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Endesa

Endesa, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [enˈdesa], originally an initialism for Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A.) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company, the largest in the country. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power plants. Internationally, it serves another 10 million customers and provides over 80,100 GWh annually. Total customers numbered 22.2 million as of December 31, 2004. It also markets energy in Europe.

Endesa, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [enˈdesa], originally an initialism for Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A.) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company, the largest in the country. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power plants. Internationally, it serves another 10 million customers and provides over 80,100 GWh annually. Total customers numbered 22.2 million as of December 31, 2004. It also markets energy in Europe. The company has additional interests in Spanish natural gas and telecommunications companies. Endesa is one of the three large companies in the electricity sector in Spain, which together with Iberdrola and Naturgy, dominate around 90% of the national electricity market. Endesa carries out activities of generation, distribution and commercialization of electricity, natural gas and renewable energythrough Enel Green Power. History The company was formed in 1944 as Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A.; its first president was Esteban Terradas, and its first CEO was Juan Granell Pascual. The company changed its name to Endesa, S.A. in 1997. In September 2004, it took control of the French company SNET (Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique). This was followed by the downsizing of 30% of SNET's employees.Compostilla I was its first production plant, whose construction began in 1945, being inaugurated in Ponferrada, capital of the Leon region of El Bierzo, on July 28, 1949. The site chosen for the plant, financed with public funds, prioritized the proximity to the national coal quarries, since it meant considerably lowering the supply chain for the power plant, at a time when Spain was living blocked after the Civil War. It was a thermoelectric power plant designed to reduce the dependence that until then had on hydraulic energy in Spain. In 1965, the Compostilla II power station was inaugurated in the bordering municipality of Cubillos del Sil, which replaced Compostilla I in 1972.At the same time that Endesa began its operations in Ponferrada, the shortage of electricity in specific parts of the country was noted, with no possible short-term solution. At that time, it was thought that the implementation of mobile power plants could solve emergency situations that occurred many times in the Spanish electricity system. For all this, Endesa bought ten mobile units to deal with critical situations with the electricity supply in Seville, Barcelona, Cartagena, Asturias and Mallorca. Thus, the so-called "Electricity Firefighters" were born. Takeover In September 2005, Barcelona-based Gas Natural made a bid for Endesa, whose board unanimously immediately rejected a €23 billion (£16 billion) offer. On January 5, 2006, the Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia (Competition Court, TDC) blocked the merger of Gas Natural and Endesa because of what it claimed would be irreversible negative impacts on competition. For most of 2006 and 2007, Endesa was the target of rival takeover bids by Germany's E.On and the Italian firm Enel. Despite Gas Natural being half the size of Endesa, its bid was championed by the then-Socialist government as an all-Spanish deal, but Gas Natural decided to withdraw its bid after the German firm E.On offered a higher bid for the company. The opposition People's Party of the day, and some Madrid politicians, criticised the bid, alleging political interference by the Socialists and a Catalan nationalist plot to control energy supply respectively.On 2 February 2007, E.On offered €38.75 for each share of Endesa. The German firm withdrew its bid two months later in exchange for a promise from rival bidders to sell it part of the Spanish utility's assets. SNET, Endesa Italia and Enel's Viesgo were amongst the business units ultimately sold off to E.On. Acciona and Enel succeeded in their joint bid to acquire Endesa in October 2007 for an estimated €42.5 billion and they announced later that month that they jointly held 92.06% of Endesa's share capital (25.01% Acciona and 67.05% Enel) as a result of their 100% takeover bid launched on Endesa, with the remaining 7.94% being free float. The two companies initially jointly managed Endesa through an Acciona-controlled holding company which held 50.01% of Endesa's share capital, but in February 2009 Enel agreed to buy out Acciona's stake, taking its total ownership to over 92%. Some Endesa assets will be sold off to Acciona as part of the deal.As of September 2015, Enel owned 70.1% of Endesa's share capital. Carbon intensity Enel Green Power Spain Enel Green Power is an Italian multinational that operates in the renewable energy market. The company was incorporated in December 2008 to focus the interests of the Enel Group in the field of renewable energy worldwide. In 2020 Enel Green Power is present in 27 countries on five continents with a managed capacity of more than 46 GW and more than 1,200 renewable energy plants. In 2016, Endesa closed the acquisition of 60% with the Enel Group of the part related to the Spanish market of Enel Green Power Spain, considered the fourth operator in the Spanish renewable energy sector and of which it already owned 40%. The Enel Green Power Spain operating figures are as follows today: Power plants: 266 hydroelectric, wind, solar and biomass plants. Total GW: 7.4 the capacity managed. 49 projects built in 2019. Electric vehicle In Europe, Endesa is the only Spanish company involved in the ELVIRE (Electric Vehicle Communication to Infrastructure, Road Services and Electricity Supply) and G4V (Grid for Vehicles) consortia aimed at developing the necessary technology, solutions and services to enable ongoing interaction between drivers, their power suppliers and the smart grid. The Chairman of Endesa, Borja Prado, together with the mayor of Madrid, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón, and the Chairman of Telefónica, César Alierta, have the phone booth in Madrid which can also be used for recharging electric vehicles. Reserved parking spaces will be located next to this and all other booths set up in Metropolitan areas where users will be able to park their EVs and recharge at no cost once they have obtained their free "zero emissions" pre-paid card from the Madrid city council.Sustainable mobility to achieve a zero emissions model In November 2018, started the most ambitious project carried out to date to promote electric mobility in Spain: the Recharging Infrastructures Plan. The objective is to eliminate one of the main barriers when switching to electric mobility access to recharging points. The plan consists of installing 8,500 public recharging points and more than 100,000 private points between 2019 and 2023, so that drivers can comfortably travel around the country in their electric vehicles.Electric Mobility Plan for Employees The fifth edition of Electric Mobility Plan for Employees. The purpose is that 200 employees join the 663 that have participated in previous editions. This way, the company expects that in five years 10% of its staff will drive an electric vehicle. Board of directors The board of directors of Endesa is composed of the following members: Chairman Feliciano Fuster (1984-1997) Rodolfo Martín Villa (1997-2002) Manuel Pizarro (2002-2007) José Manuel Entrecanales (2007-2009) Borja Prado (2009-2019) Juan Sánchez-Calero Guilarte (2019-Actualidad) See also Enel References External links Official website

William Francis Buckley

William Francis Buckley (May 30, 1928 – June 3, 1985) was a United States Army officer in the United States Army Special Forces, and a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station chief in Beirut from 1984 until 1985. His cover was as a political officer at the U.S. Embassy. He was kidnapped by the group Hezbollah in March 1984. He was held hostage and tortured by psychiatrist Aziz al-Abub. Hezbollah later claimed they executed him in October 1985, but another American hostage disputed that, believing that he died five months prior, in June.

William Francis Buckley (May 30, 1928 – June 3, 1985) was a United States Army officer in the United States Army Special Forces, and a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station chief in Beirut from 1984 until 1985. His cover was as a political officer at the U.S. Embassy. He was kidnapped by the group Hezbollah in March 1984. He was held hostage and tortured by psychiatrist Aziz al-Abub. Hezbollah later claimed they executed him in October 1985, but another American hostage disputed that, believing that he died five months prior, in June. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery and is commemorated with a star on the Memorial Wall at the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. Early life and education Buckley was born in Medford, Massachusetts, on May 30, 1928. He grew up on south Main Street in the neighboring town of Stoneham. He graduated from high school there in 1947, and then joined the United States Army. He began as a military police officer and served in that capacity for two years, but then attended Officers Candidate School (OCS) and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in Armor. He continued his military education at the Engineer Officer's Course at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, the Advanced Armor Officer's Course at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and the Intelligence School at Oberammergau, West Germany. Career U.S. Army During the Korean War, Buckley served as a company commander with the 1st Cavalry Division. Next, he returned to Boston University and completed his studies, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science (Class of 1955; he was inducted into the U.S. Army ROTC Hall of Fame in April 2022). It was during this time that Buckley began his first employment with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), from 1955 to 1957. He was also employed as a librarian in the Concord, Winchester and Lexington public libraries. In 1960, Buckley joined the 320th Special Forces Detachment, which became the 11th Special Forces Group, and attended both Basic Airborne and the Special Forces Officers Course. He was assigned as an A-Detachment commander and later as a B-Detachment commander. Colonel Buckley served in Vietnam with the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, or MACV, as a senior advisor to the South Vietnamese Army. Central Intelligence Agency In 1965 (or 1963, according to one source), Buckley rejoined the CIA in what is now called the Special Activities Division. According to Leslie Cockburn's book, Out of Control (1987), Buckley was involved in approving CIA assassinations undertaken by the Shackley organizations. In his book, Prelude to Terror (2005) Joseph Trento claims that Buckley was "one of Shackley's oldest and dearest friends."Buckley may have been working for the CIA while in Mexico in 1963, but this is unconfirmed. His CIA employment kept him in South Vietnam from 1965 to 1970, and he was promoted in his military capacity to Lieutenant Colonel in May 1969. After leaving Vietnam, he served in Zaire (1970–1972), Cambodia (1972), Egypt (1972–1978), and Pakistan (1978–1979).In 1983, Buckley succeeded Ken Haas as the Beirut Station Chief/Political Officer at the U.S. Embassy. Buckley was successfully rebuilding the network of agents lost in and due to the bombing of the U.S. Embassy after the Marine Corps barracks bombing in October 1983, the Islamist group Hezbollah wrongly announced that they had also killed the CIA station chief (they did not yet know the station chief was Buckley) in the blast; their announcement was the first real indication that he was on a Hezbollah "hit list." Kidnapping and death Historically, Lebanon had always been a politically and socially unstable country but throughout 1983 this instability increased dramatically. The Shi'ite population of Lebanon became increasingly radicalized and started to target Westerners and Western-owned infrastructure such as embassies. Within this backdrop, on March 16, 1984, Buckley was kidnapped by Hezbollah from his apartment building when he was leaving for work. It was thought that one of the reasons he was kidnapped along with two other Americans at different times in Beirut was because of the upcoming trial of 17 Iranian-backed militants that was about to begin in Kuwait. Army Major General Carl Stiner had warned Buckley that he was in danger, but Buckley told him that "I have a pretty good intelligence network. I think I'm secure." However, according to Stiner, Buckley continued to live in his apartment and travel the same route to and from work every day.David Barkay, a former officer in Israel's intelligence unit 504, asserts that a spy from Hezbollah delivered a note to his operatives (Barkay among them) six days before the kidnapping occurred. The note contained a message from Imad Mughniyeh to a Hezbollah team that had been training for a kidnapping operation for months. The message instructed the team to prepare for the operation, which was set to take place in a couple of days. The note identified the target of the operation as "an American senior intelligence officer." Barkay adds that it's possible that the information about the impending kidnapping did not reach the CIA due to an "egotistical" dispute between the Mossad and Israel's Military Intelligence Directorate. On November 22, 1985, Ted Shackley, Buckley's friend and recruiter, traveled to the Atlantic Hotel in Hamburg, where he met General Manouchehr Hashemi, the former head of SAVAK's counterintelligence division. Also at the meeting on November 22 was Manucher Ghorbanifar. According to the report of this meeting that Shackley sent to the State Department, Hashemi said Ghorbanifar had "fantastic" contacts with Iran, but the CIA had designated him one year earlier as a "fabricator". At the meeting, Shackley told Hashemi and Ghorbanifar that the United States was willing to discuss arms shipments in exchange for the four Americans kidnapped in Lebanon, although Buckley was already dead at this point.Major General Carl Stiner stated that "Buckley's kidnapping had become a major CIA concern. Not long after his capture, his agents either vanished or were killed. It was clear that his captors had tortured him into revealing the network of agents he had established." According to the United States, Buckley had undergone 15 months of torture by Hezbollah before his death. After Buckley's kidnapping, three videos of Buckley being tortured were sent to the CIA in Athens. Interpreters noticed puncture marks indicating he was injected with narcotics. According to several sources, as a result of his torture, he signed a 400-page statement detailing his CIA activities. In a video taken approximately seven months after the kidnapping, his appearance was described as follows: Buckley was close to a gibbering wretch. His words were often incoherent; he slobbered and drooled and, most unnerving of all, he would suddenly scream in terror, his eyes rolling helplessly and his body shaking. The CIA consensus was that he would be blindfolded and chained at the ankles and wrists and kept in a cell little bigger than a coffin. On October 4, 1985, Islamic Jihad announced that it had executed Buckley. The United States National Security Council acknowledged in an unclassified note that Buckley probably died on June 3, 1985, of a heart attack. Buckley's remains were recovered by Major Jens Nielsen (Royal Danish Army) attached to the United Nations Observation Group Beirut on December 27, 1991, after they were dumped on a road near Beirut airport. His body was returned to the United States on December 28, 1991, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.After Buckley's death, Hezbollah's concern for other hostages' health increased; Hezbollah captors inquired about the hostages' health and well-being. Legacy An agency memorial service was held in August 1987 to commemorate his death. A public memorial service was held with full military honors at Arlington on May 13, 1988, just short of three years after his presumed death date. At the service, attended by more than 100 colleagues and friends, CIA Director William H. Webster eulogized Buckley, saying, "Bill's success in collecting information in situations of incredible danger was exceptional, even remarkable."There is a small park (dedicated May 30, 2010) with a memorial in his memory in the main square of his hometown of Stoneham, Massachusetts. Awards and decorations Among Buckley's decorations and awards are the Silver Star, Soldier's Medal, Bronze Star Medal with "V" Device, two Purple Hearts, the Meritorious Service Medal, the Combat Infantryman's Badge, and the Parachutist Badge. He also received the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with bronze star from the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Among his CIA awards are the Intelligence Star, Exceptional Service Medallion and Distinguished Intelligence Cross. Among Buckley's civilian awards are the Freedom Foundation Award for Lexington Green Diorama, Collegium and Academy of Distinguished Alumni Boston University. The William F. Buckley Memorial Park in Stoneham, Massachusetts, is dedicated to his memory. The 51st star on the CIA Memorial Wall represents him, surrounded by about 132 other stars (as of January 2021) representing CIA officers killed in the line of duty. Approximately 35 of the stars are for unnamed agents whose identities have not been revealed for national security reasons. His name and year of death are recorded in the "Book of Honor" at the wall. The CIA awarded him the Distinguished Intelligence Cross, an Intelligence Star, and an Exceptional Service Medal, but has not said whether any of these were issued posthumously (although at least one award of the Exceptional Service Medal must have been made posthumously). Personal life According to the biographical information distributed by the CIA, Buckley was "an avid reader of politics and history" and "a collector and builder of miniature soldiers." The latter hobby enabled him to become a principal artisan in the creation of a panorama at the Lexington Battlefield Tourist Center near his native Medford, Massachusetts. The press release also said he owned an antique shop and was an amateur artist and a collector of fine art. It called him "a very private and discreet individual." See also William R. Higgins (1945–1990) Imad Mughniyah (1962–2008) References Notes Citations Sources Clancy, Tom; Stiner, Carl; Koltz, Tom (2002). Shadow Warriors: Inside the special Forces. New York City, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-14783-8. OCLC 318994713 – via Internet Archive. Kushner, Harvey W. (2003) [2002]. Westby, Jerry; Tauber, Sara; Burns, Vince; Axelsen, Diana E.; Peterson, Kate (eds.). Encyclopedia of terrorism (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-2408-1. OCLC 50725450 – via Internet Archive. Picco, Giandomenico (1999). Man Without a Gun: One Diplomat's Secret Struggle to Free the Hostages, Fight Terrorism, and End a War. Times Books – Random House. pp. 334 (Buckley). ISBN 9780812929102. Retrieved January 16, 2021. Thomas, Gordon (1989) [1988]. Journey into Madness: Medical Torture and the Mind Controllers. New York City, New Work: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-05357-9. OCLC 476815079. Further reading Ignatius, David (December 24, 2013) [1987]. Agents of Innocence (8th ed.). London, England: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-848-66748-8. OCLC 909290643. This book contains a thinly disguised portrait of Buckley in the form of the character Tom Rogers. West, Nigel (1992) [1991]. Seven spies who changed the world. A Mandarin paperback (2nd ed.). London: Mandarin. ISBN 978-0-7493-0620-5. OCLC 26543346.

Eve (Young novel)

Eve is a 2015 Christian fantasy novel written by William P. Young.

Eve is a 2015 Christian fantasy novel written by William P. Young. Plot A retelling of the biblical fall of man told from a female perspective, the novel tells the story of Lilly Fields, the broken daughter of Eve. References External links Official website

CTEEP

Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista (short form: Transmissão Paulista, abbreviation: CTEEP) is one of transmission system operators of electric power grid in Brazil. The company is headquartered in São Paulo. It was created from the breakup of Companhia Energética de São Paulo in 1999. In November 2001, it merged the Empresa Paulista de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica, derived from the breakup of Eletropaulo Metropolitana - Electricidade São Paulo SA. CTEEP is the main private concessionaire of the transmission of electrical energy, for transmission of 30% of all electricity produced in Brazil, which is almost 100% of the State of São Paulo.

Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista (short form: Transmissão Paulista, abbreviation: CTEEP) is one of transmission system operators of electric power grid in Brazil. The company is headquartered in São Paulo. It was created from the breakup of Companhia Energética de São Paulo in 1999. In November 2001, it merged the Empresa Paulista de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica, derived from the breakup of Eletropaulo Metropolitana - Electricidade São Paulo SA. CTEEP is the main private concessionaire of the transmission of electrical energy, for transmission of 30% of all electricity produced in Brazil, which is almost 100% of the State of São Paulo. The company is present in 14 Brazilian states: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Paraíba and Pernambuco. It owns 12,993 kilometres (8,073 mi) of transmission lines, 18,782 kilometres (11,671 mi) of circuits, 2,488 kilometres (1,546 mi) of fiber optic cables and 106 substations with voltage up to 550 kV with a total installed capacity of 45,131 MVA.Since June 2006, the CTEEP is controlled by the Colombian company Interconexión Eléctrica S.A., which acquired 50.1% of its shares for auction sponsored by the Government of the State of São Paulo in B3 and today, holds 89.40% of the voting paper, equivalent to 37.5% of the total capital of CTEEP. References External links The company's home page in English

Bernard Arcand

Bernard Arcand (April 18, 1945 – January 30, 2009) was a French-Canadian anthropologist, author and communicator. He was for several decades a professor of the anthropology department of Laval University. Born in Deschambault, Québec, he was film director Denys Arcand and actor Gabriel Arcand's brother. He studied social sciences at the Université de Montréal (baccalaureate, 1965; master, 1966). He later studied at the University of Cambridge where he obtained a certificate (1967) and a doctorate (1972), in social anthropology.

Bernard Arcand (April 18, 1945 – January 30, 2009) was a French-Canadian anthropologist, author and communicator. He was for several decades a professor of the anthropology department of Laval University. Born in Deschambault, Québec, he was film director Denys Arcand and actor Gabriel Arcand's brother. He studied social sciences at the Université de Montréal (baccalaureate, 1965; master, 1966). He later studied at the University of Cambridge where he obtained a certificate (1967) and a doctorate (1972), in social anthropology. He taught at Copenhagen University in 1971, and then as an assistant professor at McGill University between 1972 and 1976. He was assistant and then tenured professor at Université Laval from 1976 to 2006. He was a member of the editorial board of the journal Anthropologie et Sociétés between 1982 and 1987, and president of the Société canadienne d'anthropologie from 1989 to 1991. In 1991, Arcand published Le Jaguar et le Tamanoir (The Jaguar and the Anteater), a series of essays on the topic of pornography for which he received the Governor General's Award for French-language non-fiction. In collaboration with Serge Bouchard, he hosted a radio show called The Commonplace, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 1990. Some texts and extracts of these shows were published between 1993 and 2003. Arcand and Bouchard wrote a humor column entitled "Bien vu!", in the journal Science Quebec. His work with the Cuiva in Colombia was documented in the film, Last of the Cuiva (Disappearing World series of anthropological films, 1971). References External links Laval University retired professors imdb.com Blog article 'Bernard Arcand R.I.P.' Articles (in French) amazon.com

Walter Deane

Walter Deane (April 23, 1848 – July 30, 1930) was an American amateur botanist and ornithologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1870. He was a founding member of the New England Botanical Club and served as its president from 1908 to 1911. From 1897 to 1907 he was curator of William Brewster's ornithological museum, and prepared Brewster's Birds of the Cambridge Region. Deane is commemorated in the plant genus Deanea Coulter & Rose.

Walter Deane (April 23, 1848 – July 30, 1930) was an American amateur botanist and ornithologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1870. He was a founding member of the New England Botanical Club and served as its president from 1908 to 1911. From 1897 to 1907 he was curator of William Brewster's ornithological museum, and prepared Brewster's Birds of the Cambridge Region. Deane is commemorated in the plant genus Deanea Coulter & Rose. The standard author abbreviation W.Deane is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References External links Media related to Walter Deane at Wikimedia Commons Works by or about Walter Deane at Internet Archive

Lutheran City Church

The Lutheran City Church is a Lutheran church building in Innere Stadt, the first district of Vienna.

The Lutheran City Church is a Lutheran church building in Innere Stadt, the first district of Vienna. Location and architecture The Lutheran City Church is located at Dorotheergasse 18, next to the Reformed City Church and opposite of the auction house Dorotheum. It was built in the Renaissance period and has a neoclassical facade. There is a triangular pediment above the main entrance. A blind, round arched window is attached to this pediment. It is flanked by two pilasters on each side and topped by large triangular pediment. The Lutheran City Church has no steeple, but a bell-storey. The aisleless church has a transept-like extension giving it a cruciform floor plan. On all sides of the church there are matronea. The altarpiece painted by Franz Linder in 1783 is a copy of van Dyck's painting Christ on the Cross, which is kept in the Kunsthistorisches Museum just a short walk away. The carved choir stalls next to the altar were installed in 1876. The baptismal font on a scagliola column was transferred to the church in 1822. The hearts of Empress Anna, Emperor Matthias and Emperor Ferdinand II were originally buried in the building. The marble locking plates of their burial niches are located in the back of the church. Plaques commemorating the Protestant martyr Caspar Tauber and Emperor Joseph II are attached to the walls. History The Lutheran City Church was built as the monastery church of the Catholic Queen’s Monastery (Königinkloster in German) from 1582 to 1583. The Poor Clare monastery was consecrated to Mary, Queen of the Angels. It was founded by Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of Emperor Maximilian II and widow of King Charles IX of France. The queen dowager established the monastery probably as an atonement for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and spent her final years there. The original construction plans of the Queen’s Monastery are by Pietro Ferabosco. The construction was carried out by Jakob Vivian, the later Architect to the Imperial Court. In the course of the Josephinist reforms, the monastery was abandoned in 1782. The same year, both a Lutheran and a Reformed congregation were able to constitute themselves in Vienna due to the Patent of Toleration of 1781. The parish based in the Lutheran City Church is the oldest of the Lutheran Superintendency of Vienna’s parishes. The Lutheran and the Reformed congregation both bought a part of the former Queen’s Monastery in 1783. The Reformed congregation built the Reformed City Church which was the first building in Vienna intended to be a Protestant church from the beginning. The Lutheran parish purchased the central part of the abandoned monastery including the monastery church. The other parts of the premises were acquired by the banker Johann von Fries who built the Palais Pallavicini there. The former monastery church was extended and converted into a Lutheran church. The three church towers had to be removed since the Patent of Toleration stated that Protestant churches should not be recognizable as churches from the outside. On 30 November 1783, the Lutheran City Church was inaugurated. After a few minor structural changes a major modification of the building was carried out by the architect Otto Thienemann in 1876. The facade was redesigned so that the church was recognizable as such from the outside as well. This had been allowed by the Protestant Patent of 1861. In the 19th century, the composers Franz Lachner and Hermann Graedener were employed as organists in the Lutheran City Church and the distinguished piano maker Johann Andreas Streicher released a new service hymnal. The Lutheran City Church had to be rebuilt again in 1907 due to more stringent fire regulations after the Ringtheaterbrand. A direct exit to the street became necessary. The architect Ludwig Schöne turned the interior at 180 degrees by swapping the positions of the organ and the altar – an approach similar to the rebuilding of the neighboring Reformed City Church carried out by the architect Ignaz Sowinski in 1887. In World War II, the Lutheran City Church suffered severe damage. The facade was completely destroyed by an aircraft bomb in 1945. In 1948, the facade was rebuilt: plain, with bricked up windows and a distinctive stone cross on the smooth facade. This conversion was reversed in 1989 by restoring the neoclassical facade of 1907. References Rassl, Hermann (1983). Des Herrn Wort bleibet in Ewigkeit: 200 Jahre Evangelische Gemeinde A. B. Wien, Evangelischer Presseverband. Schlor, Martin (1989). Die Geschichte der Evangelischen Pfarrgemeinde A. B. Wien-Innere Stadt in den Jahren 1945 bis 1985, diploma thesis, University of Vienna. External links Official website (in German)

Stephanie Sy

Stephanie Sy (born January 16, 1977) is an American television news anchor and reporter for the PBS NewsHour.

Stephanie Sy (born January 16, 1977) is an American television news anchor and reporter for the PBS NewsHour. Youth and education Sy was born and raised in southern California. She graduated from the University of Pennsylvania cum laude with a double major in international relations and environmental studies in 1999. Career Early career and ABC From August 1999 to 2001, Sy was a reporter and fill-in anchor for WBTW in Florence, South Carolina. In September 2001, she joined WTKR in Norfolk, Virginia, as a military reporter. Her reporting from Iraq while embedded in 2003 during the Iraq War led to her hiring by ABC News that year. Sy reported from London for ABC NewsOne until 2006, when she was a New York-based correspondent. In 2007, she became ABC’s Asia Correspondent in Beijing. Sy was transferred to New York in 2009 and remained there until leaving the network in 2012. Other tasks at ABC included occasional fill-in anchoring on World News Now. Post-ABC From 2012 to 2013, Sy was senior editor and correspondent at Everyday Health. In 2013, she joined Al Jazeera America, where she anchored various newscasts, primarily the weekday morning news, and conducted occasional interviews for Talk to Al Jazeera until the network's closure in 2016. Later in 2016, she was a freelance reporter for Yahoo News, primarily doing interviews. Starting around November 2017, she was also a freelancer anchor for CNN and CNN International. She filled in for Maggie Lake on CNN Money. She continued to freelance for Yahoo News and also for CBSN, CBS News's online streaming service. PBS Newshour While working as a freelance journalist, Sy contributed to the PBS NewsHour Weekend. In 2019, she was named anchor for PBS NewsHour West, based at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism of Arizona State University in Phoenix, and also correspondent for the PBS NewsHour. Personal life Sy is married to David Jensen Ariosto, a supervising producer for NPR's All Things Considered. They married on June 17, 2017. Both were previously married. Sy has a daughter from her previous marriage.Sy is a member of the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, a 501(c)(3) philanthropic organization committed to international cooperation based in New York City. Filmography Television References External links Stephanie Sy on Twitter Interview on reporting from China for ABC News

Indonesia Internet Exchange

The Indonesia Internet Exchange (IIX) is the national interconnection point for Internet Service Providers in Indonesia. Launched in August 1997, the IIX is operated by the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII).

The Indonesia Internet Exchange (IIX) is the national interconnection point for Internet Service Providers in Indonesia. Launched in August 1997, the IIX is operated by the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII). Indonesian Internet The Internet in Indonesia, like most countries, was started at university campuses. In the beginning ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung –- Bandung Institute of Technology) and UI (Universitas Indonesia) were the pioneering institutions. The University of Indonesia was especially active in the development of the Indonesian internet, with IANA appointing the University of Indonesia's Mr. Rahmat M. Samik Ibrahim as the administrator for .id, the Top Level Domain for Indonesia.The basic internet service that was first introduced in Indonesia was UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol), for exchanging e-mail with others in Indonesia as well as the global internet. Without military or other government aid, the high cost of international dedicated transmission was not an option for the connection, and therefore International Direct Dialing (IDD) was used for the UUCP link. Indonesian Internet Service Providers The Indonesian government in 1994 saw that the Internet industry was tightly connected to the globally developing telecommunications industry and therefore decided to grant Internet Service Provider licenses through the Department of Tourism, Post and Telecommunications (now the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology). The first license (License No.: PT.102/3/4/MPPT-94, signed by Mr. Joop Ave) was issued on December 23, 1994 to PT. Rahajasa Media Internet (RadNet) owned and led by Mr. Roy Rahajasa Yamin.Other companies followed suit such as secondly PT Indointernet led by Mr. Sanjaya. However, Indonet started its operations at Jakarta in 1994 before the government began issuing licenses for ISP operations. Indonet initiated its internet connectivity with a 9600 bit/s modem dialing through IDD to Singapore. Through this connection, TELNET and IRC services were available freely to anyone with a modem. The two ISPs no longer used IDD dial-up modem to connect to the internet, instead using dedicated International connections through Indosat's submarine cable to Sprint (USA) and SingTel (Singapore). As the costs for these international connections are high, users were now charged for the connection they used, and in return all services were made available including HTTP and NNTP. By early 1996 the government had issued 27 ISP licenses; the ISPs then formed APJII (Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia –– Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association) and worked closely with the regulators. Internet Connectivity tariffs for end users were issued in May 1996 and still stand today. Out of the 27 licenses issued, only 15 ISPs were in operation before 1997. Thus there were 15 International connections from Indonesia to the Internet, which were separated one from the other. Each ISP was therefore burdened with half the circuit cost to Indosat and half the circuit cost to the US. By the end of 1997 there were 45 licenses issued by the government, with 35 ISPs actively in operation. Birth of the Indonesian Internet eXchange (IIX) With 35 active ISPs, the need for interconnectivity between the ISPs in operation began to be seen as a significant issue. Local traffic was going through international channels and several hops before it came back to Indonesia. A solution was needed to cut down international costs and provide faster access to local Indonesian destinations.Government-initiated programs such as the Nusantara 21 and Telematika were eagerly awaited by the internet industry, but never came into effect; it had been planned that these programs would solve the local bandwidth and connectivity issues for all internet traffic in Indonesia. As the need for local connectivity mounted, the ISPs could no longer wait for the government, so in June 1997 APJII formed a task force to develop an exchange for the internet. The task force, consisting of top technicians from each active ISP and Cisco, then developed the new Indonesian Internet eXchange (IIX), a logistical network that would connect every ISP in Indonesia to a single exchange point. The IIX was officially launched in August 1997. Without funding from the government, the IIX was promoted by the non-profit Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association (APJII), which sought sponsorship from international vendors to build the much-needed Internet exchange. Major vendors contributed routers, switches, hubs, servers, and software to APJII for the IIX. These vendors included Cisco, Hewlett Packard, Bay, Microsoft, RAD, and Digital. IP exchange blocks for routing were provided by Bill Manning of isi.edu. The distance from one ISP in Indonesia to another ISP in Indonesia, which was usually more than 12 hops, was shortened to only 4 hops. See also List of Internet exchange points References External links Indonesia Internet Exchange (English translation) Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (English translation)

Air Alfa

AirAlfa was a charter airline based in Atatürk International Airport, Istanbul, Turkey. It also had an additional base at Antalya Airport. It also operated charter services to tour operators. Air Alfa ceased operations in December 2001 and had its licence revoked on 17 November 2002.

AirAlfa was a charter airline based in Atatürk International Airport, Istanbul, Turkey. It also had an additional base at Antalya Airport. It also operated charter services to tour operators. Air Alfa ceased operations in December 2001 and had its licence revoked on 17 November 2002. History Air Alfa was launched in 1992 and started operating flights between Turkey and Western Europe. However, the airline was grounded for the rest of 1992 because it did not meet the rules of the Turkish Civil Aviation Authority. This was because it handled less than three aircraft, being Boeing 727-200s. The Airline restarted flights in 1993, leasing a Boeing 737. Air Alfa also operated exclusive full charter flights (tourist flights, guest worker flights) to partner tour operators such as Nazar Reisen in Germany and Sultan Reizen in the Netherlands. In 1994, the airline started long haul flights by receiving its first Airbus A300, and was joined by a second which was leased from EgyptAir. A further six were added in the following years, but reduced to five after the accident of an Air Alfa Flight in Istanbul. During 1996, Air Alfa carried one million passengers for the first time. In December 1996, the airline was acquired from Kombassan, and the fleet was modernised with new Airbus A321-100's, with an Airbus A300B4-203 and a Boeing 727-200 being retired. In 2000, Air Alfa started to struggle and have financial difficulties, cutting back and reducing schedules until its end in 2001. The airline restarted in 2002 under the name 'Alpha Airlines', but this was quickly forgotten as it ceased operations and filed for bankruptcy on 17 November 2002. Fleet Air Alfa operated the following aircraft during operations: Incidents On 17 May 1996, an Air Alfa Airbus A300B4-203 (Registration TC-ALP) was set alight at Istanbul Airport. There were no fatalities as it was empty at the time. The aircraft was destroyed and written off. See also List of defunct airlines of Turkey == References ==

Alliance Française de Wuhan

The Alliance Française of Wuhan (French pronunciation: [aljɑ̃s fʁɑ̃sɛːz də u.an], Mandarin: [wùxân] ; "Wuhan French Alliance") is a non-profit, non governmental cultural and educational association. Its mission is to promote the French language and Francophone cultures in Wuhan and Hubei, as well as intercultural exchanges; all within the context of the international network of the Alliance Française.

The Alliance Française of Wuhan (French pronunciation: [aljɑ̃s fʁɑ̃sɛːz də u.an], Mandarin: [wùxân] ; "Wuhan French Alliance") is a non-profit, non governmental cultural and educational association. Its mission is to promote the French language and Francophone cultures in Wuhan and Hubei, as well as intercultural exchanges; all within the context of the international network of the Alliance Française. History French language center Alliance Française de Wuhan is based on three sites; the main center in Wuchang, the annex in Hankou and Hanyang. Cultural and social events Outreach Program The public Notes and references External links Official website Wuhan University Alliance française in China

San Martino, Fermo

San Martino is a baroque-style, deconsecrated Roman Catholic church located in Via Giacomo Leopardi in Fermo, province of Fermo, in the region of Marche, Italy.

San Martino is a baroque-style, deconsecrated Roman Catholic church located in Via Giacomo Leopardi in Fermo, province of Fermo, in the region of Marche, Italy. History The church was erected in 1649 at the site of a prior church, San Salvatore. In 1682, it was assigned to the Jesuit order, which had arrived in Fermo in 1609, and retitled Chiesa del Gesù. The facade remains incomplete, but the interior is richly decorated with polychrome marble. The main altar designed by Domenico Egidi, houses a canvas depicting the Circumcision (1670) by Giovanni Peruzzini, who also painted a canvas depicting Sant’Ignazio for the church. The church organ was constructed by Gaetano Callido in 1763. Since 1994, it houses an auditorium for the city. == References ==

List of hospitals in Sargodha

This is a list of hospitals located in Sargodha, Pakistan.

This is a list of hospitals located in Sargodha, Pakistan. Public Hospitals Military Hospitals Private Hospitals See also Sargodha List of educational institutes in Sargodha List of hospitals in Pakistan List of hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan List of hospitals in Karachi List of hospitals in Lahore == References ==

Aeroflot Flight 2230

Aeroflot Flight 2230 was a Soviet domestic passenger flight from Yekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk) to Tashkent. On 16 November 1967, the Ilyushin Il-18 aircraft serving the flight crashed after takeoff, killing all 107 people aboard (including twelve children). At the time it was the deadliest aviation accident in the Russian SFSR and the worst accident involving the Il-18.

Aeroflot Flight 2230 was a Soviet domestic passenger flight from Yekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk) to Tashkent. On 16 November 1967, the Ilyushin Il-18 aircraft serving the flight crashed after takeoff, killing all 107 people aboard (including twelve children). At the time it was the deadliest aviation accident in the Russian SFSR and the worst accident involving the Il-18. Aircraft The flight was serviced by an Ilyushin Il-18V turboprop airliner, manufactured on 25 March 1964 with a serial number 184007002. The aircraft made its maiden flight and commenced operations in the same year. On the day of the accident it had 5,326 flight hours, or 2,111 flight cycles. Crew The crew consisted of the pilot in command Yuri Abaturov, co-pilot Nikolai Mikhaylov, navigating officer Anatoly Zagorsky, flight engineer Viktor Ospishchev and radio officer Yuri Yefremov. Accident The aircraft was cleared for takeoff from Koltsovo Airport at 21:02 local time. When an engine caught fire and its propeller would not feather, the amount of drag it caused resulted in a sharp right turn while climbing at a speed of 340–350 km/h (180–190 kn), at an altitude of 140–150 m (460–490 ft) and began to rapidly descend, striking the ground, with a horizontal velocity of 440 km/h (240 kn) and a vertical speed of 20 m/s (66 ft/s), in a ploughed field, with a 37-degree right bank. The aircraft completely disintegrated, complicating the subsequent accident investigation. There were also fire outbreaks at the crash site. The investigation said that the crash resulted from a wrong indication of the main artificial horizons and the compass system due to an electrical failure and that the flight crew was unable to determine the correct altitude. == References ==

Acacia bakeri

Acacia bakeri, known as the marblewood, white marblewood, Baker's wattle or scrub wattle, is one of the largest of all acacias, growing to 40 m (130 ft) tall. It is a long-lived climax rainforest tree from eastern Australia. Unlike most acacias, fire is not required for seed germination. This tree is considered vulnerable to extinction. Its former habitat is lowland sub tropical rainforest which has been mostly cleared in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Acacia bakeri, known as the marblewood, white marblewood, Baker's wattle or scrub wattle, is one of the largest of all acacias, growing to 40 m (130 ft) tall. It is a long-lived climax rainforest tree from eastern Australia. Unlike most acacias, fire is not required for seed germination. This tree is considered vulnerable to extinction. Its former habitat is lowland sub tropical rainforest which has been mostly cleared in the 19th and 20th centuries. Description The tree is found with heights of 5 to 40 m (16 to 131 ft) but must often is found with a height of around 8 m (26 ft) and has an erect to spreading habit. The grey to greyish brown coloured bark is finely fissured or sometimes smooth. It has reddish coloured, terete and glabrous branchlets. Like most Acacias it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen phyllodes have an elliptic to broadly elliptic shape and are straight to slightly curved with a length of 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) and a width of 15 to 50 mm (0.59 to 1.97 in) and have three to four prominent veins. It usually flowers in the spring and produces inflorescences that appear singly on the raceme axis. The spherical flower-heads have a diameter of 3 to 5 mm (0.12 to 0.20 in) and contain 15 to 30 pale yellow to cream-coloured flowers. The firmly papery to thinly leathery seed pods that form after flowering are straight or curved and flat but can be constricted between the seeds. The pods are 5 to 6 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in) in length and 10 to 16 mm (0.39 to 0.63 in) wide containing longitudinally arranged seeds. The sub-shiny dark brown seeds are flattened and have an oblong to broadly elliptic shape and a length of 6 to 10 mm (0.24 to 0.39 in). Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the botanist Joseph Maiden in 1896 as part of the work A giant Acacia from the Brunswick River as published in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. It was reclassified as Racosperma bakeri by Leslie Pedley in 1987 the transferred back to genus Acacia in 2001. The specific epithet honours Richard Thomas Baker who worked for the Sydney Technological Museum and collected the type specimen. It is thought to be allied with Acacia binervata and part of a group of species closely related Acacia rothii. Distribution The natural range of distribution is from Brunswick Heads and Mullumbimby in north eastern New South Wales to around the Burrum River in the Maryborough of south eastern Queensland where it is commonly a part of wet sclerophyll Eucalyptus forest and rainforest communities. It grows usually in lowland areas with volcanic and alluvial soils. See also List of Acacia species References Floyd, A. G. (1989). Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia (1st ed.). Port Melbourne: Elsevier Australia - Inkata Imprint, copyright Forestry Commission of New South Wales (published 1 December 1989). p. 210. ISBN 0-909605-57-2. Retrieved 25 July 2009. (other publication details, included in citation)

Albert Sánchez Piñol

Albert Sánchez Piñol (Catalan pronunciation: [əlˈβɛrt ˈsaɲtʃəθ piˈɲɔl]; born 11 July 1965) is a Spanish anthropologist, non-fiction writer and novelist writing in Catalan and Spanish. He has been described as a "significant European writer".

Albert Sánchez Piñol (Catalan pronunciation: [əlˈβɛrt ˈsaɲtʃəθ piˈɲɔl]; born 11 July 1965) is a Spanish anthropologist, non-fiction writer and novelist writing in Catalan and Spanish. He has been described as a "significant European writer". Works Compagnie difficili (2000), with Marcelo Fois Pallassos i monstres (2000) Les edats d´or (2001) La pell freda (Cold Skin) (2002) Pandora al Congo (Pandora in the Congo) (2005) Tretze tristos tràngols (Trece tristes trances in Spanish) (2008) Victus (2012) Vae Victus (2015) Fungus, el rei dels Pirineus (2018) El monstre de Santa Helena (2022) Pregària a Prosèrpina (2023) See also List of anthropologists List of Catalan-language writers List of novelists List of Spanish writers References External links Albert Sánchez Piñol at IMDb "Albert Sánchez Piñol". lletrA-UOC – Open University of Catalonia.

Barqi Tojik

Barqi Tojik is a national integrated power company of Tajikistan. The chairman of the company is Rustam Rahmatzoda.Barqi Tojik operates the Nurek Hydroelectric Power Plant, the largest station in Central Asia with an installed generation capacity of 3 gigawatts (GW) and produces over 75% of Tajikistan's electricity. == References ==

Barqi Tojik is a national integrated power company of Tajikistan. The chairman of the company is Rustam Rahmatzoda.Barqi Tojik operates the Nurek Hydroelectric Power Plant, the largest station in Central Asia with an installed generation capacity of 3 gigawatts (GW) and produces over 75% of Tajikistan's electricity. == References ==

Cwm Bach, Sychpant

Cwm Bach, Sychpant is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (or "SSSI") in Pembrokeshire, South Wales. It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest since February 1989 in an attempt to protect its fragile biological elements. The site has an area of 8.67 hectares (21.4 acres) and is managed by Natural Resources Wales.

Cwm Bach, Sychpant is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (or "SSSI") in Pembrokeshire, South Wales. It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest since February 1989 in an attempt to protect its fragile biological elements. The site has an area of 8.67 hectares (21.4 acres) and is managed by Natural Resources Wales. Type This site is designated due to its biological qualities. SSSIs in Wales have been notified for a total of 142 different animal species and 191 different plant species. The site has an unusually high number of different butterfly species found around the bracken. The woodland areas of the site are particularly important for lichens typical of ancient woodland. See also List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Pembrokeshire References External links Natural Resources Wales website

1977 WCT World Doubles

The 1977 WCT World Doubles was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Kansas City, Missouri, United States that was part of the 1977 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the tour finals for the doubles season of the WCT Tour. The tournament was held from May 4 through May 8, 1977.

The 1977 WCT World Doubles was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Kansas City, Missouri, United States that was part of the 1977 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the tour finals for the doubles season of the WCT Tour. The tournament was held from May 4 through May 8, 1977. Final Doubles Vijay Amritraj / Dick Stockton defeated Vitas Gerulaitis / Adriano Panatta 7–6, 7–6, 4–6, 6–3

Seargent Smith Prentiss

Seargent Smith Prentiss (September 30, 1808 – July 1, 1850) was an American attorney and politician. He served as a state representative in Mississippi and then was elected in 1838 as US representative from the state in the Twenty-fifth United States Congress, serving one term from 1838 to 1839. Prentiss was noted as one of the most remarkable orators of his day. Daniel Webster, known himself as a great orator, said that he had never heard a speaker as powerful as Prentiss.

Seargent Smith Prentiss (September 30, 1808 – July 1, 1850) was an American attorney and politician. He served as a state representative in Mississippi and then was elected in 1838 as US representative from the state in the Twenty-fifth United States Congress, serving one term from 1838 to 1839. Prentiss was noted as one of the most remarkable orators of his day. Daniel Webster, known himself as a great orator, said that he had never heard a speaker as powerful as Prentiss. Early life Prentiss was born September 30, 1808, in Portland in Massachusetts' District of Maine. He was the son of Captain William Prentiss, a prosperous shipmaster, and his wife. Seargent contracted a virulent fever as an infant, which caused the loss of the use of his limbs for several years. His right leg never fully recovered.During the War of 1812, the economic embargo against the United Kingdom brought his father to the verge of ruin. The family relocated to Gorham, Maine, near Seargent's maternal grandfather Major George Lewis and his wife.Prentiss attended Gorham Academy and Bowdoin College in Brunswick. He graduated from Bowdoin at age 17 and began the study of law in the office of Josiah Pierce in Gorham. Career After graduating from Bowdoin College in 1826, he went to Natchez, Mississippi as a teacher. He continued to study law and was admitted to the bar in 1829.In 1832, he moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi and won a suit involving title to the most valuable part of the city. The property which he obtained as his fee made him one of the wealthiest men of Mississippi. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1835 as a Whig. He was a slaveholder.In July 1837, Democrats John F. H. Claiborne and Samuel J. Gholson were re-elected to the United States House of Representatives in a special election. In November 1837, Mississippi held the regular election. Prentiss launched a vigorous, partisan campaign. He and fellow Whig Thomas J. Word won in an upset. Claiborne and Gholson then argued that the July result entitled them to serve full terms. The House agreed to hear Prentiss. He spoke for nine hours over three days, packing the gallery, drawing Senators, and earning a national reputation for oratory and public admiration from leading Whigs including Senators Clay and Webster. The Elections Committee then required a third election. Held in April 1838, it confirmed the November result. Both Whigs were seated in May late in the second session, also serving for the third session. Writing about Prentiss's time in Congress, longtime Washington journalist Benjamin Perley Poore said that Prentiss was "the most eloquent speaker that I have ever heard":The lame and lisping boy from Maine had ripened, under the Southern sun, into a master orator. The original, ever-varying, and beautiful imagery with which he illustrated and enforced his arguments impressed Webster, Clay, Everett, and even John Quincy Adams. But his forte lay in arraigning his political opponents, when his oratory was "terrible as an army with banners;" nothing could stand against the energy of his look, gesture, and impassioned logic, when once he was fairly under way, in denouncing the tricks and selfish cunning of mere party management. The printed reports of his speeches are mere skeletons, which give but a faint idea of them. Prentiss was publicly embarrassed by his mounting financial troubles. He had made property investments based on disputed land holdings. He served only one term in Congress. Prentiss later went on the lecture circuit. He reportedly rarely gave speeches from prepared notes and, instead, would ad-lib for hours to large crowds that often begged him for more. After Mississippi repudiated her state bonds, Prentiss, who had opposed this action, moved to New Orleans in 1845. He became a leader of the city's bar, and prominent in philanthropic work. He died at his mother-in-law's house outside Natchez on July 1, 1850, at age 41. His death shocked the nation. Prentiss had been considered among the most gifted young men in the nation. He is buried at Gloucester Plantation Cemetery in Natchez. Honors and awards Prentiss County, Mississippi was named for Seargent Prentiss when it was formed on April 15, 1870. Prentiss, Mississippi was founded in 1903, and became the seat of Jefferson Davis County in 1906. References External links Notable alumni of the Peucinian Society United States Congress. "Seargent Smith Prentiss (id: P000511)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

Nazism in the Americas

Nazism in the Americas has existed since the 1930s and continues to exist today. The membership of the earliest groups reflected the sympathies of some German-Americans and German Latin-Americans toward Nazi Germany, embracing the spirit of Nazism in Europe and establishing it within the Americas. Throughout the inter-war period and the outbreak of World War II, American Nazi parties engaged in activities such as sporting Nazi propaganda, storming newspapers, spreading Nazi-sympathetic materials, and infiltrating other non-political organizations. The reaction to these parties varied, ranging from widespread support to outright resistance, including the formation of the first anti-Nazi Jewish resistance organizations in the United States, such as the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights.

Nazism in the Americas has existed since the 1930s and continues to exist today. The membership of the earliest groups reflected the sympathies of some German-Americans and German Latin-Americans toward Nazi Germany, embracing the spirit of Nazism in Europe and establishing it within the Americas. Throughout the inter-war period and the outbreak of World War II, American Nazi parties engaged in activities such as sporting Nazi propaganda, storming newspapers, spreading Nazi-sympathetic materials, and infiltrating other non-political organizations. The reaction to these parties varied, ranging from widespread support to outright resistance, including the formation of the first anti-Nazi Jewish resistance organizations in the United States, such as the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights. United States Inter-war period Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. German-Americans for years attempted to create pro-Nazi movements in the U.S., often bearing swastikas and wearing uniforms. These groups had little to do with Nazi Germany. They lacked support from the wider German-American community. In May 1933, Heinz Spanknöbel received authority from Rudolf Hess, the deputy führer of Germany, to form an official American branch of the Nazi Party. The branch was known as the Friends of New Germany in the U.S. The Nazi Party referred to it as the National Socialist German Workers' Party of the U.S.A. Though the party had a strong presence in Chicago, it remained based in New York City, having received support from the German consul in the city. Spanknöbel's organization was openly pro-Nazi. Members stormed the German-language newspaper New Yorker Staats-Zeitung and demanded that the paper publish articles sympathetic to Nazis. Spanknöbel's leadership was short-lived, as he was deported in October 1933 following revelations that he had not registered as a foreign agent. Some American corporations had branches in neutral countries that traded with Germany after the U.S. declared war in late 1941. Coming of World War II The Friends of New Germany dissolved in the 1930s. The German American Bund, led by Fritz Kuhn, was formed in 1935 and lasted until America formally entered World War II in 1941. The Bund existed with the goal of a united America under ethnic German rule and following Nazi ideology. It proclaimed communism as their main enemy and expressed anti-Semitic attitudes. Inspired by the Hitler Youth, the Bund created its youth division, where members "took German lessons, received instructions on how to salute the swastika, and learned to sing the 'Horst Wessel Lied' and other Nazi songs." The Bund continued to justify and glorify Hitler and his movements in Europe during the outbreak of World War II. After Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Bund leaders released a statement demanding that America stay neutral in the ensuing conflict and expressed sympathy for Germany's war effort. The Bund reasoned that this support for the German war effort was not disloyal to the United States, as German-Americans would "continue to fight for a Gentile America free of all atheistic Jewish Marxist elements."After many internal and leadership disputes, the Bund's executive committee agreed to disband the party the day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. On December 11, 1941, the United States formally declared war on Germany, and Treasury Department agents raided Bund headquarters. The agents seized all records and arrested 76 Bund leaders. After World War II The Office of Special Investigations estimated around ten thousand Nazi war criminals entered the United States from Eastern Europe after the conclusion of World War II. It has since been determined that the number is much smaller, albeit it still runs into the thousands. Some were brought in Operation Paperclip, a project to bring German scientists and engineers to the U.S. Most Nazi collaborators entered the United States through the 1948 and 1950 Displaced Persons Acts and the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. Supporters of the acts showed only a slight awareness of the possibility of Nazi war criminals' entering the United States through them. Most of the supporters' concern was about disallowing known communists from entering. This shift of focus was likely due to the pressures of the Cold War in the years after World War II, when the United States focused on countering Soviet communism more than Nazism. During the 1950s, several investigations into suspected Nazi war criminals were conducted by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, but no official trials came from these investigations. The Holocaust and the possibility of Nazi collaborators living in the country entered the national discussion in the 1960s with the trial of Adolf Eichmann, accusations of war criminals during Soviet war crimes trials, and a series of articles published by Charles R. Allen detailing the presence of Nazi war criminals living in the U.S. The federal government began to focus on uncovering Nazi war criminals remaining in the country. Public awareness of the Holocaust and remaining Nazi war criminals increased in the 1970s. Many cases made headline news. The case of Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan, the first Nazi war criminal to be extradited from the United States, received widespread media coverage. The case triggered the Immigration and Naturalization Service to locate Nazi collaborators further. By the late 1970s, INS addressed thousands of cases, and the U.S. government formed the Office of Special Investigations, which was dedicated to locating Nazi war criminals in the United States.Neo-Nazism emerged as an ideology during this time, seeking to revive and implement Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis seek to employ their ideology to promote hatred and white supremacy, attack racial and ethnic minorities, and create a fascist state. Neo-Nazism is a global phenomenon with organized representation in many countries and international networks. It borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultranationalism, racism, xenophobia, ableism, homophobia, anti-Romanyism, antisemitism, anti-communism, and creating a Fourth Reich. Holocaust denial is common in neo-Nazi circles. In the United States, organizations such as the American Nazi Party, the National Alliance and White Aryan Resistance were formed during the second half of the 20th century. The National Alliance founded in the 1970s by William Luther Pierce, author of The Turner Diaries, was the largest and most active neo-Nazi group in the United States in the 1990s. 21st century According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, the National Alliance had lost most of its members by 2020 but is still visible in the U.S. Other groups, such as Atomwaffen Division have taken its place. American Neo-Nazi groups have moved towards more decentralized organization and online social networks with a terroristic focus.In 2016, TV personality Tila Tequila declared herself a Nazi.In 2017, The white-nationalist Unite the Right rally took place in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was organized by, Richard B Spencer and Jason Kessler. Both of whom are followers of Neo-Nazism. In 2022, rapper Kanye West stated that he identified as a Nazi, praising the policies of Adolf Hitler. South America Inter-war period The National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSCH), or el nacismo, was formed in 1932. It was founded by Carlos Keller Rueff and Jorge Gonzalez von Marees, both of German heritage, as well as Juan de Dios Valenzuela and Gustavo Vargas Molinare. The members were referred to as Nacistas and the party had a pyramid-structured hierarchy led by a Jefe. It also included shock troops called the TNA (Tropas Nacistas de Asalto). The party lacked a militant stand on racial matters, unlike European Nazism, as the matter of racial purity was not important in Chile and was deemed counter to the national tradition. However, the MNSCH operated like many other fascist movements, with emphasis on totalitarianism, military values, elitism, hierarchy, discipline and the need for action. The MNSCH also held the view that the individual should serve the nation as a part of a higher organism needed for self-preservation, and the party advocated the need for a totalitarian, unified order akin to European Nazism. They deplored elections and declared themselves anti-democratic, anti-liberal, anti-Marxist, anti-conservative, anti-oligarchist, and anti-imperialist. World War II Some South American countries opposed the Axis powers and Nazism in Europe, especially after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. Others maintained that continuing economic relations with countries on both sides of the war would be beneficial. Due to many immigrants, German, Italian, and Spanish influences were strong in Argentina. Fascist sentiments permeated the political and military spheres, especially after the Revolution of '43, a trend continued during Perón's populist administration and eventually led to over 40 years of military dictatorship. There was opposition to the German community in Chile due to the 1938 Seguro Obrero massacre. The United States issued radio broadcasts and motion pictures during the war to generate and spread anti-fascist propaganda across Latin America. After World War II After World War II ended, many Nazis and other fascists fled to South America through the use of ratlines. Many of these ratlines were supported by the Catholic Church. The first movements to smuggle Nazis and fascists came in 1946 when two Argentinian bishops colluded with a French cardinal to bring French war criminals into Argentina. Under Argentine president Juan Perón's instructions, many European war criminals were brought into the country and given citizenship and employment. See also References Further reading Black, Edwin (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. [S.l.]: Crown Publishers. ISBN 9780914153276 HITLER’S SHADOW Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War From Germany to the United States: Universalizing the Fourth Reich in the Turbulent 1960s. (2019). The Fourth Reich, 158–190. doi:10.1017/9781108628587.006 Garrity, Meghan; Wilde, Melissa (2023). "Race, risk, and American religious groups' views of Nazi Germany in 1935". The British Journal of Sociology.

Osheaga Festival

The Osheaga Music and Arts Festival (French: Festival musique et arts Osheaga) is a multi-day music festival in Montreal, Quebec, that is held every summer at Parc Jean-Drapeau on Île Sainte-Hélène. The festival takes place on six stages with various audience capacities. Translated from their French equivalents, they are called "River Stage," "Mountain Stage," "Green Stage," "Trees Stage," "Valley Stage," and "Zone Piknic Electronik." Each performance area is paired with a sponsor. Band set times fluctuate based on the status of the performer within the festival.

The Osheaga Music and Arts Festival (French: Festival musique et arts Osheaga) is a multi-day music festival in Montreal, Quebec, that is held every summer at Parc Jean-Drapeau on Île Sainte-Hélène. The festival takes place on six stages with various audience capacities. Translated from their French equivalents, they are called "River Stage," "Mountain Stage," "Green Stage," "Trees Stage," "Valley Stage," and "Zone Piknic Electronik." Each performance area is paired with a sponsor. Band set times fluctuate based on the status of the performer within the festival. Emerging artists play 30-minute sets, and headliners conclude each day with 90-minute plus sets. The 2006 festival attracted a crowd of around 25,000 people. The 2012 festival reached its 40,000 attendance capacity each day. Description Since 2006, the Osheaga Music and Arts festival has established itself as the most important festival of its genre in Canada. With its numerous outdoor stages located at parc Jean-Drapeau on Montreal's Sainte-Hélène's Island, Osheaga attracted 120 000 music lovers from North America and Europe last year. A huge celebration dedicated to music and visual arts, Osheaga has given itself the objective of discovering local and national emerging talent offering them the opportunity to play alongside some of the biggest international artists in the business including: Coldplay, The Killers, Iggy & The Stooges, Sonic Youth, The Roots, Rufus Wainwright, Arcade Fire, Weezer and Eminem. Over the course of several days, approximately 100 bands take to the various stages at parc Jean-Drapeau and across the city in the festive ambiance that only a Montreal summer can provide. Osheaga also holds a series of concerts and exhibitions in several locations around the city during the week leading up to the main event. For its ninth edition, the Osheaga Music and Arts festival, presented by Virgin Mobile, promises an exhilarating experience with, among others: Jack White, Outkast and Skrillex. In the past 2 editions, the festival has introduced "Osheaga Play", an interactive play area and social media integrated photo system. The "play zone" features carnival games where festival goers can play games and accumulate points to cash in for prizes. Osheaga Play also features roaming photographers who can scan participants' RFID bracelets so the photos will be directly uploaded to their social media. Etymology Osheaga is a title given to the particular region of Canada now known as Montreal. The name is first attested in written records by Jacques Cartier, one of the first European settlers there, when he communicated with the local St. Lawrence Iroquoian people, and recorded the name of their settlement as Hochelaga. Most linguists have ascribed the name to a francisation of either osekare, meaning "beaver path" or "beaver dam", or osheaga, meaning "big rapids" in reference to the nearby Lachine Rapids. An alternative explanation has been claimed in which "Osheaga" meant "people of the shaking hands", tricking Cartier into recording the settlement's name as a word that was actually a mocking comment directed at him; in some versions of this story, the Iroquoian people were bewildered by Cartier waving his hands wildly to attract their attention as he first approached the settlement in his boat, while in others they were bewildered by his European custom of greeting them with a handshake.These latter explanations are favoured by the Mohawk people at Kahnawake, as in the Mohawk language the phrase "people of the hands" can be expressed as "O she ha ga" or "Oshahaka". They cannot, however, be easily confirmed or refuted, as the few known surviving remnants of the extinct Laurentian language that was spoken by the Iroquoian people at Hochelaga are only moderately similar to the distantly related Mohawk language, which was not spoken anywhere even remotely close to Hochelaga at the time of Cartier's contact. History The inaugural edition of Osheaga termed itself a "music and arts festival." It took place on Labour Day weekend, September 2–3, 2006. Nick Farkas, a concert buyer for Gillett Entertainment Group at the time, presented the event. Noticing a lack of similarly themed music venues on the East Coast, Farkas hoped to take advantage of Montreal’s newfound credibility among indie music listeners. "People love Montreal. Let's not kid ourselves—that makes it attractive (to bands), but it's hard for people to take a chance on a first year fest." Farkas attempted to establish a lineup of underground artists that would appeal to both discerning fans and the broader public. Organizers aspired to transform the festival into a destination event. "That's the goal—to get people talking about it, and coming from all over," said Farkas in 2006. Osheaga's sophomore year began to take stride with the Smashing Pumpkins, M.I.A, Feist, and the Arctic Monkeys. Accordingly, organizers hoped to imitate the previous year's success by hosting an assortment of indie performers. "The fest offers an array of quality, mid-level alternative bands. But put them together—here's the key to Osheaga's success—and you have a headliner by committee." In keeping with the festival's name, Osheaga organizers also incorporated several Montreal-based bands including the Sam Roberts Band, Stars, Dumas, Sixtoo, Pawa Up First, Pony Up, the Royal Mountain Band, Sunday Sinners, and Pas Chic Chic.Moving to the first weekend in August, the third Osheaga festival broadened its indie appeal by incorporating The Killers, a rock group, and Jack Johnson. Crowds initially complained that Johnson would muddle the festival's persona, but Farkas asserted, "…in (his) philosophy—everything fits." At this point in Osheaga's lifespan, the event was not a financial success. However, the inclusion of more recognizable headliners was intended to draw more expansive crowds. Secondary acts consisted of Metric, The Black Keys, Cat Power, and The Kills. Osheaga 2008 occurred August 2–3 at Jean Drapeau Park, Montreal. The fourth installation of the festival originally slotted Coldplay and the Beastie Boys as the two-day event's leading performances. However, the Beastie Boys were forced to withdraw after Adam Yauch was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his salivary gland. Event organizers filled the opening with Yeah Yeah Yeahs, a then up and coming rock group from Brooklyn. 450 refunds were granted to attendees that requested them. Otherwise, reactions to the set change were positive. Despite these setbacks, the fourth Osheaga festival was the first edition to make a profit. Fifty acts performed on 4 stages from August 1–2, 2009, including Girl Talk, Lykke Li, Jason Mraz, the Decemberists, Arctic Monkeys, and Vampire Weekend. In its fifth year, Osheaga welcomed Arcade Fire and a host of eclectic sets to its venues. The MEG stage was replaced by the Green stage—a wind and solar powered platform. In keeping with this environmental consciousness, free bike parking and public transit to Jean Drapeau Park was also offered. After the sale of Gillett Entertainment Group, Osheaga fell under the promotion of Evenko. However, Nick Farkas, the company's Vice President of Concerts and Events, continued to head the festival. Roughly 30% of ticket sales in 2010 came from Montreal, 20% from Ontario, and 12% from the United States.The sixth annual Osheaga festival sold more than 81,000 tickets—more than any previous year. It was also the first three-day incarnation of the event. Eminem closed out the Friday performances, signifying a turning point in the festival's development. 38,000 attendees, the largest single-crowd seen since Osheaga's inauguration, stretched the venue's 35,000 capacity. Despite the absence of a similarly high-profile performer, the seventh edition of Osheaga in 2012 sold out at 120,000 total attendees over the three-day weekend from August 3–5, 2012. Farkas credited the surge to 2011s big-name lineup and the festival's recognition outside Montreal. Eminem’s performance inflated the festival's presence among American and European markets, making it a destination on an international scale. Headliners in 2012 included The Black Keys, Snoop Dogg, Justice, M83, MGMT, Feist, Sigur Ros, and the Jesus and Mary Chain. However, the once intimate festival layout made for reportedly frustrating navigation among such massive crowds. In 2013, the festival continued to out-do previous sales, selling out in record time with a total of 135,000 audience members. In fact, 70% of tickets were purchased from outside the Province of Quebec. To accommodate these growing numbers, the site at Jean Drapeau Park was expanded to a 42,500-person capacity. The lineup slated Mumford & Sons, The Cure, and Beck as the main attractions, followed by Phoenix, Imagine Dragons, Vampire Weekend, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, New Order, The Lumineers, Tegan and Sara, and Kendrick Lamar. Physical organization of the venue continued to present issues in light of foot traffic-prone crowds. "Adequate flow patterns are something we never thought of before," said Farkas. "We were always focusing on the lineup, and making it better than the last year."Ranked by Pollster as the #1 festival in Canada and the #11 festival in the world, Osheaga has grown significantly since its inauguration. Some have criticized the pronounced commercial presence at 2013's festival; however, those same reviewers admit that the lineup quality has been well maintained since 2006. In total, the festival has presented more than 600 performances to more than 400,000 audience members.In 2014, the festival added a sixth stage, the Valley Stage. The lineup featured headliners such as OutKast, Jack White, Arctic Monkeys, Skrillex, Lorde and The Replacements. Editions Every edition since inception has been held at Montreal's Parc Jean-Drapeau. 2006 The inaugural edition of the Osheaga Festival was held on September 2 and 3, 2006 and was headlined by Sonic Youth and Ben Harper & the Innocent Criminals. 2007 The festival was held on September 8 and 9, 2007 and was headlined by The Smashing Pumpkins and Bloc Party. 2008 The festival was held on August 3 and 4, 2008 and was headlined by The Killers and Jack Johnson. 2009 The festival was held on August 1 and 2, 2009 and was headlined by Coldplay and the Yeah Yeah Yeahs. 2010 The festival was held on July 31 and August 1, 2010 and was headlined by Arcade Fire and Weezer. 2011 The festival was held on July 29, 30, and 31, 2011, the first edition the festival expanded to a Friday. It was headlined by Eminem, Elvis Costello & The Imposters, and The Flaming Lips. 2012 Osheaga 2012 took place August 3, 4, and 5 and was headlined by Justice, Snoop Dogg, and The Black Keys. The 2012 edition of the festival sold 120 000 tickets in total. 2013 Osheaga 2013 took place August 2 through August 4 and was headlined by The Cure, Beck, and Mumford & Sons. 2014 Osheaga 2014 took place August 1 through August 3 and was headlined by Outkast, Jack White, and Arctic Monkeys. 2015 Osheaga 2015 took place July 31 through August 2 and was headlined by Florence and The Machine, Kendrick Lamar, and The Black Keys. 2016 Osheaga 2016 took place July 29 through July 31 and was headlined by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Lana Del Rey, and Radiohead. 2017 Osheaga 2017 took place August 4 through August 6 and was headlined by Lorde, Muse, and The Weeknd. There were some cancellations because of inclement weather and travel difficulties: 2018 Osheaga 2018 took place August 3 through August 5 and was headlined by Travis Scott, Arctic Monkeys, and Florence and The Machine. 2019 Osheaga 2019 took place August 2 through August 4 and was featured by The Lumineers, The Chemical Brothers, and Childish Gambino. 2020 (cancelled due to COVID-19) Osheaga 2020, originally scheduled to take place from July 31 to August 2, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021 (cancelled again due to COVID-19) Osheaga 2021 was scheduled to take place from July 30 to August 1. On April 22, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 edition of the festival was cancelled for the second year in a row due to the ongoing COVID-19 crisis. 2021 - Osheaga Get Together Evenko decided to host a mini Osheaga with Canadian artist from October 1 to October 3. This event was headlined by Charlotte Cardin, Jessie Reyez, and Half Moon Run. 2022 Osheaga 2022 took place between July 29 to July 31. The event was headlined by Arcade Fire, Future, and Dua Lipa. The Foo Fighters, who were originally headlined for this edition, were not able to attend due to the passing of the band's drummer Taylor Hawkins. 2023 Osheaga 2023 took place between August 4 to August 6 and was headlined by Rüfüs Du Sol, Billie Eilish, and Kendrick Lamar. 2024 Green Day will perform on August 3. See also ÎleSoniq Music Festival, music festival at Parc Jean-Drapeau Heavy Montreal, music festival at Parc Jean-Drapeau Piknic Électronik, weekly electronic music festival at Parc Jean-Drapeau during summer References "General Info - Past Lineups". Osheaga. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2010-03-14. External links Osheaga Festival

Dark Nature (2022 film)

Dark Nature is a 2022 Canadian horror film written and directed by Berkley Brady in her directorial debut. It stars Hannah Emily Anderson, Helen Belay, Madison Walsh, Roseanne Supernault and Kyra Harper.

Dark Nature is a 2022 Canadian horror film written and directed by Berkley Brady in her directorial debut. It stars Hannah Emily Anderson, Helen Belay, Madison Walsh, Roseanne Supernault and Kyra Harper. Plot Joy lives with her abusive boyfriend Derek. One night, he attempts to strangle her, but she fends him off and locks herself in a room. She comes out of the room to find that he has killed her dog. Six months later, Joy has left Derek. Her long-time friend Carmen invites her on a retreat in the woods with her therapist Dr. Dunnley to help her deal with her trauma, which she accepts. Joy and Carmen travel with another patient Tara to meet Dunnley and Shaina. While travelling through the forest, Joy and Shaina discuss their respective traumas. That night, Joy experiences nightmares involving Derek and a monstrous creature. The next day, when she and Carmen are performing a trust exercise in the forest, Joy hears Derek calling her name. She confronts Dunnley about whether they are lost. Joy later admits to Carmen that she heard Derek, which Carmen expresses doubt about, since she didn't hear anything. Around the same time, Tara becomes separated from Shaina while performing the same exercise, and hallucinates her hands being bound and bloody. After Joy finds her, she notes that she also experienced hallucinations. While the group is walking through a cavern, Joy experiences auditory hallucinations. In the forest, Joy and Carmen are briefly separated while Joy is relieving herself. She sees Derek and the creature again, and an unseen force starts strangling her. Carmen finds her and brings her back to camp. Joy has become convinced that something is following them. That night, she experiences nightmares again. Upon waking up the next day, the group realises that Tara has gone missing, and their supplies have vanished. While looking for Tara, Dunnley also experiences hallucinations, and goes missing as well. Joy and Carmen try and fail to persuade Shaina that they should go to get help. Shaina tries to look for Dunnley and Tara, but falls off a rock while experiencing hallucinations of her time as a soldier in Afghanistan. Joy and Carmen are unable to find her body. While looking for the others, Joy and Carmen come across a cave, and find Tara inside it. Carmen tries to save Dunnley, but she is killed by the creature. Joy, Carmen and Tara hide from it in a cluster of logs in a nearby river, but it finds them. Tara sacrifices herself to allow Joy and Carmen to escape. They make it back to the camp to treat Carmen's leg injury. Joy admits that she saw Derek the day they left for the retreat. It is revealed that she knocked him out in self-defense after letting him into her house. That night, the creature kidnaps Carmen, forcing Joy to return to the cave to save her. Joy sees the creature as Derek, and briefly embraces it before stabbing it and setting it on fire with Derek's lighter. She and Carmen escape from the cave with heavy injuries, and set out for a hospital. Cast Hannah Emily Anderson as Joy Madison Walsh as Carmen Roseanne Supernault as Shaina Helen Belay as Tara Kyra Harper as Dr. Carol Dunnley Daniel Arnold as Derek Production Filming took place in the fall of 2021 near the Canyon Creek Ice Cave in Kananaskis. The production set was occasionally visited by a grizzly bear. Release The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival in 2022. It was screened at the Marché du Film, and at film festivals in England, Ireland, Japan, Sweden, Wales and several cities in the United States.The film received a limited theatrical release across North America on 19 May 2023. It was released on video on demand on 23 May. It is distributed by the Epic Pictures Group under their Dread label. Reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10.Joe Lipsett of Bloody Disgusting gave the film 3/5 stars, noting its similarities to The Descent and writing: "Unfortunately, Dark Nature skips over its most unique and intriguing elements... in order to get to the only-somewhat satisfying violent bits. The make-up effects are solid, sure, but the film laid the groundwork for a deeper exploration of healing via female friendships and therapy that ultimately fails to pay off." Rachel Reeves of Rue Morgue magazine called the film "a vital feature debut with a strong voice, style and story", adding that director Berkley Brady "mixes up a tasty cinematic cocktail strongly infused with her own creative flavor."The film was longlisted for the 2022 Jean-Marc Vallée DGC Discovery Award. References External links Dark Nature at Epic Pictures Dark Nature at IMDb Dark Nature at Rotten Tomatoes

People of Rome

People of Rome (Italian: Gente di Roma) is a 2003 Italian comedy mockumentary film directed by Ettore Scola. It is close to Federico Fellini's Roma. The film is dedicated to Alberto Sordi, whom Scola had wanted to cast as a nobleman in the final scene. Sordi died before this could come to pass. Scola's daughters co-wrote the script.

People of Rome (Italian: Gente di Roma) is a 2003 Italian comedy mockumentary film directed by Ettore Scola. It is close to Federico Fellini's Roma. The film is dedicated to Alberto Sordi, whom Scola had wanted to cast as a nobleman in the final scene. Sordi died before this could come to pass. Scola's daughters co-wrote the script. Plot Rome 2003, the camera follows citizens of Rome. Night, in a flat, a woman prepares her husband's lunch. The man takes a bus, but the camera follow another bus ... a woman cleans the mayor's office... A man interviews passengers on a bus about immigration...... the owner of a bar is racist person... a survivor woman of Holocaust remembers the Ghetto deportation... deportation that is filmed by a director... Stefania Sandrelli plays with her grand daughter in a park a man tries to seduce the bus driver...gay night life... sunrise at Piazza Navona, a noble man and a tramp are sitting together. External links People of Rome at IMDb

Youth engagement

Youth engagement is the sentiment young people feel towards a particular person, activity, place or outcome. It has been a focus of youth development, public policy and social change movements for at least forty years. According to a Cornell University program, "Youth engagement is one of the buzzwords in the youth development field. Similar terms are youth voice, youth involvement, youth participation, and youth in governance."

Youth engagement is the sentiment young people feel towards a particular person, activity, place or outcome. It has been a focus of youth development, public policy and social change movements for at least forty years. According to a Cornell University program, "Youth engagement is one of the buzzwords in the youth development field. Similar terms are youth voice, youth involvement, youth participation, and youth in governance." About A study exploring foster youth and aging out defines youth engagement as, "involving young people in the creation of their own destinies", and suggest that in social work that means "genuinely involving them in case planning and encouraging them to advocate for themselves." This sentiment was best summarized by youth who said, "Nothing about us without us." The concept of youth engagement has emerged in recent years as a leading-edge, broad-based approach and best practice to meet the needs of youth, including youth at risk. It is a process that offers meaningful participation for youth—that is, participation with passion—and opportunities for youth to take responsibility and leadership while working in partnership with caring adults who value, respect and share power with them. Activities According to a variety of research, there are numerous personal, interpersonal, social, cultural and organizational avenues for youth engagement. These can include: Supportive family background Mentors or role models Involvement in cooperative activities Cultivation of intrinsic interest Awareness of moral and political issues Traits such as moral sensitivity and optimism Adult support Youth-friendly environment Completion of meaningful tasks Learning and utilization of new skillsSpecific activities have been cited as fostering youth engagement as well. They include: Youth councils Youth-led media Youth advisory boards Youth organizing Self-advocacy Community youth development Consulting on public policy Community coalitions Organizational decision-making School-based service learning, and Youth conferencesBoth the philosophy and activities within a program or activity need to be a "good fit" for the young people participating in them. In the United States, activities and campaigns including those by the National Commission on Resources for Youth, the Freechild Institute and Youth Communications have been cited for their effectiveness in engaging young people. Spectra of activities Research has identified a spectrum of approaches to youth engagement, beginning with training for adults that work with youth. These range from traditional programs that treat youth as clients to organizations that are led by youth and for youth. There are also groups who foster engagement among traditionally non-involved youth by working to foster more significant youth participation outside of the program or organization itself. Other points in this spectrum can include: Youth-serving: The program targets youth as consumers of service Youth input: Youth evaluate or provide feedback on the program Youth-engaged: Youth are involved in program development and/or delivery and Youth-led: The program concept and/or organization came from youth Youth-connecting: The activity facilitates youth interaction and builds connections through social mediumsEach has value, and where a program or groups sits depends on the degree to which youth are engaged in the program with meaningful participation, and the degree to which the organization offering the program has policies and infrastructures to support youth involvement in a meaningful way. Outcomes A number of foundations recognize youth engagement as a best practice in programs for young people. For example, the Paul Allen Foundation promotes youth engagement as an avenue to achieving early reading proficiency, expand opportunities for experiential learning, and involve young people in addressing community needs. The Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation in Canada supports youth engagement because it believes young Canadians, "already tend to think globally; take advantage of opportunities to expand their understanding of global challenges; want to contribute new ideas and perspectives to the discussion about Canadian international policy and; are creative in their use of new technologies to further their engagement in the world." The Ontario Trillium Foundation recognizes youth engagement as a best practice and has been developing a framework to support youth engagement in its grantmaking and encourage applications that include a youth engagement approach. Hands On Learning Australia implement youth engagement programs as an integral part of secondary education in Australian schools. These programs attempt to reengage school age youth through building strong relationships within the context of practical activities, and also address literacy and numeracy issues.Youth engagement has been identified as a key measure in promoting adolescent health programs. Increasing the likelihood of young people voting has also been an outcome of said programs. Engaging youth in pro-social opportunities is also a goal in the field of Positive Youth Development.It is also seen as central to developing "inclusive participation" in civil society. Numerous national initiatives have utilized that belief to rationalize a variety of programs, including efforts focused on civic engagement, social justice and education reform. In the latter field, student engagement is used to specifically address this issues within school environments. Several researchers, such as Barry Checkoway, Peter Levine and Shawn Ginwright, as well as advocates including Karen Pittman and Adam Fletcher have been acknowledged for their efforts to promote youth engagement. Challenges Youth engagement faces a variety of obstacles. They include a "disjunction in what adults believe is important to do with young people, and what they actually do," as well as social norms that encourage youth engagement, and the presence of strong norms that discourage youth-adult partnerships. A historical disconnect between positive youth development and civic engagement has also been cited as a leading barrier. Innovations Youth engagement has taken a huge growth over the past six years with the advent of social networks. The activities that promote youth development and social change movements are now shifting to the World Wide Web, fostering online communities based on interests, causes, and purpose. Young people are promoting ideas, vocalizing their goals, organizing community groups, engaging in political discussions, reclaiming identities, creating identities, connecting with others, and taking over these networks full force as their own personal environments. The engagement over social networks "forms and maintains social capital, a dimension that assesses one’s ability to stay connected with members of a community." This connection is stimulated by the activity characteristic of the particular virtual community. Social network sites engage activity such as individual presentation of oneself, articulating and building outside networks, creating work-related collaboration, building romantic relationships, provoking political debates, connecting college student populations and opportunities, sharing hobbies and interests, and essentially forming anything that meets the imagination, made possible through the innovative capacities of current technology. Today’s youth are able to "tie offline networks to online memberships" through current social network sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace, Friendster, and Blogger. They support the "maintenance of existing social ties and the formation of new connections, connecting with others outside their pre-existing social group or location, liberating them to form communities around shared interests." This increased social capital enhances youth engagement and manages interactions regarding current events around the world, major life changes, and relations as they move from one offline community to another such as changing schools or joining different civic and community groups. The intensity and usage over online communities are reliable indicators of current trends among youth and psychological well-being. The robust growth of this current technology is steadily growing and becoming a greater percentage of daily youth interactions. See also Student engagement Youth rights Youth participation Anti-oppressive practice Positive youth development == References ==

Temple Neuf, Strasbourg

The Temple Neuf in Strasbourg is a Lutheran church built on the site of the former Dominican convent where Meister Eckhart studied. The Temple was constructed at the end of the 19th century after the old Dominican Church was destroyed during the Siege of Strasbourg on the night of 24 to 25 August, during the Franco-Prussian War. The ensuing fire also destroyed the libraries of the University of Strasbourg and the City of Strasbourg which were located at the Temple Neuf site.The Dominican convent had been built in 1260 and in 1538 the Jean Sturm Gymnasium was attached. When Strasbourg became Protestant in 1590, the library of the Protestant seminary was transferred to the convent building. The current church building was built from 1874 to 1877 in pink sandstone and a Neo-Romanesque style.

The Temple Neuf in Strasbourg is a Lutheran church built on the site of the former Dominican convent where Meister Eckhart studied. The Temple was constructed at the end of the 19th century after the old Dominican Church was destroyed during the Siege of Strasbourg on the night of 24 to 25 August, during the Franco-Prussian War. The ensuing fire also destroyed the libraries of the University of Strasbourg and the City of Strasbourg which were located at the Temple Neuf site.The Dominican convent had been built in 1260 and in 1538 the Jean Sturm Gymnasium was attached. When Strasbourg became Protestant in 1590, the library of the Protestant seminary was transferred to the convent building. The current church building was built from 1874 to 1877 in pink sandstone and a Neo-Romanesque style. The architect was Emile Salomon. The name "Temple Neuf" is a translation of the German name "Neue Kirche" that the former Dominican Church had carried since 1681, when, with the annexation of Strasbourg by Louis XIV of France, the Protestants had to leave Strasbourg Cathedral. The Church contains the tombstone of Johannes Tauler, the famous Dominicain mystic and preacher. The 1877 organ is by the famous German organ maker Joseph Merklin. References External links Website of the Temple Neuf parish CDV Photos of Temple Neuf after bombing in Franco-Prussian War

Stampe et Vertongen

Stampe et Vertongen was a Belgian aircraft manufacturer formed in 1922 and based at Antwerp. The company specialised in design and construction of primary trainers/tourers and advanced trainers. One of their products—the Stampe-Vertongen SV.4—has become known in certain countries as just Stampe.

Stampe et Vertongen was a Belgian aircraft manufacturer formed in 1922 and based at Antwerp. The company specialised in design and construction of primary trainers/tourers and advanced trainers. One of their products—the Stampe-Vertongen SV.4—has become known in certain countries as just Stampe. History Established in 1922 with Alfred Renard as its chief designer, the company designed a series of trainer/tourer aircraft in the 1920s and 1930s, all prefixed RSV (for Renard, Stampe & Vertongen). In the early 1930s Alfred Renard left to join a company he had formed with his brother Georges Renard Société Anonyme d'Avions et de Moteurs Renard. The RSV company designation prefix then changed to SV. The company's most successful design was the SV.4 of 1933, a light tourer/trainer biplane powered by a de Havilland Gipsy III engine. Although only 35 were produced before the start of the war, a total of 940 were built, mainly under licence by other companies. The company was renamed Stampe et Renard when Stampe-Vertongen merged with the Renard company. Owing to the German invasion production ceased on 10 May 1940. Post-war activities did not meet with much success, and the company closed down in 1957. Aircraft RSV.20-100 parasol-wing monoplane RSV.22-180 trainer biplane (variant: RSV.22-200) RSV.22-Lynx advanced trainer biplane RSV.22-Titan military biplane RSV.23-180 trainer biplane RSV.26-100 trainer/tourer biplane, convertible into a monoplane (variants: RSV.18-100, RSV.18-105) RSV.26-140 trainer biplane (variants: RSV.26-180, RSV.26-Lynx) RSV.28-180 advanced trainer biplane RSV.32-90 trainer biplane (variants: RSV.32-100, RSV.32-105, RSV.32-110, RSV.32-120, RSV.32-130) SV.4 trainer/tourer biplane SV.5 military training biplane SV.7 reconnaissance-bomber SV.10 biplane bomber SV.18 lightweight parasol wing monoplane Notes References Hauet, André (1984). Les avions Renard. Brussels: Éditions AELR. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing. Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. External links Museum at Antwerpen Airport EBAW

Michael Steele (Canadian politician)

Michael Steele (July 24, 1861 – January 1, 1946) was a physician and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Perth South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1911 to 1921 as a Conservative.He was born in Avonbank, Canada West, the son of Thomas Steele and Joanna Todd, and was educated in St. Mary's, at the Toronto Normal School and at Trinity Medical College. He practised medicine in Tavistock. Steele was married twice: to Annie Clark in 1889 and then to Annie R. McGregor. Steele ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1904 and 1908.

Michael Steele (July 24, 1861 – January 1, 1946) was a physician and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Perth South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1911 to 1921 as a Conservative.He was born in Avonbank, Canada West, the son of Thomas Steele and Joanna Todd, and was educated in St. Mary's, at the Toronto Normal School and at Trinity Medical College. He practised medicine in Tavistock. Steele was married twice: to Annie Clark in 1889 and then to Annie R. McGregor. Steele ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1904 and 1908. From 1917 to 1921, he was a member of the Unionist Party. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1921. He died in Vienna, Ontario at the age of 84. == References ==

Yumenoshima Park

Yumenoshima Park (夢の島公園, Yumenoshima Kōen) is a sports park in Yumenoshima, Kōtō Ward, Tokyo, Japan. It was made by improving a landfill site called Yumenoshima, which had been the final disposal site for garbage from 1957 until 1967. Yumenoshima was the site of the archery event of the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020.

Yumenoshima Park (夢の島公園, Yumenoshima Kōen) is a sports park in Yumenoshima, Kōtō Ward, Tokyo, Japan. It was made by improving a landfill site called Yumenoshima, which had been the final disposal site for garbage from 1957 until 1967. Yumenoshima was the site of the archery event of the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020. Facilities Yumenoshima Stadium containing sports facilities such as a track and field area Barbecue area Tokyo Sports Culture Center (nicknamed BumB) Yumenoshima Tropical Greenhouse Dome, a botanical garden Tokyo Metropolitan Daigo Fukuryū Maru Exhibition Hall Admission fee Admission to the park is free of charge, but the Tropical Greenhouse Dome and sports facilities require a fee. Opening times and holidays The park is open all year round. However, the barbecue area is closed on New Year's holidays while the Tropical Greenhouse Dome and Daigo Fukuryū Maru Exhibition Hall are closed on New Year's holidays and Mondays. Festival The Akahata Matsuri (赤旗まつり) (literally, Red Flag Festival) is sometimes held in the park. Organised by the Japanese Communist Party, it takes place once every four years or so and lasts about 2 or 3 days. The most recent one was in November 2014. 2020 Olympics Yumenoshima Park was the venue for archery events in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. It also hosted archery for the 2020 Paralympics. The qualification field was completed in February 2019. A test event for the Olympic and Paralympic Games archery events was held in July 2019. Gallery Access Two minutes' walk from Shin-Kiba Station on the Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line, Keiyō Line and Rinkai Line. Three city buses (Toei Bus) stop at the park. There are also two parking lots; one on the south side has space for 352 vehicles while another on the north side can hold 103. See also Parks and gardens in Tokyo National Parks of Japan References Yumenoshima website External links Tokyo Park website

Battle of Delhi (1764)

The Battle of Delhi (1764) was fought between the Jat ruler of Bharatpur and the Mughal rulers of Mughal Empire. Maharaja Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur invaded Delhi and lay siege to stronghold of Red Fort.

The Battle of Delhi (1764) was fought between the Jat ruler of Bharatpur and the Mughal rulers of Mughal Empire. Maharaja Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur invaded Delhi and lay siege to stronghold of Red Fort. Background On 25 December 1763, Najib-ad Daulah shot Jawahar Singh's father Maharaja Suraj Mal, killing him. Maharaja Sawai Jawahar Singh started preparing to avenge the death of his father. Battle Singh marched to Delhi with 60,000 soldiers of his own, 25,000 from Sikhs. Jats plundered 12 colonies of Delhi and finally reached Shahjahanabad Fort, blocking supplies of Najib ad-Dawlah. Saharanpur and other possessions of the Rohilla Chief were plundered by the Jats. The citizens of Delhi came out of the Fort to the Jat camp for corn and other supplies, it was the surrender of the city to the Jats. After a siege of several months, Najib ad-Dawlah appealed for peace but Singh was determined to take revenge for his father by severing the head of Najib ad-Dawlah. After several days, some Rohilla leaders came to Singh's camp with Zubita Khan who sought the intervention of the Sikhs. They tried to persuade Singh to make peace on the condition that the whole expenditure for war would be repaid by Najib ad-Dawlah. Singh accepted this offer, partially insistence of his chiefs, including Balram Singh and Mohanram, and returned to Bharatpur along with Lohiya Gate and Ashtadhatu gate which had been brought to Delhi, 461 years ago, by Alauddin Khalji after his Siege of Chittorgarh Fort in 1303. These doors are located in the Lohagarh Fort of Bharatpur. In February 1765 a treaty was signed on payment of Rs. 60 Lakhs as war indemnity. Aftermath Jawahar Singh returned to his capital but he was enraged towards Holkar for not supporting him in the siege. Jawahar refused to pay the 12 lakhs out of the 22 lakhs promised to Holkar. Jawahar later took his revenge by attacking Holkar's army and defeating the Marathas at Dholpur, which was soonafter conquered. See also Plunder of Old Delhi (1753) Capture of Agra (1761) Battle of Delhi (disambiguation) == References ==

Ledenika (beer)

Ledenika is a Bulgarian beer made in Mezdra (Bulgarian: Леденика). It was established in 1964 and is named after the Ledenika cave near the nearby city of Vratsa in northwestern Bulgaria. In 2012, the Ledenika Brewery was bought by Bolyarka. It has three brands – Ledenika light (4.1% ABV), Ledenika dark, and Ledenika special (5.1% ABV). == References ==

Ledenika is a Bulgarian beer made in Mezdra (Bulgarian: Леденика). It was established in 1964 and is named after the Ledenika cave near the nearby city of Vratsa in northwestern Bulgaria. In 2012, the Ledenika Brewery was bought by Bolyarka. It has three brands – Ledenika light (4.1% ABV), Ledenika dark, and Ledenika special (5.1% ABV). == References ==

Lanka Business Online

Lanka Business Online (also commonly shortened LBO) is an online business news publisher based in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Founded in 1998, it is currently one of the most popular English-language online business news website in Sri Lanka. The website was founded by Lakshaman Bandaranayake, and is currently owned by Lanka Business Online (Private) Limited.

Lanka Business Online (also commonly shortened LBO) is an online business news publisher based in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Founded in 1998, it is currently one of the most popular English-language online business news website in Sri Lanka. The website was founded by Lakshaman Bandaranayake, and is currently owned by Lanka Business Online (Private) Limited. See also Daily FT References External links Official website

Cabinet of Luis Arce

The Arce Cabinet constitutes the 222nd cabinet of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. It was formed on 9 November 2020, one day after Luis Arce was sworn in as the 67th president of Bolivia following the 2020 general election, succeeding the Áñez Cabinet. The cabinet is composed entirely of members of the ruling Movement for Socialism. Described as a "technocratic" cabinet, it has been noted for the low-profile and youth of some of its members as well as its political distance from former president Evo Morales.

The Arce Cabinet constitutes the 222nd cabinet of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. It was formed on 9 November 2020, one day after Luis Arce was sworn in as the 67th president of Bolivia following the 2020 general election, succeeding the Áñez Cabinet. The cabinet is composed entirely of members of the ruling Movement for Socialism. Described as a "technocratic" cabinet, it has been noted for the low-profile and youth of some of its members as well as its political distance from former president Evo Morales. Council of Ministers Composition History According to Arce, the council of ministers accompanying him would be "an austere government with the priority of reactivating the economy and examining the health crisis". The cabinet has been noted for the low profile of its appointed members, predominantly made up of low-level officials and academics who, despite their youth, have long management experience. Political scientist Helena Argirakis affirms that "certain fundamental features that characterize the MAS" are maintained in this cabinet, while at the same time it balances "experience and innovation, the country's regional diversity and professional, political, union and social training". Analysts also highlighted the distance between the appointees and former president and MAS leader Evo Morales. Among the ministers, only Minister of Defense Edmundo Novillo had any long history within the ranks of MAS, being president of the Chamber of Deputies and governor of Cochabamba. These factors reaffirmed Arce's statement that Morales would have no direct participation in his administration.A year into the Arce administration, calls for renewal within the cabinet among sectors related to the MAS began to arise. On 30 December 2021, Morales publicly requested that Arce "improve his cabinet". The following day, Deputy Daniel Rojas went one step further, calling some members of Arce's cabinet "parasites" and affirming that certain social organizations were discontent with their management. Meanwhile, Deputy Juanito Angulo announced that the Plurinational Legislative Assembly would evaluate the cabinet upon returning from parliamentary recess and intended to make recommendations for change based on that. Deputy Héctor Arce stated that the assembly would wait for a response by 22 or 23 January —the traditional date in which Morales ratified his ministers in each year of his administration— "and if the suggested changes are not carried out, we will take action on the matter".Among the complaints of the MAS was the view that some ministers were not sufficiently political. Eight ministers were observed as not holding political militancy within the MAS: Minister of Foreign Affairs Rogelio Mayta; of Government Eduardo del Castillo; of Justice, Iván Lima; of Economy, Marcelo Montenegro; of Hydrocarbons, Franklin Molina; of Mining, Ramiro Villavicencio; of Planning, Gabriela Mendoza; and of Labor, Verónica Navia Tejada. In particular, del Castillo and Lima were spotlighted for the lack of enforceable convictions against those responsible for the alleged coup d'état that ousted Morales during the 2019 political crisis. On 6 January 2022, the Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Workers (CSUTCB) passed a motion to censure del Castillo and Lima along with five other ministers and three vice ministers for "not working at the height of their mandate and being negligent". On the matter, Página Siete pointed out that "Morales puts Arce in a jam because, after his demand, the president will have to make a decision: if he makes cabinet changes, he will show himself as a president without authority and as a puppet of Evo Morales, and if he does not do so, he will have to enter a public confrontation with his own political boss".At a five-hour meeting held on 19 January 2022, the Arce administration and the Pact of Unity agreed to postpone any cabinet changes until 11 February. On that date, the unions conceded to the president, allowing him to ratify his cabinet without changing ministers. In exchange, Arce agreed to allow them to carry out a "permanent evaluation" of his cabinet on a monthly basis. Cabinets Structural changes Arce's cabinet initially received criticism from indigenous leaders such as Felipe Quispe due to its lack of indigenous representation. However, on 13 November 2020, Arce issued Supreme Decree N° 4393 which reinstated the Ministry of Cultures, which had previously been reduced to a vice-ministry under the Ministry of Education by the administration of Jeanine Áñez. The new office was dubbed as the Ministry of Cultures, Decolonization, and Depatriarchalization and was given the expanded task of combating "inequality between nationalities, as well as between men and women". As well as elevating the portfolio of cultures into its own ministry, the portfolio of sports was also stripped from the Ministry of Education and reassigned to the Ministry of Health. The Vice Ministry of Communications also noted that the creation of the new state agency came thanks to the unification of the energies and hydrocarbons portfolios into a single office, thus keeping the same number of cabinet posts.The new changes came into effect on 19 November when Édgar Pozo, Adrián Quelca, and Franklin Molina Ortiz were ratified in their positions under new titles by Presidential Decree N° 4397. Sabina Orellana, of Quechua origin, was appointed to head the new ministry the following day, adding one indigenous representative to the cabinet. References Notes === Footnotes ===

Steven Johnson (author)

Steven Berlin Johnson (born June 6, 1968) is an American popular science author and media theorist.

Steven Berlin Johnson (born June 6, 1968) is an American popular science author and media theorist. Education Steven grew up in Washington, D.C., where he attended St. Albans School. He completed his undergraduate degree at Brown University, where he studied semiotics, a part of the school's modern culture and media department. He also has a graduate degree from Columbia University in English literature. Career Johnson is the author of thirteen books, largely on the intersection of science, technology, and personal experience. He has also co-created three influential web sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in. A contributing editor to Wired, he writes regularly for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Financial Times, and many other periodicals. Johnson also serves on the advisory boards of a number of Internet-related companies, including Medium, Atavist, Meetup.com, Betaworks, and Patch.com. He is the author of the best-selling book Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter (2005), which argues that over the last three decades popular culture artifacts such as television dramas and video games have become increasingly complex and have helped to foster higher-order thinking skills. His book Where Good Ideas Come From advances a notion to challenge the popular story of a lone genius experiencing an instantaneous moment of inspiration. Johnson instead argues that innovative thinking is a slow, gradual, and very networked process in which "slow hunches" are cultivated, and completed, by exposure to seemingly unrelated ideas and quandaries from other disciplines and thinkers. He lists the themes he has identified from studying which environments and conditions have been correlated, historically, with high innovation. He argues that they make theoretical sense because of their tendency to effectively explore the "adjacent possible", Stuart Kauffman's concept (which Johnson cites) of the space of innovations waiting to be made from combining immediately-available notions and solutions. His book Future Perfect: The Case for Progress in a Networked Age was released in September 2012.In August 2013, PBS announced that Johnson would be the host and co-creator of a new six-part series on the history of innovation, How We Got to Now, scheduled to air on PBS and BBC Two in Fall 2014.Since May 2018, Johnson has hosted the podcast American Innovations, created by Wondery.Johnson is a co-host (with David Olusoga) of the PBS/Nutopia 4-part series Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer, that premiered on Tuesday, May 11, 2021. Respective hour-long episodes include "Vaccines", "Data", "Medicine", and "Behavior". Reception Critical reception In 1997, Harvey Blume reviewed Johnson's first book, Interface Culture, and called it "a rewarding read—stimulating, iconoclastic, and strikingly original."The A.V. Club said in a review of Everything Bad Is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter, "It's a good argument made in great detail, mapped out with lists and charts of decision-affecting contingencies and intricate narrative structures. But how necessary it is remains debatable, especially once Everything Bad settles into simply restating its already convincing premise."David Quammen reviewed The Ghost Map (2006) for The New York Times, writing, "There's a great story here, one of the signal episodes in the history of medical science, and Johnson recounts it well... His book is a formidable gathering of small facts and big ideas, and the narrative portions are particularly strong, informed by real empathy for both his named and his nameless characters, flawed only sporadically by portentousness and small stylistic lapses." He called the book, and Johnson, "intriguing" and "smart."Entertainment Weekly gave The Ghost Map an 'A' rating, saying, "The Ghost Map asks the reader to imagine a situation in which 'you could leave town for a weekend and come back to find 10 percent of your neighbors being wheeled down the street in death carts.' For inhabitants of mid-19th-century London, cholera rendered this apocalyptic vision a terrifying reality... Johnson traces the courageous and ultimately successful attempt by an anesthetist/scientist/sleuth named John Snow to discover how the disease was transmitted. And he does so in a way that brings to nightmarish, thought-provoking life a world in which a swift but very unpleasant death can be just a glass of water away."Author Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, in The Los Angeles Times, called 2010's Where Good Ideas Come From "a vision of innovation and ideas that is resolutely social, dynamic and material" and "fluidly written, entertaining and smart without being arcane,"—"a Renaissance alchemical guide." Bruce Ramsey described in The Seattle Times how, in Where Good Ideas Come From, "Johnson is looking for the new ideas in our civilization and seeking to explain why they arise where they do."Kirkus Reviews called Good Ideas a "robust volume that brings new perspective to an old subject" and said of Johnson, "Throughout, his infectious enthusiasm and unyielding insight inspire and entertain." The Sunday Telegraph said, "Like all good ideas, this book is bigger than the sum of its parts... Johnson enlivens his argument with stories and examples that bring personality and depth to his ideas, and make for an engaging read..."Oliver Burkeman, in a review of Future Perfect, described the book as "a wide-ranging sketch of possibilities, not a detailed policy prescription, and read as such, it's frequently inspiring. Above all, it's exciting to reflect on the possibility that the many achievements of the Silicon Valley revolution might be compatible, rather than in tension, with a progressive focus on social justice and participatory democracy."Ethan Gilsdorf, also reviewing Future Perfect, called it "a buoyant and hopeful book" with "clear and engaging prose." Awards and honors Johnson's book Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software was a finalist for the 2002 Helen Bernstein Book Award for Excellence in Journalism.His Where Good Ideas Come From was a finalist for the 800CEORead award for best business book of 2010, and was ranked as one of the year's best books by The Economist. His book The Ghost Map was one of the ten best nonfiction books of 2006 according to Entertainment Weekly, and was runner up for the National Academies Communication Award in 2006. His books have been translated into more than a dozen languages.He was the 2009 Hearst new media professional-in-residence at Columbia Journalism School, and served for several years as a distinguished writer in residence at New York University's Journalism School. He won a Newhouse School Mirror Award for his 2009 TIME magazine cover article "How Twitter Will Change the Way We Live". He has appeared on television programs such as The Colbert Report, The Charlie Rose Show, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. Personal life After growing up in Washington, D.C., and graduating from St. Albans School in 1986, Johnson moved to New York City in 1990 and spent twenty-one years there, living in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, for seven years, then the West Village, where his first son was born. Johnson writes that, on September 11, 2001, he and his wife "watched the Twin Towers fall from Greenwich Street on our son's first day home from the hospital. When our second son was on the way, we decamped for Brooklyn..."In 2010, interviewer Oliver Burkeman wrote that "Johnson, who lives with his wife Alexa Robinson and their three sons in Brooklyn... gives around 50 lectures a year, and writes plenty of high-profile opinion columns, all of which he has accomplished by the not-exactly-ancient age of 42. (While we're on the topic, he also has an enormous 1.4 million followers on Twitter...)"In a 2011 blog, he wrote that he and his family would be leaving New York "for a few years" as they would be "moving to Marin County, on the north side of the Golden Gate Bridge across the bay from San Francisco"—"a two-year move: an adventure, not a life-changer."Johnson talks about a near-death experience in his 2004 book Mind Wide Open. He and his wife lived in "an apartment in a renovated old warehouse on the far west edge of downtown Manhattan," a home with "a massive eight-foot-high window looking out over the Hudson River" where they often enjoyed the view. On a June afternoon, they watched "an especially severe storm" approaching. Within minutes, the storm smashed the window, of which they were not directly in front during the crisis.: 47 He has written that he has some difficulty with visual encoding, "a trait that I seem to share with Aldous Huxley," whom Johnson quotes at greater length in Mind Wide Open than cited here: "I am and, for as long as I can remember, I have always been a poor visualizer. Words, even the pregnant words of poets, do not evoke pictures in my mind. No hypnagogic visions greet me on the verge of sleep. When I recall something, the memory does not present itself to me as a vividly seen event or object. By an effort of the will, I can evoke a not very vivid image of what happened yesterday afternoon...": 235 Books See also Googleshare List of notable English-language science popularizers References External links Official website Works by Steven Johnson at Open Library Interview with Roy Christopher, December 2004 Being There Interview July/August 2006 Steven Johnson at TED "The Web as a city" (TED2003) "How the 'ghost map' helped end a killer disease" (TEDSalon 2006) Consilience defeats miasma, Long Now talk audio, May 2007 Steven Johnson and The Long Zoom, The Long Now Foundation, San Francisco, CA, May 11, 2007 Appearances on C-SPAN In Depth interview with Johnson, October 7, 2012

Athanase Gaudet

Athanase Gaudet (June 20, 1848 – April 29, 1888) was a farmer, merchant and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Nicolet in the House of Commons of Canada from 1884 to 1888 as a Nationalist Conservative member. He was born in Gentilly, Canada East, the son of Joseph Gaudet and Deneige Levasseur, and was educated at the Séminaire de Nicolet. In 1887, he married Sara Poissin. He was elected to the House of Commons in an 1884 by-election held after François-Xavier-Ovide Méthot was named to the Quebec Legislative Council.

Athanase Gaudet (June 20, 1848 – April 29, 1888) was a farmer, merchant and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Nicolet in the House of Commons of Canada from 1884 to 1888 as a Nationalist Conservative member. He was born in Gentilly, Canada East, the son of Joseph Gaudet and Deneige Levasseur, and was educated at the Séminaire de Nicolet. In 1887, he married Sara Poissin. He was elected to the House of Commons in an 1884 by-election held after François-Xavier-Ovide Méthot was named to the Quebec Legislative Council. Gaudet died in office at the age of 39. Gaudet also served as mayor of Gentilly from 1882 to 1888 and was a captain in the militia. Electoral results References Athanase Gaudet – Parliament of Canada biography The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1887, AJ Gemmill

Lenox R. Lohr

Major Lenox Riley Lohr (1891-1968) was a contributor to the development of Chicago's lake front; organizer of exhibitions including the Century of Progress and Chicago Railroad Fairs; longtime president of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry and promoter of civic and charitable causes.

Major Lenox Riley Lohr (1891-1968) was a contributor to the development of Chicago's lake front; organizer of exhibitions including the Century of Progress and Chicago Railroad Fairs; longtime president of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry and promoter of civic and charitable causes. Early Years Lenox Riley Lohr was born in Washington, D.C. in 1891, a cousin of John Philip Sousa. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering from Cornell University in 1916 and took a commission as a second lieutenant in the same year in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. World War I Lohr served with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France where he advanced to the rank of major. He was awarded a Silver Star for gallantry in the Meuse–Argonne offensive. While taking a course in cryptography under William F. Friedman at the Riverbank Laboratory, he developed a method for the solution of certain transposition ciphers.: p. 376 The 1920s From 1922 to 1929 Major Lohr worked in various capacities for the Army from 1922 to 1929 including executive secretary of the Society of American Engineers and was the editor of its journal The Military Engineer. In 1929 he resigned from the Army and was hired by Rufus C. Dawes, brother of former vice-president, Charles Dawes, as general manager of Chicago's Century of Progress world's fair. In his role he was primarily responsible for the coordination of construction, promotion and financial organization. : p. 120 ff  The Century of Progress exhibition was a rare example of a world's fair that not only repaid all its investors in full, but closed with a surplus. The 1930s After the close of the Century of Progress Major Lohr was hired as President of NBC Radio where he supervised NBC's earliest experiment with television. He also was involved in the negotiations and litigation which forced NBC to divest itself of its Blue Network. Museum of Science and Industry In 1940 Major Lohr was named to succeed Rufus Dawes as president of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.: 376  At the time the museum was struggling to survive and find a place among other museums. Major Lohr changed the focus of the museum away from history and developed the concept of inviting business firms to establish state-of-the art exhibits with a commercial connection included. Under his 28-year tenure the museum became one of Chicago's most popular destinations. Under his management several iconic exhibits were established including Christmas Around the World (1942), Santa Fe model railroad (1943), Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle (1949), walk-through human heart (1952) and U-505 WWII German submarine (1954). Chicago Railroad Fair In 1948 Major Lohr was appointed to organize the Chicago Railroad Fair. In only five months he brought together 39 American railroads, supervised the building of five miles of both standard and narrow gauge track on nearly the same grounds as the Century of Progress 25 years earlier. He coordinated the display and operation of a collection of modern and historic railroad and other transportation equipment including a pageant named "Wheels A Rolling" with several hundred participants. The fair's one-year run was extended in 1949. Other accomplishments Lohr organized the "Centennial of Engineering" in 1952 in Chicago. and the Military and Industrial Conferences from 1955 to 1957. He was a member of the Chicago Park and Fair Corporation and its successor, the Metropolitan Fair and Exhibition Authority (1950–59). He served as chairman of the Illinois Higher Education Commission (1954–59) during which time the University of Illinois Chicago campus was established. He organized and served as chairman of the Illinois Civil Defense Agency (1950–53) and was a charter member of University of Illinois Citizens Committee. Directed the efforts to fund the restoration of the Jane Addam's Hull House. Awarded Distinguished Service Awards from both the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy, Lohr held the rank of Lt. Commander in the Naval Reserve. He received the Rosenberger Medal from the University of Chicago in 1963. == References ==

Mediazona

Mediazona (Russian: Медиазона) is a Russian independent media outlet focused on Anti Putinist opposition that was founded by Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, who are also co-founders of the protest group and band Pussy Riot. The outlet's editor-in-chief is Russian political journalist Sergey Smirnov.Mediazona focuses on the judicial, law enforcement and penal system in Russia. It works in partnership with Alyokhina and Tolokonnikova's advocacy group, Zona Prava ("Zone of Justice", or "Zone of Rights"), which works to protect prisoners' rights.

Mediazona (Russian: Медиазона) is a Russian independent media outlet focused on Anti Putinist opposition that was founded by Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, who are also co-founders of the protest group and band Pussy Riot. The outlet's editor-in-chief is Russian political journalist Sergey Smirnov.Mediazona focuses on the judicial, law enforcement and penal system in Russia. It works in partnership with Alyokhina and Tolokonnikova's advocacy group, Zona Prava ("Zone of Justice", or "Zone of Rights"), which works to protect prisoners' rights. Background Alyokhina and Tolokonnikova founded the outlet after being released from prison in 2013 following sentences of nearly two years after they were convicted of "hooliganism" motivated by "religious hatred."Alyokhina and Tolokonnikova were arrested after a Pussy Riot performance that the band called a "punk prayer" inside Moscow's famous Christ the Savior Cathedral on February 21, 2012. In the performance, band members asked for the Virgin Mary to protect Russia against Vladimir Putin, who was re-elected as Russia's president a few days later.Alyokhina and Tolokonnikova said that during their prison sentences, they were subjected to numerous abuses. Tolokonnikova described "slave-like conditions", including working 16-hour days sewing police uniforms, and prisoners who suffered such severe frostbite that they had to have fingers and feet amputated. In an open letter she said, The convicts are always on the verge of breaking down, screaming at each other, fighting over the smallest things. Just recently, a young woman got stabbed in the head with a pair of scissors because she didn't turn in a pair of pants on time. Another tried to cut her own stomach open with a hacksaw. Founding Principles In addition to its purpose of shedding light on injustices in Russia's courts, law enforcement and prison systems, Alyokhina and Tolokonnikova said Mediazona was created to fill the void left by the Kremlin's crackdown on Russian independent media.Starting in 2014, several Russian media outlets had their editorial staff replaced by leadership more friendly to the Kremlin, leaving only a few independent channels and publications in existence. Tolokonnikova said when Mediazona was founded: Since our release from prison six months ago we've felt that Russian media are no longer able to cover what is going on. Because of the heavy censorship by authorities there is no space for anything in the media that criticizes Putin's policies and tracks human rights abuses by Russian courts and law enforcement. Courts, prisons, arrests, convictions, riots in facilities, political criminal cases, crimes by law enforcement officials — our new media outlet will try to cover it all. Alyokhina added There is hardly any political issues left in Russia outside of courtrooms — and there is a great need for transparency and media coverage of things that are happening down there, so we hope that Mediazona will help close that gap and change the face of independent Russian media Current status Tolokonnikova said in 2016 that the site has about 2.2 million visitors a month, making it smaller than some other Russian independent media outlets, but Tolokonnikova is looking for ways to expand the site. She has said that due to political pressures, options like crowdfunding are unavailable to Mediazona because of fears the state would take retribution against contributors. The site is currently funded mainly by donations and by speaking fees generated from appearances by Alyokhina and Tolokonnikova.Examples include a March 2015 story for The Guardian about the unexplained deaths of several people in police custody in a remote region of Siberia, and a July 2015 story in Vice, in which Mediazona spoke to a former prisoner from a prison camp located near the town of Gorlovka, Ukraine. The interview detailed an incident in September 2014, when troops from the pro-Russian separatist Donetsk People's Republic took over the prison camp.In March 2016, Mediazona journalist Yegor Skovoroda was attacked while traveling with a group of reporters and activists near Ordzhonikidzevskaya in Ingushetia, just west of the border with Chechnya. The group, which included reporters for Swedish state radio, Norway's Ny Tid newspaper, Russian newspaper Kommersant, and Russia's The New Times, were trying to enter Chechnya on a press trip, where the group planned to meet with people who had been tortured or whose relatives had been kidnapped. Two of the Western journalists and two of the activists were hospitalized, and the attackers set the vehicle on fire.Mediazona has a Russian media license, but Tolokonnikova said in 2016 that there were fears the license could be revoked at any time.In a 2016 interview with Reuters, Tolokonnikova said "The real punk is to build institutions."On 30 January 2021, the editor-in-chief of Mediazona Sergey Smirnov was detained by police near his home for allegedly breaking the law on protests.On 29 September 2021, Russia's Ministry of Justice added news outlet to the so-called list of "foreign agent".On 6 March 2022, as a result of Mediazona's coverage of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Roskomnadzor blocked Mediazona in Russia, and demanded that the website shut itself down. A defiant editorial statement provided tips for Russians to evade the censorship, and promised to continue: We were ready for this. In recent days, military censorship has actually been introduced in Russia, and there are almost no independent media left in the country. We understand all our risks, but we continue to work - this is our duty to our readers and to ourselves. Awards Free Media Awards 2020. References Further reading "Pussy Riot Launches Mediazona, An Independent News Service in Russia". Pitchfork. September 4, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2016. External links Official website

Noel Sharkey

Noel Sharkey (born 14 December 1948) is a computer scientist born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is best known to the British public for his appearances on television as an expert on robotics; including the BBC Two television series Robot Wars and Techno Games, and co-hosting Bright Sparks for BBC Northern Ireland. He is emeritus professor of artificial intelligence and robotics at the University of Sheffield.Sharkey chairs the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, an NGO that is seeking an International treaty to prohibit the development and use of autonomous robot weapons – weapons that once launched can select human targets and kill them without human intervention. He is co-founder and co-director of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics. Sharkey is the founding editor of the academic journal Connection Science, and an editor for Artificial Intelligence Review and Robotics and Autonomous Systems.

Noel Sharkey (born 14 December 1948) is a computer scientist born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is best known to the British public for his appearances on television as an expert on robotics; including the BBC Two television series Robot Wars and Techno Games, and co-hosting Bright Sparks for BBC Northern Ireland. He is emeritus professor of artificial intelligence and robotics at the University of Sheffield.Sharkey chairs the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, an NGO that is seeking an International treaty to prohibit the development and use of autonomous robot weapons – weapons that once launched can select human targets and kill them without human intervention. He is co-founder and co-director of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics. Sharkey is the founding editor of the academic journal Connection Science, and an editor for Artificial Intelligence Review and Robotics and Autonomous Systems. Career Sharkey held a chair in the Department of Computer Science (from 1994) at the University of Sheffield, and then he was a professor of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and a professor of Public Engagement. He was supported by an EPSRC Senior Media Fellowship and a Leverhulme Fellowship of the ethics of battlefield robots.Previously Sharkey held a number of interdisciplinary research and teaching positions in the US (Yale Computer Science and Stanford Psychology) and the UK (Essex Language and Linguistics, Exeter Computer Science). He was director of the Centre for Cognitive Science at University of Essex and Director of the Centre for Connection Science at the University of Sheffield.He holds a doctorate in psychology, a doctorate in science, is a chartered electrical engineer, a chartered information technology professional, a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (FIET), a fellow of the British Computer Society, a fellow of the Royal Institute of Navigation and Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA).In 2014 Sharkey received an honorary doctorate in Informatics from the University of Skövde, Sweden. Academic contributions In the academic world, Sharkey is best known for his contribution to machine learning and cognitive science with more than 150 scientific articles and books. Since 2006, Sharkey has written and spoken widely concerning the ethical responsibilities of governments and international organisations in a world where robotics applications are dramatically increasing, both in the military and policing contexts. He has also written widely on the ethical danger and societal impact of robotics in childcare, elder care, surgery, medicine, transport, and sex. Media Sharkey appeared as an expert on all four series of the BBC Two television Techno Games. and as head judge of every televised series of Robot Wars throughout the world (1998–2003) and again as head judge in the later Robot Wars reboot on BBC Two (2016). He co-hosted Bright Sparks, a science and engineering challenge series, for BBC Northern Ireland, and produces and presents a weekly radio show for the community radio station Sheffield Live! called The Sound of Science. Sharkey has set up and organised robot competitions for young people around the world, including the national Chinese creative robotics contest, and the national Egyptian schools AI and robotics contest. Apart from Sharkey's work on popular TV he is also regularly interviewed for radio, magazines, TV and newspapers about issues concerned with the responsible use of robots and Artificial Intelligence. Sharkey's interview on BBC Radio 4's The Life Scientific provides insight into his life story. He also writes for newspapers, magazines and news sites. Personal life Sharkey resides in Sheffield with his wife Amanda and has five daughters. References External links Official website Magazine interview in New Scientist (1 September 2009) Magazine interview in CS4FN (retrieved: 26 December 2007) Prism Magazine interview (September 2005) ABC interview, transcript (25 August 2005) Yorkshire Post interview (9 March 2005) Guardian interview (15 February 2002)

Thayige Thakka Maga (2018 film)

Thayige Thakka Maga (Like Mother Like Son) is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed and produced by Shashank under Shashank Cinemas. It stars Ajay Rao, Ashika Ranganath and Sumalatha in the lead roles. The film marks 25th film for Ajai Rao and the first production venture for Shashank. Although the film borrows the title from the 1978 hit of the same name, the film reportedly does not relate to the earlier film.Thayige Thakka Maga was released on 16 November 2018.

Thayige Thakka Maga (Like Mother Like Son) is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed and produced by Shashank under Shashank Cinemas. It stars Ajay Rao, Ashika Ranganath and Sumalatha in the lead roles. The film marks 25th film for Ajai Rao and the first production venture for Shashank. Although the film borrows the title from the 1978 hit of the same name, the film reportedly does not relate to the earlier film.Thayige Thakka Maga was released on 16 November 2018. Plot Mohan Das is a karate trainer who suffers from anger management issues and becomes a crimefighter, where he is supported by his mother Lawyer "Point" Parvathi. Parvathi and Mohan learn about an accident involving a young boy named Puttaraju and his parents. Mohan investigates and learns that Sharat Kaale, who is the son of a political leader Prathap Kaale (Krishna Hebbal), is behind the accident and other crimes. Mohan beats and insults Sharat, who along with Prathap attempts various ways to evade the law. Mohan and Parvathi fight him in court, but lose the case due to Puttaraju's death. Suraj attacks Mohan outside, but Mohan Das motivates the people to fight and the people finally kill Sharat and Prathap in a stampede, while Mohan and Parvathi walk away. Cast Soundtrack Judah Sandhy has scored the soundtrack and score for the film. A total of six songs and one theme track were written by Jayanth Kaikini, Raghavendra C. S. and Shashank. References External links Thayige Thakka Maga (2018)

Sanaleipak

Sanaleipak (Meitei: /sa-nā-lei-pāk/), also spelled as Sanaleibak (Meitei: /sa-nā-lei-bāk/), is a Meitei language name of Manipur. Its literal meaning is rendered as "the golden land", "the golden country", "the land of jewels", "the land of gold", etc. in Meitei.It is synonymous with Lai Leibak (Meitei for 'land of god'), Meeteileibak (Meitei for 'land of Meeteis'), Kangleipak (Meitei for 'land of Kangla'), Poireipak, Meitrabak, Tillikoktong, KonnaChak, etc.

Sanaleipak (Meitei: /sa-nā-lei-pāk/), also spelled as Sanaleibak (Meitei: /sa-nā-lei-bāk/), is a Meitei language name of Manipur. Its literal meaning is rendered as "the golden land", "the golden country", "the land of jewels", "the land of gold", etc. in Meitei.It is synonymous with Lai Leibak (Meitei for 'land of god'), Meeteileibak (Meitei for 'land of Meeteis'), Kangleipak (Meitei for 'land of Kangla'), Poireipak, Meitrabak, Tillikoktong, KonnaChak, etc. Overview of meanings The term "Sanaleipak" has strong relationship with the notion of development and welfare of people of the realm, having blessings to lead to the golden way of life. It has reference to the overall growth, fulfilment of desires and enactment of proper justice.Like the gold is precious and symbolises prosperity, strength, brightness, weightage, pride and satisfaction, according to the knowledge of enlightened Meitei people, sanaleipak is a land of asee ana leitaba (Meitei for 'no death and disease'), shaathong lanthong thingba (Meitei for 'the doors were closed to beasts and battles'), ahong achao thokpa (Meitei for 'existence of happiness, prosperity and abundance of food') and nupee nupa pukning loushing thokpa (Meitei for 'the minds of women and men freed from care and tension').According the concept of sanaleipak, the state is dwelled by people who are social and collective, rather than individualistic, either in case of their personalities or their interests.The name "Sanaleipak", which means "the land of gold" or "land of gold", is given to Manipur, not because it has a lot of the gold mines, but because it is a place well known for its happiness, richness, and widespread availability of foods, including but not limited to fishes and vegetables.Other than the rendering of the meaning of Sanaleipak into those of welfare and physical well being, it has other meanings too. It may also have strong references to the sound strength of any body actively having connection with the mankind and cosmic forces, starting from the coronation rites and rituals of a king upto the fertility of a man. Mentions in ancient texts The term "Sanaleibak" was mentioned in an 11th-12th century ancient Meitei language written constitution named Loiyumba Shinyen as "Poyrei Kanglei Meitei Sanaleibak", a prosaic name of the ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), regarding administration of justice. In state official song In literature "Sanaleibak" finds its mention in the popular sayings and songs of Meitei literature. It was also mentioned in the works of numerous versifiers and minstrels, while paying tributes to and chanting glories of the land of Manipur.One such instance is the following: "Chingna Koina Pansaaba Chingmina Koina Pan ngaakpa Sanaleibak Manipur" Its English translation is: "Fortified by the hills Defended by the hill inhabitants A golden land of Manipur" The above passage describes the geography of Manipur in an accurate manner. In Manipur, the central Imphal Valley, the dwelling place of the Meiteis, is surrounded from all sides, by multiple ranges of hills and mountains, occupied by multiple hill tribes of Northeast India. In politics In 2021, MLA Sapam Nishikant of Keishamthong Assembly constituency, asserted that Manipur will become a Sanaleipak only when politicians began working having a proper vision, without any corruption.In February 2022, during an election campaign for 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election, politician Nongthombam Biren Singh, asserted "If the people of the State give absolute majority to BJP in the upcoming 12th Manipur Legislative Assembly election, the saffron party will strive to realise the vision of a 'Sanaleibak Manipur' (Land of Gold)." Manipur People's Party (MPP) has strong political association with the daily newspaper named "Sanaleibak". In popular culture Sana Leibak Manipur, the state official song of Manipur, was showcased by the Rhythms of Manipur, in the 9th North East Festival organized in Guwahati from to 10 January of 2022. See also Kangla Kanglasha Nongshaba References Further reading Conduct, Civilization and Law: On Decorum, Liberty and the Rule of Law in Sanaleipak == External links ==

Roddy McCuish

Roderick William "Roddy" McCuish is a Scottish politician who was an independent member of the Argyll and Bute Council, having formerly been the leader twice, both with the Scottish National Party (SNP) and later as an independent. On 8 January 2021, it was announced that he had joined the Independence for Scotland Party (ISP), becoming their first representative holding political office until the 2022 Council election, when he did not seek re-election.

Roderick William "Roddy" McCuish is a Scottish politician who was an independent member of the Argyll and Bute Council, having formerly been the leader twice, both with the Scottish National Party (SNP) and later as an independent. On 8 January 2021, it was announced that he had joined the Independence for Scotland Party (ISP), becoming their first representative holding political office until the 2022 Council election, when he did not seek re-election. Political career McCuish first stood for election for the Oban South and the Isles ward in the 2007 Scottish Local Elections, polling 955 first preferences and topping the polling in the ward and taking the first seat out of four.In advance of the 2012 Scottish Local Elections he was elected to replace his party colleague, Cllr Robert MacIntyre, as SNP Group Leader and Director of Elections. At the 2012 Local Government election, McCuish polled 767 first preferences and was re-elected for the ward of Oban South and the Isle, taking the second seat in a ward where the SNP gained three out of the four seats, which at the time, was the party's strongest ward in all of Scotland. At the 2012 election, the SNP gained three seats in Argyll and Bute Council to have a total of thirteen, which with the help of the Argyll First group of Independents and some other Independent members gave them a controlling majority on the council, which McCuish was appointed as Council Leader.In June 2012 McCuish intervened after the council had attempted to ban nine year old Martha Payne from blogging about her school dinners. The story had been reported globally, including his explanations of the actions taken by the council. McCuish considered that this episode had been a political disaster for Argyll and Bute Council, especially because it occurred so soon after the formation of the new administration.The coalition council of Independents, Argyll First, and the SNP did not last long, and McCuish fell out with the SNP because the SNP national executive would not let the SNP group in Argyll and Bute Council form a coalition with the Scottish Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. McCuish resigned as council leader in February 2013 and, along with another councillor, he left the SNP party to sit as an independent. McCuish was re-elected as council leader in May 2013, although he had no deputy leader and no clear administration. His second stint was brief, only lasting until September 2013.McCuish was re-elected to the same seat in the 2017 election.On 8 January 2021 it was announced that he had joined the Independence for Scotland Party (ISP), after discussions with that party's founder Colette Walker. In doing so, he became the first elected representative for the party, although he was elected as an independent. He did not seek re-election in May 2022. References External links Roddy McCuish Argyll & Bute Council

Mansur Selum

Mansur Selum (Arabic: منصور سلوم) is an Arab politician. Since March 2016, he holds the office of co-president of the Executive Council of Rojava. Selum, serves alongside fellow co-president Îlham Ehmed, an ethnic Kurd.Selum, a local Arab tribal leader in the town of Tell Abyad, had risen into a prominent political role after June 2015 when Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) wrested control of Tell Abyad from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the town was declared part of the de facto autonomous Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava by a council including representatives of local Arab, Kurdish, Turkmen and Armenian communities. In July, the 178-member higher council that then governed Tell Abyad had elected mixed-gender co-mayors, as mandated under Rojava rules, initially Selum and ethnic Kurd Layla Mohammed, the latter 27 years old and the first female mayor of Tell Abyad ever. While previously education had been available only in Arabic language, thereafter Arabic and Kurdish were used as languages of instruction in public schools and plans introduced for offering Turkish in addition; one focus of the administration was to encourage women to seek higher education.

Mansur Selum (Arabic: منصور سلوم) is an Arab politician. Since March 2016, he holds the office of co-president of the Executive Council of Rojava. Selum, serves alongside fellow co-president Îlham Ehmed, an ethnic Kurd.Selum, a local Arab tribal leader in the town of Tell Abyad, had risen into a prominent political role after June 2015 when Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) wrested control of Tell Abyad from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the town was declared part of the de facto autonomous Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava by a council including representatives of local Arab, Kurdish, Turkmen and Armenian communities. In July, the 178-member higher council that then governed Tell Abyad had elected mixed-gender co-mayors, as mandated under Rojava rules, initially Selum and ethnic Kurd Layla Mohammed, the latter 27 years old and the first female mayor of Tell Abyad ever. While previously education had been available only in Arabic language, thereafter Arabic and Kurdish were used as languages of instruction in public schools and plans introduced for offering Turkish in addition; one focus of the administration was to encourage women to seek higher education. == References ==

Ogbourne St Andrew

Ogbourne St Andrew is a civil parish and small village in Wiltshire, England, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Marlborough. The parish is on the banks of the River Og and includes the hamlets of Ogbourne Maizey and Rockley.

Ogbourne St Andrew is a civil parish and small village in Wiltshire, England, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Marlborough. The parish is on the banks of the River Og and includes the hamlets of Ogbourne Maizey and Rockley. History Domesday Book of 1086 recorded a relatively large settlement of 71 households at Ocheborne, corresponding to the later manors of St Andrew and St George. Ogbourne Priory was a dependency of Bec Abbey in Normandy from the 12th century until the early 15th; there may have been a priory building in the 13th century but later the priory existed only as a legal name for the administration of the Bec estates in England. Parish church The Anglican Church of St Andrew has 12th-century origins and work from that century survives in the north door (with chevron hoodmould) and details of the arcades; the piscina at the south side is a re-used capital. The chancel (with south door) was built in the 13th century. In the 15th century the west tower was inserted, and the church was re-roofed and the clerestory added.The tower has a ring of five bells including a tenor cast c.1450. The church was restored by William Butterfield in 1847–49 and was recorded as Grade I listed in 1958. Today the parish is part of the Ridgeway Benefice which also covers Ogbourne St George and Chiseldon. In the churchyard there is a round barrow, excavated in 1880 by Henry Cunnington. Other buildings Rockley had a chapel of ease in the 13th century, dedicated to St Leonard; it was demolished in the 16th century. A new chapel of All Saints was built in 1872 and closed in 1961.Rockley Manor dates from the 18th century and is Grade II* listed. Former railway The Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway was built through the Og valley in 1881. Ogbourne station was at Ogbourne St George; a siding at Ogbourne St Andrew was used by the nearby horse stables. The line was closed in 1961. Amenities Local primary-level children usually go to the school in Ogbourne St George or to Marlborough. References External links Media related to Ogbourne St Andrew at Wikimedia Commons Ogbourne St Andrew Parish Council Parish history group "Ogbourne St. Andrew". Wiltshire Community History. Wiltshire Council. Retrieved 25 March 2015.

Susan Monica

Susan Monica (born July 8, 1948) is an American former sailor and convicted murderer. She garnered public attention after being convicted of murdering two men at her residence in rural Wimer, Oregon. Both of the victims had worked as handymen on her farm, and each had gone missing under mysterious circumstances in 2012 and 2013, respectively. In both cases, Monica dismembered the victims before feeding portions of their remains to her farm pigs. Partial remains of the two men were discovered at her residence after authorities interrogated her for identity theft of one of the men.

Susan Monica (born July 8, 1948) is an American former sailor and convicted murderer. She garnered public attention after being convicted of murdering two men at her residence in rural Wimer, Oregon. Both of the victims had worked as handymen on her farm, and each had gone missing under mysterious circumstances in 2012 and 2013, respectively. In both cases, Monica dismembered the victims before feeding portions of their remains to her farm pigs. Partial remains of the two men were discovered at her residence after authorities interrogated her for identity theft of one of the men. In April 2015, after a trial that lasted six days, Monica was sentenced to two consecutive 25-year sentences, for a total of 50 years to serve in prison for her crimes. Background Monica was born in California in 1948. After serving in the United States Navy during the Vietnam War Monica began an engineering career and, in 1991, purchased a 20-acre farm in rural Wimer, Oregon. She ran the business White Queen Construction.Monica employed 59-year-old Stephen Delecino as a handyman on the farm. Delecino disappeared some time in 2012 under mysterious circumstances. The following year, Robert Haney, a 56-year-old handyman, also disappeared in September 2013. Investigation Authorities arrived at Monica's residence on January 10, 2014, after it was discovered she had been using Haney's food stamps card, and confronted her with fraud charges. Upon searching her residence, they discovered evidence of human remains, which prompted a full search of the property.Portions of remains from a total of two individuals were discovered; the first belonged to 56-year-old Robert Haney, Monica's handyman, who had gone missing in September 2013. The second individual initially was unidentified, but was later determined to be Delecino, a former employee of Monica's who had gone missing in 2012. The state of Monica's property was squalid, with significant piles of garbage, animal bones, and no running water or sewage system.Investigators spent three weeks searching Monica's 20-acre (8.1 ha) farm near Rogue River, digging over 50 holes in the land searching for additional evidence and other potential victims. No additional remains were uncovered in their search. The pigs Monica kept on the farm were subsequently euthanized, and a former resident claimed he had witnessed Monica feed deceased house pets and livestock to the pigs on different occasions.Upon interviewing Monica, detectives found she gave varying explanations as to how both men died, claiming both that Delecino had shot himself repeatedly in the head in 2012, and that she had also shot him in self-defense, after which her pigs began to eat portions of his body. Monica claimed to have buried the remnants of his corpse after finding the pigs consuming him.In regard to Haney, Monica claimed he had disappeared from the farm in the summer of 2013. She stated she later came upon him as her pigs were disemboweling him, and that she shot him to death to ease his suffering. Monica subsequently expressed uncertainty over whether Haney was dead when she shot him. Some of Haney's remains were found in plastic bags in Monica's barn.During her video-taped interrogation, which was later used in the trial, Monica stated: "I do not value human life very much. The only thing wrong with this planet is there's people on it. If it weren't for us, all the other animals, dodo birds and whatever else, would still be here". Trial and conviction Monica pleaded not guilty to two counts of murder, abuse of a corpse, and identity theft. Monica, despite having representation, chose to cross-examine Eric Henderson, the case's lead investigator. During the trial, an Oregon State Police anthropologist testified that Haney's legs had been dismembered with an axe, and that his thigh bones showed signs of "being gnawed on by an animal". The anthropologist stated it was unclear whether Haney had been dead prior to dismemberment of his legs. It was also stated by the anthropologist that Delecino had suffered three to four gunshot wounds to the head. Another witness who had been in jail with Monica testified that she had received a birthday card from her signed "from the sweetest murderer in Jackson County".On April 21, 2015, Monica was convicted on all counts after six days of testimony and only one hour of jury deliberations. She is currently serving 50 years in prison within the Oregon Department of Corrections at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility. == References ==

Spectrofon

Spectrofon was an electronic magazine for ZX Spectrum produced in Russia by the developer group STEP Interactive from Moscow. The magazine appeared on a monthly basis, and 23 issues were published in total. The issues were stored on a (usually well-protected) FDD and included both text and program part. There were several "columns" which appeared almost in every issue (solutions, game announcements, cheat codes and memory pokes). Every issue had its own unique custom-written shell, with graphical and music effects.

Spectrofon was an electronic magazine for ZX Spectrum produced in Russia by the developer group STEP Interactive from Moscow. The magazine appeared on a monthly basis, and 23 issues were published in total. The issues were stored on a (usually well-protected) FDD and included both text and program part. There were several "columns" which appeared almost in every issue (solutions, game announcements, cheat codes and memory pokes). Every issue had its own unique custom-written shell, with graphical and music effects. In every issue had as supplement 2-3 (usually not widely known) games or utilities in full versions. The magazine was the first electronic magazine in Russian and became very popular. There were several attempts to produce similar electronic magazines, like Adventurer, Deja Vu, Speccy, ZX Format, and ZX Guide, but they did not enjoy the same popularity as Spectrofon. == References ==

Ayelet Shaked

Ayelet Shaked (; Hebrew: אַיֶּילֶת שָׁקֵד; born 7 May 1976) is an Israeli ex-politician, activist, and software engineer. She served as Minister of Interior from 2021 to 2022 and as Minister of Justice from 2015 to 2019. Between 2013 and 2021, she was a representative in the Knesset as a member of The Jewish Home from 2013 to 2018, and then as a founding member of the New Right from 2018 to 2019 and again from 2019 to 2020. Shaked also served as the leader of the defunct right-wing electoral alliance Yamina. Despite her tenure in The Jewish Home, a religious political party, she has identified as a secularist.

Ayelet Shaked (; Hebrew: אַיֶּילֶת שָׁקֵד; born 7 May 1976) is an Israeli ex-politician, activist, and software engineer. She served as Minister of Interior from 2021 to 2022 and as Minister of Justice from 2015 to 2019. Between 2013 and 2021, she was a representative in the Knesset as a member of The Jewish Home from 2013 to 2018, and then as a founding member of the New Right from 2018 to 2019 and again from 2019 to 2020. Shaked also served as the leader of the defunct right-wing electoral alliance Yamina. Despite her tenure in The Jewish Home, a religious political party, she has identified as a secularist. Before entering politics, Shaked began her career in the Israeli high-tech industry, working as an engineer at Texas Instruments shortly after graduating from Tel Aviv University. In 2010, she co-founded the "My Israel" extra-parliamentary movement alongside Naftali Bennett and led it until May 2012. Later, in 2019, Shaked, Bennett, and Shuli Mualem founded the New Right, which did not pass the electoral threshold in the April 2019 legislative election. Afterwards, Shaked planned to join Likud, but Miri Regev did not allow her to do so. When Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu failed to form a coalition government in the run-up to the September 2019 legislative election, Shaked ended up succeeding Bennett as leader of the New Right.Shaked is considered to be one of the country's most active and influential legislators. She has initiated and drafted various laws, including the 2016 NGO law, the comprehensive national anti-terrorism law, a version of the proposal for Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People, and a law limiting the powers of the Israeli Supreme Court. Early life Shaked was born in Tel Aviv to a well-educated, upper-middle-class family of Israeli Jews. She is of Mizrahi descent on her father's side (Iraqi-Jewish) and of Ashkenazi descent on her mother's side (Russian-Jewish and Romanian-Jewish): her paternal grandmother immigrated to Israel from Iraq as a single mother in the 1950s, as part of the Jewish exodus from the Muslim world, and carefully invested her money into property and the education of her children; and her maternal ancestors immigrated to Ottoman Palestine from the Russian Empire and Romania in the 1880s, as part of the First Aliyah. Her father was an accountant by profession and hailed from a right-wing background, having voted Likud, while her mother was a Bible teacher and hailed from a centre-left background. Shaked has described herself as "half-Iraqi and proud of it" with regard to her heritage.In Tel Aviv, she grew up in the upper-middle-class neighbourhood of Bavli. She identified her political awakening and right-wing orientation to when she was eight years old, after watching a television debate between Yitzhak Shamir and Shimon Peres, wherein she supported the conservative views of Shamir. As a teenager, she was a main instructor in the Hebrew Scouts Movement in Israel. Education and military service Shaked served in the Israel Defense Forces as an infantry instructor with the Golani Brigade; she was enlisted in the 12th Barak (Lightning) Battalion as well as in Sayaret Golani. She later enrolled in Tel Aviv University, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in the disciplines of electrical engineering and computer science, and subsequently began her career in the Israeli high-tech industry; Shaked was employed at Texas Instruments as a software engineer and later became manager of the company's marketing department. Political career From 2006 to 2008, Shaked was office director for the office of Benjamin Netanyahu. In 2010 she established My Israel with Naftali Bennett and led it until May 2012. From the end of 2011, Shaked campaigned against illegal immigration from Africa to Israel, saying that it poses a threat to the state and also involves severe economic damage. She also campaigned against Galei Tzahal saying it had a "left-leaning agenda".In January 2012, Shaked was elected to serve as a member of the Likud's Central Committee; however, in June 2012 she resigned and joined the Jewish Home. On 14 November 2012, she won third place in the party's primaries and was placed in the fifth spot on the Jewish Home list for the 2013 elections. With the list winning 12 seats, Shaked became the only secular Jewish Home MK. She subsequently joined the Economic Affairs Committee, the House Committee, and the Committee on Foreign Workers, and served as an alternate member on the Finance Committee. She also chaired the Knesset Committee for the Enforcement of the Security Service Law and the National-Civilian Service Law and the Special Committee for the Equal Sharing of the Burden Bill. In June 2014, Shaked posted an article by the late Israeli writer Uri Elitzur on Facebook. The Facebook post was variously described in the media as calling Palestinian children "little snakes" and appearing to justify mass punishment of Palestinians. Based upon the Facebook post, the then Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that Shaked's mindset was no different from Adolf Hitler's. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned Erdoğan's comments, stating "Erdogan's anti-Semitic comments profaned the memory of the Holocaust." The leader of Israeli leftist Meretz party, Zehava Gal-On, suggested that "because of the presidential election Erdoğan has lost control." Shaked stated that her post was portrayed falsely in the media, especially in that the article was presented as her own words rather than Elitzur's. She said, "I refer specifically to 'Daily Beast' writer Gideon Resnick, who so misrepresented the facts in one of my recent Facebook posts, one has to wonder if his hatred for my country hasn’t rendered him outright useless to his website and his readers."In 2015, Shaked won the primary election for the Jewish Home Party, which was considered an achievement as a secular female politician within a religious party.In December 2018 Shaked was amongst the Jewish Home MKs to leave the party and form the breakaway New Right party. In the April 2019 Knesset elections, New Right narrowly failed to cross the electoral threshold; as a result, Shaked did not gain a seat in the 21st Knesset. Following the loss, Shaked initially announced that she will take a break from politics for an undetermined period of time.On 30 May 2019, after Netanyahu failed to form a governing coalition, the Knesset voted to dissolve itself and a snap election was called which was set to be held on 17 September. Shaked announced on 21 July that she would take part in the elections as the leader of New Right and on 29 July as the leader of the Yamina alliance, which is composed of the New Right, Tkuma and the Jewish Home. Yamina won seven seats at the elections. After no MK was able to form a government, yet another election was called, set to be held on 2 March 2020. At this election, Yamina won six seats. Minister of Justice Shaked was placed third on the Jewish Home list for the 2015 elections, and was re-elected to the Knesset. On 6 May 2015, it was reported that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had agreed to appoint Shaked as Minister of Justice as part of a plan to form a new coalition government. Shaked took office as Justice Minister on 14 May 2015.In July 2015, Shaked announced that she was forming a committee to create a stable legal structure for the Israeli settlements in the West Bank. The formation of the committee was agreed upon in the coalition agreement between Bayit Yehudi and Likud. She has stated: "There are many areas in Judea and Samaria, whose legal status has not been organized. It's time to remove the legal ambiguity, and allow the residents of Judea and Samaria, many of whom live in settlements that were built by the Israeli government, to live without the persistent fear of challenges to their property ownership". The legal status of the West Bank is disputed; the Palestinians, the UN, human rights organizations and most of the international community consider it to be occupied Palestinian territory. In January 2016, Shaked sponsored a bill in the Knesset that would require non-governmental organizations ("NGOs") that receive a majority of their funding from "foreign government entities" to be so labeled. In an interview in The Washington Post she stated that the law would foster transparency by giving the public the right "to know which NGOs are receiving most of their support from foreign governments and therefore representing foreign government interests."In June 2016 the Israeli Knesset passed a comprehensive law against terrorism, forbidding any kind of terrorism and support of terrorism, and setting severe punishments for terrorists. The law also regulates legal efforts against terrorism and counter-terrorism measures. The law was sponsored and promoted by Justice Minister Shaked.In June 2019 Netanyahu dismissed Shaked from the government. Retirement from politics Shaked retired from political life after Yamina failed to win Knesset seats in the 2022 Israeli legislative election, and took a position heading Kardan Real Estate Group. Views and activism Jewish identity and Israeli democracy Referencing the Knesset's basic law that Israel will be a Jewish and democratic state, Shaked opposes the view that the two values are in any way incompatible, arguing that "alongside the view that there is a constant struggle and a clash of civilizations between 'Jewish' and 'democratic,' I believe we can propose another model."Shaked argues that the key of concepts of property rights, the rejection of the divine right of kings, the importance of the separation of powers, and civil liberty are a byproduct of the Jewish philosophical tradition. She states: "On what did Locke base the right to property if not the chapters on creation? After all, Locke's Second Treatise of Government is inspired by a close textual reading of The Book of Genesis." She concludes that it was "not primarily Roman law or the democratic tradition of the Athenian polis that shaped and forged the modern democratic tradition in Europe or the United States, but Jewish tradition—joined, of course, by other traditions." She proposes that "it is precisely when we wish to promote advanced processes of democratization in Israel that we must deepen its Jewish identity. These identities clearly do not contradict each other; on the contrary, I believe that they strengthen each other." Zionism In a controversial 2017 speech to the Israel Bar Association, Shaked stated that the Israeli judicial branch operates as if in a "dream", adopting a "utopian and universal worldview... Only a moral and political revolution of the magnitude of the revolution we saw in the 90s, but one reaffirming the accomplishments of Zionism and its unchanging positions may turn this problematic tide." She argued that the Basic Law proposal: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People, of which she is an advocate and architect, will lead to a "moral and political revolution in Israel... It's a call to rouse from this dream. It's an overall perception bringing back the principles of our founding fathers to the forefront of the law. It moves Zionism and the deepest and most basic components of our identity from the blind spot it currently occupies in the judicial realm to its rightful place: under the spotlight." Shaked states that "Individual rights are almost sacred to me, but not devoid of context, not when cut off from our Israeli uniqueness, our national missions, our history, and our Zionist challenges." Family unification of Arab-Israelis and Palestinians In 2022, Shaked suggested renewing citizenship legislation that had expired in July 2021 after the Knesset failed to renew it. She sponsored a bill proposing to prevent Palestinian family unification (residency for Palestinian citizens married to Israeli citizens). She cited security concerns and "demographic reasons", and added that it was meant to stop the "creeping right of return". The bill was blocked after Meretz filed an objection, sending the bill back to the cabinet for further appraisal. Israeli judiciary Shaked seeks to limit the power of the Israeli judiciary. She argues that the role of the judiciary needs to be delineated and restricted, saying: "Is it still correct to say of the judiciary in Israel what Alexander Hamilton said about the court that he knew, that it 'has no influence over either the sword or the purse'? Is it really true that the judiciary in Israel has 'no direction either of the strength or of the wealth of the society'? To my mind, this is very doubtful. In fact, it is inconceivable to me that a judicial body that bears no responsibility for filling the purse permits itself to empty it, but unfortunately, this is the situation in Israel today ... The new tracks that I seek to lay—carefully, while protecting the independence and dignity of the court—are meant to define more precisely the routes of each of the branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, and thus to enable regular traffic and prevent future collisions."She writes, referencing the arguments of Alexis de Tocqueville, that the long-term damage of normalizing judicial intervention has to be distinguished from the justness of any particular legal decision, stating: "[O]nly a person with real patience who knows that the advantage of democratic government lies not in its immunity from errors, but in the fact that its errors can be corrected in the long term ... only a person like this could understand the enormous benefits of long-term governance power and what de Tocqueville meant when he spoke of the healthy influence of the government's ability to govern effectively. Tocqueville's words must be borne in mind as we lay the new tracks regulating the relations between the Supreme Court and the other branches of government. The healthy influence of governance emerges in ways that are not obvious, and certainly not in a brief focused glance, which misses the aggregate damages caused when the court repeatedly strikes down the products of the government and the Knesset." Shaked concludes that the judicial system must "give enough power and leeway to elected officials while minimizing the harm to the individual and giving maximum consideration to the individual’s freedom to shape his life as he wishes".Sometimes nicknamed the "Iron Lady" because of her intransigence in repressing crimes committed by Palestinians, as well as for her nationalist positions, she supports the death penalty for individuals who have committed terrorist acts, including for Jews who killed Palestinians; however, she considers that the death penalty should only apply in the most extreme cases. Economic policy Shaked argues that the Israeli economy is insufficiently capitalistic. As part of a 20-page treatise she wrote in an academic law journal in 2016 on the structure of the Israeli legal system, she argues that the Israeli economy is suffering from massive over-regulation and that the fight to de-regulate the economy is a constant uphill battle. "The state’s ability to finance its services depends first and foremost on the value and profit created by entrepreneurs, by the great industrialists, by the various employers, and by the workers. Yet regulation, so beloved of lawmakers, is strangling them and placing the country’s growth in grave danger... [T]he cumulative wisdom of the masses will always be greater than that of the state’s experts, that the popular mechanisms will always be more flexible, faster, more responsive, and more adaptable than the mechanisms of the state. The law, therefore, must attempt to reflect these mechanisms and not try to create more successful alternatives... The railroad tracks of legislation to which we have become accustomed lead to an erosion of citizens’ liberty and a series of restrictions on the economy by increasing the Knesset’s ability to criminalize various acts. In labor law, between 2011 and 2013, in an 18-month period, 60 new criminal offenses were added which an employer could be accused of as a result of actions carried out during his business activities. And this is far from being all: in environmental protection, within 24 months, 65 new criminal offenses were added. Overall, the numbers are alarming... The areas of freedom in this world, which create the enormous wealth we enjoy, would be more and more reduced because of a government apparatus." Opposition to executive pay limits Shaked opposes the imposition of limits on executive pay. She argues that limiting executive pay means that "banks and pension funds... are having trouble finding talented managers interested in being company officers. Good senior managers are looking for new directions, and are seeking to join other sectors to which the law does not apply, I'm asking you to refrain from enacting legislation where it is not needed. Unnecessary legislation is harmful legislation. It harms the economy on a macro scale and the individual on a micro-scale." Support for Kurdish independence Shaked has repeatedly stressed her support for an independent Kurdistan. Shaked says as the Sykes-Picot Agreement breaks apart, "the greatest opportunity that stands before us could come from strengthening the connections with the Kurdish nation." Shaked says, “the Jewish and Kurdish nations share a history... of mutual respect, mutual interests,” including fighting Islamic State. Shaked has additionally cited the high number of women serving in Kurdish armed forces. Support for cannabis decriminalization Shaked supports and has legislated for the decriminalization of cannabis consumption in Israel. In 2017, as Minister of Justice, Shaked submitted legislation to decriminalize the recreational use of cannabis. On successfully passing the legislation, Shaked said "Whether one supports use of cannabis or is opposed, it is wrong to judge cannabis users per criminal law and its derivatives." Personal life Shaked is married to Ofir Shaked, a former fighter pilot in the Israeli Air Force. They have two children and live in Bavli, Tel Aviv. She is an admirer of Steve Jobs. She was influenced by Ayn Rand, in particular The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. She describes her personality as 'intellectual' and 'systematic'. Awards and recognition In 2012, Shaked won the Abramowitz Israeli Prize for Media Criticism. In 2012, Shaked was included in the Globes list of the 50 most influential women. In 2013, Shaked ranked 1st (with Shelly Yachimovich) as outstanding Knesset Member for the summer session by the Knesset Channel. In 2014, Shaked ranked 2nd as outstanding Knesset Member for the winter session by the Knesset Channel. In 2015 The Jerusalem Post ranked Shaked as the 33rd most prominent Jewish person in the world. In 2015 the magazine Forbes Israel ranked Shaked as the 5th most prominent woman in Israel. In 2015 Shaked was elected as "Woman of the Year" in Israel by Lady Globes magazine. In 2016, Shaked was ranked as the sixth most influential person in Israel, by Maariv. In 2017, Shaked was chosen as 'Woman of the year' and 'Israel's most influential woman', by Forbes Israel. In 2017, Shaked was chosen as 'Israel's most influential woman', by Globes. In 2018, Shaked was chosen as 'Israel's most influential woman' by Forbes Israel, for the second year in a row. Notes References External links Media related to Ayelet Shaked at Wikimedia Commons Works by or about Ayelet Shaked at Wikisource Ayelet Shaked on the Knesset website Ayelet Shaked on Facebook

Scary Movie 3

Scary Movie 3 is a 2003 American parody film directed by David Zucker. It is the sequel to Scary Movie 2 and is the third film in the Scary Movie film series. The film parodies the horror, sci-fi, and mystery genres. The film stars Anna Faris and Regina Hall reprising their roles as Cindy Campbell and Brenda Meeks, respectively. New cast members include Charlie Sheen, Simon Rex, Anthony Anderson, Kevin Hart, and Leslie Nielsen.

Scary Movie 3 is a 2003 American parody film directed by David Zucker. It is the sequel to Scary Movie 2 and is the third film in the Scary Movie film series. The film parodies the horror, sci-fi, and mystery genres. The film stars Anna Faris and Regina Hall reprising their roles as Cindy Campbell and Brenda Meeks, respectively. New cast members include Charlie Sheen, Simon Rex, Anthony Anderson, Kevin Hart, and Leslie Nielsen. It is the first film in the series to feature no involvement from the Wayans family. The characters of Ray Wilkins and Shorty Meeks, previously played by Shawn and Marlon Wayans respectively, do not appear, nor are they referenced. The film's plot significantly parodies the films The Ring, Signs, The Matrix Reloaded and 8 Mile. The film grossed $220.7 million worldwide, becoming the second highest-grossing film in the series. It is the last film in the series to be released by The Walt Disney Company's subsidiary Miramax Films, under the brand Dimension Films. It was named the 2004 Teen Choice Awards in the category of Choice Movie: Your Parents Didn't Want You to See. A sequel, Scary Movie 4, was released in 2006. Plot Two women discuss a cursed videotape that kills anyone who watches it in seven days. Having both watched it, an unseen entity kills them. Meanwhile, on a farm outside Washington, D.C., widowed pastor Tom Logan and his brother George discover Tom's daughter Sue screaming in the middle of a crop circle. Reporter Cindy Campbell discusses the crop circles on the news, but it is largely ignored. She cares for her nephew Cody, who has precognition powers. While picking him up from school, Cindy meets George who invites her and Brenda Meeks to a rap-battle. With support from his friends Mahalik and CJ, George bests Fat Joe, but is thrown out after unintentionally wearing a pointy white hood and waves to the largely African American crowd. Brenda tells Cindy about the cursed videotape she watched and asks her to keep her company. After playing several pranks on Cindy, the girl from the tape, Tabitha, kills Brenda. George receives a phone call about Brenda's death, and Tom meets with Sayaman, who apologizes for killing Tom's wife in a car accident. During Brenda's wake, George and Mahalik wreak havoc in an unsuccessful attempt to revive her. Cindy finds the tape in Brenda's room, watches it, and receives a phone call warning her of her death in seven days. She calls George, CJ and Mahalik for help. CJ says his Aunt Shaneequa can help. Shaneequa discovers the hidden image of a lighthouse, which can break the curse if Cindy finds it. When Cindy returns home, she finds Cody has watched the tape. Desperate to save Cody, Cindy types a warning into the news anchor's teleprompter but her boss interrupts her and the anchor recites the wrong message. Meanwhile, the Logans encounter an alien disguised as Michael Jackson, and U.S. president Baxter Harris personally visits the farm to investigate the crop circles. Cindy visits the lighthouse, where she encounters The Architect. The loquacious old man explains Tabitha was his evil adopted daughter whom his wife drowned in the farm's well, but not before she imprinted her evil onto the VHS tape. He mistakenly returned it to Blockbuster, unleashing the curse. When Cindy asks about how this relates to the aliens, the Architect speculates that Tabitha is summoning them to aid her in destroying humanity. Returning home, Cindy discovers Cody is missing, the news has been broadcasting the cursed tape for hours, and there have been various sightings of aliens around the world. She tracks Cody to the Logan farm, where he has taken refuge with George. Tom sends Cindy, Sue, and Cody into the basement for safety, as he, George and Mahalik go outside to fight the aliens with help from President Harris and the Secret Service. The aliens reveal they are friendly and have come to stop Tabitha after accidentally watching the tape on a broadcast they intercepted. In the basement, Cindy recognizes the farm's cellar from the tape and she finds the well where Tabitha drowned. Tabitha appears and takes Cody hostage. Cindy and George appeal to her, offering her a place in their family. Tabitha falsely claims her curse is broken but as she attacks, President Harris opens a door and unintentionally knocks her into the well. The aliens depart and Cindy and George get married. Leaving for their honeymoon, they realize they left Cody behind. After Cindy narrowly avoids hitting Cody at an intersection, another car strikes him. Cast Production On November 22, 2002, Dimension Films announced a third Scary Movie without the Wayans brothers returning. The movie was given the title Scary Movie 3: Episode I — Lord of the Brooms, and the movie was supposed to spoof the Star Wars, Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter franchises. Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer were the writers of the movie. David Zucker was going to shoot that script but eventually decided to not use it.Filming started on March 12, 2003 and wrapped on July 16, 2003. The movie was shot in British Columbia and in Washington, D.C. Music The score for the film was composed by James L. Venable. The original soundtrack was released on October 24, 2003, and features hip hop artists such as Buku Wise, Delinquent Habits, Dame Lee, Kebyar, and others. Frank Fitzpatrick served as music supervisor for the film and soundtrack. Jorge Corante produced and co-wrote the majority of original songs used for the feature. Release Home media Alternate scenes The DVD edition includes a director's audio commentary, several deleted scenes and alternate endings (with optional commentary). A "3.5" special DVD was also released, and contained several more deleted scenes than the original DVD, with an unrated version of the film. In the alternate ending, Cindy is told Cody does not exist by her psychiatrist (played by William Forsythe). After hitting a few people in the face with a shovel, Cindy asks everybody who is not real to stand over at a different spot. Cody goes over there but is followed by Santa Claus. The aliens then begin to invade but George stops them by transforming into The Hulk. President Harris tries to hulk out but ends up soiling his pants. Cindy enters the Logan House, where she is attacked by Tabitha. She is teleported away to Aunt Shaneequa, who teaches her how to defeat Tabitha. Cindy must then confront hundreds of Tabitha's. She wins the battle by performing moves from The Matrix and teleports back to the Logan House. The cast then gets into a car with the President, but are horrified to learn that the driver happens to be M. Night Shyamalan. One of the scenes that appeared on the Extended DVD named Scary Movie 3.5 was part of the unrated feature. After Pamela Anderson and Jenny McCarthy shut off the TV, the two compliment each other on their good looks. Anderson then asks if McCarthy wants her "shaved pussy", but this turns out to be a furless kitten. In an extended scene, the person who runs Cody down at the end is shown to be Michael Jackson. Reception Box office Scary Movie 3 opened at the number one spot in the US, grossing $48.1 million in its opening weekend and $57.5 million for that week. In its second week, it grossed $24.7 million. At the end of its box office run, Scary Movie 3 grossed $110 million in the US and $110.7 million internationally, making $220.7 million in total. Critical response Scary Movie 3 received a 35% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 129 critics, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Though an improvement over the second Scary Movie, the laughs are still inconsistent." On Metacritic, it has a score of 49 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. See also List of ghost films References External links Official website Scary Movie 3 at IMDb Scary Movie 3 at AllMovie Scary Movie 3 at Box Office Mojo

Strand Theatre (Manhattan)

The Strand Theatre was an early movie palace located at 1579 Broadway, at the northwest corner of 47th Street and Broadway in Times Square, New York City. Opened in 1914, the theater was later known as the Mark Strand Theatre, the Warner Theatre, and the Cinerama Theatre. It closed as the RKO Warner Twin Theatre, and was demolished in 1987.

The Strand Theatre was an early movie palace located at 1579 Broadway, at the northwest corner of 47th Street and Broadway in Times Square, New York City. Opened in 1914, the theater was later known as the Mark Strand Theatre, the Warner Theatre, and the Cinerama Theatre. It closed as the RKO Warner Twin Theatre, and was demolished in 1987. History The Strand Theatre was built in 1914 as part of the chain of movie theaters owned by the Mark Brothers, Mitchel and Moe. It cost US$1 million (equivalent to $29,215,947 in 2022) to build and is believed to have been the first lavish movie palace built only to show motion pictures. It was designed by Thomas W. Lamb and served as a model for many other similar theaters built at the time. The New York Times favorably reviewed the opening of the Strand, helping to establish its importance. To manage the theater, Mitchel Mark personally hired Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel. Rothafel developed his luxurious style of presenting films at the Strand which he later perfected at the Capitol and Roxy Theatres, becoming the best known motion picture showman in New York City. The theatre influenced The Strand in Hobart, Tasmania, which was initially intended to be a replica of its New York namesake.The theatre was under contract and mostly showed films distributed by Paramount Pictures.In 1928, the Mark Strand became the Warner Strand when Warner Bros acquired the theatre to showcase its films on Times Square. It was eventually renamed the Warner Theatre in 1951. After closing for renovation in 1952, the theater reopened as the Warner Cinerama Theatre in 1953 with the widescreen film This Is Cinerama (1952). The Warner was the primary New York home of Cinerama films during the remaining years of the 1950s and in 1963 installed an even larger screen to present such 70mm films as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963).In 1968, the theater was converted into three separate cinemas by RKO Stanley Warner Theatres. The 1,000 seat Warner Cinerama now occupied the original theater's main floor. The 1,200 seat Penthouse Theatre occupied the former balcony and the Cine Orleans was created in the stage house of the old Strand, entered from 47th St. The Cinerama and Penthouse were renamed again in the 1980s as the RKO Warner Twin. The entire building closed on February 8, 1987. It was demolished to make way for the Morgan Stanley Building, part of the redevelopment of Times Square.Memorable films that had their New York premieres at the Strand include Captain Blood (1935) starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland, "Oliver" (1968), "Huckleberry Finn", "1776" (1972), "Black Beauty", "Romeo and Juliet" (1968), and "Man of La Mancia" (1966). References Further reading Bloom, Ken (2004) "Strand Theater" Broadway: an Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge):504 Bush, W. Stephen "Opening of the Strand" (different from piece above in References) The Moving Picture World Vol. 20 No. 3 (1914-04-18):371 Forsher, James (2003) Chapter 6: "Roxy" The Community of Cinema (Westport, CT: Praeger):39f. Melnick, Ross; and Fuchs, Andreas (2004) Chapter 2: Birth of the Palaces, 1913-1919 Cinema Treasures (St.Paul, MN: MBI):25f. Melnick, Ross (2012) "Strand Theatre, New York, NY" American Showman (New York: Columbia University Press):94f Ramsaye, Terry (1926) Chapter 67: "Roxy" Comes to Broadway A Million and One Nights: A History of the Motion Picture (Simon & Schuster; book has no page numbers) Reynolds, Walter "Don't Give the People What They Want" The Green Book Magazine Vol. 12 (1914-08):225 "The Strand Theatre in New York" The Theatre Vol. 23 No. 184 (June 1916):369. Article on how Rothapfel runs the theater External links Strand Theatre at CinemaTreasures.org "Strand Theatre, New York City, New York - January 28, 1915" (theater program). The Silent Film Still Archive. Mitchel H. Mark Realty Corporation. January 28, 1915. Retrieved February 9, 2014. "Strand Theatre, New York City, New York - November 14, 1915" (theater program). The Silent Film Still Archive. Mitchel H. Mark Realty Corporation. November 15, 1915. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Museum of the City of New York photographs:Lobby Stage Stage Boxes Exterior sign Balcony View from stageNew York Public Library photograph: "Night view". NYPL Digital Gallery.

Headis

Headis is a mix of table tennis and the heading of association football. It is played at a regular table tennis table so it combines tactical elements of table tennis and the legwork of tennis. In mid-2016, the 11th Headis World Championship was held with players from 12 countries.

Headis is a mix of table tennis and the heading of association football. It is played at a regular table tennis table so it combines tactical elements of table tennis and the legwork of tennis. In mid-2016, the 11th Headis World Championship was held with players from 12 countries. History Headis (head + the ending of tennis) was invented in 2006 by the at that time sport student René Wegner. A football pitch in Kaiserslautern, Germany was occupied but the table tennis table was available so they started playing a rubber ball only with their heads. Initial spreading Headis started spreading throughout German students. The Universität des Saarlandes was the first institution with regular Headis training. More and more universities added the sport to their schedule.Besides universities there are also other possibilities to play Headis. The 1. FC Kaiserslautern and the SV Darmstadt 98 offer regular training. Beginning of the tournament series In 2008, the first Headis World Cup Tournaments were hosted.In 2010 and 2011 in Kaiserslautern, there was the adh-Trophy Headis (Allgemeiner Deutscher Hochschulsportverband), which is the German University Headis Championship.In 2016, there were eleven World Cup Tournaments with more than 1,000 competitors. Recent history Several TV appearances and viral videos online increased the popularity within the last years. Currently, 18 German universities offer regular Headis courses.By 2016, there were international tournaments, World and European Championships and an estimated number of players of 100,000. Starting at Universität des Saarlandes the sport spread all over Germany. The sport is popular in other countries than Germany as well. There are official partners in Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, China, Australia and Japan.Every year there are 10 to 12 tournaments that are the base for the Headis World Championship. Rules and gameplay Two players play at a regular table tennis table and the ball must only make contact with the head. The table, however, can be touched by any part of your body. Playing a volley is allowed as well. After every ball played, you have to touch the ground before heading the next ball. Sets are played to eleven (11) points, with the exception that players must win by two (2) points. Games are decided by best-of-three (3) sets. Equipment Table tennis table: Headis is played at a regular table tennis table. The measurements are the same. As the Headis ball is heavier than a table tennis ball, the net is made of metal so it is more stable. Headis ball: Headis is played with a special ball. It consists of rubber, weighs about 100 grams (3.5 oz), and has a circumference of 50 centimetres (20 in). Tournament Series Setup of the Tournament Series Every year there are 10 to 12 Headis World Cup Tournaments held. The results of these tournaments is the basis for the Headis World Ranking. Player names The players do not use their regular names at the tournaments. They instead choose joke names like "Headi Potter" or "Rolli der Schlächter". World ranking The Headis World Ranking is compiled by the results of the Headis World Cup Tournaments. The players receive World Ranking points according to their ranking at the tournaments. The bigger the tournament, the more points the players get. The last 15 tournaments build the ranking. As of May 2017, the two top players in the world are Cornelius "Headsinfarkt" Döll (1,624 points) and Margarita "Klausi" Marmol Fernandez (890 points). Most important tournaments World Championship The annual Headis World Championship is the most important tournament all year. It is the only tournament with unlimited players and it affects the World Ranking more than every other tournament. At the World Championship 2016 there were players from 12 nations. European Championship Since 2015, a European Championship (EC) is hosted. The EC is the only tournament where men and women play the same competition. In 2015, four countries competed: Germany, Czech Republic, Switzerland and Belgium. In 2016, the Dominican Republic joined the tournament as well. The EC does not affect the World Ranking. Headis Masters Since 2011, the annual Headis Masters is hosted. The 18 best men and the eight best women of the last calendar year qualify for it. The starting field is completed by two wildcards each. References External links Official website Official rules (in English)

BIP Brewery

Beogradska industrija piva (abbr. BIP; full legal name: Beogradska industrija piva, slada i bezalkoholnih pića a.d. Beograd) is a Serbian brewery which declared bankruptcy in September 2015. Its headquarters were in Belgrade, Serbia. The brewery was founded in 1839, although it has operated under the current name Beogradska industrija Piva (BIP) since January 1963.In addition to a range of beers, the brewery produced soft drinks, vinegar, and yeast.

Beogradska industrija piva (abbr. BIP; full legal name: Beogradska industrija piva, slada i bezalkoholnih pića a.d. Beograd) is a Serbian brewery which declared bankruptcy in September 2015. Its headquarters were in Belgrade, Serbia. The brewery was founded in 1839, although it has operated under the current name Beogradska industrija Piva (BIP) since January 1963.In addition to a range of beers, the brewery produced soft drinks, vinegar, and yeast. Predecessors Weinhappl-Bajloni brewery (1839) BIP's oldest predecessor was founded in 1839 by the Czech milling expert Johan Weinhappl from Sremska Mitrovica. It was a facility for cooking barley juice. At the time, the brewery was not in the BIP's modern location at the Mostar Interchange, but its exact location is unknown (Vračar, Skadarlija).After the brewery in Savamala was opened by the royal family, Weinhappl's lost market. Filip Đorđević previously purchased the equipment from Weinhappl's brewery, and founded a new brewery in 1850. He installed it in the ending section of the Cetinjska Street, which forms the atrium with Skadarlija. The manually operated brewery became known as Little Brewery, to distinguish it from the Big Brewery in Savamala. It was purchased by the Bajloni family in 1880, who introduced the steam machines.It produced "Aleksandar" beer, made from thermal waters that spring out in the brewery's backyard. When Bajloni began digging for the foundations of his brewery in 1892, he discovered the bones of the mammoths and skulls of the Neanderthal Krapina man. The well is located 80 to 300 metres (260 to 980 ft)) under the surface. Under the brewery is a complex of lagums (subterranean galleries or catacombes), which were used as a storage rooms for the beer barrels. Princely (Big) brewery (1840) Architect Hadži-Neimar designed in 1840 an elongated, large, ground floor house, built from hard materials at the corner of modern Balkanska, Gavrila Principa and Admirala Geprata streets. It was called Princely or Great Brewery, or, because it was owned by princess Ljubica Obrenović, Ljubica's Brewery. It also hosted kafana, and alarge yard. The building later hosted the Saint Andrew's Day Assembly in 1858-1859 and served as the temporary theatrical scene from 1857 to 1862 after the demolition of Đumrukana. It was later acquired by the Vajfert family, until the building was demolished in 1935. Vajfert brewery (1873) In the 1870s the area of Smutekovac in Senjak (modern Mostar) was purchased the land from the lawyer Pera Marković by Đorđe Vajfert, and parcelled. As he was a German subject, he couldn't own properties in Serbia. Instead he paid the entire sum to Marković who issued him a receipt. Vajfert then started to build the brewery in 1872, predecessor of the modern BIP Brewery at the same location. As soon as he was granted Serbian citizenship, Vajfert received a deed on the land. He finished the brewery and turned the surrounding estate into an exquisite garden, which hosted many banquets and parties. In 1892, city authorities organized a banquet with Nikola Tesla as the guest of honor. The brewery was opened in 1873, under the name of Đorđe Vajfert's First Serbian Steam Brewery. The entire brewery complex was completed in 1880. After it was finished, the entire structure changed the urban character of this part of Belgrade. The brewery itself was designed by foreign architects.Vajfert studied beer brewing at the College of Agriculture and Brewing near Munich, Bavaria. In 1892–1893, within the complex, Vajfert built a mansion which became known as Vajfert's Villa. The one-storey edifice was designed by engineer Jovan K. Ristić, in the Romantic style. It became known for its interior, richly decorated woodworks, including the central wooden staircase. Close to the villa is the vast network of lagums, or underground corridors. The so-called Vajfert storage cellars, 70 m (230 ft) long and 32 m (105 ft) wide subterranean rooms, were divided into 14 sections where beer was stocked in barrels and tanks. The villa became one of the most distinguished venues in Belgrade, hosting numerous balls and receptions. The surrounding neighborhood was occasionally referred to as Vajfertovac.Vajfert's beer won golden medals at 1889 Paris World Fair, and 1900 Paris World Fair, where Bajloni won silver.Becoming one of the greatest industrialists in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Vajfert owned the brewery until his death in 1937. It was then inherited by his nephew Fernand Gamberg. The factory was damaged in both World Wars. BIP brewery (1963) After the Communist takeover in 1945, it was nationalized and repaired as the 7th of July factory, while Bajloni became the Belgrade Brewery. They merged in 1950 under the name 7th of July. On 23 January 1963, it merged into the Belgrade Beer Industry (BIP), with Bezalko company. The brewery was modernized and expanded, while the only surviving part of the original complex was Vajfert's Villa.The brewery in Skadarlija was declared a cultural monument in 1967, and was operational until 1989. The spring water was bottled for drinking until the early 2000s. By 2008, the entire inner complex is abandoned and slated for demolition. However, as the project of massive reconstruction failed, the brewery became home for many coffeehouses and clubs.The malting section became operational in 1965 and was the only brewery in Serbia which produced malt. The brewery's golden age was in the 1970s. By the middle of the decade, the factory was brewing 1.5 million hectoliters per year, covering over one quarter of the market in all of Yugoslavia. It invested in the most modern equipment, including the Siemens control board which at that time only existed in NASA. After the collapse of the federal state in the early 1990s, the situation in the company worsened. It was especially hard-hit after a major fire in the factory in 1997. Privatization Failed attempts Public bidding for the sale of the company in 2004 failed. In another attempt, in July 2007, the factory was sold to the Swedish-Lithuanian consortium. The consortium consisted of United Nordic Beverages AB and Alita for €26.5 million, for 52% of the factory. In February 2010, the privatization was terminated due to non-fulfillment of investment obligations. The clauses included not investing the additional €5.1 million, not buying off the rest of the shares and not paying taxes. The consortium also administered the properties contrary to the contract: they sold the offshoot factories in the neighborhood of Krnjača and the town of Čačak and even pawned the company's brand for a credit of €1.1 million without consulting the administrative board. In October 2012, the Privatization Agency of Serbia announced that it had won the case against the former owners, meaning they would have to pay €17 million in the name of compensation.The malting section was repaired and became operational again. In 2014, the products of the factory were beer (80%), kvass (10%), soft drinks (5%) and vinegar (5%). Still, the brewery entered bankruptcy proceedings in September 2015, and officially went bankrupt in the early 2016. In April 2017, a Macedonian investor leased the brewery for the annual price of €900,000. Svetozar Janevski, owner of the company M6 EDEN SRB which leased the factory, and who also owns the Tikveš vinery and the Skopsko beer brewery (both in North Macedonia), announced that the old brewery would be operational for the next two to three years until the new brewery is built in another location. He announced negotiations with the government to reach an agreement on the new location. The new investor claimed that he was not interested in just taking the highly valuable land on an excellent location, but that he wanted to revitalize the beer production. However, in early 2019 the city announced a new urban regulatory plan for the area where the brewery is, envisioning the conversion of the land from "economic" to "commercial". On 1 July 2019, Janevski broke the lease, claiming the "concept" of BIP has no future. In 2017, the brewery had a total loss of 51.5 million dinars (€435,000). The Ministry of Economy stated that the brewery would not be shut down; instead, the state made a public offer for a new lease. The process failed as no one made an offer by 15 July 2019, but production continued under the bankruptcy manager.By this time part of the complex became dilapidated and was taken out of use, reducing the factory's capacity. The lagums had not been inspected in a long time while the terrain of the complex is prone to mass wasting. In 2009, a partial supporting wall was built to prevent the soil from moving while the unbuilt part of the complex became covered in overgrowth. In November 2019 the city published the detailed regulatory plan for the area, the work of urbanists Radmila Grubišić and Milica Andrejić. It anticipates the complete demolition of the entire complex and construction of the commercial neighborhood with hotels, business offices and malls. The only surviving part of the former complex will again be Vajfert's Villa, which was placed under preliminary protection. Minimal beer production in some of the new areas may be preserved for tourism purposes.One of the pre-war inheritors, the Veljković family, threatened to sue the state because the factory was not returned to them in the process of restitution. In February 2020, director of the Restitution Agency, Strahinja Sekulić, said that they decided not to return the factory as natural restitution, but instead to financially compensate the shareholders (including the Veljkovićs), as the brewery was a joint-stock company when nationalized.On 14 March 2020, an ammonia leakage was reported from the brewery. White ammonia smoke covered the area, and 18 people were hospitalized. Selling and future In July 2021, the brewery was offered for sale once more, for an estimated worth of 4.17 billion dinars, or €35.5 million. Offered assets include the factory complex at Mostar (26,700 square metres (287,000 sq ft)), a juice factory, the brewery in Čačak, commercial offices in Obrenovac, Kosovska Mitrovica and Alibunar, a retail store in Kragujevac, and an apartment in Budva, Montenegro. In August 2021 the company was sold to the only bidder, a consortium consisting of DL Holding from Hamburg, Germany, and the Serbian company Auto Čačak, for half of the originally offered price (2.09 billion dinars or €17.8 million). The new owners announced that the brewery complex at Mostar will be turned into the "most modern business park in Europe", while the rest of the company "will be further developed".The sale sparked further controversies. Members of the Veljković family continued to claim that the restitution process was not finished and that company was sold illegally. Bogdan Veljković described the entire sale process as "criminal, lawless, corruption", claiming the entire worth of BIP was €300 million. Small shareholders were also dissatisfied, especially with the low price, claiming the company's bankruptcy was forced. Investment expert Mahmut Bušatlija said that the sale was probably done for the sake of building the shopping mall on the brewery location. The company Auto Čačak also participated in many other deals with the state, selling or leasing thousands of passenger vehicles to state organs and companies, including the police (over 700 cars) and the city of Belgrade. == References ==

Segeda

Segeda is an ancient settlement, between today's Belmonte de Gracián and Mara in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. Originally it was a Celtiberian town, whose inhabitants, the Belli, gave it the name Sekeida or Sekeiza. According to the Periochae, in 153 BC, the Roman Senate changed the first day of the consular year to 1 January in order to allow consul Quintus Fulvius Nobilior to attack the city of Segeda during the Celtiberian Wars. The city was destroyed during the war but, soon after, a new settlement was built on a nearby site. Coinage shows it had the same name as the old settlement, but "Segeda II" (as archeologists have named it) was under Roman influence, obvious from the rectilinear layout of streets and other features.

Segeda is an ancient settlement, between today's Belmonte de Gracián and Mara in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. Originally it was a Celtiberian town, whose inhabitants, the Belli, gave it the name Sekeida or Sekeiza. According to the Periochae, in 153 BC, the Roman Senate changed the first day of the consular year to 1 January in order to allow consul Quintus Fulvius Nobilior to attack the city of Segeda during the Celtiberian Wars. The city was destroyed during the war but, soon after, a new settlement was built on a nearby site. Coinage shows it had the same name as the old settlement, but "Segeda II" (as archeologists have named it) was under Roman influence, obvious from the rectilinear layout of streets and other features. During the events of the Roman Civil War, "Segeda II" was ruined, and after 49 BC it was abandoned permanently. In 1998 excavations began in the area, bringing this ancient settlement into prominence. References Further reading Mozota, Francisco Burillo, et al. “El Santuario Astronómico de Segeda y La Iconografía Solar En Celtiberia”. In: Théonymie Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio - Keltische Theonymie, Kulte, Interpretatio. Edited by Andreas Hofeneder and Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, 1st ed., Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. pp. 157–74. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8mdn28.15. Accessed 18 Oct. 2022. External links Homepage of Segeda archaeology sites (in Spanish)

Victor A. Vyssotsky

Victor Alexander Vyssotsky (February 26, 1931 – December 24, 2012) was a mathematician and computer scientist. He was the technical head of the Multics project at Bell Labs and later executive director of Research in the Information Systems Division of AT&T Bell Labs. Multics, whilst not particularly commercially successful in itself, directly inspired Ken Thompson to develop Unix. Later, Vyssotsky was the founding director of Digital's Cambridge Research Lab. In 1960, Vyssotsky co-created the BLODI Block Diagram Compiler at Bell Labs.

Victor Alexander Vyssotsky (February 26, 1931 – December 24, 2012) was a mathematician and computer scientist. He was the technical head of the Multics project at Bell Labs and later executive director of Research in the Information Systems Division of AT&T Bell Labs. Multics, whilst not particularly commercially successful in itself, directly inspired Ken Thompson to develop Unix. Later, Vyssotsky was the founding director of Digital's Cambridge Research Lab. In 1960, Vyssotsky co-created the BLODI Block Diagram Compiler at Bell Labs. In 1961, together with Robert Morris Sr. and Doug McIlroy, he devised the computer game Darwin (later known as Core War) on an IBM 7090 at Bell Labs. References External links Core War at Virus Bulletin: Resources Victor A. Vyssotsky hosts a UNIX documentary UNIX: Making Computers Easier To Use -- AT&T Archives film from 1982, Bell Laboratories

Yunagaya Domain

Yunagaya Domain (湯長谷藩, Yunagaya-han) was a minor fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. based in southern Mutsu Province in what is now part of modern-day Iwaki, Fukushima. It was ruled for the entirety of its history by the Naitō clan. The domain was initially known as Yumoto Domain (湯本藩, Yumoto-han)

Yunagaya Domain (湯長谷藩, Yunagaya-han) was a minor fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. based in southern Mutsu Province in what is now part of modern-day Iwaki, Fukushima. It was ruled for the entirety of its history by the Naitō clan. The domain was initially known as Yumoto Domain (湯本藩, Yumoto-han) History In 1622, the 70,000 koku Iwakitaira Domain was assigned to Naitō Masanaga. In 1670, his son and 2nd daimyō Naitō Tadaoki transferred 10,000 koku of newly developed rice lands to his younger son, Tōyama Masasuke, creating a subsidiary domain based at Yumoto jin'ya. In 1676, Masasuke moved the location of his jin'ya from Yumoto to nearby Yunagaya and laid out the foundations of his castle town. In 1680, as a reward to helping suppress a rebellion by Naitō Tadakatsu, the daimyō of Toba Domain, he was awarded an additional 2000 koku estate in Tamba Province. He served as castellan of Osaka Castle in 1687, and was rewarded with another 3000 koku in Kawachi Province, bringing the kokudaka of the domain to 15,000 koku. Although the Naitō clan in Iwakidaira were transferred to Nobeoka Domain in distant Kyushu by the shogunate due to mismanagement in 1747, the Naitō of Yunagaya remained until the end of the Tokugawa shogunate despite a propensity of its rulers to die young and without heir. The 4th daimyō, Naitō Masaatsu, codified the domain’s laws, and the 10th daimyō, Naitō Masatami established a domain academy. In 1855, significant coal deposits were found within the domain. At the time of the Meiji restoration, the 13th daimyō, Naitō Masayasu was still an infant. The domain joined the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei during the Boshin War, but was captured by Imperial forces without a struggle. The domain was reduced by only 1000 koku, and Masayasu was forced to abdicate in favor of the 14th and last daimyō, Naitō Masanori in 1869. He remained as imperial governor until the abolition of the han system in July 1871. Holdings at the end of the Edo period As with most domains in the han system, Yunagaya Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Mutsu Province (Iwaki) 6 villages in Kikuta District 27 villages in Iwasaki District Tamba Province 2 villages in Hikami District 1 village in Ikaruga District List of daimyō Naitō clan, 1622-1871 (fudai) Tōyama Masasuke Tōyama Masasuke (遠山政亮, 1625-December 3, 1693) was the 1st daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the 3rd son of Naito Tadaoki, the 2nd daimyō of Iwakitaira Domain. In December 1670, when his father retired from public life, he separated out a 10,000 koku holding and authorized Masasuke to set up his own household as daimyō of Yumoto Domain (湯本藩, Yumoto han). In November 1676, he relocated his seat to Yunagaya, and the domain was renamed accordingly. Masasuke built Yunagaya Castle and the surrounding castle town. In 1680, an incident occurred at Zōjō-ji] in Edo, wherein Naitō Tadakatsu (daimyō of Toba Domain) attacked and killed Nagai Nonage (daimyō of Miyazu Domain). Naitō Tadakatsu was forced to commit seppuku, and Masasuke inherited 2000 koku of his holdings in Tamba Province. In 1687, Masasuke was selected to serve in the guards at Osaka Castle, and his revenues were increased by another 3000 koku. His courtesy title was Tonomo-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He died while in service at Osaka and his grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Masasuke was married to a daughter of Sanada Nobuyuki, but had no children. Tōyama Masanori Tōyama Masanori (遠山政徳, 1674-June 26, 1703) was the 2nd daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the 2nd son of Hori Naoyuki, the son of Hori Naokage, daimyō of Kariya Domain and was adopted by Tōyama Massuke to be his heir in 1690. He became daimyō in 1694. His courtesy title was Naizen-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. However, Masanori never married and died childless at the age of 30 in 1703. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masasada Naitō Masasada (内藤政貞, 1685-June 6, 1722) was the 3rd daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the 2nd son of Hijikata Katsuyoshi, a 200 koku hatamoto; however, his great-grandmother was the daughter of Naitō Masanaga and his wife was a daughter of Naitō Tadaoki. He was posthumously adopted as heir to Masanori in 1703, and died in 1722 at the age of 38. His courtesy title was Tonomo-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masaatsu Naitō Masaatsu (内藤政醇, 1711-October 14, 1741) was the 4th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the son of Naitō Masasada and became daimyō at the age of two on his father’s death in 1722. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ieshige in 1755. His wife was a daughter of Kuroda Naokuni, daimyō of Shimodate Domain. His courtesy title was Harima-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He died in 1741 in Yunagaya shortly after returning from sankin kōtai in Edo at the age of 31. His grave is at the temple of Ryūshō-ji in Iwaki, Fukushima. A highly fictionalized Naitō Masaatsu was the main character in the 2014 jidaigeki comedy film Samurai Hustle, where he was played by actor Kuranosuke Sasaki. Naitō Masanobu Naitō Masanobu (内藤政業, 1740-1769) was the 5th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the son of Naitō Masaatsu and became daimyō of his father’s death in 1741. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune. His courtesy title was Harima-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He turned the domain over to his adopted son, Naitō Sadayoshi in 1761 for unknown reasons and went into retirement. He died in 1769, and his grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura, although some records indicate that he may have lived to 1811. He never married. Naitō Sadayoshi Naitō Sadayoshi (内藤貞幹, 12 December 1746-17 July 1778) was the 6th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the sixth son of Tokugawa Munenao of Kii Domain and his wife was the daughter of Hijikata Katsumasa, daimyō of Komono Domain. He became daimyō in 1761 after his adopted father was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ieharu and unexpectedly went into retirement immediately thereafter. He had four sons and one daughter. He died in 1778 at the age of 33, and his grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masahiro Naitō Masahiro (内藤政広, 1770-23 October 1787) was the 7th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the second son of Naitō Sadayoshi. He became daimyō in 1778 on his father’s death. During his tenure, the domain suffered greatly from the Great Tenmei famine on 1782. He died in 1787 at the age of 18, and his grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masayuki Naitō Masayuki (内藤政偏, 23 September 1773 - 4 November 1787) was the 8th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the younger brother of Naitō Masahiro and the fourth son of Naitō Sadayoshi. He became daimyō in 1787 on the unexpected death of his brother. He was married to the daughter of Matsudaira Yorikata of Saijō Domain. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ienari in 1790. His courtesy title was Tonomo-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He died in 1799 at the age of 27 and without heir, and his grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masaakira Naitō Masaakira (内藤政環, 18 November 1785 - 3 October 1836) was the 9th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the 10th son of Mizuno Tadakane, daimyō of Karatsu Domain, and was posthumously adopted in 1799 to be heir of Naitō Masayuki. He married the daughter of Naitō Masatame, the eldest son of Naitō Sadayoshi, who had died young. His courtesy title was Harima-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. During his tenure, the domain suffered from floods in 1821 followed by drought in 1821. He retired in 1824 and died in 1836 at age 52. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masatami Naitō Masatami (内藤政民, 21 September 1806 - 23 October 1855) was the 10th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the 5th son of Sakai Tadaari, daimyō of Shōnai Domain, and was adopted in 1824 to be heir of Naitō Masaakira when the latter unexpectedly decided to retire. He married the daughter of Naitō Masaakira. he built a han school modelled after the Chidōkan in his native Dewa Province, at which he also acted as an instructor. His courtesy title was Inaba-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He died in 1855 at age 50. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masatsune Naitō Masatsune (内藤政恒, 29 December 1836 - 17 November 1859) was the 11th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the 3rd son of Matsudaira Mitsutsune, daimyō of Matsumoto Domain, and was adopted in 1855 to be heir of Naitō Masatami, who had only four daughters. His courtesy title was Harima-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. However, he died only 4 years later in 1859 at the age of 24. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masatoshi Naitō Masatoshi (内藤政敏, 25 August 1843 - 11 August 1863) was the 12th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the eldest son of Naitō Masashige, daimyō of Komoro Domain and was adopted in 1859 to be the posthumous heir to Naitō Masatsune. However, he died only 4 years later in 1863 at the age of 21. His courtesy title was Inaba-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masayasu Naitō Masayasu (内藤政養, 26 August 1857 - 6 March 1911) was the 13th daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He was the posthumous third son of Naitō Masatsune, the 11th daimyō of Yunagaya and was adopted by Naito Masatoshi as his heir. He became daimyō on Masatoshi’s death in 1863. His courtesy title was Inaba-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. In early 1868,the domain received orders from the new Meiji government to participate in the Battle of Aizu during the Boshin War; however, one month later, the domain joined the pro-Tokugawa Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei instead. Masayasu was only 12 years old at the time. Meiji government forces occupied Yunagaya one month later, and Masayasu fled to Sendai. He surrendered to the Meiji government that autumn and was ordered to Tokyo, where he was placed under house arrest. He was forced to retire in favor of his adopted son, Masanori, and the domain was punished by the government by a reduction in its kokudaka of 1000 koku. He died in 1911 at the age of 55. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. Naitō Masanori Naitō Masanori (内藤政憲, 3 March 1848 - 24 March 1919) was the 14th and final daimyō of Yunagaya Domain. He born the son of the kuge Oinomikado Ietaka. The Meiji government ordered him to succeed Naitō Masaysu, then under house arrest in Tokyo for the domain’s participation in the pro-Tokugawa Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei in 1869. Later that year, when the position of daimyō was abolished, he became imperial governor, and continued to rule Yunagaya even after the abolition of the han system in 1871. He retired in December 1881 and died in 1919 at age 72. His grave is at the Naitō Cemetery at Kōmyō-ji in Kamakura. See also List of Han References Sasaki Suguru (2004). Boshin Sensō 戊辰戦争. Tokyo: Chuokōron-shinsha. External links "Yunagaya" at Edo 300 (in Japanese)

Beinn Eighe

Beinn Eighe (Scottish Gaelic for 'file mountain') is a mountain massif in the Torridon area of Wester Ross in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. Lying south of Loch Maree, it forms a long ridge with many spurs and summits, two of which are classified as Munros: Ruadh-stac Mòr at 1,010 m (3,314 ft) and Spidean Coire nan Clach at 993 m (3,258 ft). Unlike most other hills in the area it has a cap of Cambrian basal quartzite which gives the peaks of Beinn Eighe a distinctive light colour. Its complex topography has made it popular with both hillwalkers and climbers and the national nature reserve on its northern side makes it an accessible mountain for all visitors.

Beinn Eighe (Scottish Gaelic for 'file mountain') is a mountain massif in the Torridon area of Wester Ross in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. Lying south of Loch Maree, it forms a long ridge with many spurs and summits, two of which are classified as Munros: Ruadh-stac Mòr at 1,010 m (3,314 ft) and Spidean Coire nan Clach at 993 m (3,258 ft). Unlike most other hills in the area it has a cap of Cambrian basal quartzite which gives the peaks of Beinn Eighe a distinctive light colour. Its complex topography has made it popular with both hillwalkers and climbers and the national nature reserve on its northern side makes it an accessible mountain for all visitors. Geography Located between Loch Maree and Glen Torridon on the west coast of Scotland, Beinn Eighe is a complex mountain. The main ridge runs on a line extending from close to the village of Kinlochewe in the north-east to the narrow glen of the Coire Dubh Mòr, which separates it from the neighbouring mountain of Liathach to the south-west. The slopes into Glen Torridon on the south side are steep with few features and are covered in white quartzite screes. On the north side are four large corries between which are spurs extending out from the main ridge. The southern and eastern sides of the mountain are flanked by the A896 and A832 roads, however the area to the northwest is largely unpopulated, comprising the mountainous landscape of the Torridon Hills and the Flowerdale Forest.The eastern half of Beinn Eighe is owned by NatureScot, who manage it as a national nature reserve, whilst the rest of the southern side is owned by the National Trust for Scotland: this area is also managed as part of the reserve. The remaining northwestern part of Beinn Eighe lies within the Grudie & Talladale Estate.Two of Beinn Eighe's summits are classified as Munros. The highest point Beinn Eighe, Ruadh-stac Mòr ('Big Red Stack' in Scottish Gaelic), lies on one of the spurs off the main ridge and stands at a height of 1,010 m (3,314 ft). Spidean Coire nan Clach ('Peak of the Corrie of Stones' in Scottish Gaelic), which was added to the list of Munros in 1997 to become the second Munro on Beinn Eighe, is the highest point on the main ridge itself. It stands at a height of 993 m (3,258 ft) and commands an extensive view over both Glen Torridon and the rest of the Beinn Eighe massif. Ruadh-stac Beag (896 m (2,940 ft)), which lies on a spur from the main ridge east of Ruadh-stac Mòr, has sufficient relative height to be classified as a Corbett.One of the most famous features of Beinn Eighe is the corrie of Coire Mhic Fhearchair, often simply known as the "Triple Buttress Corrie" after the three large rock features which dominate the view from the north. There are many rock climbs on the buttresses and hillwalkers can access the tops of the buttresses from the head of the corrie. Geology In common with much of the Northwest Highlands, the underlying rocks of the area are composed of Lewisian gneiss, a very ancient rock type. The younger Precambrian Torridonian Sandstone, which sits on top of the gneiss, forms the bulk of all of the Torridon Hills, including Beinn Eighe, and was formed around 800 million years ago from the sediment of rivers that flowed across the landscape of the gneiss. Beinn Eighe is however unusual amongst the Torridon Hills in that the summit ridge is composed of white-coloured Cambrian basal quartzite. This is a very hard but brittle rock, that was laid down around 540 million years ago as pure white sands during a period when the area was flooded by warm tropical seas. The quartzite gives Beinn Eighe its familiar light coloured summits, which form a notable contrast to the other peaks in the area, and can appear similar to a covering of snow on the mountain. Within the Cambrian rocks a distinct rock layer, known as the Fucoid Beds, has been identified. The fossils found in the Fucoid Beds are very different to those from rocks of a similar age found in England, a fact that was crucial in establishing that during the Cambrian period the two land masses were separated by ocean. These fossils, which include trilobites, and worm burrows, are some of the oldest fossils to be found in Scotland. The fossil of one creature identified in the rocks of Beinn Eighe, Olenellus armatus, has not been found at any other location.The area was heavily sculpted by glaciers during successive ice ages. Flora and fauna Many rare plants, including two variants of dwarf shrub heath and a western variant of moss heath, are to be found at Beinn Eighe. In total 680 different species of plants have been identified, including the greatest variety of oceanic mosses and liverworts of any single site in Britain. The summit plateau is the only location in Britain at which the liverwort Herbertus borealis (northern prongwort) has been found; whilst Beinn Eighe is also the most northerly known global location at which the moss species Daltonia splachnoides has been identified. Other rare plant species found include tufted saxifrage and brook saxifrage.In total 235 ha of the Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve are covered in ancient woodlands, which grows in areas between 12 and 300 metres above sea level, and the woodland at Coille na Glas Leitir on the northern side of the mountain is the largest fragment of ancient Caledonian pinewood remaining in north-west Scotland. The Scots pine in this area show genetically differences to those in eastern parts of Scotland, and are more similar to those growing in southern Europe. It is thought that this results from the fact that western Scotland became ice-free first at the end of the last ice-age, allowing pine to move north along the western fringe of Europe. Pines reached Eastern Scotland from more northerly areas during a later period, as the ice sheets retreated further. In March 2019 a "genetic reserve" was established at Beinn Eighe as part of the European Forest Genetic Resources Programme in order to coordinate investigation and protection of the unique DNA fingerprint of the area's pines.Bird species observed at Beinn Eighe include golden eagles, Scottish crossbills, bramblings, ring ouzels, golden plovers, skylarks, redwings and divers. The reserve is home to mammal species including red deer, mountain hare and pine martens, although the Scottish wildcat has not been observed for many years. Otters breed along the shores of Loch Maree, and have been sighted on burns and lochans up to 400 m above sea level. Ascents Beinn Eighe's complex topography offers both hillwalkers and climbers a wide variety of routes, climbs and traverses. For the hillwalker a popular route is the western traverse which includes both of the Munro summits and Coire Mhic Fhearchair. A full traverse of Beinn Eighe includes navigating a series of pinnacles known as the Black Carls, which provide good scrambling and are located at the eastern end of the main ridge. Approached from the east the Black Carls are a popular climb in their own right.The cartographer Timothy Pont visited the Loch Maree area when producing his series of maps of Scotland in the late sixteenth century, including a sketch of Coire Mhic Fhearchair on his maps, however there is little evidence of any recorded visits to the summits of Beinn Eighe prior to the nineteenth century. The earliest recorded ascent appears to have been during surveying of the boundary between the Gairloch and Torridon Estates, which surveyor George Campbell Smith was required to determine and delineate in 1851. Air crash The Triple Buttress Corrie was the scene of an aviation tragedy on the night of 13–14 March 1951. An Avro Lancaster crashed about 5 m below the crest of the summit ridge in a gully now known as Fuselage Gulley (or Far West Gulley) above Loch Coire Mhic Fhearchair. The aircraft, which was part of 120 Squadron, had taken off from RAF Kinloss around 6 pm for a maritime reconnaissance mission in the vicinity of Rockall and the Faroe Isles, and was due back at around 2:30 am. During the return journey the weather conditions were poor, with freezing temperatures and a strong north-easterly wind.Although experienced local mountaineers offered to assist, the RAF initially determined that the search would be handled by their own search teams. It was not until 16 March (two days after the crash) that the location of the crash was identified, from an Airspeed Oxford taking part in the search. The search had been directed to the Beinn Eighe area as a result of reports from local witnesses, who had seen a red flash over the mountain. The RAF rescue teams arrived at the foot of the mountain on 17 March but despite several attempts were unable to reach the crash site due to the mountainous terrain and adverse winter weather conditions. Finally, two Royal Marine commandos reached the crash site. It was not until nearly 6 months after the incident that the bodies of the crew were finally recovered. The length of time taken to complete the recovery operation was a key factor in the introduction of formal training courses for the RAF Mountain Rescue Teams; prior to this MRS teams were neither adequately trained nor equipped to undertake recovery operations in such extreme mountainous areas. It also led to the creation of an Air Ministry post of Inspector of Land Rescue (ILR). Similarly, the involvement of local gamekeepers and gillies in removing the bodies was instrumental in the formation of the Kinlochewe and Torridon Mountain Rescue Team.The eight crew members who died in the incident were: Fl/Lt Harry Smith Reid DFC (29), Pilot, RAF. Sgt Ralph Clucas (23), Co-Pilot, RAF. Flt Lt Robert Strong (27), Navigator, RAF. Fl/Lt Peter Tennison (26), Air Signals, RAF. Sgt James Naismith (28), Air Signals, RAF. Sgt Wilfred D Beck (19), Air Signals, RAF. Sgt James W Bell (25), Air Signals, RAF. Sgt George Farquhar (29), Flight Engineer, RAF. Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve The Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve covers 4758 hectares, including open moorland, woodland and bogs. It was established in 1951 by Dr John Berry in his role as Director of Nature Conservancy in Scotland, and was the first such area in Great Britain. In 2014 the Beinn Eighe NNR was merged with the neighbouring Loch Maree Islands NNR, which covers over 60 islands in Loch Maree to be managed as a single Beinn Eighe and Loch Maree Islands NNR, although the two reserves are still formally designated separately. Most of the Beinn Eighe reserve is owned by NatureScot, although an area of 577 ha on the western side belongs to the National Trust for Scotland. NatureScot provides a visitor centre at Aultroy, just over a kilometre northwest of Kinlochewe. From the visitor centre there are several marked trails through woodland on the lower slopes of Beinn Eighe, as well as picnic areas and viewpoints. Further to west, NatureScot have constructed two further routes: the 1.5 km-long Woodland Trail passes through the pinewood of the Coille na Glas Leitir, whilst the 6.5 km-long Mountain Trail climbs to the 'Conservation Cairn' at c. 550 m (1,804 ft) which offers extensive views of the surrounding landscape including Loch Maree and the nearby mountain Slioch. NatureScot also provides a field station with full laboratory facilities for up to fourteen people which is used by scientists and researchers to co-ordinate field data recording and as a base for undergraduate fieldwork. A tree nursery lies alongside the field station; trees are raised from local stock for planting on the reserve in order to expand the amount of woodland.The Beinn Eighe and Loch Maree Islands NNR forms part of the UNESCO Wester Ross Biosphere reserve, and also lies within the Wester Ross national scenic area. The NNR is classified as a Category II protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The reserve is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), and forms part of the Loch Maree Complex Special Area of Conservation (SAC), a European site of international significance, with the Caledonian pinewood, the rich mosaic of upland habitats and the otter population all forming part of the qualifying interests of the SAC designation. The Loch Maree Islands portion of the reserve also forms part of the Loch Maree Special Protection Area (SPA), which hosts the single most important breeding population of black-throated diver in Britain. References Citations Bibliography "The Story of Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2018. Ian Mitchell (2004). Scotland's Mountains Before the Mountaineers. Luath Press. ISBN 0946487391. External links Beinn Eighe & Loch Maree Islands National Nature Reserve

Edward Ayscough (died 1699)

Sir Edward Ayscough (1650 – 3 October 1699) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1685 and 1699.

Sir Edward Ayscough (1650 – 3 October 1699) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1685 and 1699. Early life Ayscough was baptised on 19 November 1650. Ayscough was the son of Sir Edward Ayscough of South Kelsey and his wife Isabel Bolles. His paternal grandfather was Sir Edward Ayscough and his maternal grandfather was Sir John Bolles, 1st Baronet of Scampton (son of Sir George Bolles, Lord Mayor of London and High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1627).He was educated at Melton, Lincolnshire and admitted at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1667. Career In 1668, he succeeded to the family estates on the death of his father. He studied further in Padua in 1671 and entered Gray's Inn in the same year. He was knighted on 17 January 1672. He was twice appointed Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1683 and 1684.In 1685, he was elected Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby. He was high steward of Great Grimsby from 1686 to October 1688 and commissioner for prizes from 1689 to June 1699. In 1690, he was commissioner for drowned lands. Personal life Ayscough married firstly Bridget Skinner, daughter of Edward Skinner of Thornton College, Lincolnshire. Before her death in August 1684, they were the parents of a son and two daughters, including: Bridget Ayscough (1672–1741), who married John Hanbury of Pontypool, MP for Gloucester and Monmouthshire, in 1703. Anne Ayscough (1674–1696), who married John Digby of Mansfield Woodhouse in 1696 and died later that same year. Edward Ayscough (1679–1681), who died in infancy.After his first wife's death, he married, secondly, on 1 August 1685 to Mary Harbord at Grasby. Mary was a daughter and heiress of William Harbord (son of Sir Charles Harbord, surveyor general to Charles I). Together, they were the parents of one son and seven daughters, including: Letitia Ayscough, who married St Andrew Thornhough of Osberton and Fenton. Isabella Ayscough (1691–1748), who married Matthew Boucherett, the High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1706. They were the grandparents of Ayscoghe Boucherett. Margaret Ayscough (1692–1710), who married William Frankland, FRS Treasurer of the Stamp Office, son of Sir Thomas Frankland, 2nd Baronet. Charles Ayscough (d. 1707).Sir Edward died on 3 October 1699, at the age of about 49, at Grasby, Lincolnshire, and was buried at Stallingborough. His only surviving son Charles died soon after him, and the estates were shared by his daughters, to whom he had made bequests amounting to over £10,000. == References ==

AHDB Potatoes

AHDB Potatoes, previously known as the Potato Council, is a trade organisation that aims to develop and promote the potato industry in Great Britain. Previously an independent non-departmental public body, it has been a division of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board since 1 April 2008.

AHDB Potatoes, previously known as the Potato Council, is a trade organisation that aims to develop and promote the potato industry in Great Britain. Previously an independent non-departmental public body, it has been a division of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board since 1 April 2008. History Set up to replace the Potato Marketing Board, the Potato Council was originally known as the Potato Industry Development Council, and then the British Potato Council until April 2008. Potato Marketing Board The organisation was originally established in 1934 as the Potato Marketing Board by the Potato Marketing Scheme (Approval) Order (Great Britain) 1933, under powers given to potato producers under the Agricultural Marketing Acts of 1931 and 1933. The Scheme was mainly set up as a preventative measure against the unstable market conditions that previously existed in the 1920s and 1930s. With this in mind, the Board was to register producers, prohibit sales by unregistered producers, regulate marketing of the industry, encourage co-operation between sellers and producers and in promoting education and research in the field.Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, the Ministry of Food took control over all agricultural production, including potatoes. With the passing of the Potato Marketing Scheme 1933 (Modification and Suspension) Order 1939, all Board's activities were suspended.In 1955, the Potato Marketing Scheme (Approval) Order 1955 repealed the previous order and created a new, but very similar entity. Amendments to the scheme commenced in 1962, 1971, 1976, 1985, 1987 and 1990. The Board was largely producer-elected, however had a few ministerial appointees. Many of its powers were delegated to committees such as the Executive Committee and the Retailers' Committee. In 1958, The Board bought former RAF base, RAF Sutton Bridge in Lincolnshire, and set up an Agricultural experiment station, now known as Sutton Bridge Crop Storage Research, the biggest centre of its kind in the UK. British Potato Council In 1997, under the Potato Industry Development Council Order 1997, the name was changed to the British Potato Council. It levied farmers under powers originally delegated from the Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 but now through powers granted to its parent organisation. It was also funded through the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department (SEERAD) and the National Assembly for Wales Agriculture Department (NAWAD). In 2005 a report by Daniel Lewis from the Efficiency in Government Unit (jointly sponsored by the Centre for Policy Studies and the Economic Research Council), called The Essential Guide to British Quangos, looked into the role of Quangos in British politics and potential efficiency savings that could be made. The report named the British Potato Council as one of the nine "most useless quangos". In 2008, it was merged with other similar levy-funded organisations to form the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, where it operates as a specialist division focused on the potato industry. Even though it received its £6m funding in 2007 solely from British farmers, it was forced to drop the word "British" from its name due to EU rules. This was to avoid the impression that it receives state subsidies. Description AHDB Potatoes works to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of potato growers, while also promoting the alleged health benefits of potatoes. The Council invests in teaching children about healthy eating and showing how potatoes are grown. Many of the industry's farmers spend time working with children in schools and on their farms, showing how they plant, grow and harvest their crops. Its publication is the Potato Weekly, which mainly lists current prices of potatoes per tonne. It visits agricultural shows and extols the virtues and health benefits of potatoes, with a resident cook on hand. Its main functions are: To promote potatoes to customers at home and abroad To encourage and commission research into improving the efficiency of potato production and their sale To offer advice to other parts of government and other farming organisations To provide statistical information on the UK potato industryAHDB Potatoes raises all of its money from a compulsory levy paid to AHDB by potato growers and seed merchants and receives no funding from the government. The grower levy is £42.62 per hectare and the purchaser levy is £0.1858 per tonne. Its main base is at Stoneleigh Park in Warwickshire, and there is a Scottish office in Newbridge in Midlothian and an experimental station (SBEU) in Sutton Bridge in Lincolnshire. Agricultural experimental station The agricultural experiment station is located alongside the River Nene between the Sutton Bridge Power Station and the A17 road. It occupies the former RAF Sutton Bridge airfield site that was acquired in 1958 by the Ministry of Agriculture. For many decades it has been at the forefront of research into potatoes in the UK. See also Warwick HRI Rothamsted Research References External links Official website

Ktuts monastery

Ktuts monastery (Armenian: Կտուց, meaning beak in Armenian) is an abandoned 15th century Armenian monastery on the small island of Ktuts (Çarpanak) in Lake Van, Vaspurakan (present-day Turkey). According to tradition, the monastery was founded in the 4th century by Saint Gregory the Illuminator, after his return from Rome. It contained a hand of John the Baptist, which was kept in a reliquary now held at the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The first historical records referring to the monastery date to the 15th century, when it was known for its scriptorium. Manuscripts from this time are kept at the Matenadaran in Yerevan, Armenia.

Ktuts monastery (Armenian: Կտուց, meaning beak in Armenian) is an abandoned 15th century Armenian monastery on the small island of Ktuts (Çarpanak) in Lake Van, Vaspurakan (present-day Turkey). According to tradition, the monastery was founded in the 4th century by Saint Gregory the Illuminator, after his return from Rome. It contained a hand of John the Baptist, which was kept in a reliquary now held at the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The first historical records referring to the monastery date to the 15th century, when it was known for its scriptorium. Manuscripts from this time are kept at the Matenadaran in Yerevan, Armenia. The monastery was most likely destroyed in an earthquake in 1648, before being rebuilt in the 18th century with funding from the people of Bagesh. It became one of the two seats of the diocese Lim and Ktuts. At the time of the Hamidian massacres of 1894–1896, many refugees took shelter at the monastery. However this was not repeated during the Armenian genocide in 1915–1916, as access to the island was prevented by the Ottoman police. Since that time the monastery has been abandoned and only the church and its gavit remain. Gallery See also Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Cross References External links Ktuts' Anapat Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (pictures and information at Rensselaer Digital Collections) A recent photo of the island-monastery Armenian Monastery on Ktuts (Charpanak) Island, Lake Van: photo1, photo2, photo3, photo4, photo5, photo6, photo7,photo8, photo9, photo10, photo11

Andrée Rosenfeld

Andrée Jeanne Rosenfeld FAHA (1934–2008) was an archaeologist specialising in rock art.

Andrée Jeanne Rosenfeld FAHA (1934–2008) was an archaeologist specialising in rock art. Early life and education Rosenfeld was born in 1934 in Liège, Belgium, the daughter of the physicists Yvonne and Léon Rosenfelds. After the Second World War the family moved to Manchester. She studied for a BSc in physics at Bristol University in 1956, where she took up caving. Rosenfeld studied for a Master of Science and then obtained a PhD in 1960 from the Institute of Archaeology, with a thesis on the sedimentology of caves from sites in Devon supervised by Frederick Zeuner. During her postgraduate research she excavated the palaeolithic cave sites in Devon, Torbryan and Three Holes Cave. Career After completing her PhD research she worked at the Institute of Archaeology as Zeuner's research assistant. Her first book, The Inorganic Raw Materials of Antiquity, built upon the technical skills learnt in this period. Rosenfeld was appointed as a curator of Palaeolithic collections at the British Museum in 1964, where she was based until 1972, and guest-lectured at the Department of Anthropology, UCL. During the 1960s she worked at Arcy-sur-Curé alongside Leroi-Gourhan. She was considered as a European expert in archaeological science and provided advice on microscopic study of use-wear. She undertook research on the Magdalenian artefacts within the British Museum's collections.In 1972 she moved to Australia, with her partner Peter Ucko, where she taught at the recently established Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University (ANU) from 1973. During her time at ANU, Rosenfeld commenced several crucial projects for the development of Australian archaeology, where she applied her previous scientific training and research experiences. Her excavations at the Early Man Site in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland provided the first evidence that rock art in Australia was Pleistocene in date, and made the methodological development of linking excavated evidence with rock art, described as a "milestone in the establishment of rock art research in Australia". Her 1985 book, commissioned by the Australian Heritage Commission, was the founding study of rock art conservation in Australia. Rosenfeld's scholarship focused on both methodological and theoretical interpretations of rock art, and research in the late 1990s focused on the social context of rock art.Her teaching career at ANU included establishing courses in the archaeology of art and material culture, and she is noted for incorporating ethnography into the study of art. During her career she held visiting fellowships at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles in 1988, and Oxford University in 1989. She retired from her position as Reader at ANU in 1997, and moved to Rathdowney in Queensland where she enjoyed an active retirement. She died from pancreatic cancer in 2008. Legacy Her major contribution in archaeology was in the field of rock art research, and the application of scientific techniques to the study of art. Rosenfeld was described as a "rigorous and generous scholar, and a lovely, gentle person" and "an enthusiastic and accomplished teacher". She taught a number of students who became leading archaeologists, such as Jo McDonald, Paul Tacon, Howard Morphy, Robert Layton, and Claire Smith. Through her supervision of postgraduate students, a flourishing of rock art research took place in Australia in the late 1980s and 1990s. Honours and awards The Andrée Rosenfeld Chair of Rock Art was established at ANU in recognition of her service to the university. A portrait of Andrée by Robin Wallace-Crabbe and Diane Fogwell is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery. Rosenfeld was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. References External links Complete publication list

Prince Hozumi

Prince Hozumi (穂積親王, Hozumi Shinnō, d. 30 August 715) was a Japanese prince, the fifth son of Emperor Tenmu, who lived from the Asuka to Nara periods. He was the first child of the emperor and Soga no Ōnu-no-iratsume, who later had two daughters together as well. After the death of his half-sister Princess Tajima in 708, with whom he had had a tryst, he married the poet Ōtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume. Four of his poems (plus many by his wife and Tajima) are included in the Man'yōshū, including a lament written after the death of the Princess. He had two sons.Much of his early life is unknown.

Prince Hozumi (穂積親王, Hozumi Shinnō, d. 30 August 715) was a Japanese prince, the fifth son of Emperor Tenmu, who lived from the Asuka to Nara periods. He was the first child of the emperor and Soga no Ōnu-no-iratsume, who later had two daughters together as well. After the death of his half-sister Princess Tajima in 708, with whom he had had a tryst, he married the poet Ōtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume. Four of his poems (plus many by his wife and Tajima) are included in the Man'yōshū, including a lament written after the death of the Princess. He had two sons.Much of his early life is unknown. In 703 he was responsible for organising the funeral of Empress Jitō. He became Prime Minister in 705, taking over after the death of his half-brother Prince Osakabe. It has been speculated based on the Man'yōshū that he was banished to a mountain temple, Sūfukuji (崇福寺), in Ōmi, where he became a monk after the discovery of his affair with Princess Tajima, who was married to his older half-brother Prince Takechi. Family Parents Father: Emperor Tenmu (天武天皇, c. 631 – 1 October 686 Mother: Soga no Ōnu-no-iratsume (蘇我大蕤娘), Soga no Akae’s daughterConsort and issues: Consort (Hi): Ōtomo no Sakanoue no Iratsume (大伴坂上郎女), daughter of Ōtomo no Yasumaro (大伴 安麻呂) First Son: Prince Kamido (上道王, d. 28 April 727) Second Son: Prince Sakaibe (境部王) == References ==

Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine

Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine is a 1965 Pathécolor comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and distributed by American International Pictures. Starring Vincent Price, Frankie Avalon, Dwayne Hickman, Susan Hart and Jack Mullaney, and featuring Fred Clark, the film is a parody of the then-popular spy trend (the title is a spoof of two James Bond films: the 1962 film Dr. No and the 1964 hit Goldfinger), made using actors from AIP's beach party and Edgar Allan Poe films. The film was retitled Dr G. and the Bikini Machine in England due to a threatened lawsuit from Eon, holder of the rights to the James Bond series. Despite its low production values, the film has achieved a certain cult status for the appearance of horror legend Price and AIP's beach party film alumni, its in-jokes and over-the-top sexuality, the claymation title sequence designed by Art Clokey, and a title song performed by The Supremes. Its success led to a sequel, produced in 1966, entitled Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs.

Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine is a 1965 Pathécolor comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and distributed by American International Pictures. Starring Vincent Price, Frankie Avalon, Dwayne Hickman, Susan Hart and Jack Mullaney, and featuring Fred Clark, the film is a parody of the then-popular spy trend (the title is a spoof of two James Bond films: the 1962 film Dr. No and the 1964 hit Goldfinger), made using actors from AIP's beach party and Edgar Allan Poe films. The film was retitled Dr G. and the Bikini Machine in England due to a threatened lawsuit from Eon, holder of the rights to the James Bond series. Despite its low production values, the film has achieved a certain cult status for the appearance of horror legend Price and AIP's beach party film alumni, its in-jokes and over-the-top sexuality, the claymation title sequence designed by Art Clokey, and a title song performed by The Supremes. Its success led to a sequel, produced in 1966, entitled Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs. Plot Price plays the titular mad scientist who, with the questionable assistance of his resurrected flunky Igor, builds a gang of female robots who are then dispatched to seduce and rob wealthy men. Avalon and Hickman play the bumbling heroes who attempt to thwart Goldfoot's scheme. The film's climax is an extended chase through the streets of San Francisco. Cast Vincent Price as Dr. Goldfoot Frankie Avalon as Craig Gamble Dwayne Hickman as Todd Armstrong Susan Hart as Diane Jack Mullaney as Igor Fred Clark as D. J. Pevney Alberta Nelson as Reject No. 12 Milton Frome as Motorcycle cop Hal Riddle as Newsvendor Joe Ploski as CookRobots Patti Chandler Mary Hughes Salli Sachse Luree Holmes Sue Hamilton Laura Nicholson Marianne Gaba China Lee Issa ArnalDeanna Lund Pamela Rodgers Leslie Summers Sally Frei Kay Michaels Jan Watson Arlene CharlesCameos Harvey Lembeck Deborah Walley Aron Kincaid Annette FunicelloCast notes Frankie Avalon and Dwayne Hickman play the same characters they did in the previous year's Ski Party, except that the characters' names were swapped. Annette Funicello makes a brief cameo appearance as a girl locked in medieval stocks in Dr. Goldfoot's lair. Frankie Avalon lifts her head, then looks at the camera and says, "It can't be!" Pregnant with her first child at the time, Funicello was placed in the stocks in order to hide her stomach. Harvey Lembeck also makes a cameo appearance as his Eric Von Zipper character, enchained along with his motorcycle in Goldfoot's lair. Lembeck also appeared as Goldfoot's assistant, Hugo, in the TV special The Wild Weird World of Dr. Goldfoot. Among the girls who play Goldfoot's robots are Deanna Lund, three years before joining the cast of Irwin Allen's science fiction series Land of the Giants; China Lee, a former Playboy Playmate married to Mort Sahl; Luree Holmes and Laura Nicholson, the daughters of James H. Nicholson; and Alberta Nelson, who was also in all seven of AIP's Beach Party films as a member of Eric Von Zipper's motorcycle gang, The Rat Pack. Production Development The original idea for this motion picture came from James H. Nicholson, the President of American International Pictures, who wanted to showcase the versatile talents of AIP contract player Susan Hart. Nicholson provided the story, and is credited as "James Hartford". He hired Robert Kaufman to write the first draft. Director Norman Taurog hired Elwood Ullman to do a rewrite, and Taurog remained intimately involved with the content. Deke Heyward later claimed, without substantiation, that he completely rewrote Robert Kaufman's script.The original title was announced as Dr Goldfoot and the Sex Machine, and the film was to be directed by William Asher. Taurog shortly thereafter assumed the helm as director, and Dwayne Hickman joined the cast. Filming began in late summer 1965, with one of AIP's largest-ever budgets. It was the first AIP movie to cost over a million dollars.Vincent Price stated in a 1987 interview with David Del Valle that the original script was a camp musical, comparing it to Little Shop of Horrors. Price stated, "It could have been fun, but they cut all the music out", though it is not clear whether the footage was actually shot or the idea was abandoned during production. According to Susan Hart: One of the best scenes I've seen on film was Vincent Price singing about the bikini machine – it was excellent. And I was told it was taken out because Sam Arkoff thought that Vincent Price looked too fey. But his character was fey! By taking that particular scene out, I believe they took the explanation and the meat out of that picture... It was a really unique explanatory scene and Vincent Price was beautiful in it, right on the money. According to Norman Taurog's biographer: The original plan had been to follow the AIP formula and have songs integrated throughout the film, but Norman brought in Elwood Ullman to do a rewrite ... and the final script read like a good-natured spoof on the James Bond films with no songs. This apparently disappointed Vincent Price, who had been looking forward to singing. Shooting The film is notable for its scenic photography of San Francisco. The streetcar scene was filmed at the West Portal tunnel. Filming went for over 30 days, taking place on location in San Francisco and on the backlots at the Producers Studio and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. The day after the company returned from San Francisco, rioting broke out in Watts in South Los Angeles. On August 30, the unit moved to MGM Studios Lot 2 to shoot on their "New York Street" set for a couple of days before returning to the Producers Studio.The climactic chase sequence was filmed in the Bay Area. The stuntmen included Carey Loftin, Paul Stader, Troy Melton, Jerry Summers, Ronnie Ron-dell, Bob Harris, Louis Elias, David Sharpe, Harvey Parry, and Bill Hickman.When designing Goldfoot's lair, Daniel Haller re-used some of his designs from 1961's The Pit and the Pendulum. Stock footage of battleships from another AIP release, Godzilla vs. The Thing appears during the climax. Susan Hart's hair was done by Jon Peters. Accident During filming in Los Angeles, the city was gripped by a heatwave. Sometimes temperatures on one of the sound stages reached over 100 °F (38 °C) by mid-afternoon. On the afternoon of August 15, 1965, the company was returning from lunch when one of the electricians, Roy Hicks, passed out from the heat and fell to his death from a catwalk. Theme song The theme song was recorded by The Supremes as a single-sided unreleased promotional single. Reception The film had its premiere at the Golden Gate Theatre in San Francisco, where Nicholson had been a manager. The key cast members embarked on a 30-day tour of 18 cities in 13 countries to promote the film. Box office According to Norman Taurog's biographer, the film "was a moderate success in the United States, but did quite well in Europe, particularly in Italy". Critical response The Los Angeles Times said the film "has enough fresh, amusing gags to make it entertaining... Price is splendid". Sequel AIP Television produced a musical TV special episode promoting Doctor Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine that appeared for one night in temporary place of the ABC scheduled show Shindig! This show, called The Wild Weird World of Dr. Goldfoot, starred Vincent Price, Tommy Kirk and Susan Hart, and featured many songs that may have been cut from the cinema release. Louis M. Heyward and Stanley Ross wrote the 30-minute short comedy musical TV special which aired November 18, 1965 on the ABC network. In July 1965, a sequel was announced to be made the following year called Dr. Goldfoot for President, to begin filming on May 14, 1966, for a September 14 release. Vincent Price returned for the 1966 sequel, Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs, directed by Mario Bava. See also List of American films of 1965 References Notes External links Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine at IMDb Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine at the TCM Movie Database Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine at AllMovie Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine at the American Film Institute Catalog The Wild Weird World of Dr. Goldfoot at IMDb Dr Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine at Brian's Drive-in Theatre

Santa Maria della Neve, Bologna

Santa Maria della Neve is a now-deconsecrated, former Roman-Catholic church, located in Vicolo della Neve #5 in Bologna, region of Emilia Romagna, Italy.

Santa Maria della Neve is a now-deconsecrated, former Roman-Catholic church, located in Vicolo della Neve #5 in Bologna, region of Emilia Romagna, Italy. History A church at the site was first erected in 1479 to house a Marian image painted on the outer walls of the city at that time. Initially, the church was called Madonna dell'Orto. The present structure was built in 1661 and renamed by the Roman Confraternity of the Gonfalone. The confraternity was involved in the ransoming of Christians in Saracen hands. Between 1632 and 1785, twenty Bolognese were liberated by this group. Their names and the chains putatively used during their imprisonment were moved to the church of San Girolamo della Certosa. In 1796–1808, the Napoleonic forces expropriated the property. Most of the movable artworks were moved to Casa del Clero in the monastery of Sant'Agostino. The upper story still contains an oratory with stuccos. and an altar was decorated by Paolo Reggiani with mural decorations by the Antonio Rolli and his brother Giuseppe, and Giovanni Battista Caccioli. == References ==

Whitehead Prize

The Whitehead Prize is awarded yearly by the London Mathematical Society to multiple mathematicians working in the United Kingdom who are at an early stage of their career. The prize is named in memory of homotopy theory pioneer J. H. C. Whitehead. More specifically, people being considered for the award must be resident in the United Kingdom on 1 January of the award year or must have been educated in the United Kingdom. Also, the candidates must have less than 15 years of work at the postdoctorate level and must not have received any other prizes from the Society. Since the inception of the prize, no more than two could be awarded per year, but in 1999 this was increased to four "to allow for the award of prizes across the whole of mathematics, including applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and mathematical aspects of computer science".

The Whitehead Prize is awarded yearly by the London Mathematical Society to multiple mathematicians working in the United Kingdom who are at an early stage of their career. The prize is named in memory of homotopy theory pioneer J. H. C. Whitehead. More specifically, people being considered for the award must be resident in the United Kingdom on 1 January of the award year or must have been educated in the United Kingdom. Also, the candidates must have less than 15 years of work at the postdoctorate level and must not have received any other prizes from the Society. Since the inception of the prize, no more than two could be awarded per year, but in 1999 this was increased to four "to allow for the award of prizes across the whole of mathematics, including applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and mathematical aspects of computer science". The Senior Whitehead Prize has similar residence requirements and rules concerning prior prizes, but is intended to recognize more experienced mathematicians. List of Whitehead Prize winners 1979 Peter Cameron, Peter Johnstone 1980 H. G. Dales, Toby Stafford 1981 Nigel Hitchin, Derek F. Holt 1982 John M. Ball, Martin J. Taylor 1983 Jeff Paris, Andrew Ranicki 1984 Simon Donaldson, Samuel James Patterson 1985 Dan Segal, Philip J. Rippon 1986 Terence Lyons, David A. Rand 1987 Caroline Series, Aidan H. Schofield 1988 S. M. Rees, P. J. Webb, Andrew Wiles 1989 D. E. Evans, Frances Kirwan, R. S. Ward 1990 Martin T. Barlow, Richard Taylor, Antony Wassermann 1991 Nicholas Manton, A. J. Scholl 1992 K. M. Ball, Richard Borcherds 1993 D. J. Benson, Peter B. Kronheimer, D. G. Vassiliev 1994 P. H. Kropholler, R. S. MacKay 1995 Timothy Gowers, Jeremy Rickard 1996 John Roe, Y. Safarov 1997 Brian Bowditch, A. Grigor'yan, Dominic Joyce 1998 S. J. Chapman, Igor Rivin, Jan Nekovář 1999 Martin Bridson, G. Friesecke, Nicholas Higham, Imre Leader 2000 M. A. J. Chaplain, Gwyneth Stallard, Andrew M. Stuart, Burt Totaro 2001 M. McQuillan, A. N. Skorobogatov, V. Smyshlyaev, J. R. King 2002 Kevin Buzzard, Alessio Corti, Marianna Csörnyei, C. Teleman 2003 N. Dorey, T. Hall, Marc Lackenby, M. Nazarov 2004 M. Ainsworth, Vladimir Markovic, Richard Thomas, Ulrike Tillmann 2005 Ben Green, Bernd Kirchheim, Neil Strickland, Peter Topping 2006 Raphaël Rouquier, Jonathan Sherratt, Paul Sutcliffe, Agata Smoktunowicz 2007 Nikolay Nikolov, Oliver Riordan, Ivan Smith, Catharina Stroppel 2008 Timothy Browning, Tamás Hausel, Martin Hairer, Nina Snaith 2009 Mihalis Dafermos, Cornelia Druțu, Bethany Rose Marsh, Markus Owen 2010 Harald Helfgott, Jens Marklof, Lasse Rempe-Gillen, Françoise Tisseur 2011 Jonathan Bennett, Alexander Gorodnik, Barbara Niethammer, Alexander Pushnitski 2012 Toby Gee, Eugen Vărvărucă, Sarah Waters, Andreas Winter 2013 Luis Fernando Alday, André Neves, Tom Sanders, Corinna Ulcigrai 2014 Clément Mouhot, Ruth Baker, Tom Coates, Daniela Kühn and Deryk Osthus 2015 Peter Keevash, James Maynard, Christoph Ortner, Mason Porter, Dominic Vella, David Loeffler and Sarah Zerbes 2016 A. Bayer, G. Holzegel, Jason P. Miller, Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb 2017 Julia Gog, András Máthé, Ashley Montanaro, Oscar Randal-Williams, Jack Thorne, Michael Wemyss 2018 Caucher Birkar, Ana Caraiani, Heather Harrington, Valerio Lucarini, Filip Rindler, Péter Varjú 2019 Alexandr Buryak, David Conlon, Toby Cubitt, Anders Hansen, William Parnell, Nick Sheridan 2020 Maria Bruna, Ben Davison, Adam Harper, Holly Krieger, Andrea Mondino, Henry Wilton 2021 Jonathan Evans, Patrick Farrell, Agelos Georgakopoulos, Michael Magee, Aretha Teckentrup, Stuart White 2022 Jessica Fintzen, Ian Griffiths, Dawid Kielak, Chunyi Li, Tadahiro Oh, Euan Spence See also Fröhlich Prize Senior Whitehead Prize Shephard Prize Berwick Prize Naylor Prize and Lectureship Pólya Prize (LMS) De Morgan Medal List of mathematics awards References External links Prize rules List of LMS prize winnersThis article incorporates material from Whitehead Prize on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. This article incorporates material from list of mathematicians awarded the Whitehead Prize on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

Uncompahgre fritillary

The Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly (Clossiana improba acrocnema) is a species of butterfly in the Order Lepidoptera: Family Nymphalidae that is endemic to Colorado, USA.Discovered in the summer of 1978, the Uncompahgre fritillary was first described as a subspecies of Boloria improba, commonly known as the dingy fritillary but further genetic data supported classifying them as a full species.

The Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly (Clossiana improba acrocnema) is a species of butterfly in the Order Lepidoptera: Family Nymphalidae that is endemic to Colorado, USA.Discovered in the summer of 1978, the Uncompahgre fritillary was first described as a subspecies of Boloria improba, commonly known as the dingy fritillary but further genetic data supported classifying them as a full species. Distribution The Uncompahgre fritillary was first found above tree-line at Uncompahgre Peak, located in Hinsdale County, Colorado, USA by Larry Gall, Felix Sperling, Scott Graham, Kathleen Shaw, and Wendy Roberts working out of the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory. A few years following, another population was found at Redcloud Peak, about 10 miles south of Uncompahgre Peak. The species is endemic to the northern San Juan Mountains and the southern Sawatch Range in parts of Gunnison County, Hinsdale County, and Chaffee County of southwestern Colorado, USA and has one of the smallest known ranges of all North American butterflies. Since their discovery, small populations of Uncompahgre fritillaries have been discovered at 9 other locations within this region and are monitored annually. Their closest genetic relative is Clossiana improba harryi which has only been found within the Wind River Mountains in Wyoming. Other similar looking species of butterflies are found within these habitats including the Varied checkerspot (Euphydryas anicia), Frieja fritillary (Clossiana frieja), and Arctic fritillary (Clossiana chariclea). The habitat characteristics of these butterflies include alpine tundra environments above tree-line (3800-4200m above sea level) that are northeast facing sloped meadows containing moderate amounts of moisture throughout the year, mostly from winter snowpack and rainfall during monsoon seasons. Host plant The Uncompahgre fritillary is a specialist species regarding their larval food plant and egg-laying site. They can be found in habitats containing patches of their host plant, snow willow (Salix reticulata spp. nivalis), a dwarf willow that is structurally similar to the Arctic willow (Salix arctica). Life Cycle Female adult butterflies lay their eggs individually on snow willow stems and leaves around the middle of July and they don't hatch until numerous weeks later. The eggs are tan in color and once hatched, the larvae will then feed on snow willow leaves throughout their biennial life cycle and overwinter under the snow until they emerge the following spring and molt. The adult butterflies are small with a fuzzy, dark brown to black body and brown-black antennae. The males and females are differentiated by the females wings being slightly lighter in color than the males. Their wingspan is approximately 1 inch wide and their wings are multi-colored containing distinct patterns of tan, orange, brown, and black with a distinct triangular shape emerging on the dorsal and ventral wing. As adult butterflies, the Uncompahgre fritillaries are only in flight for a few weeks during the summer season, emerging following the snow melt at these high elevation mountain peak. They can be seen on wing starting in late-June to early-July and are considered weak fliers that require full sunlight with little to no wind in order to fly and are considered a philopatric species. Management Population decline Mark-recapture methods completed within a decade of their discovery showed low population estimates at Uncompahgre Peak and Redcloud Peak. The Uncompahgre fritillary was thought to be on the edge of extinction and was added to the Endangered Species List in 1991. Since then, early monitoring programs have found a number of additional populations in the San Juan Mountains but the small numbers detected at each of these locations remain inadequate for delisting. Predicted threats to this species and alpine tundra ecosystems include: grazing, illegal collection, recreation, and climate change, with an additional threat is the possibility of low genetic variability between the known butterfly populations.The impacts of global climate change pose concerns to this species and alpine environments overall. Alpine environments are the coldest locations where pollinator species can still occur but the sensitive species of plants, insects, and animals found within these ecosystems might not have the ability to adapt to changes in temperatures and precipitation patterns. Recovery efforts The Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly is still listed as Federally Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the recovery plan prioritizes actions to better understand the reasons for their low population estimates and to prevent this species from extinction. Their public locations at Uncompahgre Peak and Redcloud Peak are monitored annually by the Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, and Colorado Parks and Wildlife to estimate changes in population sizes, as well as to understand more about this species' habitat. Management efforts carried out by these agencies have restricted grazing livestock on these particular slopes, rerouted hiking trails, and installed signage regarding the status of this species at the trailheads of these popular hiking locations. The specialist habitat requirements and small distribution of the Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly make it a useful indicator of the future impacts of climate change could have on alpine ecosystem health and structure. Efforts to preserve this species continue to prevent illegal collection and monitor population numbers, habitat quality, and environmental pressures that future populations could encounter. See also List of butterflies of North America == References ==

Canadian International School (Singapore)

The Canadian International School (CIS) is an international school in Singapore with a campus at Lakeside in the west of Singapore. CIS operates under International Baccalaureate Primary (IB PYP), Middle Years (IB MYP) and Diploma (IB DP) programmes. The school accepts students from Nursery to Grade 12.

The Canadian International School (CIS) is an international school in Singapore with a campus at Lakeside in the west of Singapore. CIS operates under International Baccalaureate Primary (IB PYP), Middle Years (IB MYP) and Diploma (IB DP) programmes. The school accepts students from Nursery to Grade 12. History This School was established in 1990 as a university preparatory day school and was named the Canadian Overseas College, but subsequently changed its name to the Canadian International School. Today, CIS is a full programme International Baccalaureate (IB) school in Singapore housing children in nursery to grade 12). Programmes include Chinese-English and French-English bilingual programmes, STEAM and Open Minds The Tanjong Katong Campus closed in June 2023 and students enrolled there transferred to the Lakeside campus in August 2023. In January 2023, CIS opened the Toh Tuck Wing, a Kindergarten wing and sporting facilityIn June 2020, China Maple Leaf Educational Systems Ltd acquired CIS in a deal valued at S$680 million. CIS curriculum and faculty Language Programme CIS's academic programme is delivered in three pathways: English, Chinese-English bilingual and French-English bilingual (primary school only). In the English programme, students can select an additional language and language choices are: Chinese, French, or Spanish (Spanish offered in Secondary only) Faculty The school website says over 77% of its teachers hold multiple degrees or postgraduate qualifications. Bilingual Programme Singapore The school provides two bilingual programmes. The Chinese-English bilingual programme is provided to children in nursery to grade 6, with pathways for the Chinese-English bilingual programme in grades 7–12. The French-English programme is offered for children in senior kindergarten to grade 6. The programme sees children immersed in both languages 50% of the time. Campus Tanjong Katong Campus The Tanjong Katong Campus (1.303333°N 103.897222°E / 1.303333; 103.897222) was opened in September 2007 on the former site of the Tanjong Katong Girls' School. Block C of the Tanjong Katong campus is a Singapore Heritage-listed site. Angela Henderson was the principal of the campus.The campus was closed in June 2023 with students transferred to the Lakeside campus in August 2023. Jurong West Campus The Lakeside campus (1.3338°N 103.6696°E / 1.3338; 103.6696) is set on 43,000 sq.m. of land, provides students with facilities that include classrooms connected to learning pods, academic facilities, sporting, outdoor and playground facilities, as well as a performing and fine arts centre, 500-seat theatre, Olympic-sized swimming pool and junior pool, maker spaces and a two-storey library. It also features a 2,600-sqm outdoor learning play area called the Outdoor Discovery Centre that includes sand and water areas to support play-based learning. See also Canada–Singapore relations == References ==

Bibracte

Bibracte, a Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement), was the capital of the Aedui and one of the most important hillforts in Gaul. It was located near modern Autun in Burgundy, France. The material culture of the Aedui corresponded to the Late Iron Age La Tène culture. In 58 BC, at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar's armies defeated the Helvetii 16 miles south of the fort. In 52 BC, Vercingetorix was proclaimed head of the Gaulish coalition at Bibracte.

Bibracte, a Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement), was the capital of the Aedui and one of the most important hillforts in Gaul. It was located near modern Autun in Burgundy, France. The material culture of the Aedui corresponded to the Late Iron Age La Tène culture. In 58 BC, at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar's armies defeated the Helvetii 16 miles south of the fort. In 52 BC, Vercingetorix was proclaimed head of the Gaulish coalition at Bibracte. A few decades after the Roman conquest of Gaul, Bibracte was abandoned in favour of Autun, 25 kilometres away. Once abandoned, Bibracte remained undisturbed and unexamined until discovered by modern archaeology. Jacques-Gabriel Bulliot initiated the first excavations at the site between 1867 and 1895. His nephew Joseph Déchelette, author of a famous Manuel d'Archéologie, continued the excavations between 1897 and 1907. The modern site, known as Mont Beuvray, is generally identified as ancient Bibracte. The site straddles the borders of the French départements of Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire in Burgundy. The site is an archaeological park at the centre of a protected forest. It is the focus of cooperative European archaeological efforts, a training ground for young archaeologists, and a centre for interpreting Gaulish culture for a popular audience. Important international excavations have been undertaken at Mont Beuvray by teams from the universities of Sheffield, Kiel, Budapest, Vienna and Leipzig. On December 12, 2007, the site of Bibracte received the "Great Site of France" designation. Before the Roman conquest in 52 BC the great Celtic city of Bibracte had more than thirty thousand inhabitants, protected by a huge stone wall of the Murus Gallicus type which enclosed an area of 135 hectares. Etymology The origin of the word Bibracte is still poorly understood. The term may have come from the Celtic *bibro- / *bebro- (beaver) followed by the collective suffix -akti (cf. Irish, Gallic aktā) or from the Latin biffractrus (twice fortified). The latter version, however, is thought questionable from a strategic view, since it is very difficult to protect a battlement over a long distance, a problem which a double battlement would only have exacerbated. Moreover, the stone facing of the outer surrounding wall was reused for the construction of the second wall, meaning it is unlikely that Bibracte was surrounded by two walls at the same time. Three inscriptions dedicated to the goddess Bibracte which were found at Autun in the 17th century provide another explanation for the name, but two of the inscriptions carved into the stone have disappeared and the authenticity of the third, engraved on a brass medallion, has been the object of debate. Some scholars of the era have cited other evidence to justify placing the Aeduian oppidum on the site of Autun (the former Augustodunum), which was effectively the capital of the Aedui in the first century. Discovery of Bibracte Bibracte is mentioned only twice in Roman sources. The first mention is found in Julius Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War in the year 58 BC. It was mentioned again in 52 BCE, when he was questioning the intentions of his Aedui allies, who had joined the revolt and crowned Vercingetorix king of the Gauls at Bibracte. Inscriptions from the era announced that the capital of the Aedui received the name Augustodunum (the citadel of Augustus) during the reign of Augustus, which gave rise to the current Autun. Starting in the 16th century, a passion for local history arose among scholars, aristocrats, and clergy, which led to the question of the location of Bibracte. One theory placed Bibracte at Autun: the Gallic city at the site of the Gallo-Roman city. Another placed it at Beaune and was defended by the scholar Hugues de Salins. A third located the city on the slopes of Beuvrect or Bevrect, today known as Mont Beuvray. This last theory was based on three major arguments. First, there is a connection between the names Bibracte and Beuvrect. Second, medieval chronicles situated the city at Beuvrect. This was reinforced by the existence of an annual fair on the first Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of May, the age of which is attested to in texts from the 13th century. Finally, the discovery of pottery, coins, and the observations of the priest of Saint-Léger-sous-Beuvray in 1725 supported it.Generally, the Autun hypothesis received the greatest approval at first. Moreover, Autun was renamed Bibracte after the French Revolution and remained so for some time. Only the research of Jacques Gabriel Bulliot in the 19th century shifted scholarly opinion in favor of Mont Beuvray. In 1851, Bulliot communicated with the Congress of the French Society of Archeology about an ancient chapel (the Saint Martin chapel on Mont Beuvray) established to Christianize the Aedui. He also returned to Mont Beuvray to take more notes. He discovered what he thought was the embankment of a Roman camp (actually a nemeton) at the summit of Mont Beuvray next to the chapel. He documented it and considered placing Bibracte at Mont Beuvray instead of Autun, contrary to the unanimous opinion of the Aedui Society. The publication of his Essay on the Roman System of Defense in the Aedui country between the Saône and the Loire, in which he revealed his convictions, was not taken seriously by the members of the Society of Archeology. Emperor Napoleon III took an interest in the battles of the Gallic Wars and an officer named Stoffel, charged by the Emperor with conducting investigations of the Roman victory over the Helvetii, visited Bulliot, who shared with him his opinions about the location of Bibracte. Stoffel was not interested, but he commissioned Xavier Garenne, another member of the Aedui Society, to make a survey of Mont Beavray. At the same time, the Viscount of Aboville, the owner of the land, conducted research and shared it with the Archbishop of Reims, who was a member of the Aedui Society and a friend of Bulliot, though he did not share Bulliot's theory about the location of Bibracte. Interested by these investigations, the Archbishop shared the various findings with the Emperor who, in 1867, assigned Bulliot to do research at Mont Beavray and funded his work.Bulliot excavated the site from 1867 to 1905, removing all doubt about the location of Bibracte. His nephew Joseph Déchelette, whom he introduced to excavation, continued the work until 1907, comparing Bibracte to other sites in Europe such as Stradonice in Bohemia, the Manching in Germany and Velem-Zenst-Vid in Hungary, which were precursors of the cultural unification of the Celtic world and of the civilization of oppida. History of the oppidum Chronology of the population of Beuvray During the excavations of the gate, five artifacts were discovered, the oldest of which demonstrated human habitation on Mont Beuvray in the Neolithic Era. Dating techniques have shown that the oppidum was founded at end of the 3rd century BCE, on an area of 200 hectares protected by the exterior rampart. An interior rampart was built later, for reasons unknown.Because the Aedui had the status of "friend of the Roman people," contacts with Roman merchants were probable before the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar. This privileged status prevented Bibracte from suffering much from conflict: in 58 BCE, at Montmort 25 kilometers south of the site, Julius Caesar's armies defeated the Helvetii, forcing them to return to Switzerland and gradually be incorporated into what became the Roman Empire. In 52 BCE, an assembly of Gallic peoples at Bibracte gave Vercingetorix supreme command of the Gallic armies. Despite this insurrection, Caesar treated the city mercifully after his victory at Alesia. He stayed there during the winter of 52-51 BCE to write his Commentaries on the Gallic War. These mentioned the names of certain notables of the Aedui aristocracy such as Dumnorix, vergobret of the Aedui, and his brother Diviciacus, the druid. The city's industry boomed in the decades following the war. Strabo the geographer, writing a generation later than Caesar, identified Bibracte as again an Aedui stronghold.After the founding of Autun (Augustodunum) 25 kilometers away c. 15 BCE, during the reign of Augustus, Bibracte was gradually abandoned by its inhabitants. However, cults continued to practise their rites in its temples and its fountains and its aristocratic residences were maintained. Two main hypotheses have been advanced concerning the abandonment of the site over several decades. Migration could have been caused by economic reasons or by a desire to integrate with the Roman model; a part of the dominant Aedui class, already pro-Roman during the Gallic War, definitely realized the strategic importance of the new city located on the principal axes of communication and wanted to conform to the Roman model of flatland cities, while a more traditional population remained for a time on the Bibracte site.It is known from 13th century texts that a festival every first Monday of May survived. In the 15th and 16th centuries, a Franciscan convent was established on Mont Beuvray. It was abandoned, but the festival continued. Influence and power The power of the Aedui capital was related in the Commentaries on the Gallic War, which underlined the many alliances held by the Aedui with neighboring peoples. Julius Caesar also mentioned the wars that set the Aedui against the Arverni and the Sequani for hegemony over a large part of Gaul. These references were not impartial, since Rome had been allied with the Aedui, "our blood brothers", since at least the 2nd century BCE. Moreover, they maintained commercial links and military alliances: Rome helped the Aedui in the 2nd century to defeat an Arverni army and rose to their defense against the invasion of the Helvetii that precipitated the Gallic War. Gabriel de Mortillet, in his classification of ancient peoples, included the site's residents under the name "Beavraisian", a category abandoned by modern scholars.In addition to this powerful alliance with Rome, the Aedui were part of a confederation of Celtic tribes that included: The Ambarri (in Ain) The Brannovices The Bellovaci The Bituriges (in Berry) The Parisii The Segusiavi (Forez, adjacent to the Arverni) The Senones (Sens region)Whose influence extended across a large part of Gaul. Commerce In his History of Gaul, the historian Camille Jullian writes these lines about the Aedui: "Bibracte, I am sure, was the source and the guarantee of their power. Around Bibracte were very good roads, uniting the three biggest basins of France."So, the Roman products traveling up the Rhône (the waterways were the fastest means of travel at the time) and taking after that the Saône, the Loire or the Allier, passed through Aedui territory before joining the basins of the Loire and Seine. The Aedui were located at a commercial crossroads between the Celtic world and Rome. They allowed the diffusion of Roman products through Gaul as early as the 2nd century BCE, allowing their allies to benefit from their commerce with Rome and definitely with Greek colonies such as Massilia. These exchanges are confirmed by the large quantities of amphoras and ceramics from Italy found in waste tanks and in the paving of houses. In addition, the Aedui installed a system of customs that taxed products passing through their territory to increase their wealth, as attested in the texts of Julius Caesar: "It was typical of Dumnorix: the man was audacious, his generosity made him popular, and he wanted political change. For years, he has had the control of the customs and all the other taxes of the Aedui, because when he bid, no one dared bid against him." The Aedui and the Sequani fought each other to control the Arar (now the Saône) because controlling the river allowed taxation of Roman and Celtic products traveling north. In the centre of the oppidum many cellars and certain public buildings that stored large quantities of cereals and wine imported from the southern countries have been found. One of these wooden cellars has recently been reconstructed. Without a doubt, it was in these buildings that the Aedui centralized their harvests and imports. Politics The political system of the Aedui was essentially structured according to indications in the Commentaries on the Gallic War. At the head of the Aedui state sat a senate comprising one member of each Aedui aristocratic family. What is today called executive power was held by the vergobret, the supreme magistrate, who exercised his functions over the course of a year. He was forbidden from leaving the borders of the territory during this period, which prevented him from commanding the army outside the borders. This measure, along with that which authorized only one voice per aristocratic family in the senate, aimed to prevent any individual or their family from monopolizing the reins of power. The vergobret was publicly elected by a council directed by the druids. Among the Aedui, it seems like the vergobret also exercised a judiciary role, since Caesar reports that he had "the right to life and death over his fellow citizens". Finally, it is thought that the vergobret was responsible for the administration of the territory.Furthermore, it is known that the druids held high functions since Diviciacus came to Rome to plead the case of the Aedui during the Germanic invasion led by Ariovistus on the account of the Sequani; he also directed the Aedui cavalry during the Gallic War after the death of his brother Dumnorix. Therefore, it is thought that some druids held high military positions. Archeological research on Mont Beuvray From 1865 to 1895, Gabriel Bulliot identified Bibracte in 1867 and began excavations there (notably the Celtic artisanal neighborhood surrounding the Rebout gate), with the aid of funds allocated by Napoleon III. In fact, having a passion for history, the emperor set off vast campaigns of excavations to uncover sites of the Gallic War in order to write his History of Julius Caesar. Joseph Déchelette, the nephew of Bulliot, took up his work again from 1895 to 1907. He was killed during World War I and the excavations fell into neglect. In 1984, the excavations began again under the impetus of François Mitterrand, who proclaimed Bibracte a site of national interest in 1985. This term, invented for the occasion, allowed the site to be subsidized. The label of "national interest" was created afterward in order to designate exhibitions or sites which benefit from a program of diffusion and enlargement of the public by the Minister of Culture. This gives the necessary impetus to a project of excavations of European scope. Thus, in 1989, the European Archeological Center of Mont Beuvray was created, which includes the site, the museum, and the research center of Glux-en-Glenne. It was inaugurated in 1995. The excavations were conducted by Vincent Guichard and put into practice by many French and foreign teams; the excavations notably concentrated on the Gallic neighborhood of Rebout, on the vast Gallo-Roman ensemble of the Pasture of the Convent and the Roman residence of the Horse Park. Specialists, researchers, professors and students from all over Europe come together on the site every summer to excavate different parts of the site. These have included, among others: Austria: University of Vienna Belgium: Université Libre de Bruxelles Czech Republic: Masaryk University France: University of Franche-Comté, University of Burgundy, University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, Pierre and Marie Curie University, François Rabelais University Germany: University of Kiel, University of Leipzig, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, University of Mainz Hungary: Eötvös Loránd University Italy: University of Bologna Poland: Rzeszów University Slovenia: University of Ljubljana Spain: University of Madrid and University of Zaragoza Switzerland: University of Lausanne United Kingdom: University of EdinburghEach university excavates the site as part of tri-annual projects consisting of several weeks of work on the terrain followed by a detailed study of the excavation and of the objects discovered, which are then stored at the site's research center. Archeological prospecting on Mont Beuvray The early prospecting technique used by Bulliot was rudimentary. It consisted of observing the irregularities in the landscape, since the mountain was practically unchanged since the period under study. This allowed him to recreate a plan of the battlements with nearly no excavation. He used this technique to make a scale plan with the help of army topographers, who made a series of topographical recreations of the landscape. However, only the recreation of the Porrey neighborhood still exists to this day.In recent years, the same technique has been used in the Porrey neighborhood with more precise tools, such as theodolites and GPS. Aerial and electromagnetic prospecting is made impossible by the forest and vegetation on the mountain since the end of grazing and the excavations of Joseph Déchelette, as well as the nature of the subsoil. One costly but faster technique, tested in 2007, is LIDAR, the use of airborne laser scanners, which are unhindered by the vegetation and can recreate in minutes what usually takes weeks to do on the ground. This will be done in order to attempt to make a complete map of the city and to archive the topography of the location. Organization The research done by Bulliot and Déchelette at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century recreated an organization of the site into neighborhoods, with construction mostly following a central road from the Gate of Rebout to the Great Gates. This organization differs from that of oppida like Manching, where there is a regular urban framework; this is explained by the relief of the terrain, as the battlements encircle three summits with some relatively steep slopes. Since 1984, the excavations have seemed to confirm Déchelette's and Bulliot's hypotheses in broad terms, while nevertheless contributing certain nuances. Battlements Bibracte was protected by strong Murus Gallicus style battlements, which excavations have been able to reconstruct. The city had a progression of two different surrounding walls and at least five restorations of the inner surrounding wall, revealed, among other things, by the study of the Rebout gate. Surprisingly, the inner encircling wall was constructed after the outer wall. The city, therefore, shrank in area from 200 to 135 hectares (494 to 334 acres). The internal wall, discovered by Bulliot, is a Murus Gallicus that delimits an area of 135 hectares for a length of 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) per battlement. It is estimated that construction of the wall required more than 10,000 cubic meters of wood, between 10,000 and 20,000 cubic meters of earth and about thirty tons of iron.The outer wall encircles an area of 200 hectares and was the subject of research beginning in 1992 for initial probing. This archeological research revealed that the battlement originally had a height between four and five meters (13 and 16 feet) without its yet-unknown top (e.g., palisades or towers) and an identical depth, and was preceded by a ditch between 2 to 4 meters (7 to 13 feet) deep and between 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet) wide. A study was conducted between 1995 and 2002 with many probes along with those by the University of Vienna. The researchers were able to ascertain that this battlement was a Murus Gallicus that had been dismantled in order to construct the inner wall. The dating, however, remains imprecise, and places this event during the 2nd century. The battlement is punctuated by about fifteen gates, including the famous Gate of Rebout (20 meters (66 feet) in width and 40 meters (131 feet) in depth). The gate of Rebout was the first location excavated by Bulliot, where he worked for nine weeks, and was the first site for new excavations from 1984 to 1986 which also studied the ditches adjoining the battlements. These excavations revealed five levels of different restorations, including a palisade from the Neolithic Era (dated with carbon-14). The latter has been the object of a reconstruction since 1996 which currently marks the entry into the old oppidum. At the present time, research has not been able to detect a trace of a method for locking the gate or a defensive device for it. Some hypotheses have advanced the idea of a double gate surmounted by a wooden guard tower like that of the Manching oppidum, but nothing has yet confirmed this. The recent research on the battlements, since 2005, has concentrated on a line of fortification downhill from the Gate of Rebout. Dating seems to indicate that this construction took place after that of the gate and therefore constituted an advance fortification. At the same time, some aristocratic tombs have been discovered between the two lines of battlements. Public buildings Excavations conducted between 2012 and 2017 uncovered the remains of a large monumental public building dating to the La Tène period, c. 70 BC. In the first phase of construction (c. 70 BC) a terrace was built, surrounded by a murus gallicus stone wall with a large entrance on the east side. On the terrace a 44 metre-long square building was constructed out of wood, with galleries surrounding a central courtyard. Around 30 BC a monumental building was erected in the central space and the galleries were replaced with a palisade. In c. 15 BC the previous building was levelled and a vast platform was built which was surrounded by stone walls. In the centre the space was possibly occupied by a new central building. Next to this another platform was built, also surrounded by a stone wall, with an internal gallery built from wood. These constructions have been compared to other known public buildings and temples from the La Tène period, though the precise purpose of the buildings at Bibracte is yet to be determined. According to Hantrais et al. (2020) "The characteristics of this monumental construction indicate that it was certainly a public building with original architectural features and techniques. Yet, although this monumental building is very well documented archaeologically, its exact function remains enigmatic." Artisans' neighborhoods of Côme Chaudron and Champlain Excavations in the neighborhoods known as the Côme Cauldron and the Champlain, near the Rebout Gate, have revealed a neighborhood dedicated to metalwork and to artisans' lodging. This metalworking seems to have been very specialized, incorporating blacksmiths, bronzeworkers, and enamellers, whose workshops had already been restored by Bulliot, and probably also involved goldsmiths and minters.Excavations on the site of Beuvray, in the region of the Champlain, and on the surrounding massifs revealed the existence of mines for the extraction of metals, including gold, iron, and tin ore. This research will continue and will attempt to restore the workshops for the smelting of the metals extracted outside the oppidum. In fact, given the specialization of the workshops in Bibracte, it seems that the metals arrived in bars which were therefore cast outside the oppidum. Another artisanal neighborhood has been found in the region of one of the summits of the site, at the Rock of the Wyvern, an area which had been little investigated at the time of Bulliot and Déchelette's research. This neighborhood will be the object of future excavations which will attempt to determine the function of the neighborhood. Housing Predominantly made of wood and earth, the Gallic houses used stone only sparingly, which was saved for the ramparts. Little is known of the houses' structure as wood rots and decomposes. There are, however, stone constructions in the horse Park district, probably aristocratic residences and a public building with columns, near the convent's pasture. These were probably constructed soon after the Gallic Wars. Horse Park At the center of Mont Beuvray, the plateau known as the Horse Park holds several Roman-style stone houses which were excavated in the 19th century. The houses include, in particular, the residence PC1 (so named by Bulliot), which is a veritable gold mine for the researchers. In fact, it developed from a wood construction (of Roman inspiration) into a domus with an atrium containing an impluvium, porticos, and thermae heated by hypocaust, along with a system of sewers. In its final stage, the residence measured 55 by 67 meters, covering an area of around 3500 square meters, about four times the size of the domus found on the site of Pompeii. It is estimated that there were about fifteen domus' in this area, such as PC2, a smaller residence that faces PC1 on the other side of the central road. There are also homes of the villa rustica type (the Italian rural residences) like PC33. However, it is still not known whether this was a residential neighborhood reserved for only the elite, since excavations have also revealed the presence of forges near the domus. Monumental basin At the centre of the main road, in the area of the Pasture of the Monastery, stands a pink granite monumental basin which is thought to have had a sacred function. It could possibly represent a sacred point of the city's founding, or a water shrine. Water left the basin through the northern opening downstream, continuing through a pipe. The supply of water, however, has not yet been discovered. The basin was waterproofed with a coat of red clay, precluding a feed from a spring, and no supply pipe has been found. The manner of granite carving is unusual and shows Mediterranean influences. It has similarities to later Gallo-Roman stone basins and could be considered the oldest known example of this type.The design of the basin also has an astronomical and mathematical significance: 1) The minor axis of the basin is aligned with the winter solstice sunrise and summer solstice sunset.2) The basin has a geometric design based on two circles intersecting at 1/5 of their diameter, forming a precise 3:4:5 Pythagorean triangle between the centre of the circles, the centre of the basin and the end of the basin.3) The basin has a length/breadth/height ratio of 3/1/0.5, equivalent to 36/12/6 units with a value of 30.4cm. A similar unit of measurement has been identified at the oppidum of Manching in Germany and described as a 'Celtic foot'.Based on these characteristics, it has been suggested that the basin represents a druidic monument.Maumené (2018) suggests that the main axis of the basin is orientated towards a celestial alignment with the constellation of Gemini, reflecting the religious importance of the Dioscuri (Divine Twins) in the Gallic pantheon. The boat-like shape of the basin might be related to the mythology of the solar boat, which is also associated with the Divine Twins. Almagro-Gorbea (2017) suggests that the Bibracte basin "seems to be correlated to the druid Diviciacus, an expert in the philosophy of nature", in reference to Cicero's statement that “there are indeed Druids in Gaul — for I knew one of them myself, Divitiacus, the Aeduan ... He claimed to have that knowledge of nature which the Greeks call 'physiologia'".Various classical authors referred to the druids as philosophers, who possessed a knowledge of astronomy and adhered to Pythagorean beliefs and practices. Hippolytus of Rome stated that the druids "investigated to the very highest point the Pythagorean philosophy" and foretold certain events "from calculations and numbers by the Pythagorean art".Some modern authors have suggested that Bibracte was the site of a druidic school, as described by Julius Caesar in the Gallic War: “The Druids usually hold aloof from war, and do not pay war‑taxes with the rest; they are excused from military service and exempt from all liabilities. Tempted by these great rewards, many young men assemble of their own motion to receive their training; many are sent by parents and relatives. Report says that in the schools of the Druids they learn by heart a great number of verses, and therefore some persons remain twenty years under training. [...] The cardinal doctrine which they seek to teach is that souls do not die, but after death pass from one to another; and this belief, as the fear of death is thereby cast aside, they hold to be the greatest incentive to valour. Besides this, they have many discussions as touching the stars and their movement, the size of the universe and of the earth, the order of nature, the strength and the powers of the immortal gods, and hand down their lore to the young men.” The later Aeduan capital of Augustodunum was the location of the Menian schools, which were dedicated to the study of liberal arts and law. The schools are mentioned by Tacitus in his account of the Revolt of Sacrovir: "Augustodunum had been seized by armed cohorts of Sacrovir, whose intention was to enlist those cadets of the great Gallic families who were receiving a liberal education at the city-schools" Places of worship The oppidum of Bibracte has about ten springs and five fountains dating from the Gallic or Gallo-Roman periods. The Saint Pierre Fountain was a place of worship and pilgrimage, in which coins and votive offerings were found. At the summit of the mountain, a Celtic place of worship (nemeton) a hectare large has been exhumed, surrounded by a palisade and concentric ditches. Under the current chapel from the 19th century, the 1988 excavations discovered a Gallo-Roman temple. Necropolis Located below the present-day museum parking lot, the necropolis underwent archaeological excavations, with the aim of saving it, when the museum was created and the route départementale was diverted. Over a surface area of 1.5 hectares, 70 funeral enclosures, used following incineration, were found, each having an eastern entry. The crematorium was found further south. Other funerary urns were discovered at the foot of the Rebout Gate, possibly the remains of a local aristocratic family. More cemeteries are presumably situated on the former site access paths, as was often the case at the time, but have not yet been excavated. Basilica In the area of the Convent Pasture the excavations revealed, under a large domus of the Augustan era, the presence of an exceptional public monument, which was at the time unique in Gaul: a Roman basilica with three naves and an internal peristyle with a peripheral ambulatory, displaying four rows of eight columns or eight pilasters. It was connected on the east with a small square, 22 meters on a side, bordered to the north and south with porticos which were extensions of the walls of the annexes of the basilica. On the west it was connected to the main road of Bibracte with another square, 17 meters on the side. Some architectural elements have been found that attest the presence of limestone columns with Attic bases and Doric and Corinthian capitals. These elements formed a monumental urban project of the greatest importance. These public buildings date to the period between 50 and 40 BCE and between 35 and 25 BCE. At this date, the basilica and the square were carefully leveled and replaced by a large private residence, doubtless in connection with the move of the Aedui capital to Autun. The basilica of Bibracte confirms the exceptional importance of the site and revealed that the Romanization of the Aedui was considerably more rapid than previously believed. The basilica of Bibracte is currently the oldest representation of Roman monumental stone architecture in non-Mediterranean Europe. A window to the Celtic world Museum of Celtic Civilization The site hosts the Museum of Celtic Civilization, designed by Pierre-Louis Faloci and opened to the public in 1996. Pierre-Louis Faloci is also the architect of Bibracte's Center of European Archeological Research, which was opened in 1994. The architectural design corresponds to the evolution of the ages of humanities: it has a base of carved stone, walls of polished stone, and a metal roof. One of the facades, which are large picture windows, is hidden by a wall of stone (on the valley side), while that which faces the site allows free view to the visitors. The museum has few proper collections, as many of those exhibited are loaned from other museums. The Coligny calendar and the Gundestrup cauldron have both been exhibited there. Permanent exhibits The 2000 square meters of the exhibit in the museum are laid out over two stages. The first stage (and the first in the tour) recounts the discovery of the site and the place of Bibracte in the global context of the European Celtic culture. The majority of the following subjects are covered: war, the age of the oppida, Mediterranean commerce, and agriculture. The ground floor, which consists of several alcoves, recounts the life of the Aedui at Bibracte. Objects of daily life, jewelry, funereal urns, and artisanal workshops are reconstructed or exhibited there. Temporary exhibits Several summer exhibits have been featured at the museum, each addressing a precise subject of the Celtic world: 1995: Celtic Europe at the time of Bibracte 1996: History seen from above 1997: A look at the Celts in Slovenia 1998: At the border of East and West 1999: The tombs of the last Celtic aristocrats 2000: The Gallic druids 2001: The time of the Gauls in the provinces 2002: On Caesar's trail 2003: Blacksmiths and metal merchants 2004: The white gold of Hallstatt 2005: Wine, the nectar of the Gods 2006: The treasures of women 2007: A round trip between Bibracte and Kathmandu 2008: Situlae, images of a vanished world 2009: La Tène 2010: The Gauls do the head Research center Located four kilometers from Mont Beuvray, in the commune of Glux-en-Glenne (Nièvre), is one of the most important libraries on the Celtic world. There is also an archeological depot there, the administration of the archeological park, several technical establishments, a lecture hall, and, in the village, a dining hall and several gîtes. In this center, archeologists, students, and researchers congregate from all over Europe to excavate the site of Bibracte. The research center also accommodates the regional center for preservation of relics and archeological collections, becoming the reference center of Burgundy in this field. Gallery See also Battle of Bibracte Oppidum Oppidum of Corent Gergovia Alesia Oppidum of Manching Vix Glauberg Heuneburg References Bibliography Reference works Christian Goudineau and Christian Peyre, Bibracte et les Éduens, À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois, éditions Errance, 1993 Christian Goudineau, Regards sur la Gaule, éditions Errance, 1998, pp. 65–82 Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte. Archéologie d'une ville gauloise, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006 Stephan Fichtl, La ville celtique, Les oppida de 150av. J.-C. à 15ap. J.-C., éditions Errance, 2005 K. Gruel et D. Vitali, L'oppidum de Bibracte. Un bilan de onze années de recherches (1984–1996), Gallia, 55, 1998, pp. 1–140 Read online "Bibracte, capitale des Éduens", L'Archéologue-Archéologie nouvelle, 4, mars 1994, pp. 36–45 et 6, juin 1994, pp. 62–72 Old works Jacques Gabriel Bulliot, Fouilles du Mont-Beuvray (ancienne Bibracte) de 1867 à 1895, Dejussieu (Autun), 2volumes, 1899 Joseph Déchelette, Les fouilles du Mont-Beuvray de 1897 à 1901, Picard (Paris), Dejussieu (Autun), 1904 Joseph Déchelette, L'oppidum de Bibracte. Guide du touriste et de l'archéologue au Mont Beuvray et au Musée de l'Hôtel Rolin, Picard (Paris), Dejussieu (Autun), 1903 Joseph Déchelette, Manuel d'archéologie préhistorique, celtique et gallo-romaine, éditions Picard, Collection Grands manuels Picard, 2000 Works from the collection Archeological Excavations of Bibracte Guillaumet J.-P., Szabo M. (under the direction of), Études sur Bibracte, (Studies on Bibracte) Glux-en-Glenne: BIBRACTE, 2005, 313 p., Paunier D., Luginbühl T., Les sites de la maison 1 du Parc aux Chevaux (PC 1). Des origines de l'oppidum au règne de Tibère (The Sites of House 1 of the Horse Park (PC1). The Origins of the Oppidum in the Reign of Tiberius), Glux-en-Glenne : Bibracte, 2004, 472 p. Olmer F., Les amphores de Bibracte, 2. Le commerce du vin chez les Eduens d'après les timbres d'amphores, Glux-en-Glenne : Bibracte, 2003, 375 p. Buchsenschutz O., Guillaumet J.-P., Ralston I. (sous la direction de), La Porte du Rebout, Glux-en-Glenne : Centre *Archéologique Européen du Mont Beuvray (CAE), 1999, 320 p. External links Bibracte website (in English) Athena Review article "Bibracte" (in French) Bibracte, site archéologique, centre de recherche et musée El Estanque Monumentale de Bibracte - Detailed analysis of the Bibracte Basin (in Spanish and English) The Monumental Basin of Mont Beuvray and its Possible Orientation towards the Constellation of Gemini (2019) Novedades sobre el urbanismo de Bibracte (2005) (in Spanish) Gaul by Jean-Claude Golvin Illustrations of Bibracte Water management in Bibracte (Saône-et-Loire), before and after the Roman Conquest (Borau 2020)

Brazilian big-eyed bat

The Brazilian big-eyed bat (Chiroderma doriae) is a species of phyllostomid bat from South America. The scientific name honours Italian naturalist Giacomo Doria.

The Brazilian big-eyed bat (Chiroderma doriae) is a species of phyllostomid bat from South America. The scientific name honours Italian naturalist Giacomo Doria. Description The Brazilian big-eyed bat is small, with a total length of 7 to 8 centimetres (2.8 to 3.1 in), and weighing 27 to 33 grams (0.95 to 1.16 oz). Like other big-eyed bats, it has a short snout, with a large cleft in the skull above the nose. The presence of this cleft gives the misleading impression that the skull lacks any nasal bones; these bones are fused with the surrounding bones, and simply do not join up in the midline, as they do in other bats.The Brazilian big-eyed bat has greyish brown fur over much of the body with greyish or dark brown underparts. There is a distinct white stripe down the middle of the back, and smaller white stripes above the eyes, stretching from the ears to the nose. The ears are rounded and relatively short, while the nose-leaf is pointed, with a rounded base. Compared with most of its close relatives, the Brazilian big-eyed bat has few teeth, having a dental formula of 2.1.2.22.1.2.2. In addition, it has spike-like upper incisors and large molar teeth, especially the last upper molars, and a strong zygoma that supports powerful chewing muscles. These adaptations are believed to be related to its diet, allowing it to eat hard seeds. Distribution and habitat The Brazilian big-eyed bat is found in eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco to Parana, and inland to Goias and Mato Grosso do Sul. Previously thought to be endemic to Brazil, it has also been found in eastern Paraguay. There are no subspecies. While it may prefer tropical rainforest, the bat is found in a range of forested environments and small wooded areas, including agricultural land and parks. When food is scarce, it may venture into urban areas, such as Rio de Janeiro. Diet and behaviour The Brazilian big-eyed bat is nocturnal, and at its most active after midnight. It is herbivorous and highly specialised for eating figs, although it may occasionally feed on other fruits or flowers. Although it is not the only species of bat to feed on figs, only it, and its close relative the hairy big-eyed bat, have been reported to chew the seeds, as well as the softer pulp, of the fruit. By doing so, they can extract more nutrition, especially protein, from the figs, allowing them to subsist primarily on this one type of fruit. Although little is known of its roosting habits, the bat does not appear to be gregarious, with groups of no more than five individuals having been reported.Few details are known of the Brazilian big-eyed bat's reproductive habits. While some studies show that breeding may occur only at certain times of the year, others have shown that it can continue year-round. Newborn young are as much as 4.8 centimetres (1.9 in) in length (almost two thirds the length of their mothers) though much lighter. Young bats are somewhat more greyish than the adults and lack the distinct facial markings, although the stripe down the back is present from birth. == References ==

Asif Ali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricketer)

Asif Ali (born 13 April 1989) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Abbottabad in the 2008–09 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 1 February 2009.

Asif Ali (born 13 April 1989) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Abbottabad in the 2008–09 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 1 February 2009. References External links Asif Ali at ESPNcricinfo

2009 Baghdad governorate election

The Baghdad governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.

The Baghdad governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk. Background Two seats in Baghdad are reserved for minority religions: one for Christians and one for Sabians. Over 3,000 candidates contested the 57 seats. Campaign A candidate for the Iraqi Islamic Party was killed outside his home in the al-Ameriya district. Results Sunni Arab residents of the Fadel district complained that they felt it was dangerous registering to vote because the office was in a neighbouring area that was Shiite dominated and they had to pass through two checkpoints. Many voters in that district were reported to have been turned away as they were not registered and turnout was less than 30%.The Iraqi National List of former Prime Minister Ayad Allawi was said to have won most support in Fadel along with the Iraqi Communist Party. A local Sahwa official and former 1920 Revolution Brigade member said he knew former al-Qaeda in Iraq fighters who had voted for the INL.In March, the State of Law Coalition said it would ally with the Iraqi National Dialogue Front. See also Assyrian politics in Iraq#Iraqi Governorate Elections 2009 == References ==

Cains Brewery

Cains was a brewery in Liverpool, England, founded in 1858 by Robert Cain. The company merged with Peter Walker & Son in 1921 to form Walker Cains. Peter Walker & Son had a large brewery in Warrington so sold its Liverpool brewery to Higsons in 1923. Boddingtons of Manchester took over in 1985. In 1990, Whitbread acquired Boddington's brewing operations and closed the brewery.

Cains was a brewery in Liverpool, England, founded in 1858 by Robert Cain. The company merged with Peter Walker & Son in 1921 to form Walker Cains. Peter Walker & Son had a large brewery in Warrington so sold its Liverpool brewery to Higsons in 1923. Boddingtons of Manchester took over in 1985. In 1990, Whitbread acquired Boddington's brewing operations and closed the brewery. It was reopened by GB Breweries, who became part of Bryggerigruppen in 1991, and in 2002 was sold to Gardener-Shaw for £3.4 million.In 2013 debts exceeding £8m led to the brewery's closure. History The Cains brewery was founded by Irishman Robert Cain in 1858 when he bought an established brewery. Cain had begun his brewing career aged 24 when he purchased a pub and brewed his own ales. Within 25 years of founding his brewery, Cain had established 200 pubs, including the Philharmonic Dining Rooms, the Vines and the Central Commercial Hotel, which are currently listed as being of architectural merit. His personal mansion had each window arch inscribed with his monogram. In 1887 construction began on a second brewery. In 1921, 14 years after Cain's death, the Cains brewery merged with Walkers of Warrington, becoming Walker Cains. Then in 1923 the original Stanhope Street Brewery was sold to Higsons, who continued to brew Cains ales. In 1985, Higsons was bought by Boddingtons of Manchester. Five years later Boddingtons opted to concentrate on pub ownership and sold all its breweries to Whitbread, at which point the Stanhope Street site was closed. Rebirth of Cains The Stanhope site with its modern canning lines had been heavily invested in under Boddingtons' ownership and appeared an attractive asset. It was acquired by the previous owners of Gee Bee Soft Drinks who had sold that business to Princes. The new owners re-established the business under the Robert Cain brand but most of their production was focused on production for supermarkets. Viewing Cains as a route into the UK market, Faxe Bryggeri A/S (now Royal Unibrew) then acquired the company and invested in its ales and local pubs. Unlike its larger competitor Carlsberg, Faxe failed to crack the UK market and put Cains up for sale in 2002. The Dusanj Era Cains was acquired in 2002 by the Dusanj brothers making them the first Asian owners of a British brewery. At the time it had a turnover of £30 million, but took just over ten years to go into administration with debts, indicating a loss of £38 million - sinking over £3.5 million per year. In 2007, a reverse takeover of AIM-listed pub operator Honeycombe Leisure plc was agreed by the company's board, giving Cains access to Honeycombe's 109 outlets and a stock market listing. The company was renamed Cains Beer Company PLC and, like Cains Brewery, ceased to function and accrued insurmountable debts within a year. In 2008, the company was placed in administration due to unpaid tax and other debts amounting to £38 million, despite its annual turnover of £65.5 million. Negotiations with its bank failed to reach a conclusion that would have avoided administration. The brewery and eight original pubs were bought back by the Dusanj brothers for £103,750. As the Dusanji family holds the freehold to the brewery site and controls the terms of any lease for brewery operation, no other buyer could be found. In 2013, it ended contract brewing and production of supermarket beers, and then ceased brewing altogether, finding a contract brewer for its own beers. 38 staff were made redundant. Cains was down to an estate of three pubs – the Brewery Tap, Dr Duncan's and The Dispensary. By 2015, it had an estate of five pubs, the additional two being Kelly's Dispensary in Smithdown Road and The Edinburgh in Wavertree.In 2013, Cains began a redevelopment of the site for leisure and housing with a small craft brewery to continue production of its ales.In 2014, Cains arranged for small quantities of its beers to be contract-brewed for export and sale in it pub estate. Cains Brewery Village Liverpool City Council granted planning permission for Cains Brewery Village in 2013. This was described as a tourism, leisure and retail attraction. The million square foot site would have included a 94-bedroom hotel, cinema, bistro bar, restaurants and an open-plan retail hall for artisan food producers.A food hall opened on the site in 2017. It was open four times a week and operated by Baltic Markets, offering food, drink, entertainment and live events.Brewing restarted at the site in the spring of 2022, using the original recipes.Planning permission was granted for a £3.5 million 'BOXPARK' foodhall and events space in January 2023. Intended to replace the existing food and drink hall, the new facility will have ten kitchen units with three internal bars as well as exterior bars and a garden for outside dining. References Christopher Routledge,Cain's: The Story of Liverpool in a Pint, (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008). ISBN 978-1-84631-150-5 External links Official Cains Brewery Website (archived) Official Brewery Village Website

Barry Mazur

Barry Charles Mazur (; born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. His contributions to mathematics include his contributions to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, Mazur's torsion theorem in arithmetic geometry, the Mazur swindle in geometric topology, and the Mazur manifold in differential topology.

Barry Charles Mazur (; born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. His contributions to mathematics include his contributions to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, Mazur's torsion theorem in arithmetic geometry, the Mazur swindle in geometric topology, and the Mazur manifold in differential topology. Life Born in New York City, Mazur attended the Bronx High School of Science and MIT, although he did not graduate from the latter on account of failing a then-present ROTC requirement. He was nonetheless accepted for graduate studies at Princeton University, from where he received his PhD in mathematics in 1959 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "On embeddings of spheres." He then became a Junior Fellow at Harvard University from 1961 to 1964. He is the Gerhard Gade University Professor and a Senior Fellow at Harvard. He is the brother of Joseph Mazur and the father of Alexander J. Mazur. Work His early work was in geometric topology. In an elementary fashion, he proved the generalized Schoenflies conjecture (his complete proof required an additional result by Marston Morse), around the same time as Morton Brown. Both Brown and Mazur received the Veblen Prize for this achievement. He also discovered the Mazur manifold and the Mazur swindle. His observations in the 1960s on analogies between primes and knots were taken up by others in the 1990s giving rise to the field of arithmetic topology. Coming under the influence of Alexander Grothendieck's approach to algebraic geometry, he moved into areas of diophantine geometry. Mazur's torsion theorem, which gives a complete list of the possible torsion subgroups of elliptic curves over the rational numbers, is a deep and important result in the arithmetic of elliptic curves. Mazur's first proof of this theorem depended upon a complete analysis of the rational points on certain modular curves. This proof was carried in his seminal paper "Modular curves and the Eisenstein ideal". The ideas of this paper and Mazur's notion of Galois deformations, were among the key ingredients in Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Mazur and Wiles had earlier worked together on the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory. In an expository paper, Number Theory as Gadfly, Mazur describes number theory as a field which "produces, without effort, innumerable problems which have a sweet, innocent air about them, tempting flowers; and yet... number theory swarms with bugs, waiting to bite the tempted flower-lovers who, once bitten, are inspired to excesses of effort!" He expanded his thoughts in the 2003 book Imagining Numbers and Circles Disturbed, a collection of essays on mathematics and narrative that he edited with writer Apostolos Doxiadis. Awards and honors Mazur was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978. In 1982 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Mazur was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2001, and in 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.Mazur has received the Veblen Prize in geometry (1966), the Cole Prize in number theory (1982), the Chauvenet Prize for exposition (1994), and the Steele Prize for seminal contribution to research (2000) from the American Mathematical Society. In early 2013, he was presented with one of the 2011 National Medals of Science by President Barack Obama. In 2022, he was awarded the Chern Medal for outstanding lifelong achievement in mathematics. Publications Books Mazur, Barry; Stein, William (2016). Prime numbers and the Riemann hypothesis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-49943-0. Mazur, Barry; Jean-Pierre, Serre, eds. (2016). Collected works of John Tate : parts i and ii. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-9091-2. Mazur, Barry (2003). Imagining numbers : (particularly the square root of minus fifteen). New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0-312-42187-7. MR 1950850. Katz, Nicholas M.; Mazur, Barry (1985). Arithmetic moduli of elliptic curves. Annals of Mathematics Studies, 108. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08349-5. MR 0772569. See also Eigencurve Eisenstein ideal Iwasawa theory Microbundle Tate vector space References External links Homepage of Barry Mazur O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Barry Mazur", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Video of Mazur talking about his work, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation Barry Mazur on MathSciNet

Sant'Uldarico, Parma

The church of Sant'Uldarico is located on Farini Street in Parma.

The church of Sant'Uldarico is located on Farini Street in Parma. History The church of Sant'Uldarico was built on the site of ancient Roman theater, and initially consecrated in 1411. The present façade was completed in 1762 by Gaetano Ghidetti. The frescoes of the cupola and nave are by Antonio Bresciani. The church contains also paintings by Lionello Spada, Clemente Ruta, Giovanni Battista Borghesi, Girolamo Donini, and Giovanni Tebaldi. The choir stalls for the monks were commissioned in 1505 from Gian Giacomo Baruffi. == References ==

The Legend of Korra

The Legend of Korra (abbreviated as TLOK), also known as Avatar: The Legend of Korra, or more rarely simply as Korra, is an American animated fantasy action television series created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko for Nickelodeon. A sequel to DiMartino and Konietzko's previous series Avatar: The Last Airbender, which aired from 2005 to 2008, the series ran for 52 episodes ("chapters"), separated into four seasons ("books"), from April 14, 2012, to December 19, 2014. It has been continued as a comic book series. Like its predecessor, the series is set in a fictional universe in which certain people can telekinetically manipulate, or "bend", one of the four elements: water, earth, fire, or air. Only one individual, the "Avatar", can bend all four elements, and is responsible for maintaining balance in the world.

The Legend of Korra (abbreviated as TLOK), also known as Avatar: The Legend of Korra, or more rarely simply as Korra, is an American animated fantasy action television series created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko for Nickelodeon. A sequel to DiMartino and Konietzko's previous series Avatar: The Last Airbender, which aired from 2005 to 2008, the series ran for 52 episodes ("chapters"), separated into four seasons ("books"), from April 14, 2012, to December 19, 2014. It has been continued as a comic book series. Like its predecessor, the series is set in a fictional universe in which certain people can telekinetically manipulate, or "bend", one of the four elements: water, earth, fire, or air. Only one individual, the "Avatar", can bend all four elements, and is responsible for maintaining balance in the world. The series follows Avatar Korra, the successor and reincarnation of Aang from the previous series, as she faces political and spiritual unrest in a modernizing world. The main characters are voiced by Janet Varney, Seychelle Gabriel, David Faustino, P. J. Byrne, J. K. Simmons and Mindy Sterling, and supporting voice actors include Aubrey Plaza, John Michael Higgins, Kiernan Shipka, Lisa Edelstein, Steve Blum, Eva Marie Saint, Henry Rollins, Anne Heche, and Zelda Williams. Several people involved in the creation of Avatar: The Last Airbender (such as designer Joaquim Dos Santos, writer Tim Hedrick and composers Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn) returned to work on The Legend of Korra. The Legend of Korra has received generally positive reviews, with praise for its writing and production values, and has been nominated for and won awards such as the Annie Awards, a Daytime Emmy Award, and a Gracie Award. The series was also praised for addressing sociopolitical issues such as social unrest and terrorism, as well as for going beyond the established boundaries of youth entertainment with respect to issues of race, gender, and sexual orientation. The series' final scene, intended to depict the beginning of a same-sex romance between Korra and Asami Sato, was unprecedented at the time and has been credited with paving the way for LGBT representation in children's television programming. Series overview The Legend of Korra was initially conceived as a twelve-episode miniseries. Nickelodeon declined the creators' pitch for an Avatar: The Last Airbender follow-up animated film based on what then became the three-part comics The Promise, The Search and The Rift, choosing instead to expand Korra to 26 episodes. The series was expanded further in July 2012 to 52 episodes. These episodes are grouped into four separate seasons ("Books") composed of twelve to fourteen episodes ("Chapters") each, with each season telling a stand-alone story. Beginning with episode 9 of season 3, new episodes were first distributed through the Internet rather than broadcast. The Legend of Korra concluded with the fourth season. Setting The Legend of Korra is set in the fictional world of Avatar: The Last Airbender, 70 years after the events of that series. The people of the world belong to four nations: the Water Tribes, the Earth Kingdom, the Fire Nation, and the Air Nomads. The distinguishing element of the series is "bending", the ability of some people to telekinetically manipulate the classical element associated with their nation (water, earth, fire, or air). Bending is carried out by spiritual and physical exercises, portrayed as similar to Chinese martial arts. As a result of a genocide in the series's backstory, there is only one living family of airbenders at the time of the series. Only one person, the "Avatar", can bend all four elements. Cyclically reincarnating among the world's four nations, the Avatar maintains peace and balance in the world. The Legend of Korra focuses on Avatar Korra, a seventeen-year-old girl from the Southern Water Tribe and the successor of Avatar Aang from The Last Airbender. The first season is mostly set in Republic City, the capital of the United Republic of Nations, a new multicultural sovereign state founded by Avatar Aang after the end of The Last Airbender. The 1920s-inspired metropolis is described as "if Manhattan had happened in Asia" by the series' creators, and its residents are united by their passion for "pro-bending", a spectator sport in which two teams composed of an earthbender, waterbender, and firebender throw each other out of a ring using bending techniques. Rapid technological growth has displaced the spirituality of bending, and what was considered a renowned martial art in Avatar: The Last Airbender is now commonplace, with benders in Republic City using their abilities to commit crime, compete in spectator sports, and fulfill everyday jobs. The second season adds the southern polar region, home of the Southern Water Tribe, as a main setting in addition to Republic City, while the third and fourth seasons take place largely in the Earth Kingdom. Synopsis The first season, Book One: Air, sees Korra move to Republic City to learn airbending from Tenzin, Avatar Aang's son. She joins a pro-bending team alongside the brothers Bolin and Mako, and befriends Asami Sato, heiress to a leading engineering corporation. The ambitious politician Tarrlok enlists Korra to fight the anti-bender uprising of the "Equalists", led by the masked Amon, who strips benders of their abilities. Korra and her friends, aided by police chief Lin Beifong, unmask Amon as a waterbender himself and Tarrlok's brother, ending the Equalists' coup. In the second season, Book Two: Spirits, Korra's uncle Unalaq, chief of the Northern Water Tribe, seizes power in the southern tribe. While Korra's friends seek support against Unalaq, Korra learns of the first Avatar, Wan, who fused his soul with the spirit of light, Raava, to imprison Vaatu, the spirit of darkness. Unalaq frees Vaatu during the Harmonic Convergence, a decamillennial alignment of planets, and unites with him to become a dark Avatar. After defeating Unalaq, Korra chooses to leave open the portals between the material world and the spirit world, allowing a new coexistence of spirits and humans. The third season, Book Three: Change, begins as nonbenders begin developing airbending powers as a result of Harmonic Convergence, and Tenzin, Korra, and her friends attempt to recruit them to re-establish the extinct Air Nomads. One new airbender is Zaheer, the leader of the anarchist Red Lotus society. The Red Lotus assassinates the Earth Queen, throwing her kingdom into chaos, and captures Korra to attempt to kill her and end the Avatar cycle. They are defeated by Korra's friends and the new airbenders, but Korra is severely injured and psychologically traumatized. The final season, Book Four: Balance, takes place three years later. Korra slowly recovers from her mental and physical trauma. The metalbender Kuvira, assigned to reunite the fractured Earth Kingdom, declares herself head of the new, authoritarian "Earth Empire". Kuvira builds a spirit-powered superweapon and attempts to conquer Republic City. When Korra and her friends destroy the weapon, defeating Kuvira, the blast creates another portal to the Spirit World. The series ends with the prospect of democracy for the former Earth Kingdom, as Korra and Asami leave together for a vacation in the spirit world. Cast and characters Korra (Janet Varney) is the series' 17-year-old "headstrong and rebellious" protagonist, and Aang's reincarnation as the Avatar. Her transformation "from brash warrior to a spiritual being", according to DiMartino, is a principal theme of the series. The character was inspired by Bryan Konietzko's "pretty tough" sister, and by female MMA fighters, notably Gina Carano.The series focuses on Korra and her friends, sometimes called "Team Avatar": the bending brothers Mako and Bolin, and the non-bender Asami. Mako (David Faustino), the older brother, is a firebender described as "dark and brooding". The character was named after the late Mako Iwamatsu, the voice actor for Iroh in the first two seasons of the original series. His younger brother Bolin (P. J. Byrne) is an earthbender described as lighthearted, humorous, and "always [having] a lady on his arm". Asami Sato (Seychelle Gabriel), the only non-bender among the leading characters, is the daughter of the wealthy industrialist Hiroshi Sato.The other main characters are the airbending master Tenzin, one of Aang's grown children (J. K. Simmons). Tenzin's family include his wife Pema (Maria Bamford) and their children Jinora (Kiernan Shipka), Ikki (Darcy Rose Byrnes), Meelo (Logan Wells), and Rohan. Jinora is calm and an avid reader. She is an airbender and joins the main cast since season 2; Ikki is described as "fun, crazy, and a fast talker"; Meelo is hyperactive; and Rohan is born during the third-to-last episode of Book One; Republic City police chief Lin Beifong (Mindy Sterling) and Korra's animal friends Naga and Pabu (both Dee Bradley Baker, the voice of a number of animals including Appa and Momo in the original series). Pabu was inspired by Futa, a famous standing Japanese red panda. Jeff Bennett as the voice for Shiro Shinobi, fast-talking probending match announcer in Book One. He also does the voice-overs for the short recaps during the opening sequence of each episode. According to critic Mike Hoffman, the romantic interests of Korra and her companions are less in the foreground than in Avatar, and feature mainly in the first two seasons. In Book One, Bolin pines for Korra, who is interested in Mako, who dates Asami. By the end of the season, Mako has broken up with Asami and entered a relationship with Korra. This ends around the end of Book Two, during which Bolin suffers from an abusive relationship with the waterbender Eska. In the fourth season, Bolin dates the airbender Opal, while Asami and Korra become closer friends. The series' final scene indicates a romantic connection between them. Mike DiMartino wrote that the scene "symbolizes their evolution from being friends to being a couple". They continue in a relationship in the comics. Book One: Air features two main adversaries for Korra: the Equalists' masked leader Amon (Steve Blum) who has the power to remove a person's bending-powers, and the ambitious, charismatic politician Tarrlok (Dee Bradley Baker), who resorts to increasingly repressive methods against the Equalists. Tenzin's parents Katara (Eva Marie Saint), and Avatar Aang (D. B. Sweeney), main characters of the Avatar: The Last Airbender series, also made recurring appearances, along Chris Hardwick and Kate Higgins voiced Sokka and Toph Beifong, also made guest appearances. Amon's lieutenant is voiced by Lance Henriksen, and Asami's father Hiroshi Sato by Daniel Dae Kim. Sato's character, the self-made founder of Future Industries, was inspired by Theodore Roosevelt and by the Japanese industrialists Keita Goto and Iwasaki Yatarō. Rami Malek voices Tahno, a pro-bending athlete. Richard Epcar voices Saikhan, captain of the Republic City Metalbending Police Force. Both Amon and Tarrlok are identified as the sons of mob boss Yakone (Clancy Brown). Korra is also supported by General Iroh (Dante Basco, who voiced Zuko in the original series), a member of the United Forces who is described as "a swashbuckling hero-type guy". He is named after Iroh, Zuko's uncle in the original series. Book Two: Spirits features Tenzin's and Korra's families, including Tenzin's elder siblings Kya (Lisa Edelstein) and Bumi (Richard Riehle) as well as Korra's father Tonraq (James Remar) and mother Senna (Alex McKenna). Book 2 also introduces John Michael Higgins as the corrupt businessman and inventor Varrick, with Stephanie Sheh voicing his assistant Zhu Li, along with Korra's uncle Unalaq (Adrian LaTourelle), aided by his twin children Desna (Aaron Himelstein) and Eska (Aubrey Plaza), and Vaatu (Jonathan Adams), the spirit of disorder. Spencer Garrett joined the cast as the voice for Raiko, the president of the United Republic. The season also explains the Avatar mythos though the first Avatar Wan (Steven Yeun) and Vaatu's polar opposite Raava (April Stewart). Making a few appearances in Books Two and Three, Greg Baldwin reprises Iroh from the previous series. Set six months after the events of the first season, Book Two: Spirits sees Mako as a police officer, Asami in charge of Future Industries, and Bolin leading a new pro-bending team with little success. The anarchist antagonists introduced in Book Three: Change, the Red Lotus, comprise the new airbender Zaheer (Henry Rollins), the armless waterbender Ming-Hua (Grey DeLisle, who previously voiced a dark spirit), the combustionbender P'Li (Kristy Wu), and the lavabender Ghazan (Peter Giles). Supporting characters include the Earth Queen Hou-Ting (Jayne Taini), the retired Fire Lord Zuko (Bruce Davison), Lin's half-sister Suyin Beifong (Anne Heche), Suyin's trusted advisor Aiwei (Maurice LaMarche) and her captain of the guards Kuvira (Zelda Williams). New airbenders are also introduced in the season including the young thief Kai (Skyler Brigmann) and Suyin's daughter Opal (Alyson Stoner), both of Earth Kingdom origins and the love interests of Jinora and Bolin respectively. Jim Meskimen voices a Republic City merchant and later airbender named Daw, as well as Suyin's husband, the architect Baatar. Jason Marsden as the voice for Huan, second oldest son of Suyin, along Marcus Toji voicing Wei and Wing are the twin sons of Suyin. Greg Cipes as the voice for Tu, the cousin of Mako and Bolin, along Susan Silo voices a their grandmother Yin. The final season, Book Four: Balance, features Kuvira as Korra's antagonist at the head of an army bent on uniting the Earth Kingdom. The cast is also joined by Sunil Malhotra as Prince Wu, the vain heir to the Earth Kingdom throne, and Todd Haberkorn as Baatar Jr., Suyin's estranged son who is Kuvira's fiancé and second-in-command. Philece Sampler voices the aged Toph Beifong, another returning character from Avatar whose young adult version was voiced by Kate Higgins in Books 1 and 3. April Stewart was cast as Zuko's daughter, Fire Lord Izumi, in a minor role. Production Influences The art design of Republic City, described as "if Manhattan had happened in Asia," was inspired by the 1920s and incorporates influences from American and European architecture from that time period. Elements of film noir and steampunk also influenced the city's art concept. The design for the metalbending police force is based on 1920s New York City police uniforms, crossed with samurai armor.The fighting styles employed by characters in the original show Avatar: The Last Airbender were derived from different distinct styles of Chinese martial arts. Set 70 years later, the fighting style in the multicultural Republic City has modernized and blended, with the creators incorporating three primary styles: traditional Chinese martial arts, mixed martial arts, and tricking. The pro-bending sport introduced in the series was inspired by mixed martial arts (MMA) tournaments.Chinese martial arts instructor Sifu Kisu consulted on Avatar: The Last Airbender, and returned as a consultant for the fight scenes in The Legend of Korra. MMA fighters Jeremy Humphries and Mac Danzig were credited with "providing a lot of the moves you'll see in the Probending arena," and Steve Harada and Jake Huang provided the stylized flips and acrobatics of "tricking" to the series' fighting style. Development The Legend of Korra was co-created and produced by Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino at Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank, California. To illustrate the length of the production process (about 10 to 12 months per episode) and the overlap of the various phases, Konietzko wrote in July 2013 that their team was already developing the storyboards for the first episode of Book 4 while the last episodes of Book 2 were not yet finished.Production of the series was announced at the annual Comic-Con in San Diego on July 22, 2010. It was originally due for release in October 2011. Tentatively titled Avatar: Legend of Korra at the time, it was intended to be a twelve-episode mini series set in the same fictional universe as the original show, but seventy years later. In 2011, the title was changed to The Last Airbender: Legend of Korra, and again in March 2012 to The Legend of Korra. The premiere was eventually delayed to April 14, 2012. South Korean animation studio Mir was involved in the pre-production, storyboarding and animation of the series which allows the studio more creative input on directing the martial arts scenes that the series and its predecessor are known for.According to animation director Yoo Jae-myung, Nickelodeon was initially reluctant to approve the series and suspended production because, according to Konietzko, conventional wisdom had it that "girls will watch shows about boys, but boys won't watch shows about girls". The creators eventually persuaded the channel's executives to change their mind. Konietzko related that in test screenings, boys said that Korra being a girl did not matter to them.The creators wrote all of the episodes of the first season themselves, omitting "filler episodes" to allow for a concise story. Once the series was expanded from its original 12-episode schedule to 26 and then to 52, more writers were brought in so that the creators could focus on design work. Joaquim Dos Santos and Ryu Ki-Hyun, who worked on the animation and design of the original series, also became involved with creating The Legend of Korra, as is storyboarder Ian Graham. Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn, who composed the soundtrack for the original series as "The Track Team," also returned to score The Legend of Korra.The second season, Book Two: Spirits, premiered on September 13, 2013, and concluded on November 22, 2013. It consists of fourteen episodes. Animation work was done by the South Korean animation studio Mir as well as the Japanese animation studio Pierrot. Studio Mir was expected to solely work on Book 2, but executive director Jae-myung Yoo decided that Studio Mir would animate The Boondocks instead because the animation process was less rigorous. Pierrot was eventually called in to fill the void and animate Book 2. According to Jae-myung Yoo, Studio Mir was later contacted and re-asked to animate Book 2. Yoo feared that, if Book 2 failed, Studio Mir and Korean animators would have their reputations tarnished for Pierrot's failures. Consequently, Studio Mir accepted the offer and worked alongside Pierrot.The third season, Book Three: Change, aired its first three episodes on June 27, 2014, soon after some episodes were leaked online. It takes place two weeks after the events of Book Two: Spirits. Episodes nine to thirteen were streamed online, rather than being broadcast as a television program.Book Four: Balance, the final season, was produced in parallel to the previous two seasons. The crew, at one point, worked on approximately 30 episodes at the same time: post-production for season 2, production for season 3 and pre-production for season 4. Some production steps, such as color correction and retakes, continued up until the date of the series finale, December 19, 2014. Season 4 started online distribution a few months after the third season's finale on October 3, 2014. After Nickelodeon cut the season's budget by the amount required for one episode, DiMartino and Konietzko decided to include a clip show, which reuses previously produced animation, as episode 8 ("Remembrances") instead of dismissing many of the creative staff. Studio Mir was helped by its companion studio, a subunit called Studio Reve, while working on Book 4.Concerning the development of the much-discussed final scene intended to show the friends Korra and Asami becoming a romantic couple, Bryan Konietzko explained that at first he and DiMartino did not give the idea much weight, assuming they would not be able to get approval for portraying their relationship. But during the production of the finale they decided to test that assumption, approached the network and found them supportive up to a certain limit. They decided to change the final scene from Korra and Asami only holding hands, to also facing each other in a pose referencing the marriage scene a few minutes prior and the pose made by Aang and Katara in the finale of Avatar: The Last Airbender. Animation style The Legend of Korra was produced mainly as traditional animation, with most frames drawn on paper in South Korea by the animators at Studio Mir and scanned for digital processing. Each episode comprises about 15,000 drawings. The series makes occasional use of computer-generated imagery for complex scenes or objects, most noticeably in the animations of the pro-bending arena or the mecha-suits of the later seasons. While The Legend of Korra was produced in the United States and therefore not a work of Japanese animation ("anime") in the strict sense, The Escapist magazine argued that the series is so strongly influenced by anime that it would otherwise easily be classified as such: its protagonists (a superpowered heroine, her group of talented, supporting friends, a near-impervious villain who wants to reshape the world), its themes (family, friendship, romance, fear, and death) and the quality of its voice acting as well as the visual style are similar to those of leading anime series such as Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, Bleach or Trigun. A notable difference from such series is the absence of lengthy opening and ending sequences set to J-pop songs; to save broadcast time, The Legend of Korra's openings and endings last only a few seconds. The series mostly abstains from using the visual tropes characteristic of anime, but does occasionally use exaggerated facial expressions to highlight emotions for comic effect. As in Avatar, the series adds to its Asian aesthetic by presenting all text that appears in its fictional world in traditional Chinese characters, without translating it. For example, on the "Wanted" posters seen in the episode "The Stakeout", the names of the protagonists are written as 寇拉 (Korra), 馬高 (Mako) and 愽林 (Bolin). Music The Legend of Korra is set to music by Jeremy Zuckerman, who previously wrote the music for Avatar: The Last Airbender with Benjamin Wynn. For The Legend of Korra, Zuckerman is the sole composer while Wynn is the lead sound designer; the two collaborate with Foley artist Aran Tanchum and showrunner Mike DiMartino on the soundscape of the series. Konietzko and DiMartino's concept for the score was to blend traditional Chinese music with early jazz. On that basis, Zuckerman composed a score combining elements of Dixieland, traditional Chinese music and Western orchestration. It is performed mainly by a string sextet and various Chinese solo instruments, including a dizi (flute), paigu (drums), a guqin, an erhu and a Mongolian matouqin.A soundtrack CD, The Legend of Korra: Original Music from Book One, was published on July 16, 2013. Music from Korra and Avatar was also played in concert at the PlayFest festival in Málaga, Spain in September 2014. The series's soundtrack was nominated as best TV soundtrack for the 2013 GoldSpirit Awards. Soundtrack On July 16, 2013, Nickelodeon and Sony Music Entertainment's Legacy Recordings released The Legend of Korra: Original Music from Book One. Release Broadcast United States The first season (Book One: Air) aired in the United States on Nickelodeon on Saturday mornings between April 14, 2012, and June 23, 2012. Unlike its predecessor, the series was broadcast in high-definition. It was broadcast in other countries on the local Nickelodeon channels beginning in August 2012. The second season (Book Two: Spirits) began airing on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 13, 2013, on Friday evenings. The season ended on November 22, 2013. The third season (Book Three: Change) began airing on Nickelodeon in the United States on June 27, 2014, also on Friday evenings, two episodes at a time. The broadcast was announced one week in advance after several episodes of the new season were leaked on the Internet. After the first seven episodes aired to low ratings, Nickelodeon removed the last five episodes from its broadcast schedule. The remainder of the episodes were then distributed online via Amazon Video, Google Play, Xbox Video and Hulu as well as the Nickelodeon site and apps. The Escapist compared The Legend of Korra to Firefly as "a Friday night genre series with a loyal fan following built up from previous works by the creators that is taken off the air after the network fails to advertise it properly or broadcast episodes in a logical manner." Series creator Michael DiMartino said that the series' move to online distribution reflected a "sea change" in the industry: While Korra did not fit in well with Nickelodeon's other programming, the series did extremely well online, with the season 2 finale having been Nickelodeon's biggest online event.The fourth season (Book Four: Balance) began distribution in the United States on October 3, 2014, through Nick.com, Amazon Video, iTunes and Hulu. Beginning on November 28, 2014, with episode 9, the fourth season was officially premiered back on television on Fridays on Nicktoons. Worldwide The Legend of Korra is broadcast subtitled or dubbed on Nickelodeon channels outside of the U.S. In Germany, the first and second seasons received a German-language broadcast on Nickelodeon Germany. The third and fourth seasons are broadcast in 2015 on the German Nicktoons pay TV channel. In France, only the first season has been broadcast on Nickelodeon France and J-One. A fandub project to complete the French dub was launched in 2015.In 2017, the Kenya Film Classification Board banned The Legend of Korra, together with the cartoon series The Loud House, Hey Arnold!, Steven Universe, Clarence and Adventure Time, from being broadcast in Kenya. According to the Board, the reason was that these series were "glorifying homosexual behavior". Streaming and home media Since August 14, 2020, The Legend of Korra is available for streaming on Netflix in the United States.All episodes of the series have also been released through digital download services, DVD and Blu-ray formats. The DVD releases contain extra features such as audio commentary from the creators, cast and crew for some episodes, and the Blu-ray releases contain commentary for additional episodes. The following table indicates the release dates of the DVD and Blu-ray versions of the series: Reception Ratings The series premiere averaged 4.5 million viewers, ranking it as basic cable's number-one kids' show and top animated program for the week with total viewers. The Legend of Korra also ranks as the network's most-watched animated series premiere in three years.Book One: Air drew an average of 3.8 million viewers per episode. This was the highest audience total for an animated series in the United States in 2012.Book Two: Spirits premiered with 2.6 million viewers. Suggested explanations for the reduced number of broadcast viewers were: the long period between seasons, a change in time slot (Friday evening instead of Saturday morning), the increased availability of digital download services, and generally reduced ratings for the Nickelodeon channel.Book Three: Change aired on short notice in June 2014 after Spanish-language versions of some episodes were leaked on the Internet. The season premiered with 1.5 million viewers. After declining TV ratings in the third season, Nickelodeon stopped airing the series on its main network and shifted its distribution to sister channel, Nicktoons and online outlets. The online distribution is where the show had proven to be much more successful. Critical response The Legend of Korra received praise for its production values, the quality of its writing, its challenging themes and its transgression of the conventions of youth entertainment. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the show currently has an average score of 89%, based on critic reviews. Its first season holds a score of 91% with an average rating of 8.25 out of 10, based on 11 critic reviews, with the website's critical consensus saying, "The Legend of Korra expands the world of Avatar: The Last Airbender with narrative substance and crisp animation – and progresses the drama and action with a female lead." The second season holds a score of 67% with an average rating of 8.35 out of 10, based on 9 critic reviews. Both Book Three: Change and Book 4: Balance receive the score of 100% based on 9 critic reviews, with average ratings of 9.5 out of 10 and 9 out of 10 respectively. Style and production values David Hinckley of the New York Daily News wrote that the "visually striking" series is "full of little tricks and nuances that only true fans will notice and savor, but nothing prevents civilians from enjoying it as well." Writing for Vulture, Matt Patches highlighted the second season's loose, handheld-style cinematography—challenging for an animated series—and the "weird, wonderful", wildly imagined spirits fought by Korra; "a Kaiju parade with beasts that mirror velociraptors". Max Nicholson for IGN described the third season as "easily the show's most consistent season to date, delivering complex themes, excellent storylines and unmatched production values." And Oliver Sava, for The A.V. Club, characterized it as a "truly magnificent season of television, delivering loads of character development, world building, socio-political commentary, and heart-racing action, all presented with beautifully smooth animation and impeccable voice acting". Writing and themes Before the first season's finale, Scott Thill of Wired hailed The Legend of Korra as "the smartest cartoon on TV," able to address adults' spiritual and sociopolitical concerns while presenting an "alternately riveting and hilarious ride packed with fantasy naturalism, steampunk grandeur, kinetic conflicts, sci-fi weaponry and self-aware comedy." In The Atlantic, Julie Beck characterized the series as "some of the highest quality fantasy of our time", appreciating it for combining nuanced social commentary with Avatar: The Last Airbender's "warmth, whimsy, and self-referential wit". Brian Lowry of Variety felt that the series "represents a bit more ambitious storytelling for older kids, and perhaps a few adults with the geek gene."At TV.com, Noel Kirkpatrick commented favorably on how the second season of "one of television's best programs" handled the necessary quantity of exposition, and on its introduction of the theme of conflict between spiritualism and secularism. Covering the third season, Scott Thill at Salon described Korra as one of the toughest, most complex female characters on TV, despite being in a cartoon, and considered that the "surreal, lovely sequel" to Avatar "lastingly and accessibly critiques power, gender, extinction, spirit and more — all wrapped up in a kinetic 'toon as lyrical and expansive as anything dreamt up by Hayao Miyazaki or George Lucas". David Levesley at The Daily Beast recommended the series to those looking for "beautifully shot and well-written fantasy on television" after the end of Game of Thrones's most recent season, noting that in both series "the fantastical and the outlandish are carefully balanced with human relationships and political intrigue".Several reviewers noted the sociopolitical issues that, unusually for an animated series on a children's channel, run through The Legend of Korra. According to Forbes, by telling "some of the darkest, most mature stories" ever animated, The Legend of Korra has created a new genre, "the world's first animated television drama". Thill proposed that the Equalists' cause in season 1 reflected the recent appearance of the Occupy movement, and DiMartino responded that though the series was written before Occupy Wall Street began, he agreed that the show similarly depicted "a large group of people who felt powerless up against a relatively small group of people in power." Beck wrote that The Legend of Korra used magic to illustrate "the growing pains of a modernizing world seeing the rise of technology and capitalism, and taking halting, jerky steps toward self-governance", while portraying no side of the conflict as entirely flawless. Alyssa Rosenberg praised the show for examining issues of class in an urban setting, and a guest post in her column argued that the struggle between Korra and Amon's Equalists reflected some of the ideas of John Rawls' "luck egalitarianism", praising the series for tackling moral issues of inequality and redistribution.Writing for The Escapist, Mike Hoffman noted how the series respected its younger viewers by explicitly showing, but also giving emotional weight to the death of major characters, including "one of the most brutal and sudden deaths in children's television" in the case of P'Li in season 3. By portraying Korra's opponents not as stereotypical villains, but as human beings with understandable motivations corrupted by an excess of zeal, the series trusted in viewers to be able to "resolve the dissonance between understanding someone's view and disagreeing with their methods". And, Hoffman wrote, by showing Korra to suffer from "full-on depression" at the end of the third season, and devoting much of the fourth to her recovery, the series helped normalize mental health issues, a theme generally unaddressed in children's television, which made them less oppressive for the viewers. Gender, race and sexual orientation Summing up Book Four, Joanna Robinson for Vanity Fair described it as "the most subversive television event of the year", noting how much of the season and series pushed the boundaries of what is nominally children's television by "breaking racial, sexual, and political ground": It featured a dark-skinned female lead character as well as a bevy of diverse female characters of all ages, focused on challenging issues such as weapons of mass destruction, PTSD and fascism, and was infused with an Eastern spirituality based on tenets such as balance and mindfulness. Levesley also highlighted the "many examples of well-written women, predominantly of color" in the series. Oliver Sava at The A.V. Club noted that the series had "consistently delivered captivating female figures"; he considered it to be first and foremost about women, and about how they relate to each other "as friends, family, and rivals in romance and politics".Moreover, according to Robinson, the series' final scene, in which Korra and Asami gaze into each other's eyes in a shot mirroring the composition of Avatar's final moments in which Aang and Katara kiss, "changed the face of TV" by going further than any other work of children's television in depicting same-sex relationships—an assessment shared by reviewers for TV.com, The A.V. Club, USA Today, IGN, Moviepilot and The Advocate. Mike Hoffman, on the other hand, felt that Korra and Asami's relationship was not intended as particularly subversive, but as something the writers trusted younger viewers, now often familiar with same-sex relationships, to be mature enough to understand. Megan Farokhmanesh of Polygon wrote that by portraying Korra and Asami as bisexual, the series even avoided the error of assuming sexual orientation, as many other TV series did, to be a strict divide between "gay" and "straight". In 2018, io9 ranked the series' final scene #55 on its list of "The 100 Most Important Pop Culture Moments of the Last 10 Years". As Korra was made widely available again on Netflix in 2020, Janet Varney called her role as the voice of Korra "the most profound and meaningful part of my career" on account of the impact the ending had on queer fans. Vanity Fair said that the show's creators "fought hard" for the ending with Korra and Asami, which has "plausible deniability that it's all platonic."The Washington Post and Vulture have since credited The Legend of Korra with changing the landscape of LGBT representation in western animated children's cartoons, paving the way for more overt queer content in shows such as Adventure Time, Steven Universe, and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power. Accolades The first season of The Legend of Korra received numerous accolades. It received two nominations for the 2012 Annie Awards; Bryan Konietzko, Joaquim Dos Santos Ryu Ki-Hyun, Kim Il Kwang and Kim Jin Sun were nominated in the category of Best Character Design in an Animated Television Production, and the first two episodes were nominated in the category of Best Animated Television Production for Children. The series was also nominated for the "Outstanding Children's Program" award from among the 2012 NAACP Image Awards, which "celebrates the accomplishments of people of color". IGN editors and readers awarded the series the "IGN People's Choice Award" and the "Best TV Animated Series" award in 2012, and it was also nominated for "Best TV Series" and "Best TV Hero" for Korra. The series also took second place (after My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic) in a TV.com readers' poll for the "Best Animated Series" of 2012. The first season also received three Daytime Emmy Award nominations, winning in the category of "Outstanding Casting For an Animated Series or Special." The second season received fewer awards and total nominations than the first; it was nominated for three Annie Awards in 2014, winning in the category of "Outstanding Achievement, Production Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production." It was nominated for two more IGN awards, being nominated for "Best TV Animated Series" and winning the "IGN People's Choice Award" for the second year in a row.The third and fourth seasons, combined into one entry, were nominated for six IGN awards, winning the "People's Choice Award" for the third time in a row, as well as "Best TV Animated Series" for the second time, "People's Choice Award for Best TV Episode" for Korra Alone, and "People's Choice Award for Best TV Series" for the first time. The third and fourth seasons were nominated for two Annie Awards; "Best Animated TV/Broadcast Production for Children's Audience," and winning "Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production." Fandom Like its predecessor series, The Legend of Korra has a broad fandom, including on social media and at fan conventions. Most fans are young adults, according to The Escapist, but many are children and younger teenagers.According to Merrill Barr writing for Forbes, few series "boast as vocal a fan base as The Legend of Korra", including such popular series as Game of Thrones and Orphan Black. In January 2015, after the series ended, the media reported on a fan petition to have Netflix produce a series in the Avatar universe garnering more than 10,000 signatures only in 2015. Influence The A.V. Club and io9 noted that the live-action TV series Warrior, for which NBC ordered a pilot in early 2015, has a premise almost identical to that of The Legend of Korra: It is to be about "a damaged heroine" who "works undercover with physical and spiritual guidance from a mysterious martial arts master to bring down an international crime lord" in a "contemporary multicultural and sometimes magical milieu".In an interview with GLAAD's Raina Deerwater, ND Stevenson, creator of the series She-Ra and the Princesses of Power talked about queer representation in animation, situating The Legend of Korra alongside Steven Universe as an inspiring series that has taught young fans to expect "nothing less than a variety of solid queer representation and central queer characters.". Other media Comics The Legend of Korra is continued in a graphic novel trilogy series written by DiMartino and published by Dark Horse Comics. The first trilogy, The Legend of Korra: Turf Wars, was drawn by Irene Koh and takes place immediately following the series finale, focusing on Korra and Asami's relationship in the aftermath of Kuvira's attack. The first volume was published on July 26, 2017, the second volume was published on January 17, 2018, and the third and final volume was published on August 22, 2018. A sequel, The Legend of Korra: Ruins of the Empire, was published in three volumes in May 2019, November 2019, and February 2020. Art Hardcover art books detailing each season's creative process have been published by Dark Horse, similar to the art book published about Avatar: The Last Airbender: In July 2013, Nickelodeon published a free interactive e-book, The Legend of Korra: Enhanced Experience, on iTunes. It contained material such as concept art, character biographies, animatics and storyboards.In March 2013, PixelDrip Gallery organized a The Legend of Korra fan art exhibition in Los Angeles with the support of the series's creators, and later published a documentary video about it. Another art exhibition supported by Nickelodeon to pay tribute to The Legend of Korra and Avatar was held from March 7 to 22, 2015 at Gallery Nucleus in Alhambra, California.An adult coloring book, The Legend of Korra Coloring Book (ISBN 978-1-50670-246-9) with art by Jed Henry was released in July 2017. Novels Book One: Air was adapted as two novels by Erica David, aimed at readers ages twelve and up. The novelizations were published by Random House in 2013: David, Erica (January 8, 2013). Revolution (adapting episodes one to six). Random House. ISBN 978-0449815540. David, Erica (July 23, 2013). Endgame (adapting episodes seven to twelve). Random House. ISBN 978-0449817346. Games Activision published two video games based on the series in October 2014. The first, titled only The Legend of Korra, is a third-person beat 'em up game for Xbox One, Xbox 360, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, and Microsoft Windows. Despite the game's developer PlatinumGames being known for well-received action games, the game received mixed reviews. The second game, The Legend of Korra: A New Era Begins, is a turn-based strategy game developed by Webfoot Technologies for the Nintendo 3DS. Nickelodeon also makes several Adobe Flash-based browser games based on The Legend of Korra available on their website.IDW Publishing released a series of board games based on The Legend of Korra. The first is an adaptation of the series' pro-bending game; that was financed through Kickstarter and released in fall 2017. Korra is a playable character in multiple Nickelodeon crossover games, including Super Brawl Universe, Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix and 3: Slime Speedway, and Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl and its sequel. Korra also appears as a skin for Skadi in Smite. Merchandise A 12-inch figurine of Lin Beifong, as well as a graphic t-shirt, was announced at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con. Mondo released a figurine of Korra and Asami holding hands in March 2018. Spin-offs Web series In 2013, before the premiere of Book Two: Spirits, Nickelodeon released three animated short videos online titled Republic City Hustle that cover part of the lives of Mako and Bolin as street hustlers before the events of the first season. They are written by Tim Hedrick, one of the writers for Book Two: Spirits, and designed by Evon Freeman. Film In August 2012, Variety reported that Paramount Animation, a sister company of Nickelodeon, was starting development of several animated films, with budgets of around US$100 million. According to Variety, a possible candidate for one of the films was The Legend of Korra. Series creator Bryan Konietzko later wrote on his blog that no such film was in development. In July 2013, he said that he and DiMartino were far too busy working on multiple seasons of the TV series in parallel to consider developing a film adaptation at that time. A film centered around Korra and two other films related to Avatar were announced from Paramount and Avatar Studios in June 2022. References Notes External links The Legend of Korra at IMDb The Legend of Korra at The Big Cartoon DataBase Studio Mir (Animation Production Studio)

Si3 (film)

Singam 3 (Shortened as Si3 or S3) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Hari. A sequel to Singam II (2013) and the third film in the Singam film series, it stars Suriya, Anushka Shetty, Thakur Anoop Singh and Shruti Haasan. Principal photography commenced in January 2016 in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The film was released worldwide on 9 February 2017.Singam 3 received mixed to positive reviews from critics, and grossed ₹110 crore worldwide.

Singam 3 (Shortened as Si3 or S3) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Hari. A sequel to Singam II (2013) and the third film in the Singam film series, it stars Suriya, Anushka Shetty, Thakur Anoop Singh and Shruti Haasan. Principal photography commenced in January 2016 in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The film was released worldwide on 9 February 2017.Singam 3 received mixed to positive reviews from critics, and grossed ₹110 crore worldwide. Plot A tough debate occurs within an Andhra Pradesh state assembly about the long pending murder case of Visakhapatnam city commissioner Ramakrishna. The Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh proposes recruiting Singam from Tamil Nadu to Vizag as the new DCP, by order under the CBI. As Singam arrives in Vizag station, he fends off an attack from goon Gun Ravi, who works for Vizag's most influential and powerful don Madhusudhana Reddy. Singam starts to behave as a corrupt cop and secretly investigates the murder of commissioner. Singam is followed by Vidya, a journalist in guise of a student hoping to write a story on Singam. Singam had previously covered his relationship with his wife Kavya Mahalingam to keep her away from enemies, and after curiosity from constable Veeram, he closes it as a divorce, revealing it only to Inspector Subba Rao. After briefly confronting Bheemli Selvam, Reddy's man who ordered the attack at the train station, Singam finds that a constable at the station has gotten sick from consuming an expired medicine tablet. With help from a paroled hacker named Murali, Singam tracks Mallaiya who drove Ramakrishna to Vizag harbour on the night of the murder. A local schoolteacher informs Singam that a toxic smoke attack from the nearby dump killed his 32 students, including his grandchildren. Singam realizes that Ramakrishna intended to expose illegal dumping of mediwaste and electronic waste, which included recycled tablets being sold to the public and the smoke attack on the school. The garbage is being imported by Vizag Scraps owner Rajeev Krishna in exchange for free metal scrap delivery to steel companies in Australia. Mallaiya confirms that Reddy, who authorizes this business in India killed Ramakrishna to prevent him from thwarting his operation. Reddy and Rajeev's activities are supervised by wealthy, powerful and corrupt current Commercial Minister of Australia and businessman Vittal Prasad, who receives full support from his father, Union Minister Ram Prasad. Meanwhile, Vidya writes an article on Singam claiming that he exported Reddy for personal gain and that he is corrupt, putting Singam's reputation at edge. As a result, Singam has Vidya arrested and fined for discrediting him. Singam begins to eliminate and arrest criminals all over the city, including Selvam whom he guns down. Later, Singam heads to Vizag harbour to obtain evidence from Reddy's containers, but is attacked by his men while Ravi murders the school teacher. Vittal calls Singam anonymously and threatens to use his influence to kill Singam's family if he doesn't stand down. The next day, Singam chases down Ravi and arrests Reddy. He pays a personal visit to Vittal in Australia from looking into Reddy's contacts, and confirms that he is the one behind the illegal dumping. Singam narrowly escapes Vittal and returns to India, where he finds that Reddy has been bailed by three criminals, who framed the commissioner for supposed assault on one of their wives, and justify the murder as vengeance. Singam is also fired from the CBI for speaking out of turn, but has the Home minister transfers him as an officer in Vizag to continue pursuing Reddy's men. Singam exposes the garbage containers to the public, forcing Vittal to arrive at Vizag. When Vittal warns him again to stay out of his way, Singam responds by having Subbu Rao kill Reddy, whom previously killed his 9 year-old son in a city riot to defend Ram Prasad's position. Singam brings Vittal to his station and gives him another chance to repent. Singam and Kavya later visit Thoothukudi to attend Kavya's grandmother's funeral. They are followed by Rajeev, who is arrested. When Vidya attempts to interview Vittal, she is captured and drugged. With help from Murali, Singam rescues Vidya, but is targeted by Vittal's men who bombs the police station. Singam decides to finish this once and for all and gets an arrest warrant for Vittal using computer evidence of agreements signed with medical companies, hacked by Murali. The next day, Singam pursues Vittal all the way to Hyderabad Airport in Telangana and has him arrested. Vittal escapes the police custody and runs into a nearby forest, where Singam catches him and fights with him. After a long fight, Vittal dies there encounterd by Singam. Singam regains his post and respect while Ram Prasad is removed from cabinet position for assisting his son. Kavya is revealed to be 6 months pregnant and Vidya severs contact with Singam after getting engaged to a good prospect. Singam receives a call from Home Minister Ramanathan, who calls him for another mission. Cast Production Following the commercial success of Singam 2, Hari was keen to collaborate with Suriya for another action film with a fresh script away from the Singam franchise, and agreed terms in principle with the actor in October 2014. Hari revealed that as a result of pressure from those around him, he later developed the one-line story from the film into a script for a third part of Singam. While the first film was primarily shot within Tamil Nadu and the second featured a few scenes in South Africa, Hari stated that the third part would be more "international" and would be set in three countries as the protagonist tackles a global issue.While most of the cast was retained from the earlier films, Initially Akshara Hasan was considered for the second female lead but she opted out the film then Shruti Haasan was added to the team in July 2015 to portray another leading female role, while Anirudh Ravichander was signed as the music composer replacing Devi Sri Prasad. Anirudh later opted out of the project citing scheduling issues and Harris Jayaraj was brought in to compose the film's music. Vivek, who portrayed the police officer Erimalai in the first two films, declined to reprise his role in this film as he felt he "did not have a meaty role in it". New actors to the series including Radhika, Soori, Robo Shankar, Krish and Nithin Sathya were added to the cast, while Thakur Anoop Singh was signed on to portray the lead antagonist. In preparation for his role, Suriya bulked up his physique by spending more hours in the gym and by adopting a strict oil-free diet.The start of the film's shoot, initially scheduled for December 2015, was delayed as a result of the 2015 South Indian floods. Production began in Visakhapatnam during January 2015 with scenes featuring Shruti Haasan as a journalist being shot. Following a series of action sequences shot in the city, the team moved to film song sequences in Romania with Anushka joining the team. After a production break, the team restarted the shoot in Visakhapatnam, before moving to the Talakona Forest region and then on the AVM Studios in Chennai during mid-2016. The team moved to Malaysia to finish filming the climax in October 2016, before a further song was shot in Georgia with Suriya and Shruti Haasan. In January 2017, the film was re-titled from S3 to Si3 (spelt சி3 in Tamil) to exploit the Tamil Nadu Government's rule of entertainment tax exemption for films titled in Tamil. Soundtrack The film's soundtrack is scored by Harris Jayaraj, who replaced Devi Sri Prasad as the composer of the film series. The film marks the eighth collaboration between Suriya after Kaakha Kaakha, Ghajini, Vaaranam Aayiram, Ayan, Aadhavan, 7aum Arivu and Maattrraan (2012). Taking a break after various schedules of shooting, director Hari and Harris Jayaraj completed the song composing in Bangkok, Thailand. The audio rights of the film was acquired by Eros Music and the complete album was released on 27 November 2016. Reviewing the album, Srivatsan of India Today stated "S3 might not be Harris' best work, but definitely not bad either. Having said that, it's a pucca (transl. really) commercial album from the composer. Be it the songs or the theme music, the album has enough scope to pander to the B and C centers". Release Singam 3 went through several changes of release date, before being released on 9 February 2017 coinciding with Thaipusam. The film was completed in mid-2016 and the team completed post-production work aiming to have a theatrical release in October to coincide either with the Ayudha Puja or Diwali season, but the release was postponed to avoid a box office clash with Suriya's brother, Karthi's film, Kaashmora. The film was then scheduled to release on 16 December. However, due to a request from the makers of Dhruva, the film release date was pushed even later on 23 December to make most of the Christmas holiday season, but was delayed after the team chose to allow the public of Tamil Nadu more time to recuperate from the aftermath of Cyclone Vardah, the death of Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa and the demonetisation problems. Prior to the film's revised release date of 26 January, PETA India had remarked that Suriya was trying to garner publicity for Si3 by speaking out against the organisation at the 2017 pro-jallikattu protests. Suriya subsequently filed a legal notice against PETA for the defamatory allegations. The film was pushed back even further following riots in Chennai at the end of the protest, with the producers finalising a worldwide theatrical release date of 9 February. Home media The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold to Sun TV and Amazon Prime Video. Reception Critical response Thinkal Menon of The Times of India gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote the delayed release "Suriya, who carries the entire film on his shoulders, is in full form — Duraisingam looks as intense, brave and energetic as he appeared more than six years ago and director Hari's consistency in handling cop stories convincingly and entertainingly needs to be commended as he has been proving his expertise repeatedly". Manoj Kumar. R of The New Indian Express gave 3 out of 5 for the film and wrote "In Si3, Suriya proves with the third film of the franchise that no one can play Durai Singam better than him, Hari maintains a sense of urgency in his films from the beginning to end, but, as a commercial film director, his storytelling methods also suffer from following a set of rules, which include frequent yawn-inducing songs, but he makes up for that formulaic approach with fast-paced narration in the scenes that follows". Behindwoods gave 2.75 out of 5 and wrote "Durai Singam strikes again! Suriya and Hari don't disappoint you in this Singam franchise". Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu gave 2 out of 5 and wrote "loud, fast, and without a single memorable moment". Sify wrote "a cocktail of harebrained predictable plot, exhausting action scenes and slapstick comedy", while concluding it was "loud and exhausting". Box office Singam 3 collected ₹20 crore (US$2.5 million) in domestic box office on its opening day and ₹50 crore (US$6.3 million) in 5 days of release. The film collected ₹62 crore (US$7.8 million) at the worldwide box office in its opening four-day weekend. The film collected ₹100 crore (US$13 million) worldwide in 6 days. Remake The film is set to be remade in Hindi with Thakur Anoop Singh, who played the antagonist in the original, playing the lead role essayed by Suriya. The remake will be directed by Guddu Dhanoa and produced by Jayantilal Gada of Pen India Limited. References External links S3 (2017) at IMDb

Dark long-tongued bat

The dark long-tongued bat (Lichonycteris obscura) is a species of bat from South and Central America. It was formerly considered the only species within the genus Lichonycteris, but is now recognized as one of two species in that genus, along with the pale brown long-nosed bat. It is small species of bat, with adults weighing 6–11 g (0.21–0.39 oz) and having a total length of 46–63 mm (1.8–2.5 in). The dark long-tongued bat is found in all of Central America south of Chiapas, along with the Andean region of the Amazon versant and the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, western Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. It mainly inhabits old-growth forests, but is also found in other habitats.

The dark long-tongued bat (Lichonycteris obscura) is a species of bat from South and Central America. It was formerly considered the only species within the genus Lichonycteris, but is now recognized as one of two species in that genus, along with the pale brown long-nosed bat. It is small species of bat, with adults weighing 6–11 g (0.21–0.39 oz) and having a total length of 46–63 mm (1.8–2.5 in). The dark long-tongued bat is found in all of Central America south of Chiapas, along with the Andean region of the Amazon versant and the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, western Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. It mainly inhabits old-growth forests, but is also found in other habitats. It reproduces during the Neotropical dry season. Embryos can form up to 30% of the female's body weight. The bat's diet consists of nectar, pollen, and insects. It is classified as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to its large range and presence in protected areas. However, the Ecuadorian Red List of Mammals lists it as being vulnerable. Taxonomy and systematics The dark long-tongued was described by the British mammalogist Oldfield Thomas in 1895 as Lichonycteris obscura, on the basis of a specimen from Managua, Venezuela. The generic name Lichonycteris is from the Greek words lichas, meaning hanging on the cliff, and nycteris, meaning bat. The specific epithet obscura is from the Latin word obscura, meaning dark-colored.The dark long-tongued bat is one of two species in the genus Lichonycteris. The other species in the genus, the pale brown long-nosed bat, was formerly considered to be conspecific (the same species as) with the dark long-tongued bat, and was occasionally included as a subspecies of the latter. Both species in Lichonycteris are part of a highly specialized group of glossophagines in the subtribe Choeronycterina. It has no recognized subspecies. Description The dark long-tongued bat is a small species of bat, with a forearm length of 29.8–35.5 mm (1.17–1.40 in), a tail length of 6–11 mm (0.24–0.43 in) and a total length of 46–63 mm (1.8–2.5 in). Adults weigh 6–11 g (0.21–0.39 oz).Its hair is tricolored, with a narrow dark brown basal band in the dorsal fur, and a slightly darker dorsum. The wing membrane is attached to the feet at around half the length of the metatarsals. The elbow and the thumb's metacarpal is densely furred. The tail extends to the knees, and the tip rises up from the well-developed tail membrane, which is attached to the ankles. The nose-leaf is small and shaped like an equilateral triangle, with conspicuous whiskers. The calcar is characteristically long and is almost the length of the foot. The dark long-tongued bat has a robust and elongated snout, with a longer lower jaw that causes the lower lip to extend as a slip. The lower incisors are absent. The dental formula is 2.1.2.20.1.3.2, with 26 total teeth.The dark long-tongued bat may be confused with the lesser long-tongued bat, Godman’s long-tailed bat, and Ega long-tongued bat, but can be distinguished from these and other species of Choeronycterini by its two upper molars, tricolored dorsal fur with a dark basal band, the well-furred elbow, and the length of the wing membrane. It is also similar to the Capixaba nectar-feeding bat, but lacks the anteriorly inflated snout and well-developed premaxillae of the latter, and also differs in the position of the upper incisors and has three upper molars, against two for the Capixaba nectar-feeding bat. Biology Foliage is used as a day roost by the dark long-tongued bat. Crevices under fallen trees near streams are also used as temporary roosts. These are frequently used by migrating bats in Costa Rica due to their incidence and the access that they offer to areas that have high levels of food availability for short periods of time. Reproduction The dark long-tongued bat reproduces during the dry season in the Neotropics. Females with embryos have been reported from Mexico in May, from Guatemala in February, from Costa Rica and Venezuela in March, and from Brazil in August. Lactating females have been reported from Costa Rica in January, and from Ecuador in October. Embryos can weigh as much as 30 percent of the female's body weight. Male testicles range in size from 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in). Diet The dark long-tongued bat feeds on nectar, pollen, and insects. It pollinates Marcgravia lianas and Vriesea bromeliads, and is an important pollinator of the cactus Weberocereus tunilla. It has also been observed feeding on Ceiba pentandra, Matisia ochrocalyx, Matisia bracteolosa, Quararibea cordata, Quararibea parvifolia, Ochroma pyramidale, Markea neurantha, Mucuna holtonii, Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana, and species in the genus Musa and the family Urticaceae. In Mexico, the majority of stomach content is pollen from Lonchocarpus plants. The presence of Melastomataceae seeds in the feces of individuals from Guatemala suggests that the dark-long tongued bat may be a seed disperser there. In areas of Costa Rica where the bat is a seasonal visitor, it shares its feeding niche with the Commissaris’s long-tongued bat and Underwood’s long-tongued bat. Distribution and habitat The dark long-tongued bat is found from southern Chiapas in Mexico south through all of Central America. In South America, it if found in the Andean region of the Amazon versant from Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana to the Amazon Basin in Brazil. It occurs on the Pacific slope of the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, and western Ecuador, and on the Amazonia slope in Peru and Bolivia. It is found at elevations of up to 1,000 m (39,000 in).The dark long-tongued bat mainly occurs in old-growth vegetation such as rainforest, savannas, and tropical deciduous forest. However, it is also known to inhabit dry shrubland in French Guiana, disturbed habitat, open grasslands, and buildings in Nicaragua, fruit groves in Panama, logged forest in Venezuela, open clearings in Peru, banana and rubber groves in Guatemala, and mosaic forest in Brazil. Foliage is used as a day roost in Costa Rica. Status The dark long-tongued bat is listed as being of least concern by the IUCN on the IUCN Red List, due to its widespread distribution and presence in protected areas. However, the species is naturally uncommon where it occurs. It is listed as being vulnerable on the Red List of Ecuadorian Mammals. Threats to the bat include deforestation and habitat fragmentation. == References ==

H. E. Merritt

Henry Edward Merritt MBE (20 May 1899 – 28 March 1974) was a British mechanical engineer who invented the Merritt–Brown triple differential tank transmission that provided greater manoeuvrability to a generation of British tanks, starting with the Churchill in 1939 and continuing into the 1980s. It allowed a tracked vehicle to change direction while on the move with less loss of power than under other steering systems, and to perform a neutral turn on the spot by rotating its tracks in opposite directions. Merritt's invention suited the faster pace of tank warfare of the Second World War, which contrasted with the more static trench warfare of the First World War, for which earlier generations of British tanks had been optimised. He wrote a number of books, including the standard texts Gears (1942), which received three editions, and its companion volume Gear Trains (1947), which included a Brocot table derived from the work of the French clockmaker and mathematician Achille Brocot.He complained that gearing was a field dominated by empiricism in which science had so far played little role, so that it had hardly progressed in 150 years, but Brian Hayes found sophisticated mathematical concepts in use in the field and, for him, a surprising degree of interchange between mathematics and mechanics. By 2000, many of the problems that Merritt had wrestled with had been solved through the application of brute-force calculations by computers.

Henry Edward Merritt MBE (20 May 1899 – 28 March 1974) was a British mechanical engineer who invented the Merritt–Brown triple differential tank transmission that provided greater manoeuvrability to a generation of British tanks, starting with the Churchill in 1939 and continuing into the 1980s. It allowed a tracked vehicle to change direction while on the move with less loss of power than under other steering systems, and to perform a neutral turn on the spot by rotating its tracks in opposite directions. Merritt's invention suited the faster pace of tank warfare of the Second World War, which contrasted with the more static trench warfare of the First World War, for which earlier generations of British tanks had been optimised. He wrote a number of books, including the standard texts Gears (1942), which received three editions, and its companion volume Gear Trains (1947), which included a Brocot table derived from the work of the French clockmaker and mathematician Achille Brocot.He complained that gearing was a field dominated by empiricism in which science had so far played little role, so that it had hardly progressed in 150 years, but Brian Hayes found sophisticated mathematical concepts in use in the field and, for him, a surprising degree of interchange between mathematics and mechanics. By 2000, many of the problems that Merritt had wrestled with had been solved through the application of brute-force calculations by computers. Early life Henry Merritt was born in West Ham, London, on 20 May 1899, to Henry Merritt, a harness-maker, and his wife Jemima. He was educated at Leyton County High School and Erith Technical College before becoming a premium apprentice at Vickers Limited at Erith from 1915 to 1920. He then took a BSc degree in engineering and became an assistant lecturer at West Ham Municipal College from 1920 to 1924. He received his DSc in engineering from the University of London in 1927. Career In 1935, Merritt joined David Brown as a research engineer, and subsequently became their chief engineer. In 1937 he was appointed Superintendent of Design (Tanks) at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and was later Director of Design (Tanks) for the Ministry of Supply. He returned to David Brown in 1940. From 1945 he was a manager in the agricultural division of Morris Motors and from 1949, chief research officer at the British Transport Commission. From 1949 he was at Rootes Group.While he was at Woolwich, Merritt revised the design of the A20 prototype tank to become the A22 which went into production as the Churchill, incorporating his Merritt-Brown triple differential tank transmission (1939) which allowed a tracked vehicle to have continuously variable steering and mitigated the loss of power found when changing direction using other systems. The system also allowed a tank to perform a neutral turn on the spot by rotating its tracks in opposite directions. The greater manoeuvrability provided by Merritt's invention made British tanks more suited to the faster pace of warfare seen in the early Second World War in France and Poland which contrasted with the more static trench warfare of the First World War for which inter-war British tanks had been optimised. His design was used in several generations of post-war British tanks, the last of which was the Chieftain.Merritt also designed the epicyclic gearbox for Norbar that allowed more torque to be transmitted through the box, as well as the mechanism for their Slimline torque wrench, launched in 1963, and so called because the whole mechanism was contained within the body of the wrench unlike its predecessors which had external, break-back mechanisms. The firm continued to produce wrenches derived from Merritt's innovation for decades afterwards. Writing Merritt wrote a number of books, including the standard texts Gears (1942) and its companion volume Gear Trains (1947), the later work including a Brocot table of "all useful numbers up to 200,000". Brian Hayes has commented on the significance of number theory and factoring in gear engineering as demonstrated in Merritt's work in which he suggested that the highest practical number of teeth on a gear was 127, also the largest factor of the "useful" numbers tabulated by Merritt whose table was composed of "a list of all fractions with numerator and denominator no greater than 100, ordered according to magnitude."Despite being a leading figure in his field and producing works of great erudition, Merritt was at pains to stress the imperfect nature of gear engineering, writing in the first edition of Gears in 1942 that it had hardly advanced since Robertson Buchanan wrote on the subject in 1808. It was a field in which "the physicist has so far played little part" and in which the practitioner "gropes dimly in the fog" relying mostly on empirical methods supplemented by elementary trigonometry and algebra that tended to give a deceptive authority to what was often little more than educated guesswork. By the time of the third edition of Gears in 1954, knowledge had moved on somewhat but Merritt was obliged to admit that empiricism still ruled and that "the behaviour of mating tooth surfaces and their lubricant still awaits a full understanding."In 1971 Merritt published Gear Engineering, the follow-up to Gears, which was praised by Paul M. Dean Jr. of Mechanical Technology Incorporated for combining strong practical and theoretical content, so allowing American engineers to access European gear techniques that were "used or are respected throughout the world". Death and legacy Merritt died in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, on 28 March 1974. Records relating to him are held by the British National Archives.Writing about Merritt's 1947 book on gear trains for American Scientist in 2000, Brian Hayes paid tribute to the surprising amount of interchange between mathematics and mechanics evident in the work of Camus, Brocot, and Merritt, but observed uneasily that the power of the electronic computer had "put the gearmakers out of work" as all practical combinations in a gear train could now be calculated in seconds using brute-force techniques so that it was "hardly worth the bother of being clever". Honours Member of the Order of the British Empire (1944 New Year Honours) James Clayton Prize of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1962) Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers Freeman of the City of London Selected publications Articles "Automobile Gears", Proceedings of the Institution of Automobile Engineers, Vol. 20 (1926), No. 2, p. 575. "Gear Performance II", Engineer, 8 July 1932. "Gear-tooth Stresses and Rating Formulae", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 166 (1952), No. 1. "Gear-Tooth Contact Phenomena", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 176, No. 1 (1 June 1962), pp. 141–163. Books Text Book of Machine Construction and Drawing. Bell, 1922. (With Maurice Platt) Gears. Isaac Pitman, London, 1942. (Revised 1943, 2nd 1946, 3rd 1954) Gear Trains: Including a Brocot table of decimal equivalents and a table of factors of all useful numbers up to 200,000. Isaac Pitman, London, 1947. Gear Engineering. Isaac Pitman, London, 1971. The Scope of Gear Research. Institution of Automobile Engineers, n.d. See also Earle Buckingham == References ==

Colin Campbell (Scottish politician)

Colin McIver Campbell (born 31 August 1938) is a Scottish politician and military historian. He was a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for West of Scotland region from 1999 to 2003. Campbell is a former history teacher and secondary school headmaster.

Colin McIver Campbell (born 31 August 1938) is a Scottish politician and military historian. He was a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for West of Scotland region from 1999 to 2003. Campbell is a former history teacher and secondary school headmaster. Early life Campbell was born on 31 August 1938 in Paisley, Scotland. Campbell was educated at Paisley Grammar School, Glasgow University, and Jordanhill College of Education. Career in education Campbell worked in education from 1961 until 1989, teaching history at Hillhead High School in Glasgow, at Paisley Grammar School, Greenock Academy, and becoming the first Deputy Head of Merksworth High School in Paisley. He spent twelve years as Head Teacher of Westwood Secondary, Easterhouse. He has lived in Kilbarchan, West Renfrewshire since 1963. Political career He joined the SNP in 1976. He was a member of the Party's National Executive and National Council and the Local Government Committee. He stood unsuccessfully as a SNP candidate in elections for the House of Commons on three occasions: for Renfrew West and Inverclyde in 1987 and 1992, then for West Renfrewshire in 1997. He twice stood for election to the European Parliament in Strathclyde West, losing to Labour's Hugh McMahon in both 1989 and 1994.In the 1999 Scottish election, he stood as a constituency candidate in West Renfrewshire, where he finished second behind Labour's Trish Godman. He was elected by the regional list. In Holyrood, he was defence spokesman for the SNP. He did not stand for election in 2003. Personal life He is married and has 3 children, 8 grandchildren and 3 great grandchildren. Works Campbell has an interest in military history. Co-author of Can't Shoot a Man With a Cold, Lt E A Mackintosh MC 1893-1917, Poet of the Highland Division: Colin Campbell & Rosalind Green, Argyll Publishing 2004. ISBN 1-902831-76-4 Author of Engine of Destruction. The 51st (Highland) Division in the Great War Argyll Publishing 2013 ISBN 978 1 908931 27 6 References External links Scottish Parliament profiles of MSPs: Colin Campbell

Time in India

India uses only one time zone (even though it spans two geographical time zones) across the whole nation and all its territories, called Indian Standard Time (IST), which equates to UTC+05:30, i.e. five and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). India does not currently observe daylight saving time (DST or summer time). The official time signal is given by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory. The IANA time zone database contains only one zone pertaining to India, namely Asia/Kolkata.

India uses only one time zone (even though it spans two geographical time zones) across the whole nation and all its territories, called Indian Standard Time (IST), which equates to UTC+05:30, i.e. five and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). India does not currently observe daylight saving time (DST or summer time). The official time signal is given by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory. The IANA time zone database contains only one zone pertaining to India, namely Asia/Kolkata. The date and time notation in India shows some peculiarities. Background History Ancient India The 4th century CE astronomical treatise Surya Siddhanta postulated a spherical earth. The book described the thousands years old customs of the prime meridian, or zero longitude, as passing through Avanti, the ancient name for the historic city of Ujjain, and Rohitaka, the ancient name for Rohtak (28°54′N 76°38′E), a city near the Kurukshetra.The day used by ancient Indian astronomers began at sunrise at the prime meridian of Ujjain, and was divided into smaller time units in the following manner: Time that is measurable is that which is in common use, beginning with the prāṇa (or, the time span of one breath). The pala contains six prāṇas. The ghalikā is 60 palas, and the nakṣatra ahórātra, or astronomical day, contains 60 ghalikās. A nakṣatra māsa, or astronomical month, consists of 30 days. Taking a day to be 24 hours, the smallest time unit, prāṇa, or one respiratory cycle, equals 4 seconds, a value consistent with the normal breathing frequency of 15 breaths/min used in modern medical research. The Surya Siddhanta also described a method of converting local time to the standard time of Ujjain. Despite these early advances, standard time was not widely used outside astronomy. For most of India's history, ruling kingdoms kept their own local time, typically using the Hindu calendar in both lunar and solar units. For example, the Jantar Mantar observatory built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh in Jaipur in 1733 contains large sundials, up to 27 m (90 ft) high, which were used to accurately determine the local time. During British colonial rule In 1802 Madras Time was set up by John Goldingham and this was later used widely by the railways in India. Local time zones were also set up in the important cities of Bombay and Calcutta and as Madras time was intermediate to these, it was one of the early contenders for an Indian standard time zone. Though British India did not officially adopt the standard time zones until 1905, when the meridian passing east of Allahabad at 82.5° E longitude was picked as the central meridian for India, corresponding to a single time zone for the country (UTC+05:30). Indian Standard Time came into force on 1 January 1906, and also applied to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). However, Calcutta Time was officially maintained as a separate time zone until 1948 and Bombay Time until 1955.In 1925, time synchronisation began to be relayed through omnibus telephone systems and control circuits to organisations that needed to know the precise time. This continued until the 1940s, when time signals began to be broadcast using the radio by the government. Briefly during World War II, clocks under Indian Standard Time were advanced by one hour, referred to as War Time. This provision lasted from 1 September 1942, to 15 October 1945. After independence After independence in 1947, the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Mumbai and Kolkata retained their own local time for a few more years. In 2014 Assamese politicians proposed following a daylight-saving schedule that would be ahead of IST by an hour, but as of March 2020 it has not been approved by the central government. Former practices Former timezones Older time zones, not in use any more since introduction of standardised same time zone across India, were: Bombay Time (UTC+04:51) Calcutta Time (UTC+05:53:20) Madras Time (UTC+05:21:14) Port Blair mean time (UTC+06:10:37) Former daylight saving India and the Indian subcontinent observed "daylight saving (DST)" during the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, daylight saving was briefly used to reduce civilian energy consumption. Present time zone India uses UTC+5:30, referred to as Asia/Kolkata in the IANA time zone database. See also Date and time notation in India Hindu units of time History of measurement systems in India Daylight saving time Daylight saving time by country == References ==

Metaknowledge

Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is knowledge about knowledge.Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders: zero order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is not knowledge (and hence zero order meta-knowledge is not meta-knowledge per se) first order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is zero order meta-knowledge second order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is first order meta-knowledge most generally, n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is n {\displaystyle n} order meta-knowledge.Other authors call zero order meta-knowledge first order knowledge, and call first order meta-knowledge second order knowledge; meta-knowledge is also known as higher order knowledge.Meta-knowledge is a fundamental conceptual instrument in such research and scientific domains as, knowledge engineering, knowledge management, and others dealing with study and operations on knowledge, seen as a unified object/entities, abstracted from local conceptualizations and terminologies. Examples of the first-level individual meta-knowledge are methods of planning, modeling, tagging, learning and every modification of a domain knowledge. Indeed, universal meta-knowledge frameworks have to be valid for the organization of meta-levels of individual meta-knowledge. Meta-Knowledge may be automatically harvested from electronic publication archives, to reveal patterns in research, relationships between researchers and institutions and to identify contradictory results.

Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is knowledge about knowledge.Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders: zero order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is not knowledge (and hence zero order meta-knowledge is not meta-knowledge per se) first order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is zero order meta-knowledge second order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is first order meta-knowledge most generally, n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is n {\displaystyle n} order meta-knowledge.Other authors call zero order meta-knowledge first order knowledge, and call first order meta-knowledge second order knowledge; meta-knowledge is also known as higher order knowledge.Meta-knowledge is a fundamental conceptual instrument in such research and scientific domains as, knowledge engineering, knowledge management, and others dealing with study and operations on knowledge, seen as a unified object/entities, abstracted from local conceptualizations and terminologies. Examples of the first-level individual meta-knowledge are methods of planning, modeling, tagging, learning and every modification of a domain knowledge. Indeed, universal meta-knowledge frameworks have to be valid for the organization of meta-levels of individual meta-knowledge. Meta-Knowledge may be automatically harvested from electronic publication archives, to reveal patterns in research, relationships between researchers and institutions and to identify contradictory results. See also Epistemic logic Macropædia Metacognition Metalearning Metaprogramming (in computer science) Metahistory (concept) Metahistory, a book by Hayden White Meta-philosophy Meta-epistemology Metalogic Metamathematics Metaphysics Meta-ethics Meta-ontology Metatheory Metadata References External links Knowledge Interchange Format Reference Manual Chapter 7: Metaknowledge, Stanford University A Survey of Cognitive and Agent Architectures: Meta-knowledge, University of Michigan

San Giuliano, Rimini

San Giuliano or San Giuliano Martire is a Renaissance-style Roman Catholic church in Rimini, Italy. The church was built during 1553–1575 adjacent to a Benedictine order abbey. The present structure was built at the site of a 9th-century church dedicated to Santi Apostoli Pietro e Paolo. The Benedictines were suppressed in 1797 by Napoleonic forces. The church held works by Giuseppe Pedretti and Francesco Mancini.

San Giuliano or San Giuliano Martire is a Renaissance-style Roman Catholic church in Rimini, Italy. The church was built during 1553–1575 adjacent to a Benedictine order abbey. The present structure was built at the site of a 9th-century church dedicated to Santi Apostoli Pietro e Paolo. The Benedictines were suppressed in 1797 by Napoleonic forces. The church held works by Giuseppe Pedretti and Francesco Mancini. The main altarpiece is a master work by Paolo Veronese depicting the Martyrdom of San Giuliano (1588). The church also houses the polyptych (1409) by Bittino da Faenza (1357–1427) depicting episodes of this saint's life. Relics of the saint were kept in the church. == References ==

Eliécer Silva Celis

Eliécer Silva Celis (Floresta, Colombia, 20 January 1914 – Sogamoso, 4 July 2007) was a Colombian anthropologist, archaeologist, professor and writer. He is considered a pioneer in the anthropology of Colombia. Silva Celis is known in Colombia for the reconstruction of the Sun Temple, the most important temple of the Muisca religion. Eliécer Silva Celis has published many books and articles about the Muisca and other indigenous groups of Colombia, only in Spanish.

Eliécer Silva Celis (Floresta, Colombia, 20 January 1914 – Sogamoso, 4 July 2007) was a Colombian anthropologist, archaeologist, professor and writer. He is considered a pioneer in the anthropology of Colombia. Silva Celis is known in Colombia for the reconstruction of the Sun Temple, the most important temple of the Muisca religion. Eliécer Silva Celis has published many books and articles about the Muisca and other indigenous groups of Colombia, only in Spanish. Biography Eliécer Silva Celis was born in Tobasía, vereda of Floresta, Boyacá on January 20, 1914. He became an orphan at young age and worked as street vendor and at the construction of the railway of Antioquia.In 1937, at age 23, Silva Celis managed to finish his secondary education. The same year he entered the Escuela Normal Superior de Colombia in Bogotá, where Silva Celis got to know later famous people who fled the Nazis in Europe: Paul Rivet, Rudolf Hommes, Justus W. Schottellius, José Francisco Socarras, Gregorio Hernández de Alba and José de Recasens, among others. They taught Silva Celis ethnology, archaeology, physical anthropology, history, philosophy and linguistics.In 1942 Silva Celis uncovered a Muisca cemetery with indigenous tombs in the Mochacá neighbourhood in Sogamoso. He found Muisca mummies and could establish the precise location where the Temple of the Sun of the Muisca had been. The Temple, dedicated to Muisca Sun god Sué, was destroyed by soldiers in the army of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada on September 4, 1537. When De Quesada's soldiers Miguel Sánchez and Juan Rodríguez Parra raided the Sun Temple in September 1537, they found mummies decorated with golden crowns and other objects sitting on raised platforms. With the finding of the location of the temple, he founded the Parque Indígena del Sol, present-day site of the Archaeology Museum in Sogamoso. The museum hosts more than 5000 pieces of the Muisca civilisation. In this museum he also reconstructed the Sun Temple. Later, Eliécer Silva Celis rediscovered El Infiernito, close to Villa de Leyva, an astronomical observatory of the Muisca. Silva Celis founded the Archaeological Park in Monquirá.In 1943, Eliécer Silva Celis found five skulls which were later dated to be between 8890 and 8630 years old.In 1944, Silva Celis studied the famous Tierradentro culture of Huila, findings from La Belleza in Santander and in the following years the Lache of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.The mummy from Sativanorte, named SO10-IX belongs to the collection of Silva Celis in the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso. It has been studied in detail by various researchers. The mummy has been donated to Silva Celis by Abraham López Ávila in 1962. Interviews with López Ávila revealed that the mummy had been found by children in the vicinity of Sativanorte, Sativasur and Socotá on the western bank of the Chicamocha River.Silva Celis was co-founder of the UPTC in Tunja, Boyacá in 1953. He served as rector of the university twice. In 1966, Silva Celis studied Muisca stones found in Mongua, Boyacá. Silva Celis has written more than 400 articles.Eliécer Silva Celis died on July 4, 2007, at an age of 93 years, after dedicating more than 60 years of his life to knowledge about the Muisca and other indigenous groups in Colombia. Works This list is a selection. Books 2006 – Estudios sobre la cultura chibcha 1979 – Proyecto del parque arqueológico y botánico en villa de Leyva: sitio "El Infiernito" 1968 – Arqueología y prehistoria de Colombia; [Bochica o Nemqueteba] 1967 – Antiguedad de la civilizacin̤ Chibcha 1966 – Las estatuas de la Salina de Mongua 1945 – Contribucion al conocimiento de la civilización de los Lache Articles 1965 – Una inspeccion arqueologica por el alto Rio Minero 1965 – Antigüedad y relaciones de la civilización Chibcha 1963 – Los petroglifos de "El Encanto" – Florencia, Caquetá 1963 – Movimiento de la civilización agustiniana sobre el alto Amazonas 1962 – Pinturas rupestres precolombinas de Sáchica, Valle de Leiva 1951 – Investigación de antropología social en Tota, Boyacá 1947 – Sobre arqueología y antropología Chibcha 1946 – Cráneos de Chiscas Trivia Honouring Silva Celis, the Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso, administered by his anthropologist daughter, has been renamed after him See also List of Muisca scholars Muisca art Muisca Muisca mummification, Sun Temple El Infiernito, Archaeology Museum Silva Celis, Sáchica References Notable works by Silva Celis Silva Celis, Eliécer. 1963. Los petroglifos de "El Encanto" – Florencia, Caquetá – The petroglyphs of "El Encanto" – Florencia, Caquetá. Revista Colombiana de Antropología XII. 10–87. Accessed 2016-07-08. Silva Celis, Eliécer. 1963. Movimiento de la civilización agustiniana sobre el alto Amazonas – Movement of the Augustinian civilization around the High Amazone. Revista Colombiana de Antropología XII. 390–400. Accessed 2016-07-08. Silva Celis, Eliécer. 1962. Pinturas rupestres precolombinas de Sáchica, Valle de Leiva – Pre-Columbian rock art of Sáchica, Leyva Valley. Revista Colombiana de Antropología X. 9–36. Accessed 2016-07-08. Bibliography Ardila Silva, Ximena, and Ximena Correal Cabezas. 2010. El patrimonio cultural nos incluye a todos. Fundación Eliécer Silva Celis: una organización inteligente – The cultural heritage includes us all. Foundation Eliécer Silva Celis: an intelligent organisation, 1–97. Universidad del Rosario. Accessed 2016-07-08. Martínez Martín, Abel Fernando; Bernardo Francisco Meléndez, and Fred Gustavo Manrique. 2010. Bio-anthropology and paleopathology of the SO10-IX Muisca mummy from Sátivanorte, Boyacá, Colombia. Colombia Médica 41(2). 112–120. . Otálora Cascante, Andrés Ricardo. 2006. Caracterización bioantropológica de una momia muisca: implicaciones metodológicas desde la antropología biológica – Bioanthropologist's characterization of a Muisca mummy: methodologist's implications from the biologist anthropology. Revista Salud, Historia y Sanidad 1(1). 4–9. . Rodríguez Cuenca, José Vicente. 2007. Profesor Eliécer Silva Celis (1914–2007): un Sugamuxi dedicado a la causa muisca – Professor Eliécer Silva Celis (1914–2007): a Sugamuxi devoted to the muisca cause. Maguaré 21. 111–127. . External links (in Spanish) Interview with Eliécer Silva Celis (in Spanish) Video about the Sun Temple in Sogamoso

Oklahoma Council on Judicial Complaints

The Oklahoma Council on Judicial Complaints is an agency of the state of Oklahoma that investigates allegations of judicial misconduct and can recommend a judge be reprimanded by the Oklahoma Supreme Court or recommend the judge's removal from office by the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. The council has jurisdiction over all state, municipal and administrative law judges. The council is composed of three members.

The Oklahoma Council on Judicial Complaints is an agency of the state of Oklahoma that investigates allegations of judicial misconduct and can recommend a judge be reprimanded by the Oklahoma Supreme Court or recommend the judge's removal from office by the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. The council has jurisdiction over all state, municipal and administrative law judges. The council is composed of three members. Membership The council consists of three members. Only two members of the council may be members of the Oklahoma Bar Association. One member is appointed by the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, one member is appointed by the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, and the third member is appointed by the President of the Oklahoma Bar Association. No members of the council, during their terms of office, is eligible for appointment to the Oklahoma Judicial Nominating Commission. The current members of the council are: Glen D. Huff - Chairman Cathy Christensen - Vice Chairman Jerry Franklin - Member

Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant

The 21 megawatt Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant is a photovoltaic (PV) solar project in California. It is located in Blythe, California, in Riverside County about 200 miles (320 km) east of Los Angeles. Commercial operation began in December 2009. Electricity generated by the power plant is being sold to Southern California Edison under a 20-year power purchase agreement. Another 20 MW plant called NRG Solar Blythe II came online in April 2017.

The 21 megawatt Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant is a photovoltaic (PV) solar project in California. It is located in Blythe, California, in Riverside County about 200 miles (320 km) east of Los Angeles. Commercial operation began in December 2009. Electricity generated by the power plant is being sold to Southern California Edison under a 20-year power purchase agreement. Another 20 MW plant called NRG Solar Blythe II came online in April 2017. Production See also Blythe Solar Power Project List of concentrating solar thermal power companies List of photovoltaic power stations List of solar thermal power stations Renewable energy in the United States Renewable portfolio standard Solar power in the United States == References ==

Miles Walker (tennis)

Miles Stephen Walker (born 1961) is an American former professional tennis player. Walker played varsity tennis for Chapman College and won the 1988 NCAA Division II singles title. He had returned to Chapman after leaving tennis in 1980 and playing little competitive tennis for the next six years.On the professional tour he featured mostly in satellite events, with his biggest tournament appearance the 1989 Canadian Open, where he was a main draw qualifier. He was beaten in the first round by Grant Connell.

Miles Stephen Walker (born 1961) is an American former professional tennis player. Walker played varsity tennis for Chapman College and won the 1988 NCAA Division II singles title. He had returned to Chapman after leaving tennis in 1980 and playing little competitive tennis for the next six years.On the professional tour he featured mostly in satellite events, with his biggest tournament appearance the 1989 Canadian Open, where he was a main draw qualifier. He was beaten in the first round by Grant Connell. References External links Miles Walker at the Association of Tennis Professionals Miles Walker at the International Tennis Federation

The Reluctant Fundamentalist

The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a "metafictional" novel by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid, published in 2007. The novel uses the technique of a frame story, which takes place during the course of a single evening in an outdoor Lahore cafe, where a bearded Pakistani man called Changez tells a nervous American stranger about his love affair with an American woman, and his eventual abandonment of America. A short story adapted from the novel, called "Focus on the Fundamentals," appeared in the fall 2006 issue of The Paris Review. A film adaptation of the novel by director Mira Nair premiered at the 2012 Venice Film Festival.

The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a "metafictional" novel by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid, published in 2007. The novel uses the technique of a frame story, which takes place during the course of a single evening in an outdoor Lahore cafe, where a bearded Pakistani man called Changez tells a nervous American stranger about his love affair with an American woman, and his eventual abandonment of America. A short story adapted from the novel, called "Focus on the Fundamentals," appeared in the fall 2006 issue of The Paris Review. A film adaptation of the novel by director Mira Nair premiered at the 2012 Venice Film Festival. Plot/Summary The story begins in the streets of Lahore. A Pakistani man, Changez, offers to direct an American visitor where he can find a good cup of tea. As they wait for their tea, Changez begins to weave a long story about his life, especially his time living in the United States – in between making remarks about the history, landmarks and society of Lahore, his native city which he loves and of which he is proud. The unnamed American is restless but remains to listen. Changez tells the American he was an excellent student who, after completing his bachelor's degree in finance, joined Underwood Samson, a consultancy firm, as an analyst. After graduating from Princeton University, he vacationed in Greece with fellow Princetonians, where he met Erica, an aspiring writer. He was instantly smitten by her, but his feelings remained almost unrequited because she was still grieving over the death of her childhood sweetheart Chris, who succumbed to lung cancer. After a date, they return to his place and he proceeds to have sex with her, but stops because her emotional attachment to Chris prevents her from becoming aroused. After this incident there is an interlude where neither contacts each other. But soon they go on another date, after which they have sex when Changez convinces Erica to close her eyes and fantasize that she is with Chris. Though Changez is satisfied at this development in their relationship, this irreversibly damages their relationship. Soon she begins treatment in a mental institution. He notices she is physically emaciated and no longer her former self. After this meeting he travels to Chile on an assignment. When he returns to meet her, it is found that she has left the institution and her clothes were found near the Hudson River. Officially she is stated as a missing person, as her body has not been found. In his professional life, he impresses his peers and gets earmarked by his superiors for his work, especially Jim, the person who recruited him, develops a good rapport with him, and holds him in high esteem. This prompts the firm to send him to offshore assignments in the Philippines and Valparaíso, Chile. In Chile, he is very distracted due to developments in the world and, responding to the parabolic suggestion of the publisher his company is there to assess (which would lead to its breakup), he visits the nearby preserved home of the late left-wing poet Pablo Neruda and comes to see himself as a servant of the American empire that has constantly interfered with and manipulated his homeland. He returns from Chile to New York without completing the assignment and ends up losing his job. Politically, Changez is surprised by his own reaction to the September 11 attacks. "Yes, despicable as it may sound, my initial reaction was to be remarkably pleased", he tells the American. He observes the air of suspicion towards Pakistanis. Changez, due to his privileged position in society, is not among those detained or otherwise abused, but he notices a change in his treatment in public. To express solidarity with his countrymen after his trip to Chile, he starts to grow a beard. After the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, India and Pakistan mobilize leading to a standoff. Noticing the US response to this situation, he has an epiphany that his country is being used as a pawn. With no job, an expiring visa and no reason to stay in the United States, he moves back to Lahore. After returning to Lahore, he becomes a professor of finance at the local university. His experience and insight in world issues gains his admiration among students. As a result, he becomes a mentor to large groups of students on various issues. He and his students actively participate in demonstrations against policies that were detrimental to the sovereignty of Pakistan. Changez advocates nonviolence, but a relatively unknown student gets apprehended for an assassination attempt on an American representative, which brings the spotlight on Changez. In a widely televised interview, he strongly criticizes the militarism of U.S. foreign policy. This act makes people surrounding him think that someone might be sent to intimidate him or worse. As they sit in the cafe, Changez keeps noting that the American stranger is very apprehensive of their surroundings, that he is in possession of a sophisticated satellite phone on which he is repeatedly messaging, and that under his clothing there is a bulge which might be a gun. Changez walks the stranger toward his hotel. As they walk, the American, now highly suspicious that he is in immediate danger, reaches into his pocket, possibly for a gun. Changez says he trusts it is simply his holder of business cards. But the novel ends without revealing what was in his pocket, leaving the reader to wonder if the stranger was a CIA agent, possibly there to kill Changez, or if Changez, in collusion with the waiter from the cafe, had planned all along to do harm to the American. Style The Reluctant Fundamentalist is an example of a dramatic monologue and autodiegetic narration. Reception Awards Academic reception In 2007, Davidson College assigned this book to all incoming freshmen as a topic for later discussion during Freshman Orientation. This book kicked off the theme of the school's 2007-08 year, which focused on diversity. The following year, Tulane University gave the novel to all new undergraduates as part of the Tulane University Reading Project. In 2009, the University of St Andrews announced that they would be sending a free copy of The Reluctant Fundamentalist to all of 1,500 new undergraduates as part of a new incentive to "offer students a common topic for discussion and focus energies on reading and intellectual debate". In 2010, Washington University in St. Louis gave the book to each of its incoming freshmen, as a part of the "Freshmen Reading Program." Georgetown University chose this book for incoming freshmen's summer reading. Ursinus College has incorporated the novel into their unique Common Intellectual Experience for freshmen students. Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas uses the book in all honors rhetoric classes for first-year students. Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa and Siena College in Loudonville, New York use the novel as an introduction to their First Year Seminar programs. Lehigh University assigned all incoming freshman this novel in 2012. Rollins College has assigned this novel to their incoming freshmen as part of their summer reading program. The University of Evansville in Indiana uses the novel as a tool in the freshman First Year Seminar program. This program has the purpose of engaging incoming first-year students to topics of leadership and citizenship. Bucknell University chose it for the first year common reading for the Class of 2018. The University of Pretoria has this novel as part of the set work and reading list for English 220. New York City's CUNY Hunter College, department of English, assigns this book in an Asian American literature course for public discourse and a level of understanding of a post-9/11 age in America. In his critique entitled "Mohsin Hamid Engages the World in The Reluctant Fundamentalist," M. S. E. Madiou goes against mainstream criticism, analyzing the historical and artistic contingencies Mohsin Hamid has faced while writing his novel focusing on 9/11 as one of Hamid's "Eureka" moments that has significantly contributed to the production of his novel. Commercial reception The Reluctant Fundamentalist became a million-copy international best-seller. It reached No. 4 on the New York Times Best Seller list.On 5 November 2019, the BBC News listed The Reluctant Fundamentalist on its list of the 100 most influential novels. Adaptations BBC Radio 4 began broadcasting an abridged version on 22 August 2011, read by British actor Riz Ahmed.A film of the same name was directed by Mira Nair and premiered in 2012. References External links The Reluctant Fundamentalist Archived 17 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine

Small Wonders

Small Wonders (also known as Fiddlefest) is a 1995 American documentary film about Roberta Guaspari, a music teacher in East Harlem who teaches underprivileged children how to play the violin. Produced and directed by Allan Miller, it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Small Wonders (also known as Fiddlefest) is a 1995 American documentary film about Roberta Guaspari, a music teacher in East Harlem who teaches underprivileged children how to play the violin. Produced and directed by Allan Miller, it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Participants Roberta Guaspari Arnold Steinhardt Isaac Stern Itzhak Perlman Deborah Meyer Sid Massey Kyle Haver Barry Solowey Lucy Matos See also Music of the Heart, a 1999 drama film based on Small Wonders References External links Small Wonders at IMDb

Santi Vicenzo e Caterina de' Ricci, Prato

The Minor Basilica of Santi Vicenzo e Caterina de' Ricci is a Catholic church, built in the 16th to 18th centuries, and located in the town of Prato, in Tuscany, Italy. Adjacent to the church is a 16th-century monastery.

The Minor Basilica of Santi Vicenzo e Caterina de' Ricci is a Catholic church, built in the 16th to 18th centuries, and located in the town of Prato, in Tuscany, Italy. Adjacent to the church is a 16th-century monastery. Construction The original church of San Vicenzo had been built in the 16th century, but refurbished over the following centuries. The church is now also dedicated to Caterina de' Ricci (1522-1590), who had been a nun associated with the adjacent convent of San Vicenzo Ferrer. About 150 years after her death, Catherine was beatified (1732) and subsequently canonized (1742). After her beatification, this church underwent major refurbishment (1732-1735) under Giovanni Battista Bettini (il Cignaroli) and Girolamo Ticciati. Saint Catherine's remains are displayed under the main altar. The reconstruction and canonization led to making the church a minor basilica. Both the interior and exterior are baroque in style. Works of art The church houses a Nativity (16th century) by Michele delle Colombe, a marble relief of Madonna and Child (15th century) by Matteo Civitali, and the Martyrdom of Saint Catherine of Alessandria by Vincenzo Meucci. On the wall of the nave and above the altar is a series of framed relief sculptures by Girolamo Ticciati and Vicenzo Foggini (died 1755), son of the better-known sculptor Giovanni Battista Foggini, depicting various miracles associated with Saint Catherine. The ceiling canvases are by Pucci. Adjacent monastery Next to the church is the cloistered monastery founded in 1503 and later expanded during the life of Caterina de’ Ricci. The atrium leads to the Papalini Madonna Chapel. Legends hold that the chapel houses a 16th-century maiolica bust that caused the Spanish troops of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Pope Julius II to spare the monastery during the 1512 Sack of Prato. The altar has two panels depicting and Assumption and Scenes from the Passion (circa 1576) by Michele delle Colombe; it also houses precious paintings by Simone Pignoni (Saints Catherine and Tecla); Lorenzo Lippi (St Francis di Sales); Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio (Madonna and Child); as well from the studio of Giovanni Battista Naldini. There is an altarpiece by Michele Tosini in the garden of the Chapel of Madonna di Loreto. Some sites in the convent are closed to visitors. Images == References ==

Mycenae House

Mycenae House is a community centre housed in a former convent building adjacent to the Georgian villa, Woodlands House, in Mycenae Road, in the Westcombe Park area of Greenwich, London. The adjacent Mycenae Gardens are a public open space and are also used for community events.

Mycenae House is a community centre housed in a former convent building adjacent to the Georgian villa, Woodlands House, in Mycenae Road, in the Westcombe Park area of Greenwich, London. The adjacent Mycenae Gardens are a public open space and are also used for community events. History Woodlands House and surrounding land was acquired by a Catholic novitiate order, the Little Sisters of the Assumption, after the end of the First World War. Proceeds from the sale of part of the land were used to fund construction of a novitiate house, which opened in 1933.After the Little Sisters of the Assumption moved to Paddington in 1967, the properties and grounds were purchased by London Borough of Greenwich. The novitiate house became a community centre, known then as Kidbrooke House (taking its name from a public building demolished during the construction of a large roundabout—the Sun in the Sands—forming the junction of Shooters Hill Road and the A102 Blackwall Tunnel southern approach road). In 1994, management of the building passed to the Vanbrugh Community Association, and the building was renamed Mycenae House.During the early 2000s, Greenwich council sought fresh finance to maintain both Woodlands and Mycenae House. Woodlands and a strip of land in the south and southwest corner of the grounds were sold in 2007 on a long lease to the Greenwich Steiner School. Development of a block of flats on the land provided funds for the lease purchase and renovation of Woodlands.Today, Mycenae House is used for events, including concerts and political hustings, for educational activities (music classes, for example), and as a meeting place for various clubs and societies - for example, the Blackheath Scientific Society, Charlton Chess Club, the Woodcraft Folk, and the Woolwich Photographic Society. Mycenae Gardens and The Dell The buildings' gardens, Mycenae Gardens, along with an adjacent space (The Dell), are a public open space, owned and maintained by the Royal Borough of Greenwich.The Gardens are described as a "secluded gardens consisting of grass areas and small copse of trees," with the open space also used for events by local organisations such as the Westcombe Society and by the Steiner School. They are accessed via the main entrance to the Woodlands and Mycenae House. The Dell, situated to the north of the Gardens, is accessed directly from Mycenae Road or via a gate on the footpath between Mycenae Road and Beaconsfield Road. There is no direct access between Mycenae Gardens and the Dell. The Dell has a natural character, and is overgrown with brambles, with London Plane trees covered by ivy; it is primarily used by dog walkers. References External links Mycenae House website Friends of Mycenae Gardens website

Hagop Baronian

Hagop Baronian (pronounced in Eastern Armenian as Hakob Paronyan, traditional spelling: Յակոբ Պարոնեան, reformed spelling: Հակոբ Պարոնյան, Turkish: Hagop Baronyan; 1843–1891) was an influential Ottoman Armenian writer, playwright, journalist, and educator in the 19th century.

Hagop Baronian (pronounced in Eastern Armenian as Hakob Paronyan, traditional spelling: Յակոբ Պարոնեան, reformed spelling: Հակոբ Պարոնյան, Turkish: Hagop Baronyan; 1843–1891) was an influential Ottoman Armenian writer, playwright, journalist, and educator in the 19th century. Biography Born in Adrianople, Baronian is widely acknowledged as the greatest Armenian satirist of all time, closely followed by Yervant Odian. Before going to Constantinople Baronian worked as a pharmacy assistant in his hometown Adrianople. In 1868, finally Baronian left for Constantinople in prospect of finding a job. He first worked as a tutor, and gave private lessons to members of wealthy Armenian families. Afterwards, Baronian was appointed as a teacher in Armenian seminary in Scutari, where the notable Armenian poet Bedros Tourian was among his students. In 1872, Baronian entered journalism as an editor-in-chief of different satirical magazines in the Armenian language. He continued his work in journalism until 1888, when Ottoman authorities decided to ban many magazines in Armenian, including Baronian's. In 1891, Baronian came down with a severe case of tuberculosis, resulting in his death on 27 May that year. Baronian's most significant works include the satirical novel Honorable Beggars (1887) and the comedies Baghdasar Aghbar (1886) and Oriental Dentist (1868). In this works Baronian aimed to show the defects of Constantinople's society in a satirical way and with an incredible sense of humor. Baronian was also known for his biting, sarcastic criticisms of leading figures in the Armenian social circles of Istanbul; some of these critical comments appear in his book Azkayin Chocher ("National Bigshots"). Baronian himself suffered the same fate as the characters in Medzabadiv Mouratsganner, and died penniless on the streets of Istanbul. He was buried in an Armenian cemetery in Istanbul, but the precise location of his grave has been lost. Tributes The Yerevan State Musical Comedy Theatre was named after Hagop Baronian (Armenian: Հակոբ Պարոնյանի անվան Պետական Երաժշտական Կոմեդիայի Թատրոն). References Parlakian, Nishan (2001). Modern Armenian Drama: An Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 61.

NATO Standardization Office

The NATO Standardization Office (NSO) (former NATO Standardization Agency, NSA; French: Bureau OTAN de normalisation) is a NATO agency created in 1951 to handle standardization activities for NATO. The NSA was formed through the merger of the Military Agency for Standardization and the Office for NATO Standardization. During the Agency Reforms, the NSA was transformed to the NATO Standardization Office (NSO) on 1 July 2014, headed by the Director of the NATO Standardization Office (DNSO).The NSO is composed of military and civilian staff that was created to be responsible for standardization for both the Military Committee and the North Atlantic Council It also provides standardization to NATO members military forces, with the goal of interoperability between member nations. It is also the responsibility of the NSO to initiate, administrate over and promulgate a Standardization Agreement (STANAG).NSO headquarters is located at the main NATO headquarters at Boulevard Léopold III, B-1110 Brussels, which is in Haren, part of the City of Brussels municipality.

The NATO Standardization Office (NSO) (former NATO Standardization Agency, NSA; French: Bureau OTAN de normalisation) is a NATO agency created in 1951 to handle standardization activities for NATO. The NSA was formed through the merger of the Military Agency for Standardization and the Office for NATO Standardization. During the Agency Reforms, the NSA was transformed to the NATO Standardization Office (NSO) on 1 July 2014, headed by the Director of the NATO Standardization Office (DNSO).The NSO is composed of military and civilian staff that was created to be responsible for standardization for both the Military Committee and the North Atlantic Council It also provides standardization to NATO members military forces, with the goal of interoperability between member nations. It is also the responsibility of the NSO to initiate, administrate over and promulgate a Standardization Agreement (STANAG).NSO headquarters is located at the main NATO headquarters at Boulevard Léopold III, B-1110 Brussels, which is in Haren, part of the City of Brussels municipality. History On October 24, 1950, during the fourth meeting of the Military Committee, was the first instance of there being a need for a standardization agency. The first NATO standardization agency, the Military Standardization Agency (MSA), was established on January 15, 1951 in London (it was later chartered on January 30). The MSA was created for military-only standardization. A year later, the agency was renamed to the Military Agency for Standardization (MAS). In November 1970, the agency was moved to its current location in Brussels, Belgium, which is also the location of NATO headquarters.A proposal was submitted in 1991 to create the NATO Standardization Agency however it was not created. Instead, a standardization agency for civilian staff was created, the Office for NATO Standardization (ONS). The ONS was established in 1994 and later implemented in 1995 by the North Atlantic Council. From 1998 to 2000, NATO formally merged the two agencies, the MAS and the ONS, together and renamed it to the NATO Standardization Agency, which served both the military and civilian staff.On 1 July 2014 the NATO Standardization Agency (NSA) became the NATO Standardization Office (NSO). Structure The NSA is an independent agency that receives general oversight and direction from a board of directors called the NATO Committee for Standardization (NCS) which are under the authority of the North Atlantic Council. The NSA, NCS and the NATO Standardization Staff Group (NSSG) are the components that comprise the NATO Standardization Organization (NSO). The NSA serves as the executive branch of the NSO. The NSSG is a small group of staff which aids the Director in coordinating activities within the agency. Furthermore, the NSA is divided into an administrative unit and five branches: Air, Army, Joint, Naval and Policy and Coordination.The Director of the NATO Standardization Agency (DNSA) is the head authority figure of the NSA. The DNSA serves as the primary advisor to the Military Committee and to the Secretary General of NATO. The Director is selected by the NCS after an endorsement from the Military Committee. The Secretary General then formally appoints the DNSA for (normally) a three-year term. The Secretary General of NATO appointed former MAS director rear admiral Jan H. Eriksen as the first DNSA on October 1, 2001. The current Director of the NATO Standardization Office is Brigadier General Zoltan Gulyas. List of DNSAs and DNSOs Standardization Agreements A Standardization Agreement (STANAG) is a document that defines varies processes, procedures, terms, and conditions for common military and technical procedures or equipment between NATO nations. Once they are adopted by a nation, a STANAG allows members of the alliance to cooperate with that nation. The DNSA is who has the authority to promulgate a STANAG or an Allied Publication (AP). The NSA publishes STANAGs in a database in English and French on their website. This is a partial list of STANAGs with related articles: Further reading Akşit, Cihangir (October–December 2011). The NATO Standardization Agency—A Continuing Success Story (PDF). Defense Standardization Program Journal. pp. 3–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-06-03. Akşit, Cihangir (2012). The Importance of NATO Standardisation (PDF). Defence Procurement International. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-06-03. NATO Standardization Agency booklet (PDF). NATO Standardization Agency. See also Structure of NATO Standardization Agreement References External links Official website

Yel iyesi

Yel iyesi (Chuvash: Ҫил ийи; Yakut: Тыал иччи) is the Turkic spirit or deity of wind. The name comes from the Turkic words "Yel," which means wind, and "iye," the familiar spirit of any natural asset.

Yel iyesi (Chuvash: Ҫил ийи; Yakut: Тыал иччи) is the Turkic spirit or deity of wind. The name comes from the Turkic words "Yel," which means wind, and "iye," the familiar spirit of any natural asset. Description In Turkic mythology, the Yel İye are female fairy-like spirits who live in the wilderness and sometimes in the clouds. They were believed to be the spirits of women who had been frivolous in their lifetimes and now floated between the physical world and the afterlife. They usually appear as beautiful maidens, naked or dressed in sparkling beautiful white dresses and special fabulous robes. It is said that if even one of her hairs are plucked, the Yel İyesi will die or be forced to change back to her true shape. A human may gain the control of a Yel İyesi by stealing a piece her of hair. If the hair is burnt, the Yel İyesi will disappear. The voices of the Yel İye are not only very beautiful, but can also form large gusts of winds capable of lift houses into the air. Despite their feminine charms the Yel İye are fierce warriors. The earth is said to shake when they do battle. They have healing and prophetic powers and are sometimes willing to help human beings. Yel Ana Yel Ana (Cel Ene) is the Turkic and Altai goddess of wind. Also referred to as goddess of guidance. She is the female form of Yel iyesi. The name Yel Ene means 'Wind Mother. In Hungarian folklore her name is Szel Anya and she is referred to as the "queen of wind". She is a wise woman. The wind is controlled by this old lady called Szélanya (Wind Mother). In other languages Its name is in Mongolian belief Салхи Ээж (Russian Buryat: Һалхин Эхэ; Oirat: Салькн Эк). And this entities have many similarities. Each has the same meaning, "wind mother". Yel Ata Yel Ata (Çel Ede) is the Turkic / Altai god of wind. He is the male form of Yel iyesi. Çel Ede means 'wind Father'. In Hungarian folklore she is referred to as the Szelatya "king of wind". He is the Hungarian god of wind and rain. His armor and weapons are made of pure silver, his sacred metal. Yel Ata is a wind spirit in traditions of Azerbaijan too. He is usually described as a long haired and bearded man, and his name is Haydar (Azerbaijanese: Heydər, Kazakh: Xayder). In other languages Its name is in Mongolian belief Салхи Эцэг (Russian Buryat: Һалхин Эсэгэ; Oirat: Салькн эцк). And this entities have many similarities. Each has the same meaning, "wind father". Wind in Turkish folklore Wind symbolised in Turkish folklore a mischievous, sometimes violent character. In some myths and legends, the Wind was represented by a wild horse. Even today, Turkish people in Anatolia describe thoughtless people or horses as being "born of the wind". Because of his restless spirit / aeitiy, the Wind could not get along with Earth, Water and sometimes the Fire God. When angry, in the winter he sent down snowstorms and in the summer hurricanes, bringing misfortune. Some illness-bearing spirits or daemons appeared as winds and struck people. Western and northern winds were considered ominous in Turkish opinion. In January and February there were some very windy days and these months were called "Jil Aiy (Yel Ayı)", months of wind. Yel (the wind) was perceived as a stroke from the other world. The ancient Turkic community esteemed the Yel Ata (wind god) and in his honour constructed a temple and visited this temple before a military campaign and made sacrifices when asking for a victory. Wind also brings diseases. Therefore, the ‘possession of wind’, a skill to control weather, was one of the characteristics of strong Kams (shamans) and other sacred persons. One of the main movements of a Kam (shaman) during ceremonies was spinning around on one’s feet. Blowing a light wind was considered an appeal to the supernatural spirits. This movement symbolically represented a whirlwind. People trusted the Yel Ata (Wind God), a force of nature that gave them energy. Such a whirlwind could steal the Kut (natural and spiritual energy power) of a human. References External links Karapapah Türkleri See also Hungarian mythology

Morris Goldseker

Morris Goldseker (December 24, 1898 – June 1973) was a real estate business tycoon, broker, and philanthropist. He was President and Founder of M. Goldseker Real Estate Company, a Baltimore-based real-estate brokerage and services company, and is the founder of the Morris Goldseker Foundation. Goldseker became a prominent real estate investor and broker and multi-millionaire in Baltimore during his forty-two years in the real estate business.

Morris Goldseker (December 24, 1898 – June 1973) was a real estate business tycoon, broker, and philanthropist. He was President and Founder of M. Goldseker Real Estate Company, a Baltimore-based real-estate brokerage and services company, and is the founder of the Morris Goldseker Foundation. Goldseker became a prominent real estate investor and broker and multi-millionaire in Baltimore during his forty-two years in the real estate business. Early years Goldseker was a Jewish immigrant born in Milinow, Poland, the sixth of twelve children, of whom four died in infancy. His father was a fish rancher. Goldseker attended elementary and parochial school. He emigrated to the United States, arriving in Baltimore, Maryland on board of the ship Reim on August 28, 1914.His first job was at Fried Pants Shop, he then worked at his uncle's grocery store. In 1921 at age twenty-three, he and a partner acquired a grocery store. Soon after he began purchasing row homes for investment purposes. He taught himself the mechanics of real estate transactions, collecting rents, marketing, checking credit, and backgrounds of applicants, keeping books, paying bills, and forfeiting properties of tenants who did not pay. Business strategy In 1931 Goldseker founded M. Goldseker Real Estate Company which was located at 218 West Franklin Street in downtown Baltimore. This remained his office for over forty years. His company managed thousands of real estate properties. During the economic downturn of the depression, Goldseker knew that foreclosures were imminent. He asked lending institutions if he could manage the properties that were in foreclosure. He then purchased the foreclosed homes he managed, paying off the properties in which he was the note holder, acquiring the reputation of a good risk with savings and loans institutions and banks. The Baltimore City Government agreed to let him manage 1400 city properties that were in disrepair or needed management services. His services included “efficiently renting, managing, and maintaining real estate. In addition to this, he also managed properties with the Federal Home Owner's Loan Corporation.His business strategy included selling homes to people who were discriminated against, and who could not get mortgages, acquiring the reputation as the purveyor of the best homes black people could get. His market were people from a certain income brackets, specifically the lower middle class. According to nephew Sheldon Goldseker, “People whose income was steady but not high. They could keep their heads above water, but had little income left over to build a nest egg. They were families who did not have a lump sum savings that could be the down payment necessary to obtain a mortgage loan.”Goldseker accomplished the American dream. He came to America, could not speak English, and was penniless. He died with assets worth more than 20 million dollars. Some people question if this man "accomplished the American Dream", unless of course the American Dream means becoming rich by taking advantage of the poor. Here's another take on this man's activities and you judge for yourself: "the leading offender in Edmondson Village was Morris Goldseker, who tricked impoverished black families moving into Edmondson Village to sign contracts in which no equity was built up until the “sales price” was paid in full. He was not a very good person as said above, he took advantage of people who were poor by tricking them. He shall not be honored in fame and this wiki page should talk about the bad things he did. According to W. Edward Orser, Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmondson Village Story (1994), not a single “buyer” was able to pay the debt in full — every contract resulted in foreclosure, many after years of timely payments, without the evicted family having a penny of equity in the house they thought they had bought." Allegations In the late 1960s, a group called Activists, Inc., followed Goldseker's financing to major Maryland banks and analyzed his and other blockbusters′ business practices. In December 1969 a lawsuit was filed in which Goldseker was charged with price gouging, and entering into unfair contracts with unsuspecting patrons. Activists, Inc. claimed Goldseker made 85 percent profit, while Goldseker claimed he only netted about 19 percent profit on each house he sold, insisting that he was a fair dealer, providing a unique service to a difficult market. According to Antero Pietila, Goldseker secretly put the screws to Activist, Inc.′s chief witness against him in the civil suit, forcing the suit's withdrawal. Goldseker′s family strongly denounces the accusations. Morris Goldseker Foundation Before Goldseker died, he devised the plan for his foundation, stating “the Foundation will give special consideration to charitable organizations, which, by loans or grants or other steps, give aid and encouragement to worthy individuals to continue their education, establish themselves in business, overcome adversities, or maintain support for themselves and their families.” The foundation, one of the largest philanthropic foundations in Maryland, was created in 1975 with $11 million from Goldseker′s estate. It supports nonprofit organizations helping communities and individuals in the Baltimore metropolitan area.Several family members sit on the Board of Directors of the Foundation. Compensation for their service has routinely come into question; The Baltimore Sun in 2003 reported that Sheldon Goldseker, nephew of Morris Goldseker and Chairman of the Foundation, takes a six-figure salary, even when grants to the community were to be reduced. References External links Goldseker Foundation website

List of airports in Guam

This is a list of airports in Guam (a U.S. territory), grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports. Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable, such as airports that were previously public-use, those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code.

This is a list of airports in Guam (a U.S. territory), grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports. Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable, such as airports that were previously public-use, those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code. Airports This list contains the following information: Location - The village or other location generally associated with the airport. FAA - The location identifier assigned by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). IATA - The airport code assigned by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Those that do not match the FAA code are shown in bold. ICAO - The location indicator assigned by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Airport name - The official airport name. Those shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines. Role - One of four FAA airport categories, as per the 2021-2025 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) Report and updated based on FAA Passenger Boarding Data: P: Commercial Service - Primary are publicly owned airports that receive scheduled passenger service and have more than 10,000 passenger boardings (enplanements) each year. Each primary airport is sub-classified by the FAA as one of the following four "hub" types: L: Large Hub that accounts for at least 1% of total U.S. passenger enplanements. M: Medium Hub that accounts for between 0.25% and 1% of total U.S. passenger enplanements. S: Small Hub that accounts for between 0.05% and 0.25% of total U.S. passenger enplanements. N: Non-Hub that accounts for less than 0.05% of total U.S. passenger enplanements, but more than 10,000 annual enplanements. CS: Commercial Service - Non-Primary are publicly owned airports that receive scheduled passenger service and have at least 2,500 passenger boardings each year. R: Reliever airports are designated by the FAA to relieve congestion at a large commercial service airport and to provide more general aviation access to the overall community. GA: General Aviation airports are the largest single group of airports in the U.S. airport system. Enpl. - The number of enplanements (commercial passenger boardings) that occurred at the airport in calendar year 2019, as per FAA records. See also Transport in Guam List of airports by ICAO code: P#PG - Mariana Islands Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Oceania#Guam (United States) References Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): FAA Airport Data (Form 5010) from National Flight Data Center (NFDC), also available from AirportIQ 5010 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, updated September 2016 Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) Data for CY 2016, updated October 2017 FAA Order JO 7350.8K - Location Identifiers, effective 29 July 2010International: "ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 2006-01-12. "UN Location Codes: Guam". UN/LOCODE 2009-2. UNECE. 2010-02-08. - includes IATA codesOther sites used as a reference when compiling and updating this list: Aviation Safety Network - used to check IATA airport codes Great Circle Mapper: Airports in Guam - used to check IATA and ICAO airport codes

List of birds of Latvia

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Latvia. The avifauna of Latvia include a total of 379 species, of which 3 were introduced by humans. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Latvia.

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Latvia. The avifauna of Latvia include a total of 379 species, of which 3 were introduced by humans. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Latvia. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Latvia (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Latvia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. Common quail, Coturnix coturnix Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) Gray partridge, Perdix perdix Western capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus Black grouse, Lyrurus tetrix Hazel grouse, Tetrastes bonasia Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus Grebes Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis Pigeons and doves Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Rock pigeon, Columba livia Stock dove, Columba oenas Common wood-pigeon, Columba palumbus European turtle-dove, Streptopelia turtur Oriental turtle-dove, Streptopelia orientalis (A) Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto Sandgrouse Order: Pterocliformes Family: Pteroclidae Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. Pallas's sandgrouse, Syrrhaptes paradoxus Bustards Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. Great bustard, Otis tarda Macqueen's bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii (A) Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax Cuckoos Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus Nightjars and allies Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus Swifts Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Common swift, Apus apus Rails, gallinules, and coots Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Water rail, Rallus aquaticus Corn crake, Crex crex Spotted crake, Porzana porzana Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus Eurasian coot, Fulica atra Little crake, Zapornia parva Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla (A) Cranes Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". Common crane, Grus grus Stilts and avocets Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus (A) Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta Oystercatchers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus Plovers and lapwings Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola European golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva (A) Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A) Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus Sandpipers and allies Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Pratincoles and coursers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola (A) Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni Skuas and jaegers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. Great skua, Stercorarius skua Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus Auks, murres, and puffins Order: Charadriiformes Family: Alcidae Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. Dovekie, Alle alle Common murre, Uria aalge Razorbill, Alca torda Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle Gulls, terns, and skimmers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Loons Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata Arctic loon, Gavia arctica Common loon, Gavia immer (A) Yellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii (A) Northern storm petrels Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae The northern storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Leach's storm petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous Shearwaters and petrels Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus Storks Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. Black stork, Ciconia nigra White stork, Ciconia ciconia Boobies and gannets Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. . Northern gannet, Morus bassanus Cormorants and shags Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. Pygmy cormorant, Microcarbo pygmaeus (A) Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo Pelicans Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.. Great white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus Herons, egrets, and bitterns Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus Gray heron, Ardea cinerea Great egret, Ardea alba (A) Little egret, Egretta garzetta Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A) Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides (A) Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax Ibises and spoonbills Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia Osprey Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. Osprey, Pandion haliaetus Hawks, eagles, and kites Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. Barn-owls Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. Barn owl, Tyto alba Owls Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Eurasian scops-owl, Otus scops Eurasian eagle-owl, Bubo bubo Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus Northern hawk owl, Surnia ulula Eurasian pygmy-owl, Glaucidium passerinum Little owl, Athene noctua Tawny owl, Strix aluco Ural owl, Strix uralensis Great gray owl, Strix nebulosa Long-eared owl, Asio otus Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus Hoopoes Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops Kingfishers Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis Bee-eaters Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colorful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. European bee-eater, Merops apiaster Rollers Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. European roller, Coracias garrulus Woodpeckers Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla Eurasian three-toed woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus Middle spotted woodpecker, Dendrocoptes medius White-backed woodpecker, Dendrocopos leucotos Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major Lesser spotted woodpecker, Dryobates minor Gray-headed woodpecker, Picus canus Eurasian green woodpecker, Picus viridis Black woodpecker, Dryocopus martius Falcons and caracaras Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus Merlin, Falco columbarius Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo Saker falcon, Falco cherrug (A) Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus Old World orioles Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus Shrikes Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio Red-tailed shrike, Lanius phoenicuroides (A) Isabelline shrike, Lanius isabellinus (A) Great gray shrike, Lanius excubitor Lesser gray shrike, Lanius minor Crows, jays, and magpies Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Siberian jay, Perisoreus infaustus Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius Eurasian magpie, Pica pica Eurasian nutcracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula Rook, Corvus frugilegus Carrion crow, Corvus corone (A) Hooded crow, Corvus cornix Common raven, Corvus corax Tits, chickadees, and titmice Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Coal tit, Periparus ater Crested tit, Lophophanes cristatus Marsh tit, Poecile palustris Willow tit, Poecile montana Eurasian blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus Azure tit, Cyanistes cyanus Great tit, Parus major Penduline-tits Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. Eurasian penduline-tit, Remiz pendulinus Larks Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. T Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla (A) Wood lark, Lullula arborea Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis Crested lark, Galerida cristata Bearded reedling Order: Passeriformes Family: Panuridae This species, the only one in its family, is found in reed beds throughout temperate Europe and Asia. Bearded reedling, Panurus biarmicus Reed warblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. Booted warbler, Iduna caligata (A) Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina Aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris Eurasian reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus Grassbirds and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. Pallas's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola Lanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata (A) River warbler, Locustella fluviatilis Savi's warbler, Locustella luscinioides Common grasshopper-warbler, Locustella naevia Swallows Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Bank swallow, Riparia riparia Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica (A) Common house-martin, Delichon urbicum Leaf warblers Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors. Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus (A) Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei (A) Pallas's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi (A) Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A) Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (A) Long-tailed tits Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithalidae Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. Long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla Garden warbler, Sylvia borin Asian desert warbler, Curruca nana (A) Barred warbler, Curruca nisoria Lesser whitethroat, Curruca curruca Greater whitethroat, Curruca communis Kinglets Order: Passeriformes Family: Regulidae The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice. Goldcrest, Regulus regulus Common firecrest, Regulus ignicapillus Nuthatches Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. Eurasian nuthatch, Sitta europaea Treecreepers Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. Eurasian treecreeper, Certhia familiaris Short-toed treecreeper, Certhia brachydactyla (A) Wrens Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. Eurasian wren, Troglodytes troglodytes Dippers Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclidae Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. White-throated dipper, Cinclus cinclus Starlings Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. European starling, Sturnus vulgaris Rosy starling, Pastor roseus Thrushes and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. White's thrush, Zoothera aurea (A) Scaly thrush, Zoothera dauma (A) Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus Song thrush, Turdus philomelos Redwing, Turdus iliacus Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris Ring ouzel, Turdus torquatus (A) Black-throated thrush, Turdus atrogularis Old World flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. Waxwings Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus Accentors Order: Passeriformes Family: Prunellidae The accentors are in the only bird family, Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small, fairly drab species superficially similar to sparrows. Siberian accentor, Prunella montanella (A) Dunnock, Prunella modularis Old World sparrows Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow, Passer domesticus Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus Wagtails and pipits Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. Gray wagtail, Motacilla cinerea (A) Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola White wagtail, Motacilla alba Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi (A) Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris Meadow pipit, Anthus pratensis Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus Rock pipit, Anthus petrosus Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta (A) Finches, euphonias, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Longspurs and snow buntings Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds which had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis Old World buntings Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala (A) Corn bunting, Emberiza calandra Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A) Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica See also List of birds Lists of birds by region References Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of Birds of Latvia". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 26 April 2020. Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: A Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1.

Financial engineering

Financial engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving financial theory, methods of engineering, tools of mathematics and the practice of programming. It has also been defined as the application of technical methods, especially from mathematical finance and computational finance, in the practice of finance.Financial engineering plays a key role in a bank's customer-driven derivatives business — delivering bespoke OTC-contracts and "exotics", and implementing various structured products — which encompasses quantitative modelling, quantitative programming and risk managing financial products in compliance with the regulations and Basel capital/liquidity requirements. An older use of the term "financial engineering" that is less common today is aggressive restructuring of corporate balance sheets. Mathematical finance is the application of mathematics to finance. Computational finance and mathematical finance are both subfields of financial engineering.

Financial engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving financial theory, methods of engineering, tools of mathematics and the practice of programming. It has also been defined as the application of technical methods, especially from mathematical finance and computational finance, in the practice of finance.Financial engineering plays a key role in a bank's customer-driven derivatives business — delivering bespoke OTC-contracts and "exotics", and implementing various structured products — which encompasses quantitative modelling, quantitative programming and risk managing financial products in compliance with the regulations and Basel capital/liquidity requirements. An older use of the term "financial engineering" that is less common today is aggressive restructuring of corporate balance sheets. Mathematical finance is the application of mathematics to finance. Computational finance and mathematical finance are both subfields of financial engineering. Computational finance is a field in computer science and deals with the data and algorithms that arise in financial modeling. Discipline Financial engineering draws on tools from applied mathematics, computer science, statistics and economic theory. In the broadest sense, anyone who uses technical tools in finance could be called a financial engineer, for example any computer programmer in a bank or any statistician in a government economic bureau. However, most practitioners restrict the term to someone educated in the full range of tools of modern finance and whose work is informed by financial theory. It is sometimes restricted even further, to cover only those originating new financial products and strategies.Despite its name, financial engineering does not belong to any of the fields in traditional professional engineering even though many financial engineers have studied engineering beforehand and many universities offering a postgraduate degree in this field require applicants to have a background in engineering as well. In the United States, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) does not accredit financial engineering degrees. In the United States, financial engineering programs are accredited by the International Association of Quantitative Finance.Quantitative analyst ("Quant") is a broad term that covers any person who uses math for practical purposes, including financial engineers. Quant is often taken to mean "financial quant", in which case it is similar to financial engineer. The difference is that it is possible to be a theoretical quant, or a quant in only one specialized niche in finance, while "financial engineer" usually implies a practitioner with broad expertise."Rocket scientist" (aerospace engineer) is an older term, first coined in the development of rockets in WWII (Wernher von Braun), and later, the NASA space program; it was adapted by the first generation of financial quants who arrived on Wall Street in the late 1970s and early 1980s. While basically synonymous with financial engineer, it implies adventurousness and fondness for disruptive innovation. Financial "rocket scientists" were usually trained in applied mathematics, statistics or finance and spent their entire careers in risk-taking. They were not hired for their mathematical talents, they either worked for themselves or applied mathematical techniques to traditional financial jobs. The later generation of financial engineers were more likely to have PhDs in mathematics, physics, electrical and computer engineering, and often started their careers in academics or non-financial fields. Criticisms One of the prominent critics of financial engineering is Nassim Taleb, a professor of financial engineering at Polytechnic Institute of New York University who argues that it replaces common sense and leads to disaster. A series of economic collapses has led many governments to argue a return to "real" engineering from financial engineering. A gentler criticism came from Emanuel Derman who heads a financial engineering degree program at Columbia University. He blames over-reliance on models for financial problems; see Financial Modelers' Manifesto. Many other authors have identified specific problems in financial engineering that caused catastrophes: Aaron Brown named confusion between quants and regulators over the meaning of "capital" Felix Salmon gently pointed to the Gaussian copula (see David X. Li § CDOs and Gaussian copula) Ian Stewart criticized the Black-Scholes formula Pablo Triana (along with others including Taleb and Brown) dislikes value at risk Scott Patterson accused quantitative traders and later high-frequency traders.The financial innovation often associated with financial engineers was mocked by former chairman of the Federal Reserve Paul Volcker in 2009 when he said it was a code word for risky securities, that brought no benefits to society. For most people, he said, the advent of the ATM was more crucial than any asset-backed bond. Education The first Master of Financial Engineering degree programs were set up in the early 1990s. The number and size of programs has grown rapidly, to the extent that some now use the term "financial engineer" to refer to a graduate in the field. The financial engineering program at New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering was the first curriculum to be certified by the International Association of Financial Engineers. The number, and variation, of these programs has grown over the decades subsequent (see Master of Quantitative Finance § History); and lately includes undergraduate study, as well as designations such as the Certificate in Quantitative Finance. See also References Further reading Beder, Tanya S.; Marshall, Cara M. (2011). Financial Engineering: The Evolution of a Profession. John Wiley & Sons.

E. Alice Taylor

E. Alice Taylor (1892–January 1, 1986, age 94) was an African-American entrepreneur, teacher, and community organizer who was an officer and board member of the Boston, Massachusetts NAACP for 50 years. In 1927 she founded a branch of Annie Malone's Poro School and Beauty Shoppe, which she ran for 15 years, until it was closed at the start of World War II. The school had grown to become one of New England's largest minority-owned businesses, with a staff of 15 teaching 150 students each year. She was a member of numerous community service organizations.

E. Alice Taylor (1892–January 1, 1986, age 94) was an African-American entrepreneur, teacher, and community organizer who was an officer and board member of the Boston, Massachusetts NAACP for 50 years. In 1927 she founded a branch of Annie Malone's Poro School and Beauty Shoppe, which she ran for 15 years, until it was closed at the start of World War II. The school had grown to become one of New England's largest minority-owned businesses, with a staff of 15 teaching 150 students each year. She was a member of numerous community service organizations. References === Sources ===

Hopi mythology

The Hopi maintain a complex religious and mythological tradition stretching back over centuries. However, it is difficult to definitively state what all Hopis as a group believe. Like the oral traditions of many other societies, Hopi mythology is not always told consistently and each Hopi mesa, or even each village, may have its own version of a particular story, but "in essence the variants of the Hopi myth bear marked similarity to one another." It is also not clear that the stories told to non-Hopis, such as anthropologists and ethnographers, represent genuine Hopi beliefs or are merely stories told to the curious while keeping safe the more sacred Hopi teachings. As folklorist Harold Courlander states, "there is a Hopi reticence about discussing matters that could be considered ritual secrets or religion-oriented traditions.

The Hopi maintain a complex religious and mythological tradition stretching back over centuries. However, it is difficult to definitively state what all Hopis as a group believe. Like the oral traditions of many other societies, Hopi mythology is not always told consistently and each Hopi mesa, or even each village, may have its own version of a particular story, but "in essence the variants of the Hopi myth bear marked similarity to one another." It is also not clear that the stories told to non-Hopis, such as anthropologists and ethnographers, represent genuine Hopi beliefs or are merely stories told to the curious while keeping safe the more sacred Hopi teachings. As folklorist Harold Courlander states, "there is a Hopi reticence about discussing matters that could be considered ritual secrets or religion-oriented traditions."In addition, the Hopis have always been willing to assimilate foreign ideas into their cosmology if they are proven effective for such practical necessities as bringing rain. The Hopi had at least some contact with Europeans as early as the 16th century, and some believe that European Christian traditions may have entered Hopi cosmology at some point. Indeed, Spanish missions were built in several Hopi villages starting in 1629 and were in operation until the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. However, after the revolt, it was the Hopi alone of all the Pueblo peoples who kept the Spanish out of their villages permanently, and regular contact with whites did not begin again until nearly two centuries later. The Hopi mesas have therefore been seen as "relatively unacculturated" at least through the early 20th century, and it may be posited that the European influence on the core themes of Hopi mythology was slight. Major deities Most Hopi creation stories center around Tawa, the sun spirit. Tawa is the creator, and it was he who formed the "First World" out of Tokpella, or endless space, as well as its original inhabitants. It is still traditional for Hopi mothers to seek a blessing from the sun for their newborn children. Other accounts have it that Tawa, or Taiowa, first created Sotuknang, whom he called his nephew, and sent him to create the nine universes according to his plan. Sotuknang also created Spider Woman, who served as a messenger for the creator and was an intercessor between the deity and the people. In some versions of the Hopi creation myth, she creates all life, under the direction of Sotuknang. Yet other stories tell that life was created by Hard Being Woman of the West and Hard Being Woman of the East, while the sun merely observed the process.Masauwu (Maasaw, Mausauu), Skeleton Man, was the Spirit of Death, Earth God, door keeper to the Fifth World, and the Keeper of Fire. He was also the Master of the Upper World, or the Fourth World, and was there when the good people escaped the wickedness of the Third World for the promise of the Fourth. Masauwu is described as wearing a hideous mask, but again showing the diversity of myths among the Hopi, Masauwu was alternately described as a handsome, bejewelled man beneath his mask or as a bloody, fearsome creature. He is also assigned certain benevolent attributes. One story has it that it was Masauwu who helped settle the Hopi at Oraibi and gave them stewardship over the land. He also charged them to watch for the coming of the Pahana (see section below), the Lost White Brother. Other important deities include the twin war gods, the kachinas, and the trickster, Coyote. Maize is vital to Hopi subsistence and religion. "For traditional Hopis, corn is the central bond. Its essence, physically, spiritually, and symbolically, pervades their existence. For the people of the mesas corn is sustenance, ceremonial object, prayer offering, symbol, and sentient being unto itself. Corn is the Mother in the truest sense that people take in the corn and the corn becomes their flesh, as mother milk becomes the flesh of the child." Four Worlds Barry Pritzker writes: "According to Hopi legend, when time and space began, the sun spirit (Tawa) created the First World, in which insectlike creatures lived unhappily in caves. With the goal of improvement, Tawa sent a spirit called Spider Grandmother to the world below. Spider Grandmother led the first creatures on a long trip to the Second World, in which they took on the appearance of wolves and bears. As these animals were no happier than the previous ones, however, Tawa created a new, Third World, and again sent Spider Grandmother to convey the wolves and bears there. By the time they arrived, they had become people." Spider Grandmother taught them weaving and pottery, and a hummingbird brought them a fire drill.: 16 Entrance into the Fourth World Two main versions exist as to the Hopis' emergence into the present Fourth World. In one version, after evil broke out amongst the people in the Third World, with the help of Spider Grandmother, or bird spirits, a hollow bamboo reed grew at the opening of the Third World into the Fourth World. This opening, sipapu, is traditionally viewed to be the Grand Canyon. According to Barry Pritzker, "the people with good hearts (kindness) made it to the Fourth World.": 16–17 The other version (mainly told in Oraibi) has it that Tawa destroyed the Third World in a great flood. Before the destruction, Spider Grandmother sealed the more righteous people into hollow reeds which were used as boats. On arrival on a small piece of dry land, the people saw nothing around them but more water, even after planting a large bamboo shoot, climbing to the top, and looking about. Spider Woman then told the people to make boats out of more reeds, and using island "stepping-stones" along the way, the people sailed east until they arrived on the mountainous coasts of the Fourth World. While it may not be possible to positively ascertain which is the original or "more correct" story, Harold Courlander writes, at least in Oraibi (the oldest of the Hopi villages), little children are often told the story of the sipapu, and the story of an ocean voyage is related to them when they are older. He states that even the name of the Hopi Water Clan (Patkinyamu) literally means "a dwelling-on-water" or "houseboat". However, he notes the sipapu story is centered on Walpi and is more accepted among Hopis generally.According to Barry Pritzker, "In this Fourth World, the people learned many lessons about the proper way to live. They learned to worship Masauwu, who ensured that the dead return safely to the Underworld and who gave them the four sacred tablets that, in symbolic form, outlined their wanderings and their proper behavior in the Fourth World. Masauwu also told the people to watch for the Pahána, the Lost White Brother.": 17 Migrations Upon their arrival in the Fourth World, the Hopis divided and went on a series of great migrations throughout the land. Sometimes they would stop and build a town, then abandon it to continue on with the migration. They would leave their symbols behind on the rocks to show that Hopi had been there. Long the divided people wandered in groups of families, eventually forming clans named after an event or sign that a particular group received upon its journey. These clans would travel for some time as a unified community, but almost inevitably a disagreement would occur, the clan would split and each portion would go its separate way. However, as the clans traveled, they would often join together forming large groups, only to have these associations disband, and then be reformed with other clans. These alternate periods of harmonious living followed by wickedness, contention, and separation play an important part of the Hopi mythos. This pattern seemingly began in the First World and continues even into recent history. In the course of their migration, each Hopi clan was to go to the farthest extremity of the land in every direction. Far in the north was a land of snow and ice which was called the "Back Door", but this was closed to the Hopi. However, the Hopi say that other peoples came through the Back Door into the Fourth World. "Back Door" could refer to the Bering land bridge, which connected Asia with North America. The Hopi were led on their migrations by various signs, or were helped along by Spider Woman. Eventually, the Hopi clans finished their prescribed migrations and were led to their current location in northeastern Arizona. Most Hopi traditions have it that they were given their land by Masauwu, the Spirit of Death and Master of the Fourth World. Sacred Hopi tablets Hopi tradition tells of sacred tablets which were imparted to the Hopi by various deities. Like most of Hopi mythology, accounts differ as to when the tablets were given and in precisely what manner. Perhaps the most important was said to be in the possession of the Fire Clan, and is related to the return of the Pahana. In one version, an elder of the Fire Clan worried that his people would not recognize the Pahana when he returned from the east. He therefore etched various designs including a human figure into a stone, and then broke off the section of the stone which included the figure's head. This section was given to Pahana and he was told to bring it back with him so that the Hopi would not be deceived by a witch or sorcerer. This one is Truth, the stone has an Indian face of black, white and grey with black feathers, and it is not etched but looks more like ink that soaked into the stone. Kachinas One of the Hopi religious societies is the katsina society. According to Barry Pritzker, "Reflecting the close association between the world of the living and that of the dead, spirits play an integral role in the land of the living. They are associated with clouds and with benevolent supernatural entities called katsinam (the plural of katsina), which inhabit the San Francisco Peaks just north of Flagstaff, Arizona." According to Susanne and Jake Page, the katsinam are "the spirits of all things in the universe, of rocks, stars, animals, plants, and ancestors who have lived good lives."Around 1325 CE Kachina masks and Kachina dancers appear as rock art.Raymond Friday Locke discusses the Hopi legend of the Pahana writing that "The Hopis...had long anticipated the coming of Pahana and, either by coincidence or because of a common root of the legends, Pahana was due to visit the Hopi in the very same year that Quetzalcoatl was expected to return to the Aztecs. He arrived some twenty-one years later in the person of the Spaniard Pedro de Tovar, one of Coronado's conquistadors, and was the first white man to be seen by the Hopis and very probably the Navajo. Unlike the Aztecs, the Hopis put this Spanish Pahana to a series of tests, and when he failed them they sent him on his way." The Hopi say that during a great drought, they heard singing and dancing coming from the San Francisco Peaks. Upon investigation, they met the Kachinas who returned with the Hopi to their villages and taught them various forms of agriculture. The Hopi believe that for six months of the year, Kachina spirits live in the Hopi villages. The nine day Niman or Going Home ceremony concludes the Kachina season with an outdoor Kachina Dance where the line of Kachinas bring harvest gifts for the spectators and Kachina dolls for the young girls. Different sets of Kachinas perform year. Most favored is the Hemis group of Kachinas who perform accompanied by a variety of Kachina manas. After the Going Home Dance in late-July or early-August, the Kachinas return to the San Francisco Peaks for six months. The Hopi believe that these dances are vital for the continued harmony and balance of the world. It serves the further and vital purpose of bringing rain to the Hopi's parched homeland. Pahana The true Pahana (or Bahana) is the Lost White Brother of the Hopi. Most versions have it that the Pahana or Elder Brother left for the east at the time that the Hopi entered the Fourth World and began their migrations. However, the Hopi say that he will return again and at his coming the wicked will be destroyed and a new age of peace, the Fifth World, will be ushered into the world. As mentioned above, it is said he will bring with him a missing section of a sacred Hopi stone in the possession of the Fire Clan, and that he will come wearing red. Traditionally, Hopis are buried facing east in expectation of the Pahana who will come from that direction.The legend of the Pahana seems intimately connected with the Aztec story of Quetzalcoatl, and other legends of Central America. This similarity is furthered by the liberal representation of Awanyu or the Paluliikon, the horned or plumed serpent, in Hopi and other Puebloan art. In the early 16th century, both the Hopis and the Aztecs believed that the coming of the Spanish conquistadors was the return of this lost white prophet. Unlike the Aztecs, upon first contact the Hopi put the Spanish through a series of tests in order to determine their divinity, and having failed, the Spanish were sent away from the Hopi mesas.One account has it that the Hopi realized that the Spanish were not the Pahana based upon the destruction of a Hopi town by the Spanish. Thus when the Spanish arrived at the village of Awatovi, they drew a line of cornmeal as a sign for the Spanish not to enter the village, but this was ignored. While some Hopi wanted to fight the invaders, it was decided to try a peaceful approach in the hope that the Spanish would eventually leave. However, Spanish accounts record a short skirmish at Awatovi before the Hopis capitulated. In popular culture The 1982 art film/avant-garde opera Koyaanisqatsi references both the Hopi term Ko.yan.nis.qatsi ("life out of balance"), and three Hopi prophecies —i.e. warnings or eschatology. "If we dig precious things from the land, we will invite disaster." "Near the day of Purification, there will be cobwebs spun back and forth in the sky." "A container of ashes might one day be thrown from the sky, which could burn the land and boil the oceans."David Lanz and Paul Speer's 1987 new-age album Desert Vision has a track named "Tawtoma." The novel by Tony Hillerman, The Dark Wind, first published in 1982, discusses Hopi mythology throughout the story, as key characters are Hopi men, and events of the story occur near important shrines or during an important ceremony. The fictional Navajo sergeant Jim Chee works with fictional Hopi Albert "Cowboy" Dashee, who is a deputy for Coconino County, Arizona, and speaks Hopi and English, translating for Chee on occasion, as well as explaining shrines and ceremonies to him. In the 2001 novel American Gods by Neil Gaiman, Mr. Ibis (an incarnation of the ancient Egyptian god Thoth) discusses the reluctance of scientists to accept evidence of pre-Columbian visitors to the Americas, and refers to the sipapu story as historical fact: "Heaven knows what'll happen if they ever actually find the Hopi emergence tunnels. That'll shake a few things up, you just wait." In the Jordan Peele film Us, Addy as a little girl in 1986 walks up to and into the Shaman's Vision Quest attraction, the entrance of which is topped by a Native American man with a headdress on and his right hand pointing at potential questers. Underneath him, just above the entrance, light bulbs form the words "FIND YOURSELF" and an arrow slowly flashing on and off. Although difficult to hear, closed captioning makes clear that a recorded narration on the speaker system for the attraction is recounting aspects of the Hopi creation story: These, the earth and water, he divided into places from which life could spring. The mountains and the valleys and the waters were all where they belonged. Then Sotuknang went to Taiowa and said, "I want you to see what I have done. And I have done well." And Taiowa looked and said, "It is very good. But you are not done with it. Now you must create life of all kinds and set it in motion according to my plan." [A fake owl, hooting, pops out of a fake tree, so a few words are obscured.] ... and went into space and gathered substance to create his helper, the Spider Woman. "Look all about you, Spider Woman," said Sotuknang. "Here now is endless space, but in the world, there is no joyful movement. The world ..." [Then the electricity goes out.]Decades later, when the adult Addy, with her husband and children, return to the same boardwalk where Shaman's Vision Quest was, it is now called Merlin's Forest. See also Blue Star Kachina Notes References Courlander, Harold, The Fourth World of the Hopis: The Epic Story of the Hopi Indians as Preserved in Their Legends and Traditions (University of New Mexico Press, 1987). Dozier, Edward, The Pueblo Indians of North America (Case Studies in Anthropology, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1970). Gunn Allen, Paula, The Sacred Hoop (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992). Hultkrantz, Ake, “The Religion of the Goddess in North America,” The Book of the Goddess Past and Present: An Introduction to Her Religion, Carl Olson, editor (New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1990). McLeod, Roxie, Dreams and rumors: a history of "Book of the Hopi" Thesis (M.A.) (University of Colorado, 1994). MLA. Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob. ‘’Hopi Kachinas: History, Legends, and Art’’. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2013. ISBN 978-0-7643-4429-9. Wall, Dennis, and Virgil Masayesva, “People of the Corn: Teachings in Hopi Traditional Agriculture, Spirituality, and Sustainability,” American Indian Quarterly, Summer/Fall 2004, Vol. 28, Issue ¾, pp. 435–453.

Eleonora Sears

Eleonora Randolph Sears (September 28, 1881 – March 16, 1968) was an American tennis champion of the 1910s. In addition, she was a champion squash player, and prominent in other sports; she is considered one of the leading all-round women athletes of the first half of the 20th century.

Eleonora Randolph Sears (September 28, 1881 – March 16, 1968) was an American tennis champion of the 1910s. In addition, she was a champion squash player, and prominent in other sports; she is considered one of the leading all-round women athletes of the first half of the 20th century. Early life Sears was the daughter of Boston businessman Frederick Richard Sears and a granddaughter of T. Jefferson Coolidge (who was a great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson) and Hetty Appleton, and a cousin of Henry Cabot Lodge. Sears' father was also known for playing the first tennis game in the United States, his opponent being his cousin James Dwight who brought the game from Europe.Sears was raised in wealth and privilege. She was acquainted with Corinne Douglass Robinson, Eleanor Roosevelt and Alice Roosevelt, all related to President Theodore Roosevelt. She played tennis at a competition organized by Ava Lowle Willing, the wife of John Jacob Astor IV, and she attended the wedding of tennis champion Robert Wrenn. For a while she dated Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, the sporty scion of the Vanderbilt fortune. Career Sears won the women's doubles at the U. S. Women's National Championships four times, including three consecutively (1915–1917). In singles, she was a finalist in 1912, where she was beaten in straight sets by Mary Browne. She teamed with Willis E. Davis to take the national mixed doubles championship in 1916.In August 1938 at the age of 56, she lost to Dorothy Bundy in the second round of the Essex County Club Invitational in Manchester, Massachusetts 6–0, 6–1. She purchased the Burrland Farm for horses in 1955, then "deliberately gutted and burned [its mansion] down" in 1961 to reduce property taxes. She sold the farm in 1966.She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1968, joining her cousin Richard (inducted 1955). Eleonora Sears rode horses competitively and was elected to the U. S. Show Jumping Hall of Fame in 1992. She also owned and raced Thoroughbred horses. She was the first woman to play polo on a men's team.Sears was the first female national squash champion, a founder of the Women's Squash Racquets Association, and coach of the U. S. Women's International Squash Team.She gained media attention for her long-distance walks and hikes. As well, she was one of the first American women to drive an automobile and fly a plane. Her habit of wearing trousers, both when competing in sports and in public, was criticized in media and social circles. Grand Slam finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Women's doubles: 5 (4 titles, 1 runner-up) Mixed doubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up) Later life and death Later in life she lived in Florida with Marie V. Gendron (July 22, 1903 – January 26, 2004), nickname madame, who, at Sears' death, inherited her whole estate. She retained half of it, including Sears' house in Florida, jewelry and works of arts, and gave the rest to six Massachusetts hospitals. See also International Tennis Hall of Fame References External links Eleonora Sears at the International Tennis Hall of Fame

Christian's Church, Copenhagen

Christian's Church (Danish: Christians Kirke) is a Rococo church in the Christianshavn district of Copenhagen, Denmark. Designed by Nicolai Eigtved, it was built 1754–59. Formerly known as Frederick's German Church (Danish: Frederiks Tyske Kirke), it was originally built by the German community as a church for their large community at Christianshavn and served this purpose until the end of the 19th century. Today it is a regular parish church for Christian's Parish within the Danish National Church. Its name is a reference to King Christian IV, who founded the Christianshavn district in 1611.

Christian's Church (Danish: Christians Kirke) is a Rococo church in the Christianshavn district of Copenhagen, Denmark. Designed by Nicolai Eigtved, it was built 1754–59. Formerly known as Frederick's German Church (Danish: Frederiks Tyske Kirke), it was originally built by the German community as a church for their large community at Christianshavn and served this purpose until the end of the 19th century. Today it is a regular parish church for Christian's Parish within the Danish National Church. Its name is a reference to King Christian IV, who founded the Christianshavn district in 1611. History Origins After Christian IV founded Christianshavn in 1617 as a town specially for merchants, a large community of German traders and craftsmen settled there. Although Christianshavn had been incorporated into Copenhagen prior to 1674, they did not attend St. Peter's Church like the rest of the city's German community but preferred to worship at the local Church of Our Saviour. This lasted until they finally asked King Christian VI for permission to build their own church. The King approved the plans and contributed with a lot, a former saltern, located at the end of Strandgade in the southern part of the neighbourhood. He also granted permission for a lottery to be held to cover the project's financing; the finished church used to be colloquially known as the Lottery Church. Construction phase In return for his approval and donation of the lot, the king laid down very specific guidelines for the placement and design of the church building.Nicolai Eigtved, the king's preferred architect at the time, was charged with the design of the new church but died in 1754, before construction started. His son-in-law, Royal Master Builder Georg David Anthon, was entrusted with supervising the construction of the church, which was completed in 1759. Anthon also designed the spire, an addition from 1769. Frederick's German Church The church was originally called Frederik's German Church (Danish: Frederiks Tyske Kirke), and served its original purpose as a church for the German congregation until it was dissolved in 1886. Later history In 1901 the name of the church was changed to the current Christian's Church to complement and avoid confusion with Frederik's Church in Frederiksstaden on the other side of the harbour, as well as to commemorate Christian IV, the founder of the Christianshavn area.Since 1991 it has been a regular parish church for Christian's parish, which includes part of Christianshavn and Slotsholmen. Architecture The church has a rectangular layout, the nave occupying the space between the shorter rather than the longer sides of the rectangle, giving it exceptional width.Standing on a granite plinth, the church is a yellow brick (Flensborg sten) building with sandstone finishing for the portal and tower. Ionic pilasters decorate the portal and the round-arched windows are tall and slender. The tower stands 70 metres high. Designed by Eigtved's son-in-law D. G. Anthon, the spire was added in 1769.The tower is positioned at the centre of the northern side which serves as the main facade. It stands 70 metres high. Interior The unusual interior of Christian's Church is reminiscent of a theatre. In addition to the benches on either side of the nave, three tiers of galleries complete with boxes rise the full height of the building on the northern, western and southern sides. They are all arranged to provide the congregation with an excellent view of the podium on the eastern side, which is reminiscent of a stage. It is dominated by the tall slender altarpiece, which consists not only of the altar table but also of the pulpit above it, and the organ at the very top. The ornate entrance, topped by the royal box, is opposite the altar and under the tower on the western side. The organ stands in the integrated altarpiece above a clock face in the medieval tradition. The original instrument was built in 1759 by the leading authority of the day, Hartvig Jochum Müller. In 1917, I. Starup built a new pneumatic instrument on Müllers facade, and in 1976 the church acquired today's organ designed by P.-G. Andersen. The crypt The church also has a large crypt covering the full area of the nave above. Divided into 48 burial chapels, it has been used for burials ever since the church's consecration in 1759 and is still in use today. The grave of Danish historian Peter Frederik Suhm is located there, alongside the graves of his wife and son. The rock and roll guitarist Link Wray was buried there in 2005. Burials Johan Friederich Wewer (1699-1759), merchant and ship-owner (moved from Church of Holmen) Johan Christian Just vong Berger (1723–1791), physician Vigilius Eriksen (1722–1782), painter Carl Emil Fenger (1814–1884), physician and politician Carl Ludvig Carlach (1832–1893), composer, opera singer and educator Leocadie Gerlach, (1826–1919), opera singer Julie Hansen (1835–1895), actress Peter Nicolai Heering (1838–1924), businessman Jacob Holm (1770–1845), businessman Simon Hooglant, (1712–1789), vice admiral Knud Schroeder, (1977–1955), sculptor and professor Simon Carl Stanley, (1703–1776), sculptor Peter Frederik Suhm, (1728–1798), historian and collector Cleophas Svenningsen, (1801–1853), educator Anker Sørensen, (1926–2010), filmmaker Link Wray, (1929–2005), singer, songwriter and guitarist Johann Ludvig Zinn, (1734–1802), merchant Peter Ascanius (1723-1803), naturalist The "Theatre Church" As a result of its design, the church has often been called the Theatre Church. It has, however, lived up to its name as it can house up to a thousand people, not just for church services but for the many concerts and other artistic arrangements which have been held there in recent years. One of the advantages of its design is that it does not look empty even if only a few people attend such events. Gallery References External links Official web site External links Chruistians Kirke in Danmarks kirker

The Rhodes Colossus

The Rhodes Colossus is an editorial cartoon illustrated by English cartoonist Edward Linley Sambourne and published by Punch magazine in 1892. It alludes to the Scramble for Africa during the New Imperialism period, in which the European powers, beginning in 1884, expanded their colonial expansion in Africa by dividing the continent up amongst themselves. The image depicts British business magnate Cecil Rhodes as a giant standing over the continent holding a telegraphic line, a reference to his desire to build a "Cape to Cairo" rail and telegraph line and connect most of the British colonies in Africa. It is a visual pun based on the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The Rhodes Colossus is an editorial cartoon illustrated by English cartoonist Edward Linley Sambourne and published by Punch magazine in 1892. It alludes to the Scramble for Africa during the New Imperialism period, in which the European powers, beginning in 1884, expanded their colonial expansion in Africa by dividing the continent up amongst themselves. The image depicts British business magnate Cecil Rhodes as a giant standing over the continent holding a telegraphic line, a reference to his desire to build a "Cape to Cairo" rail and telegraph line and connect most of the British colonies in Africa. It is a visual pun based on the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. History The Rhodes Colossus was drawn by English cartoonist Edward Linley Sambourne, and first appeared in Punch magazine in 1892. It was widely reprinted, and has since become a standard illustration in history texts. The cartoon was published in the 10 December 1892 edition of Punch, accompanied by a recent excerpt from The Times about a Rhodes plan to extend an electrical telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. The excerpt from The Times reads: Mr. Rhodes announced that it was his intention, either with the help of his friends or by himself, to continue the telegraph northwards, across the Zambesi, through Nyassaland, and along Lake Tanganyika to Uganda. Nor is this all.... This colossal Monte Cristo means to cross the Soudan ... and to complete the overland telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo; that is, from England to the whole of her possessions or colonies, or 'spheres of influence' in Africa.The cartoon and excerpt were followed by a piece of satirical verse by Edwin J. Milliken, on the character and ambitions of Rhodes. Satirical verses and stories often accompanied cartoons in Punch magazine. In the verse, Rhodes is described as a "Director and Statesman in one" and a "Seven-League-Booted Colossus" that stands "O'er Africa striding from dark end to end, to forward black emancipation." He is also described as a "shrewd trader" and a "diplomat full of finesse and sharp schemes with a touch of the pious Crusader".The Rhodes as Colossus pun used in this artwork was a well-known joke that originated in South Africa and that Punch had used before, as well as many others. Iconography Sambourne illustrated this visual pun to depict Cecil Rhodes as the ancient Greek statue the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, following the traditional (and architecturally unlikely) depiction of the Colossus with wide-set legs across Rhodes harbour (above). Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. In his right hand Rhodes holds a pith helmet with a rifle slung around his right shoulder. Rhodes stands in a powerful, open armed stance. This has been seen by scholars an indication of his power and influence during the European colonisation of Africa. His giant size indicates his larger than life aspirations and desire for further influence in the continent. Influence The cartoon quickly became widely referenced in historical texts as an illustrated representation of the Scramble for Africa, and the New Imperialism era as a whole. The original context of a proposed telegraph line is rarely mentioned in such reproductions, which take the "Cape to Cairo" concept more generally.In Adam Hochschild's King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism, in Colonial Africa, Rhodes is introduced as the "future South African politician and diamond magnate" who claimed he "would annex the planets" if he could. The South African cartoonist Jonathan Shapiro parodied the cartoon in a 2009 work by placing Chinese premier Wen Jiabao in place of Rhodes holding up Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the-then Minister of International Relations and Cooperation (as a marionette) while the Dalai Lama looks on from Asia. The cartoon satirized Sino-African relations in general, and recent China–South Africa relations in particular, after the Dalai Lama was denied a visa to attend an international peace conference in Johannesburg, a move that was perceived to be the result of Chinese diplomatic pressure.In 2013, political cartoonist Martin Rowson referenced Sambourne's cartoon in an satirical illustration published on 1 February in The Guardian on British Prime Minister David Cameron's policies regarding Algeria and the French intervention in Mali. Legacy The cartoon has become one of the most frequently used images to represent the era of New Imperialism and the European colonisation of Africa. Rhodes' legacy in modern-day South Africa has been described by scholar Patrick Bond as "one of the world's most lucrative, and destructive", referencing the numerous fraudulent and misleading treaties he signed with various African peoples which ceded portions of their territory to him. See also Rhodes Must Fall References Further reading Punch, 10 December 1892, from Project Gutenberg Sven Lindqvist, Joan Tate, and Sarah Death. The Dead Do Not Die. New York: The New Press, 2014. ISBN 9781595589897.

Miniopterus maghrebensis

Miniopterus maghrebensis, also known as the Maghrebian bent-wing bat, is a species of bat found in North Africa.

Miniopterus maghrebensis, also known as the Maghrebian bent-wing bat, is a species of bat found in North Africa. Taxonomy The description as a new species was published in 2014, separating a population previously assigned to the species Miniopterus schreibersii. The cryptic species within the M. schreibersii population was distinguished by characteristics of the cranium and dentition and molecular evidence of a distinct phylogeny. Description A species of Miniopterus, known as bent or long winged bats, closely resembling M. schreibersii in its superficial characteristics of morphology and acoustic signals. The species enters a state of torpor in winter months, allowed by the fat reserves stored in the body during the preceding months. Distribution and habitat Miniopterus maghrebensis occurs in North Africa, associated in the name to the Maghreb region. The distribution range extends from Tunisia to the west, south of the Atlas Mountains, through Algeria and Morocco. They have been found in dry forest and shrubland associated with a Mediterranean climate, and known to inhabit caves. The number of locations within this range is limited to a few known sites, perhaps extending to suitable habit in other Mediterranean regions.The species is sympatric with M. schreibersii at near coastal regions of the African continent.The IUCN Red List classifies this species as near threatened by extinction, and trajectory of the population as unknown. Primary threatening factors are loss of the extent and quality of natural habitat. The use of caves and other subterranean habitats for daytime roosts and extended periods of hibernation has exposed the species to interruption by human activity. The use of pesticides for agriculture and forestry may also be a threatening factor to the species population. == References ==