose boat capsizes at sea may call on a shark to rescue him; after being rescued and returned to shore, he must sacrifice a pig, or else the shark will eat him next time he goes out to sea.By the 1960s many of the LangaLanga villages were Christian. Many of the communities previously sited on the artificial islands had been shifted to the mainland, with encouragement from the missionaries anxious to promote a clean break with the pagan past, and inducement in the form of greater access to land for subsistence farming. Last Pagan priest In 1980, Moses Beogo who was the last Pagan priest (Fata'abu) on Laulasi and the last to perform the shark calling tradition, died. His skull is kept with the skulls of the other priests. Tourism A report on the British Solomon Islands dated 1972 states: "where the traditional process of making shell money and other island activities may be observed, once again proved popular with the tourists". In 1981 a symposium in the then U.S.S.R heard of Solomon Islands that: "One of the more successful ventures in the tourist industry is Laulasi Adventure Tours Ltd" In 1982 a research paper by the Australian National University claimed: "Laulasi has become one of the notable tourist attractions of the South Pacific – with all the predictable consequences for the integrity of the ancestral religion and the fabric of community social life. Moreover, the expatriate entrepreneurs were Baha'is, and offered a ready-made religious accommodation between ancestors and capitalism". In 1997 an author stated: "Laulasi village, at the centre of the lagoon, makes a business of being nice to visitors. A real business, because it charges more than a Disneyland ticket to tread its man made shores". In 2006 The Last Heathen by Charles Montgomery concludes that for this he was expecting to find a volatile mixture of the tribal, pagan religion and Christianity. He found a comfortable hybrid instead, the two religions living in harmony.In November 2008 on an invitation from the Laulasi community a delegation from RAMSI was invited to attend to officiate the "re-opening" of the Laulasi Tourist Industry. Members took footage and photographs with a view of assisting with publicity. The delegation was escorted to the dock with a traditional war canoe trailing and a 10-seat war canoe leading with the latter being Laulasi women singing a traditional welcome song.On arrival at the dock, warriors confronted the delegation until a sum of shell money was presented to the warriors as a sign of peace. Once this gift was received the village girls offered the delegation refreshments.The men of the delegation were permitted to tour the three "apartments" that each represented a tribe. In each apartment, the skulls of past priests were laid atop one another. Once this tour concluded, the delegation was presented with a display of song and dance and formalities and a demonstration of the minting process of the shell money. The village women then sang as the delegation sailed away. Boatbuilding The Annual Report on the British Solomon Islands dated 1953 states "..a flourishing boat building industry has been established and cutters are being built for the inter-island trade. A boatbuilding school has been established. Generally, the Lanagalanga people are very skilful boat builders. It can be said that it is unique to the constituency. In the early stages people used to build dingies. Later, with improvements in skills, they built what they referred to as 'CARTER BOATS' which is sharp at both ends. They used sails to travel around Malaita and to other Islands such as Gudalcanal and Isabel. Commercial boat building in the constituency started in the 1960s around the time when the Government established a boat building school in Auki. Mr. Frank Faulker who used to teach at the school and who now settled in Auki, is said to be the main person behind the success of the industry in Langalanga. Shell Money The history of shell-money making in the langa langa lagoon is patchy. Stories retold from myths said that the first person to introduce shell money to the Langalanga lagoon was a woman from Buin in Bougainville. She was banish and floated in a coconut shell from Buin to Guadalcanal and finally to Malaita and landed at Tafilo a village at Lalana near Laulasi. Traditionally, there had been substantive trade between the Langalanga people and people from Buin in shell money until the emergence of the Bougainville crises. Most of the private ship owners from the constituency generated capital through shell money trade to build their ships. They took shell money to Buin and traded it for cash and used the cash to build wooden boats.As the production rate increased, shell resources were depleted, particularly in Langalanga lagoon. Even in the 1970s some types of shell were rare. Four different types of shell are used in making shell money, A red lipped rock oyster called Romu (chama pacifica), white shell known as Kee (Beguina semi-orbiculata), black horse mussel shells called Kurila (Atrina vexillum) and thick white disks from a rigid cockle known as Kakadu (Anadara granosa)What makes this money valuable are the purple disks, whose number per string is carefully calculated and which are made from the lips of the Romu shell which the Langa Langa people collect twice a year from the lagoon areas of the clan of the Lau tribe. The chief of the Lau clan allows them to fish for the shells in exchange for half the money strings. Notable people Bartholomew Ulufa'alu (25 December 1950 – 25 May 2007) was the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands from 27 August 1997 to 30 June 2000. See also Youtube video of Laulasi Island == References ==

Battle of Notium

The Battle of Notium (or Battle of Ephesus) in 406 BC was a Spartan naval victory in the Peloponnesian War. Prior to the battle, the Athenian commander, Alcibiades, left his helmsman, Antiochus, in command of the Athenian fleet, which was blockading the Spartan fleet in Ephesus. In violation of his orders, Antiochus attempted to draw the Spartans into battle by tempting them with a small decoy force. His strategy backfired, and the Spartans under Lysander scored a small but symbolically significant victory over the Athenian fleet. This victory resulted in the downfall of Alcibiades, and established Lysander as a commander who could defeat the Athenians at sea.

The Battle of Notium (or Battle of Ephesus) in 406 BC was a Spartan naval victory in the Peloponnesian War. Prior to the battle, the Athenian commander, Alcibiades, left his helmsman, Antiochus, in command of the Athenian fleet, which was blockading the Spartan fleet in Ephesus. In violation of his orders, Antiochus attempted to draw the Spartans into battle by tempting them with a small decoy force. His strategy backfired, and the Spartans under Lysander scored a small but symbolically significant victory over the Athenian fleet. This victory resulted in the downfall of Alcibiades, and established Lysander as a commander who could defeat the Athenians at sea. Prelude In 407 BC, Lysander was appointed as navarch, commander of the Spartan fleet, replacing the deceased Mindarus. Gathering a fleet as he went, he sailed east across the Aegean from Sparta and eventually reached Ephesus, where he established his base, with 70 triremes, which he increased to 90 through shipbuilding efforts at Ephesus. In Ephesus, he established diplomatic relations with Cyrus, a Persian prince. Lysander built a personal friendship with Cyrus, and the prince agreed to provide funds out of his own purse to increase the pay of Spartan rowers to 4 obols a day from 3. With this increased funding, the Spartan fleet could attract experienced rowers from the Athenian fleet. Alcibiades, needing to force a battle with Lysander, brought his fleet to Notium, where he could closely watch the Spartan fleet across the water. Merely sitting at Notium, however, failed to bring Lysander out to fight. Accordingly, Alcibiades sailed north with a few troopships to assist Thrasybulus in the siege of Phocaea. The bulk of the fleet, which remained behind him, was placed under the command of Alcibiades' kybernetes, or helmsman. A fleet of this size (80 ships remained at Notium after Alcibiades' departure) would traditionally have been commanded by several generals, or at the least by a trierarch; Alcibiades' unconventional decision has been widely criticized by both ancient and modern authors. Antiochus was given one simple order to govern his actions; "Do not attack Lysander's ships." For some reason, he chose not to obey this order, and attempted to implement a stratagem that he thought would give the Athenians a victory. The battle Seeking to draw the Spartans out to fight, Antiochus sailed out towards Ephesus with 10 triremes. His plan was to draw the Peloponnesians out in pursuit of his small force, after which the rest of the Athenian force would ambush them. This plan was very similar to that which had produced the stunning Athenian victory at Cyzicus, but conditions at Notium were utterly different from those at that battle. In practice, Antiochus' ship was sunk, and he was killed, by a sudden Spartan attack; the remaining nine ships of the decoy force were then chased headlong back toward Notium, where the main Athenian force was caught unprepared by the sudden arrival of the whole Spartan fleet. In the ensuing fighting, 15 Athenian triremes were captured and seven more were sunk. The Spartans sailed back to Ephesus, having won an unexpected victory, while the Athenians returned to Notium to regroup. Aftermath Upon receiving news of the battle, Alcibiades lifted the siege of Phocaea and returned south to reinforce the fleet at Notium; this restored rough numerical parity between the two fleets. Further attempts to draw Lysander out into a battle proved unsuccessful, however, and the two fleets continued to watch each other across the water. The defeat at Notium caused the complete downfall of Alcibiades in Athenian politics. Restored to favor after the victory at Cyzicus, he had been placed in command with great expectations. When his unorthodox appointment of Antiochus led to a messy defeat, his political enemies saw their chance, and he was removed from office. Never again returning to Athens, he sailed north to land he owned in the Thracian Chersonese; except for a brief appearance at Aegospotami, his involvement in the war was over. The commands of both fleets changed hands after Notium. Because of term limits on the position of navarch, Lysander was replaced by Callicratidas; on the Athenian side, the fall of Alcibiades also brought down his friends Thrasybulus and Theramenes, and the overall command was given to Conon. Over the next year, the fleets clashed twice, first in a battle where, with twice as many ships as Conon, Callicratidas defeated the Athenians and trapped them in Mytilene; an Athenian relief fleet then decisively defeated and killed Callicratidas at Arginusae. These Athenian victories proved useless, however, for in 405 BC Lysander returned to unofficial command and destroyed the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami, thus ending the Peloponnesian War with Sparta the victor. Notium, although not terribly significant in the number of ships won or lost by either side (the gains made by the Spartan fleet were more than erased by their defeat at Arginusae), had the significant effect of launching the career of Lysander and ending that of Alcibiades. Lysander would go on to end the Athenian empire and contend for several years for control of the Spartan empire that replaced it; Alcibiades, meanwhile, would be assassinated in 403 BC, having never returned to his native city. Donald Kagan, meanwhile, has suggested that the most important effect of the battle on the Athenian side was the removal from command of Thrasybulus, the talented commander who had helped plan all the Athenian naval victories of 411 and 410 BC.Notium, then, although not decisive in itself, had large political ramifications, and played a significant role in determining who would lead the forces of Athens and Sparta in the upcoming decisive battles of the war. References Diodorus Siculus, Library Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War (Penguin Books, 2003). ISBN 0-670-03211-5 Plutarch, Parallel Lives Xenophon (1890s) [original 4th century BC]. Hellenica . Translated by Henry Graham Dakyns – via Wikisource. == Notes ==

Frederick Arnold-Baker

Sir Frederick Spencer Arnold-Baker (1 April 1885 – 9 December 1963) was a British lawyer.He was the third son of Frederick Arnold-Baker (born 30 December 1845) and Helen Catherine Nairne (born 1 September 1843), and grandson of the New Zealand watercolourist Major Richard Baker (1810–1854). He was the Queen's Remembrancer from 1951 to 1957. His uncle, General Sir Charles Edward Nairne, was Commander-in-Chief, India in 1898. He was a founder and the second President of the Lansdowne Club (1940–1954).He was knighted in 1954. == References ==

Sir Frederick Spencer Arnold-Baker (1 April 1885 – 9 December 1963) was a British lawyer.He was the third son of Frederick Arnold-Baker (born 30 December 1845) and Helen Catherine Nairne (born 1 September 1843), and grandson of the New Zealand watercolourist Major Richard Baker (1810–1854). He was the Queen's Remembrancer from 1951 to 1957. His uncle, General Sir Charles Edward Nairne, was Commander-in-Chief, India in 1898. He was a founder and the second President of the Lansdowne Club (1940–1954).He was knighted in 1954. == References ==

Hays Paddock

Hays Paddock is a popular Australian recreational park in the eastern Melbourne suburb of Kew East. Managed by City of Boroondara council, the park consists of a popular playground, walking & cycling tracks, and two ovals for teams playing Archery, Cricket, and Soccer. The park is also sometimes referred to as 'Kilby Park' due to its proximity to Kilby Road, and 'Glass Creek' due to the creek of the same name that passes through.

Hays Paddock is a popular Australian recreational park in the eastern Melbourne suburb of Kew East. Managed by City of Boroondara council, the park consists of a popular playground, walking & cycling tracks, and two ovals for teams playing Archery, Cricket, and Soccer. The park is also sometimes referred to as 'Kilby Park' due to its proximity to Kilby Road, and 'Glass Creek' due to the creek of the same name that passes through. Sport History The creek of Glass Creek passes through the parkland, entering from the south-east corner of the park and exiting through the central west-end underneath the Eastern Freeway. The land originally belonging to the Wurundjeri people, William Oswin was the first recorded owner of the land in 1844 where Hays Paddock and Glass Creek flows into the Yarra on a property known as Kilby Farm. References == External links ==

Medius of Larissa

Medius or Medeios (Greek: Μήδιος, Mήδειoς), son of Oxythemis, was a native of Larissa in Thessaly, an officer and friend of Alexander the Great, and a senior commander under Antigonus I Monophthalmus.

Medius or Medeios (Greek: Μήδιος, Mήδειoς), son of Oxythemis, was a native of Larissa in Thessaly, an officer and friend of Alexander the Great, and a senior commander under Antigonus I Monophthalmus. Origin and service under Alexander Medius belonged to a noble Thessalian family, possibly related to the Aleuadae clan. According to Diodorus Siculus (Library of History, XIV.82), his namesake grandfather was a dynast in Larissa in 395. He is first mentioned as commanding a trireme during the descent of the Indus River (Arrian, Indica, 18) in 326 BC, but according to the historian Richard Billows it is likely that he was a member of Alexander the Great's expedition into Asia from the beginning, possibly within the ranks of the Thessalian cavalry. He enjoyed a high place in the personal favor of Alexander, becoming one of his hetairoi and most prominent courtiers during the Macedonian monarch's last days: he hosted the banquet where Alexander supped just before his final illness. Plutarch (Moralia, 65) accuses him of being among the shameless flatterers who drove Alexander to some of his most reprehensible actions. In later literature, e.g. the Alexander romance, he was considered a member of Antipater's conspiracy to poison Alexander, which took place during the banquet hosted at his house. Service under Antigonus After the death of Alexander, he served under Perdiccas, who in 320 BC sent him as commander of the mercenaries in Aristonous of Pella's expedition to Cyprus. He subsequently appears in the service of Antigonus Monophthalmus, perhaps being captured when Cyprus was taken over by Antigonus shortly after. In late 313 BC, he commanded a fleet summoned by Antigonus from Phoenicia to Caria. On the way he defeated and took thirty-six ships of the Pydnaeans, who had espoused the party of Cassander (Diodorus, XIX.69). According to the historian Hans Hauben (Het vlootbevelhebberschap in de vroege diadochentijd (323-301 vóór Christus), 1975), Medius was probably appointed by Antigonus as the chief admiral of his fleet, a post he kept at least until 304 BC. In 312 BC he took Miletus, and afterwards relieved the city of Oreus in Euboea, which was besieged by Cassander himself (Diodorus, XIX.75). In the same year he was dispatched by Antigonus with a fleet of 150 ships, to make a descent in Greece, and landed a large army in Boeotia under Ptolemy; after which he returned to Asia to co-operate with Antigonus himself at the Hellespont (Diodorus, XIX.77). Based on an inscription in Athens, in c. 307/6 BC he provided assistance to the Athenian embassy to Antigonus' court.In 306 BC, he commanded the fleet in Demetrius Poliorcetes' expedition to Cyprus, and led the crucial eastern flank of the Antigonid fleet in the great sea-fight off Salamis against Ptolemy of Egypt (Diodorus, XX.50), which ended in a major victory for the Antigonid forces. It appears also that he accompanied Antigonus on his unsuccessful expedition against Ptolemaic Egypt in the same year. In 304 BC he was active in Greece alongside Demetrius. His fate thereafter is unknown, but he is mentioned again in an inscription in Gonnoi in Thessaly, probably dating to the period when Demetrius was king of Macedonia, implying that Medius continued to serve Demetrius even after the defeat and death of Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC.His authority is cited by Strabo (XI.530) in a manner that would lead us to conclude he had left some historical work, but we find no further mention of him as a writer. See also Ariston of Pharsalus References Sources Billows, Richard A. (1990). Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20880-3.

List of international airports in Canada

This is a list of international airports in Canada. As defined by Transport Canada, an international airport: means any airport designated by the Contracting State, in whose territory it is situated, as an airport of entry and departure for international commercial air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out. (ICAO Annex 9) (In Canada, this does not include airports serving only transborder air traffic with the USA) As of September 2023 there are 13 airports designated as international by Transport Canada:

This is a list of international airports in Canada. As defined by Transport Canada, an international airport: means any airport designated by the Contracting State, in whose territory it is situated, as an airport of entry and departure for international commercial air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out. (ICAO Annex 9) (In Canada, this does not include airports serving only transborder air traffic with the USA) As of September 2023 there are 13 airports designated as international by Transport Canada: Airports of entry The following airports are listed in the Canada Flight Supplement, or Water Aerodrome Supplement, published by Nav Canada as an airport of entry—but are not classified as international airports. All these airports, with the exception of military airports, have a Canada Border Services Agency person available but they may not be available 24 hours a day and may only be open part of the week. See also National Airports System List of the busiest airports in Canada Notes References Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020. Nav Canada's Water Aerodrome Supplement. Effective 0901Z 26 March 2020 to 0901Z 22 April 2021.

Solo: A Star Wars Story (soundtrack)

Solo: A Star Wars Story (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2018 film of the same name directed by Ron Howard, which is the second instalment in the Star Wars anthology series. The score is composed by John Powell, with the Han Solo's theme conducted and composed by John Williams, whom he had collaborated for several Star Wars films, was included in the album. Williams further composed several demos, that were not included in the soundtrack but was released in the deluxe edition. Besides, composing the original themes, Powell also incorporated Williams' music from Star Wars films. Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack album on May 25, 2018, and debuted at third position on soundtracks chart from UK's Official Charts Company.

Solo: A Star Wars Story (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2018 film of the same name directed by Ron Howard, which is the second instalment in the Star Wars anthology series. The score is composed by John Powell, with the Han Solo's theme conducted and composed by John Williams, whom he had collaborated for several Star Wars films, was included in the album. Williams further composed several demos, that were not included in the soundtrack but was released in the deluxe edition. Besides, composing the original themes, Powell also incorporated Williams' music from Star Wars films. Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack album on May 25, 2018, and debuted at third position on soundtracks chart from UK's Official Charts Company. It further received positive response and Powell won the Film Music Composition of the Year award by the International Film Music Critics Association. It was followed by a deluxe edition release on November 20, 2020, that featured Williams' additional cues and unedited demos from the score, and a 2-LP vinyl album was published by Mondo in January 2021. Development In July 2017, John Powell was announced as the main composer of the score, and he began writing the music in late-2017 after finishing his work on Ferdinand. In December of 2017, longtime Star Wars composer John Williams began working on the film score, in addition to Powell's compositions. Williams wrote two musical pieces: "Han hero" and "Han searching theme," and combined them to create the main theme for Han Solo – "The Adventures of Han". In addition to the theme, he wrote several pieces, but they were not featured in the soundtrack in their entirety. His demos were recorded with the Recording Arts Orchestra of Los Angeles at the Newman Scoring Stage the following month. Powell started composing the instrumental cues in mid-January 2018. Some of the original tracks he composed include: a romantic theme revolving around Han and Qi’ra; a friendship theme for Han and Chewbacca; another theme for Han's mentor Beckett and his gang; a choral piece for the Marauders; a theme for L3-37, droid companion to Lando Calrissian; and a few other minor motifs. Powell interpolated Williams' new theme into his score, as well as incorporating music by Williams from previous Star Wars films, including the Star Wars main title, and several motifs and cues from A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back and The Phantom Menace. Powell stated, "I tried to keep in mind the DNA of how John writes, which is flow and polyphony and melody, and of course an incredibly interesting rhythmic use of the orchestra".Recording of the score began during mid-March at the Abbey Road Studios, with a 98-piece orchestra conducted by Andrew Mackay. Later that following month, he went to Sofia, Bulgaria to record a choral portion with 36 members from the Bulgarian women's choir, as they offered "an aggressive, exotic sound" for the Marauders, in order to feel like a different culture had arrived on the scene. Besides working on the score, Powell wrote and recorded a song that was used as a background lounge piece titled "Chicken in a Pot." The lyrics he wrote were translated into Huttese, a language invented by sound designer Ben Burtt for the original Star Wars trilogy. Reception Critical response to the soundtrack were positive. Filmitracks.com commented "Solo: A Star Wars Story is not only a masterpiece equal to or exceeding the first two How to Train Your Dragon scores, but it could rank highly on some lists of the best all-time "Star Wars" scores [...] Powell proves here that finding the right balance is not a lost cause. The amount of density in this music is astounding, its detailed counterpoint lines, expert orchestration, and outstanding mix all contributing to an immensely entertaining result. There are simply too many fine touches in this score to do it justice in any review, leaving the music as a top recommendation on album for all film music enthusiasts." The website also published the review for the deluxe edition, and said "an exemplary presentation that provides the full score as a faithful representation of what's heard in the film, even if a few overlays of embellishment remain. The four source-like tracks may have been better placed in a bonus section at the end, but Powell seemed intent on preserving the exact chronological presentation." Movie Wave, wrote "The album goes heavy on action – there is a fair bit of unreleased music in the film and not much of it is action – so perhaps it’s a bit unbalanced, but it is just incredibly exciting. The new Williams material is excellent, the way Powell uses it (and the classic themes) truly impressive – and I really rather admire that he went so much his own way with the score [...] The album is a real thrill-ride and will bring repeated massive smiles to the faces of both Star Wars fans and John Powell fans." Zanobard Reviews wrote, Solo: A Star Wars Story is the perfect Star Wars score that fans have been waiting for". Track listing Deluxe edition In September 2020, Powell announced on social media that a deluxe edition of the soundtrack album would be remixed and mastered by 5 Cat Studios, featuring all unedited cues from the score and additional demos that Williams had composed for the film. The deluxe edition was released by Walt Disney Records on November 20, 2020, featuring an additional 40 minutes of previously unreleased music. Vinyl release On November 25, 2020, Mondo has announced a four-disc LP album, pressed on 180-grams "hyperspace" and "gram-black" vinyl, featured artwork by César Moreno and additional liner notes. The four-disc set were priced $35.00 and pre-orders for the sets began on December 2, before being published on January 1, 2021. The vinyl discs, contain scores from the original soundtrack, while the additional cues were not featured, though being featured in the deluxe edition of the soundtrack. A press release from Mondo said:"The origin story of science-fiction's greatest rogue is a Star Wars story through and through: a rollicking adventure, full of humor and suspense - and in the grand tradition of franchise, features an epic sweeping score worthy of the biggest screen (or, in this case, speakers) imaginable. John Williams' new 'The Adventures of Han Theme' kicks things off in a spectacular fashion, setting the tone for a fantastic original score by John Powell, only the third composer to ever tackle the film series in its 40+ year legacy, to enter the Star Wars canon." Chart performance Accolades == References ==

List of airports in Djibouti

This is a list of airports in Djibouti, sorted by location.

This is a list of airports in Djibouti, sorted by location. Airports See also Transport in Djibouti List of airports by ICAO code: H#HD - Djibouti Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Africa#Djibouti References "ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 2006-01-12."UN Location Codes: Djibouti] [includes IATA codes". UN/LOCODE 2006-2. UNECE. 2007-04-30. External links Lists of airports in Djibouti: Great Circle Mapper Aircraft Charter World

Cumberland School of Law's Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics

The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics is a bioethics, biotechnology, and biotechnology law research center of Cumberland School of Law located on the Samford University campus in Birmingham, Alabama. It is one of the few research centers of its kind at a United States law school, and, in conjunction with the Cumberland Law Review, the Center publishes an annual journal of scholarly works, which circulates in the United States and foreign countries.The center was founded in December 2003 by David M. Smolin, who serves as its director.The Center focuses its research and conferences on the ethical and legal implications of biotechnology and biotechnology law, rather than pursuing a general emphasis on the subject of bioethics or bioethics law like many other academic research centers. Its location within Birmingham places it in an emerging center for biotechnology research and commerce. Of primary importance for the Center, however, is generating law review articles on emerging biotechnology issues, which is often done as part of a conference speakers' presentation.

The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics is a bioethics, biotechnology, and biotechnology law research center of Cumberland School of Law located on the Samford University campus in Birmingham, Alabama. It is one of the few research centers of its kind at a United States law school, and, in conjunction with the Cumberland Law Review, the Center publishes an annual journal of scholarly works, which circulates in the United States and foreign countries.The center was founded in December 2003 by David M. Smolin, who serves as its director.The Center focuses its research and conferences on the ethical and legal implications of biotechnology and biotechnology law, rather than pursuing a general emphasis on the subject of bioethics or bioethics law like many other academic research centers. Its location within Birmingham places it in an emerging center for biotechnology research and commerce. Of primary importance for the Center, however, is generating law review articles on emerging biotechnology issues, which is often done as part of a conference speakers' presentation. Methodology and purpose Research focuses on understanding current bioethical issues related to biotechnology and biotechnology law, as well as how different ideologies answer, or if they even can answer, different bioethical issues. The Center's approach to bioethical research attempts to understand "multiple perspectives" and evaluate the validity of each.The Center has sponsored five conferences that have dealt with the United States health care system, research on children, biofuels, genetically modified foods, and whether the field of bioethics and its methodology can provide actual answers to ethical questions or merely the opinions of ethicists. Annual symposium The center hosts an annual Symposium at which experts give presentations on bioethical issues. The papers are published in the Cumberland Law Review. The symposia attempt to offer a broad range of views and seek factual, persuasive solutions to problems, rather than to generate opinionated debates. Speakers have included United States Congressman Artur Davis, atmospheric scientist John Christy, medical ethics expert Gregory Pence, Vermont Law School's environmental center director Michael Dworkin, John Nyman, Larry Palmer, and law professors, entrepreneurs and other experts. Speakers often publish a paper in the Cumberland Law Review that develops the theme of their presentation. Many of the articles are available online. Topics Feb. 26, 2010 - The Missing Girls of China and India: What Can Be Done? Feb., 2009 - Transportation Energy Policy in National and Global Perspective: a New Beginning? Feb., 2008 - Child laundering and international adoption - "The Baby Market Feb., 2007 - The United States Health Care System: Access, Equity, and Efficiency Feb., 2006 - Biofuels and the New Energy Economy Mar., 2005 - Bioethics Methodology - Does the Field of Bioethics Provide Answers or Expertise? - An Exploration of Secular and Religious Methodologies Mar., 2004 - Genetically Modified Foods - National and Global Implications of Genetically Modified Organisms: Law, Ethics & Science. Mar., 2003 - The Ethical and Legal Issues in Research with Children Scholarly output The following are a selection of articles generated by the Center, which are available on-line. For a complete list refer to the Cumberland Law Review: Christy, J.R., 2006: The ever-changing climate system, Cumberland Law Review, 36 No. 3, 493-504 Dolgin, Janet, Method, Mediations, and the Moral Dimensions of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, Cumberland Law Review, 35 No. 3 Nelson, L.Jack, Catholic Bioethics and the Case of Terry Schiavo, Cumberland Law Review, 35 No. 3 Rabago, Karl, A Strategy For Developing Stationary Biodiesel Generation, Cumberland Law Review, 36 No. 3 Shepherd, Lois, Shattering the Neutral Surrogate Myth in End of Life Decisionmaking: Terry Schiavo and Her Family Cumberland Law Review, 35 No. 3 Smolin, David, Does Bioethics Provide Answers? Secular and Religious Bioethics and Our Procreative Futures, Cumberland Law Review, 35 No. 3 Smolin, David, Nontherapeutic Research with Children: The Virtues and Vices of Legal Uncertainty, 33 Cumberland Law Review 621 (2003). Smolin, Michael, Challenges and Opportunities for Energy Alternatives for Transportation in the United States, Cumberland Law Review, 36 No. 3 Tomain, Joseph, Smart Energy Path: How Willie Nelson Saved The Planet, Cumberland Law Review, 36 No. 3 Weaver, Jacqueline, The Traditional Petroleum-Based Economy: An “Eventful” Future Cumberland Law Review, 36 No. 3 Missing Girls of China and India, 2010 This Conference is being held on February 26, 2010 at Cumberland School of Law in Birmingham, Alabama to discuss the causes and socio-economic impact of "missing girls" in China and India. "In China, approximately ten percent of females have disappeared from the population at birth in last generation alone. Similarly, about five percent of female are "missing" from India's population. Collectively, this indicates a loss of tens of millions of Chinese and Indian females which creates significant socioeconomic complications. The sex-ratio imbalances in China and India have grown worse despite successful economic development and pressures toward cultural modernization. Scholarship on "the missing girls" of China and India has been increasingly successful in documenting and identifying some of the most direct causes. The purpose of this symposium is to gather and urge a group of the leading scholars to discuss remedies to the problem of missing girls." Overview - Valerie Hudson, Brigham Young University India - Sunil Khanna, Oregon State University China - Susan Greenhalgh and Wang Feng, University of California-Irvine Transportation Energy Policy, 2009 This Conference was hosted on February 27, 2009 and its stated purpose was that: "The public in the United States and throughout much of the world has become keenly aware of the limitations of continued reliance on petroleum-based fuels. Concerns over diminishing supplies, growing demand, price instabilities, environmental impacts, international competition for limited resources, energy security, and the costs of foreign involvement necessitated by our “addiction to oil” have created an imperative toward renewable energy. Yet, some view the United States’ first major venture into renewable fuels, corn-based ethanol, as a failure that has contributed to higher food prices and brings little overall environmental or supply gain. Political and popular rhetoric suggests that a technological fix, in forms such as second-generation biofuels, fuel cells, electric cars, or a hydrogen economy are just around the corner, and yet most estimates posit that petroleum based fuels will predominate for at least several more decades. President Barack Obama has promised a new and different energy policy. This conference, taking place a little more than month into the new administration, will look at the possibilities for transportation energy policy both for the United States and other nations. Upon examination, government has a limited set of tools it can use to promote a transition to renewable energy and promote energy conservation/efficiency. Options include subsidies or tax credits for renewable energy, taxing carbon-based energy, funding research, promoting/funding/designing for mass transit, renewable fuel standards, CAFÉ-fuel efficiency standards, and mandating that energy efficient/alternative energy cars be built in exchange for financial help for the car industry. These issues of supply, demand, price, security, nationalism, and environment occur within an interdependent world. Hence, this conference will look beyond the United States to transportation energy policy throughout the world." Energy Futures - Professor Lakshman Guruswamy, University of Colorado Law School United States Energy Policy - Professor Joshua Fershee, University of North Dakota School of Law India’s Energy Future Professor Deepa Badrinarayana, Chapman University School of Law Human Rights, Human Development, and Energy - Professor David Smolin, Cumberland School of Law, Samford University (focusing on the need to pursue low cost energy primarily because it is a human rights issue) Point/Counterpoint - Professor David Smolin (Cumberland/Samford) will moderate a discussion among all conference participants, inviting discussion by both conference participants and audience, on the hard questions and difficult choices facing both the United States and other nations in regard to transportation energy policy. The Baby Market, 2008 The speakers for this event were: Michele Goodwin - visiting professor at University of Chicago Law School, chair-elect of the Association of American Law Schools section on law and medicine, and a fellow of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago. Judith Daar - California law professor and clinical professor of medicine , "Progress and Pitfalls in Emerging Reproductive Technologies"; Gregory Pence - University of Alabama at Birmingham philosophy professor and medical ethics specialist, "The Case for Non-Regulation"; David M. Smolin - Cumberland professor and international children's issues specialist, "Money, Markets and Intercountry Adoption." Smolin is director of the Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics. Arun Dohle - live commentary on a Danish public television documentary, "A Baby Business." Dohle was an adult adoptee and specialist on adoption corruption issues in India, was a consultant on the documentary. Health Care Access, Equity, and Efficiency, 2007 This Conference was hosted on Thursday February 22, 2007 at Cumberland School of Law. The keynote speaker of the Conference was United States Representative Artur Davis (D) who spoke about the need for change in the current health care delivery system in the United States. His speech was delivered in part as a presentation of the Thurgood Marshall Lecture series sponsored by the Black Law Students Association at Cumberland.The sponsors for the Symposium included the Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics, Cumberland Law School, Samford University, the Cumberland Law Review, and Cumberland Law School's Chapter of the Black Law Students Association (BLSA) The five panels were: Overview - L.Jack Nelson of Cumberland School of Law Equity is Efficient - John A. Nyman, Professor of Economics, University of Minnesota A Thurgood Marshall Lecture - U.S. Representative Artur Davis (D) Health Care Disparities: Race and Poverty - Dr. Camara Jones, CDC, and Sidney D. Watson, Professor of Law, Saint Louis University School of Law Solutions - John V. Jacobi, Professor of Law, Seton Hall Law School, and Dr. Robert Ohsfeldt, Professor, Texas A&M School of Rural Public Health. Biofuels and the New Energy Economy, 2006 This Conference was hosted on Monday, February 10, 2006 at Cumberland School of Law. The speakers and publications analyzed global energy policy, climate change and the role of biofuels as a supplement to the petroleum-based economy in both the utility and transportation sectors. Host professor David Smolin stated that "[r]aising awareness of what's happening with traditional and alternative energy sources can help us as a society make more informed choices." It included six panels and two question and answer sessions. The panels were: The Traditional Energy Economy; Energy Policy: A Human Rights Perspective; Global Climate Change and Energy Policy; National Security, Cost and Environmental Analysis of Bioenergy; A Strategy for Developing Stationary Biodiesel Electric Generation, Challenges; and Opportunities in Developing Bioenergy Alternatives.The participants were: John Christy of the University of Alabama in Huntsville, Michael Dworkin, director of Vermont Law School's Institute for Energy and the Environment, Karl R. Rabago, president of Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association, David M. Smolin, director of Cumberland Law School's Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics, Michael J. Smolin, PE, principal of EXL Group, LLC, and Jacqueline Lang Weaver, professor at the University of Houston Law Center.The Brochure for the Conference may be viewed at: Bioethics Methodology, 2005 This Conference was hosted on Monday, March 14, 2005 at Cumberland School of Law and analyzed how secular and religious methodologies answered the previously mentioned bioethical dilemmas. The impetus for the Conference sprang from three common criticisms of the field of Bioethics that "1) basic principles of bioethics are vague and indeterminate, and provide no real answers to bioethics dilemmas...2) there is no real expertise in the field but merely the subjective answers of individual bioethicists and...3) that the mainstream bioethics field has some of the "wrong" answers to basic bioethical dilemmas..." The Conference was sponsored by Cumberland School of Law's Center for Bioetechnology, Law and Ethics, the Cumberland Law Review and Cumberland School of Law. It included three panels: Alternative Reproduction Technologies, Death and Dying, and Children as Research Subjects - Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute Inc., 366 Md. 29, 782 A.2d 807 (Md. 2001).The participants were: Janet Dolgin, JD, law professor, Hofstra University School of Law L. Jack Nelson III, JD, LLM, law professor, Cumberland School of Law Larry I. Palmer, JD, Chair of Urban Health Policy at the University of Louisville Lois Shepherd, JD, professor, Florida State University College of Law and David M. Smolin, JD, of Director of the biotech center, law professor, Cumberland School of Law Genetically Modified Foods, 2004 This Conference was hosted on Monday, March 31, 2004 at the Bradley Lecure Center, Children's Harbor Building of the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Sponsors were Cumberland Law School's Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics, the Cumberland Law Review and the Center for Ethics & Values in the Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The Conference analyzed the impact of the production and use of genetically modified foods. It included six panels: Four World views on Genetically Modified Food, or Greenpeace versus Monsanto Company, Genomics-Guided Agricultural Biotechnology: Seeking a Less Politically Volatile Approach to GMO Development, GMOs as an International Trade Issue: Using the World Trade Organization to Resolve an International Public Policy Conflict, Can GMOs Help Developing Countries in their Quest for Food Security?, The Promise and Peril of GM Agriculture in the Developing World: What Will Become of Traditional Agriculture Knowledge?, and Andhra Pradesh, India, as a Case Study in Perspectives on GMOs.The participants were: David E. Adelman, J.D., Ph.D. of the James E. Rogers College of Law, Marsha Echols, J.D., LL.M., J.S.D., of Howard University School of Law, Charles R. McManis, J.D., of the Washington University School of Law, Gregory Pence, Ph. D. of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, C.S. Prakash, Ph. D., of the Tuskegee University, David M. Smolin, J.D, of Cumberland School of Law, and Elizabeth Bowles, J.D. candidate, of Cumberland School of Law. Research with Children, 2003 This conference was hosted on March 21, 2003 by the Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics, the Center for Ethics and Values in the Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and the University of Alabama School of Medicine Division of Continuing Medical Education. The Conference analyzed the ethical implications of research on children. There were four panels at the conference: The Ethical Basis of the Pediatric Research Regulations - Robert Nelson, M.D., Ph.D., Chair of the Committees for the Protection of Human Subjects at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The Legal Basis for Pediatric Research: Issues, Trends Cases - David Smolin, J.D., Understanding the Role of Assent in Pediatric Research - Maureen Kelley, Ph.D., of the School of Public Health, UAB Factors Influencing Children’s Participation in Research - Marlon Broome, Ph.D., the FAAN Professor and Associate Dean for Research, School of Nursing, UAB.The Children's research brochure may be viewed at: Staff Current and prior fellows The following is a list of fellows who have served the Center: Holly Bennet (Class of 2005) Brian R. Mooney (Class of 2006) Jakarra Jones (Class of 2007) Jared Kerr (Class of 2008) Kelley Moyers (Class of 2008) David Rohwedder (Class of 2009) Current and prior research associates John Bowles Kelli Hooper Kelley Moyers Steven Owens Kelly Ransom Further information School websites Website for Cumberland School of Law Website for Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics Cumberland Law Library biotech resources Samford Law Library Cumberland School of Law - wiki Cumberland Law Review - wiki Conference information Biofuels Conference Children in Research conference Health Care conference Genetically Modified Foods conference Other sites Natural Resources Law The Personal Injury Lawyer Directory == References ==

ASL Airlines Ireland

ASL Airlines Ireland (ASLI), formerly Air Contractors, is a cargo airline with an extensive operations network. It operates scheduled freight services throughout Europe on behalf of major parcel integrators such as Amazon, FedEx Feeder and DHL Express; and some wet lease services for scheduled airlines. ASL Aviation Holdings DAC, the parent company of ASL Airlines Ireland, is headquartered in Swords, County Dublin, Ireland.

ASL Airlines Ireland (ASLI), formerly Air Contractors, is a cargo airline with an extensive operations network. It operates scheduled freight services throughout Europe on behalf of major parcel integrators such as Amazon, FedEx Feeder and DHL Express; and some wet lease services for scheduled airlines. ASL Aviation Holdings DAC, the parent company of ASL Airlines Ireland, is headquartered in Swords, County Dublin, Ireland. History The airline was established and started operations in 1972, as Air Bridge Carriers at East Midlands Airport. In September 1992 the name Hunting Cargo Airlines was adopted and in 1997 the transfer of all airline operations to Ireland was completed. In June 1998 the Hunting Group sold its aviation arm to a joint consortium of CMB Compagnie Maritime Belge and Safair (part of the Imperial Group) and the airline was rebranded Air Contractors. The Imperial Group transferred its 49% shareholding in the company to 3P Air Freighters/Petercam S.A. in 2007. Air Contractors acquired French carrier Europe Airpost on 14 March 2008. Following the acquisition of EAP into the ACL group of companies, the group was rebranded ASL Aviation Group, representing the three core activities of the group; Airlines, Support and Leasing. In 2010 Air Contractors entered a new era with the start of passenger flying on a Boeing 737-300 aircraft in conjunction with its Group partner, Europe Airpost. On 4 June 2015, ASL Aviation Group announced that Air Contractors would be rebranded as ASL Airlines Ireland, Europe Airpost as ASL Airlines France, Farnair Hungary as ASL Airlines Hungary and Farnair Switzerland as ASL Airlines Switzerland.The company announced on 5 February 2016 that it had agreed to buy TNT Airways and PAN Air, on the condition that FedEx's purchase of TNT goes ahead. The sale went through in May 2016. TNT Airways became ASL Airlines Belgium and Pan Air became ASL Airlines Spain. In early 2017, ASL Aviation Group rebranded as ASL Aviation Holdings. Subsidiary ASL Airlines Switzerland ceased all operations on 1 February 2018, while ASL Airlines Spain ceased all operations in August of that same year.In April 2023 ASL Aviation Holdings acquired Pionair Australia. Destinations ASLI maintains crew bases in 10 European countries and has its own maintenance hangar in Shannon, Ireland. The airline's operations span a network of more than 50 regular destinations across Europe, North America and the Middle East under its own brand name and on behalf of customers such as DHL, Amazon and FedEx. Fleet The ASL Airlines Ireland fleet consists of the following aircraft as of June 2022; In June 2021, ASL Aviation Holdings announced an order with Boeing for up to 20 737-800 Boeing Converted Freighter (BCF) aircraft - 10 firm orders and 10 options at the Paris Air Show. This was extended to an additional 20 737-800 Boeing Converted Freighters (BCF) in March 2022. ASL's order, including options brings the number of 737-800BCF to 40 aircraft. Eleven aircraft operate for ASL Airlines Belgium, ASL Airlines France, ASL Airlines Ireland and ASL joint venture, K-Mile Asia. See also Transport in Ireland References External links Media related to ASL Airlines Ireland at Wikimedia Commons Official website ASL Aviation Holdings

Standards of Conduct for the International Civil Service

The document Standards of Conduct for the International Civil Service is a text document of the United Nations System that lays out a set of standards of conduct for international civil servants. These standards were introduced in 2013 by the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) to replace the Standards of Conduct in the International Civil Service, which had been introduced in 1954 and revised in 2001.

The document Standards of Conduct for the International Civil Service is a text document of the United Nations System that lays out a set of standards of conduct for international civil servants. These standards were introduced in 2013 by the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) to replace the Standards of Conduct in the International Civil Service, which had been introduced in 1954 and revised in 2001. Development of the standards 1954 The report on Standards of Conduct in the International Civil Service by the International Civil Service Advisory Board (ICSAB), which preceded the ICSC, was highly recognized. Still in 1995, it was referred to as "a classic which still today guides the international official".According to the ICSC Framework for Human Resources Management, standards for ethical conduct "promote common values and define the behaviour and performance expected of international civil servants." 2001 The revised Standards of conduct for the international civil service of 2001 (“2001 standards”), were drafted under the guidance of Mohsen Bel Hadj Amor, chairman of the ICSC, adopted by the ICSC in 2001 and approved by the UN General Assembly in its resolution 56/244 of 24 December 2001. The standards of conduct for the international civil service are reflected in the Secretary-General’s bulletin on Status, basic rights and duties of United Nations staff members. This bulletin was published with the express purpose of ensuring that all United Nations staff were made aware of the 2001 standards. According to this bulletin, the standards are intended to assist staff members and executive heads of the organizations to understand better the obligations placed on staff conduct by the UN Charter and the UN Staff Regulations and Rules.It is noted that: "The standards of conduct do not have the force of law as they provide a discussion of expected standards to help staff understand their role as international civil servants rather than a set of binding rules." 2013 The 2013 edition of the Standards of Conduct for the International Civil Service were drafted under the guidance of Kingston Rhodes, then chairman of the ICSC, and approved by the UN General Assembly in its resolution 67/257. Rhodes wrote in his foreword to the 2013 standards: "Adapted to meet the new challenges of the twenty-first century, the new standards reflect the way in which the world has changed in recent decades and embody the values promoted by the organizations of the United Nations system. These values, which concern fundamental human rights, social justice, the dignity of the human person and respect for the equal rights of men and women, should inspire and guide international civil servants in their professional activities as well as in their personal conduct." Related texts The UN Staff Regulations of 1 January 2014, in Article 100, state: 1. In the performance of their duties, the Secretary General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any Government or from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization. 2. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities. References External links Standards of Conduct for the International Civil Service, 2013 Standards of conduct for the international civil service, 2002

Tony Graham (tennis)

Tony Graham (October 29, 1956 – May 2, 2023) was a former top 100 tennis player from the United States. During his career, he won two doubles titles. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 100 in 1980 and a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 88 in 1981.

Tony Graham (October 29, 1956 – May 2, 2023) was a former top 100 tennis player from the United States. During his career, he won two doubles titles. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 100 in 1980 and a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 88 in 1981. Career finals Singles (1 runner-up) Doubles (2 titles, 1 runner-up) External links Tony Graham at the Association of Tennis Professionals Tony Graham at the International Tennis Federation

Kengen

Kengen (乾元) was a Japanese era name (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Shōan and before Kagen. This period spanned the years from November 1302 through August 1303. The reigning emperor was Go-Nijō-tennō (後二条天皇).

Kengen (乾元) was a Japanese era name (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Shōan and before Kagen. This period spanned the years from November 1302 through August 1303. The reigning emperor was Go-Nijō-tennō (後二条天皇). Change of era 1302 Kengen gannen (乾元元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Shōan 4. Events of the Kengen era 1302 (Kengen 1, 16th day of the 6th month):Emperor Go-Nijo visited the home of retired Emperor Kameyama. 1302 (Kengen 1): Major repairs and reconstruction at Yakushi-ji. Notes References Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 6042764 External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Urbania Cathedral

Urbania Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Urbania; Concattedrale di San Cristoforo martire) is a Neoclassical Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Christopher, in Urbania, in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino in the region of Marche, Italy. It was the seat of the Bishops of Urbania e Sant'Angelo in Vado from the creation of the diocese in 1636. Since 1986 it has been a co-cathedral in the Archdiocese of Urbino-Urbania-Sant'Angelo in Vado.

Urbania Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Urbania; Concattedrale di San Cristoforo martire) is a Neoclassical Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Christopher, in Urbania, in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino in the region of Marche, Italy. It was the seat of the Bishops of Urbania e Sant'Angelo in Vado from the creation of the diocese in 1636. Since 1986 it has been a co-cathedral in the Archdiocese of Urbino-Urbania-Sant'Angelo in Vado. History The present church was built on the site of a prior Paleochristian structure, the 9th-century church of San Cristoforo. Only the Romanesque bell tower and other traces remain. It was restructured by Cardinal Bessarion, abbot of Casteldurante, who in 1472 brought to it the reliquary of the shoulder bone of Saint Christopher in an urn by Pollaiolo. The church was rebuilt in the mid-1700s by the architect Giuseppe Tosi. The façade (1870) is by Giuseppe Tacchi and the new bell tower (1958) by the engineer Stefanucci. The interior has a crucifix (1320) by Pietro da Rimini. On the left wall of the apse is a 16th-century canvas of the Pentecost by the Mannerist painter Giustino Episcopi. In the church there are also works by Giorgio Picchi (Saint Ubaldo and the Birth of John the Baptist, of the late 16th century) and other Baroque artists. The chapel of San Cristoforo houses the statue of its patron saint (1768). == References ==

Jill Messick

Jill Laura Sobel Messick (July 27, 1967 – February 7, 2018) was an American film producer. She worked as an executive producer on several films, including She's All That (1999), Frida (2002), and Mean Girls (2004). She was actress Rose McGowan's manager in 1997 when McGowan alleged that she was raped by Harvey Weinstein. After the Weinstein allegations became public in late 2017, McGowan was highly critical of Messick; and Weinstein's lawyer released a private email sent by Messick that contradicted McGowan's claims. The publicity surrounding the scandal led to online cyberbullying directed at her.

Jill Laura Sobel Messick (July 27, 1967 – February 7, 2018) was an American film producer. She worked as an executive producer on several films, including She's All That (1999), Frida (2002), and Mean Girls (2004). She was actress Rose McGowan's manager in 1997 when McGowan alleged that she was raped by Harvey Weinstein. After the Weinstein allegations became public in late 2017, McGowan was highly critical of Messick; and Weinstein's lawyer released a private email sent by Messick that contradicted McGowan's claims. The publicity surrounding the scandal led to online cyberbullying directed at her. Messick died by suicide in February 2018. In a public statement, Messick's family said that she supported the Me Too movement and called her loss collateral damage of a "feeding frenzy", blaming Weinstein, McGowan, the media, and the public for her death. Early Life Messick was the daughter of Michael Sobel and actress Laura Nicholson Sobel (1945–2015). Her maternal grandfather was film producer James H. Nicholson and she had a brother named Jan. After attending Santa Barbara High School, where she was named homecoming princess, Messick graduated with a degree in communications from the University of Southern California. Career She began her career at the Gersh Agency and later worked as a junior manager at Somers/Teitelbaum/David. She was director of development at Woods Entertainment from 1994 to 1996, working on films including Scream (1996) and Teaching Mrs. Tingle (1999), both distributed by Dimension Films, a division of Miramax Films. She also helped facilitate Miramax distributing M. Night Shyamalan's Wide Awake (1998). Shyamalan later said that "she helped fight for my second film to get made at Miramax. Really made me feel I had a big sister protecting me." In the late 1990s, she worked as a talent manager at Addis-Wechsler & Associates, where her clients included Chloe Sevigny and John Bloom. In November 1997, she was hired as vice-president of development by Miramax Films and tasked with "scouting writers and directors and bringing in material to the company." She reported directly to executive vice-president of production Meryl Poster and was hired by Cathy Konrad, who said that she had "a keen eye for spotting new talent."At Miramax Messick helped bring She's All That (1999) to the company within a month of her hiring, It eventually grossed $60 million. She worked on such films as Boys and Girls (2000), Frida (2002) and early development of Cinderella Man (2005). She also worked directly with Dimension Films and helped make multipicture deals with screenwriters R. Lee Fleming, Jr., Andrew Lowery and Andrew Miller. In 2000, she was promoted to senior Vice-President of Production. She worked at Miramax until 2003. She later worked as an executive producer for Lorne Michaels, Paramount Pictures and The Weinstein Company. Her film credits include Get Over It (2001), Mean Girls (2004), Hot Rod (2007), Baby Mama (2008), and Masterminds (2016).Messick made a brief foray into television production with the short-lived NBC sitcom Bad Judge (2014–15). She was married to producer Kevin Messick, with whom she had two children. Weinstein allegations Messick was actress Rose McGowan's talent manager in 1997 at the time when McGowan alleges Harvey Weinstein raped her. In an October 2017 interview with The New York Times, McGowan was highly critical of Messick's lack of support after the incident and the article suggests that Messick's job at Miramax was directly related to the aftermath. On January 30, 2018, Weinstein's attorney released a private email from Messick to Weinstein as a way to defend Weinstein. The email was sent months before the incident became publicly known and Messick's account of the incident was that McGowan told her that she consensually got into a hot tub with Weinstein and later regretted it. Messick's family later said that McGowan "never once used the word rape" when she told Messick about the incident.McGowan's memoir Brave, also released on January 30, 2018, details the alleged assault and is highly critical of Messick. In a documentary series about McGowan on the E! network, titled Citizen Rose, produced by Bunim/Murray Productions and also airing on January 30, McGowan accused Messick of betrayal and of siding with Weinstein in exchange for her job at Miramax. After Weinstein's lawyers released Messick's email, McGowan claimed that Messick's statements had already been disproven by her former assistant Anne Woodward in The New York Times article.The media and public attention had a negative impact on Messick. According to Mandy Stadtmiller in The Daily Beast, the publicity led to online cyberbullying after "activists on Twitter named, shamed and identified how Messick could be reached, with one even revealing Messick’s purposefully obscured LinkedIn profile (she did not use her full name) and encouraging others to reach out to her and let her know what they really thought of her." In 2021 Stadtmiller claimed that Daily Beast entertainment editor Marlow Stern attempted to cancel the story, compelling Stadtmiller to go higher up for approval. Stadtmiller called it "an important part of the #MeToo narrative in its revelation of just how disposable some women are in the name of feminism."A Messick family statement stated that she had suffered from bipolar disorder and that a "manic episode" in 2013 had affected her career. The statement also said: "Seeing her name in headlines again and again, as part of one person's attempt to gain more attention for her personal cause, along with Harvey's desperate attempt to vindicate himself, was devastating for her. It broke Jill." Death Messick died by suicide in Los Angeles on February 7, 2018, one day after the third anniversary of her mother's death. The manner of her suicide was not announced.After that, Messick's family issued a public statement that was critical of the media, Weinstein, and McGowan, as well as "our new culture of unlimited information sharing and a willingness to accept statement as fact. The speed of disseminating information has carried mistruths about Jill as a person, which she was unable and unwilling to challenge. She became collateral damage in an already horrific story." Her family defended Messick's decision to not publicly address McGowan's negative statements about her because of "fear of undermining the many individuals who came forward in truth. She opted not to add to the feeding frenzy, allowing her name and her reputation to be sullied despite having done nothing wrong." It also asserts that, contrary to McGowan's accusations, Messick (who supported the Me Too movement) "was the first person who stood up on Rose's behalf, and alerted her bosses to the horrific experience which Rose suffered" despite being a junior-level employee at that time.McGowan paid tribute to Messick on Instagram without addressing her family's accusations. Messick was among the deceased memorialized at the 90th Academy Awards. Filmography 1999 – She's All That (co-executive producer) 2000 – Boys and Girls (executive producer) 2001 – Get Over It (executive producer) 2002 – Frida (executive producer) 2004 – Mean Girls (executive producer) 2007 – Hot Rod (executive producer) 2008 – Baby Mama (executive producer) 2014–2015 – Bad Judge, TV series (executive producer) 2016 – Masterminds (executive producer) 2025 – Minecraft (producer, posthumous credit) References External links Jill Messick at IMDb Jill Messick at AllMovie

Centrism

Centrism is a political outlook or position involving acceptance or support of a balance of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy while opposing political changes that would result in a significant shift of society strongly to the left or the right.Both centre-left and centre-right politics involve a general association with centrism that is combined with leaning somewhat to their respective sides of the left–right political spectrum. Various political ideologies, such as Christian democracy, Pancasila, and certain forms of liberalism like social liberalism, can be classified as centrist, as can the Third Way, a modern political movement that attempts to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating for a synthesis of centre-right economic platforms with centre-left social policies.

Centrism is a political outlook or position involving acceptance or support of a balance of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy while opposing political changes that would result in a significant shift of society strongly to the left or the right.Both centre-left and centre-right politics involve a general association with centrism that is combined with leaning somewhat to their respective sides of the left–right political spectrum. Various political ideologies, such as Christian democracy, Pancasila, and certain forms of liberalism like social liberalism, can be classified as centrist, as can the Third Way, a modern political movement that attempts to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating for a synthesis of centre-right economic platforms with centre-left social policies. Usage by political parties by country Australia There have been centrists on both sides of politics who serve alongside the various factions within the Liberal and Labor parties. Centrism is represented by the moderates in the Liberal Party and Labor Right in the Labor Party. The Australian Democrats are the most prominent centrist party in Australian history. The party had representation in the Senate from 1977 to 2007, frequently holding the balance of power. Formed by Don Chipp on a promise to "Keep the Bastards Honest", it was known to have represented the "middle ground". The party regained registration in 2019. In addition, many smaller groups have formed in response to the bipartisan system that upholds centrist ideals. South Australian Senator Nick Xenophon launched his centrist political party called the Nick Xenophon Team (NXT) in 2014, which was renamed the Centre Alliance in 2018. Bangladesh In Bangladeshi politics, the term "centre" (as well as centre-left) is often labelled with Bengali nationalism and secularism, in contrast to the right wing, which is labelled with Bangladeshi nationalism and Islamism. The Awami League is the oldest existing centrist political party in Bangladesh. It was originally founded as a centre-left party but moved towards centrism in the late 1970s. Other centrist political parties in Bangladesh include the Nationalist Democratic Movement, the Liberal Democratic Party, and Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh. Belgium The traditional centrist party of Flanders was the People's Union, which embraced social liberalism and aimed to represent Dutch-speaking Belgians who felt culturally suppressed by Francophones. The New Flemish Alliance is the largest and, since 2009, the only extant successor of that party. It is, however, primarily composed of the right wing of the former People's Union and has adopted a more liberal-conservative ideology in recent years. Among French-speaking Belgians, the Humanist Democratic Centre is a centre party as it is considerably less conservative than its Flemish counterpart, Christian Democratic and Flemish. Other parties in the centre of the political spectrum are the liberal Reformist Movement and the French-speaking minority party DéFI. Brazil There are several centrist parties in Brazil, such as the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), a catch-all party and one of the largest political parties in Brazil. The Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) is another example of a centrist party in Brazilian politics. Other centrist parties include the Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) (PSD), the Green Party (Brazil) (PV), Citizenship (Brazil) (CID), and the Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS). Due to the high number of centre parties in Brazil, they exert a major position in local politics, and due to that, parties that are not part of major parties of the right-wing or the left-wing are pejoratively called Centrão (meaning 'big centre'). Canada Throughout modern history, Canadian governments at the federal level have governed from a moderate, centrist political position, practicing "brokerage politics". Both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada (or its predecessors) rely on attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters. The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the Canadian political scale, being more moderate and centrist than the centre-right Conservative. In the late 1970s, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party of Canada adhered to the "radical centre". Far-left and far-right politics have never been prominent forces in Canadian society. Croatia The Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats and the People's Party – Reformists may be considered centrist parties. The agrarian Croatian Peasant Party became moderate and centrist during its last years, having been centre-right in the past. Czech Republic The Czech Republic has many prominent centrist parties, including the syncretic populist movement ANO 2011, the civil libertarian Czech Pirate Party, the long-standing Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party, and the localist party Mayors and Independents. Estonia France France has a tradition of parties that call themselves "centriste", though the actual parties vary over time. When a new political issue emerges and a new political party breaks into the mainstream, the old centre-left party may be de facto pushed rightwards, but unable to consider itself a party of the right, it will embrace being the new centre. This process occurred with Orléanism, Moderate Républicanism, Radical Republicanism, and Radical-Socialism. The most notable centrist party is Renaissance (LREM), founded by Emmanuel Macron, who was elected President of France in May 2017. Macron prefers not to use the term "centrist" to describe himself, though his policies tend to be centrist. Another party is the Democratic Movement of François Bayrou, founded in 2007, which was the successor of the Christian democratic Union for French Democracy. Germany Politische Mitte (German for 'political middle' / 'political centre') is used for the political centre and centrism. Historically, the German party with the most purely centrist nature among German parties to have had current or historical parliamentary representations was most likely the social-liberal German Democratic Party of the Weimar Republic (1918–1933). During the Weimar Republic (and again after the Nazi period), there existed a Zentrum, a party of German Catholics founded in 1870. It was called the Centre Party not for being a proper centrist party but because it united left-wing and right-wing Catholics, because it was the first German party to be a Volkspartei (catch-all party), and because his elected representatives sat between the liberals (the left of the time) and the conservatives (the right of the time). However, it was distinctly right-wing conservative in that it was not neutral on religious issues (such as secular education), being markedly against more liberal and modernist positions. The main successor of Zentrum after the return of democracy to West Germany in 1945, the Christian Democratic Union, has, throughout its history, alternated between describing itself as right-wing or centrist and sitting on the right-wing (with the Free Democratic Party in its social liberal moments sitting at its left, in the centre, and themselves sitting at the centre, with the FDP in its classical liberal moments sitting at its right, in the right-wing). The representatives of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, although they have referred to themselves as "the new middle" many times since the 1990s (under the influence of the Third Way of the time), feel less at ease describing their party as centrist due to their history and socialist identity. Alliance 90/The Greens was founded in 1993 as a merger of the East German Alliance 90 (a group of centrist and transversalist civil rights activists) and the (West) German Greens. The latter was a coalition of various unorthodox-left politicians and more liberal "realists". This Bundestag party also hesitates to use the term centre, although it distances itself from the left, which identifies it for the moment as a transversalist party. The transversalist moderation of the party and its position in the Bundestag between the Social Democrats and the Christian Democrats also point somewhat to The Greens being a more or less centrist party. In the state parliaments of specific German states, other specifically regional parties could be identified as centrist. The South Schleswig Voter Federation of the Danish and Frisian minorities in the state of Schleswig-Holstein currently has a centrist political position, although, in the past, the party usually leaned to the left. In the German presidential elections of 2009, 2010, and 2012, it supported the candidates of the Social Democrats and the Greens. In Bavaria, the Free Voters party at the state parliament may also be seen as a centrist party. Greece In modern Greek politics, the roots of centrism can be traced to the centrist politician and founder of the Agricultural and Labour Party, Alexandros Papanastasiou. In 1961, Georgios Papandreou created, along with other political leaders, the coalition party of the Centre Union. Five parties were merged: the Liberal Party, the Progressive Agricultural Democratic Union, the National Progressive Centre Union, and the Popular Social Party, into one with a strong centrist agenda, opposed equally to the right-wing party of the National Radical Union and the left-wing party of the United Democratic Left. The Centre Union Party was the last Venizelist party to hold power in Greece. The party nominally continued to exist until 1977 (after the Junta, known as the Centre Union – New Forces), when its successor Union of the Democratic Centre (EDIK) party was created. The Union of Centrists was created by Vassilis Leventis in 1992 under the title "Union of Centrists and Ecologists", though the name was changed shortly after. The Union of Centrists claims to be the ideological continuation of the old party Centre Union. The party strives to become "the political continuance of the centrist expression in Greece". Leventis aimed to become part of the Venizelist legacy of some great politicians of the past, such as Eleftherios Venizelos and George Papandreou Sr. However, the party's total influence had been marginal until 2015, with 1.8% of the total votes (in the January 2015 Greek legislative election) being its highest achievement before finally making its way to the Greek Parliament in September 2015 with 3.4% of the total votes and nine members elected. A short-lived social liberal party, The River, founded and led by Stavros Theodorakis, gained seats both in the Greek and European parliaments in 2015. The River dissolved in 2019. India The Indian National Congress, the Aam Aadmi Party, and the Nationalist Congress Party are the centrist national parties. Two state parties, Bharat Rashtra Samithi and Telugu Desam Party, are also described as centrists, along with actor-turned-politician Kamal Haasan's party named Makkal Needhi Maiam, meaning People's Centre for Justice. Indonesia Golkar, a major political party in Indonesia, has established itself and also gained a reputation as a centrist party when it comes to addressing the challenges of the country's diversity. Pancasila and the unity of Indonesia has always been the fundamental norms in resolving various problems. Quoting from the statement of Airlangga Hartarto (General Chair of the Golkar Party 2017–present), "Leaving no one behind for the sake of the people, without distinguishing who they are, and where they are. Golkar is an inclusive political party that works to ensure an equal distribution of welfare for all people." Ireland In the Republic of Ireland, both main political parties (Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael) claim the political centre ground but lean to the centre-right. The two parties have broadly similar policies, with their primary division being in Irish Civil War politics. Fine Gael is aligned with Christian democratic parties in Europe via its membership in the European People's Party. Israel In Israel, centrism is represented by the Yesh Atid Party, led by Yair Lapid, the former Prime Minister of Israel. The party was founded in 2013 and has remained a major player on the political scene. It served in government between 2013 and 2015, with Lapid serving as Israel's Finance Minister and a member of the Security Cabinet. In 2020, after a year of political turmoil in Israel, Yair Lapid became the Leader of the Opposition to the fifth government of Benjamin Netanyahu, and in 2021, he was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Naftali Bennett. After that, he became the prime minister of Israel in June 2022. Yair Lapid published a long political essay entitled Only the center can hold: Democracy and the battle of ideas, in which he laid out his vision of political centrism in Israel.There are those such as Diana Buttu who assert that centrism does not exist in Israel, due to centrist parties in Israel being Zionist and supporting Israeli military occupation, attacks on Gaza and the denial of equal rights for Palestinians. She has said that those of this political make-up in other countries would be labelled as "right-wing extremists". Japan Following World War II, the right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) became the ruling force in Japan in 1955 and was opposed to the left-wing Japan Socialist Party (JSP). This is called the 1955 System. However, since the 1960s, centrist parties have emerged, the old Komeito, the Democratic Socialist Party, and the Socialist Democratic Federation. In 1992, reformers left the right-wing LDP and founded the centre to centre-right liberal Japan New Party, but it was disbanded after two years.The New Frontier Party (NFP) was founded by politicians with various ideologies, including Buddhist democrats, social democrats, liberals, and conservatives. The NFP was a political coalition to oppose the LDP and is therefore generally regarded as a centrist party, although it had no coherent ideology. Founded in 1998 by moderates of the conservative LDP and the socialist JSP, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) advocated liberalism and "Democratic Centrism" (民主中道) as its main ideology. The Democratic Party for the People (DPP), which continues the current DPJ trend, is advocating "reformist centrism" (改革中道). The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) is more progressive in inheriting DPJ liberalism, but at the same time advocates for traditional Japanese virtues. Netherlands In the Netherlands, four moderate centrist to centre-right parties have sent members into the Third Rutte cabinet since 2017. From them, the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) tend to be centre-right, whilst the social liberal Democrats 66 (D66) are more centrist. The Protestant Christian Union is a small Christian Democratic party with transversalist positions less typical of European centrist parties. While it is left-leaning on immigration, welfare, and the environment, it is more conservative on social issues such as drugs and euthanasia. They have participated in several coalitions due to their moderate centrist politics. Another centrist party is the populist Pensioners' interests party 50PLUS, which combines social democratic, social liberal, and social conservative positions. Livable Netherlands was originally a centrist political movement of local grass-roots parties with an anti-establishment touch similar to early D66. However, the party entered in 2002 national parliament with a right-wing populist programme based on security and immigration as the major issues.In the 1980s and 1990s, two self-described "centre" parties, the Centre Party and the Centre Democrats, were represented in the Dutch parliament at some point. However, these parties were considered far right (in the case of the Centre Democrats) or even extreme right (in the case of the Centre Party) in their opinion about foreign immigration. Both parties denied being racist or extremist. The party slogan of the Centre Party was "Dutch: Niet rechts, niet links, lit. 'Neither rightist, nor leftist'", and in some respect could be seen as a centrist (or more correctly, Third Position) party since it borrowed ideas from the political (far) right (a tough stand on immigration combined with typical racial prejudice) and the political left (mixed economy, green politics). However, both parties did not have a coherent ideology; they were one-issue parties focused on what they perceived as mass immigration from non-European countries. New Zealand Centrism in New Zealand has only been mainstream since New Zealand First was founded in 1993. The party platforms itself on a broad centrist position, mainly on economic issues and populism, while being generally conservative on social issues, favouring binding referendums instead of MPs making major social decisions. New Zealand First could be described as syncretic politically, or adopting key elements from the traditional left-right political spectrum. The party has twice found itself the kingmakers under the mixed-member proportional representation electoral system (MMP), meaning that they choose who will form the next government. This has happened in 1996 and in 2017.Small centrist parties such as The Opportunities Party (TOP) have been formed in the past, but they have not gained major support and have never passed the 5% threshold to enter parliament. The role of centrism in New Zealand has been mainly to work with parties to form coalition governments and to provide alternatives to governments, and their ability to do so is mainly due to the MMP electoral system, which provides more ground for minor parties in Parliament. In the 2020 New Zealand general election, where Jacinda Ardern and the New Zealand Labour Party achieved a majority in the New Zealand House of Representatives, New Zealand First was not re-elected to Parliament due to the party's inability to reach the 5% threshold to enter parliament. After 2023 New Zealand general election, New Zealand First made a government coalition with National Party and ACT New Zealand. Nordic countries In most of the Nordic countries, there are Nordic agrarian parties. In addition to the centrist position on the socio-economic left-right scale, these share a clear, separate ideology. This position is centred on decentralisation, a commitment to small business, and environmental protection. Centrists have aligned themselves with the Liberal International and European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party. Historically, these parties were farmers' parties committed to maintaining rural life. In the 1960s, these parties broadened their scope to include non-farmer-related issues and renamed themselves the Centre Party in Sweden, Venstre in Denmark, Centre Party in Finland, Centre Party in Norway, and Progressive Party in Iceland. Neither the Centre Democrats (a now-defunct centrist political party) nor the Liberal Alliance (a political party founded as a centrist social liberal party but that now is a classical liberal party), both of Denmark, are rooted in centrist agrarianism. Pakistan Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), founded by Imran Khan, claims to be a centrist political party. Following the general election of 2013, PTI emerged as the second-largest political party in Pakistan by number of votes. In July 2018, it won the general elections of Pakistan and chairman Imran Khan became Prime Minister. Palestine The Third Way is a small centrist Palestinian political party active in Palestinian politics. Founded on 16 December 2005, the party is led by Salam Fayyad and Hanan Ashrawi.In the January 2006 PLC elections, it received 2.4% of the popular vote and won two of the Council's 132 seats. The party presents itself as an alternative to the two-party system of Hamas and Fatah. Poland Civic Platform (PO), ruling from 2007 to 2015, began in 2001 as a liberal conservative party but later, under the leadership of Donald Tusk, became typically centrist to attract left-leaning liberal voters. Depending on the context, it is described as either Christian democratic (it is a member of the European People's Party), conservative, liberal, or social. Its pragmatism, technocracy, and lack of ideology have nevertheless been criticized. Under Grzegorz Schetyna, it was announced that it had shifted to the right. Under its current leader, Borys Budka, as a part of the Civic Coalition, it turned to progressivism again, as seen by policies proposed by their candidate, Rafał Trzaskowski, in the 2020 presidential election. Other political groups, such as the Polish People's Party (PSL), may be described as centrist too. In contrast, the national-moral right-wing Law and Justice is socially conservative while usually at the same time being economically left-wing and favourable to protectionist policies). The most recent political party in the Polish parliament, Poland 2050, led by Szymon Hołownia, has been described as ideologically centrist with strong pragmatic influences. Spain The only national party that defends itself as a centrist party is Citizens, whose platform is increasingly perceived as right-wing by Spanish citizens, as the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas surveys show. In April 2018, Ciudadanos obtained a 6.77 when ranging political parties from 1 to 10, where one was the farthest left and ten was its equivalent on the right. It first entered the Cortes Generales in 2015. In Catalonia, where the party was born, many people even consider it an extreme right-wing party, considering its fierce "opposition to nationalism". Not even the media agree on its place, and several newspapers from different ideologies manifest that Citizens is either left or right, depending on their political line. Regardless of subjective opinions, the truth is that Ciudadanos has always tried to reach agreements with Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD), which Spanish voters most traditionally consider to be the closest to the centre, according to several opinion polls. This popular perception was pointed out by UPyD, which positions itself simultaneously on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum.UPyD has lost many of its voters to Ciudadanos, the latter counting with ten representatives in the Spanish Congress in the last election. Electors also consider as centrists the Convergence and Union coalition from Catalonia and the Basque Nationalist Party from the Spanish Basque Country, although these two usually consider themselves as right-centrist parties. Switzerland In Switzerland, the political centre (German: die Mitte; French: le Centre; Italian: il Centro) is traditionally occupied by the so-called "bourgeois" parties: FDP.The Liberals (centre-right), The Centre and its predecessors (centre to centre-right), and the much smaller Evangelical People's Party (centre to centre-left). In Switzerland, the centrist parties tend to cooperate closely in cantonal parliaments and municipal councils. More recently, two newly founded parties have claimed to be part of the political centre: The Green Liberal Party (centre), split from the leftist Green Party, claims to represent the political centre. The Conservative Democratic Party (centre to centre-right), a splinter of the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party, was a self-styled centre party until its 2021 merger with The Centre.The Social Democratic Party is considered to be more left-wing than centrist. United Kingdom In 1981, Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Shirley Williams, and Bill Rodgers, known collectively as the "Gang of Four", launched the Social Democratic Party, outlining their policies in what became known as the Limehouse Declaration. The "Gang of Four" were centrists who defected from the Labour Party because of what they perceived to be the influence of Militant and the "hard left" within it. The SDP merged with the Liberal Party in 1988 to create the centrist Liberal Democrats. In the mid-to-late 1990s, Labour, under the leadership of Tony Blair, began to move towards a centrist Third Way policy platform, adopting the campaign name New Labour. The New Labour era ended when Blair's successor, Gordon Brown, lost the 2010 general election to the Conservatives. Brown's successor as leader, Ed Miliband, moved the party to the left of New Labour. The Blue Labour movement, launched in 2009, attempted to cultivate a new path for Labour centrism that would appeal to socially conservative working-class voters. The party later moved decisively to the left when the socialist Jeremy Corbyn became the leader in 2015 due to the introduction of a one member, one vote system under Miliband. In 2011, Nick Clegg, then leader of the Liberal Democrats and Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, stated that he believed that his party belonged to the radical centre, mentioning John Maynard Keynes, William Beveridge, Jo Grimond, David Lloyd George, and John Stuart Mill as examples that preceded the Liberal Democrats' establishment in 1988. He pointed to liberalism as an ideology of people and described the political spectrum and his party's position as follows: "For the left, an obsession with the state. For the right, a worship of the market. But as liberals, we place our faith in people. People with power and opportunity in their hands. Our opponents try to divide us with their outdated labels of left and right. But we are not on the left and we are not on the right. We have our own label: Liberal. We are liberals and we own the freehold to the centre ground of British politics. Our politics is the politics of the radical centre." In the mid-to-late 2000s, David Cameron also moved the Conservative Party towards the centre and, following the 2010 general election, formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats. In the 2015 general election, the Conservatives gained a majority, and the Liberal Democrats lost most of their seats. They regained a small number of seats in the 2017 general election. On her appointment as Prime Minister, Cameron's successor, Theresa May, stated her wish to tackle social inequality and adopted some of Ed Miliband's policies, such as regulating energy companies. However, the party's 2017 manifesto was seen as a sharp break from the centre ground, appealing to traditionally Tory heartland issues in the aftermath of the UK's Brexit referendum. Following the Brexit referendum, politics in the UK was seen as having reverted to traditionally polarised "left and right" politics. For the 2017 election, the group More United was set up in the vein of the US Super PAC model to support candidates from multiple parties who meet its values; it supported primarily Labour and Lib Dem MPs and one Conservative. In 2018, a group set up by Simon Franks amassed £50 million to start a new centrist political party in the UK to field candidates at the next general election. It was reportedly named United for Change. In early 2019, difficulties and party clashes regarding Brexit caused many Labour and Conservative MPs to leave their parties, forming a pro-European group named The Independent Group for Change. They later announced their intention to register as a formal party named Change UK. Most sources identified the party as centrist, with Change UK MP Chris Leslie describing the party as "offering a home to those on the centre-left". Former Change UK MP Chuka Umunna joined the Liberal Democrats shortly after the party's formation after disappointing results in the 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom. After losing all its MPs in the 2019 general election, the party was disbanded. United States After World War II, centrism was a dominant political philosophy in the United States but lacked its own party in the traditionally two-party country. For example, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. characterised political moderation as a vigorous "Third Force" in his 1949 book, The Vital Center. The book defended liberal democracy and a state-regulated market economy against the totalitarianism of communism and fascism. Harry Truman, who served as U.S. president from 1945 until 1953, is regarded as a centrist Democrat, while Dwight Eisenhower, president from 1953 to 1961, is regarded as a centrist Republican.The early 1990s were perhaps the high water mark of post-war centrist politics in America. Journalist and political commentator E. J. Dionne wrote in his book Why Americans Hate Politics, published on the eve of the 1992 presidential election, that he believes American voters are looking for a "New Political Center" that intermixes "liberal instincts" and "conservative values". He labelled people in this centre position as "tolerant traditionalists". He described them as believers in conventional social morals that ensure family stability, as tolerant within reason of those who challenge those morals, and as pragmatically supportive of government intervention in spheres such as education, child care, and health care, as long as budgets are balanced. Independent candidate H. Ross Perot, who focused on pragmatic issues like a balanced budget and was viewed as a populist centrist, garnered nearly 19% of the popular vote in the 1992 presidential election, even though he ran against Bill Clinton, a centre-left Democrat, and George H. W. Bush, a centre-right Republican. Perot went on to form the Reform Party and run a second time in the 1996 presidential election, but with less success. A late-2011 Gallup poll of Americans' attitudes towards government reported that 17% expressed conservative views, 22% expressed libertarian views, 20% expressed communitarian views, 17% expressed centrist views, and 24% expressed liberal views.Americans Elect, a coalition of American centrists funded by wealthy donors such as business magnate Michael Bloomberg, former junk-bond trader Peter Ackerman, and hedge fund manager John H. Burbank III, launched an effort in mid-2011 to create a national "virtual primary" that would challenge the current two-party system. The group aimed to nominate a presidential ticket of centrists with names that would be on ballots in all 50 states. The group banked on broad cultural dissatisfaction with the partisan gridlock in Washington, D.C. The Christian Science Monitor has stated that "the political climate couldn't be riper for a serious third-party alternative" such as their effort, but the "hurdles Americans Elect faces are daunting" to get on ballots.Washington political journalist Linda Killian wrote in her 2012 book The Swing Vote that Americans are frustrated with Congress and its dysfunction and inability to do its job. Many Americans are unsatisfied with the political process because of many factors, such as the influx of money into politics and the influence of special interests and lobbyists. The book classifies four types of independent voters, including "NPR Republicans", "America First Democrats", "The Facebook Generation", and "Starbucks Moms and Dads", who were big determinates of swing votes in the 2012 presidential election. Journalist and author John Avlon wrote in his 2005 book Independent Nation that centrism is not a matter of compromise or reading polls; rather, it is an antidote to the politics of divisiveness, providing principled opposition to political extremes.Centrists in the two major U.S. political parties are often found in the New Democrat Coalition, the Blue Dog Coalition of the Democratic Party, the Republican Main Street Partnership of the Republican Party, and the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus. Barack Obama has been widely identified as a centrist Democratic president, as has Joe Biden. Outside the two major parties, some centrists inhabit the Libertarian Party, independent candidature movements such as Unite America, co-founded by Charles Wheelan, and the Forward Party, established by Andrew Yang in 2021. See also Notes References Further reading Ali, Tariq (2015). The Extreme Centre: A Warning. Verso Books. Brown, David S. (2016). Moderates: The Vital Center of American Politics, from the Founding to Today. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. External links Media related to Centrism at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Centrism at Wikiquote

NewsClick

NewsClick is an Indian news website founded by Prabir Purkayastha in 2009, who also serves as the Editor-in-Chief. The main headquarters are situated in New Delhi, with an additional office branch in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

NewsClick is an Indian news website founded by Prabir Purkayastha in 2009, who also serves as the Editor-in-Chief. The main headquarters are situated in New Delhi, with an additional office branch in Mumbai, Maharashtra. History and ownership NewsClick, an independent media organization, describes its mission as being "dedicated to covering news from India and beyond, with a particular focus on progressive movements." The organization was founded by Prabir Purkayastha, who also served as its Editor-in-Chief.NewsClick is owned by PPK NewsClick Studio Private Limited.Prabir Purkayastha and Subodh Varma serve as the directors of PPK NewsClick Studio Private Limited. Controversies Satarupa Chakraborty, writing for The Wire, notes that NewsClick is a frequent target of Indian government officials because it "has built its credibility by recording the voices of unheard. In the age of ‘fake news’, in the world of Godi-media theatrics, NewsClick and other such alternative news portals stand out for their firm commitment to journalism." August 2020 In August 2020, an FIR was filed against NewsClick under IPC Sections 406, 420, and 120B. The allegation was that the company had received foreign direct investment (FDI) totaling Rs 9.59 crore from Worldwide Media Holdings LLC, based in the US, during the fiscal year 2018-19. The complaint claimed that this investment was made by significantly inflating the valuation of the company's shares, ostensibly to evade the prescribed 26% cap on FDI in a digital news website. February 2021 On February 9, 2021, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) carried out searches at multiple premises connected to Newsclick, its promoters, and other individuals as part of an investigation into money laundering. The searches encompassed approximately eight locations, including those associated with Newsclick and its promoters in South Delhi's Saidulajab, Gurgaon, and other areas. These operations were conducted under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA). The Enforcement Directorate's involvement in this case began after the registration of a FIR by the Delhi Police. Allegations of funding by the Chinese Government On 24 August 2023, the Delhi High Court took notice of an application filed by the city police, directing NewsClick's founder, Prabir Purkayastha, to respond to their request to vacate a previous interim order from 2021. This previous order had granted Mr. Purkayastha interim protection from arrest in connection with a case involving alleged unlawful foreign funding. Additionally, the high court's decision in 2021 had required him to cooperate with the ongoing investigation. This development is part of the ongoing legal proceedings related to Mr. Purkayastha's plea for anticipatory bail in the same case.In August 2023, the Enforcement Directorate took action against NewsClick, alleging its involvement in promoting pro-China propaganda, as well as money laundering. This is a first case where ED ‘uncovers’ China-media link. Raid by the Delhi Police On 3 October 2023, the Delhi Police reportedly conducted raids at more than thirty locations, including the residences of several journalists associated with NewsClick. The locations included the residences of NewsClick Editor Prabir Purkayastha, video journalist Abhisar Sharma, political commentator and senior journalist Aunindyo Chakravarty, veteran journalist Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Bhasha Singh, Bappa Sinha, and Urmilesh. These raids were conducted in connection with a probe into the funding of the news portal NewsClick. The Delhi Police Special Cell registered a fresh case against NewsClick under the stringent Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).The residences of past and present NewsClick journalists, contributors, and employees were targeted in the raids, and several individuals, including journalists, were reportedly detained for questioning. The raid also extended to NewsClick's premises. These events were part of a larger controversy stemming from allegations made in August 2023, following an investigation by The New York Times, which claimed that NewsClick was funded by a U.S. based tech mogul for promoting Chinese propaganda.NewsClick vehemently denied these allegations, asserting its "independence" as a news organization. The matter remains under investigation, sparking a significant debate around "press freedom" and the use of stringent laws in such cases. Reaction and responses On 3 October 2023, the Press Club of India criticized the police action against individuals associated with the NewsClick portal, asserting that it posed a threat to press freedom. The Club called upon the government to disclose the specifics of the matter and conducted a spontaneous protest meeting in solidarity with the affected journalists, resolving to continue supporting media freedom.On the same day, the Editors Guild of India (EGI) Executive Committee expressed concern regarding the raids conducted at the residences of senior journalists, highlighting the seizure of their electronic devices and their detention for questioning by Delhi police. The EGI acknowledged the importance of upholding the law when actual offenses are involved but emphasized the necessity of adhering to due process and avoiding an atmosphere of intimidation under stringent laws, safeguarding freedom of expression and dissent in a functioning democracy.The National Alliance of Journalists, Delhi Union of Journalists, and the Kerala Union of Working Journalists (Delhi Unit) collectively condemned the police raids on 3 October 2023. They decried the targeting of media personnel and the unprecedented nature of these actions, emphasizing that the government's alleged objective was to suppress press freedom, particularly following NewsClick's coverage of labor and agricultural issues. They called for an immediate halt to this perceived attack on press freedom and urged the media fraternity to rally against government-led intimidation.DIGIPUB, in its statement on 3 October 2023, strongly criticized the coordinated police actions against news professionals and commentators, asserting that these actions violated due process and fundamental rights. DIGIPUB characterized the government's behavior as arbitrary and intimidatory, marking a concerning escalation of tactics against the media. Prabir Purkayastha, Editor-in-Chief of NewsClick, is the vice-chairperson of DIGIPUB.The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A) parties have issued a strong condemnation of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government's recent actions targeting the media. They assert that the BJP government has persistently undermined press freedom over the past nine years, utilizing investigative agencies to suppress various media outlets, including the British Broadcasting Corporation, Newslaundry, Dainik Bhaskar, Bharat Samachar, the Kashmir Walla, and The Wire, among others. I.N.D.I.A also highlights the government's alleged attempts to convert media organizations into instruments for its partisan and ideological interests by facilitating their takeover by crony capitalists. Additionally, I.N.D.I.A criticizes the government for resorting to reprisals against individual journalists who have dared to speak truth to power. They further point out that regressive policies like the Information Technology Rules 2021 have constrained the media's ability to report objectively, ultimately impacting India's global reputation as a mature democracy. I.N.D.I.A contends that the BJP government's coercive actions predominantly target media entities and journalists that hold those in power accountable while urging the government to address genuine national concerns instead of diverting attention through attacks on the media. See also Tek Fog Godi media == References ==

Kōryaku

Kōryaku (康暦) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Eiwa and before Eitoku. This period spanned the years from March 1379 through February 1381. The emperor in Kyoto was Emperor Go-En'yū (後円融天皇, Go-En'yū-tennō) The Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time-frame was Emperor Chōkei (長慶天皇, Chōkei-tennō).

Kōryaku (康暦) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Eiwa and before Eitoku. This period spanned the years from March 1379 through February 1381. The emperor in Kyoto was Emperor Go-En'yū (後円融天皇, Go-En'yū-tennō) The Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time-frame was Emperor Chōkei (長慶天皇, Chōkei-tennō). Nanboku-chō overview During the Meiji period, an Imperial decree dated March 3, 1911 established that the legitimate reigning monarchs of this period were the direct descendants of Emperor Go-Daigo through Emperor Go-Murakami, whose Southern Court (南朝, nanchō) had been established in exile in Yoshino, near Nara.Until the end of the Edo period, the militarily superior pretender-Emperors supported by the Ashikaga shogunate had been mistakenly incorporated in Imperial chronologies despite the undisputed fact that the Imperial Regalia were not in their possession.This illegitimate Northern Court (北朝, hokuchō) had been established in Kyoto by Ashikaga Takauji. Change of era 1379, also called Kōryaku gannen (康暦元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Eiwa 5.In this time frame, Tenju (1375–1381) was the Southern Court equivalent nengō. Events of the Kōryaku era 1379 (Kōryaku 2): Shiba Yoshimasa becomes Kanrei. 1380 (Kōryaku 3): Kusunoki Masanori rejoins Kameyama; southern army suffers reverses. July 26, 1380 (Kōryaku 2, 24th day of the 6th month): The former Emperor Kōmyō died at age 60. Notes References Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 978-0-7022-1485-1 Mehl, Margaret. (1997). History and the State in Nineteenth-Century Japan. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-21160-8; OCLC 419870136 Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301 Thomas, Julia Adeney. (2001). Reconfiguring Modernity: Concepts of Nature in Japanese Political Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22854-2; OCLC 47916285 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Miyazu-hime

Miyazu-hime the wife of Yamato Takeru was a member of the Owari clan. She is a kami of Atsuta Shrine.According to legend she is buried in Danpusan Kofun.The Owari clan is a Japanese clan. The clan were originally Kuni no miyatsuko but after the abolition of the role they took on a priestly role at Atsuta Shrine, they share this history with the Izumo clan of Izumo-taisha, the Aso clan of Aso Shrine, the Munakata clan of Munakata Taisha, and the Yamato clan of Ōyamato Shrine. The "Daijingu engi" records show that during Emperor Temmu's time, the divine sword was returned to the palace. Seven guardians were then appointed to oversee its worship.

Miyazu-hime the wife of Yamato Takeru was a member of the Owari clan. She is a kami of Atsuta Shrine.According to legend she is buried in Danpusan Kofun.The Owari clan is a Japanese clan. The clan were originally Kuni no miyatsuko but after the abolition of the role they took on a priestly role at Atsuta Shrine, they share this history with the Izumo clan of Izumo-taisha, the Aso clan of Aso Shrine, the Munakata clan of Munakata Taisha, and the Yamato clan of Ōyamato Shrine. The "Daijingu engi" records show that during Emperor Temmu's time, the divine sword was returned to the palace. Seven guardians were then appointed to oversee its worship. These guardians were linked to Miyazu-hime and Takeinatane.According to traditional sources, Yamato Takeru died in the 43rd year of Emperor Keiko's reign (景行天皇43年, equivalent 113 AD). The possessions of the dead prince were gathered together along with the sword Kusanagi; and his widow Miyazu-hime venerated his memory in a shrine at her home. Sometime later, these relics and the sacred sword were moved to the current location of the Atsuta Shrine.Nihonshoki explains that this move occurred in the 51st year of Keiko's reign, but shrine tradition also dates this event in the 1st year of Emperor Chūai's reign. The Owari clan established the Atsuta Shrine in 192, and held the position of the shrine's high priest since ancient times, passing it down from generation to generation. Yamato Takeru and Miyazu-hime and her brother Takeinadane are worshipped at the shrine.When Miyazu-hime died, a shrine was set up in her honor in Hikami. Her clan members became priests there. Inatane, the eleventh descendant of Amenohoakari, founded the Owari clan. As a result, Atsuta Myojin became the Owari clan's Ujigami.The shrine, originally a Betsugu, later became a Sessha. It was founded in the fourth year of Chtiai (195), about 80 years after Yamato Takeru no Mikoto's death. Miyazu-hime was young when she knew Yamato Takeru no Mikoto. Family tree Notelist == References ==