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Skeptical Inquirer

Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American general-audience magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) with the subtitle: The Magazine for Science and Reason. Originally called The Zetetic, the magazine initially focused on investigating claims of the paranormal. As the organization and magazine evolved, it expanded to address other pseudoscientific topics that are antithetical to critical thinking and science. Notable skeptics have credited the magazine in influencing their development of scientific skepticism. In the "Letters to the Editor", the most frequent letters of appreciation come from educators.

Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American general-audience magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) with the subtitle: The Magazine for Science and Reason. Originally called The Zetetic, the magazine initially focused on investigating claims of the paranormal. As the organization and magazine evolved, it expanded to address other pseudoscientific topics that are antithetical to critical thinking and science. Notable skeptics have credited the magazine in influencing their development of scientific skepticism. In the "Letters to the Editor", the most frequent letters of appreciation come from educators. Mission statement and goals Writer and skeptic Daniel Loxton, writing in 2013 about the mission and goals of the skeptical movement, criticized the idea that people wanted to read about the paranormal, Uri Geller and crystal skulls not being relevant any longer. Paul Kurtz in 2009 seemed to share this sentiment and stated that the organization would still research some paranormal subjects as they have expertise in this area, but they would begin to investigate other areas. S.I. "has reached an historic juncture: the recognition that there is a critical need to change our direction." While editor Kendrick Frazier did expand the scope of the magazine to include topics less paranormal and more that were an attack on science and critical thinking such as climate change denialism, conspiracy theories and the influence of the alt-med movement, Frazier also added that "paranormal beliefs are still widespread" and quoted surveys that state that the public, given a list of ten general paranormal topics, will select four as topics they believe in. While the general skeptic community believes that we should not waste more time debunking the paranormal, topics long ago discredited, Frazier says "millions of Americans accept them today."Barry Karr is the executive director of CSI and Skeptical Inquirer. In June 2023, Stephen Hupp was named as the magazine's editor. Hupp replaced Stuart Vyse, who was the interim editor in November 2022 following the passing of Kendrick Frazier.Writing for Scientific American in 1982, cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter said that the purpose of Skeptical Inquirer was to "combat nonsense" with articles in English that require no special knowledge or expertise, only "curiosity about truth". History The magazine was originally titled The Zetetic (from the Greek meaning "skeptical seeker" or "inquiring skeptic"), and was originally edited by Marcello Truzzi. About a year after its inception a schism developed between the editor Truzzi and the rest of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP). The side represented by CSICOP was more "firmly opposed to nonsense, more willing to go on the offensive and to attack supernatural claims" and the other side ("The relativist faction (one member)", i.e. Truzzi) wanted science and pseudoscience to exist "happily together". Truzzi left to start The Zetetic Scholar and CSICOP changed the magazine's name to Skeptical Inquirer.Loxton speculates on the answer to the question that if CSICOP was not the first skeptical publication, why is it considered to be the "'birth of modern skepticism' (at least for the English-speaking world)"? He writes that it was because CSICOP organized "this scholarship collectively [and] comprised a distinct field of study." The organization was the first to establish "best practices... specialist experts... buildings... periodicals and professional writers and researchers." Magazine content 2009 Jan/Feb – 2020 May/June art director Christopher S. Fix until his death in March 2021.The magazine contains several regular columns (and contributors). These have changed over the years as follows: Print magazine columns and columnists Notes of a Fringe-Watcher (originally titled, Notes of a Psi-Watcher) – Martin Gardner, 1983–2010 Investigative Files – Joe Nickell, 1995–present Psychic Vibrations – Robert Sheaffer, 1977–2017 Notes of a Strange World – Massimo Polidoro, 2002–present Thinking About Science – Massimo Pigliucci, 2002–2015 Skeptical Inquiree – Ben Radford, 2006–present Science Watch – Kenneth Krause, 2010–present The Science of Medicine – Steven Novella, 2010 The Science of Science Communication – Matthew Nisbet, 2016–present Behavior & Belief – Stuart Vyse, 2016–present The Last Laugh – Ian Patrick Harris, 2017–present Reality Is the Best Medicine – Harriet Hall, 2018 (began with issue 42.5) Online magazine columns and columnists The magazine's website includes current articles, as well as an archive dating back to 1994. A small selection of articles also have Spanish versions available. Most articles are organized into the following columns: Special Report – Various columnists, 2007–present Curiouser and Curiouser – Kylie Sturgess, 2010–present Guerrilla Skepticism – Susan Gerbic, 2013–present Behavior & Belief – Stuart Vyse, 2014–present Conference Report – Various columnists, 2014–present SkepDoc's Corner – Harriet Hall, 2015–present Consumer Health – William M. London, 2015–present CSICon – Susan Gerbic and others, 2016–present The Well-Known Skeptic – Rob Palmer, 2018–present The Wide World of Science – Jamie Hale, 2018–present A Closer Look – Kenny Biddle, 2018–present European Skeptics Chronicles – Annika Merkelbach, 2018–present The Thoughtful Conduit – Russ Dobler, 2018–present In Memoriam – Various columnists, 2019–present Letter to America – Wendy M. Grossman, 2019–present But What Do I Know – Ada McVean, 2020–present The Skeptic's Guide to Sports Science – Nick Tiller, 2021–present Influence Several notable skeptics have described the magazine as influential to the early stages of their development as scientific skeptics. In 1995, Perry DeAngelis and Steven Novella were friends that played Dungeons & Dragons together until DeAngelis noticed a Skeptical Inquirer magazine on the table in Novella's condo. DeAngelis, also an avid reader of the magazine, pointed out the back page to Novella and said "What is missing?" DeAngelis stated that what was missing was a Connecticut skeptic group, he said "we should do this" to which Novella agreed. They started the New England Skeptical Society and eventually the Skeptic's Guide to the Universe (SGU) podcast.Writing for Scientific American, Douglas Hofstadter asked the question, why would Skeptical Inquirer succeed when the only people who read it are people who do not believe in the paranormal? The answer, he says, lies in the back of the magazine in the "Letters to the Editor" section. "Many people write in to say how vital the magazine has been to them, their friends and their students. High school teachers are among the most frequent writers of thank-you notes to the magazine's editors, but I have also seen enthusiastic letters from members of the clergy, radio talk-show hosts and people in many other professions." Daniel Loxton, in his essay "Ode to Joy" about discovering Skeptical Inquirer magazine as a freshman at his University writes... But the true treasure, the lamp at the end of the cave, the thing that helped set the course of my life, was hidden away in the periodical collection: a complete set of the Skeptical Inquirer, going back to its launch in 1976. I couldn't believe such a wealth of skeptical research existed! I worked my way through the stack systematically, hungrily.... Levy and Olynyk art project Inspired by the four decades of Skeptical Inquirer magazine, an exhibition titled Some Provocations from Skeptical Inquirers by artists Ellen Levy and Patricia Olynyk, was held at the Baruch College Mishkin Gallery in February 2016. Reviewer Eileen G'Sell wrote that the artists "plumb the depths of the murky ontological sea that is empirical belief." Writing for The Brooklyn Rail, reviewer William Corwin stated that the artwork represented "this built-in confrontation between fact and fiction (which) was the basis of the Skeptical Inquirer itself and its playful willingness to consider the most unlikely phenomena." Pensar In June 2020, CFI announced the "newly launched CFI online publication", Pensar, "the Spanish language magazine for science, reason, and freethought." It is published by Alejandro Borgo, director of CFI Argentina. Photo gallery See also CSICon Skeptic (U.S. magazine) The Skeptic (UK magazine) The Skeptic's Dictionary Skeptical movement Snopes.com References External links Official website

James Vernon (politician, born 1646)

James Vernon (c. 1646 – c. 1727) was an English Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1679 and 1710. He was Secretary of State for both the Northern and the Southern Departments during the reign of William III.

James Vernon (c. 1646 – c. 1727) was an English Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1679 and 1710. He was Secretary of State for both the Northern and the Southern Departments during the reign of William III. Early life Vernon was a younger son of Francis Vernon of London (a scion of the Vernons of Haslington, Cheshire, and Hanbury, Worcestershire), and his wife, Anne Welby, widow, daughter of George Smithes, a London goldsmith. Like his elder brother Francis, he was educated at Charterhouse School, and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 19 July 1662, aged 16. He graduated BA in 1666, and proceeded MA in 1669 (incorporated MA at Cambridge in 1676). He married, by licence dated 6 April 1675, Mary Buck, daughter of Sir John Buck, 1st Baronet, of Hamby Grange, Lincolnshire. Rise to prominence Vernon was employed by Sir Joseph Williamson to collect news in Holland in March 1672, and in the following June attended Lord Halifax on his mission to Louis XIV. On his return he became secretary to the Duke of Monmouth. He is said to have removed the words 'natural son' from the patent conferring the command-in-chief upon the duke in 1674 but left his service in 1678. Having been admitted to St John's College Cambridge the previous month, he was returned at the general election of March 1679 as Member of Parliament for Cambridge University. He then entered the secretary of state's office as clerk and gazetteer, i.e. editor of the London Gazette. These duties he exchanged on the revolution for the post of private secretary to Lord Shrewsbury. On Shrewsbury's resignation, Vernon served in the same capacity Sir John Trenchard, by whom he was employed in Flanders in the summer of 1692 to furnish reports of the movements of the army to Sir William Dutton Colt, British minister at Celle. In 1693 he was appointed to a commissionership of prizes, which he held until 1705. At the 1695 English general election, Vernon was returned to parliament as MP for Penryn, Cornwall. On Shrewsbury's return to power (March 1693–4) Vernon resumed in name his former relations with him. Shrewsbury's ill-health, however, and the course of events soon thrust Vernon into prominence, and during the king's absences on the continent he acted as secretary to the lords justices. On him fell the main burden of investigating the assassination plot, and of hushing up the charges brought by Sir John Fenwick (1645–1697) against Godolphin, Shrewsbury, Marlborough, and Russell. In support of the bill for Fenwick's attainder he made on 25 November 1696 the only important speech which he is recorded to have delivered throughout his parliamentary career. The dexterity which he displayed in this affair, and Shrewsbury's virtual retirement, enhanced his consequence, and at Sunderland's suggestion he received the seals on the resignation of Sir William Trumbull, and was sworn of the privy council (5 December 1697). Though he did not formally succeed to Shrewsbury's department on his resignation, 12 December 1698, he was thenceforth virtually secretary for both departments until the delivery of the southern seals to the Earl of Jersey, 14 May 1699. At the 1698 English general election, he was returned as MP for Westminster. Secretary of State By the king Vernon was treated rather as a clerk than as a minister. He was hardly more than cognisant of the negotiations for the peace of Ryswick, and of the partition treaty he knew nothing until the draft was placed in his hands for transmission to Lord Somers. He went down to Tunbridge Wells with a mind made up against the treaty, and, though he drafted the blank commission and transmitted it to Holland, he fully approved, if he did not inspire, the letter with which Somers accompanied it (28 August 1698). When the treaty was signed he drafted the necessary forms of ratification and procured their authentication by Somers under the great seal. With Somers alone of the ministers in England, he shared the secret of the separate articles. When the treaty came before the notice of parliament, Portland, who bore the first brunt of the attack, sought to share his responsibility with Vernon, whom he represented as cognisant of and concurring in the negotiation from the outset. Vernon cleared himself from this charge by producing with the king's leave the relevant correspondence, and, though no less responsible than Somers for the course taken at Tunbridge Wells, he was omitted from the articles of impeachment and was continued in office. He was, in fact, sole secretary during the interval, 2 May – 5 November 1700, between Jersey's resignation and the appointment of Sir Charles Hedges, and retained the seals when Hedges gave place to the Duke of Manchester on 1 January 1701–2. Dismissal and later career A staunch Whig, Vernon viewed with undisguised alarm the death of the Duke of Gloucester on 30 July 1700, and proposed that the king should again marry and the succession be settled, in default of issue, in the Hanoverian line, thus passing over Anne. This proposition rendered him so odious to the Tories that, soon after the accession of Anne, he was dismissed and replaced by the Earl of Nottingham. He was re-elected MP for Westminster in the two general elections of 1701. He did not stand at the 1702 English general election. By way of pension, he was provided on 29 June 1702, with the sinecure office of Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer. He was again returned as MP for Penryn at the 1705 English general election and then at the 1708 British general election. He lost his tellership in September 1710 on the decisive victory of the Tories, but was subsequently rewarded with a bounty of £700 and an annual pension of £600. He did not stand at the 1710 British general election. He was one of the commissioners to whom, on 28 August 1716, the Privy Seal was entrusted during Sunderland's absence on the continent, but held no other office during the reign of George I. Later life and legacy Vernon's wife Mary died on 12 October 1715. His last days were spent in retirement at Watford, Hertfordshire, where he died on 31 January 1727. His remains were interred in Watford parish church. He, and his wife Mary, had two sons and two daughters, one of whom Mary married Michael Harrison, M.P. for Lisburn, Co. Antrim. His eldest son, James (died 1756), was ambassador to Copenhagen. His younger son, Edward Vernon (1684–1757), became an admiral, who was famous for his victory at Porto Bello. Vernon's grandson, son of his eldest son James and Arethusa Boyle, Francis, was created Earl of Shipbrook in 1777. See also William Chaloner References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Vernon, James". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

South Somerset Hydropower Group

The South Somerset Hydropower Group (SSHG) is a group of 10 owners of former watermills in the South Somerset area of England who are installing micro-hydro turbines for electricity generation. The Group was founded as a result of an initiative by South Somerset District Council, and was the first of its kind in the United Kingdom. The Group won one of the 2005 Ashden Awards, and the concept has been adopted by a number of other similar groups.The South Somerset Hydropower Project was begun in 2001 and the first turbine, at Gants Mill (Pitcombe), was commissioned in 2003. It now produces up to 12 kW of electricity from a 300 mm cross-flow turbine. Other sites in the Project include Clapton Mill (Clapton), Cole Manor (Bruton), Cary's Mill (Martock) and Cutterne Mill (Evercreech).

The South Somerset Hydropower Group (SSHG) is a group of 10 owners of former watermills in the South Somerset area of England who are installing micro-hydro turbines for electricity generation. The Group was founded as a result of an initiative by South Somerset District Council, and was the first of its kind in the United Kingdom. The Group won one of the 2005 Ashden Awards, and the concept has been adopted by a number of other similar groups.The South Somerset Hydropower Project was begun in 2001 and the first turbine, at Gants Mill (Pitcombe), was commissioned in 2003. It now produces up to 12 kW of electricity from a 300 mm cross-flow turbine. Other sites in the Project include Clapton Mill (Clapton), Cole Manor (Bruton), Cary's Mill (Martock) and Cutterne Mill (Evercreech). When all the mills are in operation it is expected that they will collectively generate around 600 MWh per year, sufficient to supply about 150 homes and avoid the production of 260 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions.The SSHG estimates that there are about 40,000 mill sites that might be suitable for micro-hydropower in the United Kingdom. It has been calculated that harnessing the power from all the streams and rivers in the UK could generate 10,000 GWh per year, enough to supply 3% of national generating capacity. See also Category:Community electricity generation in the United Kingdom Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Energy policy of the United Kingdom Energy conservation Renewable energy References External links Gant's Mill (Mill's own site) Clapton Mill (Mill's own site) Hydro Generation - Micro-hydro System Supplier

2015 Vattenfall Cyclassics

The 2015 Vattenfall Cyclassics was a one-day classic cycling race that took place in Northern Germany on 23 August. It was the 20th edition of the Vattenfall Cyclassics one-day cycling race, and was the twenty-third race of the 2015 UCI World Tour. The race started in Kiel and ended in Hamburg. The course was mainly flat; the race generally suits sprinters, such as the defending champion, Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha). Despite several attacks in the late part of the race, the outcome was decided in a sprint finish.

The 2015 Vattenfall Cyclassics was a one-day classic cycling race that took place in Northern Germany on 23 August. It was the 20th edition of the Vattenfall Cyclassics one-day cycling race, and was the twenty-third race of the 2015 UCI World Tour. The race started in Kiel and ended in Hamburg. The course was mainly flat; the race generally suits sprinters, such as the defending champion, Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha). Despite several attacks in the late part of the race, the outcome was decided in a sprint finish. Pre-race favourite Marcel Kittel (Team Giant–Alpecin) was dropped on the final climb, while Mark Cavendish (Etixx–Quick-Step) was caught up in a crash with 3 kilometres (2 mi) remaining. Kristoff started the sprint, but André Greipel (Lotto–Soudal) was able to follow him and come past to take his first victory in a one-day World Tour race. With Kristoff finishing second, third place was taken by Giacomo Nizzolo (Trek Factory Racing). Route and background The Vattenfall Cyclassics was the only UCI World Tour race held in Germany during the 2015 season. To celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the race, the organizers picked a new route, starting on board of the ferry MS Stena Scandinavica in the harbour of Kiel, and heading in a southwesterly direction towards Hamburg. The overall distance was shortened from 247.2 kilometres (153.6 mi) in the previous year to 221.3 kilometres (137.5 mi). The final kilometers inside the city remained the same, with the finish line on Mönckebergstrasse. The course was largely flat, thereby suiting sprinters. However, the 0.7 kilometres (0.4 mi) Waseberg with a gradient of up to 15% was to be climbed three times. The first ascent of the Waseberg came with 68.9 kilometres (42.8 mi) left to ride, the second and third at 28.3 kilometres (17.6 mi) and 15.5 kilometres (9.6 mi) respectively. Race director Roland Hofer said of the course: "Although the race profile may appear more suitable for the sprinters, it can ultimately be won by all types of great rider, and it’s exactly this kind of race that’s needed for a well-balanced WorldTour."The World Tour came to Germany in the midst of a "renaissance" in German cycling, with the latest successes rejuvenating the country's interest in the sport after a series of setbacks during the past, doping-stricken years. For the first time since 2008, German public broadcaster ARD decided to provide live footage of the race. The route from Kiel to Hamburg was also chosen to boost the two cities' joint bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics. This was the last time the race ran under the name of Vattenfall Cyclassics, as Vattenfall announced that they would not extend their sponsorship. The energy provider had a significant role in the establishment of the race in 1996, under its earlier name HEW. The event was forced to search for a new sponsor to provide the estimated 800,000 Euro previously supplied by Vattenfall, about a third of the race's budget. From 2016 onward, the race was known as the EuroEyes Cyclassics in a two-year deal signed in July 2016. Teams All 17 UCI WorldTeams are automatically entered and obliged to send a team to the race. Three UCI Professional Continental teams were also invited as wildcards. All twenty teams entered eight riders each, meaning that 160 riders took to the course. Pre-race favourites Given the nature of the course, a large number of sprint specialists came to the race, including local favourites Marcel Kittel (Team Giant–Alpecin) and André Greipel (Lotto–Soudal). Greipel came to the Cyclassics after having recently won a career-best four stages at the Tour de France, and another stage win at the Eneco Tour. Meanwhile, Kittel rode as captain for Team Giant–Alpecin, while his teammate, 2013 winner John Degenkolb, went to compete in the Vuelta a España. Kittel had returned to competition after an illness just a week earlier at the Tour de Pologne, winning a stage. He would race with the support of his sprinter teammates Nikias Arndt and Ramon Sinkeldam. Both Greipel and Kittel gave hope to the local fans for a German victory. Since the event was renamed from HEW Cyclassics into Vattenfall Cyclassics in 2006, Degenkolb had been the only German winner, in 2013. Coming into the race carrying his good form from the Tour de France, Greipel was seen as the more likely contender for race victory than Kittel. Gerald Ciolek (MTN–Qhubeka) and Rick Zabel (BMC Racing Team) were two more sprinters considered to have ambitions to win the race, while an attack by Tony Martin (Etixx–Quick-Step) was deemed "a distinct possibility". For Martin, it was the first race after he broke his collarbone while wearing the yellow jersey at the Tour de France.The main non-German favourites for the win were the previous year's winner Alexander Kristoff, (Team Katusha) and Mark Cavendish (Etixx–Quick-Step). While Kristoff came from a "disappointing Tour de France", Cavendish could count on the support of teammates Mark Renshaw and Tom Boonen, who was preparing for the Road World Championships in late September. Arnaud Démare (FDJ), who had won the race in 2012, was competing, as was 2011 winner Edvald Boasson Hagen (MTN–Qhubeka). Other riders in contention for the victory were Ben Swift, Elia Viviani (both Team Sky), Michael Albasini (Orica–GreenEDGE), Samuel Dumoulin (AG2R La Mondiale), Sacha Modolo (Lampre–Merida), Moreno Hofland (LottoNL–Jumbo), and Giacomo Nizzolo (Trek Factory Racing). Tinkoff–Saxo aimed to defy the odds of a sprint finish, and named Matti Breschel as their captain. Sam Bennett (Bora–Argon 18) was named as a "very strong outsider". Race report Shortly after the peloton left the ferry in Kiel's harbour, an early breakaway formed, including Jan Bárta (Bora–Argon 18), Matteo Bono (Lampre–Merida), Alex Dowsett (Movistar Team), and Martin Mortensen (Cult Energy Pro Cycling). The group was able to establish a lead of up to five minutes, while MTN–Qhubeka controlled the pace in the field for most of the day, before Lotto–Soudal and Etixx–Quick-Step joined them at the front for their respective team captains. 60 kilometres (37.3 mi) from the finish, the lead group had broken up, with only Bono and Mortensen left with a lead of less than one minute. With 43 kilometres (26.7 mi) left to ride, the two were joined by former road race world champion Philippe Gilbert (BMC Racing Team), Manuele Boaro (Tinkoff–Saxo), and Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling), now leading by about half a minute. 20 km from the finish, the peloton had caught the escape group, and a field of about 75 riders was set to ride for the race victory.Another late attack came from Linus Gerdemann (Cult Energy Pro Cycling) and Julian Alaphilippe (Etixx–Quick-Step), but they were unable to build a significant gap, and were reeled back in with 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to go. Meanwhile, favourite Marcel Kittel dropped out of the field at the last ascend of the Waseberg, ruling him out of contention. Mark Cavendish was involved in a crash with 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to go. While the sprint trains fought for the lead of the field, Cavendish touched wheels with another rider and was brought to the ground. He was able to continue and eventually finished 66th, but was unable to compete for the victory. At the finish line, the victory was decided by a bunch sprint. Kristoff was the first to open the sprint, but Greipel was able to get around him to claim his first ever win in a one-day World Tour race. Italian rider Giacomo Nizzolo claimed third for Trek Factory Racing. Results Footnotes References External links Official website

Dinas Dinlle

Dinas Dinlle is a small settlement in Gwynedd, north-west Wales which is also, historically, part of Caernarfonshire.

Dinas Dinlle is a small settlement in Gwynedd, north-west Wales which is also, historically, part of Caernarfonshire. Description Dinas Dinlle has a large sand and pebble beach with vast areas of sand from mid-tide level. The foreshore consists of natural pebble banks. The popular beach offers views towards the Llŷn Peninsula (Penrhyn Llŷn) and towards Ynys Llanddwyn (Llanddwyn Island) on Anglesey. The area is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). According to the 2011 Census, 77.9% of the population were Welsh speakers. A small airport, Caernarfon Airport, is nearby. During the Second World War this was an RAF base but now it is mainly used for flying lessons and pleasure flights. A caravan park is located nearby. The erosion by the sea is a substantial problem. A groyne built in 1994 to alleviate the problem was thought to be a mistake that had made the situation worse by 2013. The height of the groyne was to be reduced and the large boulders removed. This was important to preserve the beach and the Wales Coast Path. Hillfort The cliff above the beach is known as Boncan Dinas and is occupied by an Iron Age hillfort, Dinas Dinlle. This fort has been eroded by the sea, such that only a double semi-circular rampart remains. Finds of Roman pottery suggest reoccupation in the 2nd or 3rd centuries CE. The fort is about 164 yards from north to south by 120 yards with an entrance on the south west. It is possible that a Roman lighthouse originally stood here. It is possible to make out small depressions which are thought to indicate the sites of Iron Age huts and the mound may be the remains of a barrow.Archaeological excavations at Dinas Dinlle in 2019 found the remains of structures inside the hillfort. These included 13m-diameter stone-built roundhouse with walls over 2m thick, thought to be one of the largest ever found in Wales. The excavations also found Roman coins and pottery dating from around 200CE to 300CE. The archaeological work was undertaken by the Gwynedd Archaeological Trust and the RCAHMW with funding from the EU 'CHERISH' project. Gallery See also List of hillforts in Wales References External links www.mudandroutes.com : A walk to the hillfort and images

CCTV Cities

CCTV Cities is a 2008 British television documentary programme, produced and presented by journalist Donal MacIntyre. Each episode featured a British town or city. Leeds (Halton Moor and Leeds city centre), Wigan, Edinburgh and London were all featured. The documentary was shown on Five.Instances shown include an attempted suicide on a bridge in Leeds, where a man attempts to commit suicide by jumping into the River Aire, as well as police being attacked with missiles in Halton Moor, Leeds, when criminals attempted to regain a stolen car which the police were recovering. == References ==

CCTV Cities is a 2008 British television documentary programme, produced and presented by journalist Donal MacIntyre. Each episode featured a British town or city. Leeds (Halton Moor and Leeds city centre), Wigan, Edinburgh and London were all featured. The documentary was shown on Five.Instances shown include an attempted suicide on a bridge in Leeds, where a man attempts to commit suicide by jumping into the River Aire, as well as police being attacked with missiles in Halton Moor, Leeds, when criminals attempted to regain a stolen car which the police were recovering. == References ==

List of community currencies in the United Kingdom

This article is a list of community currencies that are, or have been, used in the United Kingdom. There are various models such as complementary currencies, local currencies, Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) and Time-based currency: Warwick & Leamington 'Oak'. Active as of July 2023.

This article is a list of community currencies that are, or have been, used in the United Kingdom. There are various models such as complementary currencies, local currencies, Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) and Time-based currency: Warwick & Leamington 'Oak'. Active as of July 2023. See also Barter List of community currencies in Canada List of community currencies in the United States == References ==

Aphrodite

Aphrodite ( AF-rə-DY-tee) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart Venus, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. Aphrodite's major symbols include seashells, myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer.

Aphrodite ( AF-rə-DY-tee) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart Venus, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. Aphrodite's major symbols include seashells, myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of "sacred prostitution" in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous. In Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite is born off the coast of Cythera from the foam (ἀφρός, aphrós) produced by Uranus's genitals, which his son Cronus had severed and thrown into the sea. In Homer's Iliad, however, she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Plato, in his Symposium, asserts that these two origins actually belong to separate entities: Aphrodite Urania (a transcendent, "Heavenly" Aphrodite) and Aphrodite Pandemos (Aphrodite common to "all the people"). Aphrodite had many other epithets, each emphasizing a different aspect of the same goddess, or used by a different local cult. Thus she was also known as Cytherea (Lady of Cythera) and Cypris (Lady of Cyprus), because both locations claimed to be the place of her birth. In Greek mythology, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of fire, blacksmiths and metalworking. Aphrodite was frequently unfaithful to him and had many lovers; in the Odyssey, she is caught in the act of adultery with Ares, the god of war. In the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she seduces the mortal shepherd Anchises. Aphrodite was also the surrogate mother and lover of the mortal shepherd Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar. Along with Athena and Hera, Aphrodite was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War and she plays a major role throughout the Iliad. Aphrodite has been featured in Western art as a symbol of female beauty and has appeared in numerous works of Western literature. She is a major deity in modern Neopagan religions, including the Church of Aphrodite, Wicca, and Hellenismos. Etymology Hesiod derives Aphrodite from aphrós (ἀφρός) "sea-foam", interpreting the name as "risen from the foam", but most modern scholars regard this as a spurious folk etymology. Early modern scholars of classical mythology attempted to argue that Aphrodite's name was of Greek or Indo-European origin, but these efforts have now been mostly abandoned. Aphrodite's name is generally accepted to be of non-Greek (probably Semitic) origin, but its exact derivation cannot be determined.Scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, accepting Hesiod's "foam" etymology as genuine, analyzed the second part of Aphrodite's name as *-odítē "wanderer" or *-dítē "bright". More recently, Michael Janda, also accepting Hesiod's etymology, has argued in favor of the latter of these interpretations and claims the story of a birth from the foam as an Indo-European mytheme. Similarly, Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak proposes an Indo-European compound *abʰor- "very" and *dʰei- "to shine", also referring to Eos, and Daniel Kölligan has interpreted her name as "shining up from the mist/foam". Other scholars have argued that these hypotheses are unlikely since Aphrodite's attributes are entirely different from those of both Eos and the Vedic deity Ushas.A number of improbable non-Greek etymologies have also been suggested. One Semitic etymology compares Aphrodite to the Assyrian barīrītu, the name of a female demon that appears in Middle Babylonian and Late Babylonian texts. Hammarström looks to Etruscan, comparing (e)prθni "lord", an Etruscan honorific loaned into Greek as πρύτανις. This would make the theonym in origin an honorific, "the lady". Most scholars reject this etymology as implausible, especially since Aphrodite actually appears in Etruscan in the borrowed form Apru (from Greek Aphrō, clipped form of Aphrodite). The medieval Etymologicum Magnum (c. 1150) offers a highly contrived etymology, deriving Aphrodite from the compound habrodíaitos (ἁβροδίαιτος), "she who lives delicately", from habrós and díaita. The alteration from b to ph is explained as a "familiar" characteristic of Greek "obvious from the Macedonians".In the Cypriot syllabary, a syllabic script used on the island of Cyprus from the eleventh until the fourth century BC, her name is attested in the forms 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠭𐠃𐠂 (a-po-ro-ta-o-i, read right-to-left), 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠯𐠭𐠂 (a-po-ro-ti-ta-i, samewise), and finally 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠯𐠪𐠈 (a-po-ro-ti-si-jo, "Aphrodisian", "related to Aphrodite", in the context of a month). Origins Near Eastern love goddess The cult of Aphrodite in Greece was imported from, or at least influenced by, the cult of Astarte in Phoenicia, which, in turn, was influenced by the cult of the Mesopotamian goddess known as "Ishtar" to the East Semitic peoples and as "Inanna" to the Sumerians. Pausanias states that the first to establish a cult of Aphrodite were the Assyrians, followed by the Paphians of Cyprus and then the Phoenicians at Ascalon. The Phoenicians, in turn, taught her worship to the people of Cythera.Aphrodite took on Inanna-Ishtar's associations with sexuality and procreation. Furthermore, she was known as Ourania (Οὐρανία), which means "heavenly", a title corresponding to Inanna's role as the Queen of Heaven. Early artistic and literary portrayals of Aphrodite are extremely similar on Inanna-Ishtar. Like Inanna-Ishtar, Aphrodite was also a warrior goddess; the second-century AD Greek geographer Pausanias records that, in Sparta, Aphrodite was worshipped as Aphrodite Areia, which means "warlike". He also mentions that Aphrodite's most ancient cult statues in Sparta and on Cythera showed her bearing arms. Modern scholars note that Aphrodite's warrior-goddess aspects appear in the oldest strata of her worship and see it as an indication of her Near Eastern origins.Nineteenth century classical scholars had a general aversion to the idea that ancient Greek religion was at all influenced by the cultures of the Near East, but, even Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker, who argued that Near Eastern influence on Greek culture was largely confined to material culture, admitted that Aphrodite was clearly of Phoenician origin. The significant influence of Near Eastern culture on early Greek religion in general, and on the cult of Aphrodite in particular, is now widely recognized as dating to a period of orientalization during the eighth century BC, when archaic Greece was on the fringes of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Indo-European dawn goddess Some early comparative mythologists opposed to the idea of a Near Eastern origin argued that Aphrodite originated as an aspect of the Greek dawn goddess Eos and that she was therefore ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess *Haéusōs (properly Greek Eos, Latin Aurora, Sanskrit Ushas). Most modern scholars have now rejected the notion of a purely Indo-European Aphrodite, but it is possible that Aphrodite, originally a Semitic deity, may have been influenced by the Indo-European dawn goddess. Both Aphrodite and Eos were known for their erotic beauty and aggressive sexuality and both had relationships with mortal lovers. Both goddesses were associated with the colors red, white, and gold. Michael Janda etymologizes Aphrodite's name as an epithet of Eos meaning "she who rises from the foam [of the ocean]" and points to Hesiod's Theogony account of Aphrodite's birth as an archaic reflex of Indo-European myth. Aphrodite rising out of the waters after Cronus defeats Uranus as a mytheme would then be directly cognate to the Rigvedic myth of Indra defeating Vrtra, liberating Ushas. Another key similarity between Aphrodite and the Indo-European dawn goddess is her close kinship to the Greek sky deity, since both of the main claimants to her paternity (Zeus and Uranus) are sky deities. Forms and epithets Aphrodite's most common cultic epithet was Ourania, meaning "heavenly", but this epithet almost never occurs in literary texts, indicating a purely cultic significance. Another common name for Aphrodite was Pandemos ("For All the Folk"). In her role as Aphrodite Pandemos, Aphrodite was associated with Peithō (Πείθω), meaning "persuasion", and could be prayed to for aid in seduction. The character of Pausanias in Plato's Symposium, takes differing cult-practices associated with different epithets of the goddess to claim that Ourania and Pandemos are, in fact, separate goddesses. He asserts that Aphrodite Ourania is the celestial Aphrodite, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and the older of the two goddesses. According to the Symposium, Aphrodite Ourania is the inspiration of male homosexual desire, specifically the ephebic eros, and pederasty. Aphrodite Pandemos, by contrast, is the younger of the two goddesses: the common Aphrodite, born from the union of Zeus and Dione, and the inspiration of heterosexual desire and sexual promiscuity, the "lesser" of the two loves. Paphian (Παφία), was one of her epithets, after the Paphos in Cyprus where she had emerged from the sea at her birth.Among the Neoplatonists and, later, their Christian interpreters, Ourania is associated with spiritual love, and Pandemos with physical love (desire). A representation of Ourania with her foot resting on a tortoise came to be seen as emblematic of discretion in conjugal love; it was the subject of a chryselephantine sculpture by Phidias for Elis, known only from a parenthetical comment by the geographer Pausanias.One of Aphrodite's most common literary epithets is Philommeidḗs (φιλομμειδής), which means "smile-loving", but is sometimes mistranslated as "laughter-loving". This epithet occurs throughout both of the Homeric epics and the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. Hesiod references it once in his Theogony in the context of Aphrodite's birth, but interprets it as "genital-loving" rather than "smile-loving". Monica Cyrino notes that the epithet may relate to the fact that, in many artistic depictions of Aphrodite, she is shown smiling. Other common literary epithets are Cypris and Cythereia, which derive from her associations with the islands of Cyprus and Cythera respectively.On Cyprus, Aphrodite was sometimes called Eleemon ("the merciful"). In Athens, she was known as Aphrodite en kopois ("Aphrodite of the Gardens"). At Cape Colias, a town along the Attic coast, she was venerated as Genetyllis "Mother". The Spartans worshipped her as Potnia "Mistress", Enoplios "Armed", Morpho "Shapely", Ambologera "She who Postpones Old Age". Across the Greek world, she was known under epithets such as Melainis "Black One", Skotia "Dark One", Androphonos "Killer of Men", Anosia "Unholy", and Tymborychos "Gravedigger", all of which indicate her darker, more violent nature.She had the epithet Automata because, according to Servius, she was the source of spontaneous love.A male version of Aphrodite known as Aphroditus was worshipped in the city of Amathus on Cyprus. Aphroditus was depicted with the figure and dress of a woman, but had a beard, and was shown lifting his dress to reveal an erect phallus. This gesture was believed to be an apotropaic symbol, and was thought to convey good fortune upon the viewer. Eventually, the popularity of Aphroditus waned as the mainstream, fully feminine version of Aphrodite became more popular, but traces of his cult are preserved in the later legends of Hermaphroditus. Worship Classical period Aphrodite's main festival, the Aphrodisia, was celebrated across Greece, but particularly in Athens and Corinth. In Athens, the Aphrodisia was celebrated on the fourth day of the month of Hekatombaion in honor of Aphrodite's role in the unification of Attica. During this festival, the priests of Aphrodite would purify the temple of Aphrodite Pandemos on the southwestern slope of the Acropolis with the blood of a sacrificed dove. Next, the altars would be anointed and the cult statues of Aphrodite Pandemos and Peitho would be escorted in a majestic procession to a place where they would be ritually bathed. Aphrodite was also honored in Athens as part of the Arrhephoria festival. The fourth day of every month was sacred to Aphrodite.Pausanias records that, in Sparta, Aphrodite was worshipped as Aphrodite Areia, which means "warlike". This epithet stresses Aphrodite's connections to Ares, with whom she had extramarital relations. Pausanias also records that, in Sparta and on Cythera, a number of extremely ancient cult statues of Aphrodite portrayed her bearing arms. Other cult statues showed her bound in chains.Aphrodite was the patron goddess of prostitutes of all varieties, ranging from pornai (cheap street prostitutes typically owned as slaves by wealthy pimps) to hetairai (expensive, well-educated hired companions, who were usually self-employed and sometimes provided sex to their customers). The city of Corinth was renowned throughout the ancient world for its many hetairai, who had a widespread reputation for being among the most skilled, but also the most expensive, prostitutes in the Greek world. Corinth also had a major temple to Aphrodite located on the Acrocorinth and was one of the main centers of her cult. Records of numerous dedications to Aphrodite made by successful courtesans have survived in poems and in pottery inscriptions. References to Aphrodite in association with prostitution are found in Corinth as well as on the islands of Cyprus, Cythera, and Sicily. Aphrodite's Mesopotamian precursor Inanna-Ishtar was also closely associated with prostitution.Scholars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries believed that the cult of Aphrodite may have involved ritual prostitution, an assumption based on ambiguous passages in certain ancient texts, particularly a fragment of a skolion by the Boeotian poet Pindar, which mentions prostitutes in Corinth in association with Aphrodite. Modern scholars now dismiss the notion of ritual prostitution in Greece as a "historiographic myth" with no factual basis. Hellenistic and Roman periods During the Hellenistic period, the Greeks identified Aphrodite with the ancient Egyptian goddesses Hathor and Isis. Aphrodite was the patron goddess of the Lagid queens and Queen Arsinoe II was identified as her mortal incarnation. Aphrodite was worshipped in Alexandria and had numerous temples in and around the city. Arsinoe II introduced the cult of Adonis to Alexandria and many of the women there partook in it. The Tessarakonteres, a gigantic catamaran galley designed by Archimedes for Ptolemy IV Philopator, had a circular temple to Aphrodite on it with a marble statue of the goddess herself. In the second century BC, Ptolemy VIII Physcon and his wives Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III dedicated a temple to Aphrodite Hathor at Philae. Statuettes of Aphrodite for personal devotion became common in Egypt starting in the early Ptolemaic times and extending until long after Egypt became a Roman province.The ancient Romans identified Aphrodite with their goddess Venus, who was originally a goddess of agricultural fertility, vegetation, and springtime. According to the Roman historian Livy, Aphrodite and Venus were officially identified in the third century BC when the cult of Venus Erycina was introduced to Rome from the Greek sanctuary of Aphrodite on Mount Eryx in Sicily. After this point, Romans adopted Aphrodite's iconography and myths and applied them to Venus. Because Aphrodite was the mother of the Trojan hero Aeneas in Greek mythology and Roman tradition claimed Aeneas as the founder of Rome, Venus became venerated as Venus Genetrix, the mother of the entire Roman nation. Julius Caesar claimed to be directly descended from Aeneas's son Iulus and became a strong proponent of the cult of Venus. This precedent was later followed by his nephew Augustus and the later emperors claiming succession from him.This syncretism greatly impacted Greek worship of Aphrodite. During the Roman era, the cults of Aphrodite in many Greek cities began to emphasize her relationship with Troy and Aeneas. They also began to adopt distinctively Roman elements, portraying Aphrodite as more maternal, more militaristic, and more concerned with administrative bureaucracy. She was claimed as a divine guardian by many political magistrates. Appearances of Aphrodite in Greek literature also vastly proliferated, usually showing Aphrodite in a characteristically Roman manner. Mythology Birth Aphrodite is usually said to have been born near her chief center of worship, Paphos, on the island of Cyprus, which is why she is sometimes called "Cyprian", especially in the poetic works of Sappho. The Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia, marking her birthplace, was a place of pilgrimage in the ancient world for centuries. Other versions of her myth have her born near the island of Cythera, hence another of her names, "Cytherea". Cythera was a stopping place for trade and culture between Crete and the Peloponesus, so these stories may preserve traces of the migration of Aphrodite's cult from the Middle East to mainland Greece. According to the version of her birth recounted by Hesiod in his Theogony, Cronus severed Uranus' genitals and threw them behind him into the sea. The foam from his genitals gave rise to Aphrodite (hence her name, which Hesiod interprets as "foam-arisen"), while the Giants, the Erinyes (furies), and the Meliae emerged from the drops of his blood. Hesiod states that the genitals "were carried over the sea a long time, and white foam arose from the immortal flesh; with it a girl grew." After Aphrodite was born from the sea-foam, she washed up to shore in the presence of the other gods. Hesiod's account of Aphrodite's birth following Uranus's castration is probably derived from The Song of Kumarbi, an ancient Hittite epic poem in which the god Kumarbi overthrows his father Anu, the god of the sky, and bites off his genitals, causing him to become pregnant and give birth to Anu's children, which include Ishtar and her brother Teshub, the Hittite storm god.In the Iliad, Aphrodite is described as the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Dione's name appears to be a feminine cognate to Dios and Dion, which are oblique forms of the name Zeus. Zeus and Dione shared a cult at Dodona in northwestern Greece. In the Theogony, Hesiod describes Dione as an Oceanid, but Apollodorus makes her the thirteenth Titan, child of Gaia and Uranus. Marriage Aphrodite is consistently portrayed as a nubile, infinitely desirable adult, having had no childhood. She is often depicted nude. In the Iliad, Aphrodite is the apparently unmarried consort of Ares, the god of war, and the wife of Hephaestus is a different goddess named Charis. Likewise, in Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite is unmarried and the wife of Hephaestus is Aglaea, the youngest of the three Charites.In Book Eight of the Odyssey, however, the blind singer Demodocus describes Aphrodite as the wife of Hephaestus and tells how she committed adultery with Ares during the Trojan War. The sun-god Helios saw Aphrodite and Ares having sex in Hephaestus's bed and warned Hephaestus, who fashioned a fine, near invisible net. The next time Ares and Aphrodite had sex together, the net trapped them both. Hephaestus brought all the gods into the bedchamber to laugh at the captured adulterers, but Apollo, Hermes, and Poseidon had sympathy for Ares and Poseidon agreed to pay Hephaestus for Ares's release. Aphrodite returned to her temple in Cyprus, where she was attended by the Charites. This narrative probably originated as a Greek folk tale, originally independent of the Odyssey. In a much later interpolated detail, Ares put the young soldier Alectryon by the door to warn of Helios's arrival but Alectryon fell asleep on guard duty. Helios discovered the two and alerted Hephaestus; Ares in rage turned Alectryon into a rooster, which unfailingly crows to announce the sunrise.After exposing them, Hephaestus asks Zeus for his wedding gifts and dowry to be returned to him; by the time of the Trojan War, he is married to Charis/Aglaea, one of the Graces, apparently divorced from Aphrodite. Afterwards, it was generally Ares who was regarded as the husband or official consort of the goddess; on the François Vase, the two arrive at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis on the same chariot, as do Zeus with Hera and Poseidon with Amphitrite. The poets Pindar and Aeschylus refer to Ares as Aphrodite's husband.Later stories were invented to explain Aphrodite's marriage to Hephaestus. In the most famous story, Zeus hastily married Aphrodite to Hephaestus in order to prevent the other gods from fighting over her. In another version of the myth, Hephaestus gave his mother Hera a golden throne, but when she sat on it, she became trapped and he refused to let her go until she agreed to give him Aphrodite's hand in marriage. Hephaestus was overjoyed to be married to the goddess of beauty, and forged her beautiful jewelry, including a strophion (στρόφιον) known as the kestos himas (κεστὸς ἱμάς), a saltire-shaped undergarment (usually translated as "girdle"), which accentuated her breasts and made her even more irresistible to men. Such strophia were commonly used in depictions of the Near Eastern goddesses Ishtar and Atargatis. Attendants Aphrodite is almost always accompanied by Eros, the god of lust and sexual desire. In his Theogony, Hesiod describes Eros as one of the four original primeval forces born at the beginning of time, but, after the birth of Aphrodite from the sea foam, he is joined by Himeros and, together, they become Aphrodite's constant companions. In early Greek art, Eros and Himeros are both shown as idealized handsome youths with wings. The Greek lyric poets regarded the power of Eros and Himeros as dangerous, compulsive, and impossible for anyone to resist. In modern times, Eros is often seen as Aphrodite's son, but this is actually a comparatively late innovation. A scholion on Theocritus's Idylls remarks that the sixth-century BC poet Sappho had described Eros as the son of Aphrodite and Uranus, but the first surviving reference to Eros as Aphrodite's son comes from Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica, written in the third century BC, which makes him the son of Aphrodite and Ares. Later, the Romans, who saw Venus as a mother goddess, seized on this idea of Eros as Aphrodite's son and popularized it, making it the predominant portrayal in works on mythology until the present day.Aphrodite's main attendants were the three Charites, whom Hesiod identifies as the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome and names as Aglaea ("Splendor"), Euphrosyne ("Good Cheer"), and Thalia ("Abundance"). The Charites had been worshipped as goddesses in Greece since the beginning of Greek history, long before Aphrodite was introduced to the pantheon. Aphrodite's other set of attendants was the three Horae (the "Hours"), whom Hesiod identifies as the daughters of Zeus and Themis and names as Eunomia ("Good Order"), Dike ("Justice"), and Eirene ("Peace"). Aphrodite was also sometimes accompanied by Harmonia, her daughter by Ares, and Hebe, the daughter of Zeus and Hera.The fertility god Priapus was usually considered to be Aphrodite's son by Dionysus, but he was sometimes also described as her son by Hermes, Adonis, or even Zeus. A scholion on Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica states that, while Aphrodite was pregnant with Priapus, Hera envied her and applied an evil potion to her belly while she was sleeping to ensure that the child would be hideous. In another version, Hera cursed Aphrodite's unborn son because he had been fathered by Zeus. When Aphrodite gave birth, she was horrified to see that the child had a massive, permanently erect penis, a potbelly, and a huge tongue. Aphrodite abandoned the infant to die in the wilderness, but a herdsman found him and raised him, later discovering that Priapus could use his massive penis to aid in the growth of plants. Anchises The First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite (Hymn 5), which was probably composed sometime in the mid-seventh century BC, describes how Zeus once became annoyed with Aphrodite for causing deities to fall in love with mortals, so he caused her to fall in love with Anchises, a handsome mortal shepherd who lived in the foothills beneath Mount Ida near the city of Troy. Aphrodite appears to Anchises in the form of a tall, beautiful, mortal virgin while he is alone in his home. Anchises sees her dressed in bright clothing and gleaming jewelry, with her breasts shining with divine radiance. He asks her if she is Aphrodite and promises to build her an altar on top of the mountain if she will bless him and his family.Aphrodite lies and tells him that she is not a goddess, but the daughter of one of the noble families of Phrygia. She claims to be able to understand the Trojan language because she had a Trojan nurse as a child and says that she found herself on the mountainside after she was snatched up by Hermes while dancing in a celebration in honor of Artemis, the goddess of virginity. Aphrodite tells Anchises that she is still a virgin and begs him to take her to his parents. Anchises immediately becomes overcome with mad lust for Aphrodite and swears that he will have sex with her. Anchises takes Aphrodite, with her eyes cast downwards, to his bed, which is covered in the furs of lions and bears. He then strips her naked and makes love to her.After the lovemaking is complete, Aphrodite reveals her true divine form. Anchises is terrified, but Aphrodite consoles him and promises that she will bear him a son. She prophesies that their son will be the demigod Aeneas, who will be raised by the nymphs of the wilderness for five years before going to Troy to become a nobleman like his father. The story of Aeneas's conception is also mentioned in Hesiod's Theogony and in Book II of Homer's Iliad. Adonis The myth of Aphrodite and Adonis is probably derived from the ancient Sumerian legend of Inanna and Dumuzid. The Greek name Ἄδωνις (Adōnis, Greek pronunciation: [ádɔːnis]) is derived from the Canaanite word ʼadōn, meaning "lord". The earliest known Greek reference to Adonis comes from a fragment of a poem by the Lesbian poet Sappho (c. 630 – c. 570 BC), in which a chorus of young girls asks Aphrodite what they can do to mourn Adonis's death. Aphrodite replies that they must beat their breasts and tear their tunics. Later references flesh out the story with more details. According to the retelling of the story found in the poem Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid (43 BC – 17/18 AD), Adonis was the son of Myrrha, who was cursed by Aphrodite with insatiable lust for her own father, King Cinyras of Cyprus, after Myrrha's mother bragged that her daughter was more beautiful than the goddess. Driven out after becoming pregnant, Myrrha was changed into a myrrh tree, but still gave birth to Adonis.Aphrodite found the baby and took him to the underworld to be fostered by Persephone. She returned for him once he was grown and discovered him to be strikingly handsome. Persephone wanted to keep Adonis, resulting in a custody battle between the two goddesses over whom should rightly possess Adonis. Zeus settled the dispute by decreeing that Adonis would spend one third of the year with Aphrodite, one third with Persephone, and one third with whomever he chose. Adonis chose to spend that time with Aphrodite. Then, one day, while Adonis was hunting, he was wounded by a wild boar and bled to death in Aphrodite's arms. In a semi-mocking work, the Dialogues of the Gods, the satirical author Lucian comedically relates how a frustrated Aphrodite complains to the moon goddess Selene about her son Eros making Persephone fall in love with Adonis and now she has to share him with her.In different versions of the story, the boar was either sent by Ares, who was jealous that Aphrodite was spending so much time with Adonis, or by Artemis, who wanted revenge against Aphrodite for having killed her devoted follower Hippolytus. In another version, Apollo in fury changed himself into a boar and killed Adonis because Aphrodite had blinded his son Erymanthus when he stumbled upon Aphrodite naked as she was bathing after intercourse with Adonis. The story also provides an etiology for Aphrodite's associations with certain flowers. Reportedly, as she mourned Adonis's death, she caused anemones to grow wherever his blood fell and declared a festival on the anniversary of his death. In one version of the story, Aphrodite injured herself on a thorn from a rose bush and the rose, which had previously been white, was stained red by her blood. According to Lucian's On the Syrian Goddess, each year during the festival of Adonis, the Adonis River in Lebanon (now known as the Abraham River) ran red with blood.The myth of Adonis is associated with the festival of the Adonia, which was celebrated by Greek women every year in midsummer. The festival, which was evidently already celebrated in Lesbos by Sappho's time, seems to have first become popular in Athens in the mid-fifth century BC. At the start of the festival, the women would plant a "garden of Adonis", a small garden planted inside a small basket or a shallow piece of broken pottery containing a variety of quick-growing plants, such as lettuce and fennel, or even quick-sprouting grains such as wheat and barley. The women would then climb ladders to the roofs of their houses, where they would place the gardens out under the heat of the summer sun. The plants would sprout in the sunlight but wither quickly in the heat. Then the women would mourn and lament loudly over the death of Adonis, tearing their clothes and beating their breasts in a public display of grief. Divine favoritism In Hesiod's Works and Days, Zeus orders Aphrodite to make Pandora, the first woman, physically beautiful and sexually attractive, so that she may become "an evil men will love to embrace". Aphrodite "spills grace" over Pandora's head and equips her with "painful desire and knee-weakening anguish", thus making her the perfect vessel for evil to enter the world. Aphrodite's attendants, Peitho, the Charites, and the Horae, adorn Pandora with gold and jewelry.According to one myth, Aphrodite aided Hippomenes, a noble youth who wished to marry Atalanta, a maiden who was renowned throughout the land for her beauty, but who refused to marry any man unless he could outrun her in a footrace. Atalanta was an exceedingly swift runner and she beheaded all of the men who lost to her. Aphrodite gave Hippomenes three golden apples from the Garden of the Hesperides and instructed him to toss them in front of Atalanta as he raced her. Hippomenes obeyed Aphrodite's order and Atalanta, seeing the beautiful, golden fruits, bent down to pick up each one, allowing Hippomenes to outrun her. In the version of the story from Ovid's Metamorphoses, Hippomenes forgets to repay Aphrodite for her aid, so she causes the couple to become inflamed with lust while they are staying at the temple of Cybele. The couple desecrate the temple by having sex in it, leading Cybele to turn them into lions as punishment.The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's Metamorphoses. According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he refused to marry. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions "Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus". Anger myths Aphrodite generously rewarded those who honored her, but also punished those who disrespected her, often quite brutally. A myth described in Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica and later summarized in the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus tells how, when the women of the island of Lemnos refused to sacrifice to Aphrodite, the goddess cursed them to stink horribly so that their husbands would never have sex with them. Instead, their husbands started having sex with their Thracian slave-girls. In anger, the women of Lemnos murdered the entire male population of the island, as well as all the Thracian slaves. When Jason and his crew of Argonauts arrived on Lemnos, they mated with the sex-starved women under Aphrodite's approval and repopulated the island. From then on, the women of Lemnos never disrespected Aphrodite again. In Euripides's tragedy Hippolytus, which was first performed at the City Dionysia in 428 BC, Theseus's son Hippolytus worships only Artemis, the goddess of virginity, and refuses to engage in any form of sexual contact. Aphrodite is infuriated by his prideful behavior and, in the prologue to the play, she declares that, by honoring only Artemis and refusing to venerate her, Hippolytus has directly challenged her authority. Aphrodite therefore causes Hippolytus's stepmother, Phaedra, to fall in love with him, knowing Hippolytus will reject her. After being rejected, Phaedra commits suicide and leaves a suicide note to Theseus telling him that she killed herself because Hippolytus attempted to rape her. Theseus prays to Poseidon to kill Hippolytus for his transgression. Poseidon sends a wild bull to scare Hippolytus's horses as he is riding by the sea in his chariot, causing the horses to bolt and smash the chariot against the cliffs, dragging Hippolytus to a bloody death across the rocky shoreline. The play concludes with Artemis vowing to kill Aphrodite's own mortal beloved (presumably Adonis) in revenge.Glaucus of Corinth angered Aphrodite by refusing to let his horses for chariot racing mate, since doing so would hinder their speed. During the chariot race at the funeral games of King Pelias, Aphrodite drove his horses mad and they tore him apart. Polyphonte was a young woman who chose a virginal life with Artemis instead of marriage and children, as favoured by Aphrodite. Aphrodite cursed her, causing her to have children by a bear. The resulting offspring, Agrius and Oreius, were wild cannibals who incurred the hatred of Zeus. Ultimately, he transformed all the members of the family into birds of ill omen.According to Apollodorus, a jealous Aphrodite cursed Eos, the goddess of dawn, to be perpetually in love and have insatiable sexual desire because Eos once had lain with Aphrodite's sweetheart Ares, the god of war. According to Ovid in his Metamorphoses (book 10.238 ff.), Propoetides who are the daughters of Propoetus from the city of Amathus on the island of Cyprus denied Aphrodite's divinity and failed to worship her properly. Therefore, Aphrodite turned them into the world's first prostitutes. According to Diodorus Siculus, when the Rhodian sea nymphe Halia's six sons by Poseidon arrogantly refused to let Aphrodite land upon their shore, the goddess cursed them with insanity. In their madness, they raped Halia. As punishment, Poseidon buried them in the island's sea-caverns.Xanthius, a descendant of Bellerophon, had two children: Leucippus and an unnamed daughter. Through the wrath of Aphrodite (reasons unknown), Leucippus fell in love with his own sister. They started a secret relationship but the girl was already betrothed to another man and he went on to inform her father Xanthius, without telling him the name of the seducer. Xanthius went straight to his daughter's chamber, where she was together with Leucippus right at the moment. On hearing him enter, she tried to escape, but Xanthius hit her with a dagger, thinking that he was slaying the seducer, and killed her. Leucippus, failing to recognize his father at first, slew him. When the truth was revealed, he had to leave the country and took part in colonization of Crete and the lands in Asia Minor.Queen Cenchreis of Cyprus, wife of King Cinyras, bragged that her daughter Myrrha was more beautiful than Aphrodite. Therefore, Myrrha was cursed by Aphrodite with insatiable lust for her own father, King Cinyras of Cyprus and he slept with her unknowingly in the dark. she eventually transformed into the myrrh tree and gave birth to Adonis in this form. Cinyras also had three other daughters: Braesia, Laogora, and Orsedice. These girls by the wrath of Aphrodite (reasons unknown) cohabited with foreigners and ended their life in Egypt.The Muse Clio derided the goddess' own love for Adonis. Therefore, Clio fell in love with Pierus, son of Magnes and bore Hyacinth.Aegiale was a daughter of Adrastus and Amphithea and was married to Diomedes. Because of anger of Aphrodite, whom Diomedes had wounded in the war against Troy, she had multiple lovers, including a certain Hippolytus. when Aegiale went so far as to threaten his life, he fled to Italy. According to Stesichorus and Hesiod while Tyndareus sacrificing to the gods he forgot Aphrodite, therefore goddess made his daughters twice and thrice wed and deserters of their husbands. Timandra deserted Echemus and went and came to Phyleus and Clytaemnestra deserted Agamemnon and lay with Aegisthus who was a worse mate for her and eventually killed her husband with her lover and finally, Helen of Troy deserted Menelaus under the influence of Aphrodite for Paris and her unfaitfulness eventually causes the War of Troy. As a result of her actions, Aphrodite caused the War of Troy in order to take Priam's kingdom and pass it down to her descendants. In one of the versions of the legend, Pasiphae did not make offerings to the goddess Venus [Aphrodite]. Because of this Venus [Aphrodite] inspired in her an unnatural love for a bull or she cursed her because she was Helios's daughter who revealed her adultery to Hephaestus. For Helios' own tale-telling, she cursed him with uncontrollable lust over the mortal princess Leucothoe, which led to him abandoning his then-lover Clytie, leaving her heartbroken.Lysippe was the mother of Tanais by Berossos. Her son only venerated Ares and was fully devoted to war, neglecting love and marriage. Aphrodite cursed him with falling in love with his own mother. Preferring to die rather than give up his chastity, he threw himself into the river Amazonius, which was subsequently renamed Tanais.According to Hyginus, At the behest of Zeus, Orpheus's mother, the Muse Calliope, judged the dispute between the goddesses Aphrodite and Persephone over Adonis and decided that both shall possess him half of the year. This enraged Venus [Aphrodite], because she had not been granted what she thought was her right. Therefore, Venus [Aphrodite] inspired love for Orpheus in the women of Thrace, causing them to tear him apart as each of them sought Orpheus for herself.Aphrodite personally witnessed the young huntress Rhodopis swear eternal devotion and chastity to Artemis when she joined her group. Aphrodite then summoned her son Eros, and convinced him that such lifestyle was an insult to them both. So under her command, Eros made Rhodopis and Euthynicus, another young hunter who had shunned love and romance just like her, to fall in love with each other. Despite their chaste life, Rhodopis and Euthynicus withdrew to some cavern where they violated their vows. Artemis was not slow to take notice after seeing Aphrodite laugh, so she changed Rhodopis into a fountain as a punishment. Judgment of Paris and Trojan War The myth of the Judgement of Paris is mentioned briefly in the Iliad, but is described in depth in an epitome of the Cypria, a lost poem of the Epic Cycle, which records that all the gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (the eventual parents of Achilles). Only Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited. She was annoyed at this, so she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the word καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, "for the fairest"), which she threw among the goddesses. Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest, and thus the rightful owner of the apple.The goddesses chose to place the matter before Zeus, who, not wanting to favor one of the goddesses, put the choice into the hands of Paris, a Trojan prince. After bathing in the spring of Mount Ida where Troy was situated, the goddesses appeared before Paris for his decision. In the extant ancient depictions of the Judgement of Paris, Aphrodite is only occasionally represented nude, and Athena and Hera are always fully clothed. Since the Renaissance, however, Western paintings have typically portrayed all three goddesses as completely naked.All three goddesses were ideally beautiful and Paris could not decide between them, so they resorted to bribes. Hera tried to bribe Paris with power over all Asia and Europe, and Athena offered wisdom, fame and glory in battle, but Aphrodite promised Paris that, if he were to choose her as the fairest, she would let him marry the most beautiful woman on earth. This woman was Helen, who was already married to King Menelaus of Sparta. Paris selected Aphrodite and awarded her the apple. The other two goddesses were enraged and, as a direct result, sided with the Greeks in the Trojan War.Aphrodite plays an important and active role throughout the entirety of Homer's Iliad. In Book III, she rescues Paris from Menelaus after he foolishly challenges him to a one-on-one duel. She then appears to Helen in the form of an old woman and attempts to persuade her to have sex with Paris, reminding her of his physical beauty and athletic prowess. Helen immediately recognizes Aphrodite by her beautiful neck, perfect breasts, and flashing eyes and chides the goddess, addressing her as her equal. Aphrodite sharply rebukes Helen, reminding her that, if she vexes her, she will punish her just as much as she has favored her already. Helen demurely obeys Aphrodite's command.In Book V, Aphrodite charges into battle to rescue her son Aeneas from the Greek hero Diomedes. Diomedes recognizes Aphrodite as a "weakling" goddess and, thrusting his spear, nicks her wrist through her "ambrosial robe". Aphrodite borrows Ares's chariot to ride back to Mount Olympus. Zeus chides her for putting herself in danger, reminding her that "her specialty is love, not war." According to Walter Burkert, this scene directly parallels a scene from Tablet VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh in which Ishtar, Aphrodite's Akkadian precursor, cries to her mother Antu after the hero Gilgamesh rejects her sexual advances, but is mildly rebuked by her father Anu. In Book XIV of the Iliad, during the Dios Apate episode, Aphrodite lends her kestos himas to Hera for the purpose of seducing Zeus and distracting him from the combat while Poseidon aids the Greek forces on the beach. In the Theomachia in Book XXI, Aphrodite again enters the battlefield to carry Ares away after he is wounded. Offspring Sometimes poets and dramatists recounted ancient traditions, which varied, and sometimes they invented new details; later scholiasts might draw on either or simply guess. Thus while Aeneas and Phobos were regularly described as offspring of Aphrodite, others listed here such as Priapus and Eros were sometimes said to be children of Aphrodite but with varying fathers and sometimes given other mothers or none at all. Iconography Symbols Aphrodite's most prominent avian symbol was the dove, which was originally an important symbol of her Near Eastern precursor Inanna-Ishtar. (In fact, the ancient Greek word for "dove", peristerá, may be derived from a Semitic phrase peraḥ Ištar, meaning "bird of Ishtar".) Aphrodite frequently appears with doves in ancient Greek pottery and the temple of Aphrodite Pandemos on the southwest slope of the Athenian Acropolis was decorated with relief sculptures of doves with knotted fillets in their beaks. Votive offerings of small, white, marble doves were also discovered in the temple of Aphrodite at Daphni. In addition to her associations with doves, Aphrodite was also closely linked with sparrows and she is described riding in a chariot pulled by sparrows in Sappho's "Ode to Aphrodite". According to myth, the dove was originally a nymph named Peristera who helped Aphrodite win in a flower-picking contest over her son Eros; for this Eros turned her into a dove, but Aphrodite took the dove under her wing and made it her sacred bird.Because of her connections to the sea, Aphrodite was associated with a number of different types of water fowl, including swans, geese, and ducks. Aphrodite's other symbols included the sea, conch shells, and roses. The rose and myrtle flowers were both sacred to Aphrodite. A myth explaining the origin of Aphrodite's connection to myrtle goes that originally the myrtle was a maiden, Myrina, a dedicated priestess of Aphrodite. When her previous betrothed carried her away from the temple to marry her, Myrina killed him, and Aphrodite turned her into a myrtle, forever under her protection. Her most important fruit emblem was the apple, and in myth, she turned Melus, childhood friend and kin-in-law to Adonis, into an apple after he killed himself, mourning over Adonis' death. Likewise, Melus's wife Pelia was turned into a dove. She was also associated with pomegranates, possibly because the red seeds suggested sexuality or because Greek women sometimes used pomegranates as a method of birth control. In Greek art, Aphrodite is often also accompanied by dolphins and Nereids. In classical art A scene of Aphrodite rising from the sea appears on the back of the Ludovisi Throne (c. 460 BC), which was probably originally part of a massive altar that was constructed as part of the Ionic temple to Aphrodite in the Greek polis of Locri Epizephyrii in Magna Graecia in southern Italy. The throne shows Aphrodite rising from the sea, clad in a diaphanous garment, which is drenched with seawater and clinging to her body, revealing her upturned breasts and the outline of her navel. Her hair hangs dripping as she reaches to two attendants standing barefoot on the rocky shore on either side of her, lifting her out of the water. Scenes with Aphrodite appear in works of classical Greek pottery, including a famous white-ground kylix by the Pistoxenos Painter dating the between c. 470 and 460 BC, showing her riding on a swan or goose. Aphrodite was often described as golden-haired and portrayed with this color hair in art.In c. 364/361 BC, the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles carved the marble statue Aphrodite of Knidos, which Pliny the Elder later praised as the greatest sculpture ever made. The statue showed a nude Aphrodite modestly covering her pubic region while resting against a water pot with her robe draped over it for support. The Aphrodite of Knidos was the first full-sized statue to depict Aphrodite completely naked and one of the first sculptures that was intended to be viewed from all sides. The statue was purchased by the people of Knidos in around 350 BC and proved to be tremendously influential on later depictions of Aphrodite. The original sculpture has been lost, but written descriptions of it as well several depictions of it on coins are still extant and over sixty copies, small-scale models, and fragments of it have been identified.The Greek painter Apelles of Kos, a contemporary of Praxiteles, produced the panel painting Aphrodite Anadyomene (Aphrodite Rising from the Sea). According to Athenaeus, Apelles was inspired to paint the painting after watching the courtesan Phryne take off her clothes, untie her hair, and bathe naked in the sea at Eleusis. The painting was displayed in the Asclepeion on the island of Kos. The Aphrodite Anadyomene went unnoticed for centuries, but Pliny the Elder records that, in his own time, it was regarded as Apelles's most famous work.During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, statues depicting Aphrodite proliferated; many of these statues were modeled at least to some extent on Praxiteles's Aphrodite of Knidos. Some statues show Aphrodite crouching naked; others show her wringing water out of her hair as she rises from the sea. Another common type of statue is known as Aphrodite Kallipygos, the name of which is Greek for "Aphrodite of the Beautiful Buttocks"; this type of sculpture shows Aphrodite lifting her peplos to display her buttocks to the viewer while looking back at them from over her shoulder. The ancient Romans produced massive numbers of copies of Greek sculptures of Aphrodite and more sculptures of Aphrodite have survived from antiquity than of any other deity. Post-classical culture Middle Ages Early Christians frequently adapted pagan iconography to suit Christian purposes. In the Early Middle Ages, Christians adapted elements of Aphrodite/Venus's iconography and applied them to Eve and prostitutes, but also female saints and even the Virgin Mary. Christians in the east reinterpreted the story of Aphrodite's birth as a metaphor for baptism; in a Coptic stele from the sixth century AD, a female orant is shown wearing Aphrodite's conch shell as a sign that she is newly baptized. Throughout the Middle Ages, villages and communities across Europe still maintained folk tales and traditions about Aphrodite/Venus and travelers reported a wide variety of stories. Numerous Roman mosaics of Venus survived in Britain, preserving memory of the pagan past. In North Africa in the late fifth century AD, Fulgentius of Ruspe encountered mosaics of Aphrodite and reinterpreted her as a symbol of the sin of Lust, arguing that she was shown naked because "the sin of lust is never cloaked" and that she was often shown "swimming" because "all lust suffers shipwreck of its affairs." He also argued that she was associated with doves and conchs because these are symbols of copulation, and that she was associated with roses because "as the rose gives pleasure, but is swept away by the swift movement of the seasons, so lust is pleasant for a moment, but is swept away forever."While Fulgentius had appropriated Aphrodite as a symbol of Lust, Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) interpreted her as a symbol of marital procreative sex and declared that the moral of the story of Aphrodite's birth is that sex can only be holy in the presence of semen, blood, and heat, which he regarded as all being necessary for procreation. Meanwhile, Isidore denigrated Aphrodite/Venus's son Eros/Cupid as a "demon of fornication" (daemon fornicationis). Aphrodite/Venus was best known to Western European scholars through her appearances in Virgil's Aeneid and Ovid's Metamorphoses. Venus is mentioned in the Latin poem Pervigilium Veneris ("The Eve of Saint Venus"), written in the third or fourth century AD, and in Giovanni Boccaccio's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium.Since the Late Middle Ages. the myth of the Venusberg (German; French Mont de Vénus, "Mountain of Venus") – a subterranean realm ruled by Venus, hidden underneath Christian Europe – became a motif of European folklore rendered in various legends and epics. In German folklore of the 16th century, the narrative becomes associated with the minnesinger Tannhäuser, and in that form the myth was taken up in later literature and opera. Art Aphrodite is the central figure in Sandro Botticelli's painting Primavera, which has been described as "one of the most written about, and most controversial paintings in the world", and "one of the most popular paintings in Western art". The story of Aphrodite's birth from the foam was a popular subject matter for painters during the Italian Renaissance, who were attempting to consciously reconstruct Apelles of Kos's lost masterpiece Aphrodite Anadyomene based on the literary ekphrasis of it preserved by Cicero and Pliny the Elder. Artists also drew inspiration from Ovid's description of the birth of Venus in his Metamorphoses. Sandro Botticelli's The Birth of Venus (c. 1485) was also partially inspired by a description by Poliziano of a relief on the subject. Later Italian renditions of the same scene include Titian's Venus Anadyomene (c. 1525) and Raphael's painting in the Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena (1516). Titian's biographer Giorgio Vasari identified all of Titian's paintings of naked women as paintings of "Venus", including an erotic painting from c. 1534, which he called the Venus of Urbino, even though the painting does not contain any of Aphrodite/Venus's traditional iconography and the woman in it is clearly shown in a contemporary setting, not a classical one. The Birth of Venus (1863) by Alexandre CabanelJacques-Louis David's final work was his 1824 magnum opus, Mars Being Disarmed by Venus, which combines elements of classical, Renaissance, traditional French art, and contemporary artistic styles. While he was working on the painting, David described it, saying, "This is the last picture I want to paint, but I want to surpass myself in it. I will put the date of my seventy-five years on it and afterwards I will never again pick up my brush." The painting was exhibited first in Brussels and then in Paris, where over 10,000 people came to see it. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's painting Venus Anadyomene was one of his major works. Louis Geofroy described it as a "dream of youth realized with the power of maturity, a happiness that few obtain, artists or others." Théophile Gautier declared: "Nothing remains of the marvelous painting of the Greeks, but surely if anything could give the idea of antique painting as it was conceived following the statues of Phidias and the poems of Homer, it is M. Ingres's painting: the Venus Anadyomene of Apelles has been found." Other critics dismissed it as a piece of unimaginative, sentimental kitsch, but Ingres himself considered it to be among his greatest works and used the same figure as the model for his later 1856 painting La Source. Paintings of Venus were favorites of the late nineteenth-century Academic artists in France. In 1863, Alexandre Cabanel won widespread critical acclaim at the Paris Salon for his painting The Birth of Venus, which the French emperor Napoleon III immediately purchased for his own personal art collection. Édouard Manet's 1865 painting Olympia parodied the nude Venuses of the Academic painters, particularly Cabanel's Birth of Venus. In 1867, the English Academic painter Frederic Leighton displayed his Venus Disrobing for the Bath at the academy. The art critic J. B. Atkinson praised it, declaring that "Mr Leighton, instead of adopting corrupt Roman notions regarding Venus such as Rubens embodied, has wisely reverted to the Greek idea of Aphrodite, a goddess worshipped, and by artists painted, as the perfection of female grace and beauty." A year later, the English painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti, a founding member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, painted Venus Verticordia (Latin for "Aphrodite, the Changer of Hearts"), showing Aphrodite as a nude red-headed woman in a garden of roses. Though he was reproached for his outré subject matter, Rossetti refused to alter the painting and it was soon purchased by J. Mitchell of Bradford. In 1879, William Adolphe Bouguereau exhibited at the Paris Salon his own Birth of Venus, which imitated the classical tradition of contrapposto and was met with widespread critical acclaim, rivalling the popularity of Cabanel's version from nearly two decades prior. Literature William Shakespeare's erotic narrative poem Venus and Adonis (1593), a retelling of the courtship of Aphrodite and Adonis from Ovid's Metamorphoses, was the most popular of all his works published within his own lifetime. Six editions of it were published before Shakespeare's death (more than any of his other works) and it enjoyed particularly strong popularity among young adults. In 1605, Richard Barnfield lauded it, declaring that the poem had placed Shakespeare's name "in fames immortall Booke". Despite this, the poem has received mixed reception from modern critics; Samuel Taylor Coleridge defended it, but Samuel Butler complained that it bored him and C. S. Lewis described an attempted reading of it as "suffocating".Aphrodite appears in Richard Garnett's short story collection The Twilight of the Gods and Other Tales (1888), in which the gods' temples have been destroyed by Christians. Stories revolving around sculptures of Aphrodite were common in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Examples of such works of literature include the novel The Tinted Venus: A Farcical Romance (1885) by Thomas Anstey Guthrie and the short story The Venus of Ille (1887) by Prosper Mérimée, both of which are about statues of Aphrodite that come to life. Another noteworthy example is Aphrodite in Aulis by the Anglo-Irish writer George Moore, which revolves around an ancient Greek family who moves to Aulis. The French writer Pierre Louÿs titled his erotic historical novel Aphrodite: mœurs antiques (1896) after the Greek goddess. The novel enjoyed widespread commercial success, but scandalized French audiences due to its sensuality and its decadent portrayal of Greek society.In the early twentieth century, stories of Aphrodite were used by feminist poets, such as Amy Lowell and Alicia Ostriker. Many of these poems dealt with Aphrodite's legendary birth from the foam of the sea. Other feminist writers, including Claude Cahun, Thit Jensen, and Anaïs Nin also made use of the myth of Aphrodite in their writings. Ever since the publication of Isabel Allende's book Aphrodite: A Memoir of the Senses in 1998, the name "Aphrodite" has been used as a title for dozens of books dealing with all topics even superficially connected to her domain. Frequently these books do not even mention Aphrodite, or mention her only briefly, but make use of her name as a selling point. Modern worship In 1938, Gleb Botkin, a Russian immigrant to the United States, founded the Church of Aphrodite, a neopagan religion centered around the worship of a mother goddess, whom its practitioners identified as Aphrodite. The Church of Aphrodite's theology was laid out in the book In Search of Reality, published in 1969, two years before Botkin's death. The book portrayed Aphrodite in a drastically different light than the one in which the Greeks envisioned her, instead casting her as "the sole Goddess of a somewhat Neoplatonic Pagan monotheism". It claimed that the worship of Aphrodite had been brought to Greece by the mystic teacher Orpheus, but that the Greeks had misunderstood Orpheus's teachings and had not realized the importance of worshipping Aphrodite alone.Aphrodite is a major deity in Wicca, a contemporary nature-based syncretic Neopagan religion. Wiccans regard Aphrodite as one aspect of the Goddess and she is frequently invoked by name during enchantments dealing with love and romance. Wiccans regard Aphrodite as the ruler of human emotions, erotic spirituality, creativity, and art. As one of the twelve Olympians, Aphrodite is a major deity within Hellenismos (Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism), a Neopagan religion which seeks to authentically revive and recreate the religion of ancient Greece in the modern world. Unlike Wiccans, Hellenists are usually strictly polytheistic or pantheistic. Hellenists venerate Aphrodite primarily as the goddess of romantic love, but also as a goddess of sexuality, the sea, and war. Her many epithets include "Sea Born", "Killer of Men", "She upon the Graves", "Fair Sailing", and "Ally in War". Genealogy See also Anchises Asherah Cupid Girdle of Aphrodite History of nude art Lakshmi, rose from the ocean like Aphrodite and has 8-pointed star like Ishtar Explanatory notes Citations General and cited references External links APHRODITE from The Theoi Project information from classical literature, Greek and Roman art The Glory which Was Greece from a Female Perspective Sappho's Hymn to Aphrodite, with a brief explanation Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 2450 images of Aphrodite)

Absolution (2015 film)

Absolution (also known as The Mercenary: Absolution) is a 2015 English-language Romanian action thriller film directed by Keoni Waxman and starring Steven Seagal, Vinnie Jones, and Byron Mann. The film is a sequel to A Good Man, and is the sixth collaboration between Steven Seagal and director Waxman. The film also marks the third collaboration between Seagal and Jones (who starred in 2005's Submerged and 2014's Gutshot Straight), and between Seagal and Mann (who previously starred in 2003's Belly of the Beast and 2009's A Dangerous Man).

Absolution (also known as The Mercenary: Absolution) is a 2015 English-language Romanian action thriller film directed by Keoni Waxman and starring Steven Seagal, Vinnie Jones, and Byron Mann. The film is a sequel to A Good Man, and is the sixth collaboration between Steven Seagal and director Waxman. The film also marks the third collaboration between Seagal and Jones (who starred in 2005's Submerged and 2014's Gutshot Straight), and between Seagal and Mann (who previously starred in 2003's Belly of the Beast and 2009's A Dangerous Man). Premise John Alexander is approached by an agency individual named Van Horn. He is given a mission to kill an Afghani National who is suspected of providing terrorists with stealth technology. Alexander swears to Van Horn that before he takes this mission, he wants to make sure he is not being used for political gain and swears vengeance if that is the case. After the information was credible, Alexander and his associate Chi break into the compound and kill the Afghani National. Meanwhile, a girl is being beaten by a masked man and is able to secure her escape. She grabs the camera and a ledger detailing his network and his crimes. Alexander gets a call from Van Horn, saying his extraction is on hold which leads to Alexander suspecting foul play. Alexander and Chi head over to a bar, awaiting their extraction. They have a couple of drinks and cigars. The girl escapes the masked man's club and arrives at the same bar Alexander and Chi were at. She lands in his lap, begging for help while Alexander was hesitant but when the thugs touch him, he dispatches them with his martial arts skills. He and Chi both agree to meet back at the HQ, splitting up. The girl gets into Alexander's car and begs him to take her with. Alexander had his reservations and decided to let her in. Alexander is the first to arrive at the HQ and Chi notices the girl came with. Alexander and Chi lament over the fact that protocol is broken and the girl explains to them how the masked man was a mob boss who tortured girls for his own fun and detailed his crimes. While hesitant to help them, Alexander breaks into a brief monologue saying "I have been a bad man... I have been a very bad man most of my life... I lost my faith in mankind and I believe everyone is out there to fuck me... But I decided I want to do one good thing in my life... One good thing before I die... Even if I die in the process... I need to do that for my own absolution". He decides to help the girl, considering it his absolution for what he's done in his past. Van Horn calls and explains why he broke protocol and tells Alexander about how the girl was in trouble but the client wants the girl back. Alexander makes a phone call to a contact to get some gear and Chi takes off to handle the threat as well. In the ensuing chaos, Chi is captured by the mob boss and it's revealed Van Horn was in on the whole thing from the start. After a lengthy battle, Van Horn is killed by a vengeful Alexander and Chi is saved. Chi goes his own way as his debt to Alexander is paid and Alexander rests easy, leaving behind the shadows of his past. Cast Production Seagal said he was attracted to the lead role because "I'm always trying to find something a little bit different from what people have seen me do before. I wanted to play somebody kind of mysterious and on the edge, so you don't really know if you like him or hate him until the middle of the movie." He says he wrote his character's line "I want to do one good thing before I die even if I die in the process of doing it."It was one of several films Seagal made with Keoni Waxman. "I think that Keoni is one of the brightest young men out there," said Seagal. "I think he's a very good director. I think he has a wonderful story-mind, which is very important – in other words, he doesn't just have to film what's on the page; he understands what's on the page. I think he's a wonderful director who understands editing, looping, dubbing, mixing, foley… he just understands all of that stuff. He's a great friend: very ethical and very moral."Waxman confirmed that Seagal wrote his character's opening monologue. He says everyone on the film "was just a little bit excited about the idea of hey, this one Steven wants to do something a little different. He was much more engaged with the character, much more engaged with the storyline, much more engaged with the idea that he had to have this absolution for this thing."The film was shot in Romania, New Orleans, Louisiana and Atlanta, Georgia. Reception Eoin at TheActionElite.com gave the film 2.5/5 and wrote: "Absolution is saved by some imaginative violence and Byron Mann's easy going coolness. It's let down by Seagal just being the same as he always is and using too many doubles during the action." References External links Absolution at IMDb Absolution at Rotten Tomatoes Review of film at Den of Geek Review of film at Los Angeles Times Review of film at The Hollywood Reporter

Business Language Testing Service

The Business Language Testing Service (BULATS) was an English language test provided by Cambridge English Language Assessment. It has been officially retired on 6 December 2019. It assesses the level of a person in a used language and in a professional context. This foreign language skills assessment is validated by a two-years valid certificate. The languages evaluated are English, German (in collaboration with the Goethe-Institut), Spanish (in collaboration with the University of Salamanca) and French (in collaboration with the Alliance Française).It's an online test that gives a score between 0 and 100, giving a direct equivalence with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages levels.

The Business Language Testing Service (BULATS) was an English language test provided by Cambridge English Language Assessment. It has been officially retired on 6 December 2019. It assesses the level of a person in a used language and in a professional context. This foreign language skills assessment is validated by a two-years valid certificate. The languages evaluated are English, German (in collaboration with the Goethe-Institut), Spanish (in collaboration with the University of Salamanca) and French (in collaboration with the Alliance Française).It's an online test that gives a score between 0 and 100, giving a direct equivalence with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages levels. == References ==

Kepler-443b

Kepler-443b is an exoplanet about 2,540 light-years from Earth. It has an 89.9 percent chance of being in the star's habitable zone, yet only a 4.9 percent chance of being rocky.

Kepler-443b is an exoplanet about 2,540 light-years from Earth. It has an 89.9 percent chance of being in the star's habitable zone, yet only a 4.9 percent chance of being rocky. Characteristics Mass, radius and temperature Kepler-443b has a mass of 6.04 Earth masses, a radius of 2.33 Earth radii and a temperature of 247 kelvin. Host star Kepler-443b orbits a K-type star called Kepler-443, 2541 light-years away. Orbit Kepler-443b takes 177.6693 days to orbit its star, with an inclination of 89.94°, a semimajor axis of 0.495 AU and an eccentricity of at least 0.11. Habitability Kepler-443b may be habitable, but the planet has only a 4.9 percent chance of being rocky. The planet is much more likely to be a water world or a Mini-Neptune. == References ==

Samuel Mann

Samuel Mann is a New Zealand computer scientist, with interests in computer science education and sustainability. He is a full Professor at Otago Polytechnic. He has published widely on sustainable practice, both in computing and more generally to apply to any discipline. Mann was educated at the University of Otago where he studied botany and geography, before completing a PhD in Information Science.

Samuel Mann is a New Zealand computer scientist, with interests in computer science education and sustainability. He is a full Professor at Otago Polytechnic. He has published widely on sustainable practice, both in computing and more generally to apply to any discipline. Mann was educated at the University of Otago where he studied botany and geography, before completing a PhD in Information Science. Sustainable Practitioner Mann developed the term "sustainable practitioner". In 2007 under Mann's guidance, Otago Polytechnic committed to the strategy that "every graduate may think and act as a sustainable practitioner". Initiatives have included a Living Campus, and Sustainable Community Enterprise.Mann is building an oral archive of conversations with sustainable practitioners. This is also broadcast on Otago Access Radio and podcast as Sustainable Lens. The goal is to create a searchable archive of conversations with people from many different fields who are applying their skills to a sustainable future. CITRENZ Since 2011 Mann has served as Chair of Computing and Information Technology Information and Education and Research NZ (CITRENZ). In that role he oversaw the development of a new suite of computing programmes for all New Zealand polytechnics. Awards In 2009 Mann was awarded the Beeby Fellowship. The Beeby Fellowship is a joint initiative between the New Zealand Council for Educational Research and the New Zealand National Commission for UNESCO. Books authored The Green Graduate: Educating Every Student as a Sustainable Practitioner (2011) sets out a framework for integrating sustainability into every course of study. Sustainable Lens: a visual guide (2011) traces the development of sustainability through its representation in diagrams. It presents a model for seeing the world through a sustainability-driven perspective. References External links Official website Institutional listing

Japan Anthropology Workshop

Japan Anthropology Workshop (JAWS) is an international academic association concerned with furthering the field of anthropology of Japan. JAWS holds major conferences – some in conjunction with the European Association for Japanese Studies (EAJS) – as well as smaller workshops and seminars. It runs a website and issues a newsletter. JAWS publishes selected works on Japan anthropology in partnership with Routledge. The first conference was organised in Oxford in March 1984.

Japan Anthropology Workshop (JAWS) is an international academic association concerned with furthering the field of anthropology of Japan. JAWS holds major conferences – some in conjunction with the European Association for Japanese Studies (EAJS) – as well as smaller workshops and seminars. It runs a website and issues a newsletter. JAWS publishes selected works on Japan anthropology in partnership with Routledge. The first conference was organised in Oxford in March 1984. It is now a conference held approximately every 18 months, organised with hosts across the world. History The Japan Anthropology Workshop developed out of a growing international interest in the anthropology of Japan, both for from anthropologists looking at Japan as a country which may have a contribution to make to their own specialist field, and from scholars already specialising in Japanese studies who increasingly appreciate the insights that an anthropological approach can bring to their work. The idea for JAWS was conceived at the 1982 European Association of Japanese Studies (EAJS) Conference in The Hague, after which a planning meeting was organised the following year at the Nissan Institute for Japanese Studies in Oxford. The first workshop was held in March 1984 when a need was identified for a forum for the growing but largely isolated band of anthropologists of Japan to meet together and exchange ideas. It was here that JAWS was officially founded. Conferences An overview of the JAWS conferences from 2005. References External links JAWS Website JAWS Routledge Series Webpage

List of hospitals in Tunisia

This is a list of hospitals in Tunisia. The hospitals include public regional, university, and district hospitals, as well as private hospitals. In 2021, there were over 2,000 medical facilities, including 180 hospitals in Tunisia. The number of hospitals has been increasing since the 1950s, as shown in the table below. As of 2017, there were 209 regional and district hospitals in Tunisia.

This is a list of hospitals in Tunisia. The hospitals include public regional, university, and district hospitals, as well as private hospitals. In 2021, there were over 2,000 medical facilities, including 180 hospitals in Tunisia. The number of hospitals has been increasing since the 1950s, as shown in the table below. As of 2017, there were 209 regional and district hospitals in Tunisia. Hospitals The notable hospitals are listed in the table below, along with the location and references for individual hospitals. Historical hospitals Before Tunisia was a French protectorate, it had only two health establishments: the Sadiki Hospital and the French civilian hospital. In 1881, after the establishment of the protectorate, there were only four healthcare establishments: the Belvédère Military Hospital, the French civilian hospital, the Italian colonial hospital and the Jewish hospital (1895 to 1956). As early as 1930, after the foundation of the public health and assistance directorate, the number of healthcare facilities increased and various medical services were provided. From 1950, the administrative health structures evolved in order to better manage the health needs of the time, such as the fight against epidemics–mainly malaria, smallpox and tuberculosis. See also French Wikipedia, Health in Tunisia Arabic Wikipedia, List of hospitals in Tunisia Health in Tunisia == References ==

Code First Girls

Code First Girls is a social enterprise that provides free coding courses to women and non-binary people across the UK, Ireland, the USA, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The organization helps companies recruit more women into the tech sector by connecting them with newly trained female developers. Their community of coders, instructors, and mentors is one of the largest in the UK. According to the organisation, as of 2022 they've trained over 50,000 women.The organisation's stated goal is to "promote gender diversity and female participation in the technology sector by offering free courses for students and professional women who are wanting to re-train." They also support businesses to train staff and encourage levelling-up for female staff within organisations.As of 2020, Code First Girls is reported to have provided in excess of £10 million worth of free coding courses to more than 18,000 women since 2013.In 2017, Code First Girls announced the launch of the "Code First: Girls 20:20 campaign" with the aim to "train 20,000 women to code for free by the end of 2020".

Code First Girls is a social enterprise that provides free coding courses to women and non-binary people across the UK, Ireland, the USA, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The organization helps companies recruit more women into the tech sector by connecting them with newly trained female developers. Their community of coders, instructors, and mentors is one of the largest in the UK. According to the organisation, as of 2022 they've trained over 50,000 women.The organisation's stated goal is to "promote gender diversity and female participation in the technology sector by offering free courses for students and professional women who are wanting to re-train." They also support businesses to train staff and encourage levelling-up for female staff within organisations.As of 2020, Code First Girls is reported to have provided in excess of £10 million worth of free coding courses to more than 18,000 women since 2013.In 2017, Code First Girls announced the launch of the "Code First: Girls 20:20 campaign" with the aim to "train 20,000 women to code for free by the end of 2020". As of 2018, Code First: Girls have announced "2020 campaign partnerships" with the following companies: Bank of America Merrill Lynch; Goldman Sachs; KKR; Trainline; and OVH. The organisation announced Baroness Martha Lane-Fox and Dame Stephanie Shirley as supporting the campaign as ambassadors. History Code First Girls began in late 2012 as "a nine-week, free, part-time course to get female graduates from all walks of life not only interested in coding, but also better equipped to contribute to technical discussions in high-tech businesses".Founded by Alice Bentinck and Matt Clifford, Code First: Girls was created when Bentinck and Clifford recognised a lack of female applications for their pre-seed investment programme Entrepreneur First (EF).Bentinck claims that of the first cohort to complete Code First: Girls training, more than half of the women participants self-identified as "technical" or working in software-development roles.Amali de Alwis was announced as first Chief Executive Officer of the organisation on Wednesday 8 April 2015, taking over from Bentinck and Clifford. Anna Brailsford succeeded Aamil de Alwis as CEO in 2019. Awards In 2016 Code First: Girls was nominated for a National Diversity Award. == References ==

Liu Zong

Liú Zǒng (Chinese: 劉總) (died May 2, 821), dharma name Dàjué (大覺), formally Duke of Chǔ (楚公), was a general of the Táng Dynasty. He took over control of Lúlóng Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) in 810 after killing his father Liú Jì (劉濟) as well as his brother Liú Gǔn (劉緄), and thereafter ruled the circuit de facto independently from the imperial government. In 821, he submitted the circuit to imperial control and took tonsure to be a Buddhist monk. He died shortly after.

Liú Zǒng (Chinese: 劉總) (died May 2, 821), dharma name Dàjué (大覺), formally Duke of Chǔ (楚公), was a general of the Táng Dynasty. He took over control of Lúlóng Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) in 810 after killing his father Liú Jì (劉濟) as well as his brother Liú Gǔn (劉緄), and thereafter ruled the circuit de facto independently from the imperial government. In 821, he submitted the circuit to imperial control and took tonsure to be a Buddhist monk. He died shortly after. Background It is not known when Liu Zong was born. He was the second son of Liu Ji, who ruled Lulong Circuit as its military governor (Jiedushi) starting in 785 (when he succeeded Liu Zong's grandfather Liu Peng). Liu Zong's older brother Liu Gun was considered Liu Ji's heir, and during Liu Ji's rule was made deputy military governor, then considered the post for the heir among warlords who controlled their circuits de facto independently from the imperial government. Liu Zong was made the prefect of Ying Prefecture (瀛州, in modern Cangzhou, Hebei). Liu Zong was described by the Old Book of Tang to be treacherous. Killing of father and brother In 810, Liu Ji was commanding his Lulong troops in attacking Wang Chengzong, the ruler of neighboring Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), whom Emperor Xianzong had declared a renegade. He had Liu Gun remain at Lulong's capital You Prefecture (幽州) to serve as acting military governor, while Liu Zong accompanied him on the campaign, serving as the army commander. During the campaign against Wang, Liu Ji had Liu Zong command the siege of Anping (安平, in modern Hengshui, Hebei), and Anping fell in one day. However, the Lulong army became bogged down at Raoyang (饒陽, in modern Hengshui) and was not able to advance further.Meanwhile, Liu Ji grew ill during the campaign. Liu Zong conspired with Liu Ji's assistant Zhang Qi (張玘), treasurer Cheng Guobao (成國寶), and other officers, to take over power. He had people pretend to be imperial messengers arrive at the Lulong army's camp to state, "As the imperial government sees that you, Lord Chancellor, refuse to advance any further, the Deputy Military Governor has been made military governor." The next day, he had another person state, "The Deputy Military Governor's banner has already arrived at Taiyuan." Later on, he had another person state, "The banner has gone past Dai Prefecture [(代州, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi)]." The army was shocked by these developments. Liu Ji himself was shocked and incensed, and he killed tens of officers who were friendly with Liu Gun. He also sent messengers to You Prefecture, ordering Liu Gun to report to the Lulong army's camp, while making Zhang Qi's brother Zhang Gao (張皋) take over the headquarters. It was said that due to his anger, Liu Ji did not eat on that day from morning to noon, and when he grew thirsty and asked for a drink, Liu Zong handed him a poisoned drink. On August 20, 810, Liu Ji died from the poison. At Liu Gun travelled from You Prefecture to Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding, Hebei), Liu Zong issued an order in Liu Ji's name, ordering that Liu Gun be caned to death. Liu Zong then took over the control of the circuit. As the imperial government did not know all that had occurred, Liu Zong was made military governor. He was also created the Duke of Chu. As military governor In 816, as Emperor Xianzong waged another campaign against Wang Chengzong, Liu Zong mobilized his troops and captured Chengde's town Wuqiang (武強, in modern Hengshui). He also put Leshou (樂壽, in modern Cangzhou) under siege. In response, Emperor Xianzong gave him the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). However, it was said that Liu then effective sat on the fence and did not advance further, and as the regulations at the time were that once a circuit's army advanced out of its borders on an imperially-sanctioned campaign, the imperial treasury would be responsible for its expenses, the Lulong army's supplies were costly to the imperial treasury. With the other armies against Chengde also not making much advances, in 817, Emperor Xianzong abandoned the campaign against Chengde and ordered the circuits' armies to return to their own circuits.In 817, Wang's ally Wu Yuanji, who ruled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), was defeated and captured by the imperial general Li Su. In fear, Wang submitted to imperial authority and surrendered two of his six prefectures to imperial control. In the aftermaths of Wang's actions, Liu's officer Tan Zhong (譚忠) persuaded him to also submit to imperial authority. Resignation and death Meanwhile, it was said that Liu Zong, after he had killed his father and brother, had often been fearful in his heart, and at times he saw his father and brother in his dreams. He often gave food to several hundred Buddhist monks at his headquarters and had them hold religious ceremonies, and after he finished his day of work he would retreat to a room near the ceremonies. If he did not, then he would not be able to sleep. Seeing that the other circuits had all submitted to imperial authority, in 821 (when Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong was emperor), he requested to resign and become a Buddhist monk himself. He also requested an award to the soldiers, while ordering a number of officers that he felt were difficult to control, including Zhu Kerong (the grandson of a former military governor, Zhu Tao) to report to Chang'an, hoping that the imperial government would give them proper discipline and rewards such that they would become faithful to the imperial government. He further recommended that Lulong be divided into three circuits and recommended Zhang Hongjing, Xue Ping, and Lu Shimei (盧士玫) to take over the three circuits.In response to Liu's proposal, Emperor Muzong gave a number of Liu's relatives honored titles, issued a money reward to the Lulong soldiers, and further issued two alternative edicts — one bestowing the dharma name of Dajue on Liu Zong, granting him a temple named Bao'en Temple (報恩寺), and giving him special purple monk robes; and one making him the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) and giving him the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (侍中). He had his eunuchs deliver the two edicts to Liu Zong, to let Liu Zong decide which edict he would accept. However, before the edicts could arrive at You Prefecture, Liu Zong took tonsure and became a monk, and he prepared to depart You Prefecture. Some soldiers refused to let him leave, and he executed some 10 of the leaders and gave his seals to Zhang Qi, making Zhang the acting military governor. He then left in the middle of the night, and only in the morning did the soldiers find out. Zhang submitted a report stating, "I do not know where Liu Zong is by this point." On May 2, Liu Zong, who was by then in Ding Prefecture (定州, in modern Baoding), died. Notes and references Sources Old Book of Tang, vol. 143. New Book of Tang, vol. 212. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 238, 239, 240, 241.

Allyson Robinson

Allyson Dylan Robinson is an American human rights activist, specializing in LGBT rights in the United States. She attended West Point before gender reassignment, graduated in 1994 majoring in her undergraduate degree in physics, and was then commissioned as an officer serving in the U.S. Army until 1999. She held the rank of captain. Also prior to transition, she became an ordained Baptist minister, earning from the Baylor University's George W. Truett Theological Seminary, a Master of Divinity (M.Div.). In 2008, she joined the Human Rights Campaign (HRC), oversaw HRC's program to create model curricula for LGBT diversity training in the workplace and advanced to the executive director in 2012.Later that year, she began a short controversial tenure as the first executive director of OutServe-SLDN, a network of LGBT actively serving military personnel, following the merger of OutServe and Servicemembers Legal Defense Network in October 2012.

Allyson Dylan Robinson is an American human rights activist, specializing in LGBT rights in the United States. She attended West Point before gender reassignment, graduated in 1994 majoring in her undergraduate degree in physics, and was then commissioned as an officer serving in the U.S. Army until 1999. She held the rank of captain. Also prior to transition, she became an ordained Baptist minister, earning from the Baylor University's George W. Truett Theological Seminary, a Master of Divinity (M.Div.). In 2008, she joined the Human Rights Campaign (HRC), oversaw HRC's program to create model curricula for LGBT diversity training in the workplace and advanced to the executive director in 2012.Later that year, she began a short controversial tenure as the first executive director of OutServe-SLDN, a network of LGBT actively serving military personnel, following the merger of OutServe and Servicemembers Legal Defense Network in October 2012. She was the first transgender person to lead a national LGBT rights organization that did not have an explicit transgender focus. Career Prior to transitioning, Robinson majored in physics at West Point and graduated in 1994. She later held an internship at Los Alamos National Laboratory and then commanded a Patriot missile unit in Europe and the Middle East before leaving the U.S. Army in 1999. Following this, she became an ordained Baptist minister, earning a master of divinity degree in theology with an emphasis on social justice from Baylor University's George W. Truett Theological Seminary in 2007. After transitioning to present as female in 2007, in 2008 she visited West Point and addressed some cadets.In 2008 she joined the HRC Foundation, where as their first deputy director for Employee Programs she oversaw HRC's program to create model curricula for LGBT diversity training in the workplace. She remained there before assuming her role as executive director in 2012.She has been a member of the board of directors of several advocacy groups, including the International Foundation for Gender Education, the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists, and Knights Out.In October 2012 she became the first executive director of OutServe-SLDN, a network of LGBT actively serving military personnel, following the merger of OutServe and Servicemembers Legal Defense Network. She was the first transgender person to ever lead a national LGBT rights organization that does not have an explicit transgender focus.The group was in the process of losing much of its funding base after the official September 2011 repeal of Don't ask, don't tell (DADT), the official United States policy on banning and expelling gays serving in the military enacted in 1993. Robinson was tasked with bridging the two former groups, and reworking a shrinking budget, having to lay off half the new groups' staff. Nine months after hiring her, OutServe-SLDN's board announced it was bankrupt and had to close its Washington D.C. headquarters; on the same day, Robinson announced that her resignation as executive director would take effect the following day, July 12, 2013.In 2014, Calvary Baptist Church in Washington ordained her to the gospel ministry. Personal life Robinson has been married to her West Point classmate Danyelle Juel (Wambach) Robinson since 1994. They have four children. At one point, Robinson contemplated suicide. She claims that an angel of the Lord named Reason convinced her not to kill herself. Publications Robinson (May–June 2010). "The transgender patient and your practice: what physicians and staff need to know". J Med Pract Manage. 25 (6): 364–7. ISSN 8755-0229. PMID 20695249. Robinson (Fall 2005). "Karl Barth's Theology of Church Unity" (PDF). Truett Journal of Church and Mission. 3 (Fall 2005): 52–66. ISSN 1543-3552. Retrieved June 25, 2013. References External links Crossing the T (Rev. Allyson Robinson's blog)

Jahanpanah City Forest

Jahanpanah City Forest is located in South Delhi. It is a densely forested park in Delhi spreading over 435 acres of land. The park is accessible from Greater Kailash II, Tughlakabad Extension, Batra Gate, Dhobi Ghat, Sheikh Sarai, Chirag Delhi, Masjid Moth DDA Flats and Balvantray Mehta Vidya Bhawan School. == References ==

Jahanpanah City Forest is located in South Delhi. It is a densely forested park in Delhi spreading over 435 acres of land. The park is accessible from Greater Kailash II, Tughlakabad Extension, Batra Gate, Dhobi Ghat, Sheikh Sarai, Chirag Delhi, Masjid Moth DDA Flats and Balvantray Mehta Vidya Bhawan School. == References ==

Joe Sobel

Dr. Joseph P. Sobel (born October 16, 1945), a meteorologist, is a native of New York City, New York, USA, and a graduate of George W. Hewlett High School on Long Island. He received his B.S. in meteorology from the University of Michigan in 1967 and an M.S. and Ph.D. in meteorology from the Pennsylvania State University in 1970 and 1976 respectively. Sobel was named a Centennial Fellow of the Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences in 1996 and inducted into the Hewlett High School Hall of Fame in 2001.

Dr. Joseph P. Sobel (born October 16, 1945), a meteorologist, is a native of New York City, New York, USA, and a graduate of George W. Hewlett High School on Long Island. He received his B.S. in meteorology from the University of Michigan in 1967 and an M.S. and Ph.D. in meteorology from the Pennsylvania State University in 1970 and 1976 respectively. Sobel was named a Centennial Fellow of the Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences in 1996 and inducted into the Hewlett High School Hall of Fame in 2001. Sobel is a member of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and holds the AMS Seal of Approval for Television Meteorology. In 2004 he was recognized by the AMS for Outstanding Service as a Broadcast Meteorologist. Sobel has been an employee of AccuWeather, Inc. since 1972 and now serves as a Senior Vice President and heads the AccuWeather Forensic Department. He is co-inventor of the AccuWeather Exclusive RealFeel Temperature."Dr. Joe" has appeared on ABC, NBC Nightly News, The Today Show, and Bloomberg Television, MSNBC, and CNBC. He has provided more than one million weather forecasts and discussions to radio stations across the United States since 1972. A nationally recognized meteorologist, he was featured in the September 20, 2002 Newsweek article "Nerds of Weather". Sobel has also been featured as an expert on cable television series including Court TV's Forensic Files in the episode "Dew Process" and The History Channel's Monster Quest in the episode "Birdzilla". == References ==

Vapor etching

Vapor etching refers to a process used in the fabrication of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Sacrificial layers are isotropically etched using gaseous acids such as Hydrogen fluoride and Xenon difluoride to release the free standing components of the device. Economic advantages and novel technological possibilities result from micron to nano scale size reductions. (MEMS to NEMS) The small dimensions make the use of isotropic wet etch processes traditionally used in micro fabrication suffer from stiction, the permanent adherence of the free standing structure to the underlying substrate due to the scaling of surface effects occurring during the drying of the acid. Vapor etching overcomes stiction because no liquids are used during the etch process.

Vapor etching refers to a process used in the fabrication of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Sacrificial layers are isotropically etched using gaseous acids such as Hydrogen fluoride and Xenon difluoride to release the free standing components of the device. Economic advantages and novel technological possibilities result from micron to nano scale size reductions. (MEMS to NEMS) The small dimensions make the use of isotropic wet etch processes traditionally used in micro fabrication suffer from stiction, the permanent adherence of the free standing structure to the underlying substrate due to the scaling of surface effects occurring during the drying of the acid. Vapor etching overcomes stiction because no liquids are used during the etch process. Commonly, hydrogen fluoride and xenon difluorides are used to etch silicon dioxide and silicon sacrificial layers respectively. HF vapor etching The wet etching of SiO2 in buffered hydrogen fluoride solutions is a common and well understood process in micro fabrication. In 1966, Holmes and Snell found that SiO2 can be etched in hydrogen fluoride vapor. Initially the interest in this finding was low, because wet etch processes have higher etch rates and did not require sophisticated equipment. During the advent of MEMS technology and the consecutive reduction of size however, stiction started to have a significant impact on the production yields. Therefore HF vapor etching became an interesting commercial fabrication technology. Water or an alcohol catalysts are required, because anhydrous HF does not etch SiO2. Etch chemistry The etch chemistry depends on the catalyst used. Etch reaction with water catalyst If water is used, the H2O is adsorbed at the SiO2 surface and forms silanol groups can never form.SiO2 + 2 H2O → Si(OH)4 The HF reacts with the silanol groups and forms SiF4 and H2O according to the following reaction.Si(OH)4 + 4 HF → SiF4 + 4 H2OThe etch process commonly takes place at reduced pressures, to promote the desorption of the reaction products. Water is formed during the etch reaction. The efficient H2O removal is critical to prevent the formation of a liquid layer. Etch reaction with alcohol catalyst Alternatively, different alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or IPA can be used to initiate the reaction. An example for this reaction, using methanol (CH3OH) is given below. Firstly the HF and the methanol are absorbed to the surface.CH3OH (g) ↔ CH3OH (ads) HF (g) ↔ HF (ads) HF 2 − {\displaystyle {\ce {HF2-}}} is formed by an ionization reaction of the absorbed HF and absorbed CH3OH 2 HF ( ads ) + CH 3 OH ( ads ) ⟶ HF 2 − ( ads ) + CH 3 OH 2 + ( ads ) {\displaystyle {\ce {2 HF (ads) + CH3OH (ads)-> HF2- (ads) + CH3OH2+ (ads)}}} The ionized HF then reacts with the SiO2 according to the following reaction. SiO 2 ( s ) + 2 HF 2 − ( ads ) + 2 CH 3 OH 2 + ( ads ) ⟶ SiF 4 ( ads ) + 2 H 2 O ( ads ) + 2 CH 3 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2(s) + 2 HF2- (ads) + 2 CH3OH2+ (ads) -> SiF4 (ads) + 2 H2O (ads) + 2 CH3OH}}} Finally the reaction products are removed from the surface by desorption. XeF2 vapor etching Xenon difluoride, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride and fluorine can be used for gaseous silicon etching. Xenon difluoride is most commonly used to etch silicon in academia and industry, because it has a high selectivity towards other semiconductor materials, allows high process control and is easy to use at room temperature. Etch systems The synthesis of XeF2 is an endothermic process which results in a white powder which sublimes at low pressures. (P < 4 Torr) The low vapor pressure allowed early researchers and engineers to use it in comparatively simple set ups. Modern vapour etch tools are more sophisticated and are characterized by the way the gas is feed into the etch chamber. In pulsed systems the etchant is expanded, feed into the reaction chamber and remains there until it has been consumed by the reaction. Then the chamber is evacuated and this process is repeated for multiple cycles. In contrast to that, a carrier gas flows through a bubbler to continuously supply xenon difluoride into the etch chamber in continuous flow systems. Etch chemistry The general etch reaction is summarized by the following equation.2 XeF2 + Si → SiF4 + 2 XeThe detailed etch kinetic is more complex reaction consisting of four steps. After the etchant has been mass transported to the silicon surface, the xenon difluoride is absorbed on the silicon surface.2 XeF2 (gas) + Si (s) → 2 XeF2 (abs) + Si (s)The XeF2 disassociates into absorbed fluorine and gaseous Xe.2 XeF2 (abs) + Si (s) → 2 Xe (g) + 2 F (abs) + Si (s)The fluorine bonds with the surface silicon to form silicon tetra fluoride.2 Xe (g) + 2 F (abs) + Si (s) → 2 Xe (g) + SiF4 (ads)The reaction product is desorpted from the silicon surface.2 Xe (g) + SiF4 (ads) → " Xe (g) + SiF4 (g)The reaction products are mass transferred from the surface to the etch chamber, and ejected from there by a vacuum pump. == References ==

Adolfas Tautavičius

Adolfas Tautavičius (9 September 1925, Judrėnai, Lithuania – 10 August 2006, Vilnius) was a Lithuanian archaeologist and habilitated doctor. In 1950 Adolfas Tautavičius graduated from Vilnius University and after four years (in 1954) he defended his thesis, Rytų Lietuva I m.e. tūkstantmetyje (East Lithuania in the 1st Millennium AD). In 1997, he became habilitated doctor with the work Vidurinysis geležies amžius Lietuvoje (The Middle Iron Age in Lithuania). From 1962 to 1987, he was the head of the archaeology department of the Lithuanian Institute of History.

Adolfas Tautavičius (9 September 1925, Judrėnai, Lithuania – 10 August 2006, Vilnius) was a Lithuanian archaeologist and habilitated doctor. In 1950 Adolfas Tautavičius graduated from Vilnius University and after four years (in 1954) he defended his thesis, Rytų Lietuva I m.e. tūkstantmetyje (East Lithuania in the 1st Millennium AD). In 1997, he became habilitated doctor with the work Vidurinysis geležies amžius Lietuvoje (The Middle Iron Age in Lithuania). From 1962 to 1987, he was the head of the archaeology department of the Lithuanian Institute of History. Among other excavations Tautavičius researched the Vilnius Castle Complex, Klaipėda Castle, and Trakai Peninsula Castle sites. Tautavičius wrote more than 600 academic publications and articles. == References ==

Wartime Labour Relations Regulations

The Wartime Labour Relations Regulations, adopted under the War Measures Act on 17 February 1944, were introduced in Canada during World War II by the government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. Drafted loosely on the American Wagner Act, it was the first federal legislation in Canada to legally protect the formation of unions and to force employers to negotiate with organized workers. It was a foundational framework for legislation of union rights in Canada. The provisions of the order were later replicated by Acts of all the provincial legislatures.

The Wartime Labour Relations Regulations, adopted under the War Measures Act on 17 February 1944, were introduced in Canada during World War II by the government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. Drafted loosely on the American Wagner Act, it was the first federal legislation in Canada to legally protect the formation of unions and to force employers to negotiate with organized workers. It was a foundational framework for legislation of union rights in Canada. The provisions of the order were later replicated by Acts of all the provincial legislatures. History Context There was labour unrest during the later years of the Second World War. The Canadian Congress of Labour was less politically active than its American counterpart, the American Federation of Labor. The American Wagner Act passed in 1935, brought in protections for labour bargaining and forcing employer negotiations with certified labour unions. Similar protections did not exist in Canada, and labour relations were governed through the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, which had limited protections for strikes, only applied in certain workplaces, and did not cover labour disputes related to union formation.At the onset of the war, the Canadian government amended the Criminal Code, adding Section 502A that made it a criminal offense for an employer to fire a lawful member of a trade union. However, without a good legislative definition of what a lawful union was, the offense was of limited effect. The onset of the war also saw an extension of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act through regulation by extending it to activities with respect to "munitions of war and supplies" and "defence projects", effectively increasing its coverage from 15% of Canada's industry to approximately 85%. In 1940, labour leaders had begun to approach labour minister Norman McLarty. Organized labour's approach to wartime labour was one of conciliatory approaches to labour disputes in order to support the war effort, and the minister signaled that he did not wish to see this goodwill lead to exploitation of labour. As a result, 1940 saw the government make a declaration that employees should be free to join unions, which was welcomed by organized labour leaders, but some shortcomings in behaviour by the Canada Board of Munitions and Supply led to the Canadian Congress of Labour to call for a Wagner-style law to be passed. The government responded by strengthening regulations, but did not adopt legislation.In 1941, the Board of Conciliation under the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, found that National Steel Car refused to allow unionization votes, identifying the lack of punitive measures in current regulations. In 1941, a cabinet shuffle moved McLarty to Secretary of State and Registrar General, and bringing in Humphrey Mitchell as the new Minister of Labour. The province of Ontario introduced a collective bargaining act in 1943, that won acclaim from both labour and employers with regards to its ability to prevent work stoppages.In February 1943, an investigation by a newly formed National War Labour Board sought to inquire broadly into pay and labour issues. The Board ultimately endorsed the adoption of a national labour relations board, analogous to the American equivalent, with the power to sanction infractions of wartime labour violations. The report further called for the suspension of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act for the duration of the war, and instead ban strikes and lockouts. Development and Adoption The report of the National War Labour Board was tabled in the House of Commons in January 1944. The Prime Minister affirmed the right of the federal government to govern industrial relations during wartime and stated that "the Code of labour Relations will be enacted in the near future."New Policy of Wage Control". The Labour Gazette. 43: 1597–1601. December 1943., at 1601</ref> The Regulations were adopted by Order-in-Council 1003 in early February 1944 as an emergency wartime measure. The order's preamble highlighted the interest of the country's defense in mutual negotiations between labour and business. Provisions The Regulations included some issues not covered by the Wagner Act, such as assigning government responsibility to aid negotiations. The order did not cover the issues of specific standards for the substance of labour agreements, instead focusing on the process by which bargaining is protected and agreements are ratified and enforced. The order did not cover foremen or "professional" employees. The regulations required "good faith" bargaining, but did not enable compulsory arbitration.Both positive and negative consequences resulted for workers and unions. A core mechanism of the order was to give an absolute right to all non-managerial workers in most sectors to be part of a trade union, protected workers from anti-union intimidation, protected the selection of union bargaining representatives, and establish a right to a bargaining process. The sectors covered by the order were attached as an appendix, and predominantly included primary industry and manufacturing. Bargaining was encouraged to be divided into multiple unions within a company, though it also permitted company-wide unions. The policy also functionally banned open company unionism. The regulations did not institute mandatory dues, which were later added in a 1946 arbitration award.Collective agreements had to be for a minimum 1-year length, with a required 10-day notice before any lockout or strike. There were further limitations against striking without first undergoing a bargaining process, which restricted the rights of labour, while also protecting them from sudden lockouts without bargaining. The order similarly banned deliberate work slowdowns.A new government agency, the Wartime Labour Relations Board (not to be confused with the National War Labour Board of 1943) was established to enforce the regulations. The Board was tasked with overseeing Boards of Conciliation struck by the minister between employers and labour unions, and was to oversee disputes, including giving the board the right of first instance/original jurisdiction, meaning disputes had to be seen before the board prior to litigation in the court. The order provided defined $500/day penalties for employers, $200/day for unions and $20/day penalties for employees who caused unauthorized strikes or lockouts. Transition from wartime The War Measures Act under which the Regulations were made was in force until 31 December 1945, following which the National Emergency Transitional Powers Act, 1945 continued specified regulations until 31 March 1947. The Continuation of Transitional Measures Act, 1947 extended the regulations until 30 April 1951. Organized labour attempted to convert the Regulations into permanent legislation.The reversion of industrial relations to provincial jurisdiction was characterized by multiple academics as having the wartime regulations form the basis for ensuing provincial legislation. Legacy It was widely characterised as being the fundamental template for the Canadian labour legislative ecosystem. Union density increased dramatically following the end of World War II.The order has been characterised as being insufficiently focused on uplifting labour rights of women and that the approach of the order focusing on individual workplaces eventually leading to the tendency of Canadian governments to be able to roll back public-sector labour protections. Further criticism has been levied on the understanding that with this heavily legally protected position, unions became extremely bureaucratic and less radical. This was reinforced by the fact that the order laid the groundwork for replication of the provisions that banned wildcat and sympathy strikes, meaning unionized workers had to follow an orderly fashion to engage in striking with no striking during periods of collective bargaining. Further reading Fergusson, Neil Layton (1947). Collective bargaining and order in council P.C. 1003 (MCL). McGill University. References == See also ==

Dicaeus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Dicaeus or Dikaios (Ancient Greek: Δίκαιος) was a son of Poseidon and brother was Syleus. They lived near the Mountain Pelion in Thessaly.

In Greek mythology, Dicaeus or Dikaios (Ancient Greek: Δίκαιος) was a son of Poseidon and brother was Syleus. They lived near the Mountain Pelion in Thessaly. Mythology Dicaeus hosted Herakles. Unlike Syleus, who was killed by Herakles, Dicaeus was a just man, which was suggested by the very literal meaning of his name (Δίκαιος = Just).The Dicaea city in Thrace was named after him. Notes References Conon, Fifty Narrations, surviving as one-paragraph summaries in the Bibliotheca (Library) of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople translated from the Greek by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.

Dragon Ball Z: Broly – Second Coming

Dragon Ball Z: Broly – Second Coming, known in Japan as Dragon Ball Z: Two Dangerous People! Super Warriors Can’t Sleep (Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 危険なふたり!超戦士はねむれない, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto Kiken na Futari! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai) or by Toei's own English title Dragon Ball Z: Dangerous Rivals, is a 1994 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film and the tenth Dragon Ball Z feature film. It was released in Japan on March 12 at the Toei Anime Fair alongside Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo!! Follow the Rescued Shark... and the first Slam Dunk film.

Dragon Ball Z: Broly – Second Coming, known in Japan as Dragon Ball Z: Two Dangerous People! Super Warriors Can’t Sleep (Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 危険なふたり!超戦士はねむれない, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto Kiken na Futari! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai) or by Toei's own English title Dragon Ball Z: Dangerous Rivals, is a 1994 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film and the tenth Dragon Ball Z feature film. It was released in Japan on March 12 at the Toei Anime Fair alongside Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo!! Follow the Rescued Shark... and the first Slam Dunk film. It is the sequel to Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan. The second sequel is Dragon Ball Z: Bio-Broly. Plot Following his defeat, Broly emerges from a space pod that crashed on Earth after he escaped the comet that destroyed New Vegeta. He slips into unconsciousness as he repeats the name "Kakarot" and is frozen within the crater. Seven years later, Goten, Trunks, and Videl search for the magical Dragon Balls and encounter a village being terrorized by a supposed monster and a dubious shaman who demands human sacrifice to appease it. They devise a plan to rescue the village by baiting the monster but when Goten inadvertently causes an obstruction, Videl slaps him and he begins to cry. The monster, revealed to be a dinosaur, is drawn out and killed by Goten and Trunks. With the village now safe and the shaman exiled, the group departs to continue their Dragon Ball hunt. Unbeknownst to them, Goten's cries awaken Broly. As night falls the group rests after collecting six of the seven Dragon Balls when a loud eruption occurs and Videl takes off to investigate. She soon encounters Broly and fights him but he effortlessly dispatches her and she is left unconscious when Goten and Trunks arrive. They battle Broly but they are no match for the brute and they flee in fear. Gohan saves them as they attempt to gather the Dragon Balls to wish Broly away. Gohan is no match for Broly who directs a lethal sphere of energy towards Videl, Trunks and Goten. In distress, Gohan races towards them and attempts to deflect it and manages to shield them from the blast but the ensuing explosion renders them all unconscious. Gohan assumes his Super Saiyan form in an effort to defeat Broly who transforms into his Legendary Super Saiyan form. Gohan successfully lures Broly into a pit of lava which consumes him and Gohan passes out from exhaustion before being rescued by Krillin. Moments later, Broly re-emerges and attacks Gohan after incapacitating Krillin. Gohan is powerless as he is crushed by Broly's bear hug until Videl arrives and unsuccessfully attempts to intervene. Heartened by Videl's effort, Gohan frees himself from Broly's grip and fires a Kamehameha wave at Broly. The Legendary Super Saiyan hurls a gigantic sphere of energy at Gohan which collides with the Kamehameha. Goten joins his brother in the energy struggle but Broly's sphere absorbs their waves and pushes further towards them. Goten wishes their father was there to help them and miraculously the Dragon Balls grant his desperate wish as the sky darkens and Goku appears much to their surprise and Broly's confusion. Goku joins his sons and fires a Kamehameha wave, however their combined effort remains futile as Broly continues to resist until he is distracted by Trunks who fires a blast at him. The family of Super Saiyans unleash a final push propelling the Kamehameha wave which directly pushes Broly into space and he dies when he collides with the sun. Gohan and Goten question if their father was ever there at all and are soon joined by Trunks, Krillin and Videl as they celebrate their victory. Cast Music The song "We Gotta Power" was used as the film's opening theme. Kiseki no Big Fight Kiseki no Big Fight (奇蹟のビッグ・ファイト, Kiseki no Biggu Faito) is the closing theme song of the film. It is a single by Japanese singer Hironobu Kageyama. It was released on 8 cm cd on March 21, 1994 in Japan only. It is coupled with an image song "Dragon Ball no Densetsu" performed by Shin Oya. The single charted at 89 on Oricon.Track list: 奇蹟のビッグ・ファイトKiseki no Biggu Faito/The Miraculous Big Fight ドラゴンボールの伝説Doragon Bōru no Densetsu/Legend of the Dragon Balls English dub soundtrack The following songs were present in the Funimation dub of Broly: Second Coming. The remaining music featured in the background was composed by Nathan Johnson, but I.O.N made exclusive songs for the film: I.O.N. - Set Me Free I.O.N. - Ignored I.O.N. - Why I.O.N. - Deeper I.O.N. - UnacceptedThe score for the English dub's composed by Nathan Johnson. The Triple Feature release contains an alternate audio track containing the English dub with original Japanese background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi, an opening theme of "We Gotta Power", and an ending theme of "Kiseki no Big Fight". Box office At the Japanese box office, the film sold 3.7 million tickets and grossed ¥2.47 billion ($24.2 million). Releases It was released on DVD and VHS in North America on April 5, 2005. Plus, it was released it in a bundle along with Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan (1993) for Blu-ray on November 13, 2007, both feature full 1080p format in HD remastered 16:9 aspect ratio and an enhanced 5.1 surround mix. It was later remastered and released in Triple Feature set with 2 Broly films and Bio-Broly (1994) for Blu-ray and DVD on March 31, 2009. The film was re-released to DVD in final remastered thinpak collection on January 3, 2012, containing the last 4 Dragon Ball Z films. Reception Other companies A second English version, produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video, features an unknown cast. A third English dub produced and released by Solar Entertainment in the Philippines, also features an unknown cast. References External links Official anime website of Toei Animation Dragon Ball Z: Broly – Second Coming at IMDb Dragon Ball Z: Broly – Second Coming (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia

James Buller (1772–1830)

James Buller (9 November 1772 - 14 November 1830) was a British politician and Member of Parliament for West Looe between 1802 and 1805 and a further term between 1806 and 1812.

James Buller (9 November 1772 - 14 November 1830) was a British politician and Member of Parliament for West Looe between 1802 and 1805 and a further term between 1806 and 1812. Early life Buller was educated at University of Westminster and the Inner Temple, being called to the bar in 1795. He married his wife Mary on 23 June 1795. Buller served as a Commissioner of Bankruptcy between c. 1797 until 1807. Parliamentary career Buller was elected as the MP for West Looe at the 1802 general election, standing down in 1805 to allow Ralph Daniell to take a seat. In 1806, he re-stood for the seat taking over from Quintin Dick. Following his leaving Parliament, Buller served as the Clerk in Ordinary to the Privy Council from January 1812 until his death in 1830. Personal life James Buller was the third son of John Buller, coming from the Buller family with long ties to Parliament. == References ==

Harry Hoffman Jr.

Harry Hoffman Jr. is an American former tennis player of the 1950s and 1960s.

Harry Hoffman Jr. is an American former tennis player of the 1950s and 1960s. Tennis career Hoffman, a native of Philadelphia, is one of two sons born to tour player Harry Hoffman Sr.He made the singles fourth round of the 1961 U.S. National Championships, where he fell to the third-seeded Roy Emerson.Hoffmann won the Middle Atlantic Invitation Championships at Baltimore in 1957 defeating Reynaldo Garrido in the final in three straight sets and the same tournament again in 1959 defeating John Powless in the final, also in three straight sets. One of his best wins was a marathon match against the then U.S. No. 2 Frank Froehling at the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships in 1963 which went to 64 games over two sets. References External links Harry Hoffman Jr. at the Association of Tennis Professionals

Wilhelm Brückner (murderer)

Wilhelm Brückner was a German spree killer who killed nine members of his family in Hassenberg and Lindenberg, German Reich during the night of June 6 to June 7, 1925, before committing suicide. He used an axe and a kitchen knife. A posthumous evaluation described him as a "hysteric epileptic", suffering from mental retardation but also mental illness with auditory hallucinations.

Wilhelm Brückner was a German spree killer who killed nine members of his family in Hassenberg and Lindenberg, German Reich during the night of June 6 to June 7, 1925, before committing suicide. He used an axe and a kitchen knife. A posthumous evaluation described him as a "hysteric epileptic", suffering from mental retardation but also mental illness with auditory hallucinations. Biography When Brückner was about 10 years old his father was struck and killed by lightning, while he himself was left unconscious, an incident that was said to have caused a change of his character.During World War I he was conscripted repeatedly, but was discharged each time due to his "mental state", the last and final time in 1917. An evaluation conducted after his murders described him as a "hysteric epileptic", suffering from mental retardation.Brückner worked as a basket maker. He was described as a withdrawn oddball. He was married twice. His first marriage failed after discord with his wife about their religious faith. He had a daughter who was 1 year old at the time of the murders. Brückner had an interest in the supernatural and various books about witchcraft, ghosts, and evocation, as well as two Himmelsbriefe were found among his belongings when police searched his home. He was also interested in notorious contemporary murderers, and was especially occupied with serial killer Fritz Haarmann. It was stated that he had sketched the murderer's head and studied reports about his case in detail. Police also found a note at his workplace reading "Massenmörder Haarmann! Massenmörder Denke! Massenmörder ? ? ?" (Mass murderer Haarmann! Mass murderer Denke! Mass murderer ? ? ?) in reference to Fritz Haarmann and Karl Denke, another serial killer whose crimes made headlines at that time.At the time of the murders Brückner lived, together with his mother, at the house of his sister and her husband, and was said to have argued with them frequently. He was believed to have killed his sister-in-law two years prior to the mass murder, and in the days leading up to June 6 he made various comments that indicated he had planned his crime for some time. Murders During the night of June 6, 1925, 31-year-old Brückner cycled to Lindenberg, arriving there at about 11 p.m. He waited for his brother-in-law, Hugo Birnstiel, and accompanied him for a while on his way, but eventually lured him into a forest, where he hit him with a piece of iron on the back of his head. The 19-year-old managed to escape, whereupon Brückner returned to Lindenberg to the house of his parents-in-law where his estranged wife was living. He waited for the pregnant woman at the outhouse and, apparently after she had declined his request to return to him, cut her throat with a knife. While she ran back to the house and died in her father's arms, Brückner made his two-hour trip back to Hassenberg. There he entered the house of his sister, Wilhelmine Rosenbauer, and killed her, her husband Eduard, and their five children – four girls aged 2, 10, 16 and 19 years, and a boy aged 8 – as well as his own mother by smashing their skulls with an axe and cutting their throats with the kitchen knife. Subsequently, he washed the bodies of his mother and Ilse Brückner, before finally hanging himself at his mother's bed. Police, alerted after the murder of his wife, arrived at the house around 4 a.m., but could only ascertain the deaths of all its inhabitants.Brückner left a letter where he accused his brother-in-law, Hugo Birnstiel, to have had an incestuous relationship with his own sister (Brückner's wife), which had resulted in her pregnancy. He also alluded to a conflict about some geese with Eduard Rosenbauer, whom he called a savage. It was not believed that these accusations had any foundation in reality though, instead it was suggested that Brückner might have heard imaginary conversations between his wife and Birnstiel that made him believe they had a relationship. Victims Among those killed were: Margarete Barbara Brückner, 71, Wilhelm Brückner's mother Wilhelmine Karoline Rosenbauer, 41, Wilhelm Brückner's sister Eduard Rosenbauer, 44, husband of Wilhelmine Rosenbauer Ilse Brückner Emmy Brückner See also List of mass stabbings in Germany == References ==

CapX

CapX is a British online newspaper and news aggregator. It was founded by the Centre for Policy Studies, and features columnists and contributors such as Tim Montgomerie, Daniel Hannan, and V. S. Naipaul. The site offers original content and aggregated news and blogs, and features opinion on politics, economics, and business issues.CapX was launched on 21 June 2014 as a commentary outlet to promote "democratic capitalism" and support innovation, competition, free trade, good governance and liberty. It aggregates and selects news from 3.5 million blogs, academic journals and mainstream media. It publishes a spectrum of pro-market authors.

CapX is a British online newspaper and news aggregator. It was founded by the Centre for Policy Studies, and features columnists and contributors such as Tim Montgomerie, Daniel Hannan, and V. S. Naipaul. The site offers original content and aggregated news and blogs, and features opinion on politics, economics, and business issues.CapX was launched on 21 June 2014 as a commentary outlet to promote "democratic capitalism" and support innovation, competition, free trade, good governance and liberty. It aggregates and selects news from 3.5 million blogs, academic journals and mainstream media. It publishes a spectrum of pro-market authors. History CapX was founded by the Centre for Policy Studies (CPS) on 21 June 2014 in collaboration with Signal Media. On 28 January 2015, a new site was launched for CapX. CPS chairman Lord Saatchi commented on its launch, "CapX, the first global digital think tank, has been designed to show how popular capitalism can work to the benefit of all. We hope it will make a difference." Contributors In addition to columns by Iain Martin and a group of contributors such as Tim Montgomerie, Daniel Hannan, Philippe Legrain, and Paul Collier, CapX has many authors—from politicians and campaigners to academics and policy experts—who contribute on a wide range of topics. Specialist contributors include Indian economist Deepak Lal, and Islamic economics specialist Benedikt Koehler. Political views CapX is broadly on the centre-right of the political spectrum. In 2015, then-editor Iain Martin stated that CapX is "for competition because it drives innovation, creates wealth and increases prosperity." CapX supports innovation, competition, free trade, facilitative government and liberty, and is opposed to cronyism, corporatism and restrictive markets. Conservative politician Paul Goodman wrote on the political website ConservativeHome in October 2014, recommending that readers should add CapX to their reading list. Funding The Centre for Policy Studies has received funding for the project from the Templeton Religion Trust and the Rising Tide Foundation. References External links Official website

City of Canada Bay Museum

The City of Canada Bay Museum is located in Sydney, Australia, in the suburb of Concord. The original museum was located on Wellbank St Concord and opened in 2000. The museum was officially re-opened on Saturday 16 May 2009 after moving to its new premises now located in the old Concord library at Bent Street. The museum has a collection that has been sourced from various locations with artifacts that range from 1915 to the 1970s. Included in the collection are items that showcase the history of Canada Bay and its surrounding suburbs such as Arnott's and Bushells memorabilia.

The City of Canada Bay Museum is located in Sydney, Australia, in the suburb of Concord. The original museum was located on Wellbank St Concord and opened in 2000. The museum was officially re-opened on Saturday 16 May 2009 after moving to its new premises now located in the old Concord library at Bent Street. The museum has a collection that has been sourced from various locations with artifacts that range from 1915 to the 1970s. Included in the collection are items that showcase the history of Canada Bay and its surrounding suburbs such as Arnott's and Bushells memorabilia. It includes displays of contemporary history, and information on the local history.With the assistance from the Concord Heritage Society, the Drummoyne Historical Society and community members, the collection includes an extensive collection of toys, material from the First and Second World Wars, household items and office items, various silver and china collections, extensive sports memorabilia, local industry items such as the Victa lawn mower and one of the last brass firefighters' helmets to be made in Australia before they were officially phased out. The museum has the 128th Victa lawn mower, invented by Mervyn Victor Richards, which was based on the Mowhall mower. The museum is located at 1 Bent St, Concord Sydney, NSW 2138 See also Concord, New South Wales City of Canada Bay References External links City of Canada Bay Heritage Society

Gateball

Gateball (Japanese: ゲートボール, Hepburn: gētobōru) is a mallet team sport inspired by croquet. It is a fast-paced, non-contact, highly strategic team game, which can be played by anyone regardless of age or gender. Gateball is most popular in China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, with a growing presence in other countries. Gateball is played on a rectangular court 20 metres (66 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) wide. Each court has three gates and a goal pole.

Gateball (Japanese: ゲートボール, Hepburn: gētobōru) is a mallet team sport inspired by croquet. It is a fast-paced, non-contact, highly strategic team game, which can be played by anyone regardless of age or gender. Gateball is most popular in China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, with a growing presence in other countries. Gateball is played on a rectangular court 20 metres (66 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) wide. Each court has three gates and a goal pole. The game is played by two teams (red and white) of up to five players. Each player has a numbered ball corresponding to their playing order. The odd-numbered balls are red and the even-numbered balls are white. Teams score one point for each ball hit through a gate and two points for hitting the goal pole, in accordance with the rules. A game of gateball lasts for thirty minutes and the winner is the team with the most points at the end of the game. History Gateball was invented in Japan by Suzuki Kazunobu in 1947. At the time there was a severe shortage of rubber needed to make the balls used in many sports. Suzuki, then working in the lumber industry on the northern island of Hokkaido, realised there was a ready supply of the wood used to make croquet balls and mallets. He revised the rules of croquet and created gateball as a game for young people.Gateball first became popular in the late 1950s when a physical education instructor introduced gateball to the women's societies and senior citizens' clubs of Kumamoto City. In 1962, the Kumamoto Gateball Association was formed and established a local set of rules. This version of the game became known nationally when it was demonstrated at a national fitness meet in Kumamoto in 1976. Shortly afterwards gateball's popularity exploded as local government officials and representatives of senior citizens' organisations introduced the sport around the country.In 1984, the Japanese Gateball Union (JGU) was founded. Under the leadership of its inaugural chairman, Ryoichi Sasakawa, the JGU developed a unified set of rules and organised the first national meet. The following year, the JGU joined with five countries and regions, China, Korea, Brazil, United States of America and Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), to form the World Gateball Union (WGU). The WGU has since been joined by Bolivia (1987), Paraguay (1987), Peru (1987), Argentina (1989), Canada (1989), Singapore (1994), Hong Kong (1998), Australia (2003), Macao (2005), Philippines (2012) and Indonesia (2013). Gameplay Gateball is played between two teams of up to five people on a rectangular field 15–20 meters long and 20-25 wide. The two teams use five balls each, either red or white depending on the team, and play in an alternating fashion between red and white the balls numbered from 1 to 10. Each player plays the same ball throughout the game. At the beginning of the game the players, in order, place their ball in the designated "start area" and attempt to hit the ball through the first gate. If they successfully pass through the gate they may play again. If the player misses the first gate, or their ball passes through the first gate but ends up outside of the court, they pick up their ball and have to try again in the second round. Since the 2015 rule changes, a ball going through the first gate but ending up out of bounds is deemed to have passed the first gate but is an outball and will attempt to enter court on their next turn from the place the ball went outball. When stroking, if the ball hits another ball, this is called a "touch". If both the stroker's ball and the touched ball remain within the inside line, the stroker shall step on the stroker's ball and place the other touched ball so that it is touching the stroker's ball, and hit the stroker's ball with the stick (this play is called a "spark"), sending the other touched ball off as the result of the impact. By passing through a gate or sparking the ball, a player receives another turn. One point is given for every gate the ball passes in order and two points for hitting the goal-pole. The winner is the team with the most points at the end of thirty minutes. As the red team always gets to play first, the white team always has the final turn, even if time has elapsed before the final white ball is called. Competitions World Games In 2001, gateball was included as an exhibition event at the 6th World Games. The competition was held in Akita Prefecture in Japan and was attended by teams from China, Japan, South Korea, the US and Chinese Taipei. The final was won by a team of mostly teenage players from Japan. World Gateball Championship The World Gateball Championships are held every four years. The inaugural championship in 1986 was played in Hokkaido with teams from Brazil, China, Chinese Taipei, Japan, Korea and the United States of America. Subsequent championships were held in Hawaii (1998); Toyama, Japan (2002); Jeju, South Korea (2006); Shanghai, China( 2010); and Niigata (Japan) in 2014. The 10th World Championship was played on 17–19 September 2010 in Shanghai China. The competition was contested by 96 teams from 14 countries/regions including Australia, Brazil, China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Paraguay, the Philippines, South Korea, Russia and the USA.The 12th World Championship was held in São Paulo In Brazil on September 21–23 in 2018. References External links World Gateball Union Rules of Gateball

Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 3)

Book Three: Fire is the third and final season of Avatar: The Last Airbender, an American animated television series created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. The series stars Zach Tyler Eisen, Mae Whitman, Jack DeSena, Michaela Jill Murphy, Dante Basco, Dee Bradley Baker, Greg Baldwin (replacing Mako Iwamatsu), Grey DeLisle, and Mark Hamill as the main character voices. The final season focuses once again on Avatar Aang, now seeking to learn Firebending, and his friends Katara, Sokka, and Toph, who must defeat the tyrannical Fire Lord Ozai before the arrival of Sozin's Comet. Concurrently, it also follows Prince Zuko, who is finally welcomed back into the Fire Nation after betraying his uncle Iroh and helping his sister Azula conquer Ba Sing Se in Book Two. Book Three: Fire premiered on Nickelodeon on September 21, 2007.

Book Three: Fire is the third and final season of Avatar: The Last Airbender, an American animated television series created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. The series stars Zach Tyler Eisen, Mae Whitman, Jack DeSena, Michaela Jill Murphy, Dante Basco, Dee Bradley Baker, Greg Baldwin (replacing Mako Iwamatsu), Grey DeLisle, and Mark Hamill as the main character voices. The final season focuses once again on Avatar Aang, now seeking to learn Firebending, and his friends Katara, Sokka, and Toph, who must defeat the tyrannical Fire Lord Ozai before the arrival of Sozin's Comet. Concurrently, it also follows Prince Zuko, who is finally welcomed back into the Fire Nation after betraying his uncle Iroh and helping his sister Azula conquer Ba Sing Se in Book Two. Book Three: Fire premiered on Nickelodeon on September 21, 2007. It consisted of 21 episodes and concluded with the four-part series finale "Sozin's Comet" on July 19, 2008. Like the previous seasons, it received critical acclaim, with many praising it as a satisfying conclusion to the series. Between October 30, 2007 and September 16, 2008, Paramount Home Entertainment released four DVD volumes and a complete boxset. The season was followed by the comic trilogy series The Promise which is set one year after the four-part series finale. A spin-off sequel series, The Legend of Korra, aired on Nickelodeon from April 14, 2012 to December 19, 2014. Set seventy years after the finale, the series follows Avatar Korra of the Southern Water Tribe, the successor of Avatar Aang. Episodes Production The season was produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio and aired on Nickelodeon, both of which are owned by Viacom. The season's executive producers and co-creators were Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, who worked alongside head writer and co-producer Aaron Ehasz. Most of the individual episodes were directed by Ethan Spaulding, Lauren MacMullan and Giancarlo Volpe. Episodes were written by a team of writers, which consisted of Aaron Ehasz, Elizabeth Welch, Tim Hedrick, and John O'Bryan, along with creators DiMartino and Konietzko.The season's music was composed by "The Track Team", which consists of Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn, who were known to the show's creators because Zuckerman was Konietzko's roommate. Cast All of the central characters generally remained the same: Zach Tyler Eisen voices Aang, Mae Whitman voices Katara, Jack DeSena voices Sokka, Michaela Jill Murphy voices Toph, Dante Basco voices Zuko, Dee Bradley Baker voices Appa and Momo, and Grey DeLisle voices Azula. Additionally, Mark Hamill reprises his role as Fire Lord Ozai in a greater capacity after having minor appearances throughout the first and second seasons of the series, while Greg Baldwin now voices Iroh due to Mako Iwamatsu's death. Reception The season received critical acclaim, winning a 2008 Peabody Award. Jamie S. Rich from DVD Talk remarked, "In addition to the solid writing, Avatar the Last Airbender [sic] also has amazing animation. The character designs, with its roots in classic Asian folklore, are colorful and inventive, and the overall animation is smooth and consistently executed". Jamie S. Rich wrote in another review: This final season in the trilogy is turning out to be the best... At this point in the story, major things are happening, with the characters going through changes and the various plot elements coming together. Thankfully, the show creators never rest, and the quality control is top-notch. The writing is smart, and the animation always impressive. (2008) Henrik Batallones, a BuddyTV Staff Columnist, also noted the wide variety of positive reviews from the press for the series finale, noting that sources such as The New York Times and Toon Zone gave Avatar: The Last Airbender "glowing reviews".The season also received praise for its video, redemption of Zuko, and sound quality. Nick Lyons from DVD Talk felt that the video quality appeared better than previous seasons, which had also garnered additional awards. He also remarks that the sound is "spot on...as per usual." At the 2008 Annie Awards, the season won "Best Animated Television Production for Children". At the same Annie Awards, Joaquim Dos Santos won the "Best Directing in an Animated Television Production" caption for his directing in "Into the Inferno". Joaquim Dos Santos also gave Avatar: The Last Airbender a nomination at Annecy 2008 for his work with "The Day of Black Sun Part 2: The Eclipse". Additionally, music editor and composer Jeremy Zuckerman and the sound editing team were nominated a Golden Reel award for "Best Sound Editing in a Television Animation" for their work in "Avatar Aang". DVD releases The first three DVD volumes contain five episodes each, and the fourth volume contains six. A later boxed set contained all four volumes. The first DVD was released on October 30, 2007, and the complete boxed set was released on September 16, 2008. They are released by Paramount Home Entertainment. Each of the individual Season Three DVDs also comes complete with an exclusive comic book. The Complete Book 3 Collection DVD includes the following DVD extras: Inside Sozin's Comet: Exclusive Four-Part Commentary by Creators, The Women of Avatar: The Last Airbender, Book 3 Finale Pencil Test Animation and Into the Fire Nation at San Diego Comic-Con. The boxed set was released on February 1, 2010 in the United Kingdom. Footnotes 1.^ Production code format taken from the commentary for "Sozin's Comet Part 1: The Phoenix King" References General Specific

Amy Gutmann

Amy Gutmann (born November 19, 1949) is an American academic and diplomat who has served as the United States Ambassador to Germany since 2022. She was previously the president of the University of Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2022, the longest-serving president in the history of the University of Pennsylvania. In 2018, Fortune magazine named Gutmann one of the "World's 50 Greatest Leaders". She previously worked at Princeton as provost and Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Politics. She also founded Princeton's ethics center, the University Center for Human Values.

Amy Gutmann (born November 19, 1949) is an American academic and diplomat who has served as the United States Ambassador to Germany since 2022. She was previously the president of the University of Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2022, the longest-serving president in the history of the University of Pennsylvania. In 2018, Fortune magazine named Gutmann one of the "World's 50 Greatest Leaders". She previously worked at Princeton as provost and Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Politics. She also founded Princeton's ethics center, the University Center for Human Values. Her published works are in the fields of politics, ethics, education, and philosophy. Early life and education Amy Gutmann was born on November 19, 1949, in Brooklyn, New York, the only child of Kurt and Beatrice Gutmann. She was raised in Monroe, New York, a small town in the lower Hudson Valley.Her father was the youngest of five children in an Orthodox Jewish family in Feuchtwangen, Germany. He was living near Nuremberg, Germany, when Adolf Hitler ascended to power. He fled Nazi Germany in 1934 as a college student. He brought his entire family, including four siblings, to join him in Bombay, India, where he founded a metal fabricating factory. Kurt Gutmann was still living in India in 1948 when he came to New York City for vacation. While there he attended a benefit at a Manhattan hotel, Essex House, where he met Beatrice, Amy's future mother, and the two were married weeks later. Gutmann told Adam Bryant of The New York Times in June 2011: The biggest influences on me for leading preceded my ever even thinking of myself as a leader—particularly my father's experience leaving Nazi Germany. Because I would not even exist if it weren't for his combination of courage and farsightedness. He saw what was coming with Hitler and he took all of his family and left for India. That took a lot of courage. That is always something in the back of my mind. Gutmann graduated from Monroe-Woodbury High School in Monroe, New York. She then entered Radcliffe College of Harvard University in 1967 on a scholarship as a math major with sophomore standing. She received membership in Phi Beta Kappa and her Bachelor of Arts degree magna cum laude from Radcliffe College in 1971, followed by a Master of Science degree in political science from the London School of Economics in 1972, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in political science from Harvard University in 1976. She was the first in her family to graduate from college. Career Princeton University Gutmann taught at Princeton University from 1976 to 2004. In 1990, she became the first Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor at Princeton and the founding director of its University Center for Human Values. As provost of Princeton University from 2001 to 2004, she oversaw Princeton's plan to expand the undergraduate student body by 10 percent and recruited professor K. Anthony Appiah from Harvard. University of Pennsylvania In her 2004 inaugural address, Gutmann launched the Penn Compact. In 2017 she renewed and updated her vision with the Penn Compact 2022, recommitting the university to these ideals and outlining the next steps: First, to increase inclusion at the university with increases in faculty and student diversity. Second, to integrate knowledge across academic disciplines with a strong emphasis on innovation: Penn was named No. 4 in Reuters' Top 100 World Innovative Universities in 2017, 2018, and 2019, and the university is consistently helping to facilitate commercialization agreements, ringing in over 650 in 2017 (up from fewer than 50 just a decade prior).Another highlight in innovation is Penn's biomedical research and clinical breakthroughs, approved by the FDA to treat cancer using a patient's own immune system. The Wall Street Journal noted that "Today the university [Penn] lays claim to having incubated the world's biggest cancer breakthrough." In addition, it is Penn Medicine researchers who developed the mRNA vaccine technology that is a critical component of Pfizer/BioNTech's and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines, which are being deployed globally in the fight against COVID-19. A third priority through the Compact is to have an impact locally, nationally, and globally to bring the benefits of Penn's research, teaching, and service to individuals and communities at home and around the world. This is recently illustrated by the University's $100 million commitment to the Philadelphia School District to remediate environmental hazards—the largest private contribution to the School District in its history. Fundraising and scholarships As president, Gutmann oversaw Penn's largest fundraising campaign ever, Power of Penn, which concluded in 2021 with a total of $5.4 billion and included priorities such as a "Penn First Plus" initiative, targeted to support first-generation, low-income students. She previously led the Making History campaign, launched in 2007, which raised a record $4.3 billion, exceeding its goal by more than $800 million. It achieved its $3.5-billion target 16 months ahead of its December 31, 2012, conclusion. It was an unusually broad-based campaign, attracting gifts from nearly 327,000 donors. Gutmann is the only Penn president to lead two fundraising campaigns, and since 2004 she has helped raise over $10 billion for Penn.Gutmann has been a leading national advocate for financial aid based on the need to promote socioeconomic diversity in higher education. Gutmann made Penn one of the handful of universities in the country that substitute grants for loans for any undergraduate student with financial need. In September 2009, for the first time in Penn's history, all undergraduates eligible for financial aid received grants rather than loans in their aid packages. Students from typical families with income less than $40,000 pay no tuition, fees, room, or board. Students from typical families with incomes less than $90,000 pay no tuition and fees. In 2017, one out of eight incoming Penn students were the first in their families to attend college, up from one out of 20 in 2004. She and her husband Michael Doyle have also funded an endowed undergraduate scholarship and an undergraduate research fund at Penn. In 2017, they committed an additional more than $1 million for scholarships, supporting multiple students and matching funds for other donors. In 2020, Gutmann and Doyle donated $2 million to Penn's nursing school to establish leadership scholarships for undergraduates and graduates who are passionate about making lasting impact in underserved urban and rural communities.In 2014, Gutmann announced Penn Compact 2020 initiatives to create up to 50 new endowed professorships utilizing matching donor funds, and to raise an additional $240 million for undergraduate financial aid on top of the $360 million raised for undergraduate aid during the Making History campaign. Additionally, Gutmann announced unique and unprecedented awards for undergraduate students "with the most promising plans to improve local, national, or global conditions in the year after their graduation".In March 2015, Gutmann announced the selection of five students (four projects) as winners of Penn's inaugural President's Engagement Prize. The largest of their kind in higher education, the President's Engagement Prizes provide up to $150,000 annually for graduating seniors to design and implement impactful local, national, and global engagement projects. In its coverage of the first awards, The Philadelphia Inquirer stated, "Penn grads win chance to change the world." In October 2015, she announced Penn's President's Innovation Prize, a corollary to the Engagement Prize that is focused on commercial ventures; the first winners were announced in April 2016. Shadrack Frimpong, a 2015 alumnus, used his President's Engagement Prize to start a school for girls, many of whom did not have access to education. Frimpong returned to Penn in 2018 to complete a degree in non-profit leadership and management at Penn to continue his work. Campus development Since arriving at Penn, Gutmann has also spearheaded a major campus development plan, Penn Connects, that includes 24 acres (97,000 m2) that Penn purchased from the US Postal Service along the Schuylkill River, which opened as Penn Park in September 2011. Penn Connects is designed to boost the economic, educational and social capacity of Philadelphia and to create seamless gateways between West Philadelphia and Center City across the Schuylkill River. Penn began an expansion east of the Schuylkill River with the purchase of the DuPont Marshall Laboratory in September 2010. Gutmann said that the Marshall Lab property has "infinite possibilities" as a place to nurture startups and "technology transfer", where faculty with "great discoveries can attract venture capital" and bring ideas to market.In Fall 2016, Penn opened its Pennovation Center, the anchor of a 23-acre site that the university has dubbed Pennovation Works, on a Grays Ferry site along the south bank of the Schuylkill which was once home to the DuPont Co.'s Marshall Labs (where workers discovered the substance that led to the development of Teflon). The $35-million project is about 1 1/2 miles from the center of Penn's West Philadelphia campus. A large, red-letter sign reads "Pennovation" over the three-story, 58,000-square foot facility. Pennovation includes an addition that resembles a crystal formation, representing the "crystallization of ideas", and architecture critic Inga Saffron says that its unique design "announces the future", rather than harkening back to the past. Johnson & Johnson announced in July 2018 that Pennovation Works would house J&J's first US-based JPOD, a networking hub that seeks to connect J&J researchers and the local life sciences community. With the announcement, J&J joined the ranks of global telecom giant Qualcomm and chocolate maker Hershey's, which also selected Pennovation Works to open Philadelphia operations. Protests on campus On December 8, 2014, The Daily Pennsylvanian reported that student protesters concerned about the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, disrupted a holiday party for students at Gutmann's home. As a gesture of support for the students' cause, Gutmann joined them in lying on the ground to symbolize the four-and-a-half hours that Brown's body was left lying on the street in Ferguson after his death. Members of the Penn police force publicly responded to the show of support, with the head of the police union writing a public letter criticizing the move and the chief of the police department responding with a letter defending Gutmann's actions. Tenure as president On May 8, 2012, Penn announced that Gutmann's contract had been renewed through 2019. In announcing the extension, David L. Cohen, chair of Penn's Board of Trustees, stated that Penn's "Trustees feel very strongly that Amy Gutmann is simply the best university president in the country. Under her superb leadership, Penn is a stronger and more vibrant institution than at any time in its storied history." In November 2016 Cohen, still Board Chairman, announced that Gutmann's contract would be extended until 2022, making her the longest-serving president ever at Penn.In 2017, Gutmann's total compensation was $2.9 million, making her the highest paid private college president in Pennsylvania and fourth highest in the United States. United States Ambassador to Germany On July 2, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated her to serve as the United States Ambassador to Germany. Hearings on her nomination were held before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on December 14, 2021. Her nomination expired at the end of the year and was returned to President Biden on January 3, 2022.President Biden renominated Gutmann the next day. The committee favorably reported her nomination to the Senate floor on January 12, 2022. On February 8, 2022, the United States Senate confirmed her nomination by a 54-42 vote. She presented her credentials on February 17, 2022. Scholarly career Through her writings, Gutmann has sought to bridge theory and policy to advance the core values of a civil democratic society: liberty, opportunity and mutual respect. In a recent ranking of US political scientists in PhD-granting departments, she is ranked second-highest in citations among all political theorists, eighth-highest among all women political scientists, and has been cited more than any other political scientist at the University of Pennsylvania.Her first major contribution to political philosophy was her book Democratic Education (1987; revised 1999). The book addresses the central questions in the political theory of education: How should a democratic society make decisions about education? What should children be taught? How should citizens be educated? It was reviewed in Ethics as "the finest contribution to the literature on democratic education of the last seventy years" and fostered a revival of interest in the relationship between democracy and education. The book also takes on some contemporary scholarly debates: What is the appropriate response of democratic education to the challenge of multiculturalism? Should schools try to cultivate patriotic or cosmopolitan sentiments among students? Gutmann's second major contribution to political philosophy is a theory of deliberative democracy that she developed in collaboration with Harvard political scientist Dennis Thompson. Democracy and Disagreement (1996) calls for more reasoned and respectful argument in everyday politics. Deliberation can inform decision making through reasoned argument and develop society's collective capacity to pursue justice while finding mutually acceptable terms of social cooperation—even when disagreements persist. Democracy and Disagreement has been praised as an effective remedy for polarized politics and criticized as impractical, as evidenced in a collection of pro and con essays published in Deliberative Politics, edited by Stephen Macedo. Defenders argue that more and better political deliberation can help all citizens. In her work Gutmann has applied the ideas of deliberative democracy to the US electoral process, President Barack Obama's Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and healthcare organization in the United Kingdom. In a critical review of the book, Peter Berkowitz wrote that the theory is "not realistic enough... It does not reckon with the forces in a free society that both stir and stupefy the passions of democratic citizens. It is not true that all good things flow from, or are compatible with, the people's rule."Gutmann's third major contribution to political philosophy is her analysis of group identity and its intersection with justice. In Identity in Democracy (2003), Gutmann argues that identity groups as such are neither friends nor enemies of democratic justice. She analyzes the legitimate but also problematic parts played by group identity in democratic politics and draws distinctions among the various types of identity group politics. She further developed this perspective in her nationally recognized 2018 Penn Commencement speech, "Think Uniquely, Stand United", in which she said that ". . . what makes us unique and what unites us are not starkly opposed. Uniqueness and unity are the twin pillars of a strong pluralism. We thrive when we combine unity of shared values with our unique perspectives on life. It has never been more important that we think uniquely while we stand united."In May 2012, Gutmann published her 16th book, The Spirit of Compromise: Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It (Princeton University Press), with co-author Dennis Thompson of Harvard. The authors posit that the difficulty of compromise is built into the democratic process itself, but so is the need for it. A better understanding and appreciation of compromise might be especially useful in this time of political polarization. Paul Starr of The New Republic said The Spirit: Provide[s] grist for thinking through the difficulties of compromise in [domestic policy], from tragic choices at desperate moments of history to the routine nastiness in American public life today... Until recently, who would have thought it necessary to offer Americans advice in the ways of compromise? We used to enjoy a reputation for being a practical-minded people, our politicians being regarded as an all-too-flexible species. But something has changed, and according to Gutmann and Thompson, the change has to do with the relation of campaigning and governing... Gutmann and Thompson end their book with recommendations to strengthen the spirit and practice of compromise." Judy Woodruff of the PBS Newshour called the book "a clear-eyed examination of the forces that bring warring political leaders together or keep them apart. I wish every policymaker would read it".Gutmann's 17th book, co-authored with Jonathan Moreno, Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven, but Nobody Wants to Die, was published in 2019 by W. W. Norton & Company. Board and leadership positions In 2009, Barack Obama appointed Gutmann chair of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, and reappointed her in early 2012, a position she held through 2016. The Bioethics Commission issued 10 reports on a variety of issues including protections for adult and pediatric participants in medical research, and the ethics of genomics and neuroscience. The Commission's meetings were open to the public and streamed live—and all its recommendations to the President were unanimous. Its capstone report, Bioethics for Every Generation, focused on the mission of bioethics commissions in advancing democratic deliberation and bioethics education. From 2005 to 2009, Gutmann served on the National Security Higher Education Advisory Board, a committee that advises the FBI on national security issues relating to academia. From 2011 to 2013 she was a member of the National Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences, which was convened by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2014, the Association of American Universities elected Gutmann as chair of its board of directors for a one-year term. From 2007 to 2019 Gutmann served on the board of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia. She was a member of the Knight Commission on Trust, Media and Democracy from 2017 to 2019. From 2006 to 2022, Gutmann served on the board of The Vanguard Group, and was a member of the board of directors of the Berggruen Institute from 2014 to 2022.As of 2009, Gutmann was a member of the Global University Leaders Forum (GULF), which convenes at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Personal life Gutmann is married to Michael Doyle, professor of law and international affairs at Columbia University. They have one daughter, Abigail Doyle, a Professor of Chemistry at UCLA where she holds the Saul Winstein Chair in Organic Chemistry. Awards and honors Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, Kalamazoo College, 1992 The Centennial Medal, Harvard University, 2003 Elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society, 2005 Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, University of Rochester, 2005 Honorary Doctor of Letter Degree, Wesleyan University, 2005 Named a Distinguished Daughter of Pennsylvania, 2010 Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, Columbia University, 2012 Woman of Spirit Award, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2012 Honorary Fellow, London School of Economics, 2013 Americanism Award, Anti-Defamation League, 2014 Reginald Wilson Diversity Leadership Award, American Council on Education, 2015 Lucretia Mott Award, Women's Way, 2017 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree, Johns Hopkins University, 2017 William Penn Award, The Chamber of Commerce for Greater Philadelphia, 2018 Philadelphia Inquirer Industry Icon Award, Philadelphia Media Network, 2018 Eugene M. Lang Lifetime Achievement Award, "I Have a Dream" Foundation, 2018 Named one of Fortune Magazine's "World's 50 Greatest Leaders", 2018 Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement, Pennsylvania Society, 2019 Leo Baeck Medal, 2022 New College House named for President Emerita Amy Gutmann, 2022 Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, Princeton University, 2022 Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, University of Pennsylvania, 2022 Clark Kerr Award for distinguished leadership in higher education from the UC Berkeley Academic Senate, 2023 Selected works "Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven but Nobody Wants to Die: Bioethics and the Transformation of Health Care in America" (with Jonathan D. Moreno). Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2019. "Liberalism," International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001. "The Moral Foundation of Truth Commissions," with Dennis Thompson, in Robert Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Truth vs. Justice, Princeton University Press, 2000. The Spirit of Compromise: Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It with Dennis Thompson, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 2012 Why Deliberative Democracy? with Dennis Thompson, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 2004 Identity in Democracy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 2003 (Trad. esp.: La identidad en Democracia, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2008, ISBN 978-84-96859-33-3) Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race, with Anthony Appiah, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996 Democracy and Disagreement, with Dennis Thompson, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996 Democratic Education, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987 Ethics and Politics: Cases and Comments, with Dennis Thompson, Chicago, Ill.: Nelson-Hall, 1984 Sen, Amartya; Williams, Bernard, eds. (1982). "What's the use of going to school?". Utilitarianism and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–277. ISBN 9780511611964. Liberal Equality, New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1980 References External links Ambassador Amy Gutmann | U.S. Mission Germany Appearances on C-SPAN Amy Gutmann Curriculum Vitae | University of Pennsylvania (archived)

Hubbi Hatun

Ayşe Hubbi Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حبی خاتون; "the living one" or "womanly" and "the ammirated one"; died 1590) was a lady-in-waiting to Sultan Selim II and later to his son Sultan Murad III of the Ottoman Empire. She was a notable Ottoman poet of the sixteenth century.

Ayşe Hubbi Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حبی خاتون; "the living one" or "womanly" and "the ammirated one"; died 1590) was a lady-in-waiting to Sultan Selim II and later to his son Sultan Murad III of the Ottoman Empire. She was a notable Ottoman poet of the sixteenth century. Early life Born as Ayşe, Hubbi Hatun spent her early childhood in the city of Amasya. She was the daughter of Şeyh Akşemseddin, and granddaughter of Beşiktaşlı Şeyh Yahya Efendi. She was very well educated, and had learned Arabic, and studied poetry. Marriage She married her first cousin, son of her maternal aunt, Prince Selim's tutor, Akşemseddinzade Şemsi Efendi, milk brother of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. She had a daughter married to poet Mehmed Vusuli Efendi, known as Molla Çelebi. A garden in Fındıklı belonged to Hubbi Hatun. Career After her husband's death in 1551, she remained at the court and was a boon companion of Prince Selim. Hubbi Hatun was famous for her beauty and poetry. She was rumoured to have had love affairs with several of Selim's courtiers. When Selim ascended the throne in 1566, Hubbi came to Istanbul. After Selim's death in 1574, Hubbi Hatun became a lady-in-waiting to his son, the new Sultan Murad III. She had been influential in the reign of both Sultan Selim II and his son Murad III, along with other musahibes (favourites) of Murad, who included mistress of the housekeeper Canfeda Hatun and mistress of financial affairs Raziye Hatun. Death She died in 1590 in Istanbul and was buried at Eyüp cemetery. Poetry She wrote lyric poems (gazel) and odes (kaside). She also wrote a narrative poem (mesnevi) under the title "Hürşid and Cemşid", which consisted of more than three thousand beyits. Her style of writing poetry was not feminine, and she wrote just like her male colleagues. She was praised in tezkires for her poetic skills. The poetic persona (mahlas) “Hubbi”, with which Hubbi Hatun signed her gazels in the last hemistich, can also be found at the end of a risale (message or letter), a short work on religious warfare entitled “İmadu’l-Cihad”.The following poetry was written by Hubbi. Being feminine is no shame to the name of the sun... Being masculine is no glory to the crescent moon. Another set of poetry written by Hubbi Hatun included, "Der Rağbet-i Dua": Dua temsili Yusuf gibi her demKim ana müşteridir halkı alem Verir her kişi makdurunca gevherAnın ta müşterisinden olalar Sen oldun şimdi hem ol zen misaliKaçan arz eyledi Yusuf cemali Geturüp nice rişte anda bir zenHıridar oldu ana canu dilden References Sources Fleischer, Cornell H. (July 14, 2014). Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Ali (1541-1600). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-400-85421-9. Petruccioli, Attilio (1997). Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design. E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-10723-6. Faroqhi, Suraiya (November 29, 2005). Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-850-43760-4. Çiçek, Kemal; Kuran, Ercüment; Göyünç, Nejat; Ortaylı, İlber (2000). The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation [sic]: Culture and arts. Yeni Türkiye. ISBN 978-9-756-78217-0. Havlioğlu, Didem (2010). On the margins and between the lines: Ottoman women poets from the fifteenth to the twentieth centuries. BRILL. Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. Andrews, Walter G.; Kalpakl, Mehmet (January 13, 2005). The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-822-33424-8. Ersöz, Emine. XV.-XVI. YY Osmanlı Döneminde Kadın Şairler. External links Women writers of Turkey: Hubbi Ayşe Kadın

Khamlangba

Khamlangba (Meitei: ꯈꯝꯂꯥꯡꯕ, romanized: kham-laang-ba), also spelt as Khamlangpa (Old Manipuri: ꯈꯝꯂꯥꯡꯄ, romanized: kham-laang-pa), is a deity in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). He is the God of iron, mining, metallurgy, steel manufacturing, hunting and war. His occupation is the extraction of the iron ores and the manufacture of steel. The Khamlangba Thenlon text mentions about his skills of iron metallurgy and blacksmith in ancient Kakching (old name:KakSai) kingdom.

Khamlangba (Meitei: ꯈꯝꯂꯥꯡꯕ, romanized: kham-laang-ba), also spelt as Khamlangpa (Old Manipuri: ꯈꯝꯂꯥꯡꯄ, romanized: kham-laang-pa), is a deity in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). He is the God of iron, mining, metallurgy, steel manufacturing, hunting and war. His occupation is the extraction of the iron ores and the manufacture of steel. The Khamlangba Thenlon text mentions about his skills of iron metallurgy and blacksmith in ancient Kakching (old name:KakSai) kingdom. Description God Khamlangba is the miner of iron ores and the manufacturer of steel. He is worshipped for peace and prosperity in the kingdom. He is revered for protecting people from diseases and death. He drives away the evil spirits from the state. He belongs to the class of Sylvan Gods (Umang Lais).The Kangjeirol text mentions that God Khamlangba was one of the divine polo players who played the divine polo match of the gods. Mythology In the creation myth, God Khamlangba was grown out of Atiya Sidaba. He was a great hunter, warrior and miner. He lived with Goddess Huimu Leima and a son named Amudon was born to them. After this, Khamlangba left Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur) for Tripura (Meitei: Takhel) in search of iron ores. When he returned to Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur), he settled in Kakching. The people of Kakching worshipped Him. Later, "Kakching Haraoba", a new form of Lai Haraoba was developed. This account is evident in the Khamlangba Khunggumlon text.In another legend, God Khamlangba stayed for some time at a place named "Khuman Heiyel Loubuk". Later, he came to Kheraching. A person named Nganba Tekcha Pamba Laihat Thouba beheaded Irum Lai Tubi Kokling Lengba. So, the place where God Khamlangba stayed was later known as Kakching Khullen and Kakching Wairi.God Khamlangba participated in the divine polo match played among the gods. The divine polo match took place during the reign of the deified Meetei King Nongda Lairen Pakhangba as described in the Kangjeirol text. He was one of the 7 polo players in the northern team. His team was led by God Marjing. On the other hand, his opponent's team (southern team) was led by God Thangjing. Cults and shrines God Khamlangba holds a special position for the Kakching Haraoba. Kakching Haraoba is one of the four types of Lai Haraoba festival.During the era of King Samuroiba Ningthou, the temple of Khamlangba was built in Kakching Khullen. The Naorem clan also built a temple of Khamlangba at Kakching Wairi. The temple of Khamlangba in Kakching Khullen was maintained by the Mayanglambam clan while the one at Kakching Wairi was maintained by Naorem clan. Gallery See also Loyalakpa Mongba Hanba References Bibliography Khamlangba Erengba Puwaree Neinarol by Yaima, Lamgdum Kakching Haraoba by Meitei, Pukhrambam Bharat Kakching Haraoba Anisuba Saruk by Meitei, Pukhrambam Bharat External links Khamlangba_archive.org

Huang Wei

Huang Wei (Chinese: 黃維; 1904–1989) was a Chinese Nationalist military general who fought in the Encirclement Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

Huang Wei (Chinese: 黃維; 1904–1989) was a Chinese Nationalist military general who fought in the Encirclement Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. Early life and career Huang was born into a rural intellectual family in Guixi, Jiangxi province in 1904. With the help of local friends and townsmen he was admitted to the elite Whampoa Military Academy. He was loyal, dutiful and brave in battle and caught the attention of Chen Cheng, his superior and senior military instructor who introduced him to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. By the end of 1927, he was promoted to regimental commander of the 9th corps, in 1928 he was reassigned as regimental colonel of the 11th division, which Chen Cheng was the commander. In 1928 he was enrolled in the Army War College and after graduation he was promoted to 32nd brigade commander in the 11th division, now as part of the 18th corps, again Chen Cheng was the Corps superior general officer. In 1933 he went to Germany to study and returned to China in 1937, while in his absence he was promoted to commander of the 11th division in 1934. In September 1937, he led the 67th division of the 18th corps in the Battle of Shanghai against the Imperial Japanese Army. In 1938 he was promoted to Corps commander of 18th corps and elevated to the rank of lieutenant general next year. In 1940 he was assigned as commander of the 54th corps and defense commander of Kunming, Yunnan province. Over next several years, he was assigned to a series important positions in the National Military Council and army training department. In 1945 he became commander of 31st army and deputy head of the logistical department. In 1948 he was made commandant of the newly established officer candidate school and headed the 12th army. Huaihai Campaign In November 1948, Huang Wei led the 12th army from Henan province toward Eastern of Xuzhou to fight the communists. However, communist moles in the Kuomintang department of defense, such as Guo Ruhuai and Liu Fei, leaked vital military plans to the communist commanders. The American-armed 12th army headed into a trap sprang by the communist forces in nearly Su County, Anhui province, less than 30 miles from Xuzhou. In the great Shuangduiji Campaign, which lasted nearly a month and the 12th army was destroyed. Huang's attempt to breakout from communist blockade was foiled when one of his division commanders went over to communists with his unit. He tried to break out again but was captured alive, only his deputy commander Hu Lien was able to escape back to Nanjing. Study of perpetual motion While in Communist prisons, Huang Wei refused to admit that he was wrong in supporting Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang government. In order to escape communist indoctrination classes, he devoted his time to the study of perpetual motion, in 1968 he received personal funds from Zhou Enlai so he could conduct experiments. The experiments did not succeed, but when he was released in 1975 he continued to pursue the concept. He died in Beijing on March 30, 1989. References US Naval War College [2]

Skull: The Mask

Skull: The Mask (Portuguese: Skull: A Máscara de Anhangá) is a 2020 slasher film written and directed by Armando Fonseca and Kapel Furman. It stars Natallia Rodrigues as a detective investigating the ancient mask of Anhangá—a vassal of a pre-Columbian god—who is incarnated and embarks on a sacrificial killing spree. The film is an international co-production of Brazil and the United States.Skull: The Mask premiered digitally as part of the Chattanooga Film Festival on 22 May 2020. The film is available for streaming on Shudder as of 27 May 2021.

Skull: The Mask (Portuguese: Skull: A Máscara de Anhangá) is a 2020 slasher film written and directed by Armando Fonseca and Kapel Furman. It stars Natallia Rodrigues as a detective investigating the ancient mask of Anhangá—a vassal of a pre-Columbian god—who is incarnated and embarks on a sacrificial killing spree. The film is an international co-production of Brazil and the United States.Skull: The Mask premiered digitally as part of the Chattanooga Film Festival on 22 May 2020. The film is available for streaming on Shudder as of 27 May 2021. Plot Cast Natallia Rodrigues as Beatriz Obdias Wilton Andrade as Manco Ramirez Ricardo Gelli as Padre Vasco Magno Guta Ruiz as Galvani Volta Greta Antoine as Lilah Tristan Aronovich as Nobuto Ivo Müller as Tack Waelder Eduardo Semerjian as Herr Schädel Che Moais as Pajé Iratinga Rurik Jr. as Skull Release In 2018, Cinestate acquired the rights to distribute Skull: The Mask in the United States through the Fangoria label.Skull: The Mask premiered digitally on 22 May 2020 as part of the 7th annual Chattanooga Film Festival. The festival took place online as a virtual event due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The film was made available for streaming on Shudder on 27 May 2021. Reception On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10.Meagan Navarro of Bloody Disgusting called the film "a gloriously carnage-fueled horror movie nestled deep within a messy web of entangled plot threads. A lot of it doesn't work, but it's hard to be too upset about a film that brings an insane amount of gore and intriguing new monster mythology to the table." Screen Anarchy's Andrew Mack praised the film's gore as "fantastic" and "top notch", though he noted: "It feels like two separate films were made then there was an attempt to edit them together and make a cohesive whole." Jacob Oller of Paste Magazine complimented the film's prop design but criticized its choreography and staging, writing that "Skull: The Mask just isn't shot in a way to fully appreciate the nastiness its creators so clearly enjoy." Nick Allen of Roger Ebert.com gave the film a score of one-and-a-half out of four stars, finding faults with its characters, editing, and sound mixing.Gizmodo's Cheryl Eddy praised the film's special effects, and wrote that the perceived complexity of the film's plot "doesn't detract much from the movie's enjoyability." Drew Tinnin of Dread Central gave the film four-and-a-half out of five stars, calling it "an indie action slasher masterpiece." Both Eddy and Tinnin compared the film's antagonist to Jason Voorhees of the Friday of the 13th franchise, with Tinnin writing that "Brazil may have found their version of Kane Hodder in pro-wrestler Rurik Jr." The Guardian's Phil Hoad gave the film three out of five stars, calling it a "silly, uneven but strangely appealing slasher film that leaves no heart unripped from human thorax." Martin Unsworth of Starburst Magazine rated Skull: The Mask four out of four, commending its action scenes, pacing, performances, and special effects. Hope Madden of UK Film Review called it a "throwback exploitation" and said the "film’s opening is its strongest segment, a grainy video portrayal of a 1944 political bloodbath with the goal of enacting an ancient pre-Columbian ritual." References External links Skull: The Mask at IMDb Skull: The Mask at Rotten Tomatoes

Wu Huawen

Wu Huawen (simplified Chinese: 吴化文; traditional Chinese: 吳化文; pinyin: Wú Huàwén, 1904–1962) was a military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. During his career, he switched his allegiance three times, first from the Kuomintang to a Japanese puppet government, then back to the Kuomintang, and finally to the Communist People's Liberation Army. In 1928, Wu Huawen became Head of Training Department, Luoyang Junior Military Officer School of the North-western Army. After that came appointments as Chief of Staff and commanding officer of the Reconnaissance Regiment in the 25th Division of the 2nd Army Group (1928–1930), Deputy Head of the Higher Training Corps of the 3rd Route Army (1930–1931), commanding officer of the pistol brigade, 3rd Route Army (1931–1938), commanding officer of the 28th Independent Brigade, 3rd Route Army (1938–1939), and general officer commanding the 4th New Division (1939–1943).In 1943, a few years after the execution of his superior Han Fuju (in 1938), he defected to the Japanese, taking many of Han's troops with him. In the same year, he joined the Reorganized National Government of China, a puppet state under Japanese control.

Wu Huawen (simplified Chinese: 吴化文; traditional Chinese: 吳化文; pinyin: Wú Huàwén, 1904–1962) was a military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. During his career, he switched his allegiance three times, first from the Kuomintang to a Japanese puppet government, then back to the Kuomintang, and finally to the Communist People's Liberation Army. In 1928, Wu Huawen became Head of Training Department, Luoyang Junior Military Officer School of the North-western Army. After that came appointments as Chief of Staff and commanding officer of the Reconnaissance Regiment in the 25th Division of the 2nd Army Group (1928–1930), Deputy Head of the Higher Training Corps of the 3rd Route Army (1930–1931), commanding officer of the pistol brigade, 3rd Route Army (1931–1938), commanding officer of the 28th Independent Brigade, 3rd Route Army (1938–1939), and general officer commanding the 4th New Division (1939–1943).In 1943, a few years after the execution of his superior Han Fuju (in 1938), he defected to the Japanese, taking many of Han's troops with him. In the same year, he joined the Reorganized National Government of China, a puppet state under Japanese control. He served as Commander in Chief of the 3rd Front Army for Wang Jingwei's government until 1945, when he rejoined the Kuomintang government. From 1945 until 1948, he held several commands: general officer commanding the 5th New Route Army and general officer commanding the Southern Jin-Pu Railway Garrison (1945–1946), commanding officer of the 7th Column (1946), commanding officer of the 2nd Shandong Security Column (1946–1947), and general officer commanding the 84th Division (1947–1948). In 1948, he was given command of the 96th Army and was tasked of defending the outer ring of fortifications in the Battle of Jinan against the attack by the Communist People's Liberation Army. Before the beginning of the battle, Wu Huawen defected to the Communist side taking a large number of troops with him and hence delivering a decisive blow to the Kuomintang defense of the city. After his defection, he was given the post of general officer commanding the 35th Army in the People's Liberation Army, which also incorporated the troops he had taken with him. During the Yangtze River Crossing campaign, he was instrumental in the capture of Nanjing. == References ==

Complement of HMS Bounty

The complement of HMS Bounty, the Royal Navy ship on which a historic mutiny occurred in the south Pacific on 28 April 1789, comprised 46 men on its departure from England in December 1787 and 44 at the time of the mutiny, including her commander Lieutenant William Bligh. All but two of those aboard were Royal Navy personnel; the exceptions were two civilian botanists engaged to supervise the breadfruit plants Bounty was tasked to take from Tahiti to the West Indies. Of the 44 aboard at the time of the mutiny, 19 (including Bligh) were set adrift in the ship's launch, while 25, a mixture of mutineers and detainees, remained on board under Fletcher Christian. Bligh led his loyalists 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km; 4,000 mi) to safety in the open boat, and ultimately back to England. The mutineers divided—most settled on Tahiti, where they were captured by HMS Pandora in 1791 and returned to England for trial, while Christian and eight others evaded discovery on Pitcairn Island.The Admiralty rated Bounty as a cutter, the smallest category of warship—this meant that she was commanded not by a captain but by a lieutenant, with no other commissioned officers aboard, and without the usual detachment of Royal Marines that ships' commanders could use to enforce their authority.

The complement of HMS Bounty, the Royal Navy ship on which a historic mutiny occurred in the south Pacific on 28 April 1789, comprised 46 men on its departure from England in December 1787 and 44 at the time of the mutiny, including her commander Lieutenant William Bligh. All but two of those aboard were Royal Navy personnel; the exceptions were two civilian botanists engaged to supervise the breadfruit plants Bounty was tasked to take from Tahiti to the West Indies. Of the 44 aboard at the time of the mutiny, 19 (including Bligh) were set adrift in the ship's launch, while 25, a mixture of mutineers and detainees, remained on board under Fletcher Christian. Bligh led his loyalists 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km; 4,000 mi) to safety in the open boat, and ultimately back to England. The mutineers divided—most settled on Tahiti, where they were captured by HMS Pandora in 1791 and returned to England for trial, while Christian and eight others evaded discovery on Pitcairn Island.The Admiralty rated Bounty as a cutter, the smallest category of warship—this meant that she was commanded not by a captain but by a lieutenant, with no other commissioned officers aboard, and without the usual detachment of Royal Marines that ships' commanders could use to enforce their authority. Directly beneath Bligh in the chain of command were his warrant officers, appointed by the Navy Board and headed by the sailing master John Fryer. The other warrant officers were the boatswain, the surgeon, the carpenter, and the gunner. Two master's mates and two midshipmen were rated as petty officers; to these were added several honorary midshipmen—so-called "young gentlemen" who aspired to naval careers. They signed on the ship's roster as able seamen, but were quartered with the midshipmen and treated on equal terms with them.Most on Bounty were chosen by Bligh, or were recommended to him. However, a draft list of the crew before the voyage includes several who did not sail, including two pressed men who are thought to have deserted. Of the eventual crew, William Peckover, the gunner, and Joseph Coleman, the armourer, had been with Bligh when he was Captain James Cook's sailing master on HMS Resolution during the explorer's third voyage (1776–80). Several others had sailed under Bligh more recently, including Christian, who had twice voyaged with Bligh to the West Indies on the merchantman Britannia. The two had formed a master-pupil relationship through which Christian had become a highly skilled navigator; Bligh gave him one of the master's mate's berths on Bounty, and in March 1788, promoted him to the rank of Acting Lieutenant, effectively making Christian second-in-command. Another of the young gentlemen recommended to Bligh was 15-year-old Peter Heywood, a Manxman and a distant relation of Christian's. His recommendation came from Bligh's father-in-law, who was a Heywood family friend.The two botanists, or "gardeners", were chosen by Sir Joseph Banks, the president of the Royal Society and the expedition's chief promoter. The chief botanist, David Nelson, was another veteran of Cook's third voyage and had learned some of the Tahitians' language. Nelson's assistant, William Brown, was a former midshipman who had seen naval action against the French. Banks also helped to secure the midshipmen's berths for two of his protégés, Thomas Hayward and John Hallett. Overall, Bounty's crew was relatively youthful, the majority being under 30. At the time of departure Bligh was 33 years old and Fryer a year older. Among the older crew members were the gunner, William Peckover, who had sailed on all three of Cook's voyages, and Lawrence Lebogue, formerly sailmaker on the Britannia. The youngest aboard were Hallett and Heywood, who were both 15 when they left England. Complement Michael Byrne Michael Byrne was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1761. He went to sea as an able seaman at the age of 19. He had served on five naval ships by 1787, when he was signed as an able seaman by Captain Bligh on the Bounty, primarily to play the fiddle. Bligh wrote, "I had great difficulty before I left England to get a man to play the violin and I preferred at last to take one two-thirds blind than come without one," and described him as being "5 feet 6 inches high. Fair complexion and is almost blind. Plays the fiddle. Has the mark of an issue in the back of his neck."During the mutiny on 28 April 1789, Byrne was a loyalist, but he remained on the ship with the mutineers, apparently because his near-blindness added to his confusion. He was put ashore on Tahiti by Fletcher Christian. He gave himself up voluntarily when the Pandora arrived in 1791, and subsequently survived the wreck of the Pandora. He was acquitted of mutiny at court-martial in 1792.He later served with Bligh's nephew, Francis Bond, on the Prompte, but his subsequent fate is unknown. Thomas Ellison Thomas Ellison (1772 – 29 October 1792) was an able seaman. After participating in the mutiny, he remained in Tahiti rather than continuing on to the Pitcairn Islands, and in 1791 voluntarily turned himself in to the seamen of HMS Pandora to face justice in England. He was court-martialed at Spithead in September 1792, sentenced to death, and hanged on 29 October. Questions continue as to the degree of Ellison's culpability in the mutiny. Ellison, although he was only 15 years old when he was mustered aboard captain William Bligh's armed vessel Bounty as it sailed from Spithead for Tahiti, was already an experienced able seaman who had seen service in the merchant navy under Bligh in the West Indies. He was short (5 ft 3 in, 1.60 m) and was described as dark-haired and fair-skinned. In records of the outbound voyage, Bligh praised the lad as "improving" and "is a very good Boy and will do very well." Bligh also instructed his clerk, John Samuel, to teach "Writing and Arithmetick" to the illiterate teenager.During the Mutiny on the Bounty on 28 April 1789, Ellison was standing his watch as the ship's wheelsman, which gave him a vantage point to view the personal confrontation between Captain Bligh and Fletcher Christian at the heart of the mutiny. Ellison described himself as continuing to obey the captain's orders to "clap the helm down". However, the young seaman then handed control of the helm to a mutineer, John Mills, and left the scene to ask for advice from a loyal crewman, Lawrence LeBogue. When the time came for Ellison to tell his story at his court-martial, he tried to portray this incident as an attempt to establish his loyalty; but LeBogue – who would within minutes be set adrift with Bligh in the ship's boat – was less than helpful or sympathetic to the confused youth: He being wex'd, I believe, answerd me in a Sharp surly manner, told me to go to hell and not bother him; this Reception from my old ship mate quite Disheartened me from making an application to any One else. He gave himself up voluntarily when HMS Pandora arrived in 1791, and was placed in irons as a mutineer. He subsequently survived the wreck of his prison ship, and was forwarded, still as a prisoner, to England for court-martial proceedings. Ellison faced his judges in September 1792.In his court-martial testimony, the loyal midshipman Thomas Hayward, who had also witnessed the mutiny, recalled seeing young Ellison holding a bayonet and saying of Bligh, "Damn him, I will be sentry over him." Hayward also said he saw Ellison in a crowd of mutineers that were jeering their powerless ex-captain and "publicly insulting" him.Able seaman Ellison was seriously outranked by Hayward, who had been promoted to lieutenant, and had no means to hire counsel for his defence or to impeach this damning testimony. As a forlorn hope, the doomed man wrote out a paper for the Judge Advocate, pleading his case and describing the mutiny from his point of view. In this paper he concluded: I hope, honorable Gentlemen, yo'll be so Kind as to take my Case into Consideration as I was No more than between Sixteen and Seventeen Years of age when this of [sic] done. Honourable Gentlemen, I leave my self at the Clemency and Mercy of this Honourable Court. This plea appears to be Ellison's own work, as it contains phonetic misspellings characteristic of his Cockney dialect. It did not, however, save the seaman from the gallows. He was convicted of mutiny and hanged at Spithead on 29 October 1792. In popular culture The 1932 novel Mutiny on the Bounty, by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, portrays Ellison as a heroic character. His youthful optimism is depicted as raising the spirits of his fellow mutineer-prisoners, and his conviction and execution are characterised as a miscarriage of justice. In the 1984 film The Bounty his character is played by Dexter Fletcher. John Fryer John Fryer (15 August 1753 – 26 May 1817) was the sailing master on Bounty. He was a strong critic of both Lieutenant William Bligh and mutiny leader Fletcher Christian, at one time even accusing Bligh of favouring Christian. Despite his anger at Bligh, he did not support the mutiny. Fryer was born at Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk. After his naval service, he returned to Wells, and his grave in the churchyard is now clearly identified. In 1787, Fryer was appointed master of HMS Bounty, with Fletcher Christian serving as master's mate. On 10 January 1788, Bligh put his crew on three watches, giving one of them to Christian, and on 2 March, promoted Christian to acting lieutenant. Some have speculated that this was the source of the ill-will that later developed between Fryer and Bligh. However, as a master, Fryer would never have been promoted to lieutenant at sea. Indeed, he never did become a lieutenant. Fryer remained loyal, and accompanied Bligh in reaching Timor. Bligh's account of the mutiny vilified Fryer, but Fryer gave fair evidence at Bligh's court-martial. Edward Christian, Fletcher's brother, was assisted by Fryer in publishing a counterweight to Bligh's version. Fryer never received promotion, but served in the Royal Navy until 1812.Fryer has been portrayed by three actors in various film portrayals of the mutiny on the Bounty. In the 1935 film, he was played by DeWitt Jennings, while Eddie Byrne portrayed him in the 1962 version of Mutiny on the Bounty. Daniel Day-Lewis portrayed him in the 1984 film The Bounty. John Hallett John Hallett (1772–1794) was a midshipman on the Bounty. He was only 15 when he signed on, and 17 at the time of the mutiny; he accompanied Captain William Bligh on his open boat voyage to the Dutch East Indies. After his return to England he was promoted to lieutenant. He died on 1 December 1794 in Bedford, England, aged 22. Thomas Hayward Commander Thomas Hayward (1767–1798?) was a sailor present during the mutiny. He was born in Hackney, where his father, Francis Hayward M.D., was a noted physician. Hayward's oldest sister, Ann, was a close friend of Betsy Betham, who married William Bligh. Through Betsy, Hayward managed to obtain a position as a midshipman on the Bounty. His service on the Bounty seems to have been lacklustre, but he remained loyal to Bligh and a staunch opponent of Fletcher Christian, who disliked him immensely. He was the second person ordered into the boat carrying the loyalists, the first being Bligh himself. Heywood also disliked Hayward, calling him a 'worldling', raised a little in society, as a result of which he typically affected airs and graces beyond his station. Upon returning to England with Bligh, Hayward set out as third lieutenant under Captain Edward Edwards on HMS Pandora. Although they succeeded in finding some of the mutineers on Tahiti, and Hayward evidently performed well, it was an unfortunate voyage, ending with Pandora shipwrecked, and for the second time in as many years Hayward found himself without a ship, in an open boat making for safety. He eventually returned to England with other survivors from the Pandora, after which his career is uncertain. It has been suggested, based mainly on nearly illegible papers, that Hayward commanded the sloop HMS Swift. If so, he drowned when the ship was lost with all hands in a typhoon in the South China Sea in 1797 or 1798. Hayward is frequently confused with Peter Heywood – a fellow Bounty midshipman – because of their similar-sounding names. William McCoy William McCoy (c.1763 – 20 April 1798) was a Scottish sailor who was with Fletcher Christian on the voyage from Tahiti to Pitcairn Island, settling there in January 1790. McCoy had one consort, Teio, and fathered two children, Daniel and Catherine. After three years, a conflict broke out between the Tahitian men and the mutineers, resulting in the deaths of all the Tahitian men, Fletcher Christrian (Manx), and four of the Englishmen. McCoy (Scottish) was one of the survivors. McCoy discovered how to distill alcohol from the sweet syrup of the ti tree root. He, Matthew Quintal, and some of the women would lie around all day in a drunken stupor. On 20 April 1798, while drunk, he killed himself by tying a stone to his neck and leaping off a cliff. William Muspratt William Muspratt (1759–1797) was an able seaman (AB) on His Majesty's Armed Ship Bounty. After participating in the mutiny, he was court-martialed at Spithead in September 1792, and sentenced to death, but his conviction was overturned on appeal. He returned to active service in the British navy, and probably perished in 1797 aboard HMS Bellerophon.On the books of the Bounty, Muspratt is listed not only as an able seaman but also as the ship's tailor. His status as a craftsman did not grant any special privileges and, like the other AB's of the ship's crew, Muspratt was subject to the discipline of the ship's captain, William Bligh. Upon the Bounty's landfall in Tahiti in late 1788, Muspratt soon fell foul of his commanding officers and was sentenced in December to a dozen lashes with the cat o' nine tails for "neglect of duty." The seaman appears to have responded to this treatment by attempting to desert the ship, for on 5 January 1789, he absconded with two shipmates. All were recaptured and Muspratt was re-sentenced to four dozen additional lashes.Soon after the Bounty made sail for the West Indies in early 1789, the mutiny occurred. Witnesses later testified that Muspratt was armed during the take-over with a musket, which he never used nor fired. The mutineer left the Bounty when it again called at Tahiti.Bligh had meanwhile returned to England and written out descriptions of the mutineers; from this record we learn that Muspratt was "5 feet 6 inches high. Dark complexion, brown hair, slender made. Very strong black beard under his scarred chin. Tattooed in several places." When HMS Pandora arrived in Tahiti to try to recapture those mutineers that could be found, Muspratt was among those recaptured and returned to England to stand trial for mutiny.One key element in the outcome of this trial was that Muspratt, although a common seaman, was able to find an attorney to defend him. Although eyewitness testimony depicted the seaman as having been armed during the mutiny, and he was convicted and sentenced to death, he was able successfully to appeal his conviction and return to the ranks. His subsequent service was short, however. His will, probated in January 1798, indicated that his service ended aboard HMS Bellerophon, a ship of the line. Matthew Quintal Matthew Quintal (baptised 3 March 1766 as Mathew Quintril, Padstow, Cornwall – 1799, Pitcairn Island) was a Cornish able seaman. His surname was, in all probability, the result of misspelling the Cornish surname "Quintrell". He was the last of the mutineers to be murdered on Pitcairn Island. He was murdered or executed by Ned Young and John Adams, leaving them the last two mutineers alive on the island. Quintal was the first crew member punished by flogging "for Insolence and Contempt." He readily joined the mutiny. Five days after landing on Pitcairn Island, Quintal burned the Bounty, before the settlers had had a chance to remove everything of value from the ship as a safety precaution to avoid the ship giving their location away to the British Navy. It is not known if he took the action on his own or if he was ordered to. He led the others in oppressing the Polynesians. On 20 September 1793, the four remaining Polynesian men stole muskets and killed Christian, Mills, Brown, Martin, and Williams. Quintal barely escaped being one of the victims by hiding in the mountains with William McCoy. McCoy discovered a means of distilling alcohol from one of the island's fruits. He and Quintal quickly descended into alcoholism, often abusing and bullying both the Polynesian men and women, including his consort Tevarua. Rosalind Young, a descendant of Ned Young, relayed a story handed down to her that Tevarua went fishing one day and failed to catch enough fish to satisfy him. He punished her by biting off her ear. He may have been drunk at the time, because he and William McCoy were drunk most of the time, consuming the ti-root brandy that McCoy had succeeded in distilling. Tevarua fell – or, some believe, killed herself by leaping – off a cliff in 1799. After McCoy killed himself, Quintal became increasingly erratic. He demanded to take Isabella, Fletcher Christian's widow, as his wife, and threatened to kill Christian's children if his demands were not granted. Ned Young and John Adams invited him to Young's home and overpowered him, then murdered or, by some accounts, executed him with an axe.Quintal's descendants reside on Norfolk Island to this day. A descendant, Malcolm Champion, was a swimmer in the 1912 Summer Olympics, becoming New Zealand's first ever gold medalist. Ned Young Edward "Ned" Young (c. 1762 – 25 December 1800), was a British sailor, mutineer and co-founder of the mutineers' Pitcairn Island settlement. Young was born on the West Indian island of Saint Kitts. He apparently came from a poor family, but he did attend school. An 1825 Royal Navy biography reports that he was the nephew of Sir George Young, Baronet. He joined the crew of the Bounty as a midshipman. Young was asleep during the mutiny, and did not wake until after it was over. Thus, he neither participated in the mutiny nor was able to fight against it or join Bligh and others who left the ship in a long boat. Young was the only crew member to sleep through this ordeal. However, he soon announced that he fully supported Christian and the mutineers, and that he would never attempt to return to England. He joined Christian on the voyage to Pitcairn. On Pitcairn, Young took charge of the distillery and brewed a primitive alcohol. In October 1793, when conflict broke out between the mutineers and the four surviving Tahitian men, Young slept through most of this battle as well, and was protected by a Tahitian woman who largely supported the mutineers. Young did help to hunt down and kill Neho, one of the Tahitian men. The other three surviving mutineers were Matthew Quintal, William McCoy and John Adams. Young was accepted as the leader of the island, and Adams became his friend and deputy, though some sources seem to indicate that the two men had an equal amount of power. They gained much more respect than McCoy and Quintal, who became alcoholics. Quintal became increasingly alcoholic and threatened to kill the entire community; Adams and Young killed Quintal to prevent this from happening, making themselves the only two surviving mutineers. It was after this episode that the distillery was shut down by Young. Meanwhile, they had established fruit plantations and had many children by their Tahitian wives. In 1799 Young began to experience asthma. At about the same time, he became more religious. The other islanders converted to Christianity, and Young taught Adams and several of the children to read and write. Young's health became progressively worse and eventually he died of asthma, but Adams continued his work of educating the women and children, taking control over leadership of the island, and lived to see the island rediscovered by American and British ships. Many of Young's and the mutineers' descendants continue to live on Pitcairn Island or Norfolk Island. References Bibliography Further reading Caroline Alexander The Bounty, Viking 2003 Christiane Conway (2005) Letters from the Isle of Man - The Bounty-Correspondence of Nessy and Peter Heywood, The Manx Experience, ISBN 1-873120-77-X Edwards, Edward; George Hamilton (1915). Voyage of H. M. S. 'Pandora': Despatched to Arrest the Mutineers of the 'Bounty' in the South Seas, 1790- 1791. Francis Edwards. External links Story of the wreck of the Pandora.

Michael Chappell

Michael John William Chappell BEM (14 September 1934 – 10 August 2020), better known as Mike Chappell, was an English military historian and illustrator of military books.

Michael John William Chappell BEM (14 September 1934 – 10 August 2020), better known as Mike Chappell, was an English military historian and illustrator of military books. Early life and education Chappell came from an Aldershot family with links to the British Army going back several generations. His maternal grandfather, Pte George Green was among a group of soldiers of the Royal Welch Fusiliers killed in France on 14 September 1915 while laying a signal line to an outpost; he is buried in the Guards Cemetery at Windy Corner near Cuinchy. Mike Chappell's late parents were Samuel Chappell (a Warrant Officer in the Royal Army Service Corps) and Kathleen (née Green). His siblings are Anthony Chappell (born 1936), who served in the Royal Corps of Signals; Anna Chappell (born 1940), and Russell Chappell (born 1944).As a boy, he attended St. Joseph's Roman Catholic School in Aldershot, the Army School at Blackdown in Hampshire and Guildford Technical College. Career Military career After leaving school, Chappell briefly served an industrial blacksmith apprenticeship with 13 Command Workshop REME. However, finding this not to his liking, in 1952, at age 17, he enlisted as a private in the Royal Hampshire Regiment, a British Army line-infantry regiment, and in 1955, transferred to the Gloucestershire Regiment, another British Army infantry regiment. During his 22-year military career he saw service in Cyprus, Germany, Libya, Malaya, Swaziland, Ulster and various British garrisons.He retired in 1974 as a Regimental Sergeant Major of the 1st Battalion (Rifle Volunteers) of the Wessex Regiment, a British Army Territorial Army infantry regiment. Writing and illustrating career He first began painting military subjects for his own interest in 1968, turning professional when he left the army. His many years of military service actually wearing the kit and using the weapons give him a unique insight in his illustrations. Consequently, Chappell has gained worldwide popularity as a military illustrator, having written and illustrated over 100 books, many for Osprey Publishing.A number of his original artworks are held in the Glenn Christodoulou Collection. Personal life Formerly a resident of Aldershot, Chappell lived in the village of Malras in France with his second wife, Marilyn until his death in August 2020. His marriage to his first wife, Edna, was dissolved. He was awarded the British Empire Medal in the Queen's Birthday Honours List on 15 June 2013. Osprey books written and/or illustrated by Chappell Japanese Paratroop Forces of World War II The British Army in World War I (1) The Western Front 1914–16 The British Army in World War I (2) The Western Front 1916–18 The British Army in World War I (3) The Eastern Fronts British Tommy 1914–18 The Guards Divisions 1914–45 World War II Infantry Tactics Squad and Platoon Wellington's Peninsula Regiments (2) The Light Infantry Wellington's Peninsula Regiments (1) The Irish Luftwaffe Air & Ground Crew 1939–45 The British Army 1939–45 (1) North-West Europe The British Army 1939–45 (2) Middle East & Mediterranean The British Army 1939–45 (3) The Far East British Cavalry Equipments 1800–1941 Axis Cavalry in World War II The Indian Army 1914–1947 The US Army in World War II (1) The Pacific The US Army in World War II (2) The Mediterranean The US Army in World War II (3) Northwest Europe US Paratrooper 1941–45 The King's German Legion (1) 1803–12 The King's German Legion (2) 1812–16 British Infantry Equipments (1) 1808–1908 British Infantry Equipments (2) 1908–2000 French Foreign Legion 1914–45 French Foreign Legion Infantry and Cavalry since 1945 The French Indochina War 1946–54 The French Army 1939–45 (1) The French Army 1939–45 (2) The Algerian War 1954–62 Redcaps: Britain's Military Police Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41 Panzerkampfwagen III Medium Tank 1936–44 Army Commandos 1940–45 Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front US Marine Corps 1941–45 Scottish Divisions in the World Wars International Brigades in Spain 1936–39 The Gurkhas 18th-Century Highlanders Churchill Infantry Tank 1941–51 Security Forces in Northern Ireland 1969–92 British Battledress 1937–61 Napoleon's Italian Troops British Territorial Units 1914–18 The War in Cambodia 1970–75 The British Army in the 1980s British Battle Insignia (1) 1914–18 British Battle Insignia (2) 1939–45 Modern African Wars (1) Rhodesia 1965–80 The Korean War 1950–53 The Canadian Army at War Armies of the Vietnam War 1962–75 Armies of the Vietnam War (2) Partisan Warfare 1941–45 German Airborne Troops 1939–45 British Cavalry Equipments 1800–1941 Germany's Eastern Front Allies 1941–45 Battle for the Falklands (1) Land Forces The Israeli Army in the Middle East Wars 1948–73 Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 1948–73 The Malayan Campaign 1948–60 The Australian Army at War 1899–1975 British Guards Armoured Division 1941–45 Allied Tank Destroyers The Lee / Grant Tanks in British Service The Australian Army in World War I Other books by Chappell The Somme 1916 Crucible of a British Army Windrow & Greene (1995) ISBN 1859150071 The British Soldier in the 20th Century 2: Field Service Head Dress 1902 to the present day Wessex Military Publishing (1987) ISBN 1870498011 See also List of English writers List of historians List of illustrators References External links Uniforms of the Confederate States by Chappell Mike Chappell books published by Osprey Mike Chappell books on Alibris

Marcel Flouret

Marcel Flouret, (March 29, 1892 – November 29, 1971) was a French engineer, soldier, civil servant, member of the French Resistance, and fourth Chair of Électricité de France (EDF) from 1952 to 1962.

Marcel Flouret, (March 29, 1892 – November 29, 1971) was a French engineer, soldier, civil servant, member of the French Resistance, and fourth Chair of Électricité de France (EDF) from 1952 to 1962. Career Flouret graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1912. Committed to the army for four years initially, he became a Second Lieutenant on August 2, 1914, a Lieutenant Airman on August 2, 1916, and an aviation squadron leader and Captain on December 29, 1920. Wounded, Flouret earned the Croix de Guerre with four citations. On foreign missions from 1920 to 1925, Flouret participated in aviation operations in Austria and Hungary. He then became a professor at the War College at the Center of Advanced Military Studies in Warsaw, Poland. After entering the War College in March 1925, he then transferred to the Ministry of Finance as Deputy Chief of Staff for Joseph Caillaux on April 18, 1925, and left the army in November 1925.Various bureaucratic roles followed from 1925 to at least 1944, including becoming the Chief of staff of the Minister of Finance, Vincent Auriol on June 4, 1936, and becoming the Director of Staff for Auriol, the Minister of Justice, on July 1, 1937. He was mobilized as a Lieutenant Colonel in September 1939 until June 1940. He was the director of staff for Blocus Georges Monnet and Bertrand Pujo in 1940.He was a French Resistance member, operating under the name Fevrier – February, when he took City Hall of Paris on August 20, 1944. Flouret performed the duties of Prefect of the Seine Department from September 2, 1944, with Edgar Pisani, future minister of General de Gaulle, as the director of his cabinet.Following the liberation of France, Flouret became an executive at various organizations. This included becoming an Honorary Prefect of the Department of Seine in August 1946, the chair of the national railways, SNCF, in September 1946, the Governor of the Banque de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie on May 18, 1949, and the Chair of Électricité de France (EDF) in 1952. His role at SNCF ended in 1949. Flouret was the Chair of EDF for ten years from 1952 to 1962, after which he took an honorary chair role. He was known for investing heavily in the electrification of France after World War II.Flouret died in Mougins in 1971. Awards Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (January 15, 1954) Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (March 26, 1962) Medal of Freedom Croix de Guerre (World War I) Publications Marcel Flouret (1949). "Une société nationale d'économie mixte : la SNCF". SNCF. Rennes conference. == References ==

Fiscus Judaicus

The fiscus Iudaicus or Judaicus (Latin for "Jewish tax") was a tax imposed on Jews in the Roman Empire after the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in AD 70. Revenues were directed to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus in Rome.The tax measure improved Rome's finances and also worked as a deterrent against proselytizing. Those who paid the tax did not have to sacrifice to Roman gods.

The fiscus Iudaicus or Judaicus (Latin for "Jewish tax") was a tax imposed on Jews in the Roman Empire after the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in AD 70. Revenues were directed to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus in Rome.The tax measure improved Rome's finances and also worked as a deterrent against proselytizing. Those who paid the tax did not have to sacrifice to Roman gods. Contemporary sources Modern knowledge of the fiscus Judaicus is found in four primary sources: A small number of Roman Egyptian tax receipts A passage from The Jewish War by Josephus A passage from The Twelve Caesars by Suetonius A passage from the Roman History by Cassius Dio Imposition The tax was initially imposed by Roman emperor Vespasian as one of the measures against Jews as a result of the First Roman-Jewish War, or first Jewish revolt of AD 66–73. The tax was imposed on all Jews throughout the empire, not just on those who took part in the revolt against Rome. The tax was imposed after the destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70 in place of the levy (or tithe) payable by Jews towards the upkeep of the Temple. The amount levied was two denarii, equivalent to the one-half of a shekel that observant Jews had previously paid for the upkeep of the Temple of Jerusalem. The tax was to go instead to the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter, the major center of ancient Roman religion. The fiscus Iudaicus was a humiliation for the Jews. In Rome, a special procurator known as procurator ad capitularia Iudaeorum was responsible for the collection of the tax. Only those who had abandoned Judaism were exempt from paying it. While the tax paid for the Temple of Jerusalem was payable only by adult men between the ages of 20 and 50, the fiscus Iudaicus was imposed on all Jews, including women, children, and elderly—and even Jewish slaves. In Egypt, the documentary evidence (in the form of receipts) confirms the payment of the tax by women and children. The oldest person known from these receipts to have paid the fiscus Iudaicus was a 61-year-old woman, which led Sherman LeRoy Wallace to conjecture that the tax was levied only until the age of 62, as was the regular Roman poll tax paid by individuals throughout the Empire.The tax was continued even after the completion of the reconstruction of the Capitoline temple for its upkeep. Domitian Domitian, who ruled between 81 and 96 AD, expanded the fiscus Iudaicus to include not only born Jews and converts to Judaism, but also those who concealed the fact that they were Jews or observed Jewish customs. Suetonius relates that when he was young, an old man of 90 was examined to see whether he was circumcised, which shows that during this period the tax was levied even on those above the age of 62. Louis Feldman argues that the increased harshness was caused by the success of the Jewish (and possibly Christian) proselytism.Domitian applied the tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews": Besides other taxes, that on the Jews [A tax of two drachmas a head, imposed by Vespasian; see Josephus, Bell. Jud. 7.218] was levied with the utmost rigor, and those were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledging that faith, yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upon their people [These may have been Christians, whom the Romans commonly assumed were Jews]. I recall being present in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised. [c. 90] Domitian's ruling opened the door to possibilities of blackmail in Rome and in all Italy. Charges of following Judaism were easily made, but difficult to disprove, not least because the practices of certain philosophical sects resembled some Jewish customs. As a result, many people chose to settle with the accusers out of court rather than risk the uncertainties of judicial hearings, thus effectively encouraging the blackmailers. Titus Flavius Clemens was put to death for "living a Jewish life" or "drifting into Jewish ways" in the year AD 95, which may well have been related to the administration of the fiscus Judaicus under Domitian. Schism between Judaism and Christianity The fiscus Iudaicus was originally imposed on Jews. At the time neither the Romans nor, probably, the Christians considered their religion to be separate from Judaism. If anything they would have considered themselves as a Jewish sect. Jewish and non-Jewish Christians would therefore be liable to the tax, Marius Heemstra argues.In 96 AD, Domitian's successor Nerva reformed the administration of fiscus Iudaicus and redefined Judaism as a religion. This meant that Judaism was seen as distinct from Christianity and only those practising the former were liable to the tax. This paved the way for the Roman persecution of Christians that began a few years later and continued until the Edict of Milan in 313. The coins of Nerva bear the legend fisci Iudaici calumnia sublata "abolition of malicious prosecution in connection with the Jewish tax", in reference to his reform of the harsh policies of Domitian. Abolition It remains unclear when exactly the fiscus Iudaicus was abolished. Documentary evidence confirms the collection of the tax in the middle of the 2nd century, and literary sources indicate that the tax was still in existence in the early 3rd century. It is not known when the tax was formally abolished. Some historians credit the emperor Julian with its abolition in about 361 or 362. Medieval revival The tax was revived in the Middle Ages in 1342 under the name of Opferpfennig ['sacrifice penny'] by the Holy Roman Emperors. The Opferpfennig (originally Guldenpfennig) tax was introduced in 1342 by Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian, who ordered all Jews above the age of 12 and possessing 20 gulden to pay one gulden annually for protection. The practice was justified on the grounds that the emperor, as the legal successor of the Roman emperors, was the rightful recipient of the Temple tax which Jews paid to the Romans after the destruction of the Second Temple. The Opferpfennig was collected on Christmas Day. Emperor Charles IV later ordered the income of the Opferpfennig tax to be delivered to the archbishop of Trier. This tax was at some places replaced by an overall communal tax. See also Jewish poll tax Jizya Leibzoll Opferpfennig Rabbi tax Sicaricon Tolerance tax Notes References Edwards, Douglas R. (1996). Religion & Power: Pagans, Jews, and Christians in the Greek East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508263-X Feldman, Louis H. (1993). Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07416-X Radin, Max (1915). The Jews among the Greeks and Romans. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America Schäfer, Peter (1998). Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-48778-8 Stern, Menachem (1997). "Fiscus Judaicus". Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House. ISBN 965-07-0665-8 O'Quin, Chris (2009). "The Fiscus Judaicus". Heemstra, Marius (2010). "[1]". The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-150383-2 Goodman, Martin (2007). Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15309-7. External links Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Judaicus Livius.org: Fiscus Judaicus "The 'New Cleopatra' and the Jewish Tax" Biblical Archaeology Society Austin Simmons, The Cipherment of the Franks Casket (PDF) The fiscus Judaicus is depicted on the back side of the Franks Casket.

Brouwerij 't IJ

Brouwerij 't IJ (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌbrʌu.əˈrɛi ət ˈɛi]; English: The IJ Brewery) is a small brewery in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is located in a former bath house named Funen, next to the De Gooyer windmill. The brewery was opened by Kaspar Peterson, a former musician, in October 1985 and was one of several small breweries that opened in cities around the Netherlands in response to consumers' dissatisfaction with beer brewed by the larger companies. It brews twelve standard beers and three seasonal beers, besides limited edition beers.The brewery allows tours and tastings, and has a pub with an outdoor terrace. It opens from 2 p.m. until 8 p.m. but no later, owing to local residents' objections to the noise.

Brouwerij 't IJ (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌbrʌu.əˈrɛi ət ˈɛi]; English: The IJ Brewery) is a small brewery in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is located in a former bath house named Funen, next to the De Gooyer windmill. The brewery was opened by Kaspar Peterson, a former musician, in October 1985 and was one of several small breweries that opened in cities around the Netherlands in response to consumers' dissatisfaction with beer brewed by the larger companies. It brews twelve standard beers and three seasonal beers, besides limited edition beers.The brewery allows tours and tastings, and has a pub with an outdoor terrace. It opens from 2 p.m. until 8 p.m. but no later, owing to local residents' objections to the noise. It brews in the pub basement and in a building in the nearby Zeeburgerpad. In 2019 it opened a second bar in the Blauwe Theehuis in the Vondelpark. The brewery's logo features an ostrich, with an egg, and a distant windmill. The brewery is named after the nearby IJ waterbody. Beers The brewery produces twelve standard beers and three seasonal beers. The standard beers Natte, Zatte, Columbus, and Struis are certified organic. Standard beers The twelve standard beers are: Blondie (5.8%) Biri (4.7%) Columbus (9%): amber with much hop Flink (4.7%) Free IPA (0.5%) I.P.A. (7%) IJwit (6.5%): white beer Natte (6.5%): a brown/red dubbel Session IPA (4%) Struis (9%): sweet and dark Vrijwit (0.5%) Zatte (8%): yellow/gold tripel Seasonal beers The three seasonal beers are: IJbock (6,5%): dark bock beer Paasij (7%): amber coloured springbock IJndejaars (Varies per year) (9%) References External links Brouwerij 't IJ Media related to Brouwerij 't IJ at Wikimedia Commons

Prévost orphanage

The Prévost orphanage in Cempuis (French: L'Orphelinat Prévost de Cempuis) was an orphanage in northern France best known for its experimental libertarian education under the direction of anarchist pedagogue Paul Robin between 1880 and 1894.

The Prévost orphanage in Cempuis (French: L'Orphelinat Prévost de Cempuis) was an orphanage in northern France best known for its experimental libertarian education under the direction of anarchist pedagogue Paul Robin between 1880 and 1894. History Following the Paris Commune and disintegration of the French left in the early 1870s, anarchist pedagogue Paul Robin turned to education reform. While teaching French at the Woolwich Royal Military Academy, developed his ideas through the rest of the decade, just as France began a turn towards a free, compulsory, and secular education system.Robin became the supervisor of the Prévost orphanage in Cempuis in December 1880. He received the offer through the old boy network: his friend James Guillaume asked head of primary education Ferdinand Buisson to find Robin a position. Buisson and another friend of Robin's, Aristide Rey, were guiding the Prévost bequest, in which the Saint-Simonian Joseph Gabriel Prévost established an orphanage in Cempuis in 1861 and set aside money for its continuance after his 1875 death. The Seine department briefly used the building for administration in 1880, as Robin returned to France to run the orphanage as a 14-year experiment.The orphanage grew from 58 to 180 children between 1880 and the 1890s, including boys and girls between the ages of eight and fourteen. He integrated his family with the orphanage, treating his charges as if they were his children and vice versa. This lost him the affection of his children but endeared him to his orphans. His disciple and biographer, Gabriel Giroud, was one such orphan.Robin sought to provide an "integrated education" that combined intellectual and manual learning, both arts and sciences. Influenced by Charles Fourier's concept of la papillonne, he wanted students to have the freedom of moving between physical, intellectual, and moral tasks, so as to foster creativity. He also wanted early education to be spontaneous, as if knowledge was transmitted by chance.Much of what is known about the Prévost orphanage's pedagogy comes from Giroud and the bulletin compiled by the students. References Bibliography == Further reading ==

Homer Dwight Chapman

Homer Dwight Chapman (October 4, 1898 – April 4, 2005) was an American scientist, scholar, author, and early pioneer in the development of leaf analysis for diagnosing plant nutrition. Chapman was also former director of the University of California Citrus Experiment Station and a founding faculty member at the University of California, Riverside.

Homer Dwight Chapman (October 4, 1898 – April 4, 2005) was an American scientist, scholar, author, and early pioneer in the development of leaf analysis for diagnosing plant nutrition. Chapman was also former director of the University of California Citrus Experiment Station and a founding faculty member at the University of California, Riverside. Early life and education Chapman was born on October 4, 1898, in Darlington, Wisconsin, to William Chapman and Finetta Merriam Chapman. He was the youngest of six children, spending much of his time as a young boy along the Pecatonica River. At age 9, the family moved to a 28-acre farm in the outskirts of Darlington where they produced several goods for sale to the town. In 1917, Chapman graduated from Darlington High School and worked for a year doing odd jobs before attending college. Chapman enrolled at the University of Wisconsin in September 1918 and was drafted into the United States Army shortly thereafter, serving in World War I until he was honorably discharged in December 1918. He received his B.S. (1923), M.S. (1925), and Ph.D. (1927) degrees from the University of Wisconsin. Professional life In 1927, Chapman joined the faculty of the University of California Citrus Experiment Station at the invitation of Dr. Walter P. Kelly and accepted the position of Assistant Chemist. He was appointed as Associate Chemist in 1938 and went on to become full Chemist and Professor in 1944. Chapman also chaired the Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition from 1938 to 1961 and directed the University of California Citrus Experiment Station from 1950 to 1951. He was instrumental in organizing the first International Citrus Symposium that was held in 1968. This symposium led to the formation of the International Society of Citriculture where Chapman served as Secretary from 1970-1986. In 1981, he was recognized for his service to the organization by being awarded the Society's first Honorary Membership. Personal life Homer Dwight Chapman was married to Daisy Ernst in March 1928 by Reverend Catherwood at a ceremony held in Riverside, California. The couple never had any children and lived in Riverside, California, for much of their married life. In 1950, Chapman built the couple's first home, one that he and Daisy would occupy until 1993 when they relocated to Regents Point, a continuing care retirement community in Irvine, California. Chapman was an active member of the local Kiwanis Club in Riverside, California, for sixty-five years, serving as president in 1952. Daisy Chapman died at the age of 96 in 1999. Death and legacy Homer Dwight Chapman died on April 4, 2005, at the age of 106. He was an active member of the Riverside, California, community for over sixty-five years and an avid supporter of the University of California, Riverside. Chapman and his wife Daisy established funds, upon their death, to support students in the sciences and performing arts. In his honor, the University of California, Riverside named the building that Chapman had worked in for many years while employed by the university, Chapman Hall. References External links In Memoriam: Homer D. Chapman Homer Chapman, One of UC Riverside's Founding Faculty Members, Dies at age 106 Transcription of Oral History Interview with Homer D. Chapman Excerpt of Daisy Chapman from Transcription of Oral History Interview with Homer D. Chapman Founding Faculty Member Homer Chapman, Fiat Lux (May 2005) Homer & Daisy Chapman Endowed Scholarship Fund for Citrus/Soil and Plant Nutrition Research

Volta River Authority

The Volta River Authority (VRA) is the main generator and supplier of electricity in Ghana. They are also the responsible for the maintenance of the hydro power supply plant.

The Volta River Authority (VRA) is the main generator and supplier of electricity in Ghana. They are also the responsible for the maintenance of the hydro power supply plant. Establishment The VRA was established by the Volta River Development Act, Act 46 of the Republic of Ghana on 26 April 1961.The main purpose of the VRA is to generate and supply electricity for Ghana's needs. It is also responsible for managing the environmental impact of the creation of the Volta Lake on the towns and people bordering the lake. The VRA maintains a national energy supply grid and although it started with hydroelectric power, it is now branching into other types of energy such as thermal energy. The company represents Ghana in the West African Power Pool. Power generation Akosombo Hydroelectric Project Kpong Dam Takoradi Power Station Navrongo Solar Power Plant Tema Power Station Kpone Power Station Other projects Schools Health services Environmental and Resettlement activities Subsidiary companies Volta Hotel Volta Lake Transport Company (VLTC) Kpong Farms Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCo) VRA Property Holding Company (VRA PROPCo) VRA Health Services Limited VRA Schools See also Electricity sector in Ghana Ministry of Energy (Ghana) Osagyefo Barge References External links Official website

True Lies

True Lies is a 1994 American action comedy film written and directed by James Cameron, based on the 1991 French comedy film La Totale!. The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as Harry Tasker, a U.S. government agent who struggles to balance his double life as a spy with his familial duties. Jamie Lee Curtis, Tom Arnold, Bill Paxton, Art Malik, and Tia Carrere star in supporting roles. True Lies was the first Lightstorm Entertainment project to be distributed under Cameron's multimillion-dollar production deal with 20th Century Fox, as well as the first major production for the visual effects company Digital Domain, which was co-founded by Cameron. It was also the first film to cost $100 million.

True Lies is a 1994 American action comedy film written and directed by James Cameron, based on the 1991 French comedy film La Totale!. The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as Harry Tasker, a U.S. government agent who struggles to balance his double life as a spy with his familial duties. Jamie Lee Curtis, Tom Arnold, Bill Paxton, Art Malik, and Tia Carrere star in supporting roles. True Lies was the first Lightstorm Entertainment project to be distributed under Cameron's multimillion-dollar production deal with 20th Century Fox, as well as the first major production for the visual effects company Digital Domain, which was co-founded by Cameron. It was also the first film to cost $100 million. True Lies received mostly positive reviews from critics, and ultimately grossed $378 million worldwide at the box office, becoming the third-highest-grossing film of 1994. For her performance, Curtis won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the Saturn Award for Best Actress, while Cameron won the Saturn Award for Best Director. It was also nominated at the Academy Awards and BAFTAs in the Best Visual Effects category, and also for seven Saturn Awards. Plot To his semi-meek wife, Helen, and his rambunctious teenage daughter Dana, Harry Tasker is a salesman for business software often away on business trips, but actuality, he is a secret agent for Omega Sector, a top-secret U.S. counterterrorism agency. Harry, along with his teammates Albert "Gib" Gibson and Faisil, infiltrates a party in Switzerland hosted by billionaire Jamal Khaled. There, Harry meets Juno Skinner, who turns out to not only be Khaled's art dealer, but someone paid by "Crimson Jihad", a terrorist faction led by Salim Abu Aziz. Undercover as a potential buyer, Harry visits her, leading the terrorists to attempt to kill him. Harry fights them off, but loses Aziz in pursuit. As a result, he misses the birthday party that Helen and Dana had planned for him. Harry goes to Helen's office the next day to smooth matters over, but overhears her making secret arrangements to meet someone named Simon. Suspecting Helen is having an affair, he uses Omega Sector resources to learn that Simon is a used car salesman who pretends to be a covert agent to seduce women. In disguise, Harry and other Omega agents kidnap Helen and Simon. After terrifying Simon into keeping away from Helen, Harry and Gib interrogate her using a voice masking device. They learn she is suffering a midlife crisis and is desperately seeking adventure. Harry thus arranges for Helen to participate in a staged spy mission, where she is to seduce a mysterious figure (who is actually Harry) and plant a bug in his hotel room. Aziz's men burst in, kidnap the couple, and take them to an island in the Florida Keys. On the island, Harry learns Crimson Jihad paid Juno to help the group smuggle four MIRV nuclear warheads by hiding them in antique statues. Aziz demands that the United States remove their forces from the Persian Gulf, or else he will weekly detonate a warhead in a major U.S. city. He will also detonate one warhead on the uninhabited island to demonstrate Crimson Jihad's nuclear power. Before being tortured with Helen, Harry is administered a truth serum and confesses his double life to her. They escape and learn that one warhead is set to explode in 90 minutes while the others are loaded onto vehicles to be taken into the U.S. via the Overseas Highway, thus bypassing U.S. Customs. In the ensuing melee, Harry and Helen kill most of the terrorists, while Aziz gets away with one of the warheads. Helen is caught by Juno and taken in a limousine following the convoy. Gib and other Omega agents pick up Harry. They use two Marine jets to intercept the convoy by destroying part of the Seven Mile Bridge. Harry rescues Helen from the limo before it falls off the highway, killing Juno. The warhead left on the island detonates without killing anyone. Harry discovers that Aziz and his men are holding Dana hostage in a Miami skyscraper and are threatening to detonate their last warhead. Harry commandeers one of the jets to rescue her. Faisil gets into the building by posing as a news cameraman. When Faisil kills several of Aziz's men, Dana steals the missile control key and flees to the roof, eventually climbing a tower crane. Aziz pursues and nearly catches her before Harry arrives. Harry rescues Dana, and after a struggle with Aziz, he has him ensnared on the end of one of the plane's missiles, which Harry fires at a terrorist helicopter, killing Aziz and the remnants of Crimson Jihad. Harry, Helen, and Dana are safely reunited. A year later, Harry and Helen are working together as Omega agents. While on a mission at a formal party, they encounter Simon, working as a waiter and pretending to be a spy. He runs away in fear after they reveal themselves and threaten to kill him. They dance while waiting for their contact and with Gib pleading with them to take their work seriously. Cast Arnold Schwarzenegger as Harry Tasker Jamie Lee Curtis as Helen Tasker Tom Arnold as Albert "Gib" Gibson Bill Paxton as Simon Tia Carrere as Juno Skinner Art Malik as Salim Abu Aziz Eliza Dushku as Dana Tasker Grant Heslov as Faisil Charlton Heston as Spencer TrilbyMarshall Manesh portrays Jamal Khaled. James Allen portrays a colonel. Ofer Samra portrays Yusif. Production Arnold Schwarzenegger stated that while filming a scene with a horse, a camera boom hit the horse and "it went crazy, spinning and rearing" near a drop of 90 feet (27 m). Schwarzenegger quickly slid off the horse and a stuntman caught him; he concluded, "[this is] why I will always love stunt people". Art Malik said he was drawn to the script's "pantomime quality” and the chance to work with director James Cameron. Costing $100–120 million to produce, True Lies was the first film with a production budget of over $100 million. It was filmed over a seven-month schedule.Eliza Dushku stated that while filming True Lies at the age of twelve, she was sexually molested by the film's stunt coordinator, Joel Kramer. According to Dushku, soon after that, an adult friend of hers confronted Kramer on set, and that same day, Dushku was injured during a stunt and several of her ribs were broken, while Kramer was responsible for her safety. Kramer has denied the accusation of sexual misconduct. Dushku's co-stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jamie Lee Curtis, Tom Arnold, and director James Cameron all voiced support and admiration for Dushku's bravery.Of the many locations that were used in the film, the Rosecliff Mansion was used for the ballroom tango scenes in the beginning of the film and the exterior of the Swiss chalet that Harry Tasker infiltrates is Ochre Court. The ballroom dancing scene that closes the film, as well as the scenes in the lobby of the fictional Hotel Marquis in Washington, take place in the Crystal Ballroom of the Millennium Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. The outdoor structures used by Aziz's smuggling ring as a base of operations were a series of custom made Alaska Structures fabric buildings, leased to the production crew during filming. Music This was the first film to use the 1994 20th Century Fox logo and fanfare composed by Bruce Broughton. Soundtrack Songs appearing in the film not included on the soundtrack album: "I Never Thought I'd See the Day" – Sade "More Than a Woman" – Bee Gees "The Blue Danube" – The Philadelphia Orchestra "Por una Cabeza" – Argentinean tango, performed by The Tango Project Reception Box office True Lies was a box-office success. Opening in 2,368 theaters in the United States and Canada, it ranked number one at the US box office in its opening weekend, grossing $25,869,770 and beating Forrest Gump. Once Forrest Gump returned to the top of the box office the following week, True Lies dropped into second place, earning $20.7 million. It was the number one film in Japan for twelve straight weeks. True Lies was the second major American film to be released in China since The Fugitive and generated a total of CN¥103 million, becoming the country's highest-grossing Hollywood film. The film also became the highest-grossing film of all time in the Philippines. True Lies went on to gross $146,282,411 in the United States and Canada and $232,600,000 in the rest of world, totaling $378,882,411 worldwide, making it the third-highest-grossing film of 1994, behind The Lion King and Forrest Gump. Critical reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 53 reviews, and an average score of 6.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "If it doesn't reach the heights of director James Cameron's and star Arnold Schwarzenegger's previous collaborations, True Lies still packs enough action and humor into its sometimes absurd plot to entertain". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100 based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four, writing, "It's stuff like that we go to Arnold Schwarzenegger movies for, and True Lies has a lot of it: laugh-out-loud moments when the violence is so cartoonish we don't take it seriously, and yet are amazed at its inventiveness and audacity." He wrote that he found the plot "perfunctory", but praised the film's stunts and special effects.The film received criticism for its portrayal of Middle Easterners and its treatment of female characters. John Simon of the National Review criticized the plot line of the hero character (Schwarzenegger) using his agency's resources to stalk and frighten his wife as cruel and misogynistic. In a negative review, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote: Taken individually, the cruder and childish things about this film, its determination to use caricatured unshaven Arabs as terrorists, the pleasure it takes in continually mortifying a weasely used-car salesman (Bill Paxton) in the most personal ways, might be overlooked, but added together they leave a sour taste. Some Arabs and Muslims perceived the film as conveying strong anti-Arab or anti-Muslim prejudice, with some Arab-American advocacy groups calling for its banning in Arab countries.In a 2022 retrospective review, Polish writer Jacek Szafranowicz called the film "a masterpiece of cinematic fun", noting that the collaboration between the director and its main star "deserves a golden medal". Commenting on the state of blockbuster films, Scott Tobias of The Guardian and The A.V. Club wrote, "True Lies is the strange case of a film that’s alternately retrograde, forward-looking, and thoroughly of its time. For better or worse, it’s a marker of how the Hollywood action blockbuster had advanced in 1994, as well as a commentary (intended or not) on the troubled state of American masculinity, marital relationships, and lingering racial attitudes." Accolades Year-end lists 4th – David Stupich, The Milwaukee Journal Top 3 Runner-ups (not ranked) – Sandi Davis, The Oklahoman Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Mike Clark, USA Today Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Jimmy Fowler, Dallas Observer Honorable mention – Michael MacCambridge, Austin American-Statesman Honorable mention – Dan Craft, The Pantagraph 5th worst – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News Top 10 worst (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Mike Mayo, The Roanoke Times Top 10 worst (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer Awards and nominations Censorship On October 1, 1994, True Lies was recalled from Indonesian movie theaters due to the film spawning controversy that focused on Muslim leaders insulting Islam and portraying themselves as religious extremists. According to the Council of Muslim Scholars, it led people to hate Arab terrorists defending the interests of some Islamic nations, but justified American terrorism. Earlier that year, officials had already banned Schindler's List from the country because it contained too much violence and nudity. Home media True Lies was released on VHS on January 10, 1995 and on LaserDisc a month later on February 8. It was the second LaserDisc release to feature a Dolby Digital AC-3 track, after Clear and Present Danger. On August 20, 1996, the film was released on a THX certified Widescreen Series VHS release, along with Speed, The Abyss and The Last of the Mohicans. It was then released on DVD on May 25, 1999. A high definition version was released on D-Theater in 2003. In 2018, James Cameron stated that a new transfer for Blu-ray has been completed, but he hasn't found time to review it.Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment will distribute the film on Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 12, 2024. The film was made available for purchase digitally on December 12, 2023.[1] Cancelled sequel In April 1997, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Tom Arnold met with Cameron and discussed the possibility of an eventual True Lies sequel, which would also bring back Curtis in her role. At the time, Cameron was busy working on Titanic. Following the release of Titanic in late 1997, Cameron was planning to begin work on a True Lies sequel early the following year. Schwarzenegger and Arnold were expected to reprise their roles. Cameron conducted a search for a writer to work on True Lies 2. In August 1999, Cameron and 20th Century Fox were negotiating to have Jeff Eastin write the script under Cameron's supervision. At the time, the film was being planned for a mid-2001 release, with Cameron expected to direct it. By the end of 1999, there was the possibility that filming would begin in the third quarter of 2000. However, development of the script was ongoing as of June 2000. Cameron planned to produce True Lies 2 with Fox, but was undecided at that time on whether he would also direct it, as he wanted to wait until the script was complete. Eastin worked with Cameron on the project for approximately a year and a half, and Schwarzenegger and Arnold liked Eastin's script.By March 2001, the script had been completed, and Curtis was confirmed to reprise her role alongside Schwarzenegger and Arnold. Following the September 11 attacks, Schwarzenegger said in January 2002, "We'll shoot it next year. We have a good script. There does need to be some changes because it deals with some terrorist act of some sort. But it's pretty much done." Later in 2002, Cameron said the film would not be made following the September 11 attacks: "Terrorism is no longer something to take as lightly as we did in the first one. I just can't see it happening given the current world climate."In June 2003, Schwarzenegger said that after the attacks, "Cameron was worried because there's an airplane scene – a terrific airplane scene – that didn't have anything to do with the terrorism that we had in 9/11, but it was a great fight scene inside the plane while the plane goes down and this kind of thing. It was a very important moment in the movie, and he felt like he can't do that and therefore has to rewrite it ... These things take a long time." The following month, Curtis said the film would never be made due to the September 11 attacks: "Terrorists aren't funny anymore. They never were, but, it was distant enough from our psyche that we could make it funny. It'll never be funny again. I just think that that is over, that kind of humor is over." Eastin cited Schwarzenegger's 2003 election as California governor as another reason that True Lies 2 did not get made. However, Arnold remained optimistic that the film would be made.In 2005, Arnold said he had met with Cameron, Curtis, Paxton, and Dushku to discuss True Lies 2. Arnold said the project would include the return of Schwarzenegger and that filming would begin once his role as California governor was concluded. Cameron said in 2009 that there were no plans to make the film, and Curtis, in 2019, reiterated her previous comments: "I don't think we could ever do another True Lies after 9/11." Art Malik concurred, saying during the time of True Lies' filming, "there was an element of fanaticism brewing and anti-West feeling going on. But I don't think any of us took any of it as seriously as we had to after 9/11. I think one of the reasons for that is probably the reason True Lies 2 was never made.”In the 2005 film The Kid & I, Tom Arnold plays a fictional character based on himself. In that film, the character had starred in True Lies and is pursued by a fan and teams up with Henry Winkler and Linda Hamilton to make a sequel; Schwarzenegger and Curtis cameo as themselves. Other media Video games Shortly after the film's release, video games based on the film of the same name were released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Genesis, Game Gear and Game Boy platforms. Television On February 10, 2021, CBS announced a pilot order for the True Lies series adaptation. Matt Nix wrote the pilot and produce with Josh Levy via Flying Glass of Milk Productions. James Cameron, director of the film, executive produced with Rae Sanchini through Lightstorm Entertainment. Mary Viola of Wonderland Sound and Vision also executive produced, with Corey Marsh of Wonderland co-executive producing. McG was set to direct the pilot and executive produce via Wonderland. In March 2021, CBS moved the pilot "off cycle" to give the series producers more time to film the pilot later in the year.By May 2022, Anthony Hemingway replaced McG as the director of the pilot and subsequent episodes, via Anthony Hemingway Productions, to air by the 2022–23 broadcast season at CBS. Steve Howey and Ginger Gonzaga were cast in the lead roles, while Erica Hernandez, Omar Miller, Mike O'Gorman, Annabella Didion, and Lucas Jaye round out the supporting roles. On May 13, 2022, CBS officially picked up the series. The series was scheduled to premiere on February 23, 2023, however, it was delayed to March 1, 2023. Notes References External links True Lies at IMDb True Lies at AllMovie

Ilminism

Ilminism (Korean: 일민주의; Hanja: 一民主義; RR: Ilminjuui), frequently translated as the One-People Principle, One-People Doctrine, or Unidemism, was the political ideology of South Korea under its first President, Syngman Rhee. The Ilminist principle has been likened by contemporary scholars to the Nazi ideal of the Herrenvolk (master race) and was part of an effort to consolidate a united and obedient citizenry around Rhee's strong central leadership through appeals to ultranationalism and ethnic supremacy. In general, "Ilminists" often refers to pro-Syngman Rhee (groups).

Ilminism (Korean: 일민주의; Hanja: 一民主義; RR: Ilminjuui), frequently translated as the One-People Principle, One-People Doctrine, or Unidemism, was the political ideology of South Korea under its first President, Syngman Rhee. The Ilminist principle has been likened by contemporary scholars to the Nazi ideal of the Herrenvolk (master race) and was part of an effort to consolidate a united and obedient citizenry around Rhee's strong central leadership through appeals to ultranationalism and ethnic supremacy. In general, "Ilminists" often refers to pro-Syngman Rhee (groups). History The concept had deep roots in disputes between different members of the Korean independence movement during Japanese rule. The debate was between so-called culturalists (문화주의론자), who argued that Korean backwardness required a strong and patriotic elite to guide the people into cultural civilization and enlightenment, that is, the Koreans needed to become a proper nation, versus the populists (민중투쟁론자), who maintained that the Koreans were already a sovereign nation and people from whom all legitimacy ultimately derived. Ilminism had been identified as being influenced by the culturalist stream of Korean thinking.The concept was developed primarily by German-educated Minister of Education Ahn Ho-sang, who studied philosophy at the University of Jena in Germany during the late 1920s. It was connected with the National Defense Student Corps (NDSC), established on 22 April 1949. The nationalist doctrine was influenced by the statist youth groups Ahn had witnessed both as a student in Germany back in the 1920s as well as during the Asia-Pacific War. The doctrine was received unfavorably by various quarters when it first surfaced, but the onset of the Korean War in 1950 substantially increased its rapport with authorities.After 1952, Ilminism was no longer mentioned, and Syngman Rhee's purges of Ilminist affiliates led to the demise of Ilminism. Ideology Ilminism starts from the assumption that the Korean people are a genetically, spiritually, and culturally homogeneous people from ancient times. However, this national identity has been undermined by external forces and their collaborators, and capitalists and communists play such a role today. The Korean people must fight against this by restoring the unity they have maintained for many years. The Ilminist Principle became the central ideology of Rhee's National Association and its successor, the Liberal Party, established in 1951.Ilminism was based around a four-point political program, including elimination of formal discrimination between the nobility and the masses, the economic equalization of rich and poor through land reform, social and political equality of the sexes, and an end to discrimination between North and South or the urban capital and the rural provinces. An end to partisan politics was posited, in favor of a united people behind a de facto one-party state.Ilminism was effective in creating a strong anti-communist nationalism to stand in juxtaposition to the effective appeals to nationalism made through the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, headed by Kim Il Sung and the communist Workers' Party of Korea. Northward reunification The Ilminists were belligerent anti-communists. Despite U.S. opposition, they insisted on "Northward reunification" (북진통일), in which South Korean troops marched North, overthrew the North Korean government on the Korean Peninsula, completely eliminated communist forces, and occupied all areas of the peninsula by force to build a non-communist unified-ROK. Ilminism Supplies Association The Illminist Supplies Association (Korean: 일민주의보급회; Hanja: 一民主義普及會) is a nationalist organization founded in September 1949. The organization is an organization aimed at promoting popularism centered on Rhee Syng-man, led by former members of the Korean National Youth Association led by Lee Bum-seok and Ahn Ho-sang. ISA criticized both capitalism and communism, but basically, the organization had a pro-American tendency, and due to the intensifying Cold War, anti-capitalism tendency was not more prominent than during the KNYA period. See also Juche, political ideology of North Korea Korean National Youth Association Corporatism Footnotes Further reading Lim Jong-myoung (2005). 一民主義와 대한민국의 근대민족국가화 [One Nation Principle (Ilminjuui) and the Making of the Republic of Korea as a Modern Nation-state]. Journal of Studies on the Korean National Movement (in Korean). 44.

The Legend of Korra (season 2)

Book Two: Spirits is the second season of the animated TV series The Legend of Korra by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. It consists of fourteen episodes ("chapters"). It focuses more on spiritual concepts and themes than the preceding season, Book One: Air. Ordered in early 2011, Book Two: Spirits began airing on Nickelodeon in the U.S. on September 13, 2013.

Book Two: Spirits is the second season of the animated TV series The Legend of Korra by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. It consists of fourteen episodes ("chapters"). It focuses more on spiritual concepts and themes than the preceding season, Book One: Air. Ordered in early 2011, Book Two: Spirits began airing on Nickelodeon in the U.S. on September 13, 2013. Premise In a world in which some people can telekinetically control one of the four classical elements, the Avatar is the only individual who can "bend" all four elements and is responsible for maintaining balance in the world. This season focuses on Avatar Korra coming to terms with her role as the liaison between humans and the mystical "Spirit World". Book Two takes place six months after Book One; its narrative is divided between Republic City (the primary setting of the first season) and other locations such as the Spirit World and the South Pole home of the Southern Water Tribe. Korra's uncle Unalaq, the chief of the Northern Water Tribe, seizes control of the Southern Water Tribe as part of a scheme to free Vaatu, an ancient dark spirit. The story follows Korra's friends' efforts to win support for the southern tribe in Republic City, and Korra's quest to foil Unalaq's plans while learning about spirits. A two-part episode entitled "Beginnings" delves into the history of the Avatar lineage. It tells the story of Wan, the young man who became the first Avatar as a result of his attempts to maintain balance between the material and spirit worlds, and to atone for empowering the dark spirit Vaatu. New characters introduced in this season include Unalaq and his children Desna and Eska; Kya and Bumi, the siblings of Korra's mentor Tenzin; Varrick, an eccentric and wealthy inventor and businessman from the Southern Water Tribe. Production Development In early 2011, during the production of Book One: Air – initially conceived as a standalone 12-episode miniseries – Nickelodeon decided to order fourteen additional episodes to round out a standard 26-episode season. As of June 2012, Book Two's writing had been completed and the episodes were in the process of being storyboarded and animated. Joshua Hamilton and Tim Hedrick, writers for Avatar: The Last Airbender, contributed to the scripts of Book Two, and the season's episodes were directed by Colin Heck and Ian Graham. Cast Voice actors added to the cast for Book Two: Spirits include: Lisa Edelstein as Kya, Tenzin's elder sister, a waterbender, and the only daughter of Aang and Katara. John Michael Higgins as Varrick, an eccentric businessman Adrian LaTourelle as Unalaq, Korra's paternal uncle, Tonraq's younger brother, Senna's brother-in-law, Desna and Eska's father and chief of both Water Tribes who serves as the main antagonist of Book Two along with Vaatu Aaron Himelstein as Desna, Korra's cousin Aubrey Plaza as Eska, Desna's fraternal twin sister and Korra's other cousin. James Remar as Tonraq, Korra's father and de facto leader of the Southern Water Tribe. Remar replaces Carlos Alazraqui, who voiced Tonraq in "Welcome to Republic City". Alex McKenna as Senna, Korra's mother. McKenna reprises her role from "Welcome to Republic City". Richard Riehle as Bumi, Tenzin's older brother, and the eldest child of Aang and Katara. He is a non-bender as he does not have any bending abilities. Steven Yeun as Wan; a young man who lived ten thousand years ago, and became the first Avatar by fusing with Raava, the spirit of light. April Stewart as Raava, the spiritual embodiment of light and peace. After permanently fusing with Wan, she was transformed into the divine Avatar Spirit. Jonathan Adams as Vaatu, the main antagonist of Book Two, and the spirit of darkness and chaos. Stephanie Sheh as Zhu Li, Varrick's assistant. Greg Baldwin as Iroh, an ally of Aang from the original series, who is revealed to have lived in the Spirit World ever since his physical body's death forty years before the start of the series. Amy Gross as Ginger, an actress who stars in Varrick's movers who constantly rejects Bolin's advances on her. Spencer Garrett as Raiko, the president of Republic City who was elected following Amon's attack on Republic City in the first book. Héctor Elizondo as Wan Shi Tong, the owl spirit of knowledge from the previous series who believes Unalaq to be a true friend of the spirits. Elizondo reprises his role from Avatar: The Last Airbender. Jason Isaacs as Zhao, the former Admiral of the Fire Nation Navy that encountered Aang on multiple occasions in the first series. He encounters Aang's children in the Fog of Lost Souls, where he is forced to wander for eternity while going insane, his punishment for killing the moon spirit. Isaacs reprised his role after starring in Avatar: The Last Airbender. Animation After Studio Mir, which worked on the series' first season, initially declined to work on Book Two: Spirits, it was set to be completely animated by Japanese animation studio Pierrot. However, Mir's animation director Yoo Jae-myung said that because of problems with this arrangement, the series's producers asked Studio Mir to help step in and animate Book 2 as well, an offer they accepted to preserve their studio's reputation. He said that Studio Mir initially chose to focus on animating the less challenging The Boondocks rather than the second season of The Legend of Korra because of the exhaustion brought about by their work on the first season. Pierrot eventually animated episodes 1 through 6 and episode 9, while Studio Mir was responsible for episodes 7, 8, and 10 through 14. Release Broadcast Book Two began broadcast on Nickelodeon in the U.S. on September 13, 2013, after a 1-year hiatus. Airing on Fridays, it initially premiered at 7:00 PM EST but then shifted in mid-October to an 8:00 PM timeslot. Episodes 11 and 12 were shown on November 15, 2013. The Book Two Finale, episodes 13 and 14, were to be broadcast on November 22, 2013, but became available online on November 16, 2013. It was followed by Book Three: Changes, which consisted of thirteen episodes. Marketing Completed footage from Book Two was first made public in a June 2013 promotional video, in which Korra fights spirit creatures in an Arctic setting. The premiere episode was shown in full at The Legend of Korra panel at San Diego Comic-Con on 19 July 2013, together with the release of a trailer video for Book Two. Episodes Reception Book Two, overall, received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes calculating a 67% approval rating for the season from 9 reviews and an average rating of 8.35/10.The premiere episode screened in advance at Comic-Con was positively reviewed by Max Nicholson of IGN, who appreciated the setup of the overarching conflict and the humorous writing. He also stated that "the animation in Book Two has taken yet another step up in quality, with noticeable advances in the action sequences and color treatment". At TV.com, Noel Kirkpatrick commented favorably on how the episode handled the necessary quantity of exposition, and on its introduction of the theme of conflict between spiritualism and secularism. Writing for Vulture, Matt Patches highlighted the loose, handheld-style cinematography – challenging for an animated series – and the "weird, wonderful", wildly imagined spirits fought by Korra; "a Kaiju parade with beasts that mirror velociraptors". The A.V. Club's Emily Guendelsberger stated that they kept up the first season's plot's "breakneck pace" and appeared intent on signaling a break with the convention of avoiding death in children's entertainment, by showing a spirit dragging a sailor to his likely death in the sea. She appreciated the nuanced portrayal of Korra's and Mako's relationship and Korra's character flaws, but remarked that Unalaq was being set up as the season's antagonist a bit too obviously.Parts 1 and 2 of the medial episode, "Beginnings", were positively received by critics as well. Max Nicholson of IGN rated the episode 9.6/10 and praised "Beginnings" for its "stunning" animation, "top-notch" voice acting, character origins of Avatar Wan, the friendship and heartfelt relationship between Wan and Raava, "great" new insights in the Avatar universe, and as a "masterstroke in storytelling and worldbuilding." At the end of his review, he opined that "Book 2 has never looked so good.". "The Sting", which premiered before "Beginnings", was equally praised by Nicholson for the improvement of the characterizations of Mako and Asami and their chemistry between each other, in addition to establishing Varrick as a "greedy mastermind" rather than as an eccentric businessman and entertainer as he had been before. For "The Guide", Nicholson praised the character growths of Tenzin and the fleshed-out characterization of Jinora. He lauded the episode "A New Spiritual Age" for a "great character narrative" for Korra and the establishment of Unalaq as a more of a corrupt, twisted, and menacing villain. He was also surprised to see the return of Iroh of Avatar: The Last Airbender; this time, to help Korra with her journey in the spirit world. Parts 1 and 2 of "Civil Wars" were equally acclaimed by Nicholson for the friendship between Bolin and Varrick, the sibling dynamic of Tenzin, Kya, and Bumi, a "strong, complex conflict" for Korra, the respective relationship of Tenzin, Kya, and Bumi, and Korra, Tonraq, and Senna as the heart of the story, and the twist behind Tonraq's banishment from the Northern Water Tribe and his imprisonment. According to him, "Night of a Thousand Stars" brought out the best of Bolin and the worst of Varrick, as well as setting up the conflict for the last three episodes of Book 2. For "Harmonic Convergence", Nicholson praised its spectacular action sequences, fleshing out more on Unalaq's intriguing evil purpose, the heroism of Bumi, and the animation. References External links Official website The Legend of Korra at IMDb

Agua Imara AS

Agua Imara AS, formerly SN Power AfriCA, is a subsidiary of Norfund (Norfund). It is a Norwegian renewable energy company with focus on emerging markets. The core markets for Agua Imara are Africa (primarily markets within the Southern African Power Pool) and Central America, (primarily in Panama, Costa Rica and Nicaragua) where the objective is to act as a long-term industrial investor, developer and operator of hydro- and wind-power projects. The company was founded in January 2009 by SN Power (51%), Norfund (10%), and two Norwegian renewable energy entities: TrønderEnergi (12.66%) and BKK (26.34%), and is today a 100% subsidiary of Norfund The headquarter is located in Oslo, with all investments carried out and followed up from Agua Imara ACA Pte Ltd in the Netherlands, which in turn has regional branch offices in Panama City, Panama and Lusaka, Zambia. Panama was the first market to be entered through the Bajo Frio hydropower project, a 58 MW run-off river scheme, which was completed in 2015.

Agua Imara AS, formerly SN Power AfriCA, is a subsidiary of Norfund (Norfund). It is a Norwegian renewable energy company with focus on emerging markets. The core markets for Agua Imara are Africa (primarily markets within the Southern African Power Pool) and Central America, (primarily in Panama, Costa Rica and Nicaragua) where the objective is to act as a long-term industrial investor, developer and operator of hydro- and wind-power projects. The company was founded in January 2009 by SN Power (51%), Norfund (10%), and two Norwegian renewable energy entities: TrønderEnergi (12.66%) and BKK (26.34%), and is today a 100% subsidiary of Norfund The headquarter is located in Oslo, with all investments carried out and followed up from Agua Imara ACA Pte Ltd in the Netherlands, which in turn has regional branch offices in Panama City, Panama and Lusaka, Zambia. Panama was the first market to be entered through the Bajo Frio hydropower project, a 58 MW run-off river scheme, which was completed in 2015. Agua Imara owns 50.1%. In May 2011, the company signed an acquisition agreement for a 51% shareholding in Lunsemfwa Hydropower Company Ltd (LHPC) located in Zambia, operating two hydropower plants with a combined capacity of 56MW Agua Imara's overall business mission is to become a leading renewable energy company in its core markets, and thus contribute to economic growth and sustainable development as well as short and long term profitability. This growth is envisioned through the acquisition of existing assets and construction of renewable energy projects, primarily hydropower. == References ==

EADS 3 Sigma

EADS 3 Sigma is the name since 2002 (when its majority was acquired by the European EADS Group) of the Greek 3 Sigma aerospace company. It was founded in 1987 with headquarters in Athens and production facilities in Chania, Crete. It has designed, produced and exported a variety of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - including the Iris, Alkyon, Perseas (also available with single- and twin-jet engines), and 3 Sigma Nearchos types - as well as various electronics; its areas of research and development, in collaboration with Greek Universities, have included engine and remote control technologies. EADS 3 Sigma announced in November 2012 that the company was in liquidation as it was no longer financially viable to continue its operations.

EADS 3 Sigma is the name since 2002 (when its majority was acquired by the European EADS Group) of the Greek 3 Sigma aerospace company. It was founded in 1987 with headquarters in Athens and production facilities in Chania, Crete. It has designed, produced and exported a variety of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - including the Iris, Alkyon, Perseas (also available with single- and twin-jet engines), and 3 Sigma Nearchos types - as well as various electronics; its areas of research and development, in collaboration with Greek Universities, have included engine and remote control technologies. EADS 3 Sigma announced in November 2012 that the company was in liquidation as it was no longer financially viable to continue its operations. External links/References L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012) ISBN 978-960-93-4452-4 (eBook) https://web.archive.org/web/20091212070405/http://www.eads-3sigma.gr/

Louise Sarazin

Louise Sarazin, Louise Sarazin-Levassor, (November 6, 1847, Foix, † 16 October 1916, Paris), played a significant role in early automotive history having been party to its beginnings in France and Germany. She was the wife of Edouard Sarazin, an entrepreneurial Belgian industrialist and patents lawyer who was in a mix of automotive partnerships and agencies with Émile Levassor, René Panhard, John Cockerill, Deutz AG, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. In 1884 Sarazin acquired the licence to build Deutz engines in France, which he duly contracted to Perin, Panhard & Cie in Paris. Around 1886 he similarly acquired licences to build Daimler engines in France and started to commission Panhard & Levassor in Paris. After his death in 1887 his widow Louise developed the business relationships and negotiated the partnerships with Daimler and 'Panhard et Levassor'.

Louise Sarazin, Louise Sarazin-Levassor, (November 6, 1847, Foix, † 16 October 1916, Paris), played a significant role in early automotive history having been party to its beginnings in France and Germany. She was the wife of Edouard Sarazin, an entrepreneurial Belgian industrialist and patents lawyer who was in a mix of automotive partnerships and agencies with Émile Levassor, René Panhard, John Cockerill, Deutz AG, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. In 1884 Sarazin acquired the licence to build Deutz engines in France, which he duly contracted to Perin, Panhard & Cie in Paris. Around 1886 he similarly acquired licences to build Daimler engines in France and started to commission Panhard & Levassor in Paris. After his death in 1887 his widow Louise developed the business relationships and negotiated the partnerships with Daimler and 'Panhard et Levassor'. In 1890 she married Emile Levassor.: p.101 Early life Louise Cayrol was born in 1847 in Foix, in the département of Ariège in southern France. Her parents were Antoine Cayrol and Jeanne Cayrol (nee Bonnafous), and her sister was named Anne.In 1870, in Paris, she married Edouard Sarazin, a patents lawyer from Liège, Belgium, and they had three children, including a daughter Jeanne in 1878 and a son Auguste Henri born in Asnières-sur-Seine in 1880. Automotive industry Edouard Sarazin was an entrepreneurial industrialist, patents lawyer and pioneer of automotive engineering, who was in a mix of automotive partnerships and agencies with Émile Levassor, John Cockerill, Deutz AG, and Gottlieb Daimler. In 1884 Sarazin, the representative of the German company Gasmotorenfabrik Otto & Langen (Deutz AG) acquired the licence to build Deutz engines in France, which he duly contracted to Perin, Panhard & Cie in Paris. Around 1886/7 he similarly acquired licences to build Daimler engines in France, and to conform to French Patent Law he commissioned Panhard & Levassor to produce "some" Daimler engines in Paris.: p.11  His untimely death in 1887 left his widow to develop the business relationships and complete the partnership with Daimler. On February 5, 1889, she signed a contract in which Daimler received 12% of the sales price of all engines produced in France and she received 20% from Panhard & Levassor.: p.14 Death-bed wish Sarazin's deathbed words to his wife were: "In your own interests, and for the good of our children, I recommend that you maintain the business connection with Daimler. His invention is entirely trustworthy, and it will have a future, the magnitude of which we cannot begin to imagine today." He also asked that she maintain the relationship with Levassor and Panhard. To wit ... Levassor In May 1890 Mme. Louise Sarazin married Emile Levassor.: p.16 During the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris race, he swerved to avoid a dog, crashed and was seriously injured. He never fully recovered and died in Paris the following year. Literature Reinhard Seiffert: Die Ära Gottlieb Daimlers. Neue Perspektiven zur Frühgeschichte des Automobils und seiner Technik. Vieweg+Teubner, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8348-0962-9. Reinhard Seiffert: The era of Gottlieb Daimler. New perspectives on the early history of the automobile and its technology. Vieweg + Teubner, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8348-0962-9 . See also De Boisse, part-owned by Levassor / Sarazin References External links French Motorcycles - Levassor and De Boisse.[1] History Garage.com - Emile Levassor.[2] Daimler.com - Louise Sarazin and Bertha Benz. Two women with "Gasoline in the Blood" [3] Reinhard Seiffert: The era of Gottlieb Daimler. John Cockerill and Co (Grace's guide) [4] The Motor Museum in Miniature - Louise Sarazin-Levassor. [5] The Pit-crew Online. The Inventor, An Engine, A Love Story. [6] James M. Laux: In First Gear. The French automobile industry to 1914. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal 1976, ISBN 0-7735-0264-5. Pages 10,11,14,16.

Dina St Johnston

Dina St Johnston (née Aldrina Nia Vaughan, 20 September 1930 – 30 June/1 July 2007) was a British computer programmer credited with founding the UK's first software house in 1959.

Dina St Johnston (née Aldrina Nia Vaughan, 20 September 1930 – 30 June/1 July 2007) was a British computer programmer credited with founding the UK's first software house in 1959. Early life and education Born Aldrina Nia Vaughan in south London, St Johnston was educated at Selhurst Grammar School for Girls before leaving school at 16 or 17 (accounts vary) to work for the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association. St Johnston worked and studied part-time, studying at Croydon Polytechnic and later Sir John Cass College before gaining an external London University degree in mathematics. Early career In 1953, St Johnston left the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association and joined Borehamwood Laboratories of Elliott Brothers (London) Ltd, where she worked in the Theory Division. The company was an early computer company and had produced its first computer in 1950. St Johnston learned to programme at the company and also at the 1954 Cambridge Summer School on Programming and, showing a real flair for programming, began working on EDSAC and the Elliott 400 and 800 series computers. By 1954, St Johnston was responsible for the programming of the Elliott 153 Direction Finding (DF) digital computer for the Admiralty and soon after for programming Elliott's own payroll computer; her work was said to have been inventive and structured, but also very accurate, hardly ever requiring 'de-bugging'. Vaughan Computers Shortly after her marriage to Andrew St Johnston – head of the Elliott computing department – in 1958, St Johnston (born Vaughan) founded Vaughan Programming Services (VPS) in Ware, Hertfordshire in 1959, performing software contracts, training and hiring additional programmers as needed. On its tenth anniversary in 1969, company literature stated that "VPS was the first registered independent Software unit in the UK (February 1959), that was not a part of a computer manufacturer, not a part of a computer bureau, not a part of a users' organisation and not a part of a consultancy operation."Significant contracts came to St Johnston and VPS, such as programming early nuclear power stations, but in 1970 she branched out into hardware, producing her own computer, the 4M, and the company changed its name to Vaughan Systems and Programming in 1975 to reflect the new area of work. One of the 4M Vaughan computers is in The National Museum of Computing.St Johnston and her company, Vaughan, produced software for companies like the BBC, Unilever, and GEC, flight simulators for the RAF and software that provided real-time information for passengers on British Rail, the type of work for which the company became most well known. The company became well known for transport signalling and display systems. Later life In 1996, Vaughan Systems and Programming was sold to Harmon Industries, an American railway signalling company.St Johnston continued programming until the mid-1990s. She retired in 1999 and died on 30 June/1 July 2007. See also Steve Shirley == References ==

McMullen's Brewery

McMullen's, known locally as Mac's, is a regional brewery founded in 1827 in Hertford, England, the United Kingdom. The brewery expanded during the second half of the 19th century by purchasing other breweries and their associated pubs. In 1902 it was the second largest brewery in Hertfordshire. The brewery has occupied several different sites in Hertford and moved to its current location in 1891. There have been several breweries on this site and the current one opened in 2006.

McMullen's, known locally as Mac's, is a regional brewery founded in 1827 in Hertford, England, the United Kingdom. The brewery expanded during the second half of the 19th century by purchasing other breweries and their associated pubs. In 1902 it was the second largest brewery in Hertfordshire. The brewery has occupied several different sites in Hertford and moved to its current location in 1891. There have been several breweries on this site and the current one opened in 2006. As of 2021, members of the 6th generation of the McMullen family are still involved with the business. History McMullen's was founded in 1827 in Back Street (now Railway Street) Hertford by Peter McMullen(1798-1881), the son of an Irish nurseryman. The passing of the Beerhouse Act in 1830 enabled Peter McMullen to open his own beerhouse named after William IV in Mill Bridge, Hertford. The passing of the Beerhouse Act acted as a stimulus to common brewing and led to an increase in the number of breweries in Hertford, peaking at eight in Hertford in 1838. In 1966 McMullen's were the sole survivor. In 1860 Peter McMullen passed the business onto his sons Alexander Henry and Osmond Henry who began trading as P. McMullen & Sons. The company expanded during this period and acquired a number of local breweries. As the business grew it moved to Old Cross, Hertford in 1891 and a new brewery was built. The new brewery was designed by William Bradford and is now a grade II listed building. In 1897 the brewery became a limited company, McMullen & Sons Ltd, when it owned 90 pubs. Osmond Henry became Chairman of the new company whilst Alexander Henry retired from the brewery and founded a seed merchant in Hertford.By 1902 McMullen's were the second largest brewery in Hertfordshire, behind Benskins Brewery of Watford and owned 131 pubs Osmond Henry died in May 1914 and his son Lieutenant colonel Osmond Robert became chairman. Osmond Henrys's grandson Peter, a former Special Operations Executive colonel, ran the brewery from 1946 to 1980. In 1966 the brewery owned 200 pubs. A modern brewhouse was built in 1984 when John McMullen was company director.From the 1960s until the early 1990s, Mac's also brewed a range of kids' soft drinks that were sold at their pubs and also in the local ice cream stands and newsagent shops. These included lemonade, Shandimac, ginger beer, lime soda, orange soda, and Maxi-Cola which came in reuseable glass bottles that could be returned for a discount on the next drink.In 2002 there was a split between various members of the McMullen family some of whom wanted to turn their holdings into cash whilst others were happy to remain shareholders. Financial consultants were appointed and the company was put up for sale. The company was independently valued at £176m in 2002. A new independent chairman, Charles Brims, secured a compromise whereby several non-brewing property investments were sold in order to release cash to appease the majority shareholders and a plan was developed to build a new, smaller brewhouse. The company decided to shed contract brewing and take advantage of tax breaks by becoming a smaller brewer. As the new Whole Hop Brewery (opened 2006) was more compact than the 1984-built plant, the spare land was sold to Sainsbury's in 2007. This is the fifth McMullen brewery to operate on this siteMcMullen's brews cask ale and pasteurised bottled beers. The company owns over 130 freehold pubs, mainly in the Home Counties, with a number in London, including The Spice of Life in Cambridge Circus, The White Swan in Pimlico and The Nag's Head in Covent Garden. McMullen's is acquisitive and has recently purchased pubs and bars in Cambridge, Chelmsford, Sevenoaks, Fleet, Marlow, Milton Keynes and Bishop's Stortford. Due to the forced pub closures during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–21, Mac's began selling takeaway casks of beer directly from their brewery yard. The company has no debt. Beers McMullen's produces three regular cask ales and several occasional ales. The regular range consists of: Cask Ales Cask ales are real ales that have been cask conditioned and will continue to ferment in the cask in a process known as secondary fermentation. McMullen AK McMullen AK is a mild beer with an ABV of 3.7%, brewed in Hertford since 1833. AK was once a popular designation for beers which were light in gravity and colour and lightly hopped. Brewed with a mix of malts with Kentish Whitbread Goldings the only hops used. McMullen IPA McMullen IPA is a traditional English IPA with an ABV of 4.8%. The hops used are undisclosed, but are added as whole leaf hops, as opposed to the compressed hops pellets more commonly used in non-traditional brewing. Country Best Bitter Country Best Bitter, first brewed in 1964, is a traditional bitter with an ABV of 4.3%, brewed with Fuggle, Progress and Bramling Cross hops and a mixture of pale malts. McMullen Cask McMullen house cask ale, in production since 2007, is a 3.8% ABV 'honey-gold' ale with undisclosed ingredients Mac's No.1 Pale Ale Number One Pale Ale is a 3.8% amber cask ale popular among agricultural workers since the turn of the 20th century. It was previously advertised under the slogan "second to no-one", or "second to none", and was known as No.1 Bitter before 1950. Discontinued during the early 1990s, but brought back into production in 2021. Bootwarmer Bootwarmer is an old ale first brewed in 1995 and sold in McMullen pubs during the Christmas holidays from 2002 onwards. It was discontinued in 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but brought back in December 2021. Bottled Beers McMullen Hertford Castle Hertford Castle is a 5% ABV strong ale brewed with Suffolk barley and undeclared whole leaf hops. First brewed in 1960, the beer is named after Hertford Castle, where Queen Elizabeth I of England spent much of her childhood. McMullen Stronghart A speciality brew with an ABV of 7%, Stronghart is made to an 1850s recipe with East Anglian barley and undeclared whole leaf hops and won gold in the 1997 CAMRA Champion Beer of Briton barley wine and strong old ale class. Originally known as Mac's Olde Time Strong Ale, it was rebranded as Stronghart in 1993. Rivertown The Rivertown range was introduced in 2017 to produce vegan-friendly pale ale, IPA and Pilsner. The Session IPA, at 4.1%, uses Citra, Waimea and crystal hops for a citrus finish. Guest beers Nags Head Bitter (2023) Fit For A King Mild Ale (2023) Rivertown Elysium Lager (2023) Rivertown Ernest Amber Ale (2023) Out of production McMulled Beer (2022-23), a 4.4.% recreation of a 1976 recipe infusing Stronghart with apples, sugar and spices. Camra 1950 Porter (2022-23) Amber Bay IPA (2022-23) Rivertown Helles Lager (2022-23) Rivertown Solstice (2022-23) Jubilant 70 Golden Ale (2022) Normality (2021–22) Rivertown Freedom (2021–22) Mac's Oat Brown Stout (2020–21), a 4.4% ABV recreation of a beer produced at the Hertford brewery during the 1930s. Chinook (2020–21) OK Bloomer (2021) Hopguzzler (2018-19) Victory Stout (2018) Carriage Court Ale (2018) Golden Years (2017) Special Day (2015) Hop On A Mo(2015) Brave Herts (2015) Flying Frog (2014–16) Love Herts (2014) Bard of Ale (2013) Screaming Reels (2011–13) Stag Bitter (2008) Harvest Moon (2006-2008) Victory 1805 (2005) Special Reserve Anniversary Porter (2000) Oatmeal Ale (1997-2001) Gladstone (1995-2001) J.M Premium Bitter (1990s) Hartsman Lager (1980s) Crafter Low Alcohol Bitter (1970s) Mac's Stout (1960s-1970s) Mitre (1960s-1990s) Mac's Brown (1960s) Old Cross (1950s-1960s) Coronation (1953) Family Ale (1950s) Lady Mac (1950s) Shandimac (1950s-1980s) No. 3 Special Pale Ale (1950s-1970s) Nut Brown Ale (1940s-1950s) Milk Stout (1930s) Oat Brown Stout (1930s-1950s) Dinner Ale (1920s) Dark Beer (1920s-40s), renamed Olde Time Ale during the 1950s and Stronghart in 1993 White Label (1880s-1920s) Pubs The Peahen, St Albans The Woolpack, Hertford The Millstream, Hertford Dog and Whistle, Hertford, formerly known as The Ram Lord Haig, Hertford Salisbury Arms Hotel, Hertford Golden Griffin, Hertford The Greyhound, Bengeo The Builders Arms, Potters Bar The Black Bull, Buntingford The Angel, Waltham Abbey Baroosh, Hertford, Chelmsford and Bishops Stortford. The Hare, Harlow Nag's Head, Covent Garden. The Plough, Crews Hill The Kingfisher on the Quay, Mytchett The Jolly Postie, formerly Royston Post Office. Saracens Head, Ware The King's Mead, Ware The Sun, Hoddesdon The Bull, Broxbourne The Heron on the Lake, Fleet, Hampshire The White Swan, Westminster, London The Yew Tree, Walkern The Old Bank of England, Fleet Street, London The Harrier (The Hilltop), Hatfield, Hertfordshire The Hopfields Hatfield, Hertfordshire The Red Lion Hatfield, Hertfordshire The Hollybush, Loughton, Essex The Cambridge Tap, Cambridge The Horse and Guardsman, Westminster The Duchess of Cambridge, Windsor The White Hart, Hertford, Hertfordshire References External links Official website 1992 Independent review by Michael Jackson

Talkeetna Air Taxi

Talkeetna Air Taxi, established in 1947 as Talkeetna Air Service, is a Talkeetna, Alaska-based flight company. It operates wheel-ski equipped bush planes, and is one of less than a half-dozen air services with a permit to land in Denali National Park. Historically, business included supply runs to remote homesteads and prospecting claims—though in the past decade traffic has been primarily tourist and climber related.

Talkeetna Air Taxi, established in 1947 as Talkeetna Air Service, is a Talkeetna, Alaska-based flight company. It operates wheel-ski equipped bush planes, and is one of less than a half-dozen air services with a permit to land in Denali National Park. Historically, business included supply runs to remote homesteads and prospecting claims—though in the past decade traffic has been primarily tourist and climber related. Fleet 1 – Cessna 185 1 – De Havilland Beaver 6 – De Havilland Otter 1 – Robinson R44 See also Air taxi References Further reading Into the wilds: Alaska's towering Denali is worth a peek - New York Daily News Economy worries tourism-fed Talkeetna: Tourism Industry | Alaska news at adn.com newsminer.com • Fairbanks, Alaska (subscription required) "Anchorage Daily News article". Retrieved July 17, 2012. (subscription required) External links Official website

Porcia (wife of Brutus)

Porcia (c. 73 BC – June 43 BC), occasionally spelled Portia, especially in 18th-century English literature, was a Roman woman who lived in the 1st century BC. She was the daughter of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (Cato the Younger) and his first wife Atilia. She is best known for being the second wife of Marcus Junius Brutus, the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins, and appears primarily in the letters of Cicero.

Porcia (c. 73 BC – June 43 BC), occasionally spelled Portia, especially in 18th-century English literature, was a Roman woman who lived in the 1st century BC. She was the daughter of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (Cato the Younger) and his first wife Atilia. She is best known for being the second wife of Marcus Junius Brutus, the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins, and appears primarily in the letters of Cicero. Biography Early life Porcia was born around 73 BC. She had an affectionate nature, was interested in philosophy, and was "full of an understanding courage." Plutarch describes her as being prime of youth and beauty. When she was still very young, her father divorced her mother for adultery. At a young age she was married first to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, her father's political ally, between 58 BC and 53 BC. Porcia's father was a member of the Roman Optimate faction, and adamantly opposed Julius Caesar. Porcia embraced these ideals, and did not outwardly object to the arranged marriage. With Bibulus she had two children, at least one of them a son. Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus (born around 59 BC) was possibly one of them, although most modern historians believe Porcia was too young to have mothered Lucius, and that he was Bibulus' son by his previous marriage, as he was old enough to fight in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. He died in 32 BC. It is possible that a son of Porcia and Bibulus was the man who wrote the biography of Brutus.A few years later, Quintus Hortensius applied to Cato, asking for Porcia's hand in marriage. Bibulus, who was infatuated with his wife, was unwilling to let her go. Hortensius offered to marry her and then return her to Bibulus once she had given birth to a male heir. Such an arrangement was not uncommon at the time. He argued that it was against natural law to keep a girl of Porcia's youth and beauty from producing children for his allies and impractical for her to overproduce for Bibulus. Nonetheless, Bibulus refused to divorce her. Cato disliked the idea of marrying his daughter to a man who was four times her age, and was refused to break an arranged contract he held with Biblius. Instead, Cato divorced his wife, Porcia's stepmother Marcia, and gave her to Hortensius; he remarried her after Hortensius died. In 52 BC, Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars came to an end, but he refused to return to Rome, despite the Senate's demands that he lay down his arms. Cato personally detested Caesar, and was his greatest enemy in the Senate; Cato's political faction, the Optimates (also known as the Boni), believed that Caesar should return to Rome, in order for the Optimates to strip him of his property and dignitas, and permanently exile Caesar. In 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army, thus declaring war, beginning the Great Roman Civil War. Both Cato and Bibulus allied with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus against Caesar. Though both Boni hated Pompey, he did not pose the threat to their faction that Caesar did. Bibulus commanded Pompey's navy in the Adriatic Sea. He captured a part of Caesar's fleet, although this was generally insignificant as Caesar went on to decisively defeat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus. Bibulus died in 48 BC from influenza following Pompey's defeat, leaving Porcia a widow.In 46 BC, Cato committed suicide following his defeat in the battle of Thapsus while Marcus Cato, Porcia's brother, was pardoned by Caesar and returned to Rome. Marriage to Brutus Brutus, Porcia's first cousin, divorced his wife Claudia and married Porcia in 45 BC when she was still very young. The marriage was scandalous as Brutus did not state any reasons for divorce despite having been married to Claudia for many years. Claudia was very popular for being a woman of great virtue, and was the daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, who had been Brutus's ally for many years. She was also related to Pompey by marriage through her younger sister. The divorce was not well received by some, including Brutus's mother, Servilia, who despised her half-brother, and appears to have been jealous of Brutus's affection for Porcia. Therefore, Servilia supported Claudia's interests against those of Porcia.On the other hand, Porcia was highly favoured with the followers of both Pompey and Cato, so the marriage was favoured by people such as Marcus Tullius Cicero and Titus Pomponius Atticus. The marriage was Brutus's way of honouring his uncle. Nonetheless, it appears that Porcia deeply loved Brutus and was utterly devoted to him. She resolved not to inquire into Brutus's secrets before she had made a trial of herself and that she would bid defiance to pain.Brutus, along with many other co-conspirators, murdered Caesar in 44 BC. He promised to share the "heavy secrets" of his heart with his wife but it is unclear if he ever got the chance. Some historians believe Porcia may have known about the plot, and may have even been involved in the conspiracy itself. Plutarch claims that she happened upon Brutus while he was pondering over what to do about Caesar and asked him what was wrong. When he did not answer, she suspected that he distrusted her on account of her being a woman, for fear she might reveal something, however unwillingly, under torture. In order to prove herself to him, she secretly inflicted a wound upon her own thigh with a barber's knife to see if she could endure the pain. As a result of the wound, she suffered from violent pains, chills and fever. Some believe that she endured the pain of her untreated wound for at least a day. As soon as she overcame her pain, she returned to Brutus and said: You, my husband, though you trusted my spirit that it would not betray you, nevertheless were distrustful of my body, and your feeling was but human. But I found that my body also can keep silence... Therefore fear not, but tell me all you are concealing from me, for neither fire, nor lashes, nor goads will force me to divulge a word; I was not born to that extent a woman. Hence, if you still distrust me, it is better for me to die than to live; otherwise let no one think me longer the daughter of Cato or your wife. Brutus marveled when he saw the gash on her thigh and after hearing this he no longer hid anything from her, but felt strengthened himself and promised to relate the whole plot. Lifting his hands above him, he is said to have prayed that he might succeed in his undertaking and thus show himself a worthy husband. Yet Brutus never got the chance as they were interrupted and never had a moment's privacy before the conspiracy was carried out. On the day of Caesar's assassination, Porcia was extremely disturbed with anxiety and sent messengers to the Senate to check that Brutus was still alive. She worked herself up to the point whereupon her fainting, her maids feared that she was dying.When Brutus and the other assassins fled Rome to Athens, it was agreed that Porcia should stay in Italy. Porcia was overcome with grief to part from Brutus, but tried hard to conceal it. When she came across a painting depicting the parting of Hector from Andromache in the Iliad, however, she burst into tears, feeling it reflected her own sorrow. She would go on to visit this painting multiple times per day. Brutus' friend Acilius heard of this, and quoted Homer where Andromache speaks to Hector: But Hector, you to me are father and are mother too, my brother, and my loving husband true. Brutus smiled, saying he would never say to Porcia what Hector said to Andromache in return (Ply loom and distaff and give orders to thy maids), saying of Porcia: ...Though the natural weakness of her body hinders her from doing what only the strength of men can perform, she has a mind as valiant and as active for the good of her country as the best of us. Death Porcia's death has been a fixation for many historians and writers. It was believed by a majority of contemporary historians that Porcia committed suicide in 42 BC, reputedly by swallowing hot coals. Modern historians find this tale implausible, however, and one popular speculation has Porcia taking her life by burning charcoal in an unventilated room, thus succumbing to carbon monoxide poisoning. The exact timing of Porcia's death is also a problem. Some modern classicists like John H. Collins assert that she died in the summer of 43 BC. Most contemporary historians, however, (Cassius Dio, Valerius Maximus, and Appian) claim that she killed herself after hearing that Brutus had died following the second battle of Philippi. Nicolaus says it happened before Brutus' death, however, saying she died following the first battle of Philippi, claiming that she only thought he was dead, and that Brutus wrote a letter to their friends in Rome, blaming them for Porcia's suicide. Plutarch dismisses Nicolaus' claims of a letter stating that too much was disclosed in the letter for it to be genuine. Plutarch also repeats the story of swallowing charcoal, but disbelieves it: As for Porcia, the wife of Brutus, Nicolaüs the philosopher, as well as Valerius Maximus, relates that she now desired to die, but was opposed by all her friends, who kept strict watch upon her; whereupon she snatched up live coals from the fire, swallowed them, kept her mouth fast closed, and thus made away with herself. And yet there is extant a letter of Brutus to his friends in which he chides them with regard to Porcia and laments her fate, because she was neglected by them and therefore driven by illness to prefer death to life. It would seem, then, that Nicolaüs was mistaken in the time of her death, since her distemper, her love for Brutus, and the manner of her death, are also indicated in the letter, if, indeed, it is a genuine one. Plutarch also acknowledges the false image that Porcia displays, explaining that she was "frightened with every little noise and cry," "possessed with the fury of the Bacchantes," and had passed out and carried into her home. Plutarch's description of Camma in Dialogue of Love is similar to his interpretation of Porcia in Brutus, and with both works being written around the same time period, Plutarch's anecdotes concerning Camma might have influenced those about Porcia. The character of Panthea in Xenophon's Cyropaedia also presents similarities to Plutarch's Porcia – with both women expressing to their husbands that they are truly devoted, and are willing to harm themselves to prove themselves – being another possible inspiration for Plutarch's portrayal of Porcia. In totality, Plutarch accentuates Porcia's role as loyal wife using his portrayal of her suicide.According to the political journalist and classicist Garry Wills, although Shakespeare has Porcia die by the method Plutarch repeats, but rejects, "the historical Porcia died of illness (possibly of plague) a year before the battle of Philippi"...“but Valerius Maximus [mistakenly] wrote that she killed herself at news of Brutus’s death in that battle. This was the version of the story celebrated in works like Martial's Epigram 1.42." The claim that Porcia's death occurred before that of Brutus is backed up by a letter sent by Cicero. This letter would have been sent in late June or early July 43 BC, before either battle of Philippi. It further suggests that Porcia did not commit suicide, but died of some lingering illness. As Plutarch states, if the letter was genuine Brutus lamented her death and blamed their friends for not looking after her. There is also an earlier letter from Brutus to Atticus, which hints at Porcia's illness and compliments him for taking care of her. Cicero later wrote his surviving letter to Brutus, consoling him in his grief, calling Porcia "one such as never before has been in the world." This is probably the most accurate account of Porcia's death. Family Portia in popular culture Literature Classic In Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, she appears in fictionalised form as Brutus' wife. She makes only two appearances. Portia and Calpurnia are the only two substantial female roles in the play. It is reported in the fourth act that she died by swallowing fire. Portia is also briefly mentioned in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice in regards to the character of her namesake, Portia:In Belmont is a lady richly left; And she is fair, and, fairer than that word, Of wondrous virtues: sometimes from her eyes I did receive fair speechless messages: Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued To Cato's daughter, Brutus' Portia.In Robert Garnier's play Porcie, she is the heroine of the play, which describes her suicide. In the play, she is devastated to hear of the death of her husband and kills herself. Her servant announces to the Romans that Portia died swallowing live coals, before taking her own life with a dagger. In The Purgatory of Suicide by Thomas Cooper, Portia is one of the suicides spoken of in the poem. Here Portia's life is compared to the death of Arria, Pœtus' wife. Modern In Masters of Rome, a series of seven novels by the Australian writer Colleen McCullough, Portia appears as a child in Caesar's Women, as a teenager in Caesar and as a young woman in The October Horse. Portia is portrayed as being, first a rabid unthinking follower of republican values, then as a raving maniac, and then as perhaps totally insane. Servilia, who abuses her constantly, later writes to Brutus before the battle of Philippi to inform him that Portia went mad and killed herself by swallowing live coals. Brutus, however, recognizes that it is more likely that Servilia murdered Portia by forcing burning coals down her throat. Given the vicious character of Servilia in the novel, this murder is perfectly believable. She appears in The Ides of March, an epistolary novel by Thornton Wilder, describing the events leading up to the death of Julius Caesar. Portia is one of the main characters in fourth part of the book. Cicero speaks of her as the only person that Brutus loves. Portia and Servilia exchange several letters, hinting towards Servilia's dislike of her. Caesar later sends a letter to Portia informing her that Brutus is returning to Rome, and Portia replies with a polite thank you; Caesar later confesses to Lucius Mamilius Turrinus (the chief character) that he greatly envies Brutus his marriage to her and often wishes he could have married her himself. She is referenced in The Stars' Tennis Balls by Stephen Fry. As part of his revenge, Simon Cotter gives Oliver Delft, the policeman who had him imprisoned, an alternative to being imprisoned himself. The alternative is for Delft to kill himself, with hot coals, as Portia did in Julius Caesar. Notes References Primary sources Plutarch, Marcus Brutus Plutarch, Cato the Younger Cicero, Epistulae ad Brutum Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum Appian, The Civil Wars, Book II Valerius Maximus, De factis mem Cassius Dio, Roman History 44–47 Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.6.5 Secondary sources Roman Life in the Days of Cicero, Alfred J. Church History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, Conyers Middleton Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith Archived 2005-11-30 at the Wayback Machine Salisbury, J. E. (2001). Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World . Clarke, M. L. (1981). The Noblest Roman: Marcus Brutus and his Reputation. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Holiday, Ryan; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Porcia Cato the Iron Woman". Lives of the Stoics. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 152–160. ISBN 978-0525541875. External links Cicero: ad Brutum I.9 The Purgatory of Suicides: Book IX Plutarch's Life of Brutus and the Play of Its Repetitions in Shakespearean Drama

Middle Mongol

Middle Mongol or Middle Mongolian was a Mongolic koiné language spoken in the Mongol Empire. Originating from Genghis Khan's home region of Northeastern Mongolia, it diversified into several Mongolic languages after the collapse of the empire. In comparison to Modern Mongolian, it is known to have had no long vowels, different vowel harmony and verbal systems and a slightly different case system.

Middle Mongol or Middle Mongolian was a Mongolic koiné language spoken in the Mongol Empire. Originating from Genghis Khan's home region of Northeastern Mongolia, it diversified into several Mongolic languages after the collapse of the empire. In comparison to Modern Mongolian, it is known to have had no long vowels, different vowel harmony and verbal systems and a slightly different case system. Definition and historical predecessors Middle Mongol is close to Proto-Mongolic, the ancestor language of the modern Mongolic languages, which would to set at the time when Genghis Khan united a number of tribes under his command and formed the Khamag Mongol. The term "Middle Mongol" is somewhat misleading, as what would generally by language naming rules be termed "Old Mongolian" in this terminology is actually Proto-Mongolic. The existence of another ("old") Mongol clan federation in Mongolia during the 12th century is historical, but there is no language material from this period.According to Vovin (2018), the Ruanruan language of the Rouran Khaganate was a Mongolic language and close, but not identical, to Middle Mongolian.Juha Janhunen (2006) classified the Khitan language into the "Para-Mongolic" family, meaning it is related to the Mongolic languages as a sister group, rather than as a direct descendant of Proto-Mongolic. Alexander Vovin has also identified several possible loanwords from Koreanic languages into Khitan. He also identified the extinct Tuyuhun language as another Para-Mongolic language. Corpus The temporal delimitation of Middle Mongol causes some problems as shown in definitions ranging from the 13th until the early 15th or until the late 16th century. This discrepancy is mainly due to the fact that there are very few documents written in Mongolian language to be found between the early 15th and late 16th century. It is not clear whether these two delimitations constitute conscious decisions about the classification of e.g. a small text from 1453 with less than 120 words or whether the vaster definition is just intended to fill up the time gap for which little proper evidence is available. Middle Mongol survived in a number of scripts, namely notably ʼPhags-pa (decrees during the Yuan dynasty), Arabic (dictionaries), Chinese, Mongolian script and a few western scripts. Usually, the Stele of Yisüngge is considered to be its first surviving monument. It is a sports report written in Mongolian writing that was already fairly conventionalized then and most often dated at the verge of 1224 and 1225. However, Igor de Rachewiltz argues that it is unlikely that the stele was erected at the place where it was found in the year of the event it describes, suggesting that it is more likely to have been erected about a quarter of a century later, when Yisüngge had gained more substantial political power. If so, the earliest surviving Mongolian monument would be an edict of Töregene Khatun of 1240 and the oldest surviving text arguably The Secret History of the Mongols, a document that must originally have been written in Mongolian script in 1252, but which only survives in an edited version as a textbook for learning Mongolian from the Ming dynasty, thus reflecting the pronunciation of Middle Mongol from the second half of the 14th century.The term "Middle Mongol" is problematic insofar as there is no body of texts that is commonly called "Old Mongol". While a revision of this terminology for the early period of Mongolian has been attempted, the lack of a thorough and linguistically-based periodization of Mongolian up to now has constituted a problem for any such attempts. The related term "Preclassical Mongolian" is applied to Middle Mongol documents in Mongolian script, since these show some distinct linguistic peculiarities. Phonology Middle Mongol had the consonant phonemes /p, m, tʰ, t, s, n, l, r, t͡ʃʰ, t͡ʃ, j, kʰ, k, h/ and the vowel phonemes /i, e, y, ø, a, u, o/. The main difference to older approaches is that ⟨γ⟩ is identified with /h/ and /ɡ/ (sometimes as [p] before /u/ and /y/), so that *pʰ for Proto-Mongolic cannot be reconstructed from internal evidence that used to be based solely on word-initial /h/ and the then rather incomplete data from Monguor. There appears to have been a positionally determined allophonic variation [k]~[q], [g]~[ɢ], with the postvelar allophones occurring in back-vowel contexts. Both have been claimed to occur before /i/ (depending on its origin from Proto-Mongolic */i/ or */ɯ/), which would make them phonemic.In transliteration, /ø/ and /y/ are commonly indicated as <ö> and <ü>, respectively; /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/ are written <c> (or <č>), <j> and <sh> (or <š>); /j/ is denoted by <y>; /ŋ/ is spelt <ng>; and /ɢ/ may be expressed by <gh> (or <γ>). Morphophonology The vowels participate in front-back vowel harmony, where /a/, /o/ and /u/ alternate with /e/, /ø/ and /y/; in the rest of this article, morphemes are represented only by their back-vocalic allomorph. The vowel /i/ is neutral with respect to vowel harmony. Certain stems end in an 'unstable /n/' (here marked n), which is obligatorily or optionally dropped in front of various suffixes. The consonants /g/ and /k/ are elided in front of vowel-initial suffixes. Grammar Middle Mongol is an agglutinating language that makes nearly exclusive use of suffixes. The word order is subject–object–predicate if the subject is a noun and also object–predicate–subject if it is a pronoun. Middle Mongol rather freely allows for predicate–object, which is due to language contact. There are nine cases, the nominative being unmarked. The verbal suffixes can be divided into finite suffixes, participles and converbal suffixes. Some of the finite suffixes inflect for subject number and gender. Adjectives precede their modificatum and agree with it in number. The pronouns have a clusivity distinction. Nominal morphology Number The plural suffixes are distributed as follows: Case endings and the reflexive suffix The case endings have different allomorphs depending on whether the stem ends in a vowel, the consonant /n/ or another consonant. There is also some chronological variation between earlier and later texts, as marked with the sign > in the table. The dative-locative may denote not only an indirect object, but also local and temporal expressions, both static and dynamic. The accusative ending may be replaced by the unmarked nominative, especially if the noun is not definite and specific; in such cases, stems ending in unstable /n/ lose it. The comitative may also be used as an instrumental.A reflexive possessive suffix (meaning 'his own', 'my own' and so on) can be placed after a noun declined for any case. Its shape varies depending on phonological factors and the genitive ending of vowel stems is also changed in front of it: Pronouns The personal pronouns exhibit an inclusive-exclusive distinction. They mostly take the same case suffixes as the nouns, but display some suppletion and stem allomorphy, as summarised below: Other pronouns and related forms are: Indefinite pronouns are formed by combining the interrogatives and the particle -ba(r). Verbal morphology Finite indicative verb forms The finite indicative verbal suffixes express different shades of temporal, aspectual and modal meaning, and the ones with a past meaning also agree with the subject in semantic/biological gender. There are two present and two past forms, with a modal distinction between a marked and unmarked form within each pair, and a pluperfect. The usual suffixes are displayed in the table below. As above, more innovative variants are introduced with the sign >. In addition, a durative suffix -nam is attested only in late Arabic sources (originally the converbal suffix -n, on which see below, combined with the copula a- in the narrative form). There are also some attestations of the finite use of a form in -d with plural subjects, whose singular may have been, again, a form in -n. Deontic forms There are a number of forms expressing wishes and commands, as shown in the following table. A polite request can also be expressed by a future passive participle form -qda-qu (see below). Participles There are a number of participles. They may be used attributively or as standalone heads of nominal phrases, and several may also be combined with a copula to form complex verbal forms, or simply be used predicatively without a copula. They are listed in the following table. Converbs Converbs are used as modifiers of the finite verb and their subject is normally the same as that of the finite verb. The following types occur: Voice The voice morphology can be viewed as part of word formation. The following suffixes may be mentioned: Middle Mongol exhibits a passive construction that is peculiar to it and maybe Buryat as well, but is not present in the other dialects or in the other Mongolic languages. While it might also have fulfilled the function to foreground the patient, it usually seems to mark actions which either affect the subject directly or indirectly affect it in a harmful way. In §131, Belgütei is negatively affected by an unknown actor. In §112, the addressee is the passive subject. While it is possible for the speech content to be passive subject, it is far less frequent. In §178, the referent of the subject is directly affected, but syntactically, the affected noun phrase is marked with the reflexive-possessive suffix (that on its own can resemble the accusative case in other contexts). In §163, it is not the referent of the subject noun phrase, but people related to it that are directly affected to the distress of the subject. The agent may be marked by the dative (-a and -da, but in contrast to Classical Mongolian never -dur) or the nominative: In both of these examples, the verb stems to which the passive subject is suffixed are intransitive. Passive suffixes get suffixed to phrases, not verbal stems, e.g.: In modern Mongolian, neither the passivization of ir- nor the suffixing of passive suffixes to phrases are possible, so the modern translation of §200 runs: Next to the passive, there is also a causative that is, however, less notable. Subjects of intransitive verbs of clauses that are causativized get accusative marking (as in §79), while former subjects of transitive verbs get marked with dative or instrumental case (as in §188 and §31). In contrast to the passive suffix, the causative suffix doesn't attach to a phrase, but to single verbs (as long as they denote different actions): Next to these morphemes, Middle Mongol also had suffixes to express reciprocal and cooperative meaning, namely -ldu- ~ -lda- and -lča-. On the other hand, while the plurative/distributive -čaγa- is common to modern Mongolic languages, it is not attested in Middle Mongol. Particles There are a number of enclitic particles: There are three preposed negative particles used with verb forms: Identity with nominal parts of speech is negated by means of the word busu (busi), pl. busud, 'other', thus literally 'X is other than Y'. Syntax The usual word order is SOV, but there are deviations. A pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person may be placed as an enclitic after the verb rather than before it. In noun phrases, too, modifiers are normally placed in front of heads (i.e. adjectives and possessors precede nouns), but possessive pronouns (minu 'my' etc.) are often placed as enclitics after the head instead. Number agreement between attributes and the nouns they modify is observed optionally. There is also gender agreement (for the suffix -tu and some verbal forms), but no case agreement; instead, only the head receives the case marker. There are no conjunctions. Long sequences of converbs preceding the finite verb are common. Word formation Some of the common suffixes are the following: On the formation of verbs from other verbs, see the Voice section above. Numerals The numeral system is decimal. Almost all numerals end in -n, although some are also attested without the final -n. The decimals from 20 to 50 end in -in, while those from 60 to 90 end in -an (as do many of the units); the decimals, apart from 'ten', share the same historical root with the corresponding units, but the exact derivational relation is not regular and transparent. The most common and archaic forms are as follows: There are also simple numerals for one hundred (ja'un), one thousand (minqan/mingan) and ten thousand (tümen).Both teens and sums of other tens and a unit are formed by juxtaposing the ten and the unit, e.g. 15 harban tabun, lit. 'ten five'; 26 qorin jirqo'an, lit. 'twenty six'. Multiples of hundred, thousand and ten thousand are also expressed by juxtaposition, e.g. 500 tabun ja'un, lit. 'five hundred'; in these cases, the second component may also optionally stand in the plural, e.g. 500 tabun ja'ut.Ordinal numerals are formed by the suffix -Du'ar > -Da'ar, but the shape of the stem often deviates from that of the cardinal, as seen in the table below, and there are suppletive forms for 'first' and 'second', although the less common regular ones are attested in composite numerals. The suffix -tu/-ta and the Turkic loan -cin are attested with the same function. There are also suffixes for collectives (-'ula, 'X number together'), distributives ('-aD 'X number each'), and multiplicatives '-ta 'X times'. Sample text The following is an excerpt from the Secret History of the Mongols, §§ 4-6. See also Praise of Mahakala Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi Notes References Atwood, Christopher (2007): The date of the "Secret history of the Mongols" reconsidered. Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 37: 1–48. Bira, Š. et al. (2004): Mongolyn nuuc tovčoo. Ulaanbaatar: Bolor sudar. Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1950): The Sino-Mongolian edict of 1453. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 13, No. 3/4: 431–454. Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1982): The Secret history of the Mongols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. de Rachewiltz, Igor (1976): Some Remarks on the Stele of Yisüngge. In: Walter Heissig et al.: Tractata Altaica – Denis Sinor, sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz: 487–508. de Rachewiltz, Igor (1999): Some reflections on so-called Written Mongolian. In: Helmut Eimer, Michael Hahn, Maria Schetelich and Peter Wyzlic (eds.): Studia Tibetica et Mongolica – Festschrift Manfred Taube. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica: 235–246. de Rachewiltz, Igor (2004): The Secret history of the Mongols. Brill: Leiden. Γarudi (2002): Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a. Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge. Janhunen, Juha (2003a): Proto-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 1–29. Janhunen, Juha (2003b): Para-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 391–402. Ōsaki, Noriko (2006): “Genchō hishi” no gengo ni mirareru judōbun. In: Arakawa Shintarō et al. (ed.): Shōgaito Masahiro sensei tainin kinen ronshū – Yūrajia shogengo no kenkyū. Tōkyō: Yūrajia gengo no kenkyū kankōkai: 175–253. Poppe, Nicholas (1955): Introduction to Mongolian comparative studies. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society. Poppe, Nicholas (1964 [1954]): Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Poppe, Nicholas (1965): The passive constructions in the language of the Secret history. Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 36: 365–377. Rybatzki, Volker (2003): Middle Mongol. In: Janhunen 2003: 47–82. Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005): The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press. External links and bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages Lingua Mongolia information on Classical Mongolian, including an online dictionary Éva Csáki (2006) "Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages"

James Dornan

James Dornan (born 17 March 1953) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who is Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Cathcart. Raised in the Oatlands neighbourhood of southern Glasgow, Dornan joined the Scottish National Party in 1996 and previously worked for Stewart Maxwell (MSP).He was elected in the 2011 Parliamentary elections, having previously contested the Ayr Constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament elections and the Glasgow South-West Constituency in the 2005 UK general election before his election in 2011. He was also selected to be the SNP candidate in the 2009 Glasgow North East by-election, but decided to step aside after it was reported that he may have breached charity law by acting as an "unpaid" partner-director of Culture and Sport Glasgow while he was covered by a protected trust deed - an arrangement which avoids a court-ordered bankruptcy.He represented the Langside ward on Glasgow City Council from 3 May 2007 until 3 May 2012 and was the SNP group leader on the council until June 2011, when he was succeeded by Councillor Allison Hunter.In 2012, Dornan was appointed as a SNP Depute Whip.On 25 February 2020, Dornan announced he would not be standing at the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. However, in July 2020, he reversed his decision and announced that he would put himself forward again for election. Later in July 2020, the SNP National Executive Committee voted have an all-woman shortlist for the Glasgow Cathcart Scottish Parliamentary constituency, ending his bid of standing for the seat again.

James Dornan (born 17 March 1953) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who is Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Cathcart. Raised in the Oatlands neighbourhood of southern Glasgow, Dornan joined the Scottish National Party in 1996 and previously worked for Stewart Maxwell (MSP).He was elected in the 2011 Parliamentary elections, having previously contested the Ayr Constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament elections and the Glasgow South-West Constituency in the 2005 UK general election before his election in 2011. He was also selected to be the SNP candidate in the 2009 Glasgow North East by-election, but decided to step aside after it was reported that he may have breached charity law by acting as an "unpaid" partner-director of Culture and Sport Glasgow while he was covered by a protected trust deed - an arrangement which avoids a court-ordered bankruptcy.He represented the Langside ward on Glasgow City Council from 3 May 2007 until 3 May 2012 and was the SNP group leader on the council until June 2011, when he was succeeded by Councillor Allison Hunter.In 2012, Dornan was appointed as a SNP Depute Whip.On 25 February 2020, Dornan announced he would not be standing at the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. However, in July 2020, he reversed his decision and announced that he would put himself forward again for election. Later in July 2020, the SNP National Executive Committee voted have an all-woman shortlist for the Glasgow Cathcart Scottish Parliamentary constituency, ending his bid of standing for the seat again. However, after the decision, Dornan announced that he would challenge the decision. The SNP National Secretary then reversed the all-woman shortlist and Dornan was permitted to stand. Dornan was selected to stand for the SNP in the Glasgow Cathcart Scottish Parliamentary constituency and held the seat with 57% of the vote. Dornan believes in Scottish independence and has often appeared on Kremlin propaganda station RT to champion the cause. Controversies In May 2019, Dornan was accused of homophobia after using the word 'fag' to describe a gay Conservative MP, Ross Thomson. The Scottish Conservatives complained that "Dornan has form when it comes to making crass and offensive remarks" and he apologised for his use of language.In June 2021 Dornan accused Lothian Buses of sectarianism after the bus cancelled scheduled services on St Patrick's Day. In fact, the bus company's services had been suspended because of anti-social behaviour. Conservative MSP Sue Webber described the remarks as "completely false and poisonous" and urged him to apologise. After pressure from SNP councillors in Edinburgh, Dornan apologised privately to the bus company for his mistake.In July 2021 Dornan was reported to the Ethical Standards Commissioner after commenting on a post by Conservative cabinet minister, Jacob Rees-Mogg. Rees-Mogg, a practising Catholic, had tweeted about his visit to the Border Force National Command Centre and the British Government's Nationality and Borders Bill. In response Dornan tweeted: Hope you remember this the next time you go to confession. You and your cronies are already responsible for the deaths of thousands and you’re now happy to see the most desperate people in the world suffer and drown. If your god exists you will undoubtedly rot in hell. The SNP later apologised to Rees-Mogg, who said it was "most gracious", adding: But I think this SNP MSP is entitled to discuss the likely prospects of my immortal soul. It’s quite interesting that you're getting the discussion of hell in public life. I think that is theologically interesting concept and I'm glad he takes such an orthodox, Catholic view of the reality of that and that is encouraging. In February 2022 BBC journalist Sarah Smith said she was relieved to have escaped the "bile, hatred and misogyny" she had endured covering Scottish politics, having moved to Washington to serve as the BBC's North America Editor. She recounted one instance in which someone shouted at her from their car, "What f***ing lies you’re going to be telling on TV tonight, you f***ing lying bitch?" Dornan tweeted “America would be the go to place to escape all her imaginary woes then.” The comment was widely condemned by his political opponents and Dornan later tweeted an apology, “for my earlier comments that made it seem as though I believed the abuse Sarah Smith has suffered was imaginary”. Conservative MSP Russell Findlay, a former crime reporter who had acid thrown at his face by a gangster, accused Dornan of “gaslighting” Smith and warned, “Cowardly attacks on journalists by the lunatic brigade in Scotland have become increasingly toxic since 2014. There's a risk that personal abuse escalates and that someone will get hurt." References External links Scottish Parliament profiles of MSPs: James Dornan

George Randolph Hearst III

George Randolph Hearst III (born 1955) is the publisher and CEO of the Times Union newspaper in Albany, New York, and a director of the Hearst Corporation. He is the second child of George Randolph Hearst Jr. and Mary Astrid Thompson and great-grandson of William Randolph Hearst. Hearst graduated from Pepperdine University in 1977. He was previously the director of operations of the Times Union and then its associate publisher and general manager. He is the chairman of the board of trustees of the Albany Institute of History & Art, a member of the board of directors of the Saratoga Performing Arts Center and St. Peter's Health Care Services, a hospital in Albany.

George Randolph Hearst III (born 1955) is the publisher and CEO of the Times Union newspaper in Albany, New York, and a director of the Hearst Corporation. He is the second child of George Randolph Hearst Jr. and Mary Astrid Thompson and great-grandson of William Randolph Hearst. Hearst graduated from Pepperdine University in 1977. He was previously the director of operations of the Times Union and then its associate publisher and general manager. He is the chairman of the board of trustees of the Albany Institute of History & Art, a member of the board of directors of the Saratoga Performing Arts Center and St. Peter's Health Care Services, a hospital in Albany. He sued the producer of the "reality-TV" movie Hopelessly Rich, which aired on VH1 in 2003, over his portrayal in the made-for-TV movie by a con man who had stolen his identity and impersonated Hearst to the producers. He is part of the ownership group of the Albany Empire of the Arena Football League, which began play in 2018. References External links George R. Hearst III Promoted to Vice President, Associate Publisher, and General Manager of the Albany Times-Union – Hearst Corporation press release

Margaret Torn

Margaret Torn is an ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory known for her research on carbon cycling, especially with respect to the interactions between soils and the atmosphere.

Margaret Torn is an ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory known for her research on carbon cycling, especially with respect to the interactions between soils and the atmosphere. Education and career Torn grew up in Marin county and worked in the family's food business, the Torn Ranch, where they handled nuts and dried fruits. She started college at the College of Marin before transferring to University of California, Berkeley. She earned a B.S. (1984), an M.S. (1990), and a Ph.D. (1994) from the University of California, Berkeley. From 1994 until 1998, Torn was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California Irvine and Stanford University. In 1998, she joined the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and was promoted to senior scientist in 2013. Beginning in 2018, she is also an adjunct professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2015 she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Zurich. In 2017, Torn was named a fellow of the American Geophysical Union who cited her as follows:For fundamental contributions to understanding soil carbon stabilization and sustained leadership in quantifying feedbacks between the carbon cycle and climate Research Torn's research combines observational data and experimental manipulations to examine the impact of changing climate conditions on the carbon cycle, with a focus on the interactions between soils and atmosphere. Torn has experimentally warmed soils and then measured the impact of changing conditions on gas fluxes from the soils. She works on the factors controlling the release of greenhouse gases from the tundra in the north slope of Alaska, how climate change impacts the severity of forest fires, the carbon sequestered in fungi found in soils, and the decomposition of black carbon using archived soil samples from Russia. One theme in her research is assessing the factors that govern the persistence of organic carbon in soil. Selected publications Hicks Pries, Caitlin E.; Castanha, C.; Porras, R. C.; Torn, M. S. (2017-03-31). "The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming". Science. 355 (6332): 1420–1423. Bibcode:2017Sci...355.1420H. doi:10.1126/science.aal1319. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28280251. S2CID 206654333. Torn, Margaret S.; Trumbore, Susan E.; Chadwick, Oliver A.; Vitousek, Peter M.; Hendricks, David M. (September 1997). "Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover". Nature. 389 (6647): 170–173. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..170T. doi:10.1038/38260. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4408395. Schmidt, Michael W. I.; Torn, Margaret S.; Abiven, Samuel; Dittmar, Thorsten; Guggenberger, Georg; Janssens, Ivan A.; Kleber, Markus; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Lehmann, Johannes; Manning, David A. C.; Nannipieri, Paolo; Rasse, Daniel P.; Weiner, Steve; Trumbore, Susan E. (October 2011). "Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property". Nature. 478 (7367): 49–56. Bibcode:2011Natur.478...49S. doi:10.1038/nature10386. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21979045. S2CID 3461265. Awards and honors Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (2003) Fellow, American Geophysical Union (2017) Berkeley Lab Director's award for exception achievement in science (2017) References External links Margaret Torn publications indexed by Google Scholar The Carbon Cycle with Margaret Torn on YouTube, October 13, 2011

Concorde aircraft histories

Twenty Concorde aircraft were built: two prototypes, two pre-production aircraft, two development aircraft and 14 production aircraft for commercial service. With the exception of two of the production aircraft, all are preserved, mostly in museums. One aircraft was scrapped in 1994, and another was destroyed in the Air France Flight 4590 crash in 2000.

Twenty Concorde aircraft were built: two prototypes, two pre-production aircraft, two development aircraft and 14 production aircraft for commercial service. With the exception of two of the production aircraft, all are preserved, mostly in museums. One aircraft was scrapped in 1994, and another was destroyed in the Air France Flight 4590 crash in 2000. Prototypes The two prototype aircraft were used to expand the flight envelope of the aircraft as quickly as possible and prove that the design calculations for supersonic flight were correct. F-WTSS (production designation 001) was the first Concorde to fly, on 2 March 1969, and was retired on arrival at the French air museum at Le Bourget Airport on 19 October 1973, having made 397 flights covering 812 hours, of which 255 hours were at supersonic speeds. Concorde 001 was modified for the 1973 solar eclipse mission with rooftop portholes and observation equipment. Its flight over Africa became the longest observation of a solar eclipse, lasting some 74 minutes. It remains in its Solar Eclipse mission livery complete with rooftop portholes. G-BSST (002) first flew on 9 April 1969 from Filton to RAF Fairford. Its last flight was on 4 March 1976 when it flew to the Fleet Air Arm Museum at the Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton, England. It had made 438 flights (836 hours), of which 196 flights were supersonic. Pre-production aircraft Both pre-production aircraft were used to further develop the design of the aircraft. Changes to design include different wing planform, more fuel, different engine standard and different air intake systems. G-AXDN (101) first flew on 17 December 1971 from Filton and was retired to the Imperial War Museum Duxford, England, where it landed on 20 August 1977, having made 269 flights (632 hours), of which 168 flights were supersonic. F-WTSA (102) first flew on 10 January 1973 from Toulouse. It was the fourth aircraft and the first to have the features and the shape of the future production aircraft. It was the first to fly to the United States (on 20 September 1973 to Dallas, Texas). For several years the aircraft was painted in British Airways colours on one side and Air France colours on the other. It made 314 flights (656 hours), of which 189 were supersonic, and was then retired to Orly Airport in Paris on 20 May 1976, where it is on display to the public. Development aircraft The production aircraft were different in many ways from the original aircraft, necessitating re-examining certain areas to obtain certification. In all there were six "development" aircraft: the two prototypes (001/002), two pre-production (101/102) and two production aircraft (201/202). F-WTSB (201) first flew on 6 December 1973 from Toulouse. Its last flight was on 19 April 1985 from Chateauroux to Toulouse; a total of 909 flying hours. It is currently inside the Aeroscopia museum near the Airbus factory at Toulouse. G-BBDG (202) first flew on 13 December 1974 from Filton to RAF Fairford. It last flew on 24 December 1981 after a total of 1282 hours. Subsequently, it was stored in a hangar on the Filton Airfield and was used as a spare parts source by BA for their Concorde fleet. It was sectioned and moved by road in May/June 2004 to the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge, Surrey, where after restoration it was opened to the public in the summer of 2006. British production aircraft British Airways had seven production aircraft in commercial service: G-BOAC (204) The flagship of the fleet (because of its BOAC registration) first flew on 27 February 1975 from Filton. It made its final flight to Manchester Airport – where a "glass hangar" was later built at the viewing park for its display – on 31 October 2003 after flying 22,260 hours.G-BOAA (206) first flew on 5 November 1975 from Filton. This aircraft flew with the Red Arrows on 2 June 1996 to celebrate 50 years of Heathrow Airport. It last flew on 12 August 2000 as BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow after flying 22,768 hours, and did not receive modifications after the Paris crash. For its final journey it was transported to the National Museum of Flight (run by National Museums Scotland), East Fortune, near Edinburgh, over land to the Thames, then by sea to Torness, then over land again to the museum from 8 to 19 April 2004.G-BOAB (208) first flew on 18 May 1976 from Filton. Its last flight was a positioning flight on 15 August 2000 as BA002P from New York JFK to London Heathrow after flying 22,296 hours. It remains at Heathrow Airport. It was never modified, and so never flew again after returning home following the Paris crash. G-BOAB was used by British Airways to carry out a test installation of the 'Project Rocket' interior that was later installed on the rest of the fleet, before remaining stationary for several years with its interior stripped, with boxes of magazines being used as ballast, and being periodically towed to various locations around the airport. Following minor restoration works in 2015 and 2017, the aircraft is used for apprentice training by BA.G-BOAD (210) first flew on 25 August 1976 from Filton. It was repainted with Singapore Airlines livery on the left side and British Airways livery on the right for a joint service by the two airlines between Bahrain and Singapore International Airport at Paya Lebar for three months in 1977, and from 1979 to 1981. This aircraft made the fastest Atlantic crossing by any Concorde on 7 February 1996, taking off from New York JFK and landing in London Heathrow 2 hours, 52 minutes, and 59 seconds later. It departed from Heathrow for the final time on 10 November 2003 and flew to JFK, from where it was then transferred (on a barge originally used to move Space Shuttle external fuel tanks), to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, New York, past the Statue of Liberty and up the Hudson River. Its engines were removed to reduce weight. Its temporary home was on a barge alongside the aircraft carrier Intrepid, pending the proposed creation of a quayside display hall; however, in December 2006, this Concorde was moved to Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, where it was kept in poor conditions. G-BOAD's nose cone was knocked off by a truck at the end in June 2008. The damage was repaired and subsequently the aircraft was moved back to Pier 86 in Manhattan (and placed on the pier, rather than on a barge) on 20 October 2008 as part of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum. On August 9, 2023, G-BOAD was removed from the Intrepid Museum again via boat so that it could be given maintenance and a new paint job. G-BOAD spent more time in the air than any other Concorde, at 23,397 hours. G-BOAE (212) first flew on 17 March 1977 from Filton. On 1 July 1999 it flew in formation with the Red Arrows to mark the opening of the Scottish Parliament. Its last flight was to Grantley Adams International Airport in Bridgetown (Barbados) on 17 November 2003, with 70 members of BA staff on board. The flight, lasting less than 4 hours, reached the maximum certified height of 60,000 ft (18,300 m). It flew a total of 23,376 hours. A new exhibition was constructed to house the aircraft, east of the airport at the old Spencers Plantation.G-BOAG (214) first flew on 21 April 1978 from Filton. The aircraft flew the final Speedbird 2 service from New York on 24 October 2003, and left Heathrow for the final time on 3 November. It spent a day "resting" and refuelling in New York before making its final flight on 5 November from New York JFK to Boeing Field, Seattle in an unusual supersonic flight (which required special permission) over the sparsely populated part of northern Canada. It is currently displayed at Seattle's Museum of Flight, alongside the first 707 that served as Air Force One and the prototype Boeing 747. This Concorde was once used as a source of spares, before being restored using parts from Air France's F-BVFD, and has flown 16,239 hours. G-BOAF (216) first flew on 20 April 1979 from Filton and was the last Concorde to be built. It made Concorde's final flight on Wednesday 26 November 2003. Departing from Heathrow at 11:30 GMT, it made a last, brief, supersonic flight, carrying 100 BA staff, over the Bay of Biscay. It then flew a "lap of honour" above Bristol, passing over Portishead, Clevedon, Weston-super-Mare, Bristol Airport and Clifton Suspension Bridge, before landing at Filton, soon after 13:00 GMT. It was met by Prince Andrew, who formally accepted its handover. It had flown a total of 18,257 hours. Until 2010, the aircraft was open for public viewing at the Airbus facility; since 2017 it has been the main exhibit at Filton's Aerospace Bristol museum.As part of tenth-anniversary celebrations on 24 December 1985, British Airways photographed G-BOAA, G-BOAC, G-BOAF and G-BOAG formation flying for their publicity material. French production aircraft Air France also had seven production aircraft in commercial service: F-BTSC (203) was the Concorde lost in the crash of Air France Flight 4590 on 25 July 2000 in the small town of Gonesse, France near Le Bourget, located just outside Paris, killing 113 people. The remains of this aircraft are stored at a hangar at Le Bourget Airport. It is the only Concorde in the history of the design to be destroyed in a crash. It was also featured in the Airport film series The Concorde ... Airport '79. It first flew on 31 January 1975 from Toulouse and flew for 11,989 hours.F-BVFA (205) first flew on 27 October 1975 from Toulouse. In 1988 it flew around the world in a record-breaking 41 hours 27 minutes. It made its final flight to the Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum's new Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Washington Dulles International Airport (USA) on 12 June 2003 after flying 17,824 hours. F-BVFB (207) first flew on 6 March 1976 from Toulouse. It was sold for €1 to the Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum in Germany. It flew to Karlsruhe-Baden–Baden Airpark, in south west Germany on 24 June 2003. After removal of its wings and tail fin, it traveled by barge and road, to join a Tupolev Tu-144 already on exhibit at Sinsheim. It had flown 14,771 hours. F-BVFC (209) first flew on 9 July 1976 from Toulouse. It was retired to the Airbus plant at Toulouse, where the French aircraft were constructed, on 27 June 2003, joining 201 and ending Air France's relationship with Concorde. The final flight was supersonic, and included a go around at Toulouse. It had flown 14,332 hours. Since January 2015, it is on display outside the Aeroscopia museum near the Toulouse factory. F-BVFD (211) first flew on 10 February 1977 from Toulouse. It was retired early, in 1982, having flown only 5,814 hours (final flight on 27 May 1982). Badly corroded after being stored outdoors, and damaged through use as a source of spare parts, it was broken up in 1994. It was the only Concorde scrapped. A small section of the fuselage remains at Le Bourget, France and the nose cone was sold to an American collector. F-BTSD (213) first flew on 26 June 1978 from Toulouse. It was retired to the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (Air and Space Museum) at Le Bourget, France, on 14 June 2003, joining 001 after flying 12,974 hours. In 1996, this aircraft carried a promotional paint scheme (blue with logo) for Pepsi. The wings were kept white, and while in the Pepsi livery, it was restricted to flying at most 20 minutes at Mach 2.02 and otherwise Mach 1.7 (the plane normally requires a white livery to fly supersonic because of the heat); the branding was estimated to have cost Pepsi $20 million. It flew 16 flights around the Middle East in this livery. The plane also holds the world record for flying around the world in both directions: westbound in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds on 12/13 October 1992, and eastbound in 31 hours 27 minutes and 49 seconds on 15/16 August 1995. It also was the only Concorde to land in Central America, setting a new time record between Juan Santamaría International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. F-BVFF (215) first flew on 26 December 1978 from Toulouse. It was undergoing D-check maintenance at the Air France maintenance hangar at Charles de Gaulle at the time of the 25 July 2000 crash which temporarily grounded all Concordes. After the withdrawal of the type was announced midway through refurbishment, it was cosmetically reassembled on the outside (outer shell only, no interior) and used as a display piece following the retirement of all Concordes. It last flew on a charter flight to Paris Charles de Gaulle on 11 June 2000 after flying 12,421 hours. List of aircraft Notes References External links British Airways Celebrating Concorde "Farewell to Concorde" (BBC) G-AXDN's movable nose in operation at Duxford, 2018

Mark Hirst

Mark Hirst is former Editor-in-Chief of Radio Sputnik/Sputnik News UK, formerly RIA Novosti, (Rossiya Segodnya/Russia Today), Russia's largest news organisation. Hirst is a former broadcast journalist with STV News. He has also produced and appeared in a number of independently-made documentary films.

Mark Hirst is former Editor-in-Chief of Radio Sputnik/Sputnik News UK, formerly RIA Novosti, (Rossiya Segodnya/Russia Today), Russia's largest news organisation. Hirst is a former broadcast journalist with STV News. He has also produced and appeared in a number of independently-made documentary films. Background Hirst has a BA in Communication Studies from Queen Margaret University. In 2001 Hirst was a communications officer for Orkney Islands Council. In 2003 he was appointed as press officer for the Scottish Children's Reporter Administration. Politics Hirst has worked as a staffer for four Scottish National Party politicians including Sandra White and Christine Grahame Journalism In August 2004 Hirst was a speaker at the Damien Walsh Memorial Lecture at Queens University Belfast as part of the Féile an Phobail. The event was organised by the Victims and Survivors Trust. Former civil rights leader and journalist Eamonn McCann gave the second part of the lecture focused on the Bloody Sunday Inquiry. In 2003 Hirst produced and appeared in Histoire d'un naufrage confidentiel (The Story of a Secret Sinking) in association with Atlantic Television and France 3. At the Toulon Film Festival in 2004, a three-day maritime festival in France, it won Best 'International Documentary'. The film subsequently screened in 85 countries. In 2017 Hirst was Associate Producer for an episode of “Combat Ships” broadcast on the History Channel.In 2005 Hirst co-founded the Lancastria Association of Scotland. In 2008 he successfully petitioned the Scottish Parliament to commission a Commemorative Lancastria Medal, which he designed. In 2012 Hirst was an Associate Producer for the documentary Maritime Mysteries, Case Closed broadcast on the French international channel TV5 Monde. In 2015 Hirst directed a one-hour documentary, The Ablyazov Syndicate, examining an alleged multibillion-dollar fraud of the BTA Bank by its former Chairman Mukhtar Ablyazov.Hirst has contributed articles to the Scottish Left Review magazine and also the Scots Independent newspaper. A former reporter for Orkney Farmer magazine., Hirst has written for every newspaper in Scotland. Arrest, Charges, Trial, Acquittal In March 2020, Mark Hirst released a YouTube video where he said that the legally-protected anonymity of women who had accused Alex Salmond of sexual assault may not be continued and they were "going to reap the whirlwind." When those remarks were criticised by Rape Crisis Scotland, Hirst alleged Rape Crisis Scotland had been directed by the Labour Party. Following an investigation into reports of menacing communication, Hirst was arrested and charged by police in May. At a hearing in August 2020 Hirst pled not guilty to an amended charge that he had acted in a “threatening or abusive manner”. On 8 January 2021, at Jedburgh Sheriff Court, it was ruled that Mark Hirst had no case to answer. SNP MP, Kenny MacAskill, the former Scottish Justice Secretary writing in The Scotsman said the action following the Alex Salmond Trial raised serious questions about Scotland's prosecutors, stating, “This isn't just an abuse of process; it's looking like an abuse of power.” Responding to Hirst's acquittal the President of the Chartered Institute of Journalist, Professor Tim Crook, said, "Mark Hirst is a respected professional journalist and a member of our Institute. Freedom of expression in the UK means that he has the right to exercise his skills with political activism in the media.” Following his acquittal lawyers acting for Hirst confirmed they would sue both the Crown Office and Police Scotland for "malicious prosecution". References External links Mark Hirst on Journalisted

Sharp's Brewery

Sharp's Brewery is a British brewery founded in 1994 in St Minver Lowlands, Rock, Cornwall, by Bill Sharp. Since 2011, the brewery has been owned by Molson Coors. It is best known for its flagship ale Doom Bar, named after the notoriously perilous Doom Bar sandbank in north Cornwall.

Sharp's Brewery is a British brewery founded in 1994 in St Minver Lowlands, Rock, Cornwall, by Bill Sharp. Since 2011, the brewery has been owned by Molson Coors. It is best known for its flagship ale Doom Bar, named after the notoriously perilous Doom Bar sandbank in north Cornwall. History The brewery has been through three phases – from a small micro brewery, to a larger facility within the same building and finally to the current phase that has seen the Brewery extend its premises to accommodate more vessels and increase its brewing capacity. Unlike many breweries, they do not own or operate any public houses, hotels or restaurants. Their focus is solely on brewing beer. Sharp's also run a joint venture with Paul Ainsworth – the Mariners – in Rock. On 2 February 2011 the brewery was bought by Molson Coors for £20 million. Beers Sharp's produce regular cask ales, seasonal ales, and pasteurised bottled beers. Doom Bar bitter Doom Bar bitter (4.0 abv), the brewery's flagship ale, accounts for nearly 90% of sales. Over 24,000,000 imperial pints (14,000 kl) of Doom Bar was produced in 2010. It was the highest selling cask ale in the UK in 2019. The beer is named after the dangerous Doom Bar sandbank at the mouth of the Camel Estuary in north Cornwall. Cask Doom Bar is brewed at Rock, but bottled Doom Bar has been produced, 267 miles (430 km) away, in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, since 2013. This ale can now be found across the UK as well as in Italy, Sweden and Japan. Doom Bar bitter became the first official beer sponsor of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race between 2008 and 2012. Securing the "Doom Bar brand" was cited as the reason that Molson Coors spent £20 million on their takeover of Sharp's Brewery in 2011; Doom Bar is now the largest cask ale brand in Molson Coors' portfolio. Doom Bar was awarded an International Beer Challenge World Top 50 Beer award in 2006, and a bronze award in 2011 and 2012. In 2010 it won a bronze in the Publican Licensees Choice Awards. It received a Taste of the West bronze award in 2013, along with a Brussels Beer Challenge (Pale and Amber Ale: Bitter) bronze and a PMA Publican's Choice award for national cask ale brand.An alcohol-free version, named Doom Bar Zero, was launched in August 2020. Other ales Sea Fury (Previously Sharps Special) (5.0% abv) was named 'Beer of the Festival' at Chelmsford. Cornish Coaster (3.6% abv) is named after a fishing vessel used by Cornish fishermen in the last century. Coaster is made from an all malt grist, English hops and an open fermentation. Sharp's Original (4.4% abv) (occasionally known as Sharp's Own) was the first beer brewed commercially at Sharp's Brewery, gyle no. 00001 in July 1994. Original contains the highest percentage of roasted malted barley of all Sharp's beers and as a result is their darkest brew. The use of special malts gives Own a rich brown colour. Simpson's crystal and roasted malts are used to give caramel and roast notes to the beer. Atlantic IPA (4.5% abv) a dry beer available in mini-kegs and polyboxes, from which a percentage of every sale goes to the RNLISharp's also produce four seasonal ales every year, although these change every year. Chalky's Sharp's collaborated with Rick Stein to create two beers after challenges set by Stein. Chalky's Bark (4.5% abv) is triple fermented with ginger and continental hops, although this is no longer produced. Chalky's Bite (6.8% abv) is created with three hop varieties and wild Cornish fennel. Wolf Rock Wolf Rock (4.8% abv) is a fusion of red ale and IPA styles and combines Noble and New World hops with special malt to deliver its distinctive flavour and red hue. Awards Brussels Beer Challenge Silver 2014 International Beer Challenge (Tasting) Silver 2016 International Beer Challenge Silver 2016 Cornish Pilsner Sharps' Pilsner is brewed with Pilsner malts and Czech lager yeast and Saaz hops. Pilsner is a pale straw beer with a herbal lemon aroma. In the mouth the beer is crisp and light with clean fruit notes. The finish is brisk and refreshing leaving a dry citrus linger. Awards International Beer Challenge (Tasting) Bronze 2016 International Beer Challenge Bronze 2016 International Beer Challenge Silver (Tasting) 2013 International Beer Challenge Silver (Tasting) 2014 Taste of the West Award Silver 2014 World Beer Awards Best Pilsner 2013 World Beer Cup Bronze 2014 World's Best Lager at World Beer Awards Gold 2013 Cider Orchard Cider (4.5% alcohol by volume) was made in collaboration with Cornish Orchards in Duloe. It is now made with Sheppy's Cider, a family-run farm in Somerset, using only West Country cider apples, and matured in traditional oak vats. References External links Official website

B. Calvin Jones

B. Calvin Jones (31 October 1938 – 15 February 1998) was an American archaeologist and discoverer of historic sites in Florida. He is listed as a Great Floridian. San Miguel de Asile was first discovered and investigated by Jones between 1968 and 1972. Jones concluded that the site was that of San Miguel de Asile. More recent archaeological work and research by Alissa Slade casts doubt on Jones's theory and indicates the site was not San Miguel de Asile, a Timucuan mission, but rather an Apalachee mission, possibly San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco.Anhaica was rediscovered in 1988 by Jones on the grounds of the Gov.

B. Calvin Jones (31 October 1938 – 15 February 1998) was an American archaeologist and discoverer of historic sites in Florida. He is listed as a Great Floridian. San Miguel de Asile was first discovered and investigated by Jones between 1968 and 1972. Jones concluded that the site was that of San Miguel de Asile. More recent archaeological work and research by Alissa Slade casts doubt on Jones's theory and indicates the site was not San Miguel de Asile, a Timucuan mission, but rather an Apalachee mission, possibly San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco.Anhaica was rediscovered in 1988 by Jones on the grounds of the Gov. John W. Martin House in Tallahassee. Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park was rediscovered in 1987 by B. Calvin Jones. It is located within DeSoto Site Historic State Park. After the abandonment of the Lake Jackson site, the chiefdom seat was moved to Anhaica, where in 1539 it was visited by the Hernando de Soto entrada, who knew the residents as the historic Muskogean-speaking Apalachee people. The mounds location on private property outside the state owned park meant it was not protected as the mounds inside the park are and it was leveled for use as fill dirt in the winter of 1975–1976. Before it was dug away by Jones, an archaeologist with the State of Florida Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties, conducted a salvage operation. He recovered 24 burials from Mound 3, with others known to have been lost in the destruction of the mound. Seven of the twelve levels that had been the top of the mound had graves dug into them. Graves dug into the other levels may have been lost as the mound was destroyed. The burials were in deep pits, some lined with split logs, but each grave was kept track of as none were dug down into previous graves. Before burial the bodies were wrapped in cloth and an embossed copper plate placed on their chest. They were then wrapped in leather and cane matting and placed into the prepared pit graves and split logs placed over them. This entire procedure of wrapping the body is reminiscent of "bundling", a practice used for sacred objects which has a long history among Native North Americans. A selection of other grave goods have been found wrapped in the bundles. In the sequence from lower to higher levels (oldest to more recent), the grave goods became more elaborate. In the upper levels, the grave goods included many objects made of copper, beads made of shell and pearl, and pipes associated with ritual use of tobacco. Although most of the burials were of elite men, the graves included one woman (buried with the most elaborate falcon dancer copper plate) and a child of about eleven years of age, probably of the elite class. One of the bodies had been cremated. The bones of a dog were found on top of one of the clay levels that was an earlier top surface of the mound.A display of B. Calvin Jones Caddo Collection is on display in Longview, Texas at the Gregg County Historical Museum located at 214 N. Fredonia St., Longview, Texas 75601. References External links Gregg County Historical Museum, Longview, Texas on YouTube

Apamea, Syria

Apamea (Greek: Ἀπάμεια, Apameia; Arabic: آفاميا, Afamia), on the right bank of the Orontes River, was an ancient Greek and Roman city. It was the capital of Apamene under the Macedonians, became the capital and Metropolitan Archbishopric of late Roman province Syria Secunda, again in the crusader period. Amongst the impressive ancient remains, the site includes the Great Colonnade which ran for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi) making it among the longest in the Roman world and the Roman Theatre, one of the largest surviving theatres of the Roman Empire with an estimated seating capacity in excess of 20,000. The site is about 55 km (34 mi) to the northwest of Hama, Syria, overlooking the Ghab valley.

Apamea (Greek: Ἀπάμεια, Apameia; Arabic: آفاميا, Afamia), on the right bank of the Orontes River, was an ancient Greek and Roman city. It was the capital of Apamene under the Macedonians, became the capital and Metropolitan Archbishopric of late Roman province Syria Secunda, again in the crusader period. Amongst the impressive ancient remains, the site includes the Great Colonnade which ran for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi) making it among the longest in the Roman world and the Roman Theatre, one of the largest surviving theatres of the Roman Empire with an estimated seating capacity in excess of 20,000. The site is about 55 km (34 mi) to the northwest of Hama, Syria, overlooking the Ghab valley. History Hellenistic era After the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great and the subsequent wars between his generals, and according to the new interpretation of a new historical and iconographic source for Hellenistic history, a mosaic of Apamea discovered in 2011, proposed by Olszewski and Saad, the foundation of Pella, the Macedonian military camp (katoikia) took place in the fall 320 BC, just after the Treaty of Triparadeisos (320 BC) at the initiative of Antipater, and Cassander's inspiration. In view of this interpretation, the authors disagree with the earlier hypothesises attributing the foundation of Pella to Alexander the Great or to Antigonus I Monophthalmus. From about 300 BC Pella receive a new status of polis, was fortified and established as a city (polis) by Seleucus I Nicator who named it after his Bactrian wife, Apama, daughter of the Sogdian warlord Spitamenes. The site was enclosed in a loop of the Orontes which, with the lake and marshes, gave it a peninsular form whence its other name of Cherronêsos. It was located at a strategic crossroads for Eastern commerce and became one of the four cities of the Syrian tetrapolis. Seleucus also made it a military base with 500 elephants, and an equestrian stud with 30,000 mares and 300 stallions. After 142 BC, the pretender Diodotus Tryphon made Apamea the base of his operations.Q. Aemilius Secundus did a population survey of the city and its territory which belonged to it in AD 6, in which he counted "117,000 hom(ines) civ(ium)" – 117,000 citizen human beings, a figure that has been interpreted as giving a total population of either 130,000 or 500,000, depending on methods used.In 64 BC, Pompey marched south from his winter quarters probably at or near Antioch and razed the fortress of Apamea when the city was annexed to the Roman Republic. In the revolt of Syria under Quintus Caecilius Bassus, it held out against Julius Caesar for three years till the arrival of Cassius in 46 BC. On the outbreak of the Jewish War, the inhabitants of Apamea spared the Jews who lived in their midst and would not suffer them to be murdered or led into captivity. Apamea was briefly captured in 40 BC by the Pompeian-Parthian forces. Much of Apamea was destroyed in the 115 AD earthquake, but was subsequently rebuilt. Roman era From 218 until 234 AD, the legion II Parthica was stationed in Apamea, when it abandoned support of the usurper Macrinus to the emperor and sided with Elagabalus' rise to the purple who then defeated Macrinus in the Battle of Antioch. Apamea was destroyed by Chosroes I in the 6th century.During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the city fell in 613 to Shahrbaraz and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war. Byzantine era The Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan (Num. xxxiv. 11) has Apamea (אפמיאה) for the city name Shepham as occurring in the Targumim Jerusalem and Neofiti. Since Apamea virtually belonged to Rabbinic Palestine, the first-fruits brought by Ariston from that town were accepted for sacrifice in Jerusalem. Islamic era Following the Muslim conquest of Syria, Apamea was partially rebuilt and known in Arabic as Afāmiya or Fāmiya. The city was conquered by the Rashidun along with Al-Suqaylabiyah city after the battle of the Yarmuk. Apamea was then used as an observation post to warn against enemy attack.It was settled by the Arab tribes of Bahra and Udhra. However, it only regained its importance under the rule of Aleppo-based Hamdanid dynasty. Ruled by Khalaf ibn Mula'ib from 1095–1106, the city was taken by Tancred after Khalaf's murder by Assassins. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1152. Remains Many remains of the ancient acropolis are still standing, consisting probably of the remains of highly decorated temples of which Sozomen speaks; it is now enclosed in ancient castle walls called Kalat el-Mudik (Kŭlat el-Mudîk); the remainder of the ancient city is to be found in the plain. The most significant collection of objects from the site, including many significant architectural and artistic objects, that can be seen outside of Syria are in Brussels at the Cinquantenaire Museum. As a result of the civil war in Syria, the ancient city has been damaged and looted by treasure hunters. In April 2017, Al-Masdar News published satellite photographs revealing the site was covered in hundreds of holes dug by treasure hunters seeking ancient artifacts. Great Colonnade The Great Colonnade was situated along the main avenue of Apamea and ran for nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), making it among the longest in the Roman world. It was rebuilt after the original, dating from the Seleucid Empire, was devastated along with the rest of Apamea in the 115 AD earthquake. Reconstruction started immediately and over the course of the second century the city was completely rebuilt, starting with the Great Colonnade. The colonnade was aligned along the north-south axis, making up the city's "cardo maximus". Starting at the city's north gate, the colonnade ran in an uninterrupted straight line to the south gate. The northern third of the colonnade's stretch is marked by a monumental votive column that stood opposite the baths. The colonnade passed through the centre of the city and several important buildings were clustered around it, including the baths, the agora, the Temple of Tyche, the nymphaeum, the rotunda, the atrium church and the basilica. On either side of the street a 6.15 metres (20.2 ft)-wide colonnade ran its full length. The columns were 9 metres (30 ft) high and 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) in diameter. They stood on square bases of 1.24 m on a side and 0.47 m high. The columns display two main designs: plain and distinctive spiral flutes. Archaeologist Jean Lassus argues that the former dates back to the Trajanic period, and the latter to that of Antoninus Pius. The colonnade's porticoes were paved with extensive mosaics along the full stretch of the colonnade.Under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, several parts of the colonnade were restored. The street was narrowed to 12 m by adding a walkway on either side. Several stretches of the street had their Roman pavement replaced with a new pavement made of squared blocks of limestone. The new pavement also covered a completely overhauled drainage system. Justinian's changes included erecting a monumental tetrastylon made up of four 9 m high columns with a metre-high capitals. The city, was however, later sacked by the Sasanians under Adarmahan.A reconstructed section of the colonnade can be seen in the Brussels Cinquantenaire Museum. Roman theatre Originally built as a Hellenistic style theatre in the early Seleucid Empire, the theatre was expanded and remodelled in the early Roman period, when the main stage and entrances were reorganized in a more typical Roman fashion. The 115 Antioch earthquake caused severe damage to the structure. It was rebuilt soon afterwards, under the patronage of both Trajan and Hadrian. The theatre was further expanded in the first half of the third century CE. Under the Byzantine Empire the theatre's drainage basin was restructured and a qanat was built through the middle of the lower stage. By the late Byzantine period the theatre had stopped serving as a centre for theatrical performances. However, the theatre and its qanat continued to be an important water source during the Byzantine and Islamic periods. The theatre was built into a steep hill overlooking the Orontes River valley.The theatre, along with the one at Ephesus, is one of the largest surviving theatres of the Roman Empire with an estimated seating capacity in excess of 20,000. The only other known theatre that is considerably larger was the Theatre of Pompey in Rome. Much of its structure is in ruins due to architectural collapses and extensive quarrying in later epochs, and only one-eighth of the site has been exposed so far. One of the main features at the theatre is its water basin and the elaborate Roman piping system used in it. The recently excavated terracotta system is located along the eastern ground entrance and is well preserved. Great hunting mosaic This mosaic, now in the Cinquantenaire Museum, Brussels, was discovered in 1935 in the reception room of what was probably the palace of the Roman governor of the province of Syria Secunda. Its area is 120 m². The great mosaic dates from 415–420 AD and is amongst the most prestigious of this type of composition. It is comparable technically and thematically with mosaics in the Palace of the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople, of the same period. An inscription at the entrance states: "During the most beautiful Apellion, the triclinium was rebuilt in the month Gorpiaios, third indict, in the year 851" (September, 539 AD). Bishopric Christianity came to the area within the first century. Bishops included: Marcellus of Apamea (fl. 375) Alexander of Apamea (fl. 431) Julian of Apamea, saint and opponent of Montanism Domnus (fl. 451) Epiphanius (451/457–after 471) Isaac (ordained bef. 512, died c. 513/514) Stephen (in 512–516) Cosmas (in 512–516) Peter of Apamea, monophysite (515/516–518/519)Today a number of Christian denominations maintain titular sees for the town. These include Latin Catholic titular Metropolitan archbishopric Melkite Catholic titular Metropolitan archbishopric Syriac Catholic Catholic titular Metropolitan archbishopric Maronite Catholic titular bishopric People Al-Muqtana – (11th-century Ismāʿīlī Governor and a founder of the Druze Faith, the primary exponent of the Divine call and author of several of the Epistles of Wisdom) Marinus – (praetorian prefect) Archigenes – (physician) Diodotus Tryphon – (official under King Alexander I Balas) Aristarchus of Thessalonica – (bishop, one of the Seventy Apostles) Evagrius Scholasticus – (6th-century historian) Iamblichus of Chalcis – (Neo-Platonist philosopher) Sopater of Apamea – (sophist and Neoplatonist philosopher) Junias – (1st-century bishop) Numenius of Apamea – (2nd century philosopher) Polychronius – (bishop, and brother of Theodore of Mopsuestia) Posidonius – (Greek philosopher and author, 2nd–1st Century BCE) Pseudo-Oppian poet Sextus Varius Marcellus – (3rd-century Roman Equestrian and later governor of Numidia. Husband of Julia Soaemias and father of Roman emperor Elagabalus) Theodoret – (5th-century bishop) See also Qalaat al-Madiq (modern city) Apamea (Babylonia) List of ancient Greek cities References Sources and external links GCatholic Latin titular see with incumbent biography links GCatholic Melkite titular Metropolitan see with incumbent biography links GCatholic Syrian Catholic titular Metropolitan see with incumbent biography links GCatholic Maronite titular episcopal see with incumbent biography links Suggestion to have Apamea recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site (in French) Images by Michał Jacykiewicz Photos of Apamea at the American Center of Research Bibliography Marek Titien Olszewski, Houmam Saad, "Pella-Apamée sur l'Oronte et ses héros fondateurs à la lumière d’une source historique inconnue: une mosaïque d’Apamée", in: M. P. Castiglioni, R. Carboni, M. Giuman, H. Bernier-Farella (eds.), Héros fondateurs et identités communautaires dans l’Antiquité, entre mythe, rite et politique, Morlacchi University Press, Padoue, pp. 365–416 (ISBN 978-88-9392-053-7) William Smith (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, "Apameia", London, (1854) R. F. Burton and T. Drake, Unexplored Syria E. Sachau, Reise in Syrien, 1883.

Armavia Flight 967

Armavia Flight 967 (U8967/RNV 967) was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Armavia from Zvartnots International Airport, Zvarnots in Armenia to Sochi, a Black Sea coastal resort city in Russia. On 3 May 2006, the aircraft operating the route, an Airbus A320-200, crashed into the sea while attempting a go-around following its first approach to Sochi airport; all 113 aboard were killed. The accident was the first major commercial airline crash in 2006. It was Armavia's first and only fatal crash.

Armavia Flight 967 (U8967/RNV 967) was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Armavia from Zvartnots International Airport, Zvarnots in Armenia to Sochi, a Black Sea coastal resort city in Russia. On 3 May 2006, the aircraft operating the route, an Airbus A320-200, crashed into the sea while attempting a go-around following its first approach to Sochi airport; all 113 aboard were killed. The accident was the first major commercial airline crash in 2006. It was Armavia's first and only fatal crash. Flight The aircraft took off from Zvartnots International Airport (EVN) at a scheduled departure time at 01:45 Armenian Daylight Time (20:45 UTC, May 2), with a scheduled arrival time at Sochi International Airport (AER) of 02:00 Moscow Daylight Time (22:00 UTC, May 2).To make their decision for departure, the crew obtained the observed weather data and the weather forecast for the takeoff, landing, and alternate aerodromes, all of which met the requirements for IFR flights. All the crew were correctly licensed and adequately rested to operate the flight. The airplane took off from Zvartnots airport at 20:47 with 113 occupants on board: 105 passengers (including five children and one infant), two pilots, one aircraft engineer, and five flight attendants. Takeoff, climb, and cruise were uneventful. The first communication between Sochi approach controller and the crew took place at 21:10. At that moment, the airplane was beyond the coverage area of the Sochi radar. Until 21:17, the approach controller and the crew discussed the observed and forecast weather, and as a result, the crew decided to return to Yerevan. At 21:26, after the decision had already been made, the crew asked the controller about the latest observed weather. At 21:30, the controller informed the crew that visibility was 3,600 metres (2.2 mi) and the cloud ceiling was 170 m (560 ft). At 21:31, the crew decided to continue the flight to Sochi airport. The next communication with the approach controller was at 22:00. The aircraft then was descending to an altitude of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and was being tracked by the Sochi radar. The approach controller cleared the flight for a descent to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and reported the observed weather at Sochi, as at 22:00, for runway 06, which was above the minima. The crew was then handed over to the holding and tower controllers, and was cleared for descent to 600 m (2,000 ft), before entering the turn to the final approach. Whilst performing the turn, the runway extended centreline was overshot. After eliminating the deviation, the crew started descending the aircraft along the glide slope, following the approach pattern. At 22:10, the crew reported that the gear was down and that they were ready for landing. In response, they were advised that they were 10 kilometres (6.2 mi; 5.4 nmi) from the airport and that the weather was now 4,000 m (13,000 ft) visibility and 190 m (620 ft) cloud ceiling, and were cleared for landing. About 30 seconds later, the controller advised the crew of the observed cloud ceiling at 100 m (330 ft) and instructed them to cease their descent, abandon the landing attempt, and carry out a right turn and climb to 600 m (2,000 ft) and also to contact the holding controller, who would give instructions for entering the airport's holding pattern. The last communication with the crew was at 22:12. After that, the crew did not respond to any of the controller's calls. At 22:13, the aircraft struck the water, and broke up on impact. Aircraft The aircraft involved was an A320 built in France, with its first flight in June 1995. It had an MSN number of 547 with a test registration code of F-WWIU. The aircraft was delivered in 1995 to Ansett Australia, registered in Australia as VH-HYO. It was acquired by Armavia in 2004 registered as EK-32009 with its name as Mesrop Mashtots. Armavia repainted the aircraft with its new livery on 31 October 2004. The aircraft had flown more than 10,000 hours before the crash.: 10–11 Passengers and crew Most of the passengers were citizens of Armenia. According to reports, the flight had 85 Armenian citizens, 26 Russian citizens, one Georgian citizen, and one Ukrainian citizen. Citizenship of the passengers and crewThe captain of Flight 967 was 40-year-old Grigor Grigoryan. Born in 1966, he had completed his primary training in Krasnokutsk Civil Flight School. He graduated in 1986 and also graduated from Moscow Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers. He joined Balaklavsky United as a co-pilot in 1986. He then joined Ararat Airlines in 1997 as a captain of Yakovlev Yak-40s. He then joined Armavia as a co-pilot of Airbus A320s in 2004 and subsequently promoted to a captain in 2005. He had passed a test for an Airbus A320 captain in SAS Flight Academy in Stockholm, Sweden, with satisfactory results. Captain Grigoryan had a total of 5,458 hours of flight experience, including 1,436 hours on the Airbus A320.: 8–9 The first officer (co-pilot) of Flight 967 was 29-year-old Arman Davtyan. He was born in 1977 and had completed his primary training in Ulyanovsk Civil Flying School and graduated in 1999. He then joined Chernomor-Avia in December 2001 as a co-pilot of Tupolev Tu-154s. He joined Armavia in 2002, joined Armenian Airlines in 2004, and then joined Armavia again in the same year. First Officer Davtyan had passed a training course for an Airbus A320 in SAS Flight Academy in Stockholm, Sweden, with satisfactory results. He had 2,185 flight hours, with 1,022 of them on the A320.: 9–10 Recovery efforts Flight 967 disappeared from Sochi's radar at 02:13 local time. Chief of Flight Operation N.G Savelyev alerted all the search-and-rescue services in the area and deployed an Mi-8 helicopter. At 02:19, the disappearance of Flight 967 was informed to Russia's Minister of Emergencies. A search helicopter was ready for takeoff to find the missing flight, but was not allowed by Sochi due to the deteriorating weather. The search-and-rescue operation was then suspended. At 04:08, the Ministry of Emergency's boat Valery Zamarayez found the probable crash area. Rescuers then went to the search area. From 07:30 to 12:30, the search-and-rescue team recovered 9 body parts from the crash site.: 18–22 Search-and-rescue personnel only managed to recover some of the flight's debris. They recovered the Airbus' nose, landing gear, fin, elevator, and several other fragments. Wiring and electronic units were also found. In total, 52 body fragments were found by the team, as well. The Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) noted that at the time when Flight 967 impacted the sea, the landing gear was extended. The lower part of the rudder was severely damaged due to the impact forces. Several parts of the aircraft elevator were also damaged. Some of the aircraft parts recovered from the sea were severely deformed.: 18–20 Causes Harmony The pilot had indicated an unhappiness with the late hour of the flight and the automated procedures or techniques of the autopilot. The pilot used some inputs and adjustments that appeared to be aimed at gaining command of the flight over what the automated systems had to offer. His attitude towards the aircraft and his lack of communication when making adjustments may have put additional strain on the first officer. Numerous deviations from standard procedures occurred once the captain was instructed to break off his landing approach and make a turn. The deviations combined with the lack of inputs and actions resulted in the aircraft not doing all things desired of it and also sounding a number of warnings. Weather The weather at the time was considered to be fine; low pressure was present near Sochi. A cold front was also detected and was forming in the Caucasian Edge and further to the east of Turkey at the time. Rain was also present in Adler (Sochi). In the spring transition period, low clouds often occurred in the Caucasian Edge, which could have limited visibility for the pilots. This proved to be dangerous, as most controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) occurs due to this kind of cloud (which obscures the pilots' visual reference).Prior to takeoff from Yerevan, the crew was briefed on the weather conditions in Sochi. At the time, the weather in Sochi was fine. After the takeoff of Flight 967, the pilots were given another weather briefing. It was still in good condition, with considerable clouds, mist, and light rain. The weather at the time would not have allowed for a vortex (i.e. storm, tornado, downdraft). In the following hours, the probability that a vortex might occur was reduced to zero. By the time Flight 967 entered Sochi, the weather conditions had deteriorated. A cold front wave occurred in Sochi, producing a cumulonimbus cloud. The rain intensified, and the visibility was reduced to 1,500 m. For several minutes, the weather became better for landing. The controllers instructed Flight 967 to abort their descent and conduct a go-around immediately, as low clouds were present at Sochi International Airport. Shortly afterwards, Flight 967 disappeared from Sochi radar.: 11–14 Recorders analysis Shortly after Flight 967 hit the water, the radio beacon signals, known as the emergency locator transmitter, started to sound. French BEA retrieved the submerged cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder (FDR) from the Black Sea and found only minor damage to both recorders. BEA later examined both the CVR and the FDR.: 17–18 Examination The flight was uneventful until the approach, but during the cruise stage of the flight, First Officer Davtyan stated: "[Expletive] it.. who operates such flights with the jitter and not enough sleep." The BEA also noted that neither pilot understood how the autopilot of an Airbus A320 works. Analysis of the internal communications at this stage of the flight shows that Captain Grigoryan was annoyed by the fact that in DESCENT mode (managed mode), the descent rate was not as high as he expected. BEA noted that in this mode, the descent rate is calculated automatically, depending on a number of parameters describing the descent, e.g. the aircraft attitude in relation to the preset profile and so on. Flight 967 was then instructed by Sochi tower to pass waypoint GUKIN and TABAN. It then passed both waypoints. While banking to turn to final approach, the rain started. First Officer Davtyan then reacted by saying exclamation words, possibly due to emotional stress. The Sochi controller then told the crew of Flight 967 that the weather in Sochi had deteriorated, and instructed the pilot to abort their descent. The crew reacted to this report, responding with negative words and expletives to the controller. The crew had been discussing the issue for three minutes, swearing about the controller's actions even between the items on the checklist. The aircraft climbed and started to bank, and the flaps were extended to 18°. At this point, Captain Grigoryan was heard in the CVR saying: "[Expletive] him" to the Sochi controller. The crew then contacted Sochi's holding controller and the final controller. They then selected the "glide-slope capture" descent mode, which is an automatic descent. The aircraft was descending with two engaged autopilots and engaged autothrust. The speed was controlled by the autothrust at the target speed of 137 kn (254 km/h), stabilised on the glide slope, in the landing configuration, and ready for landing. The crew then proceeded to the landing checklist. Sochi tower instructed them to abort their descent and conduct a go-around, as low clouds had formed near the airport. The aircraft climbed, the thrust levers were moved to climb position, the flaps and slats remained fully extended, and the landing gear remained fully extended. A few minutes later, the "Speed Speed Speed" (low energy) warning sounded, which advises the crew that "the aircraft energy is decreasing to the limit, below which the engine thrust must be increased to regain a positive angle of the flight path". At the moment when the aural warning sounded, the aircraft altitude was 1,150 ft (350 m), the crew then pushed the TO/GA button. BEA stated that none of the crew's actions were important and necessary for a go-around procedure, such as extending the flaps and the landing gear. This demonstrated that at that time, both flight crewmen's' conditions were not at the optimum level. BEA also suspected that the low energy warning was not detected or noticed by the crew. The autopilot was then disengaged by the crew, as they cast doubts on the autopilot (on the cruise stage of the flight, First Officer Davtyan joked about the autopilot, stating that Captain Grigoryan's autopilot was better than him, indicating that they had doubts about the autopilot and suspected that it was not functioning properly.) Captain Grigoryan then banked the aircraft to the right. Both crew members then became more physically and emotionally stressed, as further conversations among them revealed that their intonations became higher and higher. The aircraft then decreased its pitch-up attitude and banked to the right. Then, one of the crew stepped on the rudder pedals, causing the rudder to deflect. This was not necessary. The BEA suspected that Captain Grigoryan unknowingly stepped on the pedals, while under psychoemotional stress. BEA then found that the crew may have been suffering a somatogravic illusion in flight. Somatogravic illusion, in aviation, is a type of optical illusion that can cause the crew to think that they are pitching up, while in reality, they are not. This could happen during night-time flying (causing the crew to lose their visual reference, as it was dark) accompanied by the lack of monitoring of the flight's indicator. Somatogravic illusion was responsible for the crash of Gulf Air Flight 072 in Bahrain. The BEA also suspected the specific features of the speed indication on the PFD, especially speed limitations for the Airbus A320 configuration that are shown as the red bars at the top of the speed indication strip. One of the crew members might have adopted the reflex acquired in training, for example, in response to a TCAS warning when the pilot is anxious to avoid the displayed red part of the instrument scale, which may result in the instinctive forward movement of the side stick, especially when the pilot is in a state of psycho-emotional strain. This version is substantiated by the fact that the pilot was monitoring the flight speed and its limitations (VFE) that depended on the Airbus A320 configuration and retracted the flaps and slats in a timely manner, and the control inputs on the side stick coincided with the moments when the current speed was getting close to the limit value. Neither of these probable causes has enough evidence, however. The crew of Flight 967 then communicated with Sochi tower. Their words were not completed; "Sochi Radar, Armavia 967...". This was the last communication from Flight 967, as Captain Grigoryan ordered First Officer Davtyan to fully extend the flaps.: 46 After First Officer Davtyan extended the flaps to full, a few seconds later, the master warning sounded, and continued to do so until the end of the recording. The speed at the time was too fast, which could tear the flaps apart and could cause the plane to crash, similar to Austral Lineas Aereas Flight 2553. The plane was banking to the right. Flight 967 began a nose-down attitude and the flaps then retracted to 18°. Captain Grigoryan then made an 11° nose-down input, causing the plane to descend even further. Captain Grigoryan aggravated the condition further by making a right bank input, causing the plane to bank severely to the right, with a roll angle of 39°. The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) then sounded. First Officer Davtyan then ordered Captain Grigoryan to level off. At this moment, First Officer Davtyan intervened and moved the stick to the left position (20° to the left) to counter the increasing right bank, while Captain Grigoryan continued making his control inputs to increase the right bank. Apparently, First Officer Davtyan was trying to counter the bank only, as he also made a nose-down input, causing the plane to descend even further. While intervening, First Officer Davtyan had not pressed the take-over push button, so both pilot's control inputs were added and prohibited. This is known as dual input. Such dual piloting is prohibited. The dual-input warning should have sounded at the time, but because its priority is lower than the GPWS, it did not, and so neither pilot knew that he was making dual inputs on the aircraft. The crew's attention might have been distracted by the controller's direction. The controller was sending the crew a 20-second-long message. While the plane was descending, one of the crew members suddenly moved the thrust lever way back, into its idle position, and then moved the thrust lever forward, causing the autothrottle to disengage. The crew then desperately tried to lift the plane up, but the plane hit water at a speed of 285 kn (528 km/h; 328 mph), killing all on board. Primary conclusions of the final accident report The crash of Armavia Flight 967 was a controlled flight into terrain, specifically water, while conducting a climbing maneuver after an aborted approach to Sochi airport at night with weather conditions below landing minimums for runway 06. While performing the climb with the autopilot disengaged, the captain, being in a psychoemotional stress condition, made nose-down control inputs due to the loss of pitch and roll awareness. This started the abnormal situation. The captain's insufficient pitch-control inputs led to a failure to recover the aircraft and caused it to crash. Along with the inadequate control inputs from the captain, the contributing factors of the crash were also the lack of monitoring the aircraft's pitch attitude, altitude, and vertical speed by the first officer and no proper reaction by the crew to GPWS warnings.: 52 Contributory factors and shortcomings Source:: 52–54 Safety recommendations To eliminate the shortcomings revealed during investigation of this accident, the final accident report made 22 safety recommendations:: 54–55 See also List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 Flydubai Flight 981 Air China Flight 129 Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 Gulf Air Flight 072 Northwest Airlink Flight 5719, a case where a bully-ish captain treated his first officer disrespectfully, intimidating him before a collision with trees. Kenya Airways Flight 507, another case where a bully-ish captain treated his first officer disrespectfully, intimidating him from following instructions. 2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash, a plane that crashed in 2016 near Flight 967 site. References External links Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network Interstate Aviation Committee Final accident report - (Statistics about the crash) – English translation done by and hosted by the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) (Archive, Alternate, Archive) – Includes comments by the BEA on the investigation, and the IAC's response to the BEA's comments Investigation and Report (Archive) - (Statistics about the crash) (in Russian) – The Russian version is the version of record Technical Report (in Russian) (Archive) Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety "Accident near Sochi on 2 May 2006." (Archive) Armeniapedia.org article on the crash AirDisaster.com – Armenian A320 crashes into Black Sea[usurped] (Archive[usurped]) Airbus ARMAVIA FLIGHT RNV 967 ACCIDENT IN SOCHI, RUSSIA (Archive)

List of geological features on Callisto

This is a list of named geological features on Callisto, a moon of Jupiter. This list is complete as of August 2022.

This is a list of named geological features on Callisto, a moon of Jupiter. This list is complete as of August 2022. Catenae Callistoan catenae (crater chains) are named after rivers, valleys, and ravines in myths and folktales of cultures of the Far North (all current names come from Norse mythology). Craters Faculae Faculae (bright spots) on Callisto are named after characters related to frost, snow, cold, and sleet from myths and folktales of people of the Far North. Large ring features The enormous impact-related ring features on Callisto are named after places (other than rivers, valleys and ravines) from myths and folktales of the Far North. References External links USGS, IAU: Callisto nomenclature

Bram Goldsmith

Bram Goldsmith (February 22, 1923 – February 28, 2016) was an American real estate developer, banker and philanthropist. He served as the chief executive officer of City National Bank from 1975 to 1995, and as its chairman from 1975 to 2013. He became known as the "banker to the stars". He was a major philanthropist in Beverly Hills, California.

Bram Goldsmith (February 22, 1923 – February 28, 2016) was an American real estate developer, banker and philanthropist. He served as the chief executive officer of City National Bank from 1975 to 1995, and as its chairman from 1975 to 2013. He became known as the "banker to the stars". He was a major philanthropist in Beverly Hills, California. Early life Bram Goldsmith was born in 1923 in Chicago, Illinois, where he grew up. His father was Max Goldsmith and his mother, Bertha.Goldsmith graduated from the University of Illinois, where he studied finance and business administration. After graduation, he served in the United States Army Air Corps for three and a half years, spending eighteen months in Burma. Career Goldsmith served as president and chief executive officer of the Buckeye Realty and Management Corporation and the Buckeye Construction Company for twenty-five years. It was the largest privately owned real estate development company in California at the time. It built over thirty office towers in Beverly Hills, California. The loans for their construction were secured through the City National Bank.Goldsmith was elected to the board of directors of City National Bank in 1964, when Alfred S. Hart was chairman and Benjamin N. Maltz (1901–1993), president. He served as its chief executive officer for twenty years, from 1975 to 1995, and as its chairman from 1975 to 2013. During his tenure, the bank's assets went from $600 million to $3.3 billion. He served as its chairman emeritus and Board until his death. He was sometimes referred to as the "banker to the stars," as the bank's clients under his included celebrities such as; Robert Redford, Paul Newman and Cher. In 1984, he was the highest paid banker in the United States with US$3.1 million, more than the salaries of the CEOs of Bank of America, Citibank and Chase Manhattan combined.Goldsmith served on the board of directors of the Los Angeles Branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco from 1981 to 1987. He also served on the board of directors of Wynn Resorts. Philanthropy Goldsmith chaired the Los Angeles United Jewish Fund Campaign of 1965. He served as president of the Jewish Federation Council of Greater Los Angeles in 1969 and 1970. He also served as national chairman of the United Jewish Appeal from 1970 to 1974. Additionally, he served as Los Angeles Chairman and national Board member of the National Conference of Christians and Jews.Goldsmith served as president of the Hillcrest Country Club from 1972 to 1975. He also served on the board of trustees of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from 1979 to 1999. From 1977 until his death in 2016, he served on the board of trustees of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. He was also chairman of the board of Region IV of the United Way and a member of its Central Board. Additionally, he served as the Founding Chairman of the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts in Beverly Hills, California, until February 2013. Therein the 500-seat Goldsmith Theater is named in his honor. Personal life Goldsmith was married to Elaine Maltz, a sculptor and the daughter of Benjamin N. Maltz, the President of City National Bank. They resided above Sunset Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California and had a secondary residence in Newport Beach, California. Their youngest son, Russell Goldsmith, serves as chairman and chief executive officer of City National Bank. Their other son Bruce Goldsmith is a published novelist, playwright and screenwriter. Death and legacy Goldsmith died on February 28, 2016, at the age of 93. The city of Beverly Hills named Bram Goldsmith Way in his honor on November 7, 2018. == References ==

Edrom

Edrom is a parish and small village in the pre-1975 ancient county of Berwickshire, now an administrative area of the Scottish Borders region of Scotland. The rural parish of Edrom is in east central Berwickshire being bounded on the north by the parishes of Bunkle and Preston and Chirnside, on the east by the Parishes of Chirnside, Hutton and Whitsome and Hilton, on the south by the parishes of Whitsome and Hilton, Swinton and Fogo and on the west by the parishes of Langton and Duns. It includes the nearby village of Allanton.

Edrom is a parish and small village in the pre-1975 ancient county of Berwickshire, now an administrative area of the Scottish Borders region of Scotland. The rural parish of Edrom is in east central Berwickshire being bounded on the north by the parishes of Bunkle and Preston and Chirnside, on the east by the Parishes of Chirnside, Hutton and Whitsome and Hilton, on the south by the parishes of Whitsome and Hilton, Swinton and Fogo and on the west by the parishes of Langton and Duns. It includes the nearby village of Allanton. Locality Edrom lies three miles north-east of Duns, and close to the Whiteadder Water. Nearby are Allanbank, Allanton, the Blackadder Water, Blanerne Castle, Chirnside, Chirnsidebridge, Foulden, Gavinton, Hutton, Kimmerghame House, Manderston House, Preston, Wedderburn Castle, and the former Kelloe House. Village The village contains several notable buildings, including the Manse, 1881, and the former school, early 19th century. The schoolroom, now the Village Hall, is very likely the Sewing School erected in 1866. Edrom Newton Farm, with a neo-Jacobean steading, is a late 18th or early 19th century farm house built by Richard Miller of Manderston; it is notable for its pavilions with Venetian windows. Edrom Farm Cottages are a stylish group of neo-Jacobean cottages, 1876, just to the east of the steading. Two bridges, Kelloe Bridge and Todheugh Bridge, cross the Blackadder Water and the Whiteadder Water respectively. Parish Church A parish church was granted to Durham Cathedral in the early 12th century. The Logan Aisle, to the west of the church, contains what is described as the finest piece of Romanesque architectural sculpture in Scotland - the reset doorway from the main church. This dates from the 12th century, and is now somewhat worn. Edrom House Thought to date from circa 1740, and a somewhat dated design for that time, Edrom House is a simple classical rectangular piend-roofed house. A design introduced by Sir William Bruce in the 17th century. Edrom House was the home of the International Cello Centre, a residential school for musicians of varying ages and backgrounds run by John Gwilt, Jane and Christopher Cowan, where Steven Isserlis and Steven Doane trained in the 1970s. The school is no longer based at Edrom and is now called The Edrom Casals Centre. Berwickshire Railway Edrom had a railway station on the North British Railway's Berwickshire Railway (opened 1863). The railway line ran from Reston to Earlston, joining the East Coast Main Line to the Waverley Line. A five span rounded arch railway bridge was built over the Whiteadder Water, in the hamlet of Chirnsidebridge, in 1863 to carry the railway. Edrom Railway Station was closed to passenger traffic 10 September 1951. Freight continued until 19 July 1965. The station had a single platform. The station building, platform and goods shed remain intact. Body Snatching Edrom was notable as the site of Body snatching which resulted in a riot in Duns. Notable people George Buchan of Kelloe (1775–1856), Church of Scotland elder. Secretary to the Governor of Madras. Alexander Christison (1751–1820), began his career as schoolmaster of Edrom. Robert Fortune (1812–1880), botanist and plant hunter, was born in Edrom. See also List of places in the Scottish Borders List of places in Scotland References Bibliography Borders and Berwick by Charles Alexander Strang, The Rutland Press, 1994, ISBN 1-873190-10-7 The Buildings of Scotland - Borders, by Kitty Cruft, John Dunbar and Richard Fawcett, Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-10702-1 Knight Frank (2002) Edrom House, Duns, Berwickshire: Sale particulars, Lauder. Held at RCAHMS National Library of Scotland, Memorials of a Border Family, history of the Logan Home family External links RCAHMS record for Edrom Parish RCAHMS record for Edrom Parish Church, Manse RCAHMS record for Edrom House FORESTRY COMMISSION: Response to Consultation on Forestry Provision in the Scottish Climate Change Bill, from Edrom, Allanton and Whitsome Community Council GEOGRAPH image of Edrom Norman Arch VisitScotland: Edrom Nurseries

Three Great Nobles of the Restoration

The Three Great Nobles of the Restoration (維新の三傑, Ishin no Sanketsu, lit. 'Three outstanding heroes in the restoration') is a term used in Japan for three figures that played an important role in the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and are regarded as the founders of the modern state of Japan.The Three Great Nobles were: Ōkubo Toshimichi of the Satsuma Domain (Satsuma-han) Saigō Takamori of the Satsuma Domain (Satsuma-han) Kido Takayoshi (also known as Katsura Kogorō) of the Chōshū Domain (Chōshū-han)All Three Great Nobles were samurai of the Satchō Alliance, and died within a short period of time between 1877 (Meiji 10) and 1878 (Meiji 11). Saigō led the Satsuma Rebellion, the largest uprising against the new Meiji government, and died at the Battle of Shiroyama. Kido died from an unknown illness during the Satsuma Rebellion, and Ōkubo was later assassinated by former samurai of the Satsuma Domain for his involvement against the uprising. == References ==

The Three Great Nobles of the Restoration (維新の三傑, Ishin no Sanketsu, lit. 'Three outstanding heroes in the restoration') is a term used in Japan for three figures that played an important role in the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and are regarded as the founders of the modern state of Japan.The Three Great Nobles were: Ōkubo Toshimichi of the Satsuma Domain (Satsuma-han) Saigō Takamori of the Satsuma Domain (Satsuma-han) Kido Takayoshi (also known as Katsura Kogorō) of the Chōshū Domain (Chōshū-han)All Three Great Nobles were samurai of the Satchō Alliance, and died within a short period of time between 1877 (Meiji 10) and 1878 (Meiji 11). Saigō led the Satsuma Rebellion, the largest uprising against the new Meiji government, and died at the Battle of Shiroyama. Kido died from an unknown illness during the Satsuma Rebellion, and Ōkubo was later assassinated by former samurai of the Satsuma Domain for his involvement against the uprising. == References ==

Bombus affinis

Bombus affinis, commonly known as the rusty patched bumble bee, is a species of bumblebee endemic to North America. Its historical range in North America has been throughout the east and upper Midwest of the United States, north to Ontario, Canada, where it is considered a "species at risk", east to Quebec, south to Georgia, and west to the Dakotas. Its numbers have declined in 87% of its historical habitat range. On January 10, 2017, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service placed B. affinis on the list of endangered species, making the rusty patched bumblebee the first bee to be added to the list in the continental United States (seven species of yellow-faced bees native to the Hawaiian islands were added in 2016). Members of B. affinis are relatively large in size, and like other species of bumblebees, are known to be eusocial organisms.

Bombus affinis, commonly known as the rusty patched bumble bee, is a species of bumblebee endemic to North America. Its historical range in North America has been throughout the east and upper Midwest of the United States, north to Ontario, Canada, where it is considered a "species at risk", east to Quebec, south to Georgia, and west to the Dakotas. Its numbers have declined in 87% of its historical habitat range. On January 10, 2017, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service placed B. affinis on the list of endangered species, making the rusty patched bumblebee the first bee to be added to the list in the continental United States (seven species of yellow-faced bees native to the Hawaiian islands were added in 2016). Members of B. affinis are relatively large in size, and like other species of bumblebees, are known to be eusocial organisms. Most nests constructed by B. affinis are built underground, and are commonly found in old rodent burrows. Nests created in captivity can house up to 2,100 members, but they are typically much smaller in the wild. This species consumes nectar and pollen from a variety of plants, including Abelia grandiflora, Asclepias syriaca, and Linaria spp. The colony odor is very similar to that of Bombus terricola, which makes it difficult for predators and parasites to differentiate between the two species. Taxonomy and phylogeny B. affinis is a member of the subfamily Apinae, and is most closely related phylogenetically to B. franklini, which is another species of bumble bee endemic to North America. B. affinis is in the company of nearly 250 other species of bumblebee worldwide in the genus Bombus, although only 50 are native to parts of the US and Canada. Unlike many other members of the genus Bombus, B. affinis workers and queens are characterized by different color patterns, which allow observers to tell them apart. Description and identification Morphology Large differences are seen in morphology between both queens and workers, and males. Queens are about 20–22 mm (0.79–0.87 in) in length and 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in) in width, which is larger than workers that are typically about 10–16 mm (0.39–0.63 in) in length and 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) in width. Both queens and workers have black hair that covers their heads, much of their legs, and the bottom of their abdomens. They also both have completely yellow hair on the majority of their abdomens, except for a small section near the area closest to the rear end of the bee. Workers have a slight mixing of yellow and black hairs near the base of the wings, which forms a discernible "V" shape, as well as a rust-colored patch of hair on the middle portion of the abdomen. Thus, while workers and queens share similarities in certain aspects of coloration, also differences occur in body size and the presence or absence of rust-colored patches of hair. Regardless of the caste within the colony, all members of B. affinis have significantly shorter tongues than any other species of bumblebee. Because of its body size and furry appearance, however, this bee is often confused with other species of bumblebee, such as B. citrinus, B. griseocollis, B. perplexus, and B. vagans. Furthermore, males and workers of B. affinis also differ in terms of their appearance and body size. Males are typically slightly larger than workers (13–17.5 mm (0.51–0.69 in) in length), and have a few off-white/pale hairs present on tops of their heads. They also have black hair which sometimes streaks across the tops of their abdomens (which are typically yellow). Finally, males can even have pale yellow hair on their abdomens, as opposed to the normal shade of yellow observed in workers and queens. Nests B. affinis are known to build their nests underground in locations such as ditches on the side of the road, wetlands, and fields. However, nests are sometimes constructed above ground in chunks of grass and soil, which can be limited by the availability of open grasslands. A B. affinis nest was once found inside an armchair that was abandoned outside. When nests are constructed underground, though, they are typically located 16–18 in (410–460 mm) below the surface, and are composed of soft soil. Distribution and habitat B. affinis requires three different types of habitats (each for foraging, nesting, and hibernating) which are geographically close to one another, making this species particularly vulnerable to extinction. It requires a temperate climate, and can even withstand cold temperatures that most species of bumblebees cannot. In addition, B. affinis has been found at elevations as high as 1600 m. B. affinis is known to visit a number of sites for foraging, including sand dunes, farmland, marshes, and wooded areas. Members actively forage between April and October, thus requiring flowers to bloom for a long period of time. B. affinis nests are strikingly similar to other species of bees, which makes them difficult to locate. However, queen and workers work together to make individual cells and honey pots out of wax stores. In terms of their hibernating habitat, little information is known. B. affinis queens overwinter, but they most likely will live underground or burrow into rotting logs during the winter to survive. While B. affinis' habitat used to be highly prevalent, a large decline has occurred in recent years, possibly due to increased land development and agricultural use.Until the 1980s, it was one of the most common species of bumblebee in southern Ontario. Since then, the species has had a drastic decline in number and is now difficult to find in its normal range. The last sightings reported within Ontario were in Pinery Provincial Park (Lambton County) in 2009, despite widespread surveys in Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has begun a recovery project aimed at protecting the species and critical habitats centered in Pinery Provincial Park. These threats have been proposed as the cause of population decline: pathogen spillover from other species, pesticide use, and habitat fragmentation and loss. Surveys from 2001–2008 located B. affinis populations only in Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, and southern Ontario. Bell Bowl Prairie in Illinois is a known habitat of B. affinis; it was partially demolished in March 2023 to make way for an expansion of the Chicago Rockford International Airport. Colony cycle Colony initiation and growth New colonies are started by B. affinis in the spring and decline in the fall. Members of this species actually emerge before most other species of Bombus, and continue foraging after other species have begun hibernating. Solitary queens are the first to emerge and begin searching for a colony, while also collecting nectar and pollen to feed her future brood. The queen uses sperm she has saved from her mating activities of the previous fall to fertilize her eggs. Eggs hatch about four days after fertilization, but take up to 5 weeks to become completely developed adults depending on temperature and food availability. In the first few weeks after laying her brood, the queen is solely responsible for feeding her young. However, shortly afterwards, her female worker offspring begin collecting food for the colony in preparation for more offspring. Once the workers are able to become the primary caretakers of the nest, the queen can focus on laying more eggs. At this point (which is about halfway through the summer), the number of workers reaches an optimal number and the queen begins producing males and potential new queens. Colony sizes can range from 50 to 400 individuals, although colonies raised in captivity are known to get much larger, having as many members as 2100. Colony decline During this half-way point in the summer, any members with reproductive potential leave the nest and begin mating. The number of potential queens that can be produced is heavily reliant on the amount of nectar and pollen that can be gathered during this time. Thus, a shortage of food may result in lesser queen production, and vice versa. Because solitary queens are the only members of the B. affinis that can initiate new colonies, the success of future colonies is dependent on queen production. Furthermore, after mating, new queens rest and enter into diapause, or hibernation for the winter. Male members and workers decline as the weather gets colder, and eventually die when winter comes. Thus, colonies live for about 4–5 months depending on the environmental conditions. Queens commonly die at different times throughout colony production, which can often lead to orphaned colonies. Queens typically live for about 77 days on average. Reproductive suppression Similar to other social insects, egg laying by B. affinis workers is suppressed by the presence of a dominant queen that is capable of reproducing. The queen's position as a dominant member or leader of the colony is made known through both pheromones and behavioral patterns. However, strictly the presence of specific pheromones suppresses gonadotropic hormones in B. affinis workers, leading to suppressed reproductive potential. Variability exists in dominance signals both between certain species, and also between subspecies or subgenera. For example, in B. terrestris colonies, presence or absence of abdominal glands rather than pheromones dictates the dominance of the queen. In the absence of a fecund queen, aggression and violence between workers increases quickly. In addition, ovarian weight is significantly lower in colonies where the queen is present than when she is removed.Bombus bohemicus (an obligate brood parasite of B. affinis) was once thought to play a role in suppressing ovarian development in B. affinis, but this is not the case. Members of the subgenus Psithyrus often maul other members of the host colony, which indirectly decreases the number of eggs laid in the host colony. B. bohemicus does not demonstrate this behavior, and actually has worse chances of survival in nests where a dominant queen is not present, due to increased aggression by B. affinis members. However, while ovarian development is not impacted by the presence of B. bohemicus, overall reproductive success is decreased due to consumption of the host eggs and larval ejection. Kin selection Genetic relatedness Genetic relatedness within the B. affinis species varies depending on the relationship. Because members are haplodiploid making males haploid and females diploid, so genetic relatedness is asymmetrical, causing workers to be more closely related to their sisters than their brothers. B. affinis workers share a correlation coefficient (or variable indicating the strength of the relatedness/ degree of relatedness) of r = 0.75 with full sisters but only r = 0.25 for full brothers. In addition, workers are also much more closely related to their sons than their own brothers, and even more so than their nephews. The r value is likely greater than 0.5 for sons. While it is advantageous for ratio of males to queens to be 1:1 normally, this asymmetry in genetic relatedness results in much conflict between the queen and the workers. Thus, all members which are workers should demonstrate favor for a predominantly female population (if the queen is the major egg layer in the colony). Worker/queen conflict Differences in genetic relatedness can result in conflict between the B. affinis queen and workers. This conflict can manifest itself either through a skewed sex ratio with the absence of any physical aggression or through direct contact in which one member will act violently towards another member to inhibit reproductive success. Should aggression manifest itself as skewed sex ratios, the ratio of male to female offspring varies depending on the contribution from queens and workers. For example, if there is no worker contribution, the ratio will be 1:3 (males to females), however, if contribution is solely from workers, then the ratio be far closer to 1:1. However, should the aggression manifest itself as violent behaviors, they will often be directed toward a member's brood, through actions such as larval ejection. This larval ejection is often associated with the degradation of group cohesion, and typically occurs at a late stage in colony development. It can also be the result of workers attempt to lay their own eggs, independently of the queen. Interaction with other species Parasites B. affinis is parasitized most extensively by a separate species of bee, Bombus bohemicus, which is an obligate brood parasite. B. bohemicus ends hibernation shortly after B. affinis, and searches for their established nests, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Females of B. bohemicus are thought to be able to locate the host nests by identifying the odor from a distance—without ever having physical contact with the nest or regions that were used by workers. By flying low to the ground and searching carefully (even by looking near leaves and debris), B. bohemicus may first locate the entrance of a B. affinis nest, and then verify its findings by odor identification. After invading the nest, however, the B. bohemicus lives alongside the queen and the workers, and also attempts to rear its own brood (which must be raised with host workers' help). Because larger nests tend to have more workers defending the nest, B. bohemicus often invades smaller nests, which forces it to occupy smaller nests for a longer time. B. bohemicus is uniquely found in the nests of B. affinis and B. terricola, where it is usually tolerated if unnoticed. However, B. affinis has been known to exhibit oophagy (or consumption of nonhost eggs), larval ejection, and ejection of the parasite in response to parasite presence. Should B. bohemicus make a mistake in invading the nests of other species, they will be attacked by the queen, whose violent actions often end in their death. Diet B. affinis consumes the nectar and pollen of a variety of nototrobic plant species, including Lobelia siphilitica, Linaria vulgaris, and Antirrhinum majus. Research published in 2022 identified several plant genera the flowers of which B. affinis commonly visited. These included plants in the genera Monarda, Eutrochium, Veronicastrum, Agastache, and Solidago. This research supported recommendations for plantings and habitat management to help conserve the bee species.Dutchman's breeches (Dicentra cucullaria) is particularly dependent on members of the B. affinis for sexual reproduction. In fact, the flower structure and mechanism by which it is pollinated indicate that it is adapted to foragers such as B. affinis, which can separate the outer and inner petals of the flower. Members then use their front legs to expose the stigma, stamen, and anthers. Shortly afterwards, they sweep pollen in a forward stroke by using their middle legs, before leaving the flower to return to the colony with the pollen. In this way, D. cucullaria is pollinated as the bees move from plant to plant, and B. affinis meets its dietary needs. This pollen foraging behavior is strikingly similar to bees of the genus Apis. Species of the Apis are lighter in weight, though, making it slightly more difficult to gain access. Disease B. affinis is susceptible to a certain species of protozoa, known as Apicystis bombi. This pathogen affects about 3% of all B. affinis, and is particularly prevalent in Ontario. A. bombi first infects the gut of its host, then spreads this infection to the rest of the body. While its transmission is not well understood, A. bombi causes multiple negative effects, including increased death of worker bees, and the prevention of formation of new colonies. It also limits ovarian development of queens, and reduces their lifespans. This disease likely was introduced to North America by commercial B. terrestris in the early in early 2005 or 2006 when members invaded northern Patagonia, Argentina, from Europe. A. bombi rarely affects bees occupying Europe (only about 6-8% show signs of infection); however, for European bees living in Patagonia, incidence of infection is closer to about 50% in certain species. Because of this, conservation experts are concerned that A. bombi may be detrimental to several bumblebee species, including B. affinis. Importance in agriculture B. affinis is important to the agricultural industry. This species pollinates up to 65 different genera of plants, and is the primary pollinator of key food crops, such as cranberries, plums, apples, onions, and alfalfa. These crops are important for day-to-day consumption by humans, but are also vital to sustaining birds and mammals that feed on their fruit. Plants pollinated by B. affinis (such as Aralia and Spiraea) are used medicinally by aboriginal peoples of Canada known as the First Nations. Thus, the recent decline of B. affinis could have far-reaching effects on ecosystems, economic stability, and cultural traditions.In 2008, three recent events were reported to have led to the decline of B. affinis' agricultural role: pathogen spillover, pesticide use, and habitat loss. Many bumblebees used in commercial businesses harbor harmful parasites that can impact nearby wild populations of B. affinis. This often has lethal effects, and has led to the decline of B. terricola and B. impatiens, as well. Apart from pathogen spillover, novel pesticides also affect populations of B. affinis. Neonicotinoid pesticides are commonly used for pest control on crops and turf, but they are also toxic to bees. Because B. affinis nests are built underground, they are uniquely susceptible to this pesticide's use on turf. Lastly, increases in urbanization and industrialization have meant the loss of native habitats. While other species such as B. bimaculatus, the two-spotted bumble bee, have adapted well to urban environments, B. affinis has not. Whether the reduction of native food plants in particular has affected B. affinis is not known. See also List of bumblebee species References External links Data related to Bombus affinis at Wikispecies Media related to Bombus affinis at Wikimedia Commons

Har Nebo Cemetery

Har Nebo Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery in the Oxford Circle neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Established in 1890, it is the oldest privately owned Jewish cemetery in Philadelphia. It is named for Mount Nebo, a Moabite mountain mentioned as the place where Moses died in the Hebrew Bible on the other side the Jordan River.

Har Nebo Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery in the Oxford Circle neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Established in 1890, it is the oldest privately owned Jewish cemetery in Philadelphia. It is named for Mount Nebo, a Moabite mountain mentioned as the place where Moses died in the Hebrew Bible on the other side the Jordan River. Modern issues Har Nebo Cemetery is recognized as a cemetery that is, for the most part, in severe disrepair. Many gravestones are knocked over, much of the ground is unkempt, and the cemetery is often inaccessible. A restoration has been undertaken by Friends of Jewish Cemeteries to take ownership of and restore the cemetery to its previous condition. Notable interments David Cohen, Philadelphia City Councilman Harry Gold (1910–1972), atomic spy Eddie Gottlieb (1898–1979), American professional basketball coach and team owner Samuel Gross (1891–1934), Medal of Honor recipient Stan Hochman (1928–2015), sportswriter References External links Jewish Genealogical and Archival Society, Cemetery Data Har Nebo Cemetery at Find a Grave U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Har NEBO Cemetery

Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy

Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy is a volunteer computing project that runs on the BOINC platform. It is a joint effort of the French muscular dystrophy charity, L'Association française contre les myopathies; and L'Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute).

Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy is a volunteer computing project that runs on the BOINC platform. It is a joint effort of the French muscular dystrophy charity, L'Association française contre les myopathies; and L'Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute). Project purpose Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy studies the function of various proteins that are produced by the two hundred genes known to be involved in the production of neuromuscular proteins by modelling the protein-protein interactions of the forty thousand relevant proteins that are listed in the Protein Data Bank. More specifically, it models how a protein would be affected when another protein or a ligand docks with it. Scientific publications Decrypting protein surfaces by combining evolution, geometry, and molecular docking. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2019). Hidden partners: Using cross-docking calculations to predict binding sites for proteins with multiple interactions. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2018). Protein social behavior makes a stronger signal for partner identification than surface geometry. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2017). Great interactions: How binding incorrect partners can teach us about protein recognition and function. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2016). Protein-Protein Interactions in a Crowded Environment: An Analysis via Cross-Docking Simulations and Evolutionary Information. PLOS Computational Biology (2013). From Dedicated Grid to Volunteer Grid: Large Scale Execution of a Bioinformatics Application. Journal of Grid Computing (2009). Joint Evolutionary Trees: A Large-Scale Method To Predict Protein Interfaces Based on Sequence Sampling. PLOS Computational Biology (2009). Identification of Protein Interaction Partners and Protein–Protein Interaction Sites. Journal of Molecular Biology (2008). See also BOINC List of volunteer computing projects Muscular dystrophy World Community Grid External links Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy == References ==

Shoichiro Irimajiri

Shoichiro Irimajiri (入交 昭一郎, Irimajiri Shōichirō, born on January 3, 1940 in Kochi, Japan) and raised in Kobe is a Japanese engineer and businessman. He earned an aeronautical engineering degree from the University of Tokyo and worked for Honda Motor Co., Ltd. for 20 years, overseeing the introduction of its CBX motorcycle, design of their F1 racing engines for the RA273 as well as being the president of Honda of America Inc. He resigned in 1992 due to a heart problem, and started a Chinese traditional treatment to restore his condition. During this time, it was said that General Motors recruited Irimajiri for a senior executive position at the company, in light of his success at Honda. While he declined that position and accepted a spot as an outside director, if Irimajiri had accepted the offer, he would have been the first Japanese-born automotive executive of an American automobile manufacturer.After his recovery, Hayao Nakayama, then president of Sega Enterprises, asked him to become vice president of the company.

Shoichiro Irimajiri (入交 昭一郎, Irimajiri Shōichirō, born on January 3, 1940 in Kochi, Japan) and raised in Kobe is a Japanese engineer and businessman. He earned an aeronautical engineering degree from the University of Tokyo and worked for Honda Motor Co., Ltd. for 20 years, overseeing the introduction of its CBX motorcycle, design of their F1 racing engines for the RA273 as well as being the president of Honda of America Inc. He resigned in 1992 due to a heart problem, and started a Chinese traditional treatment to restore his condition. During this time, it was said that General Motors recruited Irimajiri for a senior executive position at the company, in light of his success at Honda. While he declined that position and accepted a spot as an outside director, if Irimajiri had accepted the offer, he would have been the first Japanese-born automotive executive of an American automobile manufacturer.After his recovery, Hayao Nakayama, then president of Sega Enterprises, asked him to become vice president of the company. In 1996, he additionally became chairman and CEO of Sega of America. He became president of Sega in 1998, when he laid an ambitious plan using the Dreamcast to restore Sega's lost market share and prestige, which took a severe downfall following the flawed launches of the Sega Saturn and the Sega 32X. After Sega reported its third consecutive loss, Irimajiri resigned and Isao Okawa took his place. He was last a chairman of Asahi Tec, a Japanese manufacturer of aluminum parts and castings for automobiles, owned by Ripplewood Holdings. == References ==

Paul Omba-Biongolo

Paul Omba-Biongolo (born 28 December 1995) is a French heavyweight boxer. He competed at the 2016 Olympics, but was eliminated in his first bout by Abdulkadir Abdullayev of Azerbaijan.

Paul Omba-Biongolo (born 28 December 1995) is a French heavyweight boxer. He competed at the 2016 Olympics, but was eliminated in his first bout by Abdulkadir Abdullayev of Azerbaijan. References External links Media related to Paul Omba-Biongolo at Wikimedia Commons Paul Omba-Biongolo at Olympedia Paul Omba Biongolo at Olympics.com Paul Omba Biongolo at OlympicChannel.com (archived) Paul Omba Biongolo at Olympic.org (archived) Paul Omba Biongolo at AIBA.org (archived)

St Michael's Church, Heighington

St Michael's Church is a Church of England parish church in Heighington, Darlington, County Durham. The church is a grade I listed building.

St Michael's Church is a Church of England parish church in Heighington, Darlington, County Durham. The church is a grade I listed building. History The earliest parts of the tower, nave, and chancel date from before the Norman conquest (IE pre-1066). In circa 1160/1170, the chancel was rebuilt and a third stage was added to the tower. A vestry was added in the 13th century. The chantry chapel, originally dating to the 13th century, was extended in the 14th century to form the south aisle. In the 15th century, a parapet was added to the tower.The church was altered during the Victorian restoration period. Restorations took place in the 1840s, and then under Ewan Christian from 1872 to 1875.On 20 March 1967, the church was designated a grade I listed building. Present day St Michael's is part of the parish of Herrington in the Archdeaconry of Auckland of the Diocese of Durham. St Michael's stands in the Central tradition of the Church of England. It currently holds joint Anglican/Methodist services. References External links A Church Near You entry Media related to St Michael the Archangel's church, Heighington at Wikimedia Commons

List of hospitals in Angola

This is a list of hospitals in Angola. As of 2019 there are a total of 1,575 medical facilities in Angola.

This is a list of hospitals in Angola. As of 2019 there are a total of 1,575 medical facilities in Angola. Hospitals The hospitals in the table below shows the name, location, affiliation, and number of licensed beds. Only the most notable hospitals in Angola are listed. The best hospitals are located in the country's capital city, Luanda. The largest number of medical facilities in Angola are the health centers that are not listed. See also Healthcare in Angola == References ==

Mo Nunn

Morris Nunn (27 September 1938 – 18 July 2018) was an English motor racing team owner and engineer. He founded and ran the Ensign Formula One team in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and later worked for Chip Ganassi's highly successful Champ Car team, before founding Mo Nunn Racing for the 2000 season. At the urging of Mercedes-Benz Nunn again started a team for the 2002 Indy Racing League season. The team was sponsored by WorldCom and Hollywood (tobacco) and initially hired Tony Kanaan and Felipe Giaffone. Giaffone finished 3rd in the 2002 Indianapolis 500 and Kanaan was leading but crashed in the last laps.

Morris Nunn (27 September 1938 – 18 July 2018) was an English motor racing team owner and engineer. He founded and ran the Ensign Formula One team in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and later worked for Chip Ganassi's highly successful Champ Car team, before founding Mo Nunn Racing for the 2000 season. At the urging of Mercedes-Benz Nunn again started a team for the 2002 Indy Racing League season. The team was sponsored by WorldCom and Hollywood (tobacco) and initially hired Tony Kanaan and Felipe Giaffone. Giaffone finished 3rd in the 2002 Indianapolis 500 and Kanaan was leading but crashed in the last laps. A third car driven by Jeff Simmons finished ninth. In 2002, Nunn entered one car each in Champ Car and the rival Indy Racing League. The IRL entry for Giaffone proved more competitive than Kanaan's Champ Car entry, encouraging the team to concentrate purely on IRL a year later. With Toyota and Pioneer backing, the former F1 driver Tora Takagi joined the team. He finished 10th in 2003, while Giaffone missed races because of injuries. He was replaced by Alex Barron, who won the Michigan race. For 2004, only one car was entered, for Takagi, whose performance was not impressive after a heavy crash at Twin Ring Motegi. Other than a joint effort with Fernández Racing at the 2005 Indianapolis 500, Nunn closed the team in 2005 and retired. Race results Complete CART FedEx Championship Series results (key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap; results with * indicate most laps led) IndyCar Series results (key) References Profile at Grandprix.com

Sir Henry Ingoldsby, 1st Baronet

Sir Henry Ingoldsby, 1st Baronet (1622–1701) was an English military commander and landowner. He was born in Lethenborough, Buckinghamshire, the 5th son of Sir Richard Ingoldsby and his wife Elizabeth Cromwell. She was the daughter of Sir Oliver Cromwell (died 1655), who was the uncle and godfather of Oliver Cromwell. He had four sisters and seven brothers, including Francis Ingoldsby and the regicide Richard Ingoldsby. He became an officer in the army under King Charles I of England but changed his loyalty to become a colonel in the Parliamentarian army under Oliver Cromwell.

Sir Henry Ingoldsby, 1st Baronet (1622–1701) was an English military commander and landowner. He was born in Lethenborough, Buckinghamshire, the 5th son of Sir Richard Ingoldsby and his wife Elizabeth Cromwell. She was the daughter of Sir Oliver Cromwell (died 1655), who was the uncle and godfather of Oliver Cromwell. He had four sisters and seven brothers, including Francis Ingoldsby and the regicide Richard Ingoldsby. He became an officer in the army under King Charles I of England but changed his loyalty to become a colonel in the Parliamentarian army under Oliver Cromwell. He volunteered to join Cromwell in his 1649 Irish campaign and fought under him at Drogheda and under Henry Ireton at Limerick. He was subsequently appointed Governor of Limerick and was rewarded by large grants of land in County Clare and County Meath. He was MP for counties County Clare, Limerick and County Kerry in the Protectorate Parliaments of 1654, 1656 and 1659. Foreseeing the imminent Restoration of Charles II he raced to England as soon as he heard of Richard Cromwell's downfall and seized Windsor Castle, holding it for the now pro-monarchist Parliament against the republican forces. After the Restoration of Charles II he was rewarded by being allowed to keep his Irish lands and have his Cromwellian baronetcy confirmed as Baronet of Beggstown, County Meath. He was appointed to the Privy Council of Ireland, and continued to represent County Clare in the Irish House of Commons in 1661–1666 and 1695–1699. He formed a regiment in 1689 to fight in Ireland for William III under General Schomberg, serving at the Siege of Carrickfergus. He died in Ireland in March 1701. He had married Anne, daughter of Sir Hardress Waller and Elizabeth Dowdall. He was succeeded as baronet by his son George, who married Mary, the daughter of Sir Peter Stanley, 2nd Bt and his wife Elizabeth Leigh, daughter of Sir John Leigh. He had a younger son Henry, MP for Limerick. He also had a daughter Anne, who married Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet. References "Sir Henry Ingoldsby, first baronet (bap. 1623, d. 1701)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14410. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

Age of the Gods

In Shinto chronology, the Age of the Gods (神代, Kami-yo/Jindai) is the period preceding the accession of Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan. The kamiyo myths are chronicled in the "upper roll" (Kamitsumaki) of the Kojiki and in the first and second chapters of the Nihon Shoki. The reigns of Emperor Jimmu and the subsequent Emperors are considered the Human Age (人代, Hitoyo).

In Shinto chronology, the Age of the Gods (神代, Kami-yo/Jindai) is the period preceding the accession of Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan. The kamiyo myths are chronicled in the "upper roll" (Kamitsumaki) of the Kojiki and in the first and second chapters of the Nihon Shoki. The reigns of Emperor Jimmu and the subsequent Emperors are considered the Human Age (人代, Hitoyo). Origin According to early mythology, the Japanese islands were created by Izanagi and Izanami, meaning "he who invites" and "she who invites". They find themselves on a heavenly golden bridge staring down at earth and its oceans. With their jeweled spear, called Amenonuhoko, given by the gods or kami before them, they dip the spear into the ocean, creating the islands of Japan, Onogoro Island (“spontaneous-congealed island”). Descending down from the skies, Izanagi and Izanami create their home and create a central Heavenly August pillar. Deciding to populate the land, Izanagi circles the left side of the pillar while Izanami circles the right. Meeting each other on the other side of it, Izanami greets her love "oh, what a comely young man." Izanagi replies with "How delightfully, I have met a lovely maiden." Izanami being a woman speaking first to a man, the gods looked at this as inappropriate and cursed the couple by the children they bore. Their first child Hiruko was born hideous and cast out for its atrocity. Trying and trying again, they fail to conceive a proper child. The gods explain to them both about their curse and decide to give them another chance. Once again Izanagi and Izanami circle the pillar just as before, only Izanagi speaks first. Their mating now was fruitful. Izanami gave birth to the islands of Awaji, Iyo (later Shikoku), Oki, Tsukushi (later Kyūshū), Iki, Tsushima, Sado, and finally Yamato (later Honshū), the largest. They named the land Oyashimakuni, the Land of Eight Great Islands. After that, Izanami gave birth in quick succession to the other minor islands that surround the main ones, and to the main kami of sea and harbor, of wind, trees, mountains, and so on. Many other kami were born from Izanami’s womb such as Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess. She was known as "Heaven-Illumine-of-Great-Deity”, and the Moon God, Tsukuyomi. His silver radiance was not so fair as the golden effulgence of his sister, the Sun Goddess. While both sit atop the heavens, they begin their sibling rivalry, quarreling and fighting, they decide they can no longer see each other face to face, thus creating day and night, separating the two. The last kami conceived was the fire god, Kagutsuchi. During birth, Kagutsuchi severely burned Izanami and eventually slipped away into the Land of Yomi, the underworld. "The tears Izanagi shed at the death of his wife brought forth further deities. Angered by the sight of the newly born fire kami who had been the cause of Izanami’s death, Izanagi drew his sword and decapitated the infant. The blood coalescing on the sword brought forth eight martial kami, including the important Takemikazuchi-no-kami and his peer, Futsunushi-no-kami. Eight more fierce kami of mountains and iron emerged from the infant’s body and limbs."In his anguish, Izanagi followed her to the underworld to rescue her and soon discovered the awful truth. Nothing remained of his beloved Izanami but a rotting living-dead corpse. As Izanagi runs away in horror, Izanami shrieks in anger for her loves abandonment, "Every day I shall kill one thousand people in the lands we created". Izanagi replies "Every day I shall create one thousand five hundred people". In popular culture In episode "Kirinmaru of the Dawn" of Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon, Kirinmaru tells Moroha the quarter demon that "Akuru is a spirit who has been around since the Age of the Gods". See also Amaterasu Jindai moji ("scripts of the age of the gods") Kamiyonanayo Tsukuyomi Yomi Japanese prehistory Golden Age Tenson kōrin References Bibliography Ashkenazi, Michael. Handbook Of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO, 2003. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 28 Mar. 2012. S.H.D.D. "Izanagi And Izanami." Calliope 8.7 (1998): 12. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 28 Mar. 2012 Frederick Hadland Davis (2007). Myths and Legends of Japan. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Further reading Frederick Hadland Davis (1916). Japan, from the age of the gods to the fall of Tsingtau. T. C. & E. C. Jack. pp. 13–26. ISBN 978-1-120-30340-0. Archived from the original on Sep 11, 2008. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128

Gambia International Airlines

Gambia International Airlines Limited (GIA) was the national airline of the Gambia, headquartered in Banjul. It operated mostly regional passenger services within West Africa out of Banjul International Airport, as well as flights to London. The airline was owned by the Government of the Gambia (99%) and Gambia Telecommunications Company (1%).

Gambia International Airlines Limited (GIA) was the national airline of the Gambia, headquartered in Banjul. It operated mostly regional passenger services within West Africa out of Banjul International Airport, as well as flights to London. The airline was owned by the Government of the Gambia (99%) and Gambia Telecommunications Company (1%). History Gambia International Airlines was established on 23 January 1996 and started operations (originally only ground handling) on 1 March of the same year. Even though claiming net profit of 1.3 million dollars in 2003, the airline was forced to suspend its flight operations again in April 2004 due to operational problems. Gambia International Airlines could never re-establish any flight operations, and was finally shut down in 2007. Destinations Upon closure, Gambia International Airlines served the following scheduled destinations: The Gambia Banjul - Banjul International Airport Nigeria Lagos - Murtala Muhammed International Airport Senegal Dakar - Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport Sierra Leone Freetown - Lungi International Airport United Kingdom London - London Gatwick Airport Fleet In 2004, the Gambia International Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft: 1 Boeing 737-200 1 Boeing 737-800 See also List of defunct airlines of the Gambia Transport in the Gambia References External links Official website via Wayback Machine

Joseph Banks Native Plants Reserve

Joseph Banks Native Plants Reserve is one of the few specialised gardens in Sydney to focus entirely on Australian native plants. Located at Kareela in Sutherland Shire and established in 1970 as a tribute to Joseph Banks, the landscaped garden covers an area of 2.2 hectares, with 4 kilometres of sealed paths.

Joseph Banks Native Plants Reserve is one of the few specialised gardens in Sydney to focus entirely on Australian native plants. Located at Kareela in Sutherland Shire and established in 1970 as a tribute to Joseph Banks, the landscaped garden covers an area of 2.2 hectares, with 4 kilometres of sealed paths. Location Joseph Banks Native Plants Reserve is located at Manooka Place, Kareela in Sutherland Shire, New South Wales, Australia. There is also a pedestrian entrance on Bates Drive, Kareela. History The reserve was established in 1970 as a bicentenary project to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the arrival of James Cook in Botany Bay in April 1770. The reserve was named after Joseph Banks (1743-1820), naturalist and patron of the sciences, who accompanied Cook and collected many botanical specimens around Botany Bay including from the new Banksia genus. Flora The reserve showcases a wide range of Australian native plants from around Australia in planted theme gardens including an acacia garden, sun-loving plants, rainforest, silver foliage garden, bush tucker, shade garden, fern garden and lily garden. The reserve also includes an unplanted natural area showing the original remnant Sydney sandstone vegetation. Over 600 plants are labelled with their botanical name. See the list here. The reserve includes most of the local east coast banksias including Banksia aemula, Banksia ericifolia, "Banksia integrifolia", Banksia marginata, "Banksia oblongifolia", Banksia paludosa, "Banksia plagiocarpa", Banksia robur, Banksia serrata and Banksia spinulosa. Western Australian species growing at the reserve include Banksia blechnifolia and Banksia repens. For more on local banksias see and. Management The reserve is managed by Sutherland Shire Council with staff onsite Monday to Friday, with volunteer assistance from the Australian Plants Society, Sutherland Group. Two volunteer working bees are held monthly: first Thursday of the month, 9 am to 12 noon with Sutherland Council Bushcare, and the first Sunday of the month, 9.30 am to 12 noon with the Australian Plants Society. Volunteers are welcome for weeding, pruning and planting. Access and facilities The reserve is open 7 days a week, 9 am to 5 pm. Closed Good Friday and Christmas Day. Free entry. The reserve has paved paths, toilets, picnic tables and woodfired BBQs. Some paths are accessible and suitable for people with mobility impairments. See also Australian Native Plants Society References Further reading O'Brian, Patrick (1987). Joseph Banks: a life. London: Collins. ISBN 9780226616285. External links "Interview with Ralph Cartwright on ABC Radio". Australian Plants Society, Sutherland Group. Retrieved 7 November 2016.

Horror in the East

Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II (2000) is a two-part BBC documentary film that examines certain actions, including atrocities, and attitudes, of the Imperial Japanese Army in the lead up to and during World War II. The film also examines attitudes held by the British and Americans, toward the Japanese. It was written and produced by Laurence Rees and narrated by Samuel West.

Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II (2000) is a two-part BBC documentary film that examines certain actions, including atrocities, and attitudes, of the Imperial Japanese Army in the lead up to and during World War II. The film also examines attitudes held by the British and Americans, toward the Japanese. It was written and produced by Laurence Rees and narrated by Samuel West. Synopsis In the First World War the Japanese fought on the same side as the British and captured German soldiers who were fighting in Asia. They were treated well, even, following an Imperial Order of 1882, 'as guests'. The question arises: "How could the Japanese behave with such kindness towards their prisoners in World War I and then, less than thirty years later, act with such cruelty?" Part One – Turning Against the West In the opening decades of the twentieth century Japan appeared enthusiastically to adopt western values, 'from dancing to democracy'. As far back as 1885 a Japanese academic had coined what became a popular slogan – Abandon Asia, go for the West. Crown Prince Hirohito had visited London in the early 1920s. Like the rest of the country, the Japanese monarchy was changing too – but not in a way that made it resemble Western royalty. In the 1920s the Japanese were being taught that their emperor, living in a 280-acre (1.1 km2) park in central Tokyo, was more than just a mere human being – he was called a living god. Children were educated to think of the emperor as a god in the form of a human being. In Japan it was in the interests of one group more than any other that the emperor be perceived as an all powerful living god – the armed forces. Only ultimately accountable to their supreme commander Hirohito, as long as they acted in the name of their 'divine' emperor, elected Japanese politicians found it almost impossible to control them – and by the late 1920s many within the army thought that Japan should act decisively, and expand. Masatake Okumiya (Japanese Imperial Navy): "Japan's population was increasing – its natural resources could not sustain such an increase. Ideally we hoped to receive co-operation from other countries to solve the problem but, back then, the world was under the control of the west and a peaceful solution seemed impossible. We decided, as Britain, America and France had done in the past from time to time, to use force to solve the problem." By the early 1930s western countries had colonized much of Asia. Britain – Hong Kong, Burma, Malaya; Holland – Dutch East Indies; U.S – Philippines; France – French Indochina. Japan, late on the scene, only had under its control, Taiwan, a few islands in the Pacific, and Korea. In 1931, the Japanese army launched an attack on Manchuria. At the League of Nations in Geneva the Japanese actions were condemned. Japan left the League accusing the Western powers of hypocrisy. In Japan, in face of growing economic depression and a sense of the West's double standards, the call was to expand even further and conquer more territory within Asia. By 1937 the Japanese army was five times what it had been around 1900. Many in the military thought that in an army that had grown so much, to maintain discipline, it was necessary to make the training of recruits more brutal. If the soldiers made the smallest mistake they were beaten, with fists or bamboo sticks. Recruits were instructed also to hit each other. And the Japanese military did not just want to mould their own soldiers but the general population too. Japanese who adopted western values were ridiculed, women who rejected a tradition of subservience were attacked. Many ordinary Japanese, as well as politicians and businesspeople, now supported the drive toward a bigger empire on the Asian mainland, and the minority who openly opposed military expansion risked assassination. Seven prominent Japanese, including two Prime Ministers, were murdered by army officers during the 1930s. Seeking to create a giant colony the Imperial army moved in 1937 into eastern China. The Chinese were not worthy of the land according to the dominant ideology; they were called bugs, animals, below-human. Yoshio Tsuchiya, (Japanese Secret Military Police):" The Chinese were inferior – didn't belong to the human race. That was the way we looked at it." In December 1937 the Japanese Army reached the then capital of China, Nanjing. (Film taken by John Magee is shown). Men were set on fire, women beaten, bayoneted, raped. After Nanjing atrocities followed in the Chinese countryside – the Chinese used for bayonet practice. Yoshio Tsuchiya (imprisoned 1950-56 for war crimes): " The first time you still have a conscience and feel bad, but if you are honoured and given merit and praised, that will be the driving power for the second time – after the second time I didn't feel anything." A soldier is asked why he felt no guilt or shame raping and killing women. He replies : " Because I was fighting for the emperor. He was a god; in the name of the emperor we could do whatever we wanted against the Chinese." Meanwhile the god-emperor of Japan spent most of his time secluded behind the walls of his palace. Even today opinion is divided among historians as to the extent the emperor knew of the barbaric crimes his soldiers were committing in China. " What is certain is that no evidence has surfaced that he ever attempted to hold his soldiers to account for their vicious conduct in China" Rees's film concludes. Representative examples are then given of pre-Pearl Harbor attitudes towards the Japanese amongst the British and Americans. Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, overall Commander in Chief of the British in the Far East is quoted, and Gene La Rocque (USS Macdonough (DD-351) :" Our concept of the Japanese prior to Pearl Harbor was that they were a weak, not very sophisticated people..so foreign to us ..just of small stature, not a very friendly but also not a very intelligent group of people – obviously, of course, we were wrong." But there was another western nation which did value the Japanese – Nazi Germany. Indeed, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan wanted to form an alliance. A formal treaty of alliance was signed between Germany, Japan and Italy on 27 September 1940. Japan used the moment to move into northern Indo-China. This had been a French colony but the Germans had just overrun France so for the Japanese it was ripe for the picking. Japan wanted to create a greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere. The slogan was Asia for the Asians – in essence the locals were swapping one colonial master for another. In Washington the American government, nervous about Japanese colonial intentions, announced that fuel sales to Japan would be suspended if Japan did not reconsider her aggressive actions. With no fuel resources of its own Japan believed it could now either give up its imperial ambitions, or fight the Americans. They attacked Pearl Harbor and, moments after, attacked Hong Kong. As the Japanese advanced into Hong Kong the Chinese inhabitants of the city became a particular target. Rees's film interviews too a British nurse who tells of how, on 25 December 1941, the day of the British surrender, – nurses at the makeshift hospital at the Hong Kong Jockey Club were raped. By the spring of 1942, Singapore, Burma, Malaya, and the Philippines all fell to the Japanese. Japanese newsreel and commentary :" 60,000 prisoners were lined up along the road so that they could have the honour of seeing the great commander Yamashita. The prisoners consisted of soldiers from Britain, Malaya, Australia, India, a parade of mongrel troops." About 350000 POWs eventually fell into Japanese hands in south-east Asia. More than one in four died in captivity. Part Two – Death before Surrender Writer-producer Laurence Rees looks at the Kamikaze phenomenon – " What could be more impossible to understand?" [yet] he says, "one of the most extraordinary things which making the series has done is this – I think I understand now why some of them did it, down to a meeting with a kamikaze pilot, he actually volunteered to become a pilot – he explained the dreadful social pressure that he and his family were living under – if he didn't go to volunteer he knew his family would be ostracised, shunned, – from his point of view it was a sensible, sane thing to do." When U.S. Marines tried to re-take Japanese-held islands like Tarawa in 1943, the ferocious way in which the Japanese were prepared to fight to the death did not make the Americans respect them more. To many Americans, their refusal to surrender, like their attack on Pearl Harbor and their mistreatment of prisoners, became another sign they were a dishonourable foe. Michael Witowich: "I thought they were very cruel, sadistic, and they wanted to die for their emperor and we had to go on and help them die for their emperor." (The film soundtrack plays an excerpt from We're gonna have to slap, the dirty little jap, recorded New York, 18 February 1942). Gene La Rocque (USS MacDonough): "We had been taught that the Japanese were sub-human when we got into the attack, but of course we had no love for Hitler, or the Nazis – but we also had many people in America of German descent, Italian – it was an entirely different view we had of the Italians, of the Germans, than we had of the Japanese." Rees's documentary shows a photo published in the war in Life – the girlfriend of an American sailor next to a souvenir from him – the skull of a Japanese signed by her boyfriend's comrades. Japanese soldiers fighting the Australians in New Guinea committed cannibalism. Japanese forces were sent to New Guinea in 1942 but without sufficient preparation – they were simply abandoned. In late 1943, forbidden to surrender and cut off from their supplies, they began to starve – some resorted to cannibalism of their own and enemy dead. According to Professor Yuki Tanaka: "The cannibalism was organised group practice, rather than individually practised." A Japanese major-general wrote an order prohibiting the eating of human flesh but this meant flesh "excluding enemy flesh". The first signs that large numbers of civilians as well as soldiers might be prepared to die for their emperor rather than surrender came in 1944, 1,400 miles (2,300 km) south of the home islands of Japan, on the island of Saipan. Japanese propaganda about Saipan emphasised the nobility of dying in the struggle against the British and Americans. With the capture of islands like Tinian and Saipan, heavy bombers were now in easier range of targets on the home islands of Japan and the Allies now launched the biggest aerial bombardment the world had ever seen – more than 160000 tonnes of bombs were dropped on Japan in an effort to make the Japanese accept unconditional surrender. On 10 March 1945 Tokyo was fire bombed. Over 300 Boeing B-29 bombers dropped incendiaries which caused a fire storm. About 100,000 died. Despite the destruction in Tokyo opinion was still divided in the Japanese government in the months that followed about what should be done. Accepting unconditional surrender might, some feared, mean the elimination of the institution of the emperor itself. Hirohito and his military leaders believed that, in order to negotiate a more advantageous peace, Japan needed to win one big victory – and the Kamikaze would provide the means. Sporadic isolated kamikaze attacks had occurred in 1944 – now in the spring of 1945 kamikazes were to sortie en masse for the first time. A student from Tokashiki Island: "I didn't think that they were wasting their lives, I believed they were sacrificing their lives for their country. The Japanese people belonged to the emperor – we were his children." The testimony of a pilot suggests that not all kamikaze volunteered as freely as the propaganda sometimes suggested. Kenichiro Oonuki: " All the fighter pilots, about 150 of us at the training base, were called in – a senior officer told us they were recruiting people for a special mission. They said, 'If you go on this mission, you won't come back alive.' Everyone thought this was ridiculous and nobody really was ready to go. We wanted to answer, 'No, I don't want to go'..But later on we thought, 'Wait, if we want to say no, can we really say it, can we say no to this officer?..We told each other that we should calm down and think about the consequences..if people rejected the offer they might be shunned and sent to the most severe battlefront in the south and would meet certain death anyway – then when their family was informed of this, how would they feel? They would be ostracised from the community...so nobody wanted to volunteer but everybody did.." The biggest kamikaze assault of the war was on the British and American fleets during the battle for Okinawa in the spring of 1945. The British warships with their armoured decks did not suffer as much under kamikaze attacks as the Americans. In March 1945 as the kamikaze flew around them, the Americans landed on the small island of Tokishiki. As on Saipan, the civilians were told by the Japanese army that the Americans would rape and murder them and encouraged them to adopt kamikaze tactics. To some they gave two hand grenades – one to throw at the Americans, the other to blow themselves up with. Shigeaki Kingjou, a student in 1945, looking back in the year 2000: "I think we were dreadfully manipulated – as I got older, my soul started to suffer. 55 years since the end of the war and I still suffer today." By the spring of 1945, the Japanese empire had been pulled apart. Now the Imperial Japanese Army ordered a heroic stand to be made on Okinawa, less than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Tokyo. The Americans expected the Japanese to defend the beaches on Okinawa but on 1 April 1945 when 50000 American troops came ashore they found their arrival virtually unopposed. But more than 80000 Japanese troops were dug into the fabric of the island interior, some in concrete pill boxes underneath the trees. In Okinawa, as the Americans pushed to the south of the island there were many civilian suicides, some thousand at Cape Kyan. Once more the Japanese military played a crucial role in encouraging the civilian population to kill themselves – on nearby islands where there were no Japanese soldiers there were no mass suicides. Around 8000 American troops, 60000 Japanese soldiers, and 150000 Japanese civilians died on Okinawa. Media information DVD release The series was released on Region 2 DVD by BBC Video as part of the BBC World War II DVD Collection. Companion book Rees, Laurence (11 October 2001). Horror in the East: The Japanese at War 1931–1945. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-53426-6. References External links Horror in the East at IMDb

Garden of the Greek Gods

The Garden of the Greek Gods is a collection of twenty limestone sculptures by E.B. Cox, installed at Toronto's Exhibition Place, in Ontario, Canada.

The Garden of the Greek Gods is a collection of twenty limestone sculptures by E.B. Cox, installed at Toronto's Exhibition Place, in Ontario, Canada. Description and history The sculptures were created during the 1960s; among depicted figures from Greek mythology are Aphrodite, Hercules, Medusa, Orpheus, and The Phoenix. See also Cultural depictions of Medusa and Gorgons References External links Media related to Garden of the Greek Gods at Wikimedia Commons Garden of the Greek Gods Unveiled in New Permanent Location, Exhibition Place The Garden of the Greek Gods — a collection of 20 sculptures by renowned Canadian sculptor E.B. Cox, Exhibition Place

Jerry Hodak

Jerry Hodak (born April 11, 1942) is the former chief meteorologist on ABC's Detroit, Michigan affiliate, WXYZ-TV.A native of Detroit, Hodak graduated from Guardian Angels Elementary School and Denby High School in Detroit, and studied mass communications at Wayne State University, also located in Detroit. After traveling to Orlando, Florida, as a news reporter for WDBO-TV, Hodak returned to Detroit in 1965 as a weathercaster for WJBK-TV on Channel 2. In 1977, Hodak joined WXYZ-TV as a science editor and weathercaster. He returned to WJBK for a 3+1⁄2-year stint as a news anchor from 1992 to 1996.Along with winning a local Emmy, Hodak received the television Seal of Approval from the American Meteorological Society. Hodak was inducted into the Michigan Journalism Hall of Fame in 2010.On September 23, 2010, Hodak retired from WXYZ-TV.

Jerry Hodak (born April 11, 1942) is the former chief meteorologist on ABC's Detroit, Michigan affiliate, WXYZ-TV.A native of Detroit, Hodak graduated from Guardian Angels Elementary School and Denby High School in Detroit, and studied mass communications at Wayne State University, also located in Detroit. After traveling to Orlando, Florida, as a news reporter for WDBO-TV, Hodak returned to Detroit in 1965 as a weathercaster for WJBK-TV on Channel 2. In 1977, Hodak joined WXYZ-TV as a science editor and weathercaster. He returned to WJBK for a 3+1⁄2-year stint as a news anchor from 1992 to 1996.Along with winning a local Emmy, Hodak received the television Seal of Approval from the American Meteorological Society. Hodak was inducted into the Michigan Journalism Hall of Fame in 2010.On September 23, 2010, Hodak retired from WXYZ-TV. References External links Hodak's Myspace page

John Michael Wallace

John Michael Wallace (born October 28, 1940), is a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington, as well as the former director of the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)—a joint research venture between the University of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). His research concerns understanding global climate and its variations using observations and covers the quasi biennial oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation and the annular modes of the Arctic oscillation and the Antarctic oscillation, and the dominant spatial patterns in month-to-month and year-to-year climate variability, including the one through which El Niño phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America. He is also the coauthor with Peter V. Hobbs of what is generally considered the standard introductory textbook in the field: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. He was the third most cited geoscientist during the period 1973–2007.

John Michael Wallace (born October 28, 1940), is a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington, as well as the former director of the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)—a joint research venture between the University of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). His research concerns understanding global climate and its variations using observations and covers the quasi biennial oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation and the annular modes of the Arctic oscillation and the Antarctic oscillation, and the dominant spatial patterns in month-to-month and year-to-year climate variability, including the one through which El Niño phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America. He is also the coauthor with Peter V. Hobbs of what is generally considered the standard introductory textbook in the field: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. He was the third most cited geoscientist during the period 1973–2007. Awards 1993 Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal of the American Meteorological Society 1999 Roger Revelle Medal of the American Geophysical Union 2016 Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society References External links Home page Essay on global warming from 1999 Arctic Oscillation Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, Second Edition by John Wallace and Peter Hobbs

Timeline of cosmological theories

This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia. Modern cosmological ideas follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology. For millennia, what today is known to be the Solar System was regarded as the contents of the "whole universe", so advances in the knowledge of both mostly paralleled. Clear distinction was not made until circa mid-17th century. See Timeline of Solar System astronomy for further details on this side.

This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia. Modern cosmological ideas follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology. For millennia, what today is known to be the Solar System was regarded as the contents of the "whole universe", so advances in the knowledge of both mostly paralleled. Clear distinction was not made until circa mid-17th century. See Timeline of Solar System astronomy for further details on this side. Antiquity c. 16th century BCE – Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat, circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic ocean. c. 15th–11th century BCE – The Rigveda of Hinduism has some cosmological hymns, particularly in the late book 10, notably the Nasadiya Sukta which describes the origin of the universe, originating from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or "Golden Egg". Primal matter remains manifest for 311.04 trillion years and unmanifest for an equal length. The universe remains manifest for 4.32 billion years and unmanifest for an equal length. Innumerable universes exist simultaneously. These cycles have and will last forever, driven by desires.6th century BCE – The Babylonian Map of the World shows the Earth surrounded by the cosmic ocean, with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. Contemporary Biblical cosmology reflects the same view of a flat, circular Earth swimming on water and overarched by the solid vault of the firmament to which are fastened the stars. 6th–4th century BCE – Greek philosophers, as early as Anaximander, introduce the idea of multiple or even infinite universes. Democritus further detailed that these worlds varied in distance, size; the presence, number and size of their suns and moons; and that they are subject to destructive collisions. Also during this time period, the Greeks established that the Earth is spherical rather than flat. 6th century BCE – Anaximander conceives a mechanical, non-mythological model of the world: the Earth floats very still in the centre of the infinite, not supported by anything. Its curious shape is that of a cylinder with a height one-third of its diameter. The flat top forms the inhabited world, which is surrounded by a circular oceanic mass. Anaximander considered the Sun as a huge object (larger than the land of Peloponnesus), and consequently, he realized how far from Earth it might be. In his system the celestial bodies turned at different distances. At the origin, after the separation of hot and cold, a ball of flame appeared that surrounded Earth like bark on a tree. This ball broke apart to form the rest of the Universe. It resembled a system of hollow concentric wheels, filled with fire, with the rims pierced by holes like those of a flute. Consequently, the Sun was the fire that one could see through a hole the same size as the Earth on the farthest wheel, and an eclipse corresponded with the occlusion of that hole. The diameter of the solar wheel was twenty-seven times that of the Earth (or twenty-eight, depending on the sources) and the lunar wheel, whose fire was less intense, eighteen (or nineteen) times. Its hole could change shape, thus explaining lunar phases. The stars and the planets, located closer, followed the same model. 5th century BCE – Parmenides is credited to be the first Greek who declared that the Earth is spherical and is situated in the centre of the universe. 5th century BCE – Pythagoreans as Philolaus believed the motion of planets is caused by an out-of-sight "fire" at the centre of the universe (not the Sun) that powers them, and Sun and Earth orbit that Central Fire at different distances. The Earth's inhabited side is always opposite to the Central Fire, rendering it invisible to people. They also claimed that the Moon and the planets orbit the Earth. This model depicts a moving Earth, simultaneously self-rotating and orbiting around an external point (but not around the Sun), thus not being geocentrical, contrary to common intuition. Due to philosophical concerns about the number 10 (a "perfect number" for the Pythagorians), they also added a tenth "hidden body" or Counter-Earth (Antichthon), always in the opposite side of the invisible Central Fire and therefore also invisible from Earth. 4th century BCE – Plato claimed in his Timaeus that circles and spheres are the preferred shape of the universe, that the Earth is at the center and is circled by, ordered in-to-outwards: Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and finally the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere. In Plato's complex cosmogony, the demiurge gave the primacy to the motion of Sameness and left it undivided; but he divided the motion of Difference in six parts, to have seven unequal circles. He prescribed these circles to move in opposite directions, three of them with equal speeds, the others with unequal speeds, but always in proportion. These circles are the orbits of the heavenly bodies: the three moving at equal speeds are the Sun, Venus and Mercury, while the four moving at unequal speeds are the Moon, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The complicated pattern of these movements is bound to be repeated again after a period called a 'complete' or 'perfect' year. However, others like Philolaus and Hicetas had rejected geocentrism. 4th century BCE – Eudoxus of Cnidus devised a geometric-mathematical model for the movements of the planets, the first known effort in this sense, based on (conceptual) concentric spheres centered on Earth. To explain the complexity of the movements of the planets along with that of the Sun and the Moon, Eudoxus thought they move as if they were attached to a number of concentrical, invisible spheres, every of them rotating around its own and different axis and at different paces. His model had twenty-seven homocentric spheres with each sphere explaining a type of observable motion for each celestial object. Eudoxus emphasised that this is a purely mathematical construct of the model in the sense that the spheres of each celestial body do not exist, it just shows the possible positions of the bodies. His model was later refined and expanded by Callippus.4th century BCE – Aristotle follows the Plato's Earth-centered universe in which the Earth is stationary and the cosmos (or universe) is finite in extent but infinite in time. He argued for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Aristotle adopted and expanded even more the previous Eudoxus' and Callippus' model, but by supposing the spheres were material and crystalline. Aristotle also tried to determine whether the Earth moves and concluded that all the celestial bodies fall towards Earth by natural tendency and since Earth is the centre of that tendency, it is stationary. Plato seems to have obscurely argued that the universe did have a beginning, but Aristotle and others interpreted his words differently. 4th century BCE – De Mundo – Five elements, situated in spheres in five regions, the less being in each case surrounded by the greater – namely, earth surrounded by water, water by air, air by fire, and fire by aether – make up the whole Universe. 4th century BCE – Heraclides Ponticus is said to be the first Greek who proposes that the Earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours, contradicting Aristotle's teachings. Simplicius says that Heraclides proposed that the irregular movements of the planets can be explained if the Earth moves while the Sun stays still, but these statements are disputed. 3rd century BCE – Aristarchus of Samos proposes a Sun-centered universe and Earth's rotation in its own axis. He also provides evidences for his theory from his own observations. 3rd century BCE – Archimedes in his essay The Sand Reckoner, estimates the diameter of the cosmos to be the equivalent in stadia of what would in modern times be called two light years, if Aristarcus' theories were correct. 2nd century BCE – Seleucus of Seleucia elaborates on Aristarchus' heliocentric universe, using the phenomenon of tides to explain heliocentrism. Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric cosmology were probably related to the phenomenon of tides. According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun. Alternatively, he may have proved heliocentricity by determining the constants of a geometric model for it. 2nd century BCE – Apollonius of Perga shows the equivalence of two descriptions of the apparent retrograde planet motions (assuming the geocentric model), one using eccentrics and another deferent and epicycles. The latter will be a key feature for future models. The epicycle is described as a small orbit within a greater one, called the deferent: as a planet orbits the Earth, it also orbits the original orbit, so its trajectory resembles a curve known as an epitrochoid. This could explain how the planet seems to move as viewed from Earth. 2nd century BCE – Eratosthenes determines that the radius of the Earth is roughly 6,400 km. 2nd century BCE – Hipparchus uses parallax to determine that the distance to the Moon is roughly 380,000 km. The work of Hipparchus about the Earth-Moon system was so accurate that he could forecast solar and lunar eclipses for the next six centuries. Also, he discovers the precession of the equinoxes, and compiles a star catalog of about 850 entries. c. 2nd century BCE–3rd century CE – In Hindu cosmology, the Manusmriti (1.67–80) and Puranas describe time as cyclical, with a new universe (planets and life) created by Brahma every 8.64 billion years. The universe is created, maintained, and destroyed within a kalpa (day of Brahma) period lasting for 4.32 billion years, and is followed by a pralaya (night) period of partial dissolution equal in duration. In some Puranas (e.g. Bhagavata Purana), a larger cycle of time is described where matter (mahat-tattva or universal womb) is created from primal matter (prakriti) and root matter (pradhana) every 622.08 trillion years, from which Brahma is born. The elements of the universe are created, used by Brahma, and fully dissolved within a maha-kalpa (life of Brahma; 100 of his 360-day years) period lasting for 311.04 trillion years containing 36,000 kalpas (days) and pralayas (nights), and is followed by a maha-pralaya period of full dissolution equal in duration. The texts also speak of innumerable worlds or universes. 2nd century CE – Ptolemy proposes an Earth-centered universe, with the Sun, Moon, and visible planets revolving around the Earth. Based on Apollonius' epicycles, he calculates the positions, orbits and positional equations of the Heavenly bodies along with instruments to measure these quantities. Ptolemy emphasised that the epicycle motion does not apply to the Sun. His main contribution to the model was the equant points. He also re-arranged the heavenly spheres in a different order than Plato did (from Earth outward): Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and fixed stars, following a long astrological tradition and the decreasing orbital periods. His book The Almagest, which also cataloged 1,022 stars and other astronomical objects (largely based upon Hipparchus'), remained the most authoritative text on astronomy and largest astronomical catalogue until the 17th century. Middle Ages 2nd century CE-5th century CE – Jain cosmology considers the loka, or universe, as an uncreated entity, existing since infinity, the shape of the universe as similar to a man standing with legs apart and arm resting on his waist. This Universe, according to Jainism, is broad at the top, narrow at the middle and once again becomes broad at the bottom. 5th century (or earlier) – Buddhist texts speak of "hundreds of thousands of billions, countlessly, innumerably, boundlessly, incomparably, incalculably, unspeakably, inconceivably, immeasurably, inexplicably many worlds" to the east, and "infinite worlds in the ten directions". 5th century – Several Indian astronomers propose a rudimentary Sun-centered universe, including Aryabhata. He also writes a treatise on motion of planets, Sun and Moon and stars. Aryabhatta puts forward the theory of rotation of the Earth in its own axis and explained day and night was caused by the diurnal rotation of the Earth. He also provided empirical evidence for his notion from his astronomical experiments and observation. 5th century – The Jewish talmud gives an argument for finite universe theory along with explanation.5th century – Martianus Capella describes a modified geocentric model, in which the Earth is at rest in the center of the universe and circled by the Moon, the Sun, three planets and the stars, while Mercury and Venus circle the Sun, all surrounded by the sphere of fixed stars. 6th century – John Philoponus proposes a universe that is finite in time and argues against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite universe 7th century – The Quran says in Chapter 21: Verse 30 – "Have those who disbelieved not considered that the Heavens and the Earth were a joined entity, and We separated them". 9th–12th centuries – Al-Kindi (Alkindus), Saadia Gaon (Saadia ben Joseph) and Al-Ghazali (Algazel) support a universe that has a finite past and develop two logical arguments for the notion. 12th century – Fakhr al-Din al-Razi discusses Islamic cosmology, rejects Aristotle's idea of an Earth-centered universe, and, in the context of his commentary on the Quranic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds," and proposes that the universe has more than "a thousand worlds beyond this world." 12th century – Robert Grosseteste described the birth of the Universe in an explosion and the crystallisation of matter. He also put forward several new ideas such as rotation of the Earth around its axis and the cause of day and night. His treatise De Luce is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws. 14th century – Jewish astronomer Levi ben Gershon (Gersonides) estimates the distance to the outermost orb of the fixed stars to be no less than 159,651,513,380,944 Earth radii, or about 100,000 light-years in modern units. 14th century – Several European mathematicians and astronomers develop the theory of Earth's rotation including Nicole Oresme. Oresme also give logical reasoning, empirical evidence and mathematical proofs for his notion. 15th century – Nicholas of Cusa proposes that the Earth rotates on its axis in his book, On Learned Ignorance (1440). Like Oresme, he also wrote about the possibility of the plurality of worlds. Renaissance 1501 – Indian astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji proposes a universe in which the planets orbit the Sun, but the Sun orbits the Earth.1543 – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes his heliocentric universe in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. 1576 – Thomas Digges modifies the Copernican system by removing its outer edge and replacing the edge with a star-filled unbounded space. 1584 – Giordano Bruno proposes a non-hierarchical cosmology, wherein the Copernican Solar System is not the center of the universe, but rather, a relatively insignificant star system, amongst an infinite multitude of others. 1588 – Tycho Brahe publishes his own Tychonic system, a blend between Ptolemy's classical geocentric model and Copernicus' heliocentric model, in which the Sun and the Moon revolve around the Earth, in the center of universe, and all other planets revolve around the Sun. It is a geo-heliocentric model similar to that described by Somayaji. 1600 – William Gilbert rejects the idea of a limiting sphere of the fixed stars for which no proof has been offered. 1609 – Galileo Galilei examines the skies and constellations through a telescope and concluded that the "fixed stars" which had been studied and mapped were only a tiny portion of the massive universe that lay beyond the reach of the naked eye. When in 1610 he aimed his telescope to the faint strip of the Milky Way, he found it resolves into countless white star-like spots, presumably farther stars themselves. 1610 – Johannes Kepler uses the dark night sky to argue for a finite universe. Shortly after, it was proved by Kepler himself that the Jupiter's moons move around the planet the same way planets orbit the Sun, thus making Kepler's laws universal. Enlightenment to Victorian Era 1672 – Jean Richer and Giovanni Domenico Cassini measure the Earth-Sun distance, the astronomical unit, to be about 138,370,000 km. Later it will be refined by others up to the current value of 149,597,870 km. 1675 – Ole Rømer uses the orbital mechanics of Jupiter's moons to estimate that the speed of light is about 227,000 km/s. 1687 – Isaac Newton's laws describe large-scale motion throughout the universe. The universal force of gravity suggested that stars could not simply be fixed or at rest, as their gravitational pulls cause "mutual attraction" and therefore cause them to move in relation to each other. 1704 – John Locke enters the term "Solar System" in the English language, when he used it to refer to the Sun, planets, and comets as a whole. By then it had been stablished beyond doubt that planets are other worlds, and stars are other distant suns, so the whole Solar System is actually only a small part of an immensely large universe, and definitively something distinct. 1718 – Edmund Halley discovers proper motion of stars, dispelling the concept of the "fixed stars". 1720 – Edmund Halley puts forth an early form of Olbers' paradox. 1729 – James Bradley discovers the aberration of light, which proved the Earth's motion around the Sun, and also provides a more accurate method to compute the speed of light closer to its actual value of about 300,000 km/s. 1744 – Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux puts forth an early form of Olbers' paradox. 1755 – Immanuel Kant asserts that the nebulae are really galaxies separate from, independent of, and outside the Milky Way Galaxy; he calls them island universes.1781 – Charles Messier and his assistant Pierre Méchain publish the first catalogue of 110 nebulae and star clusters, the most prominent deep-sky objects that can easily be observed from Earth's Northern Hemisphere, in order not to be confused with ordinary Solar System's comets. 1785 – William Herschel proposes a heliocentric model of the universe that Earth's Sun is at or near the center of the universe, which at the time was assumed to only be the Milky Way Galaxy. 1791 – Erasmus Darwin pens the first description of a cyclical expanding and contracting universe in his poem The Economy of Vegetation. 1796 – Pierre Laplace re-states the nebular hypothesis for the formation of the Solar System from a spinning nebula of gas and dust. 1826 – Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers puts forth Olbers' paradox. 1832–1838 – Following over 100 years of unsuccessful attempts, Thomas Henderson, Friedrich Bessel, and Otto Struve measure the parallax of a few nearby stars; these are the first measurements of any distances outside the Solar System.1842 – Christian Doppler proposes the redshift and blueshift effects, based on an analog effect found in sound. Hippolyte Fizeau discovered independently the same phenomenon on electromagnetic waves in 1848. 1848 – Edgar Allan Poe offers first correct solution to Olbers' paradox in Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay that also suggests the expansion and collapse of the universe. 1860s – William Huggins develops astronomical spectroscopy; he shows that the Orion nebula is mostly made of gas, while the Andromeda nebula (later called Andromeda Galaxy) is probably dominated by stars. 1862 – By analysing the spectroscopic signature of the Sun and comparing it to those of other stars, Father Angelo Secchi determines that the Sun in itself is also a star. 1887 – The Michelson–Morley experiment, intended to measure the relative motion of Earth through the (assumed) stationary luminiferous aether, got no results. This put an end to the centuries-old idea of the aether, dating back to Aristotle, and with it all the contemporary aether theories. 1897 – J. J. Thomson identifies the electrons as the constituent particles of the cathode rays, leading to the modern atomic model of matter. 1897 – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, based on the thermal radiation rate and the gravitational contraction forces, argues the age of the Sun to be no more than 20 million years – unless some energy source beyond what was then known was found. 1901–1950 1904 – Ernest Rutherford argues, in a lecture attended by Kelvin, that radioactive decay releases heat, providing the unknown energy source Kelvin had suggested, and ultimately leading to radiometric dating of rocks which reveals ages of billions of years for the Solar System bodies, hence the Sun and all the stars. 1905 – Albert Einstein publishes the Special Theory of Relativity, positing that space and time are not separate continua, and demonstrating that mass and energy are interchangeable. 1912 – Henrietta Leavitt discovers the period-luminosity law for Cepheid variable stars, which becomes a crucial step in measuring distances to other galaxies. 1913 – Niels Bohr publishes the Bohr model of the atom, which explains the spectral lines, and definitively established the quantum mechanics behaviour of the matter. 1915 – Robert Innes discovers Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth after the Sun. 1915 – Albert Einstein publishes the General Theory of Relativity, showing that an energy density warps spacetime. 1917 – Willem de Sitter derives an isotropic static cosmology with a cosmological constant, as well as an empty expanding cosmology with a cosmological constant, termed a de Sitter universe. 1918 – Harlow Shapley's work on globular clusters showed that the heliocentrism model of cosmology was wrong, and galactocentrism replaced heliocentrism as the dominant model of cosmology. 1919 – Arthur Stanley Eddington uses a solar eclipse to successfully test Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. 1920 – The Shapley-Curtis Debate, on the distances to spiral nebulae, takes place at the Smithsonian. 1921 – The National Research Council (NRC) published the official transcript of the Shapley-Curtis Debate. Galaxies are finally recognized as objects beyond the Milky Way, and the Milky Way as a galaxy proper. 1922 – Vesto Slipher summarizes his findings on the spiral nebulae's systematic redshifts. 1922 – Alexander Friedmann finds a solution to the Einstein field equations which suggests a general expansion of space. 1923 – Edwin Hubble measures distances to a few nearby spiral nebulae (galaxies), the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), Triangulum Galaxy (M33), and NGC 6822. The distances place them far outside the Milky Way, and implies that fainter galaxies are much more distant, and the universe is composed of many thousands of galaxies. 1924 – Louis de Broglie asserts that moderately accelerated electrons must show an associated wave. This was later confirmed by the Davisson–Germer experiment in 1927. 1927 – Georges Lemaître discusses the creation event of an expanding universe governed by the Einstein field equations. From its solutions to the Einstein equations, he predicts the distance-redshift relation. 1928 – Paul Dirac realises that his relativistic version of the Schrödinger wave equation for electrons predicts the possibility of antielectrons, and hence antimatter. This was confirmed in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson. 1928 – Howard P. Robertson briefly mentions that Vesto Slipher's redshift measurements combined with brightness measurements of the same galaxies indicate a redshift-distance relation.1929 – Edwin Hubble demonstrates the linear redshift-distance relationship and thus shows the expansion of the universe. 1932 – Karl Guthe Jansky recognizes received radio signals coming from outer space as extrasolar, coming mainly from Sagittarius. They are the first evidence of the center of the Milky Way, and the firsts experiences that founded the discipline of radio astronomy. 1933 – Edward Milne names and formalizes the cosmological principle. 1933 – Fritz Zwicky shows that the Coma cluster of galaxies contains large amounts of dark matter. This result agrees with modern measurements, but is generally ignored until the 1970s. 1934 – Georges Lemaître interprets the cosmological constant as due to a vacuum energy with an unusual perfect fluid equation of state. 1938 – Hans Bethe calculates the details of the two main energy-producing nuclear reactions that power the stars. 1938 – Paul Dirac suggests the large numbers hypothesis, that the gravitational constant may be small because it is decreasing slowly with time. 1948 – Ralph Alpher, Hans Bethe ("in absentia"), and George Gamow examine element synthesis in a rapidly expanding and cooling universe, and suggest that the elements were produced by rapid neutron capture. 1948 – Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle propose steady state cosmologies based on the perfect cosmological principle. 1948 – George Gamow predicts the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation by considering the behavior of primordial radiation in an expanding universe. 1950 – Fred Hoyle coins the term "Big Bang", saying that it was not derisive; it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between that and the Steady-State model. 1951–2000 1961 – Robert Dicke argues that carbon-based life can only arise when the gravitational force is small, because this is when burning stars exist; first use of the weak anthropic principle. 1963 – Maarten Schmidt discovers the first quasar; these soon provide a probe of the universe back to substantial redshifts. 1965 – Hannes Alfvén proposes the now-discounted concept of ambiplasma to explain baryon asymmetry and supports the idea of an infinite universe. 1965 – Martin Rees and Dennis Sciama analyze quasar source count data and discover that the quasar density increases with redshift. 1965 – Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, astronomers at Bell Labs discover the 2.7 K microwave background radiation, which earns them the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics. Robert Dicke, James Peebles, Peter Roll and David Todd Wilkinson interpret it as a relic from the Big Bang.1966 – Stephen Hawking and George Ellis show that any plausible general relativistic cosmology is singular. 1966 – James Peebles shows that the hot Big Bang predicts the correct helium abundance. 1967 – Andrei Sakharov presents the requirements for baryogenesis, a baryon-antibaryon asymmetry in the universe. 1967 – John Bahcall, Wal Sargent, and Maarten Schmidt measure the fine-structure splitting of spectral lines in 3C191 and thereby show that the fine-structure constant does not vary significantly with time. 1967 – Robert Wagner, William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle show that the hot Big Bang predicts the correct deuterium and lithium abundances. 1968 – Brandon Carter speculates that perhaps the fundamental constants of nature must lie within a restricted range to allow the emergence of life; first use of the strong anthropic principle. 1969 – Charles Misner formally presents the Big Bang horizon problem. 1969 – Robert Dicke formally presents the Big Bang flatness problem. 1970 – Vera Rubin and Kent Ford measure spiral galaxy rotation curves at large radii, showing evidence for substantial amounts of dark matter. 1973 – Edward Tryon proposes that the universe may be a large scale quantum mechanical vacuum fluctuation where positive mass-energy is balanced by negative gravitational potential energy. 1976 – Alexander Shlyakhter uses samarium ratios from the Oklo prehistoric natural nuclear fission reactor in Gabon to show that some laws of physics have remained unchanged for over two billion years. 1977 – Gary Steigman, David Schramm, and James Gunn examine the relation between the primordial helium abundance and number of neutrinos and claim that at most five lepton families can exist. 1980 – Alan Guth and Alexei Starobinsky independently propose the inflationary Big Bang universe as a possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems. 1981 – Viatcheslav Mukhanov and G. Chibisov propose that quantum fluctuations could lead to large scale structure in an inflationary universe. 1982 – The first CfA galaxy redshift survey is completed. 1982 – Several groups including James Peebles, J. Richard Bond and George Blumenthal propose that the universe is dominated by cold dark matter. 1983–1987 – The first large computer simulations of cosmic structure formation are run by Davis, Efstathiou, Frenk and White. The results show that cold dark matter produces a reasonable match to observations, but hot dark matter does not.1988 – The CfA2 Great Wall is discovered in the CfA2 redshift survey. 1988 – Measurements of galaxy large-scale flows provide evidence for the Great Attractor. 1990 – The Hubble Space Telescope is launched. It is aimed primarily at deep-space objects. 1990 – Preliminary results from NASA's COBE mission confirm the cosmic microwave background radiation has a blackbody spectrum to an astonishing one part in 105 precision, thus eliminating the possibility of an integrated starlight model proposed for the background by steady state enthusiasts. 1992 – Further COBE measurements discover the very small anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background, providing a "baby picture" of the seeds of large-scale structure when the universe was around 1/1100th of its present size and 380,000 years old. 1992 – First planetary system beyond the Solar System detected, around the pulsar PSR B1257+12. 1995 – The first planet around a Sun-like star is discovered, in orbit around the star 51 Pegasi. 1996 – The first Hubble Deep Field is released, providing a clear view of very distant galaxies when the universe was around one-third of its present age. 1998 – Controversial evidence for the fine-structure constant varying over the lifetime of the universe is first published. 1998 – The Supernova Cosmology Project and High-Z Supernova Search Team discover cosmic acceleration based on distances to Type Ia supernovae, providing the first direct evidence for a non-zero cosmological constant. 1999 – Measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation with finer resolution than COBE, (most notably by the BOOMERanG experiment see Mauskopf et al., 1999, Melchiorri et al., 1999, de Bernardis et al. 2000) provide evidence for oscillations (the first acoustic peak) in the anisotropy angular spectrum, as expected in the standard model of cosmological structure formation. The angular position of this peak indicates that the geometry of the universe is close to flat. 2001–present 2001 – The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dF) by an Australian/British team gave strong evidence that the matter density is near 25% of critical density. Together with the CMB results for a flat universe, this provides independent evidence for a cosmological constant or similar dark energy. 2002 – The Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) in Chile obtained images of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the highest angular resolution of 4 arc minutes. It also obtained the anisotropy spectrum at high-resolution not covered before up to l ~ 3000. It found a slight excess in power at high-resolution (l > 2500) not yet completely explained, the so-called "CBI-excess". 2003 – NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) obtained full-sky detailed pictures of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The images can be interpreted to indicate that the universe is 13.7 billion years old (within one percent error), and are very consistent with the Lambda-CDM model and the density fluctuations predicted by inflation.2003 – The Sloan Great Wall is discovered. 2004 – The Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI) first obtained the E-mode polarization spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation. 2004 – Voyager 1 sends back the first data ever obtained from within the Solar System's heliosheath. 2005 – The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and 2dF redshift surveys both detected the baryon acoustic oscillation feature in the galaxy distribution, a key prediction of cold dark matter models. 2006 – Three-year WMAP results are released, confirming previous analysis, correcting several points, and including polarization data. 2009–2013 – Planck, a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), mapped the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background radiation, with increased sensitivity and small angular resolution. 2006–2011 – Improved measurements from WMAP, new supernova surveys ESSENCE and SNLS, and baryon acoustic oscillations from SDSS and WiggleZ, continue to be consistent with the standard Lambda-CDM model. 2014 – Astrophysicists of the BICEP2 collaboration announce the detection of inflationary gravitational waves in the B-mode power spectrum, which if confirmed, would provide clear experimental evidence for the theory of inflation. However, in June lowered confidence in confirming the cosmic inflation findings was reported. 2016 – LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration announce that gravitational waves were directly detected by two LIGO detectors. The waveform matched the prediction of General relativity for a gravitational wave emanating from the inward spiral and merger of a pair of black holes of around 36 and 29 solar masses and the subsequent "ringdown" of the single resulting black hole. The second detection verified that GW150914 is not a fluke, thus opens entire new branch in astrophysics, gravitational-wave astronomy. 2019 – The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration publishes the image of the black hole at the center of the M87 Galaxy. This is the first time astronomers have ever captured an image of a black hole, which once again proves the existence of black holes and thus helps verify Einstein's general theory of relativity. This was done by utilising very-long-baseline interferometry. 2020 – Physicist Lucas Lombriser of the University of Geneva presents a possible way of reconciling the two significantly different determinations of the Hubble constant by proposing the notion of a surrounding vast "bubble", 250 million light years in diameter, that is half the density of the rest of the universe. 2020 – Scientists publish a study which suggests that the Universe is no longer expanding at the same rate in all directions and that therefore the widely accepted isotropy hypothesis might be wrong. While previous studies already suggested this, the study is the first to examine galaxy clusters in X-rays and, according to Norbert Schartel, has a much greater significance. The study found a consistent and strong directional behavior of deviations – which have earlier been described to indicate a "crisis of cosmology" by others – of the normalization parameter A, or the Hubble constant H0. Beyond the potential cosmological implications, it shows that studies which assume perfect isotropy in the properties of galaxy clusters and their scaling relations can produce strongly biased results. 2020 – Scientists report verifying measurements 2011–2014 via ULAS J1120+0641 of what seem to be a spatial variation in four measurements of the fine-structure constant, a basic physical constant used to measure electromagnetism between charged particles, which indicates that there might be directionality with varying natural constants in the Universe which would have implications for theories on the emergence of habitability of the Universe and be at odds with the widely accepted theory of constant natural laws and the standard model of cosmology which is based on an isotropic Universe. 2021 – James Webb Space Telescope is launched. 2023 – Astrophysicists questioned the overall current view of the universe, in the form of the Standard Model of Cosmology, based on the latest James Webb Space Telescope studies. See also Cosmology Physical cosmology Chronology of the universe Graphical timeline of the Big Bang Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death List of cosmologists Interpretations of quantum mechanics Non-standard cosmology Historical development of hypotheses Timeline of Solar System astronomy Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy Historical models of the Solar System Fixed stars Belief systems Buddhist cosmology Jain cosmology Jainism and non-creationism Hindu cosmology Maya mythology Others Cosmology@Home References Bibliography Bunch, Bryan, and Alexander Hellemans, The History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People Who Made Them from the Dawn of Time to Today. ISBN 0-618-22123-9 P. de Bernardis et al., astro-ph/0004404, Nature 404 (2000) 955–959. Horowitz, Wayne (1998). Mesopotamian cosmic geography. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-99-7. P. Mauskopf et al., astro-ph/9911444, Astrophys. J. 536 (2000) L59–L62. A. Melchiorri et al., astro-ph/9911445, Astrophys. J. 536 (2000) L63–L66. A. Readhead et al., Polarization observations with the Cosmic Background Imager, Science 306 (2004), 836–844.

Grevillea humifusa

Grevillea humifusa, commonly known as spreading grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of the south-west of Western Australia. It is a prostrate shrub with long, trailing stems, divided lives with linear lobes and clusters of pink to pale red and cream-coloured flowers with a reddish, yellow-tipped style.

Grevillea humifusa, commonly known as spreading grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of the south-west of Western Australia. It is a prostrate shrub with long, trailing stems, divided lives with linear lobes and clusters of pink to pale red and cream-coloured flowers with a reddish, yellow-tipped style. Description Grevillea humifusa is a prostrate shrub with trailing stems typically up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long, its branchlets with long, soft hairs. Its leaves are divided, 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long with linear lobes 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long and about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) wide, the edges rolled under. The flowers are arranged in clusters of twelve to thirty on a silky-to woolly-hairy rachis 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long. The flowers are pink to pale red and cream-coloured, the style pink, red or orange with a yellow tip, the pistil 22–24 mm (0.87–0.94 in) long. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit is an oblong follicle 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) long. Taxonomy Grevillea humifusa was first formally described in 1994 by Peter M. Olde and Neil R. Marriott in The Grevillea Book, from specimens collected by Olde near Eneabba in 1991. The specific epithet (humifusa) means "procumbent". Distribution and habitat Spreading grevillea is only known from a single population of about 1500 plants near Eneabba, where it grows in disturbed, open low woodland with Kennedia prostrata, species of Jacksonia, and Dianella revoluta. The land that the 1500 plants are found on comprises private pasture and adjoining road reserves. Conservation status Grevillea humifusa is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as "threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is in danger of extinction. Use in horticulture Grevillea humifusa is cultivated as an ornamental plant and features dense, silvery-grey foliage contrasting with the flowers. It can be grown in most well-drained soil and is drought- and frost-tolerant. See also List of Grevillea species == References ==

Pied butterfly bat

The pied butterfly bat (Glauconycteris superba), also known as the pied bat or badger bat, is a rare species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae.

The pied butterfly bat (Glauconycteris superba), also known as the pied bat or badger bat, is a rare species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. Taxonomy First discovered in 1939 in Belgian Congo, the species was, at that time, placed in the genus Glauconycteris under the name Glauconycteris superba. Following a 2013 capture in South Sudan, only the fifth recorded capture of the species, the pied bat was relocated to an entirely new genus, Niumbaha, named after the Zande word for "rare". Biology professor DeeAnn Reeder, one of the authors of the genus Niumbaha, said, "its cranial characters, its wing characters, its size, the ears – literally everything you look at doesn't fit. It's so unique that we need to create a new genus." However, recognition of Niumbaha renders Glauconycteris paraphyletic and it is incorrect to treat Niumbaha as a valid genus without further splitting of Glauconycteris. Due to this, both taxa have once again been synonymized. Description The distinctive pied bat partly resembles a bee, with light yellow stripes and blotches on its body. Geographic range It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea and South Sudan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland and dry forests. References External links New Striped Bat Species Looks Like a Tiny Flying Bulldog, Wired

Kinnar Akhara

Kinnar Akhara is an akhara (Hindu religious order) established in 2018 by the hijra community. It is under the Juna Akhada (Shri Panchdashnaam Juna Akhada). The organization showcased itself at the 2019 Kumbh Mela. The organization promotes discussion of Hinduism and LGBT topics.

Kinnar Akhara is an akhara (Hindu religious order) established in 2018 by the hijra community. It is under the Juna Akhada (Shri Panchdashnaam Juna Akhada). The organization showcased itself at the 2019 Kumbh Mela. The organization promotes discussion of Hinduism and LGBT topics. Organization Laxmi Narayan Tripathi is a spokesperson for the organization.One of the organization's leaders, Pavitra Nimbhorakar, said that the establishment of the organization brought more respect to members of their order.Bahuchara Mata is a spiritual patron of the community.The organization claims origins in Hindu tradition. Many of the members of the organization are artists. News In September 2018 the Supreme Court of India made a ruling which was favorable to the LGBT+ community regarding Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. In the context of that ruling, Tripathi made an announcement in that month that the organization would participate in the 2019 Kumbh Mela.The 2016 Simhast Mela of Ujjain was the first mela where the transgender community participated as an organization. At Kumbh Mela in 2019 the organization presented and performed various arts, including plays, music, dancing, and painting. References External links Official website

Galileo's escapement

Galileo's escapement is a design for a clock escapement, invented around 1637 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Galileo was one of the leading minds of the Scientific Revolution. He was dubbed the founder of theoretical physics. He is also credited with the invention of the celatone (a type of telescope) and the geometric and military compass. Galileo's escapement was the earliest design of a pendulum clock.

Galileo's escapement is a design for a clock escapement, invented around 1637 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Galileo was one of the leading minds of the Scientific Revolution. He was dubbed the founder of theoretical physics. He is also credited with the invention of the celatone (a type of telescope) and the geometric and military compass. Galileo's escapement was the earliest design of a pendulum clock. Since Galileo was by then blind, he described the device to his son Vincenzio, who drew a sketch of it. The son began construction of a prototype, but both he and Galileo died before it was completed. Overview Galileo was the first to investigate the timekeeping properties of pendulums, beginning around 1603. His interest was sparked by his discovery that, at least for small swings, the pendulum is isochronous: its period of swing is the same for different size swings. He realized that this property made the pendulum useful for timekeeping. He also discovered that the pendulum's period is dependent on its length, but independent of the mass of the pendulum bob. He used free-swinging pendulums as timers in scientific experiments and for keeping time for music. In 1637, when he was 73, Galileo had the idea of a mechanism that would keep the pendulum swinging by giving it pushes, an escapement, thus allowing it to be applied to clocks. Since he was by then totally blind, he described the mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who drew a picture from his description. Galileo's student and biographer, Vincenzo Viviani, describes the invention: One day in 1641, while I was living with him at his villa in Arcetri, I remember that the idea occurred to him that the pendulum could be adapted to clocks with weights or springs, serving in place of the usual tempo, he hoped that the very even and natural motions of the pendulum would correct all the defects in the art of clocks. But because his being deprived of sight prevented him making drawings and models to the desired effect, and his son Vincenzio came one day from Florence to Arcetri, Galileo told him his idea and several discussions followed. Finally, they decided on the scheme shown in the accompanying drawing, to be put in practice to learn the fact of those difficulties in machines which are usually not foreseen in simple theorizing. The existing clocks of the time, which used the verge escapement with a crude balance wheel, were very inaccurate. The pendulum, due to its isochronism, could be a much better timekeeper. His son Vincenzio began building a clock, but both he and Galileo died before it was completed. The first pendulum clock was built in 1657 by Christiaan Huygens using a different design. The pendulum clock remained the world's most accurate timekeeper for 300 years, until the 1930s. Since his time, various working models of Galileo's clock have been built (see picture at top). == References ==

Gloucestershire Militia

The Gloucestershire Militia was a part-time military force in the county of Gloucestershire in the West of England. From their formal organisation as Trained Bands in 1558 until their final service as a Special Reserve unit of the Gloucestershire Regiment in World War I, the Militia regiments of the county served in home defence in all of Britain's major wars.

The Gloucestershire Militia was a part-time military force in the county of Gloucestershire in the West of England. From their formal organisation as Trained Bands in 1558 until their final service as a Special Reserve unit of the Gloucestershire Regiment in World War I, the Militia regiments of the county served in home defence in all of Britain's major wars. Background The English Militia was descended from the Anglo-Saxon Fyrd, the military force raised from the freemen of the shires under command of their Sheriff. It continued under the Norman kings, notably at the Battle of the Standard (1138). The force was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by King Edward I's Statute of Winchester of 1285. Now Commissioners of Array would levy the required number of men from each shire. The usual shire contingent was 1000 infantry commanded by a millenar, divided into companies of 100 commanded by centenars or constables, and subdivided into sections of 20 led by vintenars. Edward I regularly summoned the shire levies of Gloucestershire to fight in neighbouring Wales during his Welsh Wars, but they were not required for his Scottish campaigns. However, his grandson Edward III, did employ the Gloucestershire levies in Scotland, for example at the Siege of Berwick and Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. Rather than 1000 men, the Gloucestershire contingent serving from 23 June to 23 August 1335 was a more manageable body of 218 longbowmen (16 of them mounted), commanded by two ductores (constables) and 11 vintenars. The levies continued to be mustered under Henry VIII: a surviving muster roll of 1543 shows that the Hundred of Kiftsgate in Gloucestershire was required to find 186 bowmen and 323 billmen, of which the parish of Winchcombe provided 70 men. Gloucestershire Trained Bands The legal basis of the militia was updated by two acts of 1557 covering musters (4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 3) and the maintenance of horses and armour (4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 2). The county militia was now under the Lord Lieutenant appointed by the monarch, assisted by the Deputy Lieutenants and Justices of the Peace. The entry into force of these Acts in 1558 is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. Although the militia obligation was universal, it was clearly impractical to train and equip every able-bodied man, so after 1572 the practice was to select a proportion of men for the Trained Bands, who were mustered for regular training. Although the Trained Bands were exempt from foreign service, they were frequently employed in Ireland, Gloucestershire again providing large contingents.When war broke out with Spain in 1583, training and equipping the militia became a priority. Counties were organised into groups for training purposes, with emphasis on the invasion-threatened 'maritime' counties. As an inland county Gloucestershire was simply taxed in 1585 and only began serious training in 1587, when the Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, Gyles Brydges, 3rd Lord Chandos, was ordered to send 1000 of his trained men to defend Wales in case of invasion. During the summer of 1588, when England was threatened by the Spanish Armada, the Gloucestershire Trained Bands assembled with 3000 infantry in 10 properly organised companies under captains, together with four troops of cavalry amounting to 235 mounted men (20 lancers, 180 light horse, and 35 armed with 'petronelles' – the Petronel was an early cavalry firearm). The county also mustered 1000 armed but untrained men. The primary role of the Gloucestershire Trained Bands was to defend the Severn Estuary, but a large detachment was sent under Sir John Tracy of Toddington to join Queen Elizabeth's main army at London: Captain William Brydges' Band – 300 footmen Captain Sir John Tracy's Band – 300 footmen Captain Sir Henry Poole's band – 300 footmen Captain Anthony Hungerford's Band – 250 footmen Captain Henry Winston's Band – 200 footmen Captain George Huntley's Band – 150 footmen Captain William Dutton's Band – 10 lancers, 50 light horsemen Captain Thomas Lucy's Band – 10 lancers, 50 light horsemenWith the passing of the threat of invasion, the Trained Bands declined in the early 17th Century, but Gloucestershire was one of the few counties to continue enrolling and training men seriously, particularly in 1608 when it was organised by county divisions under the Lord Lieutenant, Henry, 7th Lord Berkeley: Berkeley – 750 men under 3 captains The Seven Hundreds – 750 men under 3 captains Kiftsgate – 750 men under 3 captains Forest of Dean – 400 men under 2 captains City of Gloucester, with the Hundred of Dudston and King's Barton – 350 men under 1 captainIn 1638 the Gloucestershire Trained Bands consisted of 3120 men armed with 1826 muskets and 1294 Corslets (pikemen with armour), together with 200 horse. Gloucestershire also provided one of the largest contingents (1500 men) to the royal army for the Second Bishops' War in 1640, though like other counties many of the men sent were probably untrained hired substitutes. Charles I had attempted to reform the Trained Bands into a national force or 'Perfect Militia' answering to the king rather than local control. On 12 February 1641 a firm Royalist supporter, George Brydges, 6th Lord Chandos, was entrusted with organising the Militia of the County and City of Gloucester. The Gloucester Trained Bands may have been organised as: Gloucester Trained Band (possibly under Col Nathaniel Stephens, MP) Cirencester Trained Band under Col Arthur Forbes Gloucester Trained Band HorseControl of the militia was one of the major points of dispute between Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War in 1642. Elements of the Gloucester TBs may have been part of the Parliamentarian force at the skirmish at Shepton Mallet in August 1642, but with a few exceptions neither side made much use of the militia during the war beyond securing the county armouries for their own full-time troops. Gloucester, Bristol and Cirencester were all secured for Parliament early in the war by regular troops of the Western Association before they were besieged by Royalist forces (only Gloucester held out). Later in the war some Gloucester TB troops may have formed part of the Parliamentarian garrison of Sudeley Castle in 1647 under Col Richard Aylworth.Once Parliament had established full control of the kingdom in 1648 it passed legislation to reorganise the militia in various counties, including an Ordinance to settle the Militia of Gloucester, Monmouth, Brecon and Glamorgan, and to raise forces to suppress rebellion therein on 12 May, followed by an Ordinance for settling the Militia in the City and the County of the City of Bristol on 22 June. From now on the term 'Trained Band' began to disappear in most counties. Under the Commonwealth and Protectorate the militia received pay when called out, and operated alongside the New Model Army to control the country, for example in 1650 when the bulk of the army was on campaign in Scotland. Many militia regiments were called out in 1651 during the Scottish invasion (the Worcester campaign) and the Gloucestershire were part of a concentration ordered at Gloucester. Gloucestershire Militia After the Restoration of the Monarchy, the English Militia was re-established by the The King's Sole Right over the Militia Act 1661 under the control of the king's lords-lieutenant, the men to be selected by ballot. This was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' to counterbalance a 'Standing Army' tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported Cromwell's military dictatorship. The militia of Gloucestershire were called out during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1666 when a French and Dutch invasion was feared. Monmouth's Rebellion During the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, the Lord Lieutenant, the Duke of Beaufort, led his Gloucestershire Militia (four regiments of Foot, one of Horse and an independent company of Foot from the City of Gloucester), together with that of neighbouring Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, to join the 700-strong City of Bristol Militia and prevent that city falling into the hands of the rebels. They arrested potential rebels and then patrolled the north bank of the River Avon to prevent the rebel army moving north or crossing into Wales. The Gloucester Militia Horse may have reconnoitred as far forward as Bridgwater. Three of the regiments of Foot had mustered at Gloucester, St Briavels in the Forest of Dean, and Cirencester, and the Horse at Gloucester.Faced with another invasion in 1688, this time by his son-in-law, William of Orange, King James II called out the militia, and a detachment of the Gloucestershires intercepted Lord Lovelace and 70 followers at Cirencester en route to join the invader. The militia made them prisoners after a sharp skirmish in which Major Lorange of the militia and his son were killed. However, most of James's regular army and many militia regiments rallied to William, whose takeover (the Glorious Revolution) was otherwise virtually bloodless.The Gloucestershire Militia, horse and foot under the Lord Lieutenant, the Earl of Macclesfield, and Sir John Guise, 2nd Baronet of Elmore Court, were assembled for a month's summer training in 1690 during the crisis when William and the army were in Ireland and the French had won temporary command of the English Channel. However, when the French fleet failed to follow up the Battle of Beachy Head, Macclesfield and Guise were ordered to send their men to their homes to help with the harvest.A full return of the English Militia was compiled in 1697. By then Viscount Dursley was Lord Lieutenant of both the County of Gloucestershire and the City of Bristol, and he controlled the following regiments, though there is no mention of any training being carried out: Regiment of Horse, 6 troops, 243 men, under Colonel Lord Dursley White Regiment of Foot, 10 companies, 583 men, at Gloucester under Colonel Sir John Guise, 3rd Baronet Green Regiment of Foot, 8 companies, 534 men, from Kiftsgate Hundred under Colonel Sir Ralph Dutton, 1st Baronet Blue Regiment of Foot, 9 companies, 551 men, under Colonel Sir Thomas Stephens Red Regiment of Foot, 9 companies, 531 men, at St Briavels under Colonel Maynard Colchester of Westbury Court City of Bristol Militia, 10 companies, 727 men, under Colonel Charles BartleyAfter the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 the militia was allowed to dwindle. Nathaniel Wade, who had served as a major under Monmouth at Sedgemoor, commanded the Bristol Militia against the riotous coal miners of Kingswood in 1714, and there was a flurry of activity in Gloucestershire at the time of the Jacobite rising of 1715. Apparently, Gloucestershire organised a new battalion in 1750, with its headquarters at Bristol. 1757 Reforms Seven Years War Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 re-established county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. Gloucestershire, including the cities of Gloucester and Bristol, was given a quota of 960 men to raise. Despite anti-ballot riots at Cirencester, Cricklade and Lechlade, Gloucestershire was one of the first counties to meet the bulk of its quota (incorporating the vestiges of the old regiments) and was ready to issue them with arms on 15 May 1759. A train of waggons carrying arms and accoutrements for the regiment left the Tower of London on 22 May. The regiment was commanded by Col Norborne Berkeley, who became Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire in 1762. The 1st or South Battalion was embodied for permanent duty at Gloucester on 27 July 1759 with eight companies under his command. At that time the 2nd (North) Battalion had only gathered two companies but it was formally raised with seven companies at Cirencester on 22 August 1760, when its weapons were requested. It was embodied under the command of Lt-Col Viscount Tracy on 9 April 1761 and granted the subtitle of 'Fusiliers' the same year. A Bristol battalion may also have been formed in 1762. The North and South battalions regiments were camped together at Winchester during the summer of 1761. From November the North battalion was stationed at Bideford guarding French prisoners-of-war. The battalion returned to Winchester in June 1762, then in the autumn it marched to Gloucestershire.The Seven Years War ended with the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 and the two battalions of Gloucestershire militia were disembodied, but not before they became separate South and North regiments on 20 April. War of American Independence After the outbreak of the War of American Independence in 1775 a controversial Act of Parliament was passed to 'Enable His Majesty to call out and assemble the Militia in all cases of Rebellion in any part of the Dominion belonging to the Crown of Great Britain'. In the event the militia was called out in its traditional role when Britain was threatened with invasion by the Americans' allies, France and Spain. Both Gloucestershire regiments were embodied from 1778 to 1782.From 1784 to 1792 the militia were assembled for their 28 days' annual training, but to save money only two-thirds of the men were actually called out. French Wars In view of the worsening international situation the militia was embodied for service in 1792, even though Revolutionary France did not declare war on Britain until 1 February 1793. Both Gloucestershire regiments were at Weymouth, Dorset, in 1795 when King George III stayed there and granted them the title 'Royal', but the North regiment lost its 'Fusiliers' distinction the following year.The French Revolutionary Wars saw a new phase for the English militia: they were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles), which the regular army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, while their traditional local defence duties were taken over by the Volunteers. Agricultural workers in the ranks could be loaned out to farmers during the harvest. Service in the militia could be hard: the men found that a daily food allowance of five pence did not go far when the price of provisions rose, and some units were involved in food riots. While stationed at Portsmouth in 1795 the men of the Gloucestershire Militia forced the local butchers to lower their prices.In a fresh attempt to have as many men as possible under arms for home defence in order to release regulars, the Government created the Supplementary Militia, a compulsory levy of men to be trained in their spare time, and to be incorporated in the Militia in emergency. In 1796 Gloucestershire had to find an additional 1757 militiamen for the Supplementary Militia, though unlike some counties these were apparently incorporated into the two existing regiments. The Supplementary Militia were stood down in 1799, but the county had to find 1163 more in 1802.When the Irish Rebellion broke out in 1798 the Royal North Gloucesters (RNG) volunteered for service there, but arrived too late for action, the French army surrendering soon after the regiment arrived. It returned to England in 1799. A peace treaty having been agreed (the Treaty of Amiens), the militia were disembodied in 1802. The peacetime quota for Gloucestershire was set at 1163 militiamen. However the Peace of Amiens quickly broke down, and they were embodied once more in 1803. Both regiments marched to Portsmouth, where they did duty alternately for a few months. They resumed the routine of summer camps and winter quarters around the country, undergoing training, suppressing smuggling and guarding prisoners, all the while being depleted by men volunteering for the regulars: the RNG supplied a large number of recruits to the 9th Foot. The two Gloucestershire regiments came together again in August 1808, when a large militia camp was held near Brighton , the excuse being the birthday of the Prince of Wales, but the opportunity being taken to carry out collective manoeuvres. The RNG served in Ireland again in 1813–14. Gloucestershire Local Militia While the established militia were the mainstay of national defence during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, they were supplemented from 1808 by the Local Militia, which were part-time and only to be used within their own districts. These were raised to counter the declining numbers of Volunteers, and if their ranks could not be filled voluntarily the Militia Ballot was employed. Three regiments were formed in Gloucestershire, each commanded by an officer from the RNG; a further regiment was added in 1813: Royal West Gloucestershire Local Militia – formed at Bristol under Lt-Col Commandant Thomas, 4th Lord Ducie, commissioned 4 April 1809 1st East Gloucestershire Local Militia – formed at Gloucester under Lt-Col Comdt Sir Berkeley Guise, 2nd Baronet, of Highnam, commissioned 14 April 1809 2nd East Gloucestershire Local Militia – formed at Cirencester under Lt-Col Comdt Sir Henry Lippincott, 2nd Baronet, commissioned 9 May 1809; became North Gloucestershire (see below) in 1813 Royal Cotswold Local Militia – formed at Cirencester under Lt-Col Comdt Henry, Lord Apsley, commissioned 24 January 1813 North Gloucestershire Local Militia – based at Tewkesbury from 1813After Napoleon's exile to Elba the Gloucestershire Militia was disembodied in 1814. They were not called out again during the short Waterloo campaign. The Local Militia was disbanded in 1816. Although officers continued to be commissioned into the 'Regular' militia and ballots were still held to maintain the numbers of militiamen, they were rarely assembled for training after Waterloo – the RNG were only trained in 1820, 1821, 1825 and 1831. The permanent staffs of the regiments were progressively reduced. 1852 Reforms The long-standing national Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the Militia Ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act (amended in 1854), Militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances: 'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'. 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'. 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'.Under the new organisation, militia regiments had an honorary colonel, but were commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. The quota for Gloucestershire was set at 1993 men and the Lord Lieutenant was instructed to recruit the two moribund regiments up to this strength over the next two years. Crimean War and after War having broken out with Russia in 1854 and an expeditionary force sent to the Crimea, the Militia were called out in 1854. In this year the RSGM was redesignated as light infantry, as the Royal South Gloucestershire Light Infantry (RSGLI), or more pompously as the Royal South Battalion of the Gloucestershire Light Infantry Militia Both regiments were disembodied in 1856 but the RNG was embodied a year later during the Indian Mutiny, serving for a few months in Ireland. Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, militia regiments were brigaded with their local Regular and Volunteer battalions – for the Gloucestershire Militia this was with the 28th (North Gloucestershire) and 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiments of Foot in Sub-District No 37 (County of Gloucester) in Western District. The Militia were now under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant.Although often referred to as brigades, the sub-districts were purely administrative organisations, but as a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned Regular and Militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. Both Gloucestershire militia regiments were assigned to 1st Brigade of 3rd Division, V Corps. The division would have mustered at Gloucester in time of war, and did actually undertake collective training at Minchinhampton Common in 1876 during the international crisis that led to the Russo-Turkish War; the Militia Reserve were also called out during this crisis. By 1880 the South Regiment had moved its headquarters to the brigade depot at Horfield Barracks, Bristol, but the North Regiment resisted the move and remained at Cirencester, where Cecily Hill Barracks had been built for it in 1854–6. Gloucestershire Regiment The Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, with the linked Regular regiments becoming two-battalion regiments and their linked militia formally joining as sequentially numbered battalions. The 28th and 61st Foot became the Gloucestershire Regiment ('The Glosters') and the South and North militia regiments became its 3rd and 4th Battalions on 1 July 1881. All recruits, whether Regular or Militia, underwent training at the regimental depot before being posted to their battalions. Militia battalions now had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army. The Militia Reserve, formed in 1868, consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war. Second Boer War When the Second Boer War drew away most of the Regular Army, the Militia were called out for home defence and to garrison certain overseas stations. The 4th Gloucesters was embodied on 11 January 1900, followed by the 3rd Gloucesters on 15 May. The 4th Battalion was sent to guard Boer prisoners of war on Saint Helena, for which it was awarded the unique Battle Honour St Helena 1900–01. The 3rd Battalion remained in the UK, though it did supply 124 volunteers to the 4th Bn for service in St Helena. The 3rd Bn was disembodied on 13 July 1901 and the 4th on 27 July. Special Reserve After the Boer War, there were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six Army Corps proposed by the Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out. Collective training in brigades was carried out on Salisbury Plain in 1906 and 1907, with the 3rd and 4th Bns of the Glosters brigaded with the 4th Bn Oxfordshire Light Infantry and 3rd Bn Berkshires. Under the more sweeping Haldane Reforms in 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve, a semi-professional force whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for Regular units serving overseas in wartime (similar to the former Militia Reserve). The former RSGLI became the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment on 7 June 1908, while the 4th Bn was disbanded on 31 July. World War I The 3rd (Reserve) Battalion was mobilised on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 and served in the UK throughout World War I, initially guarding Woolwich Arsenal and the huge dumps of explosives distributed nearby, later at Gravesend and then Sittingbourne in the Thames & Medway Garrison. All the while the battalion fulfilled its other purpose by training and forming drafts of reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the Regular battalions of the Gloucesters fighting on the Western Front. The SR also formed reserve battalions for the 'Kitchener's Army' units being formed: 3rd (Reserve) Bn Gloucesters formed 11th (Reserve) Bn. Thousands of men would have passed through the ranks of these battalions during the war. The 3rd Battalion was disembodied on 9 August 1919 when the remaining personnel were drafted to the 1st Bn. Postwar The SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 and then became the Supplementary Reserve in 1924, but like most militia battalions the 3rd Gloucestershires remained in abeyance after World War I. By the time of his death in 1938, Col William Burges (as honorary colonel) was the only remaining officer listed for the battalion. The Militia was formally disbanded in April 1953. Heritage and ceremonial Precedence In September 1759 it was ordered that militia regiments on service together were to take their relative precedence from the date of their arrival in camp. In 1760 this was altered to a system of drawing lots where regiments did duty together. During the War of American Independence the counties were given an order of precedence determined by ballot each year, beginning in 1778. In the French Revolutionary War the order balloted for in 1793 (Gloucestershire was 8th) remained in force until 1802, and another drawing took place at the start of the Napoleonic War (Gloucestershire was 7th), which remained in force until 1833. In that year the King drew the ballots for individual regiments and the resulting list remained in force with minor amendments until the end of the militia; the regiments raised before the peace of February 1763 took the first 37 places, the South Gloucesters becoming No 23, but the North Gloucesters (independent from April 1763) became No 69. Uniforms and insignia The Cirencester contingent of Gloucestershire levies who served in the North of England in 1570 were supplied with blue caps with a yellow band, a blue coat with yellow facings, and yellow stockings. The names of the 'White', 'Green', 'Blue' and 'Red' militia regiments of 1697 probably relate to their Regimental colours rather than their uniforms. When the Gloucestershire Militia regiment was raised in 1761, both battalions wore red coats with blue facings. Officers wore gold lace, changed to silver in 1805 in line with normal militia practice. Drummers often wore 'reversed colours' (ie coats of the regimental facing colour, faced red), but the two Gloucester Militia regiments appear to have clothed their drummers in white coats faced red. By 1820 the drummers wore red faced with blue, appropriate for 'Royal' regiments, which did not reverse their colours.The Gloucestershire Local Militia units wore uniforms that approximated to the 'Regular' militia: red with blue facings. Each had its own pattern buttons and pouch belt plates.The two Gloucestershire militia regiments changed their facings to white when they became battalions of the Glosters in 1881, and the uniform thereafter was the same as the Regulars. See also Trained bands Militia (English) Militia (Great Britain) Militia (United Kingdom) Special Reserve Royal South Gloucestershire Light Infantry Militia Royal North Gloucestershire Militia Gloucestershire Regiment Footnotes Notes == References ==

Typology (anthropology)

Typology in anthropology was the categorization of the human species by races, based solely on traits that are readily observable from a distance such as head shape, skin color, hair form, body build, and stature. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from different ethnic regions into races, (e.g. the Negroid race, the Caucasoid race, the Mongoloid race, the Australoid race, and the Capoid race which was the racial classification system as defined in 1962 by Carleton S. Coon).The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on similar physical traits. However, author Dennis O'Neil says the typological model in anthropology is now thoroughly discredited. Current mainstream thinking is that the morphological traits are due to simple variations in specific regions, and are the effect of climatic selective pressures.

Typology in anthropology was the categorization of the human species by races, based solely on traits that are readily observable from a distance such as head shape, skin color, hair form, body build, and stature. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from different ethnic regions into races, (e.g. the Negroid race, the Caucasoid race, the Mongoloid race, the Australoid race, and the Capoid race which was the racial classification system as defined in 1962 by Carleton S. Coon).The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on similar physical traits. However, author Dennis O'Neil says the typological model in anthropology is now thoroughly discredited. Current mainstream thinking is that the morphological traits are due to simple variations in specific regions, and are the effect of climatic selective pressures. This debate is covered in more detail in the article on race. See also Racial Mapping Craniometry Craniofacial anthropometry Notes References Brown, Ryan A and Armelagos, George, "Apportionment of Racial Diversity: A Review" Evolutionary Anthropology 10:34–40 2001 [3]

United States Women's Polo Federation

The United States Women's Polo Federation (USWPF) formerly coordinated the activities of its United States member teams, arranging and supervising women's professional polo matches and tournaments. It has now been merged with the United States Polo Association.

The United States Women's Polo Federation (USWPF) formerly coordinated the activities of its United States member teams, arranging and supervising women's professional polo matches and tournaments. It has now been merged with the United States Polo Association. External links USWPF website

National Catholic Bioethics Center

The National Catholic Bioethics Center (NCBC) is a not-for-profit research center located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after previous locations in St. Louis (1972–1985) and Boston (1985–2004). Its mission is "to uphold the dignity of the human person in health care and biomedical research, thereby sharing in the ministry of Jesus Christ and his Church." The chairman of the Board of Directors is Gregory M. Aymond, Archbishop of New Orleans. The Center publishes Ethics & Medics monthly and The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, as well as books including the Handbook on Critical Life Issues.

The National Catholic Bioethics Center (NCBC) is a not-for-profit research center located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after previous locations in St. Louis (1972–1985) and Boston (1985–2004). Its mission is "to uphold the dignity of the human person in health care and biomedical research, thereby sharing in the ministry of Jesus Christ and his Church." The chairman of the Board of Directors is Gregory M. Aymond, Archbishop of New Orleans. The Center publishes Ethics & Medics monthly and The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, as well as books including the Handbook on Critical Life Issues. Description The founding president of the Center was Albert S. Moraczewski, O.P. The sixth president is Joseph Meaney, Ph.D., since 2019. The staff of professional ethicists responds to hundreds of requests each year for advice on moral issues of concern to Catholics and other interested parties, via e-mail, phone, and letter. The Ph.D. ethicists include John M. Haas, Rev. Tadeusz Pacholczyk, and Marie T. Hilliard. The Center also provides moral analysis to the offices of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and to the dicasteries of the Holy See (Vatican), although the Center is not itself governed or funded by the Catholic Church.In a 1999 article of Ethics & Medics, it was argued that "as parents have a moral obligation to secure the life and health of their children", so too do they "have a moral obligation to provide vaccinations to their children." The NCBC later developed an extensive set of online resources specifically for the COVID-19 pandemic.The activities of the Center include education, publications, research, and public policy. The education department administers "The National Catholic Certification Program in Health Care Ethics", a year-long distance learning program that educates candidates in the fundamentals of Catholic medical-moral teaching. The program gives special emphasis to Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, a USCCB document designed to guide Catholic health care institutions. References External links Official website

Langage Power Station

Langage Power Station is a combined-cycle power plant near the city of Plymouth in Devon, England. Centrica, the original owners of the site, announced on 16 June 2006 that the natural gas fired power station was to be constructed on their behalf by Alstom. Section 36 consent was granted in 2000 and Reserved Matters were approved in 2005. The 885 MW plant was expected to cost £400 million and to start generating in early 2009, but problems with internal pipework pushed this back. The power station was completed and operations started in March 2010.

Langage Power Station is a combined-cycle power plant near the city of Plymouth in Devon, England. Centrica, the original owners of the site, announced on 16 June 2006 that the natural gas fired power station was to be constructed on their behalf by Alstom. Section 36 consent was granted in 2000 and Reserved Matters were approved in 2005. The 885 MW plant was expected to cost £400 million and to start generating in early 2009, but problems with internal pipework pushed this back. The power station was completed and operations started in March 2010. Langage was set to be the first fossil fuel power station built in the UK since 2005, but due to delays it was preceded by Marchwood Power Station, which was commissioned in 2009. Multiple other CCGT stations were also commissioned around this time, including Pembroke Power Station and West Burton B. The station was commissioned against an expected 'energy gap' in UK generating capacity, caused by the expected closure of nuclear and older coal-fired stations.The power station had permission to build three gas-powered turbines when it bought the site in 2004, but due to land constraints they were only able to build two.The plant uses two Alstom GT26 gas turbines, each driving an air-cooled turbogenerator, with a heat recovery steam generator powering a single STF30C steam turbine which also drives another air-cooled turbogenerator.Centrica put the plant up for sale in May 2014, stating an aim to invest in smaller, more flexible power stations. On 21 June 2017, Centrica agreed to sell the power station to EP UK Investments as part of a deal that also saw South Humber Bank CCGT power station change hands between the two companies. EP UK Investments is the daughter company of EP Power Europe, which is 100% owned by Czech energy group EPH (owned by Daniel Křetínský). The UK high pressure national gas pipeline network (the National Transmission System) was extended to Plymouth in 1989 (Feeder No.20 terminates at an Above Ground Installation (AGI) south of Smithaleigh). Langage Power Station was built to exploit the availability of high pressure gas and the station now represents the southernmost gas-fired station on the network. See also Energy policy of the United Kingdom Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom == References ==

Tim Saunders

Tim Saunders is a Cornish poet and journalist primarily writing in the Cornish language who also writes in the Welsh, Irish, and Breton languages. He is resident in Cardiff but is of Cornish descent. He is a literary historian and editor of 'The Wheel' – an anthology of modern poetry in Cornish 1850–1980. High Tide is a collection of his own poems in Cornish from the years 1974 to 1999. He was made bard of the Gorsedh Kernow in 1998, taking the bardic name Bardh Gwerin (Poet of the People).Tim's daughters, Gwenno and Ani Saunders, were formerly singers with the British indie pop girl group The Pipettes, with Gwenno also playing the keyboards, and are now solo artists.

Tim Saunders is a Cornish poet and journalist primarily writing in the Cornish language who also writes in the Welsh, Irish, and Breton languages. He is resident in Cardiff but is of Cornish descent. He is a literary historian and editor of 'The Wheel' – an anthology of modern poetry in Cornish 1850–1980. High Tide is a collection of his own poems in Cornish from the years 1974 to 1999. He was made bard of the Gorsedh Kernow in 1998, taking the bardic name Bardh Gwerin (Poet of the People).Tim's daughters, Gwenno and Ani Saunders, were formerly singers with the British indie pop girl group The Pipettes, with Gwenno also playing the keyboards, and are now solo artists. Standard Written Form Saunders has spoken out against the development of a Standard Written Form of Cornish, saying The insulting notion that we are so stupid as to need 'impartial outside experts' to settle our differences is, quite simply, contemptible. Such transparent chicanery would require scholars having limited acquaintance with the Cornish-speaking community, and no accountability, to lay down the law for it. No reputable academic would destroy his or her own reputation by taking up such a patronizing stance. Selected list of works 1977: Teithiau (Cyfres y beirdd answyddogol). Y Lolfa. (Author) 1985: Gohebydd Arbennig. Y Lolfa. (Author) 1986: Cliff Preis: Darlithydd Coleg. Y Lolfa. (Author) 1994: Saer Swyn a Storiau Eraill o Gernyw. Gomer Press. (Author) 1999: The Wheel: An Anthology of Modern Poetry in Cornish 1850–1980. Francis Boutle Publishers. (Editor) 2003: Gol Snag Bud Ha Gwersyow Whath. Spyrys a Gernow. (Author) 2003: Cornish is Fun: An Informal Course in Living Cornish. Y Lolfa. (Translator) 2006: Nothing Broken: Recent Poetry in Cornish. Francis Boutle Publishers. (Editor) == References ==

James Beck Swanston

James Beck Swanston (17 September 1878 – 8 July 1957) was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Yeovil, Ontario and became a farmer and surgeon. He was first elected to Parliament at the Maple Creek riding in the 1930 general election after unsuccessful campaigns there in 1925 and 1926. Swanston was defeated in the 1935 federal election by Charles Evans of the Liberal party.

James Beck Swanston (17 September 1878 – 8 July 1957) was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Yeovil, Ontario and became a farmer and surgeon. He was first elected to Parliament at the Maple Creek riding in the 1930 general election after unsuccessful campaigns there in 1925 and 1926. Swanston was defeated in the 1935 federal election by Charles Evans of the Liberal party. References External links James Beck Swanston – Parliament of Canada biography

Jim Propp

James Gary Propp is a professor of mathematics at the University of Massachusetts Lowell.

James Gary Propp is a professor of mathematics at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Education and career In high school, Propp was one of the national winners of the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO), and an alumnus of the Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics. Propp obtained his AB in mathematics in 1982 at Harvard. After advanced study at Cambridge, he obtained his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley. He has held professorships at seven universities, including Harvard, MIT, the University of Wisconsin, and the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Mathematical research Propp is the co-editor of the book Microsurveys in Discrete Probability (1998) and has written more than fifty journal articles on game theory, combinatorics and probability, and recreational mathematics. He lectures extensively and has served on the Mathematical Olympiad Committee of the Mathematical Association of America, which sponsors the USAMO. In the early 90s Propp lived in Boston and later in Arlington, Massachusetts.In 1996, Propp and David Wilson invented coupling from the past, a method for sampling from the stationary distribution of a Markov chain among Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Contrary to many MCMC algorithms, coupling from the past gives in principle a perfect sample from the stationary distribution. His papers have discussed the use of surcomplex numbers in game theory; the solution to the counting of alternating sign matrices; and occurrences of Grandi's series as an Euler characteristic of infinite-dimensional real projective space. Other contributions Propp was a member of the National Puzzlers' League under the nom Aesop. He was recruited for the organisation by colleague Henri Picciotto, cruciverbalist and co-author of the league's first cryptic crossword collection. Propp is the creator of the "Self-Referential Aptitude Test", a humorous multiple-choice test in which all questions except the last make self-references to their own answers. It was created in the early 1990s for a puzzlers' party.Propp is the author of Tuscanini, a 1992 children's book about a musical elephant, illustrated by Ellen Weiss. Awards and honours In 2015 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to combinatorics and probability, and for mentoring and exposition." Personal He is married to research psychologist Alexandra (Sandi) Gubin. They have a son Adam and a daughter Eliana. Notes External links Propp's website Jim Propp at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute

Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute (Chinese: 沈阳飞机设计研究所; pinyin: Shěnyáng Fēijī Shèjì Yánjiū Suǒ; or 601 Institute) is a Chinese aircraft design institute of the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, specializing in the design of military aircraft.

Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute (Chinese: 沈阳飞机设计研究所; pinyin: Shěnyáng Fēijī Shèjì Yánjiū Suǒ; or 601 Institute) is a Chinese aircraft design institute of the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, specializing in the design of military aircraft. Products Shenyang J-5 Shenyang J-6 Shenyang J-8 Variants of Shenyang J-11, such as J-11B Shenyang J-31 == References ==

Cambridge House Community College

Cambridge House Community College is a British international school in Valencia, Spain.The school is now owned by Globe Educate. They are improving the school and are creating more opportunities for students by adding many unique extra-curriculum activities such as MUN (Model United Nations). In the year 2023, the school’s name was changed. From CHCC (Cambridge House Community College), to Cambridge British International School.

Cambridge House Community College is a British international school in Valencia, Spain.The school is now owned by Globe Educate. They are improving the school and are creating more opportunities for students by adding many unique extra-curriculum activities such as MUN (Model United Nations). In the year 2023, the school’s name was changed. From CHCC (Cambridge House Community College), to Cambridge British International School. History Tracy Ibberson established the school in 1986. The school initially had 10 students. The school has been sold to the community of Globe Educate, a group of schools that unite many schools from different countries. Student body As of 2010 the school had 1,200 students, most of whom came from Spanish families. 150 students came from British families. Cambridge House mainly caters to Spanish families. See also Instituto Español Vicente Cañada Blanch - Spanish international school in London British immigration in Spain References External links Official website