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Herbert Basedow

Herbert Basedow (27 October 1881 – 4 June 1933) was an Australian anthropologist, geologist, politician, explorer and medical practitioner.Basedow was born in Kent Town, South Australia. His early education was in Adelaide, South Australia and Hanover, Germany. After finishing his schooling, Basedow studied science at the University of Adelaide where he majored in geology. Basedow later completed postgraduate studies at several European universities and undertook some medical work in Europe. During his working life, Basedow took part in many major geological, exploratory and medical relief expeditions to central and northern Australia.

Herbert Basedow (27 October 1881 – 4 June 1933) was an Australian anthropologist, geologist, politician, explorer and medical practitioner.Basedow was born in Kent Town, South Australia. His early education was in Adelaide, South Australia and Hanover, Germany. After finishing his schooling, Basedow studied science at the University of Adelaide where he majored in geology. Basedow later completed postgraduate studies at several European universities and undertook some medical work in Europe. During his working life, Basedow took part in many major geological, exploratory and medical relief expeditions to central and northern Australia. On these expeditions, he took photographs and collected geological and natural history specimens and Aboriginal artefacts. Basedow was one of the few people of his time involved in recording the traditional life of Aboriginal Australians. He also actively lobbied government for better treatment of Aboriginal people and campaigned for an improvement in Aboriginal health. Elected at the 1927 election as an independent to the three-member seat of Barossa, Basedow served as a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for a three-year term. He was defeated at the 1930 election but was again elected at the 1933 election, shortly before his death in June that year.During his career, Basedow published widely on anthropology, geology and natural history. He also published detailed accounts of some of his expeditions and two major anthropological works on Aboriginal Australians. Personal life Herbert Basedow was born in Kent Town, South Australia, the youngest son of Martin Peter Friedrich Basedow and his second wife Anna Clara Helena, née Muecke (or Mücke). Martin and Anna were both born in Germany and met after immigrating to Australia.Basedow's early education was in Adelaide. The Basedow family visited Germany between 1891 and 1894, and for part of that time Herbert Basedow attended high school in Hanover. He completed his schooling at Prince Alfred College, Adelaide. Between 1891 and 1902, Basedow completed a Bachelor of Science degree at the School of Mines, Adelaide, and the University of Adelaide. He majored in geology, but also studied botany and zoology.Basedow was elected an associate member of the Royal Society of South Australia in 1901 and a fellow in 1904. He was also a member, honorary member and fellow of other geographical and geological societies in Australia, Great Britain and Germany.After completing his university degree in 1902, Basedow held some short-term government appointments including as one of four prospectors on the 1903 South Australian Government North-West Prospecting Expedition. In 1905, he joined South Australian Government Geologist Henry Yorke Lyell Brown and mining inspector Lionel Gee on a geological expedition to the Northern Territory. On his return to Adelaide, Basedow was appointed curator of the geological and mineral collections of the South Australian School of Mines where he classified the 2500 specimens in the School's geological collection. His catalogue was published in 1907.Basedow was a keen photographer, and throughout his career he used photography to record his scientific work and his travels in remote parts of Australia. A set of 200 images taken on the 1903 South Australian Government prospecting expedition are the earliest known photographs by Basedow. He included more than 500 of his photographs in the articles and books he published and used them to illustrate his public lectures.In 1907, Basedow accepted an invitation from German anthropologist Hermann Klaatsch to study in Germany. In Europe, he completed postgraduate studies at several universities, including Heidelberg, Göttingen, Breslau and Zürich, and undertook some medical work. Basedow returned to Australia with a PhD in geology and two postgraduate qualifications in medicine. The medical degree he was awarded based on his work on the craniometric measurements of Aboriginal Australians, combined with his practical medical work in Europe, later allowed Basedow's registration as a medical practitioner in Australia.On his return from Europe in 1910, Basedow entered the geological department of South Australia as Assistant Government Geologist. He resigned from this position in 1911 to take up the newly created Australian federal government position of Chief Medical Officer and Chief Protector of Aborigines in the Northern Territory. He arrived in Darwin on 17 July 1911 and left 45 days later unhappy with his working conditions and claiming the legislation under which he was operating was unworkable. Basedow returned to Adelaide and set up in medical practice, combining this with consulting geological investigations for individuals and organisations. He continued to publish in learned journals, mainly on anthropology but also on geology.On 4 June 1919 in Adelaide, Basedow married Olive Nell "Nellie" Noyes, daughter of organist Arthur Charles Noyes. They had no children. Basedow died suddenly on 4 June 1933 of peripheral venous thrombosis in Kent Town and was buried in Adelaide's North Road Cemetery.Despite researching and publishing widely in anthropology, Basedow never held an official position as an anthropologist. Parliament After an earlier unsuccessful attempt, Basedow was elected at the 1927 election as an independent to the three-member seat of Barossa, Basedow served as a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for a three-year term. He was defeated at the 1930 election but was again elected at the 1933 election, shortly before his death in June that year. Expeditions Between 1903 and 1928, Basedow participated in around 12 major expeditions and some smaller trips. These were mainly to central and northern Australia. On these expeditions, Basedow obtained the material on which he based his anthropological and scientific research and photographed the people he encountered and the places he visited.The majority of the expeditions were to investigate mineral prospects. Some were government funded such as the 1903 South Australian Government North-West Prospecting Expedition and the 1905 geological investigation of the Northern Territory's western coast and hinterland. Others, like the 1916 expedition to investigate possible ore deposits in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, were commissioned by mining syndicates and private companies.Other expeditions included three medical relief expeditions to assess the health of Aboriginal people in South Australia - one in 1919 and two in 1920 - which Basedow led. Basedow also participated in two vice-regal expeditions to central Australia: one in 1923 organised by Sir Tom Bridges, Governor of South Australia, who was keen to build a north–south railway to open up central Australia; and one in 1924 involving Lord Stradbroke, Governor of Victoria. Basedow also participated in expeditions funded by wealthy pastoralist Donald Mackay to central Australia in 1926 and Arnhem Land in 1928. Basedow and Australian Aboriginal people At the time of his birth, Basedow's father held the office of Protector of Aborigines. In his early years, Basedow accompanied his father on trips into the outback where he played with Aboriginal children and acquired some native language skills. Throughout his life, Basedow maintained an interest in recording traditional Aboriginal life as well as a concern for the health and welfare of Aboriginal people.The German anthropologist Hermann Klaatsch influenced Basedow's early ideas about Australian Aboriginal people. Both men theorised that Aboriginal people and Caucasians were racially related. A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia between 1915 and 1940, relied on Basedow's belief that there was close relationship between Aboriginal people and Europeans as the scientific basis for his proposal to solve the Aboriginal 'half caste problem' by selective breeding.When Arrernte artist Erlikilyika's works were exhibited in Adelaide in 1913, Basedow bought many of them. These are now in the National Museum of Australia.Basedow actively lobbied government for better treatment of Aboriginal people, especially through the Aborigines Protection League, and campaigned for an improvement in Aboriginal health. In 1919, he instigated a public meeting to highlight South Australia's neglect of Aboriginal people which led to a series of medical relief expeditions in 1919 and 1920. Basedow led these expeditions and his wife Nell accompanied him, acting as expedition nurse.An obituary of Basedow published in Nature magazine said that "since the death of Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer, Dr Basedow had been generally recognized as the first authority on the aborigines of Australia". Publications Basedow presented scientific papers at the Royal Society of South Australia and published them in the Society's journal while still at university. He continued to publish in the Society's journal until 1907. He went on to publish widely in anthropology, but also in geology and natural history.On his return from the South Australian government prospecting expedition of 1903, Basedow published three papers from material gathered on the expedition. He was awarded the University of Adelaide's Tate Memorial Medal for one of these papers. In 1904, Basedow published anthropological notes taken on the 1903 expedition, and in 1914 his full journal of the expedition was published. It included some of Basedow's photographs taken on the expedition and a map of the expedition route.Basedow also published his account of a 1916 geological expedition to the western Kimberley. Narrative of an expedition in north-western Australia was illustrated with 61 photographs taken by Basedow during the expedition and included a map of the expedition route which also recorded many of the Aboriginal names of the places visited. It was reprinted in 2009. In 1925, Basedow published his first book, The Australian Aboriginal. This major anthropological work included many of Basedow's own photographs. Basedow pitched his writing to a general readership to make it available to a wide audience. The Australian Aboriginal was reprinted in 1929.Basedow's second book, Knights of the Boomerang: Episodes From a Life Spent Among the Native Tribes of Australia, was published posthumously in 1935. Once again, Basedow pitched the book to a general readership, stating in his introduction that his aim was to "recount first-hand impressions and experiences, without attempting to surround them with technicalities and extraneous embellishments". Some of Basedow's photographs in this publication are captioned incorrectly as a result of errors made when people other than Basedow labelled the prints. Knights of the Boomerang was reprinted in 2004. Legacy Between 1903 and 1928, Basedow took photographs and collected specimens and artefacts on many major expeditions and some smaller trips, mainly to central and northern Australia. Basedow's photographs record life in the remote parts of Australia early in the twentieth century. They depict Aboriginal people, Indigenous rock art, landscapes and expedition-related activities as well as non-Indigenous people, homesteads, pastoral stations, mining activities, plants, animals and geological features.The National Museum of Australia holds over 1000 Aboriginal artefacts collected by Basedow. Aboriginal artefacts, and geological and natural history specimens are held by the Australian Museum, Museum Victoria and the South Australian Museum. The University of Adelaide holds some geological specimens and a small number of artefacts are held by the Berndt Museum of Anthropology at the University of Western Australia.Some 800 individual plant specimens collected by Basedow are held by some Australian herbaria, while others are held in collections in Europe and England.The majority of Basedow's papers are held by the Mitchell Library. The South Australian Museum and the State Library of South Australia also hold Basedow papers. The majority of Basedow's photographs are in the National Museum of Australia collection. The South Australian Museum also has some photographs, and a small number are held by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. The Australian government purchased a large number of Basedow's photographs and Aboriginal artefacts in 1934. These were housed at the Australian Institute of Anatomy in Canberra and became part of the National Historical Collection at the National Museum of Australia after the Institute of Anatomy closed in 1984. The collection consists of over 1000 Aboriginal artefacts and around 2200 photographic negatives. References Further reading Basedow, B, The Basedow Story: A German South Australian Heritage, Lutheran Publishing House, Adelaide, c1990. Kaus, D, "Australia's first anthropologist?", in Weber, T (ed.), Captivating & Curious: Celebrating the collection of the National Museum of Australia, National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra, 2005, p. 50. External links A Different Time: The Expedition Photographs of Herbert Basedow 1903-1928: Further reading list (includes all of Dr Basedow's known academic works, a selection of popular articles and some relevant works by other writers), National Museum of Australia Dr Herbert Basedow Collection, National Museum of Australia National Museum of Australia Photos from our collections: Herbert Basedow Collection Digitised newspapers and other resources relating to Herbert Basedow, National Library of Australia

List of crossings of the Green River

This is a complete list of current bridges and other crossings of the Green River in Kentucky from the Ohio River northeast of Henderson, Kentucky upstream through to the main source in western Lincoln County.

This is a complete list of current bridges and other crossings of the Green River in Kentucky from the Ohio River northeast of Henderson, Kentucky upstream through to the main source in western Lincoln County. Crossings See also List of crossings of the Ohio River Transport portal Engineering portal United States portal References Main references: Google Earth Imagery, July 2011

Charles Algernon Parsons

Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, (13 June 1854 – 11 February 1931) was an Anglo-Irish engineer, best known for his invention of the compound steam turbine, and as the eponym of C. A. Parsons and Company. He worked as an engineer on dynamo and turbine design, and power generation, with great influence on the naval and electrical engineering fields. He also developed optical equipment for searchlights and telescopes.

Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, (13 June 1854 – 11 February 1931) was an Anglo-Irish engineer, best known for his invention of the compound steam turbine, and as the eponym of C. A. Parsons and Company. He worked as an engineer on dynamo and turbine design, and power generation, with great influence on the naval and electrical engineering fields. He also developed optical equipment for searchlights and telescopes. Career and commercial activity Parsons was born into an Anglo-Irish family in London as the youngest son of the famous astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse. (The family seat is Birr Castle, County Offaly, Ireland, and the town of Birr was called Parsonstown, after the family, from 1620 to 1901.)With his three brothers, Parsons was educated at home in Ireland by private tutors (including John Purser), all of whom were well versed in the sciences and also acted as practical assistants to the Earl in his astronomical work. (One of them later became, as Sir Robert Ball, Astronomer Royal for Ireland.) Parsons then read mathematics at Trinity College, Dublin and at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating from the latter in 1877 with a first-class honours degree. He joined the Newcastle-based engineering firm of W.G. Armstrong as an apprentice, an unusual step for the son of an earl. Later he moved to Kitsons in Leeds, where he worked on rocket-powered torpedoes. Steam turbine engine In 1884 Parsons moved to Clarke, Chapman and Co., ship-engine manufacturers operating near Newcastle, where he became head of their electrical-equipment development. He used Regnault's large collection of steam properties ("data of the physicists") to develop a turbine engine turning at 18,000 RPM in 1884 and immediately utilised the new engine to drive an electrical generator, which he also designed. Parsons' steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible and revolutionised marine transport and naval warfare.Another type of steam turbine at the time, invented by Gustaf de Laval (1845–1913) in the 1880s, was an impulse design that subjected the mechanism to huge centrifugal forces and so had limited output due to the weakness of the materials available. Parsons explained in his 1911 Rede Lecture that his appreciation of the scaling issue led to his 1884 breakthrough on the compound steam-turbine: It seemed to me that moderate surface velocities and speeds of rotation were essential if the turbine motor was to receive general acceptance as a prime mover. I therefore decided to split up the fall in pressure of the steam into small fractional expansions over a large number of turbines in series, so that the velocity of the steam nowhere should be great...I was also anxious to avoid the well-known cutting action on metal of steam at high velocity. Founding Parsons and Company In 1889 he founded C. A. Parsons and Company in Newcastle to produce turbo generators to his design. In the same year he set up the Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company (DisCO). In 1890, DisCo opened Forth Banks Power Station, the first power-station in the world to generate electricity using turbo generators. In 1894 he regained certain patent rights from Clarke Chapman. Although his first turbine was only 1.6% efficient and generated a mere 7.5 kilowatts, rapid incremental improvements in a few years led to his first megawatt turbine, built in 1899 for a generating plant at Elberfeld in the German Empire. Marine steam turbine applications Also interested in marine applications, Parsons founded the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Newcastle. Famously, in June 1897, his turbine-powered yacht, Turbinia, turned up unannounced at the Navy Review for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria at Spithead, on 26 June 1897, in front of the Prince of Wales, foreign dignitaries, and Lords of the Admiralty. Moving at speed at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Fleet Review off Portsmouth, to demonstrate the great potential of the new technology. The Turbinia moved at 34 kn (63 km/h; 39 mph); the fastest Royal Navy ships using other technologies reached 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph). Part of the speed improvement came from the slender hull of the Turbinia.Within two years the destroyers HMS Viper and Cobra were launched with Parsons' turbines, soon followed by the first turbine-powered passenger ship, Clyde steamer TS King Edward in 1901; the first turbine transatlantic liners RMS Victorian and Virginian in 1905; and the first turbine-powered battleship, HMS Dreadnought in 1906, all of them driven by Parsons' turbine engines. (As of 2012 Turbinia is housed in a purpose-built gallery at the Discovery Museum, Newcastle.) Honours and awards Parsons was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1898, received their Rumford Medal in 1902 and their Copley Medal in 1928, and delivered their Bakerian Lecture in 1918. He served as the president of the British Association from 1916 to 1919. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1924 at Toronto. Knighted in 1911, he became a member of the Order of Merit in 1927. In 1929 the Iron and Steel Institute awarded him the Bessemer Gold Medal. Surviving companies The Parsons turbine company survives in the Heaton area of Newcastle as part of Siemens, a German conglomerate. In 1925 Charles Parsons acquired the Grubb Telescope Company and renamed it Grubb Parsons. That company survived in the Newcastle area until 1985.Parsons also designed the Auxetophone, an early compressed-air gramophone. Personal life and death In 1883, Parsons married Katharine Bethell, the daughter of William F. Bethell. They had two children: the engineer and campaigner Rachel Mary Parsons (b. 1885), and Algernon George "Tommy" Parsons (b. 1886), who was killed in action during World War I in 1918, aged 31.They had a London home at 1 Upper Brook Street, Mayfair, from 1918 to 1931.Sir Charles Algernon Parsons died on 11 February 1931, on board the steamship Duchess of Richmond while on a cruise with his wife. The cause of death was given as neuritis. A memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey on 3 March 1931. Parsons was buried in the parish church of St Bartholomew's in Kirkwhelpington in Northumberland.His widow, Katharine, died at her home in Ray Demesne, Kirkwhelpington, Northumberland in 1933. Rachel Parsons died in 1956; stableman Denis James Pratt was convicted of her manslaughter.In 1919, Katharine and her daughter Rachel co-founded the Women's Engineering Society with Eleanor Shelley-Rolls, Margaret, Lady Moir, Laura Annie Willson, Margaret Rowbotham and Janetta Mary Ornsby, which is still in existence today. Sir Charles was initially a supportive member of the organisation until his wife's resignation. Commemoration Parsons' ancestral home at Birr Castle in Ireland houses a museum detailing the contribution the Parsons family have made to the fields of science and engineering, with part of the museum given over to the engineering work of Charles Parsons.Parsons is depicted on the reverse of an Irish silver 15 Euros silver Proof coin that was struck in 2017.The Irish Academy of Engineering awards The Parsons Medal, named after Charles Parsons, every year to an engineer that has made an exceptional contribution to the practice of engineering. Previous winners include Prof. Tony Fagan (2016), Dr. Edmond Harty (2017), Prof. Sir John McCanny (2018) and Michael McLaughlin (2019). Selected works E-book: "The Steam Turbine and Other Inventions of Sir Charles Parsons" The Steam Turbine (Rede Lecture, 1911) Charles Parsons' grand-nephew, Michael Parsons in his 1968 Trinity Monday Discourse. References Further reading External links "Parsons and Turbinia". Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Sir Charles Parsons Symposium, excerpts from Transactions of the Newcomen Society "Parsons, The Hon. Sir Charles Algernon" . Thom's Irish Who's Who . Dublin: Alexander Thom and Son Ltd. 1923. p. 201 – via Wikisource. "Charles Parsons". Science Museum.

Akeai Kofun

The Akeae Kofun (明合古墳) is a kofun burial mound located in the Ano neighborhood of the city of Tsu, Mie Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1952.

The Akeae Kofun (明合古墳) is a kofun burial mound located in the Ano neighborhood of the city of Tsu, Mie Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1952. Overview The Akeae Kofun is located at the eastern end of a low hill with an elevation of 40 meters extending from the eastern foot of Kyogamine in the middle of the Ano River in central Mie Prefecture. It is an extremely unusual Sōhōchū-hofun (双方中方墳)-type tumulus, which is shaped like an hourglass when viewed from above, consisting of trapezoidal mounds that extend from either side of a large square central mound. Cylindrical haniwa, shield-shaped haniwa, house-shaped haniwa, and other figurative haniwa were excavated from the top and upper tier of the main burial mound, which date its construction to the first half of the middle Kofun period (first half of the 5th century AD). Fukiishi have also been found on the surface of the mound, and fragments of Sue ware pottery have also been discovered. The tumulus was also once surrounded by a moat. However, the burial chamber and grave goods are not known, as the interior of tumulus has never been excavated. The kofun was discovered in 1945. It is one of a cluster of eight tumuli that were once in this area, of which this tumulus and five smaller ones survive. The area is now open to the public as the Akeae Kofun Historic Park (明合古墳歴史公園, Akeae Kofun Rekishi Kōen) Total length 81.1 meters: Central portion 60.0 x 48.3 meters x 1.7 to 2.5 meters (lower tier) / 42 x 15 meters x 6.0 to 7.0 meters (upper tier) North extension 10.0 meters long x 17.4 meters wide x 1.8 meters high South extension 13.0 meters ling x 21 meters wide x 1.7 to 20 meters high Gallery See also List of Historic Sites of Japan (Mie) References External links Media related to Akeai Kofun at Wikimedia Commons Tsu city tourist information site (in Japanese) Cultural properties of Mie Prefecture (in Japanese)

Clear-winged woolly bat

The clear-winged woolly bat (Kerivoula pellucida) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Members of this species are relatively small, typically weighing about 4.5g and mainly forages in the understory of tropical forests. This species also presents a unique variant of echolocation that is a higher intensity and lower frequency than most other kerivoula calls. The short range calls are distinguishable from the long range orientational echolocation calls by peak frequency and duration.

The clear-winged woolly bat (Kerivoula pellucida) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Members of this species are relatively small, typically weighing about 4.5g and mainly forages in the understory of tropical forests. This species also presents a unique variant of echolocation that is a higher intensity and lower frequency than most other kerivoula calls. The short range calls are distinguishable from the long range orientational echolocation calls by peak frequency and duration. Appearance As the name suggests, this bat has relatively translucent wings that are approximately 30-32 millimeters long. Translucent wings are a unique feature for this bat that allow for easy identification. The body length is 44-48 millimeters with a 41-47 millimeter long posterior tail. This is not a traditional tail, as the skin flaps that make up the wings attach behind the animal here. The bats dorsal and ventral fur ranges in color, with the dorsal portion being primarily a range of pale grey to dark brown. No fur is found on the wings of this bat. The fur color exhibits a smooth transition to white on the ventral side of the animal. No nose leaf is present on the muzzle of the bat. The ears are a pinkish-yellow color. Biology Clear-winged woolly bats typically inhabit the understory and lower canopy, typically roosting in dead leaves. Mating occurs year-round and the mothers give birth to single pups at a time that generally weigh about a quarter of the mothers weight. Until they are able to fly, the pups cling to their mothers belly as she forages. Once they are able to fly, they will forage alongside the mother. Sexual maturity is reached at one year of age. As with many other species, habitat destruction is the primary threat to this species. == References ==

Bloodlust (1992 film)

Bloodlust is a 1992 Australian vampire film directed by Jon Hewitt and Richard Wolstencroft and starring Big Bad Ralph and Kelly Chapman.

Bloodlust is a 1992 Australian vampire film directed by Jon Hewitt and Richard Wolstencroft and starring Big Bad Ralph and Kelly Chapman. Production Co-director Jon Hewitt described it as: A purpose-made, market-driven, crass, exploitation film. It isn't particularly good but, for me, it was really my film school. It's where I taught myself how to make a feature film and made a lot of mistakes on it - but I tried to learn from them. It was a film made in the context of not really being able to get any support for anything I was trying to do, then just going out and making something that I thought would have a back-end market, would be a safe bet, a sort of straight-to-video schlock film. Filming took six weeks and was very difficult, with one member of the cast being arrested on drug charges. However Hewitt says it proved profitable. References External links Bloodlust at IMDb Bloodlust at Oz Movies

William Ralph Maxon

William Ralph Maxon, (February 27, 1877 – February 25, 1948) was an American botanist and pteridologist. He graduated from Syracuse University with a B.Ph. in biology, in 1898, and spent about one year at Columbia University doing post-graduate work on ferns with Lucien Marcus Underwood. In 1899 he accepted a position with the United States National Museum, which was a part of the Smithsonian Institution; he remained at the museum for his entire career. In 1899 he became an aide with the Division of Plants.

William Ralph Maxon, (February 27, 1877 – February 25, 1948) was an American botanist and pteridologist. He graduated from Syracuse University with a B.Ph. in biology, in 1898, and spent about one year at Columbia University doing post-graduate work on ferns with Lucien Marcus Underwood. In 1899 he accepted a position with the United States National Museum, which was a part of the Smithsonian Institution; he remained at the museum for his entire career. In 1899 he became an aide with the Division of Plants. He was named assistant curator in 1905, associate curator in 1914, and curator of that Division in 1937. He retired in 1946, but continued his association with the museum until his death in 1948.Alan Bain has written that, "Maxon specialized in the taxonomic study of Pteridophyta, especially those of tropical America, and was considered to be one of the leading systematic pteridologists of his time. He built up the fern collection in the United States National Herbarium from one of relative insignificance to one of the finest in quantity and quality in the western hemisphere." Between 1903 and 1926 he undertook nine major expeditions to tropical America and worked in European herbaria in 1928 and 1930. He served repeatedly as president of the American Fern Society, and was editor-in-chief of its journal, American Fern Journal, from 1933 until his death. He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree from Syracuse University in 1922, and was elected to Fellowship in the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.In 1916, Danish botanist Carl Christensen published Maxonia which is a genus of ferns in the fern family Dryopteridaceae, and was named in Maxon's honour.Maxon received an honorary doctor of science degree from Syracuse University in 1922.Maxon was born on February 27, 1877, in Oneida, New York, and died on February 25, 1948, in Terra Ceia, Florida. Publications Extensive bibliography on WorldCat References Further reading Waters, C. E. (October–December 1948). "Early Years of Maxon in Washington". American Fern Journal. 38 (4): 117–122. JSTOR 1545165. "William Ralph Maxon". Photograph of Maxon.

Heineken N.V.

Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.

Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience. Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world. History Gerard Adriaan Heineken The Heineken company was founded in 1864 when the 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery known as De Hooiberg (the haystack) in Amsterdam. In 1869 Heineken switched to the use of bottom-fermenting yeast. In 1873 the brewery's name changed to Heineken's Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij (HBM), and opened a second brewery in Rotterdam in 1874. In 1886 Dr. H. Elion, a pupil of the French chemist Louis Pasteur, developed the "Heineken A-yeast" in the Heineken laboratory. This yeast is still the key ingredient of Heineken beer. Henry Pierre Heineken The founder's son, Henry Pierre Heineken, managed the company from 1917 to 1940, and continued involvement with the company until 1951. During his tenure, Heineken developed techniques to maintain consistent beer quality during large-scale production. After World War I, the company focused more and more on exports. Three days after Prohibition ended in the United States, the first Heineken shipment landed in New York. From that day on, Heineken has remained one of the most successful imported beer brands in the United States. Alfred Henry Heineken Henry Pierre's son, Alfred Henry "Freddy" Heineken, started working at the company in 1940, and in 1971 was appointed Chairman of the Executive Board. He was a powerful force behind Heineken's continued global expansion, and while he retired from the Executive Board in 1989, he maintained involvement with the company until his death in 2002.During this period, Heineken tried to increase its stock price by purchasing competing breweries and closing them down. After World War II, many small breweries were bought or closed. In 1968 Heineken merged with its biggest competitor, Amstel, and in 1975 opened a new brewery in Zoeterwoude. The Amstel brewery was closed in 1980, and its production moved to Zoeterwoude and Den Bosch. Recent history Since mid-2007, Heineken has taken ownership of former S&N International brands such as Strongbow and Bulmers ciders and John Smith's and Newcastle Brown Ale beers. With the part acquisition of Scottish and Newcastle in 2007/2008 Heineken became the third-largest brewer based on revenues, behind the Belgian-Brazilian AB InBev and the British-South African SAB. Heineken owns the Czech brand Dačický, which was brewed in Kutná Hora from 1573 until Heineken took ownership of it, and closed the brewery in 2009.In October 2016 Since the merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller , Heineken became the second largest brewer in the world. On 12 January 2010, Heineken International successfully bought the brewery division of Mexican giant FEMSA in all-stock deal expanding its reach throughout Latin America. The deal brought brands such as Dos Equis, Sol, Tecate, Indio, Bohemia and Kloster. Thru the deal, Heineken also started selling its products in Latin America through FEMSA's distribution network. The deal made FEMSA 20% owner of Heineken N.V. essentially becoming its largest single shareholder after the Dutch families (Heineken family and Hoyer family) who owns 25.83% and public shareholders owning 54.17%. The FEMSA acquisition is expected to keep Heineken in its strong position by growing its market share in the Latin American markets. FEMSA has a massive distribution network and owns Mexico's largest convenience store chain OXXO, which has thousands of locations throughout the country.In September 2014, it was announced that Heineken would sell its Mexican packaging business Empaque to Crown for around $1.23 billion. Also during that month, Heineken revealed it was in talks to sell its Czech operations to Molson Coors.On 10 September 2015, Heineken International announced it would acquire a 50% stake in Lagunitas Brewing Company of Petaluma, California as part of an effort to allow Lagunitas to expand its operations globally. As part of the deal Lagunitas will no longer be considered a craft brewer as the Heineken stake is greater than 25%.In January 2017, Heineken announced it was in negotiations to buy the Kirin Company's 12 breweries in Brazil. The following month, Heineken closed the deal and bought Brasil Kirin for US$700 million.On 4 May 2017, after previously acquiring 50% of Lagunitas Brewing Company, Heineken announced it would be purchasing the remaining 50% making it the sole owner of Lagunitas.In 2018, Heineken signed an agreement with China Resources Enterprises to purchase a 40% stake into the company.In June 2018, Heineken named Maggie Timoney as the CEO of Heineken USA, making her the first woman to become the CEO of a major United States beer supplier.In June 2021, Heineken's stake in United Breweries of India the company increased to 61.5%, taking control of the company.In April 2023, Heineken completed the acquisition of Distell and Namibia Breweries.In May 2023, Heineken N.V. bought back €333 million in shares from FEMSA. FEMSA will no longer hold any shares in Heineken N.V. and Heineken Holding N.V. other than the Heineken Holding N.V. shares underlying the exchangeable bond.In August 2023, Heineken announced the sale of assets in Russia to a local company, Arnest, for €1 plus a €100 million commitment to repay domestic debt. Global structure Heineken organises the company into five territories which are then divided into regional operations. The regions are: Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, The Americas, Asia Pacific and Africa and the Middle East. These territories contain 115 brewing plants in more than 65 countries, brewing local brands in addition to the Heineken brand. Executive team The executive team of the company consists of the following people: Dolf van den Brink, Chairman Executive Board/CEO Harold van der Broek, Member Executive Board/CFO Marc Busain, President Americas Jacco van der Linden, President Asia Pacific Chris Van Steenbergen, Chief Human Resources Officer Marc Gross, Chief Supply Chain Officer Jan Derck van Karnebeek, Chief Commercial Officer Roland Pirmez, President Africa, Middle East and Eastern Europe Blanca Juti, Chief Corporate Relations Officer Soren Hagh, President Europe Brewing plants Heineken's brewing plants have been designed and engineered in 4 main parts of the world. Europe Heineken has 23 operating companies in Europe: Brau Union Österreich in Austria Alken-Maes in Belgium Zagorka Brewery in Bulgaria Karlovačka pivovara in Croatia Starobrno Brewery in the Czech Republic H. P. Bulmer in Hereford in England John Smith's in Tadcaster, England Royal Brewery in Manchester, England Heineken France: Brasserie de l'Espérance in Schiltigheim Brasserie Pelforth in Mons-en-Baroeul Brasserie de la Valentine in Marseille Athenian Brewery in Greece Heineken Hungária in Hungary Heineken Ireland at Lady's Well Brewery in Cork, Ireland Heineken Italia in Italy Heineken Nederland in the Netherlands Żywiec Brewery in Poland Central de Cervejas in Portugal Heineken Romania in Romania Heineken Srbija in Serbia Heineken Slovensko in Slovakia Pivovarna Laško Union in Slovenia Heineken España in Spain, with breweries in Seville, Valencia, Jaén and Madrid Heineken Switzerland in Switzerland Calanda Bräu in Switzerland The Americas Heineken has 9 operating companies in the Americas: Commonwealth Brewery in the Bahamas Heineken Brasil in Brazil Brasserie Nationale d'Haiti in Haiti Desnoes & Geddes in Jamaica Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery in Mexico Cervecerías Barú-Panama, S.A. in Panama Windward & Leeward Brewery in Saint Lucia Surinaamse Brouwerij in Suriname Lagunitas Brewing Company in the United States Asia Pacific Heineken has 15 operating companies in Asia Pacific: Cambodia Brewery Ltd (CBL) in Cambodia Shanghai Mila Brewery in China Hainan Asia Pacific Brewery Company Ltd in China Guangzhou Asia Pacific Brewery in China (under construction) United Breweries Ltd in Banglore, India Multi Bintang Indonesia in Indonesia Heineken Lao Brewery in Laos Heineken Malaysia in Malaysia DB Breweries in New Zealand South Pacific Brewery Ltd (SPB) in Papua New Guinea Heineken Asia Pacific in Singapore Heineken Lanka (APB Lanka) in Sri Lanka Thai Asia Pacific Brewery in Thailand Heineken Vietnam Brewery Co Ltd in Vietnam Heineken Hanoi Brewery Co Ltd in Vietnam Africa and the Middle East Heineken has 18 operating companies in Africa and the Middle East. These include: Al Ahram Beverages Company, Egypt Amstel Jordan Brewery, Jordan Harar Brewery, Ethiopia Bralirwa Brewery, Rwanda Brarudi Brewery, Burundi Brasserie Almaza, Lebanon Brasseries de Bourbon, Réunion Brasseries du Maroc, Morocco Bralima Brewery, Democratic Republic of the Congo Consolidated Breweries, Nigeria Distel, South Africa Groupe Castel Algérie, Algeria Namibia Breweries, Nanibia Nigerian Breweries, Nigeria Société nouvelles des Brasseries SONOBRA, Tunisia Sierra Leone Brewery Limited, Sierra Leone Sedibeng Brewery, South Africa Tango Brewery, Algeria Beer brands Heineken International owns a worldwide portfolio of over 170 beer brands, mainly pale lager, though some other beer styles are produced. The two largest international brands are Heineken and Amstel; though the portfolio includes Birra Moretti, Edelweiss, Lagunitas, Sol, Desperados and Tiger. Other regional brands include Affligem, Gösser and Sagres in Europe, Dos Equis, Red Stripe and Tecate in Americas, Bintang, Kingfisher and South Pacific Export in Asia-Pacific. Ownership The shares of Heineken N.V are traded on the NYSE Euronext Amsterdam and OTCQX under the symbols: HEIA and HEINY respectively. As at May 2023, the shareholding in the group's stock was as depicted in the table below: Heineken Holding N.V is a public company listed on the NYSE Euronext Amsterdam. Its single investment is Heineken N.V. It is majority owned by L’Arche Green N.V an investment vehicle of the Heineken family and the Hoyer family. Marketing Advertising Heineken's main advertising slogan in the UK was "Refreshes the parts other beers cannot reach", some of which featured voice-over narration by Danish comedian/pianist Victor Borge. The British TV campaign ran for over 30 years – stopping in 2005. From March 2011 they have been advertising using the song 'The Golden Age' by The Asteroids Galaxy Tour. After the success of The Entrance, a web advert (4M views in YouTube), Heineken launched The Date in May 2011.In March 2017 in Amsterdam, Heineken opened a pop-up bakery for five days to promote the yeast used in its brewing. The bread was made by Mark Plaating and proceeds were donated to a local baking guild. Sponsorships Heineken sponsors several sporting events. The Heineken Cup was an annual rugby union knock-out competition involving leading club, regional and provincial teams from the Six Nations: England, France, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and Italy. Heineken was the title sponsor from the cup's inaugural tournament in 1995–96, until the tournament ceased in 2014 and was replaced by the Champions Cup. Heineken continued its sponsorship of European Club Rugby as the principle partner of the European Rugby Champions Cup returning to title sponsorship of the Champions Cup from 2018–19. They have been credited as the Founding Partner of European Rugby. Heineken has been an integral partner of the UEFA Champions League since 2005, with a theme of "Enjoyed together around the world." The Heineken Open (tennis) is a tennis tournament on the ATP International Series played in Auckland, New Zealand. Heineken also sponsors the music events: the Heineken Open'er Festival, a contemporary music festival held in Poland; and, since 2004, the Oxegen music festival in Ireland. Heineken sponsors the Ballyheigue Summerfest in County Kerry, Ireland. In 2016, Heineken became the Official Beer of the Formula One World Championship after the Canadian Grand Prix. During the knockout stage of the 2019–20 season, Heineken 0,0% became the official beer of the UEFA Europa League as the season resumed followed with the start of the 2020–21 season. Holland Heineken House Since 1992 Heineken organises, together with NOC*NSF, the Dutch meeting place at all the Olympic Games, called the Holland Heineken House. Heineken Experience The Heineken Experience is a museum about Heineken Pilsener and the Heineken brewery, based in the original brewery in Amsterdam. The original building was built in 1867, and was in use as a brewery until 1988. In 1991, when part of the establishment was torn down, the Heineken Reception and Information Centre (Dutch: Heineken ontvangst- en informatiecentrum) was opened in the remaining building. In 2001 the name was changed to Heineken Experience.The museum features "rides", interactive exhibits, and two bars. It also gives an insight into the company's history and brewing processes through the years. Visitors receive one small tasting glass and two full-sized glasses of Heineken beer to drink at the end of the tour, both paid for by the 21 euro entry fee. Controversies Possible ties to the slave plantations On 15 February 1864, Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought De Hooiberg (the Haystack) brewery in Amsterdam. It remains unclear whether the funds for the purchase of the Haystack came from his father, a cheese trader, or his mother, whose estate included proceeds from her previous husband’s family’s historical investments in West Indies slave plantations.In a letter to his mother 18 June 1863, Gerard discussed the potential Haystack purchase and his plans for the future. Gerard’s mother, Anna Geertruida van de Paauw, came to own shares in slave plantations in Berbice (modern day Guyana) and Suriname through her first marriage in 1829 to Pieter Jacob Schumacher van Oudorp (1804–1833) who died in 1833. The Schumacher family owned several plantations in Berbice and Suriname, according to records held at the UK’s National Archive. After Pieter Schumacher died, Anna was remarried to Cornelis Heineken and had four children, one of which was Gerard Heineken. Anna died in 1881. Price fixing On 18 April 2007 the European commission fined Heineken €219.3m, Grolsch €31.65m and Bavaria €22.85m for operating a price fixing cartel in the Netherlands, totalling €273.7m. InBev, (formerly Interbrew), escaped without a penalty because it provided "decisive information" about the cartel which operated between 1996 and 1999 and others in the EU market. The brewers controlled 95% of the Dutch market, with Heineken claiming a half and the three others 15% each.Neelie Kroes said she was "very disappointed" that the collusion took place at the very highest (boardroom) level. She added, Heineken, Grolsch, Bavaria and InBev tried to cover their tracks by using code names and abbreviations for secret meetings to carve up the market for beer sold to supermarkets, hotels, restaurants and cafes. The price fixing extended to cheaper own-brand labels and rebates for bars.In 2004 Heineken and Kronenbourg (then part of Scottish and Newcastle), the two dominant brewers in France, were fined €2.5m – with the penalty reduced for co-operating. This is simply unacceptable: that major beer suppliers colluded to up prices and to carve up markets among themselves Fake craft beers In Ireland, Heineken briefly marketed "Blasket Blonde" in County Kerry from March 2015 to September 2016, and Beanntraí Bru in parts of County Cork in August 2016, as locally-made craft beers, from invented breweries. Investments in Russia At the end of March 2022, over a month after Russia started its war in Ukraine, Heineken announced that it was leaving Russia (including with its other brands there, like Affligem, Amstel etc.), saying that ownership of the Russian subsidiary was no longer “durable or viable.” But despite this promise Heineken hired more than 240 new staff and launched no less than 61 new products on the Russian market last year, investigators from Follow the Money reported, based on an overview of 2022 by Heineken Russia. The Dutch brewer’s Russian subsidiary looked back on “a turbulent year, with many new growth opportunities.” One of these opportunities being the departure of Coca-Cola and Pepsi from Russia, which Heineken "cynically" used to "enter the non-alcoholic carbonated beverage market". Heineken announced even more investments for 2023, including more modern packaging and new flavors. New products launched in Russia included an Irish stout, replacing Guinness (which had been brewed and sold by Heineken, under licence), after Diageo withdrew from Russia.However, in August 2023, Heineken announced the sale of assets in Russia to a local company, Arnest, for €1 plus a €100 million commitment to repay domestic debt. See also Companies portal Beer portal References External links Official website

George F. Whitney

George F. Whitney (July 2, 1873 – August 13, 1935) was an American male tennis player. He won the singles title at the Pacific Coast Championships four times. His first two titles, in 1897 and 1899, where when the tournament was played in San Rafael, California, while his title wins in 1900 and 1901 took place when the event was hosted in Berkeley, California. In 1897 he defeated his brother Robert in the All-Comers final to reach the Challenge Round against Samuel Hardy. Together they won the doubles title in 1896 and 1900.Whitney retired from active tennis in 1902 on doctor's orders due to angina pectoris.

George F. Whitney (July 2, 1873 – August 13, 1935) was an American male tennis player. He won the singles title at the Pacific Coast Championships four times. His first two titles, in 1897 and 1899, where when the tournament was played in San Rafael, California, while his title wins in 1900 and 1901 took place when the event was hosted in Berkeley, California. In 1897 he defeated his brother Robert in the All-Comers final to reach the Challenge Round against Samuel Hardy. Together they won the doubles title in 1896 and 1900.Whitney retired from active tennis in 1902 on doctor's orders due to angina pectoris. == References ==

Murder of Asunta Basterra

Asunta Yong Fang Basterra Porto (born Fang Yong; 30 September 2000 – 21 September 2013) was a Chinese-born Spanish girl whose body was found in Teo, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain, on 22 September 2013, shortly before her thirteenth birthday. The coroner determined she had died by asphyxiation, and had been given at least twenty-seven Lorazepam pills on the day of her death, more than nine times a high dosage amount for an adult. The investigation into the death became known as the Asunta Basterra case (Spanish: Caso Asunta Basterra).Asunta's adoptive parents, Alfonso Basterra and Rosario Porto, were found guilty of her murder on 30 October 2015. According to court documents, the couple periodically drugged their daughter with Lorazepam for three months and finally asphyxiated her before disposing of her body. The parents, who maintained their innocence, were sentenced to eighteen years in prison.The case has attracted widespread media interest in Spain and around the world, as well as a "statement of concern" from the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Asunta Yong Fang Basterra Porto (born Fang Yong; 30 September 2000 – 21 September 2013) was a Chinese-born Spanish girl whose body was found in Teo, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain, on 22 September 2013, shortly before her thirteenth birthday. The coroner determined she had died by asphyxiation, and had been given at least twenty-seven Lorazepam pills on the day of her death, more than nine times a high dosage amount for an adult. The investigation into the death became known as the Asunta Basterra case (Spanish: Caso Asunta Basterra).Asunta's adoptive parents, Alfonso Basterra and Rosario Porto, were found guilty of her murder on 30 October 2015. According to court documents, the couple periodically drugged their daughter with Lorazepam for three months and finally asphyxiated her before disposing of her body. The parents, who maintained their innocence, were sentenced to eighteen years in prison.The case has attracted widespread media interest in Spain and around the world, as well as a "statement of concern" from the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A four-part documentary series about the case debuted in 2017 and was made available internationally on Netflix in 2019. Background Asunta Basterra was born Fang Yong in 2000 in Yongzhou, Hunan, China. At nine months old she was adopted by Alfonso Basterra Camporro (b. 1964) and Maria del Rosario Porto Ortega (b. 1969 - d. 2020), an affluent Spanish couple from Santiago de Compostela, Galicia. Asunta was the first Chinese child to be adopted in the city of Santiago and one of the first in all of Galicia. Asunta was said to have been a gifted child, being a talented ballet dancer, violinist, and piano player who skipped a year in school. She was also very close to her maternal grandparents, who died the year before her death.Asunta's adoptive mother, Rosario Porto, came from a prominent Galician family. Her father, lawyer Francisco Porto Mella (d. 2012), was an honorary consul of France. Her mother, María del Socorro Ortega (died 2011), was a highly regarded university lecturer of art history. Porto studied law at the University of Santiago de Compostela and practiced at her father's firm after graduation. She also claimed to have attended the London High School of Law in England, which The Guardian confirmed does not exist. In 1997 she was appointed consul of France, inheriting the role from her father.Porto met journalist Alfonso Basterra, a native of Bilbao, in 1990. The two married in 1996 and lived in a large flat that had been given to Porto by her parents. In 2001 they travelled to China and adopted 9-month-old Asunta from the Guiyang Welfare Institute. In January 2013 the couple separated and Basterra moved to an apartment around the corner from the family flat. Asunta split her time between the two homes, walking the short distance between them. Death and investigation Asunta was first reported missing by her parents at 10:17 pm on Saturday 21 September, 2013. They had eaten lunch together at her father's home that afternoon. Asunta was seen on a bank's security camera at 2 pm walking to her father's house, and appeared on that same security camera at 5:21 pm returning home to her mother's flat. Porto was seen on the same security camera walking home at 5:28 pm.Porto initially told investigators that she had left home at around 7 pm, leaving Asunta at home doing homework. She said that she had driven alone to the family's country house in Teo, located about twenty minutes outside Santiago, and that when she returned to her apartment at 9:30 Asunta was missing. Porto said that she called Asunta's father and many of her friends, none of whom had seen her.Investigators later recovered CCTV video footage of Porto and Asunta at a gas station on the route toward Teo at 6:20 pm, contradicting Porto's timeline and story that she had left Asunta home that afternoon. After being made aware of the video Porto changed her story, this time saying that Asunta had briefly come with her to the country house, but that she quickly took her back to Santiago because the child had wanted to do homework. Porto claimed that after dropping Asunta off at home, she went to a sporting goods store to buy an item for Asunta's ballet class, but did not go in after realizing that she had left her purse in Teo. Porto claimed she then returned to the country house in Teo to retrieve her purse, then went to a gas station but did not fill her tank because she realized she did not have her discount card.Police examined the video footage from thirty-three security cameras around Santiago and found no video of Porto's car on any of the roads she claimed to have driven on that afternoon. The police in charge of the case came to believe that Porto and Asunta arrived at their house in Teo just after 6 pm, and that Porto left the house around 9 pm.Asunta's body was discovered in the early morning hours of 22 September 2013, at around 1am, on the side of a small mountain road in Teo, a few kilometers away from the country house. Not long after, Porto and investigators went together to the country house, where Porto was told not to touch anything since the house could be a crime scene. Porto told police that she needed to use the bathroom; an officer followed her upstairs, and found her attempting to retrieve the contents of a wastepaper bin in the bedroom. The bin contained a piece of the same type of orange rope that Asunta's limbs had been tied with when her body was found. Forensic scientists were ultimately unable to determine whether or not the discarded piece had come from the same roll used in the murder.The investigation into Asunta's death was named Operación Nenúfar ("Operation Water Lily") by detectives, who noted that in the moonlight, the girl's body in her white shirt appeared to be floating above the ground like a flower. Suicide of Rosario Porto Rosario Porto (18 December 1969 – 18 December 2020) died by suicide after hanging herself in her prison cell in the Brieva penitentiary in Ávila. She had previously made two suicide attempts in prison, by overdosing on prescription medication in 2017 and attempting to strangle herself in a prison shower in 2018. Documentary A four-part documentary about the case, Lo que la verdad esconde: Caso Asunta ("What the Truth Hides: The Asunta Case"), directed by Elías León Siminiani, premiered on Spanish television on 24 May 2017. It was considered a landmark documentary in Spain, which historically has eschewed the true crime genre. It became available internationally on Netflix in February 2019. See also José Bretón case, murder of siblings by their father in Andalusia Anna and Olivia case, murder of siblings by their father in Canary Islands Alcàsser Girls, high-profile murder case of Spanish girls in Valencia Typhaine case, a case of child abuse and murder that occurred in France in 2009 == References ==

Thargelia

Thargelia (Ancient Greek: Θαργήλια) was one of the chief Athenian festivals in honour of the Delian Apollo and Artemis, held on their birthdays, the 6th and 7th of the month Thargelion (about May 24 and May 25).Essentially an agricultural festival, the Thargelia included a purifying and expiatory ceremony. While the people offered the first-fruits of the earth to the god in token of thankfulness, it was at the same time necessary to propitiate him, lest he might ruin the harvest by excessive heat, possibly accompanied by pestilence. The purificatory preceded the thanksgiving service. On the 6th a sheep was sacrificed to Demeter Chloe on the Acropolis, and perhaps a swine to the Fates, but the most important ritual was the following. Two men, the ugliest that could be found (the Pharmakoi) were chosen to die, one for the men, the other (according to some, a woman) for the women.

Thargelia (Ancient Greek: Θαργήλια) was one of the chief Athenian festivals in honour of the Delian Apollo and Artemis, held on their birthdays, the 6th and 7th of the month Thargelion (about May 24 and May 25).Essentially an agricultural festival, the Thargelia included a purifying and expiatory ceremony. While the people offered the first-fruits of the earth to the god in token of thankfulness, it was at the same time necessary to propitiate him, lest he might ruin the harvest by excessive heat, possibly accompanied by pestilence. The purificatory preceded the thanksgiving service. On the 6th a sheep was sacrificed to Demeter Chloe on the Acropolis, and perhaps a swine to the Fates, but the most important ritual was the following. Two men, the ugliest that could be found (the Pharmakoi) were chosen to die, one for the men, the other (according to some, a woman) for the women. Hipponax of Colophon claims that on the day of the sacrifice they were led round with strings of figs on their necks, and whipped on the genitals with rods of figwood and squills. When they reached the place of sacrifice on the shore, they were stoned to death, their bodies burnt, and the ashes thrown into the sea (or over the land, to act as a fertilizing influence). However, it is unclear how accurate Hipponax's sixth-century, poetical account of the ceremony is, and there is much scholarly debate as to its reliability.The Athenians, having taken the festival from the Delians, brought to it the gods of summer heat, that is the Horae, goddesses of the seasons, and Helios, the sun god, to whom they offered the first fruits of the summer crops, and cereal all dependent on Helios and the Horae for ripening; a surviving inscription mentions offerings to "Helios, Horae and Apollo". They were honored with a procession of which no details survive.It is supposed that an actual human sacrifice took place on this occasion, replaced in later times by a milder form of expiation. Thus, at Leucas a criminal was annually thrown from a rock into the sea as a scapegoat, but his fall was checked by live birds and feathers attached to his person, and men watched below in small boats, who caught him and escorted him beyond the boundary of the city. Nevertheless, many modern scholars reject this, arguing that the earliest source for the pharmakos (the iambic satirist Hipponax) shows the pharmakos being beaten and stoned, but not executed. A more plausible explanation would be that sometimes they were executed and sometimes they weren't depending on the attitude of the victim. For instance a deliberate unrepentant murderer would most likely be put to death. Similarly, at Massilia, on the occasion of some heavy calamity (plague or famine), one of the poorest inhabitants volunteered as a scapegoat. For a year he was fed up at the public expense, then clothed in sacred garments, led through the city amidst execrations, and cast out beyond the boundaries.The ceremony on the 7th was of a cheerful character. All kinds of first-fruits were carried in procession and offered to the god, and, as at the Pyanepsia (or Pyanopsia), branches of olive bound with wool, borne by children, were affixed by them to the doors of the houses. These branches, originally intended as a charm to avert failure of the crops, were afterwards regarded as forming part of a supplicatory service. On the second day choruses of men and boys took part in musical contests, the prize for which was a tripod. Further, on this day adopted persons were solemnly received into the genos and phratria of their adoptive parents. See also Eiresione Notes References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thargelia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 726–727. Jan Bremmer, "Scapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greece," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 87 (1983): 299-320. Bremmer, J.N. (2008). Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible, and the Ancient Near East. Jerusalem studies in religion and culture, v. 8. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16473-4. Gardner, Percy; Jevons, Frank Byron, A Manual of Greek Antiquities, University of Wisconsin, 1895, Charles Scribner's Sons. Parker, Robert, Polytheism and Society at Athens, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-927483-3.Cited in Chisholm 1911: Preller-Robert, Griechische Mythologie, i. (1894); Georg Friedrich Schömann, Griechische Alterthümer (4th ed. by J. H. Lipsius, 1897–1902); P. Stengel, Die griechischen Kultusalterthümer (1890); article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, revised by L. C. Purser (3rd ed., 1891); August Mommsen, Feste der Stadt Athen (1898); L. R. Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, iv. (1906), pp. 268–283; J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough (2nd ed., 1900), ii. appendix C, "Offerings of First-Fruits," and iii. p. 93, 15, "On Scapegoats"; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte (2nd ed. by W. Heuschkel, 1904–5).

Guy XIV de Laval

Guy XIV de Laval, François de Montfort-Laval, (28 January 1406 – 2 September 1486, Châteaubriant), comte de Laval, baron de Vitré and of La Roche-Bernard, seigneur of Gâvre, of Acquigny, of Tinténiac, of Montfort and Gaël, of Bécherel, was a French nobleman, known for his account of Joan of Arc. He and his brother André de Lohéac were simultaneously vassals of the duke of Brittany and of the king of France.

Guy XIV de Laval, François de Montfort-Laval, (28 January 1406 – 2 September 1486, Châteaubriant), comte de Laval, baron de Vitré and of La Roche-Bernard, seigneur of Gâvre, of Acquigny, of Tinténiac, of Montfort and Gaël, of Bécherel, was a French nobleman, known for his account of Joan of Arc. He and his brother André de Lohéac were simultaneously vassals of the duke of Brittany and of the king of France. Life Origins Guy was the son of Guy XIII de Laval and Anne de Laval (1385–1466). Through his mother he was grandson of Guy XII de Laval and of Jeanne de Laval, second wife of constable Bertrand du Guesclin.In 1420, Guy XIV, only just fourteen years old, was the second person to put his signature to the petition sent to the king of England to demand the release of Arthur III, Duke of Brittany, the future constable, who had been a prisoner since the Battle of Agincourt. Arthur was freed in September of that year. In 1424, he accompanied Arthur to the brilliant reception he had prepared for queen Yolande of Aragon in his château d'Angers. He thus worked to detach the Breton captain from the English and bring about a rapprochement between Brittany and France. Companion of Joan of Arc On 8 June 1429, at Selles-en-Berry (Selles-sur-Cher), he rejoined the royal army which reunited Joan of Arc and the duke of Alençon to seek the liberation of the Loire Valley after the raising of the siege of Orléans. He has left, in a letter to his mother, a living portrait of Joan of Arc, of whom he was a fervent admirer. They distinguished themselves at Jargeau, Beaugency, and above all Patay, where he fought in the vanguard. Coronation of Charles VII With his brother André de Lohéac he followed the sovereign to Reims and assisted at the coronation of Charles VII of France on 17 July 1429, replacing Philip the Good, count of Flanders (who was also the Duke of Burgundy). Among the favours distributed by the king on this occasion, the territory of Laval was raised to a county, and Guy de Laval was made governor of Lagny in 1430. House of Brittany On 1 October 1430, at Redon, Guy XIV married Isabelle of Brittany (died 1444), daughter of John VI, Duke of Brittany. He was betrothed, in 1420, to Marguerite of Dreux, Isabelle's sister, who had herself been betrothed to Louis III d'Anjou. Duchy of Brittany In 1439, he negotiated the tentative Anglo-French treaty at Gravelines. Guy XIV assisted at Tours, on 14 January 1446, in a notable combat before Charles VII, between the Englishman Jean Chalons and Louis du Bueil, with the latter being killed. As his ancestors had founded the four canonical-prebendaries of Saint-Jean-de-Langeais, it was up to him to provide the residency privileges which they dispensed, as a result of which divine service was no longer assured. Marriage with Françoise de Dinan It is known that after he had, for financial reasons, let his son Guy XV's engagement to Françoise of Dinan drop in 1440, in favour of Gilles of Brittany. Guy XIV once again abused the young age of this same son, making him break off another engagement to her, when she became the widow of Gilles of Brittany, and engaged him at 45 years old in February 1451 at Vitré, Françoise of Dinan (died 1500), baronne of Châteaubriant. Guy XIV had no rights on the barony of Châteaubriant. The Vatican archives contain two solicitations to the Holy See on this occasion, by Guy XIV and by his son. The inquiry concerning François-Guy de Laval, fils aîné de Guy, comte de Laval, seigneur du Gavre dates to 23 July 1450 and is addressed to the bishop of Nantes. He begged, for canonical reasons, for an exemption from parental kinship, and from the ban on marriage between a woman and the father of someone to whom she had previously been engaged. The mandate of dispensation for the marriage of Guy XIV and Françoise of Dinan said to be of Thouars from her mother's name, and for their absolution from certain bans, is dated 17 December 1450 and addressed to the bishop of Vannes. The Vatican archives mention once more mention the comte of Laval and Françoise of Dinan his wife, in their founding of a psallette (choir school) at the Madeleine at Vitré, on 19 May 1453. Relationship with Louis XI King Louis XI established a cour des comptes at Laval in 1463. The following year the king authorised "his cousin" Guy XIV to add a first quarter of France, then those of Evreux - and those of Vitré. Brocéliande At the beginning of the 15th century, the château de Comper became the fiefdom of the Laval family. In order to assert better his precedence on the viscountcy of Rohan to the States of Brittany, Guy XIV de Laval, seigneur of Brocéliande, pretended, via his parent, to be descended from the ancient kings of Armorica Conan and Ponthus. In 1467, he tried to get inserted into the "Chartre des Usements de Brécilie", with the object of the seigneurial rights over the inhabitants of the forest, mentioning the jousts of Ponthus, making a historical fact of a 14th-century fictional romance in the style of the Arthurian legends called "Le roman de Ponthus et la Belle Sidoine". He was the lieutenant-général of the duchy of Brittany in 1472. Comte of Laval Louis XI, in 1482, gave full powers to the comté of Laval, separating it from the Maine. The comté of Laval was directly responsible to the crown of France. He was buried at the collegial church of Saint-Thugal at Laval. His daughter Jeanne de Laval (1433–1498) was the wife of king René I of Anjou. His eldest son, Francis, would be Grand Master of France and comte of Laval (Guy XV de Laval), and one of his cadets Pierre de Laval was archbishop of Rheims. See also Château de Comper Notes References External links http://perso.orange.fr/jean-claude.colrat/2laval.htm Sources Cowper, Frederick A. G. (1959). "Origins and Peregrinations of the Laval-Middleton Manuscript". Nottingham Medieval Studies. University of Nottingham Press. 3 (Jan.). Walsby, Malcolm (2007). The Counts of Laval: Culture, Patronage and Religion in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century France. Ashgate. "Un compagnon de Jeanne d'Arc Guy XIV de Laval". Bulletin et mémoires :Société archéologique du département d'Ille-et-Vilaine. 109. 2005. Jürgen Klötgen, "Une charte retrouvée de Guy XV de Laval (1491) - Notice historique sur les armoiries de Laval", in Revue Historique et Archéologique du Maine, t.CXLVIII, Le Mans, 1997 p. 209-232. See also : Full text from DVD-RHAM Revue Historique et Archéologique du Maine/1875-2000, Copyright by Société Historique et Archéologique du Maine, Le Mans, 2006. (in French) "Guy XIV de Laval", in Alphonse-Victor Angot, Ferdinand Gaugain, Dictionnaire historique, topographique et biographique de la Mayenne, Goupil, 1900–1910 ([détail édition]), t. IV, p. 528.

Administrative Conference of the United States

The Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) is an independent agency of the United States government that was established in 1964 by the Administrative Conference Act. The conference's purpose is to "promote improvements in the efficiency, adequacy, and fairness of the procedures by which federal agencies conduct regulatory programs, administer grants and benefits, and perform related governmental functions. "To this end, the conference conducts research and issues reports concerning various aspects of the administrative process and, when warranted, makes recommendations to the President, Congress, particular departments and agencies, and the judiciary concerning the need for procedural reforms. Of these recommendations, 33% have focused on reducing government costs and increasing revenue, 26% on improving the use of science in the administrative process, and 20% on reducing litigation in the regulatory process. Implementation of conference recommendations may be accomplished by direct action on the part of the affected agencies or through legislative changes.

The Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) is an independent agency of the United States government that was established in 1964 by the Administrative Conference Act. The conference's purpose is to "promote improvements in the efficiency, adequacy, and fairness of the procedures by which federal agencies conduct regulatory programs, administer grants and benefits, and perform related governmental functions."To this end, the conference conducts research and issues reports concerning various aspects of the administrative process and, when warranted, makes recommendations to the President, Congress, particular departments and agencies, and the judiciary concerning the need for procedural reforms. Of these recommendations, 33% have focused on reducing government costs and increasing revenue, 26% on improving the use of science in the administrative process, and 20% on reducing litigation in the regulatory process. Implementation of conference recommendations may be accomplished by direct action on the part of the affected agencies or through legislative changes. Structure The chairman is appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the senate, for a 5-year term. The other ten members of the council, which acts as an executive board, are appointed by the president for 3-year terms. Federal officials may comprise no more than one-half of the full membership of the council. The chairman is the only full-time compensated member. In order to draw on a wide array of expertise and ensure diversity of views that contribute to the formulation of ACUS recommendations, conference membership consists of no fewer than 75 and no more than 101 members who are chosen from government agencies, the practicing bar, academia, corporations, and nonprofit entities. Each member serves on one of the ACUS committees, which are devoted to one of five administrative procedure subjects: adjudication, administration and management, judicial review, regulation, and rulemaking. ACUS estimates that its volunteer experts bring an added $1.1 million of value to agency work. History ACUS was formed as a permanent agency to continue the bipartisan efforts of the two temporary administrative conferences that operated during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. Each of the temporary conferences had recommended the establishment of a permanent body to continually study, and recommend improvements to, administrative procedures.ACUS began operations with the appointment and confirmation of its first chairman in 1968. In just under three decades, the conference undertook more than 200 recommendation projects examining various areas of administrative law and practice. In 1995, the conference ceased operations due to loss of funding, but the statutory provisions establishing ACUS were not repealed. Indeed, the work of the conference received continued recognition over the years. In 2007, the Congressional Research Service remarked that ACUS offered “nonpartisan, nonbiased, comprehensive, and practical assessments and guidance with respect to a wide range of agency processes, procedures, and practices”.In support of the reauthorization of ACUS, Justice Antonin Scalia, a former chairman of ACUS, testified before the house judiciary committee that the conference represented “a unique combination of talents from the academic world, from within the executive branch... and ... from the private bar, especially lawyers particularly familiar with administrative law". He also described ACUS as “one of the federal government’s ‘best bargains... for the buck’”. Following this and other testimony, congress reauthorized the conference in 2004 and again in 2008.The 2004 legislation expanded the responsibilities of ACUS to include specific attention to achieving more effective public participation and efficiency, reducing unnecessary litigation, and improving the use of science in the rulemaking process. Funding was approved in 2009, and the conference was officially re-established in March 2010, when the United States Senate confirmed Paul R. Verkuil as chair. The re-established ACUS started a new online presence, including a searchable database of publications and recommendations throughout its existence from 1968 to 1995 and its re-establishment in March 2010 to present. Recommendations and resources Many early ACUS recommendations were enacted by congress, and more have been relied on by agencies and courts. For example, ACUS has made several influential recommendations to eliminate technical impediments to judicial review of agency decisions. Congress implemented each of ACUS's proposals through Public Law 94-574.ACUS also worked to develop and implement the use of alternative dispute resolution techniques in administrative practice, with the goal of decreasing litigation cost and delays in agency programs. These efforts resulted in the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act in 1990, by which congress provided a framework for agencies to use alternative dispute resolution to resolve administrative litigation. ACUS also explored—and worked to implement through legislation—alternative dispute resolution techniques in rulemaking. The conference's recommendations on negotiating regulations served as the groundwork for the Negotiated Rulemaking Act.Since its re-establishment in 2010, the conference has adopted more than 40 recommendations and statements providing recommended reforms directed to federal agencies, congress, the president, and the Judicial Conference of the United States. Although formally, ACUS recommendations are non-binding, some of the more significant developments to grow out of ACUS's work include its recommendation addressing agency adjustments to civil monetary penalties was implemented by congress in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, which the Congressional Budget Office estimated would increase government revenue by $1.3 billion over the next ten years. Another recommendation was implemented through Executive Order 13,609, which seeks to reduce unnecessary international regulatory disparities that impose costs on business; yet another recommendation prompted the Office of Management and Budget to update its guidance on how federal agencies can incorporate standards set by industrial, scientific, and other entities in their own regulations.In addition to these recommendations, ACUS hosts trainings, working groups, and other initiatives for agency and congressional staff. The conference also has released a number of resources for agency officials and the general public. Two recent resources include the Sourcebook of United States Executive Agencies, which comprehensively catalogs the agencies and other organizational entities of the federal executive establishment, and the Federal Administrative Adjudication Database, a joint project with Stanford Law School to “map the contours of the federal administrative adjudicatory process, including both ‘formal’ adjudication conducted under the Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’) and ‘informal’ adjudication”. Chairmen Jerre S. Williams (1968–1970) Roger C. Cramton (1970–1972) Antonin Scalia (1972–1974) Robert Anthony (1974–1979) Reuben B. Robertson (1980–1981) Loren A. Smith (1981–1985) Marshall J. Breger (1985–1991) Brian C. Griffin (1992–1993) Thomasina V. Rogers (1994–1995) Office vacant (1995–2010) Paul R. Verkuil (2010–2015) Andrew Fois (2022–present) See also United States Administrative Law Administrative Law, Process and Procedure Project Title 1 of the Code of Federal Regulations References External links Administrative Conference of the United States (official website). With bibliographies and searchable database of all ACUS Publications and ACUS Recommendations, 1968–present. Administrative Conference of the United States in the Federal Register The Administrative Conference at 50: GW Law Review & ACUS Commemorative Project

PANHA

Iran Helicopter Support and Renovation Company (IHSRC) (Persian: پشتیبانی و نوسازی هلیکوپترهای ایران, abbreviated as پنها, PANHA) is an Iranian helicopter manufacturing company.

Iran Helicopter Support and Renovation Company (IHSRC) (Persian: پشتیبانی و نوسازی هلیکوپترهای ایران, abbreviated as پنها, PANHA) is an Iranian helicopter manufacturing company. History Following the purchase by Iran of some Italian helicopters from Agusta Company, it became important to establish a plant for support and repair these helicopters. This plant was named Iran Joint Helicopter Industry. Later on, after purchase of some large number of helicopters from Bell, planning for expansion of this plant to support the new fleet started. Part of this expansion was to create three major sections. 1. (NMP) Repair and Maintenance Centre 2. (HDMC) Main Fleet Repair Centre 3. (NICP) Logistics and Support CentreAfter Iran’s revolution in 1979, US embargo on Iran, and the start of the Iran-Iraq war, PANHA started its operations with a goal of supporting and maintaining helicopters in the war. After a few years, they became self-sufficient in repair and maintenance of all of Iran's military helicopters. In 1986, following this success, their task of repair, maintenance, and support expanded to other organizations like communication, oil, Red Cross of Iran, and power plants. Currently, this organization repairs and maintains ten different kinds of military and non-military helicopters in sixteen different models. In 1994, experts at PANHA Company completed the structure of their first helicopter called Shabaviz. After this, they received their first official permit to start manufacturing commercial helicopters. PANHA has been instrumental in reverse-engineering helicopters, their upgrades and servicing the large fleet of Iranian helicopters. Duties Repair and maintain nine kinds of helicopters in fifteen different models. (Bell 205, Bell 206, Bell 212, Bell 214, CH, RH, SH, 412, Mil 17) Body structure and upgrading helicopters Design and configuration of variety of helicopters windows and glasses Design and manufacturing fixtures Products Helicopters Panha 2091 - based on Bell AH-1 SuperCobra Panha Shabaviz 2-75 - based on Bell 204/205 Panha Shabaviz 2061 - based on Bell 206 Homa - The twin-engine helicopter can seat 14 people and fly in different weathers. Sorena (helicopter) Saba-248 (helicopter) See also Iran Aviation Industries Organization Iranian Military Industry References External links Iran Aerospace research and industries - Helicopter industries IHSRC - Iranian Helicopter Support and Renewal Company (2014)

Lisa S. Jones

Lisa S. Jones (born 1 April 1974) is an American businesswoman and entrepreneur, best known for being the founder of Atlanta-based video email company EyeMail Inc. As both a black and woman-owned business, EyeMail Inc. is classified as a Minority Women Business Enterprise (MWBE). Her company began as a start-up, eventually growing exponentially through partnerships with Microsoft, Delta Air Lines, Time Warner, Porsche North America, the Atlanta Tech Village, PepsiCo and, most notably, The Coca-Cola Company, through which EyeMail Inc. got selected by Microsoft as a premier MWBE supplier in digital marketing. Prior to dedicating herself to entrepreneurship, Jones worked in supplier diversity for telecommunications provider AT&T, and continues to develop a career as a thought leader and public speaker in the matter.In 2010, she received the "Most Innovative Company of the Year" prize at the Stevie Awards, and was also a finalist for Black Enterprise's "Innovator of the Year" award. More recently, she received the "Catalyst of the Year" award at Delta Air Lines' 2018 Star Awards ceremony, and was a finalist in Microsoft's 2022 Supplier Prestige Awards under the category of Diverse-Owned Supplier of the Year. In 2023, EyeMail Inc. entered Inc. magazine's annual list of the fastest-growing companies in the US Southeast region at number 181.

Lisa S. Jones (born 1 April 1974) is an American businesswoman and entrepreneur, best known for being the founder of Atlanta-based video email company EyeMail Inc. As both a black and woman-owned business, EyeMail Inc. is classified as a Minority Women Business Enterprise (MWBE). Her company began as a start-up, eventually growing exponentially through partnerships with Microsoft, Delta Air Lines, Time Warner, Porsche North America, the Atlanta Tech Village, PepsiCo and, most notably, The Coca-Cola Company, through which EyeMail Inc. got selected by Microsoft as a premier MWBE supplier in digital marketing. Prior to dedicating herself to entrepreneurship, Jones worked in supplier diversity for telecommunications provider AT&T, and continues to develop a career as a thought leader and public speaker in the matter.In 2010, she received the "Most Innovative Company of the Year" prize at the Stevie Awards, and was also a finalist for Black Enterprise's "Innovator of the Year" award. More recently, she received the "Catalyst of the Year" award at Delta Air Lines' 2018 Star Awards ceremony, and was a finalist in Microsoft's 2022 Supplier Prestige Awards under the category of Diverse-Owned Supplier of the Year. In 2023, EyeMail Inc. entered Inc. magazine's annual list of the fastest-growing companies in the US Southeast region at number 181. Life and career Early life and career beginnings (1974–2003) Lisa S. Jones was born on 1 April 1974 in Montgomery, Alabama, in the Southeastern U.S, the youngest of three girls. Jones became interested in the world of entrepreneurship from an early age, finding inspiration in her father, who opened an ice cream shop from the ground up and "significantly [impacted] her life". As a teenager, she worked at McDonald's, where she "learned several fundamental business principles, including how much she loved interacting with costumers", as well as the "importance of developing interpersonal and communication skills". Jones is an Alabama A&M University alumna, where she earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in Logistics and Procurement, and MBA degrees. During her formative years, she also studied marketing management at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth.While still living in Alabama, Jones was a logistics and supply chain expert at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, a work experience that lasted for four years, and she has cited as one of the reasons for wanting to develop a product that improves companies' internal communication. After being laid off from NASA, Jones decided to relocate to Atlanta, Georgia, where she expanded her career in supplier diversity for companies such as AT&T. Jones has stated that she decided to become an entrepreneur after her mother's unexpected death at age 61. Foundation and growth of EyeMail Inc. (2004–2019) Jones eventually set out to create a product to improve engagement marketing, coming up with an "email video" service that enables up to 60 seconds-long high-definition videos to be compressed and eimbedded directly into emails, avoiding the need to click on a link or access a browser to play them. She officially founded her company EyeMail Inc. in Atlanta in 2004, and developed the product for five years during her spare time, as she also had a full-time job as an executive in telecommunications. Also in 2004, Jones filed her first patent focused on video in email. Writing in 2022, Arizona-based magazine Success Knocks noted that "as an African American female in technology and from Alabama, she did not receive enough support, guidance, and open-door access as her colleagues." At first, Jones had difficulty finding support from American development agencies, so she tried several international technical teams until choosing a partnership that she considered most suitable. Following this, the team developed the product in only six months. As part of EyeMail Inc.'s development process, Jones took part in Microsoft's Mentor/Protégé Innovation Lab Program, which "provided more support and expertise", as well as its Innovation Center, making her the first African-American woman to do so. In a special feature published by Microsoft in 2023, Jones recalled: Soon after launching EyeMail, I attended a Microsoft conference on women in technology and began building the strong partnership we have now. We were later invited to receive Microsoft Technology Center support to collaborate with senior architects and developers as part of a Microsoft supplier diversity initiative to mentor best-in-class technology startups in Atlanta. Knowing that we had access to global thought leadership and support to develop our technical roadmap gave us an elevated sense of purpose and a lot of confidence to expand the company. EyeMail Inc. got the interest of business executives after its use in a Georgia's Greater Women's Business Council (GWBC) campaign, to whom Jones offered to use her service for free in an effort to showcase her product. It first caught the attention of Time Warner, which became EyeMail Inc.'s first client. This achievement prompted Jones to leave her day job and fully dedicate herself to the company. In 2008, EyeMail Inc. was listed at number 3 on the Atlanta Tribune's list for the "Top 8 Atlanta Businesses to Watch", and was selected as one of the Top 40 Innovative Companies by the Technology Association of Georgia (TAG). Also in 2008, Jones began a partnership with The Coca-Cola Company, as part of its mentor program with the Georgia Minority Supplier Diversity Council (GMSDC). Jones' relationship with The Coca-Cola Company, both as a client and partner, was pivotal to EyeMail Inc.'s growth, as it "gave her product more visibility and helped her develop business skills", and purportedly caused its revenue to quadruple. The company operates in several countries—including the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Pakistan and Mexico— and works for businesses such as Delta Air Lines, Major League Baseball, Porsche North America, Aetna, the Atlanta Braves, The Home Depot, and PepsiCo. In 2008, Jones was the winner of the first season of CBS reality competition show The Next Tycoon.Jones is a board member of TAG, as well as a partner of the Billion Dollar Roundtable organization, where EyeMail Inc. is classified as a Minority Women Business Enterprise (MWBE) strategic partner. She took part as a panelist at the organization's 2014 Billion Dollar Summit. As a continuing part of her pre-entrepreneurial career, Jones continues to work as a supplier diversity thought leader and public speaker at specialized forums and panels. In 2010, Black Enterprise nominated Jones as a finalist for the "Innovator of the Year" award, and was also given the "Georgia Minority Technology Industry Award", as well as Indiana University's Madam C. J. Walker award for "Outstanding Business Achievement". In 2013, Jones was a finalist in the 4th season of ABC's Shark Tank. In 2018, she received the "Catalyst of the Year" award at Delta Air Lines' Annual Star Awards ceremony. In 2019, Minority Business Entrepreneur magazine listed Jones in a special feature titled "Honoring WBEs Who Rock!". The same year, Jones was a finalist for the EY Entrepreneurial Winning Women prize awarded by Ernst & Young. Recent years (2019–present) Jones is a board member of the Technology Association of Georgia Diversity and Inclusion, and a volunteer at the local chapter of the Women in Technology Association. She is currently pursuing an executive degree at Harvard University. In 2020, she was chosen by PepsiCo as one of 15 participants in the Stacy's Rise Project, a mentorship program to support black women business owners. Also in 2020, Jones was selected by Stacy's Pita Chips for its Rise Project 2021, which is dedicated to "helping women grow their businesses through funding, mentorship, and community". As part of Stacy's Pita Chips project, Jones was added to a Female Founder Finder directory, which directs consumers to nearby female-founded businesses. She was also nominated for other prizes, including New World Report's North American Business Awards, Georgia Business Journal's Best of Georgia Awards, and the CTO of the Year award given by the Women in Tech Network.In 2021, Jones was listed as one of the "Top 10 Businesswomen to Admire in 2021" by global business magazine CIO Look, and one of the "Top 30 Business Stars" by The Boss Network. As a Microsoft Mentor Protégé , Jones has collaborated with Senior Architects at Microsoft's Innovation Lab for EyeMail's technology roadmap, adding a closed captioning feature that allows "recipients to follow along with the words or captions, delivering enhanced engagement for over 430 million impacted by hearing loss."This new venture was done in collaboration with Senior Architects at Microsoft's Innovation Lab.That year, EyeMail was listed as one of the "20 Innovative Companies Which Everyone Should Know in 2021" by the Atlanta-based Global Business Leaders Mag. In 2022, Jones was included in The Enterprise World's list for the "Enterprising Women of the Year", Success Knocks' "10 Most Iconic Women in 2022", and The Atlantan Magazine's special feature on the top innovators from Atlanta. On April 23, 2022, Jones was a speaker at the "Women in Leadership Fireside chat" organized by the Harvard Graduate Council, presented as a "platform for exceptional women leaders to exchange views, advice and discuss our community's challenges." In May 2022, EyeMail Inc. was a finalist in Microsoft's Supplier Prestige Awards under the category of Diverse-Owned Supplier of the Year.Also in 2022, Jones was a speaker on video-in-email at MailCon. She was also featured in Emailexpert's series of "speaker showcases", with writer Nely Bonar describing her as a "digital marketing maven and a star speaker, with a track record of helping companies of all sizes use video in email." In November 2022, she was included in Thinkers360's list of the "175 Women B2B Thought Leaders You Should Follow in 2023", as well as a finalist for Women in Tech Network's Global Awards. That year, EyeMail was also given the Corporate Excellence Award given by the Staffordshire-based publication Corporate Vision.In early 2023, Jones was listed among the "finest email mavens" by Uplers. In May 2023, she was among the winners of the Enterprising Women of the Year Award. Also in May, Jones gave a speech titled "Taking a Leap of Faith to Pursue Your Dream" as part of the WIT Network. The following month, Jones was named one of the "Top 100 Women of the Future in Emerging Tech" by Women of the Future,In June 2023, Susanna Ray of Microsoft used EyeMail Inc. as an example of "black-owned companies [that] are using corporate connections to give back". Ray stated that: "When Microsoft announced its Racial Equity Initiative in 2020 and set a goal to double the number of Black suppliers it does business with, a procurement engagement manager for the company remembered Jones and reached out, partnering with EyeMail to integrate video in email marketing communications as part of the Windows 11 launch in 2021." In the same article, Jones described her experience: I started crying when I got my first contract with Microsoft, because I was full of gratitude. Everyone told me, "You're a woman, you're a Black woman, you're from Alabama, you don't have the right network, you're not a coder" — I could go on and on. But I said, "I am going to make it." So when I was awarded the Microsoft contract, and the supplier number, the whole process of onboarding was fabulous, and it was exhilarating. We have a lot of Fortune 500 customers on our roster now, and there are so many tangible and intangible benefits to this relationship that continue to evolve and show up. Between 2021 and 2023, EyeMail has grown 71%, landing a spot on the Inc. list of fast-growing small companies in the US Southeast region for 2023. Microsoft noted in 2023 that the company also delivers managed services projects 40% faster, following the adoption of Microsoft 365 Business Premium. In October 2023, Jones was recognized as "Fearless Woman in Technology" by Women in Technology. She was also among 10 experts consulted by Uplers in a special report on the impacts of AI tools in email copywriting. Jones has also announced the upcoming launches of EyeMail Software as a Service (SaaS) Storytelling Platform, which also includes new products and features such as EyeCon, EyeViewer Assistant (EVA) and Video in Text. In November 2023, Jones and her company EyeMail Inc. were selected among the winners of Invest Connect, a pitch competition organized by the Technology Association of Georgia (TAG) as part of their Bridge Builders initiative, aimed to link black-owned businesses with investors. See also Lists of African Americans List of Alabama A&M people List of chief executive officers List of entrepreneurs List of female top executives List of Internet entrepreneurs List of people from Montgomery, Alabama References External links EyeMail Inc. (official website)

Component Developer Magazine

Component Developer Magazine or CoDe (registered as CODE Magazine) is a computer magazine edited and produced by the publishing and software company EPS Software. CODE is published bi-monthly, and it is available in printed and digital format. The magazine focuses on providing information about Computer programming in using today's development topics including .NET Framework, Visual Studio, Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft SharePoint.

Component Developer Magazine or CoDe (registered as CODE Magazine) is a computer magazine edited and produced by the publishing and software company EPS Software. CODE is published bi-monthly, and it is available in printed and digital format. The magazine focuses on providing information about Computer programming in using today's development topics including .NET Framework, Visual Studio, Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft SharePoint. History CoDe Magazine was started in 1999, by Rick Strahl and EPS Software’s President Markus Egger. The first three issues of the magazine were written in German, and originally published in Austria (then called Software Developer Magazine). Shortly after the original three issues were published, .NET technologies became a primary focus for the magazine as Microsoft was beginning to phase out Visual FoxPro. In 1999, CoDe Magazine’s parent company, EPS Software, moved its headquarters to Houston, where it is still located. EPS Software and CODE participate in community developer events and frequently support Code Camps, or code and development camps put on by the community to help promote software development. See also List of computer magazines References External links CODE magazine official website.

Hanjian

In Chinese culture, the word hanjian (traditional Chinese: 漢奸; simplified Chinese: 汉奸; pinyin: Hànjiān; Wade–Giles: han-chien) is a pejorative term for a traitor to the Han Chinese state and, to a lesser extent, Han ethnicity. The word hanjian is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for any country or ethnicity. As a Chinese term, it is a digraph of the Chinese characters for "Han" and "traitor". Han is the majority ethnic group in China; and Jian, in Chinese legal language, primarily referred to illicit sex. Implied by this term was a Han Chinese carrying on an illicit relationship with the enemy.

In Chinese culture, the word hanjian (traditional Chinese: 漢奸; simplified Chinese: 汉奸; pinyin: Hànjiān; Wade–Giles: han-chien) is a pejorative term for a traitor to the Han Chinese state and, to a lesser extent, Han ethnicity. The word hanjian is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for any country or ethnicity. As a Chinese term, it is a digraph of the Chinese characters for "Han" and "traitor". Han is the majority ethnic group in China; and Jian, in Chinese legal language, primarily referred to illicit sex. Implied by this term was a Han Chinese carrying on an illicit relationship with the enemy. Hanjian is often worded as "collaborator" in the West. History The term hanjian is one that emerged from a “conflation of political and ethnic identities, which was often blurred in the expression of Chinese nationalism.” It was/is applied to individuals who are designated collaborators and by which were not all ethnically Han. The modern usage of the term stems from the Second Sino-Japanese War in which circumstances forced political figures in China to choose between resistance and collaboration. Nuance in understanding not just why some Chinese chose to cooperate with Japanese but as well as inquiring why cooperation made sense to people at that time has opened up hanjian into being an ambiguous term in modern history rather than the black and white one that it is so often used as.There tend to be two types of hanjian, or collaborationists, when observing the era of the Sino-Japanese War: “the educated and intellectuals, who simply wanted to get power and wealth for themselves, and the poor and uneducated, whose poverty drove them to collaborate and whose ignorance saved them from even thinking they had to justify what they were doing.” Due to this notion and the modern ambiguity of the term, each of these two categories had various motives with the majority being different but some overlapping. Educated and intellectuals Educated hanjian is often reserved for those who were either scholars or within government. The most infamous hanjian government in mainland China is Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China, often referred to as the Wang Jingwei regime after its president. The Wang Jingwei regime sought to be the dominant governmental force in China and believed it could do so by collaborating and being submissive to Japan in what they deemed their “Peace Movement.” Wang found resistance to his government when he visited cities, such as Shanghai, and “intellectuals who showed sympathy for Wang risked ostracism, if not death.” During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the National Revolutionary Army was defeated in various battles by the Imperial Japanese Army. Chiang Kai-shek explained that hanjian espionage helped the Japanese and ordered CC Clique commander Chen Lifu to arrest the hanjians. 4,000 were arrested in Shanghai and 2,000 in Nanjing. Because martial law was enforced, formal trials were not necessary, and the condemned were executed swiftly, while thousands of men, women and children watched with evident approval. Uneducated Taiwanese soldiers who fought in the Japanese military against Chinese forces and the Allies are also considered to be hanjian. The Republic of China issued an important law in 1937:The centerpiece of anti hanjian laws, “Regulations on Handling Hanjian Cases (chuli hanjian anjian tiaoli),” promulgated in August 1937, identified collaborators based on their wartime conduct and stipulated punishments regardless of their age, gender, or ethnicity. Popular anti-hanjian discourse, however, paid particular attention to “female collaborators” and deployed a highly gendered vocabulary to attack hanjian suspects of both sexes. Complementing the legal purge of collaborators, such literature brought extreme pressure on individuals targeted as hanjian and influenced how political crimes should be exposed and transposed onto other aspects of social life. Several Taiwanese were prosecuted by the Nationalist government as hanjian, despite a Judicial Yuan interpretation issued in January 1946 that advised against such action.After the Sook Ching (Chinese: 肅清; pinyin: Sùqīng) or ethnic cleansing by mass murder of Chinese opposed to the Japanese occupation of Singapore and Malaya in February–March 1942, Tan Kah Kee, a prominent Chinese industrialist and philanthropist in Southeast Asia, proposed to the provisional Republic of China government to treat all Chinese who attempted to negotiate with the Japanese as hanjians. His proposal was adopted by the Second Legislative Yuan, and was praised by Chinese resistance fighters. Notable people who are considered hanjians Wang Kemin (1879–1945), who collaborated with the Japanese during World War II and helped to establish the pro-Japan Provisional Government of the Republic of China (or North China Autonomous Government). After the war, he was arrested by the ROC government and tried for treason but committed suicide before his trial ended. Demchugdongrub (1902–1966), commonly known as Prince De, a Mongol leader who collaborated with the Japanese. He was installed by the Japanese as the head of state of Mengjiang, a Japanese puppet state in Inner Mongolia. He was arrested by the PRC government in 1949 and charged with treason but was pardoned later. As he was an ethnic Mongol and not a Han Chinese, some feel that he should not be deemed as a hanjian. Wang Jingwei (1883–1944), a left-wing Kuomintang politician and former close aide of Sun Yat-sen, who advocated peace negotiations during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He set up the pro-Japan Reorganized National Government of China in Nanjing with the help of the Japanese. Zhou Fohai (1897–1948), the second-in-command of the Wang Jingwei government Executive Yuan. He was convicted of treason after the war and sentenced to death, but Chiang Kai-shek commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. He died of heart and stomach problems in jail. Chen Gongbo (1892–1946), who served as the head of the Legislative Yuan of the Wang Jingwei government, is seen as China's most prominent hanjian. Chen held important positions within the Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China and succeeded Wang Jingwei as acting chairman after Wang's death in November 1944. Chen was accused of “plotting with the enemy” and “opposing the central government.” Chen defended his work with the Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China by describing it as “negotiating with the Japanese in an attempt to preserve China’s resources, protect its people, and slowly erode Japan’s control over China.” He fled to Japan after the war but was extradited back to China, where he was convicted of treason and executed. Yoshiko Kawashima (1907–1948), also known as the "Eastern Jewel", was a Manchu princess raised in Japan, who spied for the Japanese in Manchuria. After the war, she was arrested and convicted of treason and executed. She has been featured in numerous Chinese and Japanese novels, films, television programs, and video games, with the Chinese frequently depicting her as a wanton villain and seductress while the Japanese portrayed her as a tragic heroine. Due to her Manchu ethnicity and Japanese background, some feel that she should not be considered a hanjian. Yoshiko Yamaguchi (1920–2014), also known as "Li Xianglan" was one of the Seven Great Singing Stars. After the war, she was arrested and sentenced to death for starring in Japanese propaganda films, but after Chinese authorities discovered her Japanese ancestry she was acquitted and deported to Japan. As she was the daughter of Japanese immigrants, some do not consider her to be a hanjian. Date Junnosuke (1892–1948), also known as Zhang Zongyuan, was a sworn brother of Fengtian Clique warlord Zhang Zongchang, who changed his nationality to Chinese in 1931, though he was of Japanese ethnicity. He took over Jinan and led a massacre of around 400 people in 1939. In 1945, he created the ultimately unsuccessful Zhang Zongchang Unit. After the war, he was arrested for war crimes and executed by firing squad. In popular culture In Chiang Kai-shek's Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Aggression Song one part of the lyrics is 殺漢奸 meaning "kill traitors". Popularly, most hanjian in Chinese films and drama series, skits, Hanjian are mostly the translators. Sometimes they are also called the er guizi (Chinese: 二鬼子, lit. second devils) or jia yang guizi (Chinese: 假洋鬼子, lit. fake foreign devils). For example, Chinese actor Chen Peisi's famous skit Zhujue yu Peijue (主角与配角, lit. the main actor and the supportive actor), Chen is acting as the supportive actor who is in a film that the character is the translator leading the way for Japanese Imperial Army. The translator represents the Army officer to send a message to the Eighth Route Army officer whose actor would be Zhu Shimao that if he surrenders, the Japanese officer will have a great beautiful offer for him. See also Treason Collaborationism Chinilpa Makapili Collaborationist Chinese Army Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman Vichy France Quisling Benedict Arnold Uncle Tom Judas Jingri Việt gian Race traitor == References ==

Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa

Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa was a Jesuit mathematician who contributed to the understanding of logarithms, particularly as areas under a hyperbola.Alphonse de Sarasa was born in 1618, in Nieuwpoort in Flanders. In 1632 he was admitted as a novice in Ghent. It was there that he worked alongside Gregoire de Saint-Vincent whose ideas he developed, exploited, and promulgated. According to Sommervogel, Alphonse de Sarasa also held academic positions in Antwerp and Brussels. In 1649 Alphonse de Sarasa published Solutio problematis a R.P.

Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa was a Jesuit mathematician who contributed to the understanding of logarithms, particularly as areas under a hyperbola.Alphonse de Sarasa was born in 1618, in Nieuwpoort in Flanders. In 1632 he was admitted as a novice in Ghent. It was there that he worked alongside Gregoire de Saint-Vincent whose ideas he developed, exploited, and promulgated. According to Sommervogel, Alphonse de Sarasa also held academic positions in Antwerp and Brussels. In 1649 Alphonse de Sarasa published Solutio problematis a R.P. Marino Mersenne Minimo propositi. This book was in response to Marin Mersenne's pamphlet "Reflexiones Physico-mathematicae" which reviewed Saint-Vincent's Opus Geometricum and posed this challenge: Given three arbitrary magnitudes, rational or irrational, and given the logarithms of the two, to find the logarithm of the third geometrically.R.P. Burn explains that the term logarithm was used differently in the seventeenth century. Logarithms were any arithmetic progression which corresponded to a geometric progression. Burn says, in reviewing de Sarasa's popularization of de Saint-Vincent, and concurring with Moritz Cantor, that "the relationship between logarithms and the hyperbola was found by Saint-Vincent in all but name". Burn quotes de Sarasa on this point: "…the foundation of the teaching embracing logarithms are contained" in Saint-Vincent's Opus Geometricum, part 4 of Book 6, de Hyperbola. Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa died in Brussels in 1667. Works Sarasa, Alfonso Antonio (1649). Solutio problematis a R. P. Marino Mersenno minimo propositi, datis tribus quibuscumq[ue] magnitudinibus, rationalibus vel irrationalibus, datisque duarum ex illis logarithmis, tertiae logarithmum geometricè invenire. Jan van Meurs, Jacob van Meurs. See also List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics == References ==

Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres

The Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres are a pair of stacked theatres in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Winter Garden Theatre is seven storeys above the Elgin Theatre. They are the last surviving Edwardian stacked theatres in the world.

The Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres are a pair of stacked theatres in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Winter Garden Theatre is seven storeys above the Elgin Theatre. They are the last surviving Edwardian stacked theatres in the world. History The pair of theatres were originally built as the flagship of Marcus Loew's theatre chain in 1913. The building was designed by architect Thomas W. Lamb, who also designed the Ed Mirvish Theatre nearby.Both theatres were built to show vaudeville acts and the short silent movies of the time. Each theatre was intended for a different class of patron. The gold-and-marble, domed, 'hard-top' lower theatre (originally called Loew's Yonge Street Theatre) was home to continuous vaudeville and movies. The upper-level Winter Garden is an 'atmospheric' country garden under the stars, painted with murals of plants and garden trellises, with tree trunk columns and lantern lights. The upper theatre was built for the 'Big Time' vaudeville market and had reserved seats at premium prices, catering to affluent patrons. As well as competing in a different market, the upper theatre could be used for experimentation with acts, without the risk of closing the lower theatre. By 1928, feature-length silent films were popular, but sound films were just coming into their own. In 1928, the lower theatre was converted to show sound films and the upper theatre was closed. The Winter Garden remained shuttered for about sixty years. Left inside it was a large collection of vaudeville flats and scenery, now the world's largest surviving collection. In 1969, Loews sold the Elgin to Famous Players. By the 1970s, the Elgin was showing mainly B movies and soft-core pornography. Recent history Since 1979, the Elgin Theatre has served as one of the hosts to the annual Toronto International Film Festival.In 1981, the Ontario Heritage Foundation bought the structure from Famous Players. The Elgin was closed as a movie theatre on November 15, 1981; the final film presented at the theatre was What the Swedish Butler Saw. From March 1985 through March 1987 the musical Cats was very successfully presented in the essentially unrestored Elgin, showing the viability of the theatre. The building closed in 1987 for a full restoration and reopened in 1989. In 1991, Dr. David Griesinger and Steve Barbar of Lexicon, Inc., at the request of acousticians Neil Muncy and Robert Tanner, installed the first production LARES system, an electroacoustic enhancement system that augments architectural acoustics, in the Elgin Theatre. This initial LARES system used two microphones placed at the balcony's front edge to pick up sound from the stage. The microphone signals were digitized and processed in two mainframe computers, and the resulting signals were sent to 56 loudspeakers in the main ceiling and 60 under the balcony, for the purpose of providing additional intelligibility and ambience.The Elgin Theatre housed the world premiere of the Napoleon musical in 1994, which later transferred to London's West End in 2000. In 1995, it was home to The Who's Tommy musical. From 1996 to 2022, Ross Petty Productions staged pantomimes at the Elgin Theatre each Christmas season.From February 10 to 14, 2004, Conan O'Brien taped four episodes of NBC's Late Night with Conan O'Brien from the Elgin Theatre. The visit came about via Toronto City Council's CDN$1 million (~US$750,000 at the time) payment to NBC to have the U.S. national television program visit Toronto for a week of shows, part of the overall council-funded PR effort of promoting Toronto as a tourist destination for Americans in the wake of the widely publicized summer 2003 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic that adversely impacted the city's tourism industry.The Elgin Theatre played host to the taping of Bryan Adams in Concert for the American broadcast of Great Performances on PBS. The show was filmed in July 2014 and first aired on March 1, 2015. In popular culture A pivotal scene in the 1973 made-for-TV film She Cried Murder takes place in the (then shuttered) Winter Garden. The cover photos for Rush's 1981 live album Exit...Stage Left were shot at the Winter Garden and the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. The Winter Garden is seen in the 1994 film Camilla. The location is also featured in the 2017 movie The Shape of Water and receives an acknowledgement in the closing credits. The music video for "Changes" by the Montreal band Stars is also set there. Emily St. John Mandel's 2014 novel Station Eleven begins on the stage of the Elgin Theatre. Other Thomas Lamb theatres in Canada Ed Mirvish Theatre, Toronto Uptown Theatre, Toronto Capitol Cinema, Ottawa The Sanderson Centre for the Performing Arts, Brantford See also Opera Atelier References External links Ontario Heritage Trust: The Elgin and Winter Garden Theatre Centre Toronto's Historical Plaques – Loew's Yonge Street and Winter Garden Theatres Toronto's Historical Plaques -Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres Heritage Property Detail for 189 Yonge Street

White Obelisk

The White Obelisk is a large stone monolith found at the ancient Assyrian settlement of Nineveh, northern Iraq. Excavated by the British archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam in 1853, it is one of only two intact obelisks to survive from the Assyrian empire, the other being the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Both are now preserved in the British Museum. The White Obelisk dates to the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and has been variously ascribed to the reigns of Ashurnasirpal I (c. 1040 BC), Tiglath-Pileser II (c. 950 BC) or Ashurnasirpal II (c. 870 BC).

The White Obelisk is a large stone monolith found at the ancient Assyrian settlement of Nineveh, northern Iraq. Excavated by the British archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam in 1853, it is one of only two intact obelisks to survive from the Assyrian empire, the other being the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Both are now preserved in the British Museum. The White Obelisk dates to the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and has been variously ascribed to the reigns of Ashurnasirpal I (c. 1040 BC), Tiglath-Pileser II (c. 950 BC) or Ashurnasirpal II (c. 870 BC). Discovery The obelisk was discovered at Nineveh by the Iraqi archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam in July 1853. According to the excavator's report, it was found about 60 metres to the northeast of Sennacherib's palace at a depth of about 5 metres below the surface of the mound. It was then shipped to London via Bombay on HMS Akbar in March 1854, arriving in the British capital in February 1855, where it was immediately deposited in the national collection. Description The White Obelisk is a very large four-sided pillar made from white limestone with engraved decoration in relief on all sides of the obelisk, with an inscription at the top. The carvings show campaigns and recreational activities (including a hunt) of an Assyrian king that has been identified as either Ashurnasirpal I, Tiglath-Pileser II or Ashurnasirpal II. According to Julian Reade, the style of dress suggests that this impressive stela was set up under the reign of Ashurnasirpal I, since many courtiers wear a Fez-like hat, which is only known from sculptural work made in the thirteenth century BC. If this is the case, the White Obelisk is one of the earliest representations of Assyrian art in existence. Inscription and reliefs The preserved part of the inscription at the top of the obelisk describes the Assyrian king as a great conqueror, taking booty, prisoners and herds of animals to the city of Assur. On each of the four sides of the obelisk are eight rows of panels with relief representations. Engraved on them are various scenes including military expeditions of the king, the monarch receiving tribute, great banquets of courtiers and the hunting of wild animals. One set of religious scenes is accompanied by an inscription, which explains that the scene depicts the king pouring a libation in front of the goddess Ishtar, who was the principal deity of Nineveh. See also Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III References Bibliography Collon, Dominique (1995). Ancient Near Eastern Art. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780520203075. Roaf, Michael (1990). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. Facts on File. ISBN 9780816022182. Reade, J. E. (1975). "Aššurnaṣirpal I and the White Obelisk". Iraq. 37 (2): 129–150. doi:10.2307/4200012. JSTOR 4200012. S2CID 163342798. Reade, Julian (1983). Assyrian Sculpture Julian Reade, British Museum. British Museum Publications. ISBN 9780714120201.

Amenaprkich Monastery (Gazanchy)

Amenaprkich Monastery was an Armenian monastery in Gazanchy village (Julfa District) of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The monastery was located in the center of the village.

Amenaprkich Monastery was an Armenian monastery in Gazanchy village (Julfa District) of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The monastery was located in the center of the village. History The monastery was founded in the 12–13th centuries and was rebuilt in 1654, according to an Armenian inscription on a khachkar set above the lintel of the doorway. Architecture In the late Soviet years, the outer walls of the monastery complex, the porch attached to the church, and other associated buildings were in ruins. It was a basilica structure consisting of a nave with two aisles, an apse and two vestries. The western facade bore an Armenian inscription while interior walls had fragments of wall painting. Destruction The monastery was razed to ground at some point between 1997 and November 11, 2009, as documented by investigation of the Caucasus Heritage Watch. == References ==

Heat sink

A heat sink (also commonly spelled heatsink) is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool CPUs, GPUs, and some chipsets and RAM modules. Heat sinks are used with high-power semiconductor devices such as power transistors and optoelectronics such as lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), where the heat dissipation ability of the component itself is insufficient to moderate its temperature. A heat sink is designed to maximize its surface area in contact with the cooling medium surrounding it, such as the air. Air velocity, choice of material, protrusion design and surface treatment are factors that affect the performance of a heat sink.

A heat sink (also commonly spelled heatsink) is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool CPUs, GPUs, and some chipsets and RAM modules. Heat sinks are used with high-power semiconductor devices such as power transistors and optoelectronics such as lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), where the heat dissipation ability of the component itself is insufficient to moderate its temperature. A heat sink is designed to maximize its surface area in contact with the cooling medium surrounding it, such as the air. Air velocity, choice of material, protrusion design and surface treatment are factors that affect the performance of a heat sink. Heat sink attachment methods and thermal interface materials also affect the die temperature of the integrated circuit. Thermal adhesive or thermal paste improve the heat sink's performance by filling air gaps between the heat sink and the heat spreader on the device. A heat sink is usually made out of aluminium or copper. Heat transfer principle A heat sink transfers thermal energy from a higher-temperature device to a lower-temperature fluid medium. The fluid medium is frequently air, but can also be water, refrigerants or oil. If the fluid medium is water, the heat sink is frequently called a cold plate. In thermodynamics a heat sink is a heat reservoir that can absorb an arbitrary amount of heat without significantly changing temperature. Practical heat sinks for electronic devices must have a temperature higher than the surroundings to transfer heat by convection, radiation, and conduction. The power supplies of electronics are not absolutely efficient, so extra heat is produced that may be detrimental to the function of the device. As such, a heat sink is included in the design to disperse heat. Fourier's law of heat conduction shows that when there is a temperature gradient in a body, heat will be transferred from the higher-temperature region to the lower-temperature region. The rate at which heat is transferred by conduction, q k {\displaystyle q_{k}} , is proportional to the product of the temperature gradient and the cross-sectional area through which heat is transferred. When it is simplified to a one-dimensional form in the x direction, it can be expressed as: q k = − k A d T d x . {\displaystyle q_{k}=-kA{\frac {dT}{dx}}.} For a heat sink in a duct, where air flows through the duct, the heat-sink base will usually be hotter than the air flowing through the duct. Applying the conservation of energy, for steady-state conditions, and Newton's law of cooling to the temperature nodes shown in the diagram gives the following set of equations: Q ˙ = m ˙ c p , in ( T air,out − T air,in ) , {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}={\dot {m}}c_{p,{\text{in}}}(T_{\text{air,out}}-T_{\text{air,in}}),} Q ˙ = T hs − T air,av R hs , {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}={\frac {T_{\text{hs}}-T_{\text{air,av}}}{R_{\text{hs}}}},} where T air,av = T air,in + T air,out 2 . {\displaystyle T_{\text{air,av}}={\frac {T_{\text{air,in}}+T_{\text{air,out}}}{2}}.} m ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {m}}} is the air mass flow rate in kg/s c p , in {\displaystyle c_{p,{\text{in}}}} is the specific heat capacity of the incoming air, in J/(kg °C) R hs {\displaystyle {R_{\text{hs}}}} is the thermal resistance of the heatsinkUsing the mean air temperature is an assumption that is valid for relatively short heat sinks. When compact heat exchangers are calculated, the logarithmic mean air temperature is used. The above equations show that: When the air flow through the heat sink decreases, this results in an increase in the average air temperature. This in turn increases the heat-sink base temperature. And additionally, the thermal resistance of the heat sink will also increase. The net result is a higher heat-sink base temperature. The increase in heat-sink thermal resistance with decrease in flow rate will be shown later in this article. The inlet air temperature relates strongly with the heat-sink base temperature. For example, if there is recirculation of air in a product, the inlet air temperature is not the ambient air temperature. The inlet air temperature of the heat sink is therefore higher, which also results in a higher heat-sink base temperature. If there is no air flow around the heat sink, energy cannot be transferred. A heat sink is not a device with the "magical ability to absorb heat like a sponge and send it off to a parallel universe".Natural convection requires free flow of air over the heat sink. If fins are not aligned vertically, or if fins are too close together to allow sufficient air flow between them, the efficiency of the heat sink will decline. Design factors Thermal resistance For semiconductor devices used in a variety of consumer and industrial electronics, the idea of thermal resistance simplifies the selection of heat sinks. The heat flow between the semiconductor die and ambient air is modeled as a series of resistances to heat flow; there is a resistance from the die to the device case, from the case to the heat sink, and from the heat sink to the ambient air. The sum of these resistances is the total thermal resistance from the die to the ambient air. Thermal resistance is defined as temperature rise per unit of power, analogous to electrical resistance, and is expressed in units of degrees Celsius per watt (°C/W). If the device dissipation in watts is known, and the total thermal resistance is calculated, the temperature rise of the die over the ambient air can be calculated. The idea of thermal resistance of a semiconductor heat sink is an approximation. It does not take into account non-uniform distribution of heat over a device or heat sink. It only models a system in thermal equilibrium and does not take into account the change in temperatures with time. Nor does it reflect the non-linearity of radiation and convection with respect to temperature rise. However, manufacturers tabulate typical values of thermal resistance for heat sinks and semiconductor devices, which allows selection of commercially manufactured heat sinks to be simplified.Commercial extruded aluminium heat sinks have a thermal resistance (heat sink to ambient air) ranging from 0.4 °C/W for a large sink meant for TO-3 devices, up to as high as 85 °C/W for a clip-on heat sink for a TO-92 small plastic case. The popular 2N3055 power transistor in a TO-3 case has an internal thermal resistance from junction to case of 1.52 °C/W. The contact between the device case and heat sink may have a thermal resistance between 0.5 and 1.7 °C/W, depending on the case size and use of grease or insulating mica washer. Material The materials for heat sink applications should have high heat capacity and thermal conductivity in order to absorb more heat energy without shifting towards a very high temperature and transmit it to the environment for efficient cooling. The most common heat sink materials are aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloy 1050 has one of the higher thermal conductivity values at 229 W/(m·K) and heat capacity of 922 J/(kg·K), but is mechanically soft. Aluminium alloys 6060 (low-stress), 6061, and 6063 are commonly used, with thermal conductivity values of 166 and 201 W/(m·K) respectively. The values depend on the temper of the alloy. One-piece aluminium heat sinks can be made by extrusion, casting, skiving or milling. Copper has excellent heat-sink properties in terms of its thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, and antimicrobial resistance (see also Copper in heat exchangers). Copper has around twice the thermal conductivity of aluminium, around 400 W/(m·K) for pure copper. Its main applications are in industrial facilities, power plants, solar thermal water systems, HVAC systems, gas water heaters, forced air heating and cooling systems, geothermal heating and cooling, and electronic systems. Copper is three times as dense and more expensive than aluminium, and copper is less ductile than aluminum. One-piece copper heat sinks can be made by skiving or milling. Sheet-metal fins can be soldered onto a rectangular copper body. Fin efficiency Fin efficiency is one of the parameters that makes a higher-thermal-conductivity material important. A fin of a heat sink may be considered to be a flat plate with heat flowing in one end and being dissipated into the surrounding fluid as it travels to the other. As heat flows through the fin, the combination of the thermal resistance of the heat sink impeding the flow and the heat lost due to convection, the temperature of the fin and, therefore, the heat transfer to the fluid, will decrease from the base to the end of the fin. Fin efficiency is defined as the actual heat transferred by the fin, divided by the heat transfer were the fin to be isothermal (hypothetically the fin having infinite thermal conductivity). These equations are applicable for straight fins: η f = tanh ⁡ ( m L c ) m L c , {\displaystyle \eta _{\text{f}}={\frac {\tanh(mL_{c})}{mL_{c}}},} m L c = 2 h f k t f L f , {\displaystyle mL_{c}={\sqrt {\frac {2h_{\text{f}}}{kt_{\text{f}}}}}L_{\text{f}},} where hf is the convection coefficient of the fin: 10 to 100 W/(m2·K) in air, 500 to 10,000 W/(m2·K) in water, k is the thermal conductivity of the fin material: 120 to 240 W/(m·K) for aluminium, Lf is the fin height (m), tf is the fin thickness (m).Fin efficiency is increased by decreasing the fin aspect ratio (making them thicker or shorter), or by using a more conductive material (copper instead of aluminium, for example). Spreading resistance Another parameter that concerns the thermal conductivity of the heat-sink material is spreading resistance. Spreading resistance occurs when thermal energy is transferred from a small area to a larger area in a substance with finite thermal conductivity. In a heat sink, this means that heat does not distribute uniformly through the heat-sink base. The spreading resistance phenomenon is shown by how the heat travels from the heat source location and causes a large temperature gradient between the heat source and the edges of the heat sink. This means that some fins are at a lower temperature than if the heat source were uniform across the base of the heat sink. This nonuniformity increases the heat sink's effective thermal resistance. To decrease the spreading resistance in the base of a heat sink: increase the base thickness, choose a different material with higher thermal conductivity, use a vapor chamber or heat pipe in the heat sink base. Fin arrangements A pin fin heat sink is a heat sink that has pins that extend from its base. The pins can be cylindrical, elliptical, or square. A second type of heat sink fin arrangement is the straight fin. A variation on the straight fin heat sink is a cross-cut heat sink. A third type of heat sink is the flared fin heat sink, where the fins are not parallel to one another. Flaring the fins decreases flow resistance and makes more air go through the heat-sink fin channel; otherwise, more air would bypass the fins. Slanting them keeps the overall dimensions the same, but offers longer fins. Examples of the three types are shown in the image on the right. Forghan, et al. have published data on tests conducted on pin fin, straight fin, and flared fin heat sinks. They found that for low air approach velocity, typically around 1 m/s, the thermal performance is at least 20% better than straight fin heat sinks. Lasance and Eggink also found that for the bypass configurations that they tested, the flared heat sink performed better than the other heat sinks tested. Generally, the more surface area a heat sink has, the better its performance. Real-world performance depends on the design and application. The concept of a pin fin heat sink is to pack as much surface area into a given volume as possible, while working in any orientation of fluid flow. Kordyban has compared the performance of a pin-fin and a straight-fin heat sink of similar dimensions. Although the pin-fin has 194 cm2 surface area while the straight-fin has 58 cm2, the temperature difference between the heat-sink base and the ambient air for the pin fin is 50 °C, but for the straight-fin it was 44 °C, or 6 °C better than the pin fin. Pin fin heat sink performance is significantly better than straight fins when used in their optimal application where the fluid flows axially along the pins rather than only tangentially across the pins. Cavities (inverted fins) Cavities (inverted fins) embedded in a heat source are the regions formed between adjacent fins that stand for the essential promoters of nucleate boiling or condensation. These cavities are usually utilized to extract heat from a variety of heat-generating bodies to a heat sink. Conductive thick plate between the heat source and the heat sink Placing a conductive thick plate as a heat-transfer interface between a heat source and a cold flowing fluid (or any other heat sink) may improve the cooling performance. In such arrangement, the heat source is cooled under the thick plate instead of being cooled in direct contact with the cooling fluid. It is shown that the thick plate can significantly improve the heat transfer between the heat source and the cooling fluid by conducting the heat current in an optimal manner. The two most attractive advantages of this method are that no additional pumping power and no extra heat-transfer surface area, that is quite different from fins (extended surfaces). Surface color The heat transfer from the heat sink occurs by convection of the surrounding air, conduction through the air, and radiation. Heat transfer by radiation is a function of both the heat-sink temperature and the temperature of the surroundings that the heat sink is optically coupled with. When both of these temperatures are on the order of 0 °C to 100 °C, the contribution of radiation compared to convection is generally small, and this factor is often neglected. In this case, finned heat sinks operating in either natural-convection or forced-flow will not be affected significantly by surface emissivity. In situations where convection is low, such as a flat non-finned panel with low airflow, radiative cooling can be a significant factor. Here the surface properties may be an important design factor. Matte-black surfaces radiate much more efficiently than shiny bare metal. A shiny metal surface has low emissivity. The emissivity of a material is tremendously frequency-dependent and is related to absorptivity (of which shiny metal surfaces have very little). For most materials, the emissivity in the visible spectrum is similar to the emissivity in the infrared spectrum; however, there are exceptions – notably, certain metal oxides that are used as "selective surfaces". In vacuum or outer space, there is no convective heat transfer, thus in these environments, radiation is the only factor governing heat flow between the heat sink and the environment. For a satellite in space, a 100 °C (373 K) surface facing the Sun will absorb a lot of radiant heat, because the Sun's surface temperature is nearly 6000 K, whereas the same surface facing deep space will radiate a lot of heat, since deep space has an effective temperature of only several Kelvin. Engineering applications Microprocessor cooling Heat dissipation is an unavoidable by-product of electronic devices and circuits. In general, the temperature of the device or component will depend on the thermal resistance from the component to the environment, and the heat dissipated by the component. To ensure that the component does not overheat, a thermal engineer seeks to find an efficient heat transfer path from the device to the environment. The heat transfer path may be from the component to a printed circuit board (PCB), to a heat sink, to air flow provided by a fan, but in all instances, eventually to the environment. Two additional design factors also influence the thermal/mechanical performance of the thermal design: The method by which the heat sink is mounted on a component or processor. This will be discussed under the section attachment methods. For each interface between two objects in contact with each other, there will be a temperature drop across the interface. For such composite systems, the temperature drop across the interface may be appreciable. This temperature change may be attributed to what is known as the thermal contact resistance. Thermal interface materials (TIM) decrease the thermal contact resistance. Attachment methods As power dissipation of components increases and component package size decreases, thermal engineers must innovate to ensure components won't overheat. Devices that run cooler last longer. A heat sink design must fulfill both its thermal as well as its mechanical requirements. Concerning the latter, the component must remain in thermal contact with its heat sink with reasonable shock and vibration. The heat sink could be the copper foil of a circuit board, or a separate heat sink mounted onto the component or circuit board. Attachment methods include thermally conductive tape or epoxy, wire-form z clips, flat spring clips, standoff spacers, and push pins with ends that expand after installing. Thermally conductive tapeThermally conductive tape is one of the most cost-effective heat sink attachment materials. It is suitable for low-mass heat sinks and for components with low power dissipation. It consists of a thermally conductive carrier material with a pressure-sensitive adhesive on each side. This tape is applied to the base of the heat sink, which is then attached to the component. Following are factors that influence the performance of thermal tape: Surfaces of both the component and heat sink must be clean, with no residue such as a film of silicone grease. Preload pressure is essential to ensure good contact. Insufficient pressure results in areas of non-contact with trapped air, and results in higher-than-expected interface thermal resistance. Thicker tapes tend to provide better "wettability" with uneven component surfaces. "Wettability" is the percentage area of contact of a tape on a component. Thicker tapes, however, have a higher thermal resistance than thinner tapes. From a design standpoint, it is best to strike a balance by selecting a tape thickness that provides maximum "wettability" with minimum thermal resistance.EpoxyEpoxy is more expensive than tape, but provides a greater mechanical bond between the heat sink and component, as well as improved thermal conductivity. The epoxy chosen must be formulated for this purpose. Most epoxies are two-part liquid formulations that must be thoroughly mixed before being applied to the heat sink, and before the heat sink is placed on the component. The epoxy is then cured for a specified time, which can vary from 2 hours to 48 hours. Faster cure time can be achieved at higher temperatures. The surfaces to which the epoxy is applied must be clean and free of any residue. The epoxy bond between the heat sink and component is semi-permanent/permanent. This makes re-work very difficult and at times impossible. The most typical damage caused by rework is the separation of the component die heat spreader from its package. Wire form Z-clipsMore expensive than tape and epoxy, wire form z-clips attach heat sinks mechanically. To use the z-clips, the printed circuit board must have anchors. Anchors can be either soldered onto the board, or pushed through. Either type requires holes to be designed into the board. The use of RoHS solder must be allowed for because such solder is mechanically weaker than traditional Pb/Sn solder. To assemble with a z-clip, attach one side of it to one of the anchors. Deflect the spring until the other side of the clip can be placed in the other anchor. The deflection develops a spring load on the component, which maintains very good contact. In addition to the mechanical attachment that the z-clip provides, it also permits using higher-performance thermal interface materials, such as phase change types. ClipsAvailable for processors and ball grid array (BGA) components, clips allow the attachment of a BGA heat sink directly to the component. The clips make use of the gap created by the ball grid array (BGA) between the component underside and PCB top surface. The clips therefore require no holes in the PCB. They also allow for easy rework of components. Push pins with compression springsFor larger heat sinks and higher preloads, push pins with compression springs are very effective. The push pins, typically made of brass or plastic, have a flexible barb at the end that engages with a hole in the PCB; once installed, the barb retains the pin. The compression spring holds the assembly together and maintains contact between the heat sink and component. Care is needed in selection of push pin size. Too great an insertion force can result in the die cracking and consequent component failure. Threaded standoffs with compression springsFor very large heat sinks, there is no substitute for the threaded standoff and compression spring attachment method. A threaded standoff is essentially a hollow metal tube with internal threads. One end is secured with a screw through a hole in the PCB. The other end accepts a screw which compresses the spring, completing the assembly. A typical heat sink assembly uses two to four standoffs, which tends to make this the most costly heat sink attachment design. Another disadvantage is the need for holes in the PCB. Thermal interface materials Thermal contact resistance occurs due to the voids created by surface roughness effects, defects and misalignment of the interface. The voids present in the interface are filled with air. Heat transfer is therefore due to conduction across the actual contact area and to conduction (or natural convection) and radiation across the gaps. If the contact area is small, as it is for rough surfaces, the major contribution to the resistance is made by the gaps. To decrease the thermal contact resistance, the surface roughness can be decreased while the interface pressure is increased. However, these improving methods are not always practical or possible for electronic equipment. Thermal interface materials (TIM) are a common way to overcome these limitations. Properly applied thermal interface materials displace the air that is present in the gaps between the two objects with a material that has a much-higher thermal conductivity. Air has a thermal conductivity of 0.022 W/(m·K) while TIMs have conductivities of 0.3 W/(m·K) and higher. When selecting a TIM, care must be taken with the values supplied by the manufacturer. Most manufacturers give a value for the thermal conductivity of a material. However, the thermal conductivity does not take into account the interface resistances. Therefore, if a TIM has a high thermal conductivity, it does not necessarily mean that the interface resistance will be low. Selection of a TIM is based on three parameters: the interface gap which the TIM must fill, the contact pressure, and the electrical resistivity of the TIM. The contact pressure is the pressure applied to the interface between the two materials. The selection does not include the cost of the material. Electrical resistivity may be important depending upon electrical design details. Light-emitting diode lamps Light-emitting diode (LED) performance and lifetime are strong functions of their temperature. Effective cooling is therefore essential. A case study of a LED based downlighter shows an example of the calculations done in order to calculate the required heat sink necessary for the effective cooling of lighting system. The article also shows that in order to get confidence in the results, multiple independent solutions are required that give similar results. Specifically, results of the experimental, numerical and theoretical methods should all be within 10% of each other to give high confidence in the results. In soldering Temporary heat sinks are sometimes used while soldering circuit boards, preventing excessive heat from damaging sensitive nearby electronics. In the simplest case, this means partially gripping a component using a heavy metal crocodile clip, hemostat, or similar clamp. Modern semiconductor devices, which are designed to be assembled by reflow soldering, can usually tolerate soldering temperatures without damage. On the other hand, electrical components such as magnetic reed switches can malfunction if exposed to hotter soldering irons, so this practice is still very much in use. Methods to determine performance In general, a heat sink performance is a function of material thermal conductivity, dimensions, fin type, heat transfer coefficient, air flow rate, and duct size. To determine the thermal performance of a heat sink, a theoretical model can be made. Alternatively, the thermal performance can be measured experimentally. Due to the complex nature of the highly 3D flow in present applications, numerical methods or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can also be used. This section will discuss the aforementioned methods for the determination of the heat sink thermal performance. A heat transfer theoretical model One of the methods to determine the performance of a heat sink is to use heat transfer and fluid dynamics theory. One such method has been published by Jeggels, et al., though this work is limited to ducted flow. Ducted flow is where the air is forced to flow through a channel which fits tightly over the heat sink. This makes sure that all the air goes through the channels formed by the fins of the heat sink. When the air flow is not ducted, a certain percentage of air flow will bypass the heat sink. Flow bypass was found to increase with increasing fin density and clearance, while remaining relatively insensitive to inlet duct velocity.The heat sink thermal resistance model consists of two resistances, namely the resistance in the heat sink base, R b {\displaystyle R_{b}} , and the resistance in the fins, R f {\displaystyle R_{f}} . The heat sink base thermal resistance, R b {\displaystyle R_{b}} , can be written as follows if the source is a uniformly applied the heat sink base. If it is not, then the base resistance is primarily spreading resistance: R b = t b k A b {\displaystyle R_{b}={\frac {t_{b}}{kA_{b}}}} (4)where t b {\displaystyle t_{b}} is the heat sink base thickness, k {\displaystyle k} is the heat sink material thermal conductivity and A b {\displaystyle A_{b}} is the area of the heat sink base. The thermal resistance from the base of the fins to the air, R f {\displaystyle R_{f}} , can be calculated by the following formulas: R f = 1 n h f W f ( t f + 2 η f L f ) {\displaystyle R_{f}={\frac {1}{nh_{f}W_{f}\left(t_{f}+2\eta _{f}L_{f}\right)}}} (5) η f = tanh ⁡ m L c m L c {\displaystyle \eta _{f}={\frac {\tanh {mL_{c}}}{mL_{c}}}} (6) m L c = 2 h f k t f L f {\displaystyle mL_{c}={\sqrt {\frac {2h_{f}}{kt_{f}}}}L_{f}} (7) D h = 4 A c h P c h {\displaystyle D_{h}={\frac {4A_{ch}}{P_{ch}}}} (8) R e = 4 G ˙ ρ n π D h μ {\displaystyle Re={\frac {4{\dot {G}}\rho }{n\pi D_{h}\mu }}} (9) f = ( 0.79 ln ⁡ R e − 1.64 ) − 2 {\displaystyle f=(0.79\ln Re-1.64)^{-2}} (10) N u = ( f / 8 ) ( R e − 1000 ) P r 1 + 12.7 ( f / 8 ) 0.5 ( P r 2 3 − 1 ) {\displaystyle Nu={\frac {(f/8)(Re-1000)Pr}{1+12.7(f/8)^{0.5}(Pr^{\frac {2}{3}}-1)}}} (11) h f = N u k a i r D h {\displaystyle h_{f}={\frac {Nuk_{air}}{D_{h}}}} (12) ρ = P a t m R a T i n {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {P_{atm}}{R_{a}T_{in}}}} (13)The flow rate can be determined by the intersection of the heat sink system curve and the fan curve. The heat sink system curve can be calculated by the flow resistance of the channels and inlet and outlet losses as done in standard fluid mechanics text books, such as Potter, et al. and White.Once the heat sink base and fin resistances are known, then the heat sink thermal resistance, R h s {\displaystyle R_{hs}} can be calculated as: R h s = R b + R f {\displaystyle R_{hs}=R_{b}+R_{f}} (14).Using the equations 5 to 13 and the dimensional data in, the thermal resistance for the fins was calculated for various air flow rates. The data for the thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient are shown in the diagram, which shows that for an increasing air flow rate, the thermal resistance of the heat sink decreases. Experimental methods Experimental tests are one of the more popular ways to determine the heat sink thermal performance. In order to determine the heat sink thermal resistance, the flow rate, input power, inlet air temperature and heat sink base temperature need to be known. Vendor-supplied data is commonly provided for ducted test results. However, the results are optimistic and can give misleading data when heat sinks are used in an unducted application. More details on heat sink testing methods and common oversights can be found in Azar, et al. Numerical methods In industry, thermal analyses are often ignored in the design process or performed too late — when design changes are limited and become too costly. Of the three methods mentioned in this article, theoretical and numerical methods can be used to determine an estimate of the heat sink or component temperatures of products before a physical model has been made. A theoretical model is normally used as a first order estimate. Online heat sink calculators can provide a reasonable estimate of forced and natural convection heat sink performance based on a combination of theoretical and empirically derived correlations. Numerical methods or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provide a qualitative (and sometimes even quantitative) prediction of fluid flows. What this means is that it will give a visual or post-processed result of a simulation, like the images in figures 16 and 17, and the CFD animations in figure 18 and 19, but the quantitative or absolute accuracy of the result is sensitive to the inclusion and accuracy of the appropriate parameters. CFD can give an insight into flow patterns that are difficult, expensive or impossible to study using experimental methods. Experiments can give a quantitative description of flow phenomena using measurements for one quantity at a time, at a limited number of points and time instances. If a full-scale model is not available or not practical, scale models or dummy models can be used. The experiments can have a limited range of problems and operating conditions. Simulations can give a prediction of flow phenomena using CFD software for all desired quantities, with high resolution in space and time and virtually any problem and realistic operating conditions. However, if critical, the results may need to be validated. See also Computer cooling Heat spreader Heat pipe Heat pump Thermal conductivity of diamond Radiator Thermal interface material Thermal management (electronics) Thermal resistance Thermoelectric cooling References == External links ==

Rigmor Aarø Spiten

Rigmor Aarø Spiten (born 29 March 1943) is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway for the constituency Oppland during the term 1985–1989. In total she met during 43 days of parliamentary session. == References ==

Rigmor Aarø Spiten (born 29 March 1943) is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway for the constituency Oppland during the term 1985–1989. In total she met during 43 days of parliamentary session. == References ==

Kikar HaShabbat (website)

Kikar HaShabbat (Hebrew: כיכר השבת, lit. 'Sabbath Square') is a Hebrew–language Israeli news website directed toward Haredi audience. It is named after an intersection in Jerusalem in a neighbourhood inhabited by Haredi Jews. A Globes study in 2017 found it as Israel's 9th most used news website.

Kikar HaShabbat (Hebrew: כיכר השבת, lit. 'Sabbath Square') is a Hebrew–language Israeli news website directed toward Haredi audience. It is named after an intersection in Jerusalem in a neighbourhood inhabited by Haredi Jews. A Globes study in 2017 found it as Israel's 9th most used news website. History Kikar HaShabbat was started in 2009 by journalist Mordechai Lavi. In 2012, Israeli website Ynet acquired half of Kikar HaShabbat. From its founding to 2012 Menachem Cohen was the chief editor. See also Media of Israel References External links Official website (in Hebrew)

Farms for City Children

Farms for City Children is a UK registered charity which aims to provide experience of farm and countryside life for over 3,200 inner-city children per year.

Farms for City Children is a UK registered charity which aims to provide experience of farm and countryside life for over 3,200 inner-city children per year. Foundation In 1976 author Michael Morpurgo and his wife, Clare Morpurgo (the oldest daughter of Sir Allen Lane, the founder of Penguin Books), established the charity Farms for City Children, with the primary aim of providing children from inner city areas with experience of the countryside. Clare Morpurgo used her legacy after her father's death to found the charity. The programme involves the children spending a week at a countryside farm, during which they take part in purposeful farm work.The first children arrived in January 1976 at Nethercott House; the charity now has three farms, in Devon, Gloucestershire and Pembrokeshire. In 1999 the couple were created Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in recognition of these services to youth. Michael Morpurgo has described how the relationship between young boy with a stammer who came with Farms for City Children to Devon for a week and a horse on the farm was partly responsible for inspiring the novel War Horse. Aims and activities The Farms for City Children charity describes itself thus: "Over the years the formula has changed very little. Simply, children are involved in everything necessary to keep the farms going. They learn hands-on where their food comes from, the importance of caring for animals and the land, and the value of working co-operatively as a team. The rewards are, unusually, non-material and self-generated: children discover an active enjoyment in life and a sense of achievement, the effects of which remain with them long after they have waved the farms goodbye." A group of 36-40 children from urban primary schools, accompanied by four or five teachers, spend 7 days on the farm, during which time the children will be split into three groups. The farm jobs are rotated so that each group does each job at least twice, with the result that the second time around the children feel "more like experienced farmers". Jobs include feeding livestock, mucking out, grooming horses and donkeys, assisting at milking time, beekeeping and working in the vegetable gardens. Naturally, many of the activities are seasonal and can include lambing in spring and making bonfires and pressing apples for juice in the autumn. The farms Currently the charity has three farms: Nethercott House, just outside the village of Iddesleigh in Devon. The farm is a Grade II listed Victorian building. Treginnis Isaf, near St David's in Pembrokeshire, Wales. Treginnis Isaf is leased from the National Trust and is the most westerly farm in Wales. Wick Court, Arlingham in Gloucestershire, a Grade II* listed Elizabethan moated Manor House. Funding Farms for City Children relies on funding from charitable trusts, foundations and businesses, as well as by individual private donations and community fundraising. The charity subsidises over half the true cost of each child's place, £300 per child; in addition it needs to raise money to maintain the three historic farm properties. Over three farms for each class of 36 children, that is the equivalent of £32,400 a week. The charity's website has a shop which sells merchandise including signed copies of some of Michael Morpurgo's books, with the profits being received by the charity. Sister organisation An American sister charity, Farms for City Kids, was set up in 1992 by Karli and Jim Hagedorn, who had learned of Farms for City Children on a visit to the UK. Their charity's farm in Vermont was purchased in 1992. References External links Farms for City Children website Listed buildings at Nethercott House on the Images of England website Listed buildings at Wick Court on the Images of England website

Jimmy Adegoke

James O. Adegoke is a Nigerian-American climate scientist and professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) where he served as Chair of the Department of Geosciences (2008-2010). He also served as an appointee of the Mayor of Kansas City Missouri on the city's Environmental Management Commission (EMC) and has testified before the South Africa Parliament's Portfolio Committee on Science and Technology and the Climate Change Committee of the Nigerian House of Representatives. In the United States, he has testified at the United States House of Representatives for the United States House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. He serves on the Technical Advisory Board of several United Nations (UN) applied science programs, including the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) project on the application of remote sensing for water resources and ecosystem management in Africa. At the invitation of the Nigerian Government, he served as Chair of the Ministerial Advisory Committee on Agricultural Resilience in Nigeria (ACARN) that developed the National Agricultural Resilience Framework (NARF) for Nigeria in 2014.

James O. Adegoke is a Nigerian-American climate scientist and professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) where he served as Chair of the Department of Geosciences (2008-2010). He also served as an appointee of the Mayor of Kansas City Missouri on the city's Environmental Management Commission (EMC) and has testified before the South Africa Parliament's Portfolio Committee on Science and Technology and the Climate Change Committee of the Nigerian House of Representatives. In the United States, he has testified at the United States House of Representatives for the United States House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. He serves on the Technical Advisory Board of several United Nations (UN) applied science programs, including the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) project on the application of remote sensing for water resources and ecosystem management in Africa. At the invitation of the Nigerian Government, he served as Chair of the Ministerial Advisory Committee on Agricultural Resilience in Nigeria (ACARN) that developed the National Agricultural Resilience Framework (NARF) for Nigeria in 2014. Prof. Adegoke is a distinguished member of the Advisory Board of NatureNews, Africa's foremost independent newspaper that is focused on Environment, Climate Change and Sustainable Earth. Background Adegoke majored in Geography, with minors in Physics and Geology, as an undergraduate at Ahmadu Bello University. He attended the University of Ibadan, earning an M.S. in Geography, specializing in Climatology, and a Ph.D. at Pennsylvania State University USA, focusing on satellite climatology. He completed postdoctoral work at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) at Colorado State University, USA. He was also, in the early 1990s, a visiting research scholar at the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) at the University of Washington, in Seattle. Professor Adegoke is a globally recognized leader in the sub-specialty field of "land surface-atmosphere interactions" where he has made important scientific contributions over the last two decades. His current work focuses on societal impacts of environmental change, including air pollution studies in rapidly changing mid-latitude urban areas, climate impacts on water resources in the Lake Chad Basin, and coastal ecosystem dynamics in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. He is a member of several professional societies including the American Geophysical Union (AGU), Association of American Geographers (AAG), and American Meteorological Society (AMS). He is on the Advisory Council or Boards of multiple programs or centers funded by major funding institutions such as the World Bank and the UK Research and Innovation. He has held research and teaching appointments at the Federal University of Technology Minna in Nigeria, Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado and the Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. From 2010 to 2012 he served as the executive director of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Natural Resources & Environment (NRE) Division, in Pretoria, South Africa where he had concurrent appointment as Director of the Applied Center for Climate & Earth Systems Science (ACCESS), a Center of Excellence (CoE) of the South Africa Department of Science and Technology (DST) Global Change Grande Challenge (GCGC) program. In 2017, he completed a consultancy stint in 2017 (April to December) as Interim Executive Director of the West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL). Before that, he served for two years on WASCAL's Governing Board and as chair of the organization's Scientific Advisory Committee. More recently, he served as Senior Consultant at the African Development Bank Group (AfDB) Department of Climate Change and Green Growth while on leave from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. References External links Jimmy Adegoke at the University of Michigan Jimmy Adegoke at American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Forum on Science and Innovation for Sustainable Development. Jimmy Adegoke at UNESCO Jimmy Adegoke at the University of Missouri Kansas City Jimmy Adegoke at the University of Missouri Kansas City

Aka-Bea language

The Bea language, Aka-Bea, is an extinct Great Andamanese language of the Southern group. It was spoken around the western Andaman Strait and around the northern and western coast of South Andaman.

The Bea language, Aka-Bea, is an extinct Great Andamanese language of the Southern group. It was spoken around the western Andaman Strait and around the northern and western coast of South Andaman. History The Bea were one of the indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands, one of the ten or so Great Andamanese tribes identified by British colonials in the 1860s. Their language was closely related to the other Great Andamanese languages. They were extinct as a distinct people by 1931. Grammar The Great Andamanese languages are agglutinative languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system. They have a distinctive noun class system based largely on body parts, in which every noun and adjective may take a prefix according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the tongue. An adjectival example can be given by the various forms of yop, "pliable, soft", in Aka-Bea: A cushion or sponge is ot-yop "round-soft", from the prefix attached to words relating to the head or heart. A cane is ôto-yop, "pliable", from a prefix for long things. A stick or pencil is aka-yop, "pointed", from the tongue prefix. A fallen tree is ar-yop, "rotten", from the prefix for limbs or upright things.Similarly, beri-nga "good" yields: un-bēri-ŋa "clever" (hand-good). ig-bēri-ŋa "sharp-sighted" (eye-good). aka-bēri-ŋa "good at languages" (tongue-good.) ot-bēri-ŋa "virtuous" (head/heart-good)The prefixes are, Body parts are inalienably possessed, requiring a possessive adjective prefix to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head". The basic pronouns are almost identical throughout the Great Andamanese languages; Aka-Bea will serve as a representative example (pronouns given in their basic prefixal forms): 'This' and 'that' are distinguished as k- and t-. Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two cardinal numbers — one and two — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all. Samples The following poem in Aka-Bea was written by a chief, Jambu, after he was freed from a six-month jail term for manslaughter. ngô:do kûk l'àrtâ:lagî:ka, mō:ro el:ma kâ igbâ:dàla mō:ro el:mo lê aden:yarà pō:-tōt läh. Chorus: aden:yarà pō:-tōt läh.Literally: thou heart-sad art, sky-surface to there looking while, sky-surface of ripple to looking while, bamboo spear on lean-dost.Translation: Thou art sad at heart, gazing there at the sky's surface, gazing at the ripple on the sky's surface, leaning on the bamboo spear.Note, however, that, as seems to be typical of Andamanese poetry, the words and sentence structure have been somewhat abbreviated or inverted in order to obtain the desired rhythmical effect. As another example, we give part of a creation myth in Oko-Juwoi, reminiscent of Prometheus: See also Andamanese languages == References ==

Rome at War series

The Rome at War series is Avalanche Press' Board wargame series covering ancient land combat. The series started in 2000 with the release of Hannibal at Bay.

The Rome at War series is Avalanche Press' Board wargame series covering ancient land combat. The series started in 2000 with the release of Hannibal at Bay. Games Hannibal at Bay Hannibal at Bay is the first game in the series and was released in 2000. The game covers the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage. The original version of the game used hard mounted game boards, which increased the selling price of the game. An updated version of Hannibal at Bay was announced on May 13, 2008 and was scheduled to be released in June 2008. This game will use cardstock game boards (like those in the Panzer Grenadier series) to reduce the price of the game. This version game is designed to be an entry point for the series, just like Airborne is for Panzer Grenadier. Fading Legions Fading Legions was released in 2002 and moved the series to the end of the Roman Empire, with battles against the Sassanid Persians and other enemies. Queen of the Celts The series did not receive any updates until 2007, with Queen of the Celts. This game covers both the Roman invasion of Britain and the resistance led by Caratacus, and the revolt of Boudicca against Roman misrule. The game is named after Boudica. King of Kings King of Kings is the first book supplement to Rome at War and was announced on September 15, 2008. It covers the conflicts between the Roman Empire and the northern barbarians, as well as conflicts involving the Sassanid Empire, Palmyra, and Armenia. Future Games Future games in the Rome at War include one on Julius Caesar, and an updated version of Hannibal at Bay. References External links Avalanche Press' Hannibal at Bay webpage Avalanche Press' Fading Legions webpage Avalanche Press' Queen of the Celts webpage Hannibal at Bay, Fading Legions and Queen of the Celts at BoardGameGeek

Spartaeus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Spartaeus (Ancient Greek: Σπαρταῖον Spartaios) was the son of the Rhodian nymph Himalia and Zeus. He was the brother of Cronius and Cytus.

In Greek mythology, Spartaeus (Ancient Greek: Σπαρταῖον Spartaios) was the son of the Rhodian nymph Himalia and Zeus. He was the brother of Cronius and Cytus. Mythology When Spartaeus and his brothers were still young men, Aphrodite travelling from Cythera to Cyprus, dropped near Rhodes but was prevented by the sons of Poseidon and Halia. Thus, the goddess cursed them with insanity. Notes References Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

Allyson Ingram

Allyson Ingram Walts (born October 7, 1963) is an American former professional tennis player. A native of Scottsdale, Ingram was an Arizona state singles champion during her time at Saguaro High School. She played collegiate tennis for both Oklahoma State University and Arizona State University.Ingraham had a best singles ranking of 304 in the world and made her WTA Tour main draw debut at the 1987 Virginia Slims of Arizona. Her husband, Butch Walts, was also a professional tennis player.

Allyson Ingram Walts (born October 7, 1963) is an American former professional tennis player. A native of Scottsdale, Ingram was an Arizona state singles champion during her time at Saguaro High School. She played collegiate tennis for both Oklahoma State University and Arizona State University.Ingraham had a best singles ranking of 304 in the world and made her WTA Tour main draw debut at the 1987 Virginia Slims of Arizona. Her husband, Butch Walts, was also a professional tennis player. ITF finals Doubles: 1 (0–1) References External links Allyson Ingram at the Women's Tennis Association Allyson Ingram at the International Tennis Federation

Space art

"Space art", also known as "astronomical art", is a genre of art that focuses on the universe as a frame of reference. Like other genres, space art has many facets and encompasses realism, impressionism, hardware art, sculpture, abstract imagery, and zoological art. Though artists long have produced art with astronomical elements, the genre of space art itself began only when technological advancement allowed for more detailed observation of the night sky. Space art also attempts to communicate ideas related to space, often including an artistic interpretation of cosmological phenomena and scientific discoveries. In some cases, artists who consider themselves space artists use more than illustration and painting to communicate astronomy or works depicting space, with some working directly with spaceflight technology and scientists in attempts to expand the arts, humanities, and cultural expression relative to space exploration.

"Space art", also known as "astronomical art", is a genre of art that focuses on the universe as a frame of reference. Like other genres, space art has many facets and encompasses realism, impressionism, hardware art, sculpture, abstract imagery, and zoological art. Though artists long have produced art with astronomical elements, the genre of space art itself began only when technological advancement allowed for more detailed observation of the night sky. Space art also attempts to communicate ideas related to space, often including an artistic interpretation of cosmological phenomena and scientific discoveries. In some cases, artists who consider themselves space artists use more than illustration and painting to communicate astronomy or works depicting space, with some working directly with spaceflight technology and scientists in attempts to expand the arts, humanities, and cultural expression relative to space exploration. For many decades, visual artists have explored the topic of space using traditional painting media, followed recently by the usage of digital media for the same purpose. Science-fiction magazines and picture-essay magazines were one of the first major outlets for space art, often featuring planets, spaceships, and dramatic alien landscapes. Chesley Bonestell, R. A. Smith, Lucien Rudaux, David A. Hardy, and Ludek Pesek were some of the prominent artists in the early days of the genre, actively involved in visualizing topics such as space exploration. Astronomers and experts in rocketry played roles in inspiring and informing artists in this genre. NASA's second administrator, James E. Webb, initiated the space agency's Space Art program in 1962, four years after its founding. Bonestell's work in this program often depicted various celestial bodies and landscapes, highlighting both the destinations and the imagined technologies used to reach there. Astronomical art Astronomical art is an aspect of space art devoted to visualizing outer space. A major emphasis on astronomical art is the space environment as a new frontier for humanity. Many other works portray alien worlds, extremes of matter such as black holes, and concepts arising from inspiration derived from astronomy. Astronomical art was largely pioneered in the 1940s and 1950s by the abilities of Chesley Bonestell to solve perspective problems, paint with the eye of a matte artist to create a visual impression, and seek out the experts in the fields that fascinated him. His work helped inspire many in the post-war era to think about space travel, which seemed fantastic before the V-2 rocket. To this day, artists assist in turning ideas into visible forms in the space community, both in portraying the latest ideas on how to leave Earth and in showing what may exist in space. Astronomical art is the most recent of several art movements that have explored ideas emerging from ongoing exploration of Earth. Finding its roots in genre's such as Hudson River School or Luminism, most astronomical artists use traditional painting methods or digital equivalents in a way that brings the viewer to the frontiers of human knowledge gathered in the exploration of space. Such works usually portray things in the familiar visual language of realism extrapolated to exotic environments, whose details reflect ongoing knowledge and educated guesswork. An example of the process of creating astronomical art would be studying and visiting desert environments to experience something of what it might be like on Mars and painting based on such experiences. Another would be to hear of something likely to be amazing to watch up close, then seek out published articles or experts in the field. Usually, there is an artistic effort to emphasize the favorable visual elements, just as a photographer composes a picture. Notable astronomical art often reflects the artist's interpretation and imagination regarding the subject portrayed. Science fiction magazines such as Fantasy and Science Fiction, Amazing, Astounding (later renamed Analog), and Galaxy served as major outlets for the work of space and particularly astronomical artists in the 1950s. The several picture essay magazines of the time, such as Life, Collier's, and Coronet, were other major outlets for such art. Today, astronomical art can be seen in magazines such as Sky and Telescope, The Planetary Report, and occasionally in Scientific American. The NASA fine arts program has been an ongoing effort to hire artists to create works generally specific to a particular space project. The program documents historical events in recognizable form for professional artists. The NASA Fine Arts Program operated in an era of forward progress under its first head director, James Dean. Even then, pictorial realism seemed a subset rather than a dominating visual influence. The works that document space flight situations, such as those referenced above, are similar in concept to government efforts during World War II to send artists to battle zones to document things as they saw them, much of which appeared in contemporary Life magazines. Another close parallel to astronomical art is dinosaur art. Both art schools explore unreachable realms with the intent of bringing a sense of reality to them. The 'Grand Masters' of that field, such as Charles R. Knight and Zdeněk Burian, worked with experts in the field, using the best available information to create a realistic vision of something we can never behold with our own eyes. Ideally, as with astronomical art, such a work tries to show what is known about the subject, with some educated guesswork to fill in the unknown and unknowable. We see more recent works by a healthy number of great dinosaur artists that reflect the growth in knowledge in body stances, likely feathers, etc., just as we see alien landscapes now painted that reveal the gathered knowledge instead of the craggy fantasies and the 'blue sky' Mars of yesteryear. Most of today's widely published space and astronomical artists have belonged to the International Association of Astronomical Artists since 1983. Historic influences Photography The cosmos contains many sources of visual inspiration that our growing abilities to gather and propagate has spread through the mass culture. The first photographs of the entire Earth by satellites and crewed Apollo missions brought a new sense of our world as an island in empty space and promoted ideas of the essential unity of Humanity. Photographs taken by explorers on the Moon shared the experience of being on another world. The famous Pillars of Creation Hubble Space Telescope and other Hubble photos often evoke intense responses from viewers, for example Hubble's planetary nebula images. Artistry Space artists may work closely with space scientists and engineers to help them visualize and develop their scientific and technological concepts for making the dream of space exploration a reality. Other forms of pictorial space art bring the viewer to inner visions inspired, directly or otherwise, by the fruits of the expanding vision of humanity. Some aspects of such art pay visual homage to outer space and popular ideas of life on other worlds, including alien visitation visions, dream symbology, psychedelic imagery, and other influences on contemporary visionary art. Now that artists have experienced free-fall conditions during flights flown with NASA, the Russian and French Space Agencies, and the Zero Gravity Arts Consortium, new methods of artistic expression unknowable today will unfold as artists imagine new ways to utilize micro-gravity environments to create artistic works. Although such dreams await substantial opportunity, early efforts by artists to have art pieces placed in space have already been accomplished with painting, holography, micro-gravity mobiles, floating literary works, and sculpture. Art in space First art created in space The first active artist in space was Alexei Leonov, producing the first drawing in space onboard Voskhod 2 in 1965, depicting an orbital sunrise. First original oil paintings flown in outer space An art conservation experiment from Vertical Horizons, founded by Howard Wishnow and Ellery Kurtz, was flown aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia STS-61-C on January 12, 1986. Four original oil paintings by American artist Ellery Kurtz were flown in one of NASA's GetAway Special (G.A.S.) containers mounted to a bridge in the shuttle cargo bay. These original works of art are the first oil paintings to enter Earth orbit. This NASA GAS canister, designated G-481, was the 46th such canister flown aboard a Space Shuttle. The Space Shuttle Columbia orbited the Earth 98 times during its mission duration of 6 days, 2 hours, 3 minutes, and 51 seconds. Columbia was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, on January 12, 1986, and landed at the Kennedy Space Center on January 18, 1986. Zero-g space art Another work, later brought to Earth orbit sometime in the mid-80s, was a radiant study of the golden sunlight on a Soviet space station by Russian artist Andrei Sokolov, carried aboard the Soviet Mir space station starting with modules in February 1986. In 1984, Joseph McShane and Lowry Burgess had their conceptual artwork flown aboard the Space Shuttle utilizing NASA's 'Get Away Special' program. The first sculpture specifically designed for a human habitat in orbit was Arthur Woods' Cosmic Dancer which was sent to the Mir station in 1993. In 1995, Arthur Woods organized Ars ad Astra, the first art exhibition in Earth orbit. consisting of 20 original artworks from 20 artists and an electronic archive also took place on the Mir space station as a part of ESA's EUROMIR'95 mission. In 1998, Frank Pietronigro flew Research Project Number 33: Investigating the Creative Process in a Micro-gravity Environment, where the artist drew, created 'drift paintings' and danced in micro-gravity space. In 2006, the artist returned to micro-gravity flight to create three new works, one in collaboration with Lowry Burgess, Moments in the Infinite Absolute, Flags in Space!, and a new form of micro-gravity mobile. The Slovenian theater director Dragan Živadinov staged a performance called Noordung Zero Gravity Biomechanical during a parabolic flight organized through the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center facility in Star City in 1999. The UK arts group The Arts Catalyst, with the MIR consortium (Arts Catalyst, Projekt Atol, V2 Organisation, Leonardo-Olats), organized a series of parabolic 'zero gravity' flights for artistic and cultural experimentation with the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre, as well as with the European Space Agency, between 2000 and 2004, including Investigations in Microgravity, MIR Flight 001, and MIR Campaign 2003.Artists who participated in these flights and visits to Russia and ESA have included the Otolith Group, shortlisted in 2011 for the Turner Prize, Stefan Gec, Ansuman Biswas and Jem Finer, Kitsou Dubois, Yuri Leiderman, and Marcel.li Antunez Roca. The Mexican artist and musician Nahum directed the art and science project Matters of Gravity (La Gravedad de los Asuntos in Spanish), a project reflecting on gravity in its absence. The first mission consisting only of Latin American artists was executed in a zero-gravity flight at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in 2014. The participating artists include Tania Candiani, Ale de la Puente, Ivan Puig, Arcángelo Constantini, Fabiola Torres-Alzaga, Gilberto Esparza, Juan Jose Diaz Infante, Nahum, and Marcela Armas. The project included the participation of Mexican scientist Miguel Alcubierre and curators Rob La Frenais and Kerry Anne Doyle. Small art objects have been carried on several Apollo missions, such as gold emblems and a small Fallen Astronaut figurine that was left on the Moon during the 1971 Apollo 15 mission. Visual observations have been recorded in drawings and commentary by earlier cosmonauts and astronauts of difficult-to-photograph phenomena such as the airglow, twilight colors, and outer details of the solar corona. An able and observant artist can record aspects of their surroundings beyond the design limitations of any particular camera system. Performance art has also occurred in space, as with Chris Hadfield's edited performance of David Bowie's 1969 song "Space Oddity." Sojourner 2020 project onboard the International Space Station In the 2020 Sojourner 2020 project from MIT, the Space Exploration Initiative took nine selected artists to develop art projects on board the International Space Station. The Sojourner 2020 was a 1.5U size unit (100mm x 100mm x 152.4mm) that was launched into low Earth orbit between March 7 and April 7 during the COVID-19 pandemic. It featured a three-layer telescoping structure that created three different "gravities": zero gravity, lunar gravity, and Martian gravity. Each layer of the structure rotated independently. The top layer remained still in weightlessness, while the middle and bottom layers spun at different speeds to produce centripetal accelerations that mimicked lunar gravity and Martian gravity, respectively. Each layer carried six pockets that held the projects. Each pocket was a container with a diameter of 10 mm and a depth of 12 mm. The artist proposed and accomplished artworks in a variety of different mediums, including carved stone sculptures by Erin Genia, liquid pigment experiments by Andrea Ling and Levi Cai, sculptures made of transgender hormone replacement medicines by Adriana Knouf, and living organisms, like marine diatoms of the genus Phaeodactylum Tricornutum, by Luis Guzmán.The nine artist groups selected onboard Sojourner 2020 were: · Luis Bernardo Guzmán - bio architectures (Cosmobiology) - Chile · Xin Liu, Lucia Monge - Unearthing the Futures - China and Peru · Levi Cai & Andrea Ling - Abiogenetic Triptych - USA, Canada · Kat Kohl - Memory Chain: A Pas de Deux of Artifact - USA · Henry Tan - Pearl of Lunar - Thai · Janet Biggs - Finding Equilibrium - USA · Masahito Ono - Nothing, Something, Everything - Japan · Adriana Knouf - TX-1 - USA · Erin Genia - Canupa Inyan: Falling Star Woman - American Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate Artworks launched into outer space The Contour of Presence by Nahum Orbital Reflector by Trevor Paglen Enoch by Tavares Strachan Moon Gallery by the Moon Gallery Foundation Space art organizations International Association of Astronomical Artists The premier organization and only guild in the world dedicated to the creation of space art is the International Association of Astronomical Artists (IAAA). Composed of over 120 members, artists of the IAAA depict the wonders of the universe in ways to inspire the greater human population and raise awareness of space. Members of the IAAA have been creating space art in all of its myriad forms since its founding in 1982, from traditional painting to digital works to 3-D zero-gravity sculpture. Numerous book and magazine covers, movie effects, or artistic images illustrating the newest astronomical discoveries are done by an IAAA member. KOSMICA Institute KOSMICA is an institute that runs poetical, artistic, cultural, and critical projects about outer space activities and their impact on the Earth. KOSMICA's central activity is a series of festivals worldwide, with over 20 editions in various countries. Also, KOSMICA constantly develops further activities, such as educational programs and publishing. It has local offices in several cities as well as partner organizations. See also List of space artists List of space art related books Time capsule References Further reading Space Art, Ron Miller, Starlog Magazine Visions of Space, David A. Hardy, Paper Tiger 1989 Worlds Beyond: The Art of Chesley Bonestell, Ron Miller & Frederick C. Durant, III Star Struck: One Thousand Years of the art of Science and Astronomy, Ronald Brashear & Daniel Lewis, 2001 Univ. of Washington Press Futures: 50 Years in Space, David A. Hardy & Patrick Moore, AAPPL 2004 Out of the Cradle: Exploring the Frontiers beyond Earth, William K. Hartmann, Ron Miller and Pamela Lee (Workman Publishing, 1984) Space Art: How to Draw and Paint Planets, Moons, and Landscapes of Alien Worlds, Michael Carroll, 2007 Watson Guptill/Random House The Impact of American and Russian Cosmism on the Representation of Space Exploration in 20th Century American and Soviet Space Art, Kornelia Boczkowska, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2016 External links International Association of Astronomical Artists numerous space art site links

Naim Frashëri

Naim bey Frashëri, more commonly Naim Frashëri (; pronounced [naˈim fɾaˈʃəˈɾi]; 25 May 1846 – 20 October 1900), was an Albanian historian, journalist, poet, rilindas and translator who was proclaimed as the national poet of Albania. He is regarded as a pioneer of modern Albanian literature and one of the most influential Albanian cultural icons of the 19th century.Frashëri's works explored themes such as freedom, humanity, unity, tolerance and revolution. His twenty two works consist of fifteen works written in Albanian as well as four in Turkish, two in Greek and one in Persian. He is considered to be the most representative writer of Sufi poetry in Albanian, and having been under the influence of his uncle Dalip Frashëri, he tried to mingle Sufism with Western philosophy in his poetical ideals. He had an extraordinarily profound impact on Albanian literature and society during the 20th century, most notably on Asdreni, Gjergj Fishta and Lasgush Poradeci, among many others.Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar ("You Albania, you give me honour, you give me the name Albanian"), a memorable line in his poem O malet e Shqipërisë, has been designated as the national motto of Albania.

Naim bey Frashëri, more commonly Naim Frashëri (; pronounced [naˈim fɾaˈʃəˈɾi]; 25 May 1846 – 20 October 1900), was an Albanian historian, journalist, poet, rilindas and translator who was proclaimed as the national poet of Albania. He is regarded as a pioneer of modern Albanian literature and one of the most influential Albanian cultural icons of the 19th century.Frashëri's works explored themes such as freedom, humanity, unity, tolerance and revolution. His twenty two works consist of fifteen works written in Albanian as well as four in Turkish, two in Greek and one in Persian. He is considered to be the most representative writer of Sufi poetry in Albanian, and having been under the influence of his uncle Dalip Frashëri, he tried to mingle Sufism with Western philosophy in his poetical ideals. He had an extraordinarily profound impact on Albanian literature and society during the 20th century, most notably on Asdreni, Gjergj Fishta and Lasgush Poradeci, among many others.Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar ("You Albania, you give me honour, you give me the name Albanian"), a memorable line in his poem O malet e Shqipërisë, has been designated as the national motto of Albania. It speaks to unity, freedom and it embodies in its words a sense of pride towards the country and people. Life Family Naim Frashëri was born on 25 May 1846 into a wealthy Albanian family of religious belief affiliated with the Bektashi tariqa of Islam, in the village of Frashër in what was then part of the Ottoman Empire and now Albania. He, Abdyl and Sami were one of eight children of Halid Frashëri (1797–1859), a landowner and military commander and Emine (1814-1861). Halid belonged to the Dakollari branch of the Frashëri family. They were descendants of Ajaz Bey from Gramsh who in 1650-60 was given the command of Frashër. Ajaz Bey's grandfather, Hamza Bey had lost his lands in Tomorrica in 1570 when he rebeled and was exiled but the family's fortunes changed with the rise of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha who intervened on their behalf and they were pardoned. Emine came from the family of Iljaz Bej Mirahori from the region around Korçë that traced its ancestry back to the 15th century.Naim and his brothers Abdyl and Sami were born and raised in the village of Frashër at the southern slopes of the Tomorr Mountains. He became acquainted with numerous cultures and languages such as Arabic, Ancient and Modern Greek, French, Italian, Ottoman Turkish and Persian. He was one of the few men to whom the literary culture of the Occident and Orient was equally familiar and valuable.Upon the death of his father, he and his family settled to Ioannina where he earned initial inspiration for his future poetries written in the lyric and romantic style. After he suffered a severe lung infection, due to his congenital tuberculosis, in Constantinople, he joined his brother Abdyl in the fight for national freedom and consciousness of the Albanian people during the Albanian Renaissance in which he later became the most distinguished representative of that period. Education His religion paved the way for much of his future accomplishments. In the Tekke of Frashër, he received lessons in all the common subjects of his time especially in languages such as Arabic, Ottoman Turkish and Persian. As a member of a family which gave him a strong Bektashi upbringing, he spent a part of his time in a Bektashi tekke. After the death of their parents, the family moved to Ioannina in 1865. The eldest brother, Abdyl (b. 1839), became the family head at the age of 22 and started working as a merchant. That year Naim and Sami enrolled in the Zosimaia secondary school. The education there provided Naim with the basics of a classical education along Western lines. Apart from languages he learned in the Zosiamaia (Ancient and Modern Greek, French and Italian), Naim took private lessons in Persian, Turkish and Arabic from two important local Bektashi.After he finished his studies in 1870, Frashëri worked for a few months at the press office in Istanbul (1870) but was forced to return to his home village because of tuberculosis. The climate of Frashër helped Naim and soon he started work in the Ottoman bureaucracy as a clerk in Berat and later in Saranda (1872–1877). However, in 1876 Frashëri left the job and went to Baden, in modern Austria to cure his problems with rheumatism in a health resort. Politics In 1879, along with his brother Sami and 25 other Albanians, Naim Frashëri founded and was a member of the Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings in Istanbul that promoted Albanian language publications. Ottoman authorities forbid writing in Albanian in 1885 that resulted in publications being published abroad and Frashëri used his initials N.H.F. to bypass those restrictions for his works. Later on, Albanian schools were established in 1887 in Southeastern Albania.An Albanian magazine, Drita, appeared in 1884 under the editorship of Petro Poga and later Pandeli Sotiri with Naim Frashëri being a behind the scenes editor as it was not allowed by Ottoman authorities to write in Albanian at that time. Naim Frashëri and other Albanian writers like his brother Sami Frashëri would write using pseudonyms in Poga's publication. Due to a lack of education material Naim Frashëri, his brother Sami and several other Albanians wrote textbooks in the Albanian language during the late 1880s for the Albanian school in Korçë. In a letter to Faik Konitza in 1887, Frashëri expressed sentiments regarding the precarious state of the Ottoman Empire that the best outcome for Albanians was a future annexation of all of Albania by Austria-Hungary.In 1900 Naim Frashëri died in Istanbul. During the 1950s the Turkish government allowed for his remains to be sent and reburied in Albania. Career Works With its literary stature and the broad range both stylistic and thematic of its content, Frashëri significantly contributed to the development of the modern Albanian literary language. The importance of his works lies less in his creative expression than in the social and political intention of his poetry and faith. His works were noted by the desire to the emergence of an independent Albanian unity that overcomes denominational and territorial differences, and by an optimistic belief in civilization and the political, economic and cultural rise of the Albanian people. In his poem Bagëti e Bujqësi, Frashëri idyllically describes the natural and cultural beauty of Albania and the modest life of its people where nothing infringes on mystical euphoria and all conflicts find reconciliation and fascination.Frashëri saw his liberal religion as a profound source for Albanian libration, tolerance and national awareness among his religiously divided people. He, therefore, composed his theological Fletore e Bektashinjet which is now a piece of national importance. It contains an introductory profession of his faith and ten spiritual poems granting a contemporary perspective into the beliefs of the sect. Kavâid-i farisiyye dar tarz-i nevîn (Grammar of the Persian language according to the new method), Istanbul, 1871. Ihtiraat ve kessfiyyat (Inventions and Discoveries), Istanbul, 1881. Fusuli erbea (Four Seasons), Istanbul, 1884. Tahayyülat (Dreams), Istanbul, 1884. Bagëti e Bujqësi (Herds and Crops), Bucharest, 1886. E këndimit çunavet (Reader for Boys), Bucharest, 1886. Istori e përgjithshme për mësonjëtoret të para (General history for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886. Vjersha për mësonjëtoret të para (Poetry for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886. Dituritë për mësonjëtoret të para (General knowledge for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886. O alithis pothos ton Skypetaron (The True Desire of Albanians, Greek: Ο αληθής πόθος των Σκιπετάρων), Bucharest, 1886. Luletë e Verësë (Flowers of the Summer), Bucharest, 1890. Mësime (Lessons), Bucharest, 1894. Parajsa dhe fjala fluturake (Paradise and the Flying Word), Bucharest, 1894. Gjithësia (Omneity), Bucharest, 1895. Fletore e bektashinjët (The Bektashi Notebook), Bucharest, 1895. O eros (Love, Greek: Ο Έρως), Istanbul, 1895. Iliadh' e Omirit, (Homer's Iliad), Bucharest , 1896. Histori e Skënderbeut (History of Skanderbeg), Bucharest, 1898. Qerbelaja (Qerbela), Bucharest, 1898. Istori e Shqipërisë (History of Albania), Sofia, 1899. Shqipëria (Albania), Sofia, 1902. Legacy The prime representative of Romanticism in Albanian literature, Frashëri is considered by many to be the most distinguished Albanian poet of the Albanian Renaissance whose poetry continued to have a tremendous influence on the literature and society of the Albanian people in the 20th century. He is also widely regarded as the national poet of Albania and is celebrated as such among the Albanian people in Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and other Albanian-inhabited lands in the Balkans. After his death, Frashëri became a great source of inspiration and a guiding light for the Albanian writers and intellectuals of the 20th century amongst them Asdreni, Gjergj Fishta, Mitrush Kuteli and Lasgush Poradeci. His great work such as Bagëti e Bujqësi, Gjuha Jonë and Feja promoted national unity, consciousness, and tolerance in the breasts of his countrymen an enthusiasm for the culture and history of their ancestors. Albanians of the Bektashi faith were in particular influenced and motivated by his work. Himself a Bektashi, he desired purity of the Albanian language and had attempted in his lifetime to Albanianise hierarchical terms of the order in his work Fletore e Bektashinjët which called for an Albanian Bektashism. His poem Bagëti e Bujqësi celebrated the natural beauty of Albania and the simple life of Albanian people while expressing gratitude that Albania had bestowed upon him "the name Albanian". In Istori' e Skënderbeut, he celebrated his love for Albania by referring to the medieval battles between the Albanians and Ottomans while highlighting Skenderbeg's Albanian origins and his successful fight for liberation. In Gjuha Jonë, he called for fellow Albanians to honour their nation and write in Albanian while in another poem Feja, he pleaded with Albanians not make religious distinctions among themselves as they all were of one origin that speak Albanian.Numerous organizations, monuments, schools, and streets had been founded and dedicated to his memory throughout Albania, Kosovo as well as to a lesser extent in North Macedonia and Romania. His family's house, where he was born and raised, in Frashër of Gjirokastër County is today a museum and was declared a monument of important cultural heritage. It houses numerous artefacts including handwritten manuscripts, portraits, clothing and the busts of him and his brothers Abdyl and Sami.Frashëri's portrait is depicted on the obverses of the 500 lekë banknote from 1992 to 1996 and since 1996 on the 200 lekë banknote. On the reverse side of the bill is a picture of his family house in Frashër. The Albanian nation has established an order of merit that bears his name which was awarded to, amongst others, the Albanian nun and missionary Mother Teresa. Gallery See also List of Albanian writers Albanian Renaissance League of Prizren References Sources Frashëri, Alfred; Frashëri, Neki (2014). Frashëri në historinë e Shqipërisë. Dudaj. ISBN 978-99943-0-051-8.

Pat Symonds

Patrick Bruce Reith Symonds (born 11 June 1953) is a British motor racing engineer. He was the Chief Technical Officer at Williams Grand Prix Engineering from 2013 until 2016, having previously worked at the Benetton, Renault and Virgin Formula One teams. He is currently the Chief Technical Officer of Formula One. In September 2009, Symonds was forced to resign from the ING Renault F1 team due to his involvement in race fixing at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix. After the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) conducted its own investigation, Symonds and Renault's Managing Director Flavio Briatore were banned indefinitely from any events sanctioned by the FIA, although this ban was later overturned by a French Tribunal de Grande Instance.

Patrick Bruce Reith Symonds (born 11 June 1953) is a British motor racing engineer. He was the Chief Technical Officer at Williams Grand Prix Engineering from 2013 until 2016, having previously worked at the Benetton, Renault and Virgin Formula One teams. He is currently the Chief Technical Officer of Formula One. In September 2009, Symonds was forced to resign from the ING Renault F1 team due to his involvement in race fixing at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix. After the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) conducted its own investigation, Symonds and Renault's Managing Director Flavio Briatore were banned indefinitely from any events sanctioned by the FIA, although this ban was later overturned by a French Tribunal de Grande Instance. Early life and education Symonds was born in Bedford, England and educated at Gresham's School in Holt, Norfolk, after which he studied at Oxford Polytechnic and Cranfield University, where he gained a Masters in aerodynamics. Career After starting his career in lower motorsport categories, he joined Toleman in the early 1980s. As Toleman grew, it was taken over to become Benetton Formula, and was subsequently sold and renamed Renault F1. Symonds remained throughout this entire period with the team, working his way through the technical ranks. He served as an engineer for many of the team's drivers, including Alessandro Nannini and Teo Fabi. After a brief move to the abortive Reynard F1 project with then-chief designer Rory Byrne in 1991, he returned to Benetton. In the mid-1990s he was Michael Schumacher's race engineer while also assuming the role of Head of Research and Development. Symonds remained with Benetton when Schumacher departed to Ferrari in 1996. When Ross Brawn was also lured to Ferrari, Symonds became Benetton's Technical Director. When Mike Gascoyne joined the team in 2001, Symonds was promoted to executive director of Engineering, a post which he retained though the transition to Renault ownership in 2002. Singapore crash In July 2009, Nelson Piquet Jr. claimed Symonds asked him to deliberately crash at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix to manufacture a situation which would assist team-mate Fernando Alonso to win the race.The ING Renault F1 Team released a statement on 16 September 2009 stating that Symonds was no longer part of the team. Symonds was subsequently suspended from F1 events for five years after expressing his "eternal regret and shame" to the FIA World Motor Sport Council. However, his ban was overturned by the French Tribunal de Grande Instance on 5 January 2010, and he was also paid €5,000 in compensation. In April, he and Briatore reached an out-of-court settlement with the FIA where he could return to F1 in 2013 but could be a consultant to a current Formula 1 team in the meantime. 2009–2013 In 2011, Symonds returned to F1 as a consultant for the Virgin Racing (later Manor F1) team to conduct a thorough overview of its operation, following a disappointing start to its second season in the sport. Shortly afterwards, the team parted company with existing technical director Nick Wirth. Symonds is believed by many to have effectively taken Wirth's place, although he was still only a consultant due to the terms of his ban.Symonds had a column in the F1 Racing magazine, and serves on the committee for the MSc in Motorsport Engineering and Management at Cranfield University. Williams F1 In July 2013 it was announced that Symonds had been appointed as Chief Technical Officer for the Williams F1 Team, replacing Mike Coughlan.Williams confirmed in December 2016 that Symonds would be leaving upon the expiration of his contract at the end of the year. Sky Sports F1 In March 2017 it was announced that Symonds was to join the Sky F1 team. Formula 1 Chief Technical Officer Since March 2017 Symonds has served as Formula 1's Chief Technical Officer. == References ==

Sensory Ethnography Lab

The Sensory Ethnography Lab (SEL) at Harvard University is an interdisciplinary center for the making of anthropologically informed works of media that combine aesthetics and ethnography. Production courses associated with the SEL are offered through Anthropology, Visual and Environmental Studies, and the Graduate School of Design.

The Sensory Ethnography Lab (SEL) at Harvard University is an interdisciplinary center for the making of anthropologically informed works of media that combine aesthetics and ethnography. Production courses associated with the SEL are offered through Anthropology, Visual and Environmental Studies, and the Graduate School of Design. Background Established as a collaboration between Harvard’s departments of Anthropology and of Visual and Environmental Studies in 2006, the SEL provides technical facilities and support for Harvard's PhD in Media Anthropology, set up in 2007 as part of the graduate program in Social Anthropology. It has been praised as an "innovative initiative" at Harvard to integrate art-making within the cognitive life of the university, and was proposed as a model for future endeavors in the graduate curriculum by the Presidential Task Force on the Arts' Report in 2008. The SEL is managed by musician, anthropologist, and phonographer Ernst Karel, and directed by Lucien Castaing-Taylor, ethnographic filmmaker of In and Out of Africa and Sweetgrass. In the year-long core class, "Sensory Ethnography," students receive instruction in ethnographic media practices, and create a substantial work in video, still photography, hypermedia, or sound. Advanced graduate students are also provided with training and equipment to produce media ethnographies in conjunction with their written doctoral dissertations. One example includes students working alongside Ernst Karel and visual artist Sharon Lockhart to produce "Sound Safari", a collaborative phonography project, in Bath, Maine. Projects Affiliates Silva, Jeff (Daniel). Ivan & Ivana Barbash, Ilisa and Castaing-Taylor, Lucien. Sweetgrass Karel, Ernst. Heard Laboratories Lockhart, Sharon. Lunch Break, Exit, Double Tide Students On Broadway (Aryo Danusiri) Chiaqian (Demolition) (JP Sniadecki) As Long As There's Breath (Stephanie Spray) References External links Sensory Ethnography Lab website Documentary Educational Resources SEL Print The Film Study Center at Harvard University

Aero Consult Light Aircraft

Aero Consult Light Aircraft (ACLA) is an aircraft manufacturer based in the Netherlands.In 2007, they acquired the rights to the Aviasud Sirocco from Aériane, who wished to concentrate on the Swift glider and PAS. ACLA redesigned the tailplane and wings and re-launched the aircraft as the Sirocco nG, first flown in May 2009.

Aero Consult Light Aircraft (ACLA) is an aircraft manufacturer based in the Netherlands.In 2007, they acquired the rights to the Aviasud Sirocco from Aériane, who wished to concentrate on the Swift glider and PAS. ACLA redesigned the tailplane and wings and re-launched the aircraft as the Sirocco nG, first flown in May 2009. References External links Official website

Gandhi Seva Sadan

Gandhi Seva Sadan is a Kathakali institution located in Perur village, some 12 kilometres east of Ottapalam in Palakkad district of north-central Kerala in southern India. It was founded in 1953 by the (late) Gandhian and freedom fighter K. Kumaran, equally known for his unflagging devotion to the promotion of the arts. Having celebrated its golden jubilee, Sadanam Kathakali and Classic Arts Academy is one of the four oldest schools providing training in the classical dance-drama of Kathakali in the traditional residential (gurukula) style. The most prominent among today's Kathakali exponents from Sadanam have all had tutelage under Padma Shri Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair. Located in a green, silent locality on the banks of the river Bharatapuzha, Sadanam has groomed several artistes who have gained acclaim in the field as actor-dancers, musicians, percussionists, make-up men and greenroom assistants.

Gandhi Seva Sadan is a Kathakali institution located in Perur village, some 12 kilometres east of Ottapalam in Palakkad district of north-central Kerala in southern India. It was founded in 1953 by the (late) Gandhian and freedom fighter K. Kumaran, equally known for his unflagging devotion to the promotion of the arts. Having celebrated its golden jubilee, Sadanam Kathakali and Classic Arts Academy is one of the four oldest schools providing training in the classical dance-drama of Kathakali in the traditional residential (gurukula) style. The most prominent among today's Kathakali exponents from Sadanam have all had tutelage under Padma Shri Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair. Located in a green, silent locality on the banks of the river Bharatapuzha, Sadanam has groomed several artistes who have gained acclaim in the field as actor-dancers, musicians, percussionists, make-up men and greenroom assistants. Among them are Sadanam Krishnankutty, Sadanam P. V. Balakrishnan, Ramankutty, Narippatta Narayanan Namboodiri, Pariyanampatta Divakaran, Sadanam K. Harikumaran, Bhasi, Manikantan, Sreenathan, Rahul and Kiran (all actor-dancers), besides musicians like Sadanam Jyothi Radhakrishnan, Rajagopalan, Shyamalan and Sivadas; chenda artistes like Sadanam Vasu, Mattannur Sankarankutty Marar, Sadanam Divakaran, Gopalakrishnan, Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar and Sreekumar; maddalam artistes like Cherpulasseri Sivan, Sadanam Sreedharan, Ramachandran, Murukajyothi, Rajan, Devadas and Bharatharajan; make-up (chutti) artistes Sadanam Sreenivasan and Saju; and greenroom artistes Kunjan and Govindan. Not far away from its main campus, the academy has an impressive indoor-cum-outdoor auditorium that plays the venue for Sadanam's functions during special occasions like anniversary celebrations and the Pattikkamthodi Jayanti (28 September). Sadanam has been listed in the official tourism sites of the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala, India. Details of the courses offered by the traditional Kathakali training centre can be accessed at http://trainingcentres.keralatourism.org/centre_details.php?id=19. Its contributions to the culture of Kerala and its history figure in performance videos that have been documented as a heritage in association with UNESCO. These videos can be accessed at http://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/heritage/performing-arts/kathakali/gandhi-seva-sadan-503.php. Its long-standing reputation and contributions to the traditional art form has also earned it recognition as an institution of higher learning by the Government of India.Gandhi Seva Sadan also runs a teachers training institute, a senior secondary school (affiliated to the CBSE) and a computer training center under its management. Life profile of founder K. Kumaran Gandhi Seva Sadan was founded by Kollaikal Kumaran, son of Madathil Narayanan Nair and Kollaikal Devakiamma. He finished his schooling from the government high school in his native Thiruvilwamala and joined Government Victoria college, Palakkad, in the year 1941 for his intermediate. While in college, Kumaran followed Mahatma Gandhi's call for fight against the British for India's independence and took part in Quit India Movement. Quite expectedly, he was expelled from the college for this action. He then joined the freedom struggle and was jailed in Alippuram, Bellary, for his activities against the "British Raj". Inspired by the Mahatma's call to "Do or Die", Kumaran managed to escape from Allipuram Jail in 1943. He was arrested in Madras, but he managed to escape again from police custody. His uncle Madathil Vasudevan Nair whom he lovingly called "Vasuetta" supported him. During a second conviction in Bellary jail, Kumaran was subjected to torture and put in iron fetters under the order of Col. Howe. He was released in 1944. Soon after this, he went to Bombay (now Mumbai) as a full-time congress worker and captained the volunteer team for the 1945 AICC session. During this session, he came into contact with Gandhiji and several senior Congress leaders. Heeding to Mahatma Gandhi's call to youngsters to live and die in the villages of India, Kumaran set forth and put in the place the first modest steps for what was to become a big institution in his Perur. With the help of a small sum donated by few village elders he bought 12 charkhas (cotton-spinning machines which were at that time the symbol of the aspirations of an independent India). He established a school, a teacher training Institution,a Vocational centre, and a Kathakali Centre and Bharatanatyam Institute. Throughout his lifetime he wore Khadhi cloth and followed Gandhiji. He weathered difficult times, but eventually built Sadanam as a renowned institution. Kumaran died in 2005. Gurus at Sadanam Sadanam has a tradition of inviting the greatest of gurus of Kathakali and Rasa Abhinaya as its trainers. The stalwarts of yesteryear include Guru Kunchu Kurup for Kathakali and Kutiyattam maestro Natyacharya Mani Madhava Chakyar for Rasaabhinaya and Netraabhinaya (both Padma Shri awardees). Sadanam has had several prominent exponents in its faculty, the longest-serving among them includes the late Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair. The students have earlier also had training under veteran gurus like the late Thekkinkattil Ramunni Nair, Padma Bhushan Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair, the late Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair and Kottakkal Krishnankutty Nair, besides late masters like Kadathanattu Govindan Nambisan, Kalamandalam Neelakantan Nambisan, Kalamandalam Unnikrishna Kurup, Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Poduval, Kalamandalam Chandra Mannadiyar, Tirur Nambissan and Kalamandalam Appukutty Poduval. Currently, Kumaran's son and versatile artiste Sadanam K. Harikumaran is the principal of Sadanam. Kathakali master Narippatta Narayanan Namboodiri is its director. Kalanilayam Balakrishnan, Paara Narayanan Namboodiri and Kalamandalam Satheesan are among the senior instructors. See also Kathakali Classical Indian dance Arts of Kerala Mohiniyattam Kutiyattam Māni Mādhava Chākyār Nātyakalpadrumam Thulall Panchavadyam Kerala Kalamandalam References External links Kathakali events at kathakali news. Archived 10 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine

Zell Kravinsky

Zell Kravinsky is an American investor and utilitarian who is known for making a non-directed kidney donation to a stranger and for donating over $45 million of his personal wealth to charity, with the largest individual donation going to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He is also a poet.

Zell Kravinsky is an American investor and utilitarian who is known for making a non-directed kidney donation to a stranger and for donating over $45 million of his personal wealth to charity, with the largest individual donation going to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He is also a poet. Early life and education Kravinsky was born to a Jewish family and earned two Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, one in 1989 in Rhetoric with a dissertation on Aristotle’s topoi, and the other in 1994 in English Literature with a dissertation on paradoxical polysemy in Milton's Paradise Lost. He also completed required courses for a third doctoral degree, in cultural anthropology from The New School For Social Research, but did not take the preliminary examination or write a dissertation. His B.A. from Dartmouth College was in Asian Studies, with a specialty in Indian Studies. Career He lectured full-time at Penn for some years, was a Faculty in Residence for four years, and one year was selected, in the University's published book of student evaluations, as the most overall highly ranked faculty member at Penn. Kravinsky then worked for insurance companies designing and teaching training workshops in management development; taught handicapped ("learning disabled" and “socially and emotionally disturbed,” i.e., conduct-disordered) children in inner-city Philadelphia schools; and taught Transcendental Meditation. Philanthropy After amassing a real estate fortune, having started with one thousand dollars, Kravinsky gave away virtually all of it to various charities, concentrating on public health organizations. Specifically, he donated almost all of the $45 million he amassed in real estate to charities dealing with improving health; he made the largest individual contribution ever to the foundation supporting the United States government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and also made major donations to The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and to the Ohio State University College of Public Health. Kidney donation After Kravinsky learned that many African-Americans have difficulty obtaining kidneys from family members, he sought out a hospital in Philadelphia that would allow him to donate one of his kidneys to a lower-income black person.According to Peter Singer, writing in The New York Times, Kravinsky justified the donation mathematically when speaking to Singer's students, noting that the chances of dying as a result of the procedure would have been about 1 in 4,000. Kravinsky believed that, under the circumstances, "to withhold a kidney from someone who would otherwise die means valuing one’s own life at 4,000 times that of a stranger", a ratio he termed "obscene."Following the kidney donation, Kravinsky did several interviews with the media, including a radio conference with Robert Siegel of NPR and a TV appearance on CBS among others. During some of these public interviews, Kravinsky argued that should someone be, for instance, on the verge of curing cancer but would die unless Kravinsky were to donate his second kidney, that being the only match in the world, that it would be morally correct to donate the kidney in order that millions of people would be saved. Kravinsky has noted that this admittedly theoretical and highly improbable scenario is the logical extension of someone risking his life by jumping into icy water to save a child, or a soldier cradling a hand grenade to save his buddies. He is mentioned in former President Bill Clinton's book Giving, and in an article in the December 10, 2008 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, The Economics of Health Equity. References External links How to give away $45 million. Talk at Giving What We Can: Rutgers, December 4, 2012.

Ice cricket

Ice cricket are variants of the English summer game of cricket but played in harsh, wintry conditions. Early forms of ice cricket were played outdoors and on skates. The difference between the forms of Ice Cricket is that some are played directly on the ice, with no mat laid down. The results are a little more unpredictable and provide more fun and variety. In modern forms the players don't wear skates.

Ice cricket are variants of the English summer game of cricket but played in harsh, wintry conditions. Early forms of ice cricket were played outdoors and on skates. The difference between the forms of Ice Cricket is that some are played directly on the ice, with no mat laid down. The results are a little more unpredictable and provide more fun and variety. In modern forms the players don't wear skates. In the modern game the ball is the same as an indoor cricket ball, a composite plastic red ball which makes it relatively easy to find if it gets hit into a snowdrift. The Ice Cricket World Championship is held annually in the Estonian city of Tallinn. With winter temperatures of minus 10 to minus 25 degree Celsius, the tournaments are played on Harku Lake, which freezes over rapidly in early January. History Cricket on ice was played in England from at least the first half of the 19th century. A game was played in Sheffield in 1826. A match was played on the ice near Sheffield a few days ago, in skates, in which several of the Sheffield Club wore engaged. Through one of the bats breaking the double wickets were struck, and the day was concluded with a well contested single wicket game.Cricket Match Extraordinary.— The splendid piece of water on Erridge Park has been a grand scene of attraction for the last few weeks to the visitors and inhabitants of Tonbridge Wells. The surface covers an area of about twenty-one acres, and consequently gives a fine opportunity for scientific skating. We have noticed as many as from 100 to 200 at a time forming various figures on the ice. A cricket match was played on the ice by Messrs. E. Vanx, 33; J. Clapson, 1; T. Russell, 29; Duffy, 9, not out; A, Glover, 0; W.Loof, 1; J. J. Hastings and W. Friend; byes, 12; total 85; against —T.Neal, 14; J. Trice, 16; R. Clapson, 1; J. Taylor, 17; T.Seamer, 7; G.Bourne, 10, Beale.0; and J.Gurr, 12; byes, 17; total,84. The bowling of Mr. J. Clapson excited general admiration, as well as that of Messrs. Vaux and Seamer. The stumps were fixed in two blocks of wood, and all the gentlemen played in skates; the ball when struck flew with great swiftness over the ice, the parties running or rather skating between the wickets, and those who were looking out skating after the ball. The whole presented a most lively and interesting scene. The latter evolutions were attended with many of those minor accidents peculiar to the slippery game, much to the amusement of the numerous spectators; we are happy, however, to say that none were materially hurt. The game was a single innings. Mr. Vaux obtained thirty-three runs and was not oot; his batting was very superior, as was also that of Mr. Thomas Neal. There were upwards of a hundred ladies and gentlemen on the ice at one time, among whom we noticed the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Nevile, Miss Myeta, &c. — Kentish ObserverAn eleven-a-side game of ice cricket was played at Gosfield Lake near Halstead on 18th January 1838.A twelve-a-side match of ice cricket was played in Chesham, Bucks in February 1841 between two teams of Gentlemen playing on the pond in the park.An eight-a-side match of ice cricket was played in Oxford in 1850.Cricket was also played on ice in the Fens, though it never became as popular as bandy. In February 1855 the Cambridge Chronicle reported on a match between March and Wisbech on the Ballast Pits at March. The home team beat the visitors by 118 runs, thanks to a century not out by Rhodes. "The fielding and batting of many of the players was considered to be far superior to and more graceful than any cricketing on the green sward".WALTHAM ABBEY — Cricket Match on the Ice. A cricket match was played on the ice in the Waltham Marshes on Saturday, January 19, between the members of the Waltham Abbey and Enfield Lock Small Arms Factory Cricket Club and their friends, sides being chosen by Messrs. Dean and James — the whole of the players being on skates. The fielding by Messrs. Rutherford, Hawkins, Bigby, and Powell was much admired; but in consequence of the heavy fall of snow the day previous the scores were small.A match was played on Chantry Water Mill Pond, Storrington in 1891 and another match was held near Market Harborough in 1893. In 1903 an ice cricket match was held on the English Skating rink at Davos.A photo of a game of ice cricket in St Moritz was published in 1903. An international tournament called Cricket On Ice has been played on Lake St. Moritz since 1988 and now in Estonia every year since 2004. British Olympic bobsledder, Keith Schellenberg is sometimes credited as having invented a form of ice cricket while in St Moritz. He is said to have taught the sport of cricket to fellow Winter Olympians while in Switzerland.Another version credits the Estonian version to Barry Jason, an English immigrant to Estonia and former Estonian cricket president who was determined to increase the visibility of cricket throughout the year in the country. The first World Championship was held in 2007.More recently in The Netherlands, the VOC Cricket club in Rotterdam has been known to organise cricket matches, in those winters when the lakes freeze sufficiently over to support such an event. References Bell, Angus Slogging The Slavs: A Paranormal Cricket Tour from the Baltic to the Bosphorus (also published as Batting on the Bosphorus) BBC News External links Estonian Ice Cricket Tournament Newsround - Ice cricket is winner in Estonia St. Moritz Ice Cricket 2017/18 Rotterdam Ice Cricket [1]

Brimir

In Norse mythology, Brimir is possibly another name for the jötunn Ymir and also a name of a hall for the souls of the virtuous following the end-time conflict of Ragnarök. In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda Brimir refers to a hall in the heavens for good souls following Ragnarok where "plenty of good drink" will be available for those who take pleasure in it. In stanza 9 of Völuspá, the first poem of the Poetic Edda, Brimir and Blain are both interpreted as alternate names for Ymir, although distinction between origin and issue is often difficult to discern in Norse mythology: "Then all the Powers went to the thrones of fate, the sacrosanct gods, and considered this: who should form the lord of the dwarfs out of Brimir's blood and from Blain's limbs?" — Larrington trans.Quoted by Snorri in Gylfaginning, he expands upon this and tells us that the dwarves were created from the dead flesh of Ymir whose body was used by Odin and his brothers to form the earth ("Brimir's blood" referring to the sea and "Blain's limbs" referring to the mountains that were made from his bones). Stanza 37 of the same poem mentions Brimir as the name of a jötunn who may or may not be Ymir as the owner of a beer hall: "To the north there stood on Dark-of-moon Plains a hall of gold of the lineage of Sindri and another stood on Never-cooled Plain, the beer-hall of the giant who is called Brimir."

In Norse mythology, Brimir is possibly another name for the jötunn Ymir and also a name of a hall for the souls of the virtuous following the end-time conflict of Ragnarök. In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda Brimir refers to a hall in the heavens for good souls following Ragnarok where "plenty of good drink" will be available for those who take pleasure in it. In stanza 9 of Völuspá, the first poem of the Poetic Edda, Brimir and Blain are both interpreted as alternate names for Ymir, although distinction between origin and issue is often difficult to discern in Norse mythology: "Then all the Powers went to the thrones of fate, the sacrosanct gods, and considered this: who should form the lord of the dwarfs out of Brimir's blood and from Blain's limbs?" — Larrington trans.Quoted by Snorri in Gylfaginning, he expands upon this and tells us that the dwarves were created from the dead flesh of Ymir whose body was used by Odin and his brothers to form the earth ("Brimir's blood" referring to the sea and "Blain's limbs" referring to the mountains that were made from his bones). Stanza 37 of the same poem mentions Brimir as the name of a jötunn who may or may not be Ymir as the owner of a beer hall: "To the north there stood on Dark-of-moon Plains a hall of gold of the lineage of Sindri and another stood on Never-cooled Plain, the beer-hall of the giant who is called Brimir." — Larrington trans.Snorri used this stanza as his basis for Brimir as a hall in the afterlife in Gylfaginning but whether the two residences are identical is uncertain. See also Death in Norse paganism#Afterlives and rebirth - Further discussion on the role of the potential afterlife in pre-Christian beliefs References Faulkes, Anthony (transl.) (1987). Edda (Snorri Sturluson). Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3. Larrington, Carolyne (transl.) (1996). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 0-19-283946-2.

South End Lower Roxbury Open Space Land Trust

The South End Lower Roxbury Open Space Land Trust (SELROSLT) is a membership-supported, non-profit organization that owns, protects, and manages 16 community gardens and pocket parks in the South End and Lower Roxbury neighborhoods of Boston, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is a member of the American Community Gardening Association, the Boston Natural Areas Network, the Land Trust Alliance, and a partnering grantee of the New England Grassroots Environment Fund. In July 2012, SELROSLT officially voted to merge with, and was absorbed by Boston Natural Areas Network.

The South End Lower Roxbury Open Space Land Trust (SELROSLT) is a membership-supported, non-profit organization that owns, protects, and manages 16 community gardens and pocket parks in the South End and Lower Roxbury neighborhoods of Boston, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is a member of the American Community Gardening Association, the Boston Natural Areas Network, the Land Trust Alliance, and a partnering grantee of the New England Grassroots Environment Fund. In July 2012, SELROSLT officially voted to merge with, and was absorbed by Boston Natural Areas Network. Mission The South End Lower Roxbury Open Space Land Trust works to acquire, own, improve, and maintain open space for community gardening and pocket parks in the South End and Lower Roxbury neighborhoods of Boston for the public benefit in perpetuity. History The Land Trust was established in 1991 with the intent to incorporate and protect eight established community gardens. The existing gardens were owned by a variety of institutions, none of them with long term legal protection. The legal incorporation as a non-profit organization with an elected board composed of neighbors created an entity that was able to partner with The Trust for Public Land to purchase the range of properties from a variety of owners, and set in place a process to use and care for the gardens in perpetuity. Many of the original eight gardens were primarily food producing, helping to augment the budgets of low and moderate-income urban families. Land Trust gardens continue to be places of food production, as well as gardeners growing ornamental plants. SELROSLTheld and operated sixteen community gardens, gardened by approximately 600 gardeners, and accessible to their adjacent neighborhoods. Individual gardens have received awards from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the City of Boston, and Horticulture magazine. Three SELROSLT community gardens have been the subject of the nationally distributed WGBH-produced program The Victory Garden. In July 2012, after a year of joint planning, SELROSLT voted to merge into Boston Natural Areas Network (BNAN). The time had come for SELROSLT to move from an all volunteer organization to an organization that provided full-time staff and greater resources. The merger gives the community gardens access the resources of BNAN, and their affiliate The Trustees of Reservations. The deeds for all SELROSLT community spaces were all transferred to BNAN, ensuring the protection of community gardens and open spaces in perpetuity. Membership Membership is open to individuals and families interested in urban gardening. Each community garden maintains a waiting list. Most individual community gardens have a membership committee which manages the waiting list, works with the garden's leadership committee, and helps orient new gardeners to the garden. Waiting periods vary by garden and there are no statistics available on wait time. Members pay an annual plot fee, and an additional Land Trust membership fee. Costs are moderate, and payable on a sliding fee. Members may vote at an annual meeting, participate on committees, and are required to maintain their plot in a clean and productive state. Gardening Plot sizes vary from 5 by 9 ft (1.5 by 2.7 m) to 14 by 28 ft (4.3 by 8.5 m). Gardening members come from the immediately adjoining neighborhoods. Individual gardens vary greatly in what is grown and harvested. Located in two diverse urban neighborhoods, a wide variety of food, flowers and plant material is grown based somewhat on ethnicity, ancestry, or if a gardener is a recent immigrant, their home country. Land Trust rules allow individual gardens to grow whatever they choose in their plot as long as it is not grown for commercial sale. Most gardeners grow a mix of vegetables and ornamentals. A few of the gardens operate a composting system to convert discarded plant material to soil and fertilizer. Roughly half of the gardens have perimeter borders termed community borders, which are planted with ornamental plants, flowers and small shrubs. Funding and operations The Land Trust operates with funds raised through garden plot fees, fundraising activities including the annual South End Garden Tour, and varied other events. Additional funds from private and public sources, via direct grants, have contributed over $1,000,000. Funds have been used to provide water systems, decontaminate soils, to install consistent iron fencing and granite curbing, and to build gazebo community spaces in the local gardens. Governance Each of the community gardens elects or appoints a representative to the SELROSLT board. The board elects a president from membership. The president is a volunteer position, focused on day-to-day operations of the gardens, coordination with the City of Boston and membership. The individual community gardens send plot fees to the Land Trust to pay liability insurance and water service. Individual gardens are intended to be democratically self-governing, and the form of governance varies from garden to garden. Some gardens elect a coordinator, or two coordinators; others elect a leadership committee. SELROSLT's 16 gardens and parks Berkeley Street Community Garden Bessie Barnes Memorial Park Bessie Barnes Memorial Garden Dartmouth Pocket Park Frederick Douglas Intergenerational Garden Harrison Urban Garden Lenox-Kendall Community Garden Northampton Community Garden Rutland-Washington Community Garden (Gazebo Garden) Rutland's Haven Community Garden Rutland Green Pocket Park Wellington Common Community Garden Wellington Green Warren-Clarendon Community Garden Worcester Street Garden West Springfield Community Garden See also Communal garden Commons Community Supported Agriculture South Central Farm Intercultural Garden Further reading Landwehr Engle, Debra. Grace from the Garden: Changing the World One Garden at a Time. Rodale Books: 2003. ISBN 1-57954-685-4. Schaye, Kim and Chris Losee. Stronger Than Dirt: How One Urban Couple Grew a Business, a Family, and a New Way of Life from the Ground Up. Three Rivers Press: 2003. ISBN 0-609-80975-X. External links [1] South End Lower Roxbury Open Space Land Trust records, 1976-2007, University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library, University of Massachusetts Boston South End Garden Tour website Berkeley Street Community Garden website Worcester Street Garden website American Community Gardening Association website Urban Harvest website Boston Gardens article on South End Garden Tour The Land Trust Alliance website New England Grassroots Environment Fund website The Trust for Public Land website

George Palao

George L. Palao BEM (4 October 1940, Kensington, United Kingdom - 2009, Gibraltar) was a Gibraltarian historian and potholer and illustrator. He was particularly known for his excavations and finds in many caves of Gibraltar.

George L. Palao BEM (4 October 1940, Kensington, United Kingdom - 2009, Gibraltar) was a Gibraltarian historian and potholer and illustrator. He was particularly known for his excavations and finds in many caves of Gibraltar. Early years Born in Kensington, London on 4 October 1940, George Palao became part of an entire generation of Gibraltarians who were born away from the Rock after their parents were evacuated from Gibraltar along with most of the civilian population during World War II. When the war ended he and his family were repatriated to Gibraltar where he attended the Gibraltar Technical School and the Gibraltar Dockyard School. In 1958 Palao took up employment as a draghtsman for the Government of Gibraltar at their Public Works Department Drawing Office. He returned to London in 1970 to further his studies, enrolling on a two-year course at the South East London Technical College where he attended their Department of Building and Structural Engineering. He returned to Gibraltar in 1972. Historical and caving research Palao had actively pursued his interests in Gibraltar's history, pre-history, geology and archaeology since 1965, which led him to the discovery and excavation of many of the caves of Gibraltar, uncovering valuable material and information in the process. He led the Gibraltar Cave Research Group in the late 1950s and 60s, with many of the group's finds now kept at the Gibraltar Museum. He was also a keen diver, a skill he exploited to excavate a number of underwater sites along Gibraltar's coast. Palao's passion for history and archaeology saw him become a member of the Royal Archaeological Institute and the Prehistoric Society of Britain. His work in these research fields was officially recognised when he was awarded the British Empire Medal by Queen Elizabeth II in her Birthday Honours of 1976. Works Palao wrote many articles and constantly delivered talks and lectures to various organisations and schools on the subjects of geology and pre-history. His best known research are five of his books which were published between 1975 and 1985: Palao, George (1975). The Guns and Towers of Gibraltar. Ashford, Buchan & Enright. ISBN 0948466014. Palao, George (1977). Gibraltar: Our Forgotten Past. Ferma. Palao, George (1979). Gibraltar: Our Heritage. Ferma. Palao, George (1981). Gibraltar: Tales of Our Past. Ferma. Palao, George (1982). Gibraltar: Genesis and Evolution. Ferma.By writing these books Palao wanted "to increase the understanding and appreciation of Gibraltar's vast historical assets by those who live on the Rock and visitors alike". He managed to achieve this by bringing Gibraltar's rich history and heritage to the fore of the general public as no one had previously achieved.Palao was also an accomplished illustrator, a skill he developed during his career as a draughtsman. He often complemented his written works with simple yet detailed line drawings of representations of events, people, costumes, warfare technologies, monuments and artefacts which have been used as resources at various schools in Gibraltar. His collection of illustrations includes many technical drawings of caves and other historical sites in Gibraltar. Palao was also commissioned to illustrate The Rock of the Gibraltarians: A History of Gibraltar, a book authored by former Governor of Gibraltar Sir William Jackson in 1987, considered to be the most complete history of Gibraltar and its people.Although it was lesser known by the general public, Palao was also an accomplished model maker. == References ==

National memory

National memory is a form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture. It is an integral part to national identity. It represents one specific form of cultural memory, which makes an essential contribution to national group cohesion. Historically national communities have drawn upon commemorative ceremonies and monuments, myths and rituals, glorified individuals, objects, and events in their own history to produce a common narrative.According to Lorraine Ryan, national memory is based on the public's reception of national historic narratives and the ability of people to affirm the legitimacy of these narratives.

National memory is a form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture. It is an integral part to national identity. It represents one specific form of cultural memory, which makes an essential contribution to national group cohesion. Historically national communities have drawn upon commemorative ceremonies and monuments, myths and rituals, glorified individuals, objects, and events in their own history to produce a common narrative.According to Lorraine Ryan, national memory is based on the public's reception of national historic narratives and the ability of people to affirm the legitimacy of these narratives. Conflicting versions, dynamicity, manipulation and subjectivity National memory typically consists of a shared interpretation of a nation's past. Such interpretations can vary and sometimes compete. They can get challenged and augmented by a range of interest groups, fighting to have their histories acknowledged, documented and commemorated and reshape national stories. Often national memory is adjusted to offer a politicized vision of the past to make a political position appear consistent with national identity. Furthermore, it profoundly affects how historical facts are perceived and recorded and may circumvent or appropriate facts. A repertoire of discursive strategies functions to emotionalize national narrative and nationalize personal pasts.National memory has been used calculatedly by governments for dynastic, political, religious and cultural purposes since as early as the sixteenth century.Marketing of memory by the culture industry and its instrumentalisation for political purposes can both be seen as serious threats to the objective understanding of a nation's past.Lorraine Ryan notes that individual memory both shapes and is shaped by national memory, and that there is a competition between the dominant and individual memories of a nation.Hyung Park states that the nation is continuously revived, re-imagined, reconstituted, through shared memories among its citizens.National memories may also conflict with the other nations' collective memory. Role of the media Reports that are narrated in terms of national memory characterize the past in ways that merge the past, the present and the future into "a single ongoing tale".Pierre Nora argues that a "democratisation of history" allows for emancipatory versions of the past to surface: National memory cannot come into being until the historical framework of the nation has been shattered. It reflects the abandonment of the traditional channels and modes of transmission of the past and the desacralisation of such primary sites of initiation as the school, the family, the museum, and the monument: what was once the responsibility of these institutions has now flowed over into the public domain and been taken over by the media and tourist industry However, national history being passed on by the culture industry, such as by historical films, can be seen as serious threats to the objective understanding of a nation's past. International media Nations' memories can be shared across nations via media such as the Internet (through social media and other means of widespread communication)and news outlets. Effects and functions National memory can be a force of cohesion as well as division and conflict. It can foster constructive national reforms, international communities and agreements, dialogue as well as deepen problematic courses and rhetoric. Identity crisis can occur in a country due to large-scale negative events such as crime, terroristic attacks (on a national or international scale), war, and large changes made over a short period of time. The negative mood created by these events will eventually find a way to be expressed. This crisis can also occur during periods of economic political uncertainty, which can lead to citizens becoming uncertain of and questioning their own identities or losing them altogether. New developments, processes, problems and events are often made sense of and contextualized by drawing from national memory. Critical national memory Critical history or historic memory cuts from national memory's tradition centric to national heritage and orients itself towards a specialized study of history in a more sociological manner.It has been proposed that the unthinkable ought not to be unmasked but that instead what made it thinkable should be reconstructed and that the difficulty of discussing the non-places or the bad places of national memory make it necessary to include forgetfulness and amnesia in the concept. The absence of belief in a shared past may be another factor. National memory may lead to questioning the nation as it is as well as its identity and imply a societal negotiation of what the country wishes to be as a nation. To understand the links between memory, forgetfulness, identity and the imaginary construction of the nation analysis of the discourse in the places of memory is fundamental as in all writings of national history an image of the nation is being restructured. See also References Further reading Les Lieux de Mémoire Koshar, Rudy J. (9 November 2000). Germany's Transient Pasts: Preservation and National Memory in the Twentieth Century. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807862629.

Saint Peter's church, Vienne (Isère)

Saint Peter's church (Saint-Pierre-le-Bas) in Vienne is one of the oldest surviving churches in France, situated in the Rhône-Alpes region. The church was added to the 1862 version of the list of France's Monuments historiques, created in 1819.

Saint Peter's church (Saint-Pierre-le-Bas) in Vienne is one of the oldest surviving churches in France, situated in the Rhône-Alpes region. The church was added to the 1862 version of the list of France's Monuments historiques, created in 1819. History Saint Peter's church was built at the end of the fifth century within the walls of the (Gallo-) Roman city, situated at a cemetery which replaced a former residential area. It was dedicated to saint Peter and Paul and used as a funerary Basilica. The church housed, over time, the remains of most of the bishops of Vienne, starting with Mamertus (died c. 475). Most of the early bishops of the city buried here are considered saints. Abbaye de Saint Pierre In the 6th century a community of monks settled there, of which Leonianus was the first abbot. During the Middle Ages this abbey was the most influential of all of Vienne's monasteries. The church houses an important variety of relics, one of which is the water dish of the last supper. During the late Middle Ages and the early modern period the competition of the mendicant orders and then the Wars of Religion permanently weakened the abbey. The monks became canons and between 1780 and 1791 the former abbey was in union with the Abbey of Saint-Chef. Initially transformed into a museum in 1809, building was restored during the 1860s. In 1872 the building was converted into a lapidary museum. The presentation of the collections has remained almost unchanged to the present day. Appearance The apse and the decor of the nave wall arches were likely built at the end of the 5th century and, as such are among the oldest remains. During the Carolingian era changes were made concerning the windows in the upper part of the nave. The first important transformations took place at the end of the 11th century and the 12th century: the nave was divided into three parts by large arches. The bell tower porch is added to the West; the Notre-Dame Chapel, in the form of a Greek cross, is barrel-vaulted and outfitted with a dome; the South Portal is decorated with sculptures. The remains of the 12th century murals can still be seen. In the 15th century several chapels were furnished but have disappeared since then. Few changes took place between the 15th century and 1780, when the whole of the building was covered in neo-classical stucco décor. The stucco was removed during the restoration in the 1860s. Many fragments of the stone fence between the sanctuary for the clergy and the nave have been reused during the building of the bell tower in the 12th century, high up the front of the ancient façade. A monolithic altar from the 10th or 11th century is preserved in one of the museums of Vienne. Relics Among the many preserved relics are those of the following saints: Saint Ado of Vienne Saint Avitus of Vienne Saint Crescens Saint Desiderius Saint Mamertus References External links (in French) Église Saint-Pierre - Musée archéologique

Pancha Bhuta

Pancha Bhuta or Pancha Maha-Bhuta (Sanskrit: पञ्चभूत, पञ्चमहाभूत; pañca-mahā-bhūta), five great elements, also five physical elements, is a group of five basic elements, which, according to Hinduism, is the basis of all cosmic creation. These elements are: Prithvi/Bhumi (Sanskrit: पृथ्वी:, Earth), Apas/Varuna/Jala (Sanskrit: आपः, Water), Agni (Sanskrit: अग्नि, Fire), Vayu (Sanskrit: वायु:, Air), Akasha/Dyaus (Sanskrit: आकाश, Space/Atmosphere/Ether/Sky). These elements have different characteristics and these also account for different faculties of human experience. In ayurveda and Indian philosophy, the human body is considered to be made of these five elements. However, Cārvāka did not accept Akasha as basic element as it is not tangible and according to them, there are only four basic elements.

Pancha Bhuta or Pancha Maha-Bhuta (Sanskrit: पञ्चभूत, पञ्चमहाभूत; pañca-mahā-bhūta), five great elements, also five physical elements, is a group of five basic elements, which, according to Hinduism, is the basis of all cosmic creation. These elements are: Prithvi/Bhumi (Sanskrit: पृथ्वी:, Earth), Apas/Varuna/Jala (Sanskrit: आपः, Water), Agni (Sanskrit: अग्नि, Fire), Vayu (Sanskrit: वायु:, Air), Akasha/Dyaus (Sanskrit: आकाश, Space/Atmosphere/Ether/Sky). These elements have different characteristics and these also account for different faculties of human experience. In ayurveda and Indian philosophy, the human body is considered to be made of these five elements. However, Cārvāka did not accept Akasha as basic element as it is not tangible and according to them, there are only four basic elements. Hinduism influenced Buddhism, which accepts only four Mahābhūtas, viewing Akasha as a derived (upādā) element. These five elements of Indian cosmological system are similar but not identical to five element theory used in East Asia. Description The Pancha Bhuta are the basic elements that make up any living organism on Earth or anywhere else in the Universe. Below table gives a reference on what component of the human body is associated with these elements. Each of the five finger in human beings is also associated with a particular element, so this means the energy associated with the appropriate element can be channelized through various hand mudras. Ayurveda According to ayurveda and Yoga, Pancha Bhuta are associated with overall health of human being. Any disorder in human body indicates imbalance of one or more of these elements. Yoga Tattva Mudra Vijnana relates these five elements to five fingers of human being. Different Mudra were developed to balance these in human body which form the Hasta Mudra in yogic tradition and are used in naturopathy. The three dosha- three intrinsic tendencies, which, according to ayurveda are intrinsic in every human being, are representation of combination of these five elements in human body. The three dosha have subtle positive essences which control the mind and body function.|- !Dosha !! Bhuta Composition || Characteristic |- |Vata || Vayu, Akasha || Prana |- |Pitta || Agni, Jala/Apas || Tejas |- |Kapha || Prithvi, Jala/Apas || Ojas |} Yogic view According to Yoga, the aim of sadhana is to have mastery over oneself. This mastery can be achieved by mastering all the basic elements. The process of gaining mastery over these elements and purifying them is called Bhuta Shuddhi. Pancha Bhuta Stalam is representation of Pancha Bhuta for yogic practice. People used to move from one temple to another and do sadhana on particular basic element.The seven Chakras in the human subtle body are associated with these five elements. Hasta Mudras Hasta Mudra or hand posture is based on the panch Bhutas. The basic assumption is that all the five elements can be represented by five different fingers in human body as shown in the table below. Vastu Vastu shastra emphasizes on the placement of five elements in specified direction and the balance of these elements determines the condition of the associated structure. These correlations are used to define an ideal home: The house itself is placed so that maximum load and weight is in the southwest area of the plot. Thus, there is maximum open space in the north and east sides of the plot, satisfying Vayu/air and Akasha/aether. The main gate, the verandah and the main door are in the northeast of the house; south of the verandah the main living room, and south of that one or two bedrooms. The kitchen is placed in the southeast corner of the house, to balance Akasha and Agni. Taste Pancha Bhuta is associated with six human tastes/Rasas as below. See also Pancha Bhuta Stalam Classical element Mahābhūta Tanmatras Mudra == References ==

John Bond (1678–1744)

John Bond (5 April 1678 – 19 June 1744), of Tyneham in Dorset, was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1721 to 1744.

John Bond (5 April 1678 – 19 June 1744), of Tyneham in Dorset, was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1721 to 1744. Early life Bond was the second son of Nathaniel Bond, of Creech Grange, Dorset, a King's Serjeant and MP. His elder brother was Denis who was also an MP. He was admitted at Inner Temple to study law in 1697, and was called to the bar in 1706. He married his cousin, Margaret Williams (died 1775), daughter of John Williams of Herringston, Dorset on 19 March 1716. Career Bond was returned as a stop-gap Member of Parliament for Corfe Castle at a by-election on 25 February 1721 when his brother was the borough's other MP. He did not stand at the 1722 general election but replaced his brother, who became MP for Poole, at the 1727 general election. He voted against the Government on the Hessians in 1730, but from then on supported the Government when present. In 1732, a report of a House of Commons committee named him as being involved with his brother in the fraudulent sale of the forfeited Derwentwater estates in 1723, but no action was taken. He was returned unopposed at the 1734 general election. In 1737, he was made a bencher of his Inn. He was returned unopposed for Corfe Castle again in 1741. Death and legacy Bond died on 19 June 1744. He and his wife had four sons and two daughters. Their son, John (1717–1784), was also an MP and, as his uncle's heir, became head of the family. His grandson Nathaniel Bond was also an MP for Corfe Castle. == References ==

Pierre Jean Jeanniot

Pierre J. Jeanniot O.C., C.Q. is president and CEO of JINMAG Inc., a consulting, management and investment company which he created in 1990.

Pierre J. Jeanniot O.C., C.Q. is president and CEO of JINMAG Inc., a consulting, management and investment company which he created in 1990. Career He holds the honorary title of Director General Emeritus of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in recognition of his major contribution to civil aviation worldwide as Director General and CEO, which he headed from 1993 to 2002. Under his leadership, IATA was transformed into the acknowledged leader of international civil aviation, promoting the interests of the airline community and its partners around the world, and becoming a major supplier of products and services for the industry. Following his retirement from IATA, Jeanniot was chairman of the board of THALES Canada Inc., a subsidiary of the international THALES group, from 2003-2009.Pierre Jeanniot was president and CEO of Air Canada from 1984-1990. During this time, he directed and implemented the privatization of the State-owned airline, and headed it for the next two years. He previously held senior positions in Operations, Marketing, Strategic Planning and Technical Services, and contributed directly to the development of the first comprehensive flight data recorder - the famous “Black Box”.Jeanniot served on the board of Scotiabank from 1990 to 2004. He was a long-standing member of Scotia's executive committee, chairman of its Human Resources and Compensation Committee for senior executives, and chairman of its Succession Committee. He also served on Scotia's Audit Committee and its Corporate Governance Committee.Jeanniot has also served on the board of directors of airlines and telecommunications companies, airports, air navigation authorities and publishing houses. He currently serves on the Board of a number of hi-tech companies.In addition to his professional duties, Jeanniot devotes himself to many social and charitable organizations. He was Chancellor of the Université du Québec à Montréal, from 1995 to 2009, having previously held the position of chairman of the board, as well as president of the institution’s foundation.Pierre Jeanniot has been Honorary President of the Canadian Cancer Society fund-raising campaign, and presided in a similar capacity for the Youth and Music Canada Foundation. He served as chairman of the Canadian Unity Council from 1991–92, and was the Founding Chairman of the association “Canadians in Europe” with chapters in France, Belgium and the U.K. In March 2008 he became the founding chairman of the international Foundation on Antivirals, which promotes the research and development of drugs for neglected and emerging diseases in developing countries. Honours Jeanniot’s efforts and accomplishments have been recognized by countries and institutions around the world. He was named Officer of the Order of Canada in 1989, and was appointed Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur by the French government in 1991. In 1995, H.M. King Hussein of Jordan awarded him the Independence Medal of the First Order, and he was named to l’Ordre national du Québec in 2002. Jeanniot was honoured with a Doctorat Honoris Causa, from the Université du Québec in 1988. He received the Management Achievement Award of McGill University’s Faculty of Management in 1989, the Prix Rogers Demers – des Gens de l’Air in 1990, an Honorary Doctorate in International Law from Concordia University in 1997, and an Honorary Doctorate in Science from McGill University in 2006. In 2004, he was inducted into the Québec Air and Space Hall of Fame, and he was made a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society in January 2008. Education Pierre Jeanniot holds a B.Sc. in Physics and Mathematics at Sir George Williams University (now Concordia University), Business Administration at McGill University in Montreal and Advanced Statistical Mathematics at New York University. Archives There is a Pierre Jeanniot fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Archival reference number is R15495. References Further reading Brindley, John F. 1999. Wings for the 21st Century, Geneva & Montreal: IATA. Cardinal, Jacqueline and Laurent Lapierre. 2009. Pierre Jeanniot: Aux commandes du ciel, Quebec : Presses de l’Université du Québec, 456 p. ISBN 978-2-7605-2390-6. Find this book on Amazon.ca or Amazon.fr Desrosiers, Éric. 2009. "Grande entrevue avec Pierre Jeanniot – Peut-on voler sans risquer la faillite?", Le Devoir, November 2. Elster, Robert J, ed. 2009. "Pierre Jean Jeanniot", The International WHO’S WHO 2010, London & New York: Routledge, p. 2464. Lumley, Elizabeth. 2010. "Pierre Jean Jeanniot", Canadian WHO’S WHO 2010, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. XLV, p. 1439. Mora, David Clarke. 2001. "Chief Pilot", Profit Magazine (Oracle’s E-Business Magazine), vol. 8 (4), November issue, pp. 46–47. O’Toole, Kevin. 2001. "An Elder Statesman", Airline Business, November issue: pp. 37–40. Scemama, Corinne. 1997. “Pierre Jeanniot, Le maître des airs”, L’Express, August 14. Vézina, René. 2010. "Pierre Jeanniot: Partager sa vision avant de l’imposer", Les Affaires, April 3. External links Official website La mémoire des leaders : Pierre Jeanniot (interview of Pierre Jeanniot by journalist René Vézina from Les Affaires – in French)

Little Atoms

Little Atoms is a website, podcast and magazine dedicated to ideas and culture. The radio show broadcast weekly from London on Resonance FM 104.4. It is hosted by Neil Denny. The website is edited by Padraig Reidy. The first edition of Little Atoms magazine launched in November 2015.

Little Atoms is a website, podcast and magazine dedicated to ideas and culture. The radio show broadcast weekly from London on Resonance FM 104.4. It is hosted by Neil Denny. The website is edited by Padraig Reidy. The first edition of Little Atoms magazine launched in November 2015. History The radio show was conceived by Neil Denny and Richard Sanderson at a meeting in a pub beer garden in London Bridge on 7 July 2005. The first episode aired on 2 September 2005 and featured a panel of a scientist (Sid Rodrigues), physicist and ex-born again Christian (Norman Hansen) and a folklorist (Scott Wood), along with Neil Denny and Richard Sanderson as the show's hosts. Richard Sanderson was also the producer of two previous incarnations radio shows on Resonance FM, "Sanderson's Alcove", which ran from February 2005 to July 2005 and "Baggage Reclaim" which ran from 2003 to 2005. Little Atoms is regarded as the first "rationalist" radio show in the UK and one of the first podcasts; with only the JREF's "Internet Audio Show", Rick Wood's Audiomartini, Skepticality and The Skeptic's Guide to the Universe preceding it.Little Atoms was the official podcast of The Skeptic magazine until 2011. Magazine Little Atoms's first print magazine launched in November 2015. It features a mixture of edited podcast interviews and original articles by writers including Jonathan Meades, Fergal Keane, Nick Cohen, Suzanne Moore, and more. It is designed by Wild Bill and Crazy Dave, and features illustrations by Jean Jullien. Awards Nominated by physics.org web awards in the Best podcast category 2010 Reception Little Atoms is frequently cited as one of the UK's top podcasts. In July 2015, Miranda Sawyer, presenter of BBC Radio 4's In Pod We Trust, praised Little Atoms, writing "[Neil] Denny's modesty and well-informed interest enriches Little Atoms, and there are loads of shows to choose from (the As alone include Adam Curtis, Alex Cox and Aleks Krotoski). It has recently expanded into an online magazine, packed with quirky, funny, odd features."Esquire magazine's Andrew Harrison described the podcast as "engaging, irreverent and unashamedly intellectual", making "Radio 4's Front Row sound like the E! Channel".Fergal Keane described LittleAtoms.com as "a thoughtful site" with "Lots to provoke intelligent discussion" References External links Official website An interview with Neil Denny on Notebook on Cities and Culture

Kathleen Anne Kron

Kathleen Anne Kron (born 1956) is a retired biology professor from Wake Forest University. She is known for her research on Ericaceae, a family of flowering plants.

Kathleen Anne Kron (born 1956) is a retired biology professor from Wake Forest University. She is known for her research on Ericaceae, a family of flowering plants. Education Kron received her bachelor's degree and her master's degree from Michigan State University in 1979 and 1982 respectively. She received her doctorate from the University of Florida in 1987. In 2020, she retired as full professor from Wake Forest University.Kron ran a lab concerned with the large-scale relationships between flowering plants using Ericaceae as a model organism. In 2011, Rhododendron kroniae Craven, was named in honor of Kron and her work defining the evolutionary relationships within Ericaceae. Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd is named after Georg Christian Oeder, whose work was amended by Kron and Walter Stephen Judd.The standard author abbreviation Kron is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Selected publications Kron, K. A.; Judd, W. S.; Stevens, P. F.; Crayn, D. M.; Anderberg, A. A.; Gadek, P. A.; Quinn, C. J.; Luteyn, J. L. (2002). "Phylogenetic Classification of Ericaceae: Molecular and Morphological Evidence". The Botanical Review. 68 (3): 335–423. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0335:PCOEMA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-8101. S2CID 35699816. Chase, Mark W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Morgan, David; Les, Donald H.; Mishler, Brent D.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Price, Robert A.; Hills, Harold G.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Kron, Kathleen A. (1993). "Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene rbcL" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 80 (3): 528. doi:10.2307/2399846. JSTOR 2399846. Kron, Kathleen A.; Chase, Mark W. (1993). "Systematics of the Ericaceae, Empetraceae, Epacridaceae and Related Taxa Based Upon rbcL Sequence Data". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 80 (3): 735. doi:10.2307/2399857. JSTOR 2399857. == References ==

Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu

The Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu (資治通鑑綱目, "Outline and Details of the Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Government"), also known as the Tongjian Gangmu or Gangmu, is an 1172 Chinese history book based on Sima Guang's 1084 book Zizhi Tongjian. The credited author is the neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi, but its compilation was in fact by Zhu's students. In the words of J. W. Haeger, the Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu "is doubtless the most influential piece of historical writing in the later Imperial age".The book is sometimes described as a condensed version of Zizhi Tongjian, but it's in fact historical criticism containing copious didactic and ideological rhetoric. The book was later translated into Manchu as the Tung Giyan G'ang Mu (ᡨᡠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨᡬᠠᠩᠮᡠ) upon the request of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing. This Manchu version was itself translated into French by the Jesuit missionary Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla.

The Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu (資治通鑑綱目, "Outline and Details of the Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Government"), also known as the Tongjian Gangmu or Gangmu, is an 1172 Chinese history book based on Sima Guang's 1084 book Zizhi Tongjian. The credited author is the neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi, but its compilation was in fact by Zhu's students. In the words of J. W. Haeger, the Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu "is doubtless the most influential piece of historical writing in the later Imperial age".The book is sometimes described as a condensed version of Zizhi Tongjian, but it's in fact historical criticism containing copious didactic and ideological rhetoric. The book was later translated into Manchu as the Tung Giyan G'ang Mu (ᡨᡠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨᡬᠠᠩᠮᡠ) upon the request of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing. This Manchu version was itself translated into French by the Jesuit missionary Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla. His twelve-volume translation, the Histoire générale de la Chine..., was published posthumously from 1777 to1783. See also Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (欽定越史通鑑綱目) == References ==

Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (MSPCC) is a non-governmental charitable organization with offices in Boston and throughout Massachusetts which seeks to strengthen families and prevent child abuse through essential child welfare and mental health treatment and effective public advocacy.

The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (MSPCC) is a non-governmental charitable organization with offices in Boston and throughout Massachusetts which seeks to strengthen families and prevent child abuse through essential child welfare and mental health treatment and effective public advocacy. History MSPCC was incorporated in 1878. Henry Bergh, originally a founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), and then of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (the first such organisation in the world) was also active in the MSPCC's founding. Bergh got involved in child welfare when he was approached by a Methodist missionary named Etta Agnell Wheeler who was seeking help rescuing a child, Mary Ellen Wilson, from an extremely abusive home. After Wilson's story was heard, other complaints came in to Bergh. In response, he and Elbridge Thomas Gerry formed the New York Society in 1874; the Massachusetts society was formed shortly after. Today Mary McGeown is MSPCC's president and CEO. Its programs include pregnancy and parenting support, child and family counseling, and support for foster and adoptive families. It monitors public policy issues at the state legislative and executive levels, and promotes the needs of children and adolescents in the areas of child abuse, foster care, poverty and welfare, and mental, physical and dental health, as well as the needs of teens who have "aged out" of foster care. In 2006, MSPCC helped develop the Connecting With Care program which is a school-based collaborative that provides mental health services for children and families living in high poverty and high crime areas.MSPCC serves children and families throughout the state through home visits and service sites in Boston, Holyoke, Lawrence, Lowell, and Worcester. See also New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children References External links Official site Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children records, 1878-1970, University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library, University of Massachusetts Boston

St. Johann Baptist, Essen

The Catholic parish church of St. Johann Baptist is a Gothic hall church in Essen, dedicated to John the Baptist, which stands on Kettwiger Straße, the main street of Essen, in front of Essen Minster, to which it is connected. On account of its position and the fact that its spire towers over the Minster, visitors often mistake it for part of the Minster.

The Catholic parish church of St. Johann Baptist is a Gothic hall church in Essen, dedicated to John the Baptist, which stands on Kettwiger Straße, the main street of Essen, in front of Essen Minster, to which it is connected. On account of its position and the fact that its spire towers over the Minster, visitors often mistake it for part of the Minster. History and architecture The church is descended from a chapel of St John the Baptist, which already belonged to Essen Abbey in the tenth century. According to the will of Theophanu, Abbess of Essen who died in 1058, candles were to be burnt in her memory ad sanctum Iohannem, which appears to be the first mention of the church. The dedication of the church to John the Baptist suggests that it was originally a baptistry. The foundations of this original chapel were identified in archaeological excavations after the Second World War. In 1264, the Abbess Berta von Arnsberg promoted the chapel to the rank of a filial parish church of the Abbey. Subsequently, the church served as a meeting place for the canons who carried out those sacred rites which could only be performed by men for the women of the Abbey. The church was rebuilt in 1471 as a gothic hall church and a rectangular east choir was added. From 1699 until 1768, baroque furnishings were added. These included choir stalls, side altars and a pulpit. The pulpit was replaced by one in the rococo style in 1769. The church was renovated and repainted in 1968. The almost square groundplan of the building is divided into nine sections. The three aisled late Gothic nave has a square choir at one end, flanked by a southern side choir and a northern passageway containing the organ loft. The three bays of the west end of the nave are of equal size. A trapezoidal crossing space permits a wider choir bay at the east end. The central bay at the west end supports the tower, which is not visible from inside the church, since the mass of enormous, high-spired tower is distributed onto the pillars without variation in the height of the roof vaults.Today the church serves as a place of worship and parish church for the Catholic community in Essen's inner city. High altar of Barthel Bruyn the Elder The baroque high altar of the church is of art historical significance. It was originally a side altar of Essen Abbey and features four altar tables made by Barthel Bruyn the Elder between 1522 and 1525 for the high altar of Essen Abbey. The paintings are masterpieces of the highest quality. They depict the life of Jesus. The tables are painted on both sides, with the crucifixion on the reverse of the nativity and the Descent from the Cross on the reverse of the Adoration of the Magi. Only two images are visible at a time. The descent from the cross is especially remarkable for the depiction of a Central European city in the background instead of Jerusalem. This city is the oldest image of the city of Essen. Images of the altar Bells The church has three bells, which were all made in 1787 and were saved from the donation of bells to the war effort in 1917 because of their significance. In 1940 the bells were seized for the war effort, but they were not melted down. All three bells bear the inscription, Henricus et Everhardus Petit me fuderunt anno 1787 (Henry and Everhard Petit made me in the year 1787), which indicates that they are the work of the Petit & Gebr. Edelbrock bell foundry which still operates in Gescher to this day. The es2 bell has no other inscription, the as1 bell also reads St. Johannes Baptista and the c2 bell is inscribed St. Johannes Evangelista. From Abbey records is known that these bells cost a total of 1687 Reichsthaler 7 Stüber, of which 1173 Thaler 24 Stüber were paid in cash. The founders took the old bells in payment for the remainder. All the bells supplement the Minster's peal and are rung together. Bibliography Paul Clemen:Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt und des Kreises Essen (= Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz Vol. 2, 3). Schwann, Düsseldorf 1893, pp. 55–56 (Digitised). References == External links ==

The Golden Horns

The Golden Horns (Russian: Золотые рога, romanized: Zolotye roga), also known in English as Baba Yaga, is a 1973 Soviet fairy tale film. It was director Alexander Rou's last film before his death later in 1973. While collecting mushrooms in the forest, sisters Dashenka and Mashenka get turned into does by the evil Baba Yaga. Their mother Yevdokia goes in search of them, while their brother Kiryusha also attempts to find the sisters.

The Golden Horns (Russian: Золотые рога, romanized: Zolotye roga), also known in English as Baba Yaga, is a 1973 Soviet fairy tale film. It was director Alexander Rou's last film before his death later in 1973. While collecting mushrooms in the forest, sisters Dashenka and Mashenka get turned into does by the evil Baba Yaga. Their mother Yevdokia goes in search of them, while their brother Kiryusha also attempts to find the sisters. Plot In the forest lives a magnificent deer with golden antlers, who protects the poor and the weak, but prefers to avoid the evil. In the village near the forest lives the widow Yevdokia (Raisa Ryazanova) with her twins Maschenka (Ira Tchigrinova) and Daschenka (Lena Tchigrinova), their big brother Kiryushka (Volodya Belov) and the ancient grandfather. One day, while mushrooming, the twins see the stag as it is being hunted down by robbers. A short time later, despite their mother's prohibition, they decide to go deeper into the forest (to the birch grove at the swamp) to find even more mushrooms. Forest spirits lure them even deeper into the forest until they find the "king's mushroom" that they simply want to take along. The witch Baba Yaga (Georgiy Millyar) finds them and is angry about their behavior — she transforms them into deer fawns with a magic spell. The worried widow goes with her dog in search of her daughters. On the way she meets the "deer with the golden antlers" and rescues him from the robbers by sending them in the wrong direction. In gratitude, the deer gives her a magic ring and recommends her to go to the "Red Sun" to find her daughters. In the meanwhile, Kiryushka decides to seek his sisters on his own with the cat Vaska. When the mother comes to the "Red Sun", it sends her to its little brother, the "Clear Moon", but even this one can not help her and sends her to the "Wind", who sees everything and knows everything. Meanwhile, the gang of robbers enjoys a hearty celebration. It turns out that the "Wind" knows where her daughters are — in the realm of the witch Baba Yaga. The witch sees Yevdokia come from afar and starts a forest fire, but the ring protects the mother. At night, Baba Yaga, disguised by a cloak of invisibility, goes hunting with her walking "witch's house on chicken legs". She meets Kiryushka, whom she turns into a goat, but the cat Vaska manages to escape and finds Yevdokia whom he leads to the witch. When the widow finally meets Baba Yaga, the fight between "good" and "evil" takes place. Yevdokiya gets a little "Russian soil" out of a sack that was given to her and transforms into a Valkyrie with the words "Homeland, save us!", and starts her fight against Satan's devotee Baba Yaga. She wins the battle, breaks the witch's spell and frees her children. The inhabitants of the forest, redeemed by the witch, drive away the robbers and poor Baba Yaga is thrown into the swamp together with her witch's house. Cast Raisa Ryazanova: Yevdokia Volodya Belov: Kirill (Kiryushka) Ira Tchigrinova: Mashenka Lena Tchigrinova: Dashenka Georgy Millyar: Baba Yaga Aleksei Smirnov: Old Wood Spirit Kapytonich Yuri Kharchenko: Wood Spirit Khokhrik Ivan Baida: Wood Spirit Tyap Aleksandr Gorbachyov: Wood Spirit Lyap Mikhail Pugovkin: Robber Chief Irod Vera Altayskaya: Cook Valentin Bryleev: Moon Alexander Khvylya: Wind Margarita Korabelnikova: Zadorinka Savely Kramarov: Sunduk Lev Potyomkin: Water spirit Boris Sichkin: Dandellion Zoya Tolbuzina: House spirit Suchok (as Zoya Zemnukhova) Roman Yurev-Lunts: Bandit Anastasia Zuyeva: Storyteller References External links Baba Yaga at IMDb

Bromma Air Maintenance

Bromma Air Maintenance AB (BAM), is a Swedish company specialized in maintenance on fixed-wing and rotor-wing aircraft. Certified in accordance with EASA part-145. BAM headquarters is at Stockholm Bromma Airport in Stockholm, Sweden. BAM has subsidiaries on the Airport of Norrköping, Malmslätt Airport in Linköping and on the local airport in Sveg.

Bromma Air Maintenance AB (BAM), is a Swedish company specialized in maintenance on fixed-wing and rotor-wing aircraft. Certified in accordance with EASA part-145. BAM headquarters is at Stockholm Bromma Airport in Stockholm, Sweden. BAM has subsidiaries on the Airport of Norrköping, Malmslätt Airport in Linköping and on the local airport in Sveg. History BAM was founded in 1979 by Ingemar Björk by the acquisition of Flygfirma I. Ehrenström, who had the Swedish agency for Gulfstream, Aero Commander and Fairchild. The company had 5 employees in those days, and among the most common planes to be maintained were Cessna Citations and Learjets. 1980, BAM became appointed service center for Raytheon Beechcraft. 1997 BAM opened a maintenance hangar on the airport in Norrköping that performed line maintenance on the commercial airliner Air Express that operated from Nice in France.In the year of 2000, 45 mechanics, technicians and administrative staff were employed by BAM. When the former owner announced that the company was for sale, 24 of the employees joined forces and purchased BAM. The former Technical Director, Egert Lönn, was appointed as General Manager. In 2003 BAM was appointed by the Swedish Airforce to extend their ongoing cooperation by adding line maintenance at the flight school in Malmslätt on their Jet Trainers SK 60 / Saab 105, beside the maintenance on the Airforce Beechcraft Super King Air. Airfleet BAM has its own fleet of two Beechcraft Super King Air. These are modified and equipped to perform calibration flights and ambulance assignments. One of the planes is rented out to support air ambulance transports in Scandinavia, and the other plane execute measure and calibration flights on behalf of the Swedish Civil Aviation Authority. These flights are performed in countries such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Lithuania, Spain and Iraq. Other During the years, BAM has included aircraft sales, aircraft part sales, avionics shop, sheet metal workshop and CSC (Customer Support Center with EASA DOA, POA and CAMO certificates in accordance with EASA part-M and EASA part-21 subpart G&J). The company today employs more than 80 people with an annual turnover of 215 million SEK and Egert Lönn is the general manager. In the year of 2009, BAM was celebrating 30 years in the business with the slogan - ”BAM! 30 years at your service – time flies”. See also Cessna Citation Learjet Beechcraft External links BAM official webpage

Million Arthur

Million Arthur (ミリオン アーサー, Mirion Āsā) is a Japanese media franchise created by Square Enix, consisting primarily of a series of video games. The first release was an online free-to-play card battle game titled Kaku-San-Sei Million Arthur (拡散性ミリオンアーサー, Kakusansei Mirion Āsā, lit. Diffusion Million Arthur), which was released for iOS and Android in 2012. A sequel game titled Kai-Ri-Sei Million Arthur (乖離性ミリオンアーサー, Kairisei Mirion Āsā) was released in Japan in November 2014. An MMORPG titled Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur (叛逆性ミリオンアーサー) was released in 2018.

Million Arthur (ミリオン アーサー, Mirion Āsā) is a Japanese media franchise created by Square Enix, consisting primarily of a series of video games. The first release was an online free-to-play card battle game titled Kaku-San-Sei Million Arthur (拡散性ミリオンアーサー, Kakusansei Mirion Āsā, lit. Diffusion Million Arthur), which was released for iOS and Android in 2012. A sequel game titled Kai-Ri-Sei Million Arthur (乖離性ミリオンアーサー, Kairisei Mirion Āsā) was released in Japan in November 2014. An MMORPG titled Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur (叛逆性ミリオンアーサー) was released in 2018. The TV anime adaptation of the game Operation Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur premiered on October 25, 2018. The TV anime series is licensed in North America by Funimation. Franchise Games Series titles The first game, an online free-to-play card battle game titled Kaku-San-Sei Million Arthur (拡散性ミリオンアーサー, Kakusansei Mirion Āsā) was released in 2012, written by Kazuma Kamachi. The title was ported to the Nintendo 3DS in October 2014 with a new interface to match the system's two screens. An English language version of the game was released for Southeast Asia entitled Magnificent Million Arthur. It was also ported to the PlayStation Vita with additional features including voice acting, gameplay changes and the ability of a player to edit their deck. Square Enix closed the game's Japanese servers in 2015. On July 14, 2015 it was released in Europe and North America by the South Korean publisher Gamevil. Servers for this release were closed on December 7 of that same year.A sequel game titled Kai-Ri-Sei Million Arthur (乖離性ミリオンアーサー, Kairisei Mirion Āsā) was released in Japan in November 2014. The service ended on September 30, 2020.A virtual reality game titled Kai-Ri-Sei Million Arthur VR (乖離性ミリオンアーサー VR, Kairisei Mirion Āsā VR) was shown at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2016. It was released in Japan on May 25, 2017, for the PC via Steam, requiring an HTC Vive headset to play. A PlayStation VR version was released in Japan on September 28, 2017. Released in English-speaking countries as Million Arthur VR: Character Command RPG, the PC version was released by Vive Studios in the United States and the Commonwealth nations (inc. the United Kingdom, Canada, Thailand, India, Australia and New Zealand) on October 12, 2017.An arcade game called Million Arthur: Arcana Blood was developed by Arcana Heart’s developer Team Arcana, originally owned by Examu and released in Japan on November 21, 2017. A PlayStation 4 port was released on November 29, 2018, and was originally planned only for release in Japan. The game was later ported to PC and released worldwide on June 20, 2019. The plot revolves around many Arthurs armed with Excaliber blades fighting to become the true king. The roster of fighters features thirteen characters including faeries, clones, and guest fighters from other titles such as King of Fighters XIV and Trials of Mana. During combat, players can have three supporting fighters at a time from a selection of thirty one.An MMORPG titled Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur (叛逆性ミリオンアーサー) was released in China for iOS and Android in March 2018 and released in Japan in November 2018. The MMO was terminated on September 30, 2019.An action role-playing game titled Kou-Kyou-Sei Million Arthur (交響性ミリオンアーサー, Kōkyōsei Mirion Āsā) was released for iOS and Android in Japan during October 2018. Players create characters who explore 3D terrains, fight monsters, and perform special attacks with other characters within a players party. The mobile service shut down on May 12, 2020.In 2021, Perfect World Games developed a licensed sequel codenamed "MA", it was officially unveiled as Kai-Ri-Sei Million Arthur: Ring in 2023. Character crossovers Million Arthur appeared in the 2015 role-playing game Megadimension Neptunia VII as a DLC character, but the character was removed from the Steam version of the game in January 2020. Thief (Tōzoku) Arthur appears as a guest DLC character in SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy. Gestalt Odin featured six characters from the series as guest fighters. Characters from others games have also appeared in the Million Arthur series, such as Iori Yagami from The King of Fighters series, who is both under his Miss X disguise and also a DLC in Heroines, appears as a guest character in Arcana Blood. Live-action television A live-action television adaptation premiered on October 3, 2014. Manga A 4-panel manga adaptation by Choboraunyopomi, titled Jaku-San-Sei Million Arthur (弱酸性ミリオンアーサー), has been serialized within the Million Arthur games and via the Niconico Seiga website since 2012. Anime An ONA adaptation of the Jaku-San-Sei Million Arthur manga premiered on November 20, 2015.An anime television series adaptation of the Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur MMORPG by J.C.Staff premiered on October 25, 2018, on Tokyo MX and other channels. It was announced that the series will be split-cour, with the second season airing in April 2019. The series is directed by Yōhei Suzuki and written by Tsuyoshi Tamai. Yoshinari Saito provides the character designs. The series' music is composed by Go Shiina and produced by Lantis. Genco is producing the series. The opening theme song is "Highlight" by Ayaka Ōhashi, and the ending theme song is "KI-te MI-te HIT PARADE!" by Himika Akaneya, Rie Takahashi, Nao Tōyama, Yu Serizawa, Suzuko Mimori, and Rina Hidaka under their character names. The second opening theme song is "Open the Worlds" by ORESAMA, and the second ending theme song is "Pearly×Party" by the voice actress unit Pearly Fairy. Merchandise Square Enix announced that in mid-2021 they would be offering NFT's of comics and stickers from the Million Arthur series. Common elements The series is based around Arthurian legends and the blade Excalibur. Demons invade Britain, and while the countries eleven leaders quarrel, the protagonist Arthur draws the sword, becomes king of the dragons, and leads the countries defenses against the invaders. Other games take place in the fictional land of Camelot. Kou-Kyou-Sei Million Arthur takes place in Camelot's future, where evil has conquered the land and a girl named Merlin gathers new "Arthur's" to retake the kingdom. Development and history The original game was written by Kazuma Kamachi, creator of A Certain Magical Index, and over fifty illustrators created 170 playing cards for the title. Reception Western reviews were generally unfavorable for the original Million Arthur, with Touch Arcade praising the story and dialogue but blasted the passive and boring gameplay. Gamezebo applauded the art direction and the games unique premise but also criticized the battle system and the Japanese-only voiceover. References External links Official game website (in Japanese) New project and crossover film official website (in Japanese)

List of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom, 2008

This is an incomplete list of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom in 2008.

This is an incomplete list of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom in 2008. 1–100 Insolvency Practitioners and Insolvency Services Account (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3) Information as to Provision of Education (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/4) Immigration and Police (Passenger, Crew and Service Information) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/5) Textile Products (Indications of Fibre Content) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/6) Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/7) Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 (Data Sharing Code of Practice) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/8) Transfrontier Shipment of Waste (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/9) Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Consequential, Transitional and Savings Provisions) (Wales) (Amendment No.1) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/10) Trade Marks and Trade Marks (Fees) (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/11) Jobseeker's Allowance (Joint Claims) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/13) Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/14) Textile Products (Determination of Composition) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/15) Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 (Barred List Prescribed Information) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/16) Childcare Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/17) Assembly Learning Grants (European Institutions) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/18) Gambling Act 2005 (Advertising of Foreign Gambling) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/19) Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/37) Armed Forces and Reserve Forces (Compensation Scheme) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/39) Criminal Defence Service (Very High Cost Cases) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/40) Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/41) Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/42) Hertsmere (Parish) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/43) Consistent Financial Reporting (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/46) Schools Forums (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/47) Absent Voting (Transitional Provisions) (Scotland) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/48) Manchester College (Incorporation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/49) Manchester College (Government) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/50) Hill Farm Allowance Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/51) Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (The London Stock Exchange) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/52) School Admission Appeals Code (Appointed Day) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/53) Education and Inspections Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provisions) (Amendment) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/54) Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/55) Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Lid Gaskets) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/56) Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Additional Authorities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/78) Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/79) Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross-compliance) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/80) European Communities (Lawyer's Practice and Services of Lawyers) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/81) Police Authorities (Particular Functions and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/82) East Kent Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/83) Condensed Milk and Dried Milk (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/85) Environmental Protection (Controls on Ozone–Depleting Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/91) Ozone Depleting Substances (Qualifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/97) UK Borders Act 2007 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/99) William Parker School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/100) 101–200 Street Works (Registers, Notices, Directions and Designations) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/101) Street Works (Fixed Penalty) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/102) Greater London Authority Act 2007 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/113) Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/115) Civil Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/116) Magistrates’ Courts Fees (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/117) London Skills and Employment Board (Establishment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/118) London Skills and Employment Board (Specified Functions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/119) Sheep and Goats (Records, Identification and Movement) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/130) Export Control (Democratic Republic of Congo) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/131) Immigration (Employment of Adults Subject to Immigration Control) (Maximum Penalty) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/132) Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/133) British Citizenship (Designated Service) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/135) Control of School Premises (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/136) Condensed Milk and Dried Milk (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/137) Miscellaneous Food Additives and the Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/138) Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/139) Merchant Shipping (Liner Conferences) Act 1982 (Repeal) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/163) Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (Eurex Clearing AG) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/164) Water Resources (Abstraction and Impounding) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/165) Immigration and Nationality (Fees)(Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/166) Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/167) Collaboration Between Maintained Schools (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/168) Childcare Act 2006 (Local Authority Assessment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/169) Childcare Act 2006 (Provision of Information) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/170) Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Addition of Qualifying Judicial Offices) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/171) Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 (Commencement No. 2 and Savings) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/172) Bradford (Electoral Changes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/173) Halton (Parish Electoral Arrangements) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/174) Hertsmere (Parish Electoral Arrangements) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/175) Maidstone (Electoral Changes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/176) South Cambridgeshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/177) Uttlesford (Electoral Changes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/178) Newark and Sherwood (Parish) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/179) North Norfolk (Parishes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/180) Electricity and Gas (Carbon Emissions Reduction) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/188) Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/196) Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Downloading and Retention of Data) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/198) Fire and Rescue Authorities (Improvement Plans) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/199) 201–300 Copyright (Certification of Licensing Scheme for Educational Recording of Broadcasts) (Educational Recording Agency Limited) (Revocation and Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/211) Independent Police Complaints Commission (Immigration and Asylum Enforcement Functions) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/212) Firefighters’ Pension Scheme (England) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/213) Firefighters’ Pension Scheme (Amendment) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/214) Education (School Teachers' Qualifications) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/215) Rating Lists (Valuation Date) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/216) Occupational Pension Schemes (Levy Ceiling – Earnings Percentage Increase) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/217) Immigration and Nationality (Cost Recovery Fees)(Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/218) Serious Crime Act 2007 (Commencement No.1) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/219) Local Government (Politically Restricted Posts) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/220) Charity Tribunal Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/221) Legal Services Act 2007 (Commencement No.1 and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/222) Social Security (National Insurance Numbers) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/223) National Health Service (Functions of Strategic Health Authorities and Primary Care Trusts and Administration Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/224) Petroleum Licensing (Production) (Seaward Areas) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/225) Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County Borough of Wrexham) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/226) Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/227) School Finance (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/228) Armed Forces (Gurkha Pensions) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/229) Port of Weston Harbour Revision Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/230) A556 (M) Motorway (M6 to M56 Link) and Connecting Roads Scheme 1996 (Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/231) A556 (M) Motorway (M6 to M56 Link) and Supplementary Connecting Roads Scheme 1996 (Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/232) A556 Trunk Road (Church Farm-Turnpike Wood, Over Tabley) Order 1996 (Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/233) A556 Trunk Road (Turnpike Wood, Over Tabley-A56 Bowdon Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 1996 (Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/234) Education (Student Support) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/235) Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/236) Wireless Telegraphy (Automotive Short Range Radar) (Exemption) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/237) Local Government Pension Scheme (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/238) Local Government Pension Scheme (Administration) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/239) Personal Injuries (NHS Charges) (Amounts) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/252) Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/253) Rent Repayment Orders (Supplementary Provisions) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/254) Payments into the Olympic Lottery Distribution Fund etc. Order 2008 S.I. 2008/255) Police (Promotion) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/273) Berwick-upon-Tweed (Parishes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/290) Controlled Drugs (Drug Precursors) (Intra-Community Trade) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/295) Controlled Drugs (Drug Precursors) (Community External Trade) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/296) European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Agreement on Enlargement of the European Economic Area) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/297) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Investigations in different parts of the United Kingdom) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/298) Visiting Forces (Designation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/299) Judicial Committee (General Appellate Jurisdiction) Rules (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/300) 301–400 European Communities (Designation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/301) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (External Requests and Orders) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/302) High Peak (Parishes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/303) Cotswold (Parishes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/304) Representation of the People (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/305) Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/306) Scottish Parliament (Elections etc.) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/307) Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 15) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/308) UK Borders Act 2007 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/309) Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 (Commencement No. 8 and 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(Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/371) Oxford (Parishes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/372) Companies (Revision of Defective Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/373) Companies (Summary Financial Statement) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/374) Environmental Noise (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/375) Isle of Wight (Parishes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/376) Education (Budget Statements) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/377) Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/378) Finance Act 2007 (Schedule 9) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/379) Insurance Business Transfer Schemes (Amendment of the Corporation Tax Acts) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/381) Community Investment Tax Relief (Accreditation of Community Development Finance Institutions) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/383) Non-Domestic Rating (Unoccupied Property) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/386) Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) 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(Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/665) Community Legal Service (Funding) (Counsel in Family Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/666) Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/667) Consumer Credit Appeals Tribunal Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/668) Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/669) Insolvency (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/670) Building (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/671) Insolvency Practitioners and Insolvency Services Account (Fees) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/672) Income Tax (Indexation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/673) Companies Act 2006 (Commencement No. 6, Saving and Commencement Nos. 3 and 5 (Amendment)) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/674) Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/675) Consular Fees Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/676) Copyright and Performances (Application to Other Countries) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/677) Transfer of Functions (Registration) 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Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/691) Police Act 1997 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/692) S4C (Investment Activities) Approval Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/693) Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 19) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/694) Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/695) Gas (Standards of Performance) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/696) Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/697) Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/698) Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/699) Supply of Information (Register of Deaths) (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/700) 701–800 Greater London Authority (Mayor of London Appointments) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/701) Plant Health (Fees) (Forestry) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/702) Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment 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(Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1337) Abortion (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1338) Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax to Museums and Galleries) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1339) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (County of Wiltshire) (District of West Wiltshire) Designation Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1340) Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) and the Milk and Milk Products (Protection of Designations) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1341) European Regional Development Fund (London Operational Programme) (Implementation) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1342) Cash Ratio Deposits (Value Bands and Ratios) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1344) Fire and Rescue Services (National Framework) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1370) Town and Country Planning (Local Development) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1371) Greater London Authority Act 2007 (Commencement No.4 and Saving) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1372) Kingston upon Hull City Council (Scale Lane 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Multiplex Licence (Broadcasting of Programmes in Gaelic) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1421) Reconstitution of the Welland and Deepings Internal Drainage Board Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1422) Reconstitution of the Black Sluice Internal Drainage Board Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1423) Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 21) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1424) National Health Service (Primary Medical Services) and (Performers Lists) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1425) Mutilations (Permitted Procedures) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1426) Building Societies (Financial Assistance) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1427) Reporting of Prices of Milk Products (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1428) Education and Inspections Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provisions) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1429) Local Authorities (Alcohol Disorder Zones) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1430) Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1431) Financial Assistance Scheme (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1432) Design Right (Semiconductor Topographies) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1434) Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1435) Legal Services Act 2007 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1436) Local Authority Targets (Well-Being of Young Children) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1437) Tope (Prohibition of Fishing) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1438) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Market Abuse) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1439) Whole of Government Accounts (Designation of Bodies) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1440) Compensation (Claims Management Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1441) Motor Vehicles (Approval) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1443) Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1444) Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1458) Public Service Vehicles Accessibility (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1459) Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1460) Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1461) Motor Cycles Etc. (Single Vehicle Approval) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1462) Authorised Investment Funds (Tax) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1463) Taxation of Benefits under Government Pilot Schemes (Up-Front Childcare Fund) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1464) Community Bus (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1465) Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1466) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Control of Business Transfers)(Requirements on Applicants)(Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1467) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Amendments to Part 7) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1468) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Amendment of section 323) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1469) Public Service Vehicles (Registration of Local Services) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1470) Cardiothoracic Centre–Liverpool National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1471) Dee Estuary Cockle Fishery Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1472) Public Service Vehicles (Operators’ Licences) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1473) Goods Vehicles (Licensing of Operators) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1474) Child Maintenance and Other Payments Act 2008 (Commencement) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1476) Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1477) Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1478) Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1479) National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1480) Income Tax (Purchased Life Annuities) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1481) Value Added Tax, etc. (Correction of Errors, etc.) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1482) Inspectors of Education, Children's Services and Skills (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1484) Nursing and Midwifery (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1485) Parliamentary Constituencies (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1486) Air Navigation (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1487) Naval Medical Compassionate Fund (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1488) Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Children's and Adults’ Barred Lists) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1497) 1501–1600 Commissioner for Older People in Wales (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1512) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (England) General (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1513) Local Involvement Networks (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1514) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (The Borough Council of Dudley) Designation Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1518) Building Societies Act 1986 (Accounts, Audit and EEA State Amendments) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1519) Energy-Saving Items (Corporation Tax) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1520) Finance Act 2007, Section 17(2) (Corporation Tax Deduction for Expenditure on Energy-Saving Items) (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1521) Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1522) Feeding Stuffs (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1523) Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1552) Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (Registration Amendment Rules) Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/1553) Employment and Support Allowance (Consequential Provisions) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1554) Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Mineral Permissions and Amendment) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1556) West Northamptonshire Joint Committee Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1572) Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1575) Goods Vehicles (Authorisation of 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Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1586) Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Transitory Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1587) Taxation of Chargeable Gains (Gilt-edged Securities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1588) Extradition Act 2003 (Amendment to Designations) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1589) Planning (National Security Directions and Appointed Representatives) (Scotland) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1590) Legal Services Act 2007 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitory Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1591) Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1592) Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1593) Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1594) Mesothelioma Lump Sum Payments (Claims and Reconsiderations) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1595) Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) (Lump Sum Payments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1596) Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1597) Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1598) Social Security (Students and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1599) 1601–1700 Industrial Training Levy (Reasonable Steps) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1639) Student Fees (Qualifying Courses and Persons) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1640) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Collective Investment Schemes) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1641) Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1642) Education (Designated Institutions) (Amendment) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1643) Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1644) Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1645) Rice Products from the United States of America (Restriction on First Placing on the Market) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1646) European Parliament (House of Lords Disqualification) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1647) North Wales National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1648) Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment (No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1649) Armed Forces Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1650) Armed Forces (Service Inquiries) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1651) Coroners (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1652) Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1653) Magnetic Toys (Safety) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1654) Electoral Administration Act 2006 (Commencement No.1 and Transitional Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1656) National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1657) Companies Act 1985 (Annual Return) and Companies (Principal Business Activities) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1659) Cross-border Railway Services (Working Time) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1660) Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1682) Medicines for Human Use (Prescribing by EEA Practitioners) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1692) Immigration (Registration Card) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1693) Armed Forces (Alignment of Service Discipline Acts) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1694) Immigration and Nationality (Fees) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1695) Armed Forces (Service Complaints) (Consequential Amendments) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1696) National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) and (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1697) Armed Forces (Entry, Search and Seizure) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1698) Courts-Martial (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1699) Primary Ophthalmic Services Amendment, Transitional and Consequential Provisions Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1700) 1701–1800 Education (Hazardous Equipment and Materials in Schools) (Removal of Restrictions on Use) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1701) Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1702) Estate Agents (Redress Scheme) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1712) Estate Agents (Redress Scheme) (Penalty Charge) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1713) Regulated Covered Bonds (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1714) Vehicles Crime (Registration of Registration Plate Suppliers) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1715) Childcare Act 2006 (Provision of Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1716) North East Wales National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1717) Eggs and Chicks (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1718) Conwy and Denbighshire National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1719) Conwy and Denbighshire National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Staff, Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1720) North East Wales National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Staff, Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1721) Childcare (Provision of Information About Young Children) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1722) Education (School Inspection etc.) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1723) Local Authority (Duty to Secure Early Years Provision Free of Charge) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1724) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Control of Transfers of Business Done at Lloyd's) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1725) Service Voters’ Registration Period (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1726) Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1727) Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 12) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1728) Childcare (Inspections) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1729) Network Access Appeal Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1730) Adjudicator to Her Majesty's Land Registry (Practice and Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1731) Education (National Curriculum) (Foundation Stage) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1732) South Staffordshire College (Incorporation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1733) South Staffordshire College (Government) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1734) Statutory Sick Pay (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1735) Education (Disapplication of the National Curriculum for Wales at Key Stage 1) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1736) Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (Northern Ireland Political Parties) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1737) Company Names Adjudicator Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1738) Education (School Day and School Year) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1739) Childcare (Disqualification) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1740) Representation of the People (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1741) Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1742) Early Years Foundation Stage (Exemptions from Learning and Development Requirements) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1743) Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (Additional Functions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1744) Terrorism Act 2006 (Disapplication of Section 25) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1745) Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1746) Education (Pupil Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1747) Land Registration (Network Access) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1748) Football Spectators (Seating) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1749) Land Registration (Electronic Conveyancing) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1750) Consumer Credit (Information Requirements and Duration of Licences and Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1751) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programme of Study in Art and Design in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1752) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Citizenship in respect of the Third and Fourth Key Stages) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1753) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programme of Study in Design and Technology in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1754) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in English in respect of the Third and Fourth Key Stages) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1755) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programme of Study in Geography in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1756) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programme of Study in History in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1757) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Information and Communication Technology in respect of the Third and Fourth Key Stages) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1758) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Mathematics in respect of the Third and Fourth Key Stages) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1759) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programme of Study in Modern Foreign Languages in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1760) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programme of Study in Music in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1761) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Physical Education in respect of the Third and Fourth Key Stages) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1762) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programme of Study in Science in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1763) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (Dudley) Designation Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1764) Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1765) Education (National Curriculum) (Modern Foreign Languages) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1766) Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 (Sources of Energy and Technologies) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1767) Persons subject to Immigration Control (Housing Authority Accommodation and Homelessness) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1768) Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1769) Double Taxation Relief and International Tax Enforcement (Taxes on Income and Capital) (Saudi Arabia) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1770) East Devon College, Tiverton (Dissolution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1771) Dewsbury College (Dissolution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1772) Rochdale Sixth Form College (Incorporation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1773) Health Care and Associated Professions (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1774) North Cumbria Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1775) Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1776) Maximum Number of Judges Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1777) Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Temporary Increase) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1778) Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland Consequential Amendments) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1779) Armed Forces, Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1780) Ministerial and other Salaries Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1781) Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1782) Films Co-Production Agreements (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1783) Inspectors of Education, Children's Services and Skills (No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1784) National Assembly for Wales (Legislative Competence) (Social Welfare) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1785) Welsh Ministers (Transfer of Functions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1786) Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1787) Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1788) International Tax Enforcement (Bermuda) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1789) Rochdale Sixth Form College (Government) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1790) Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Electoral Regions (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1791) European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1792) Double Taxation Relief and International Tax Enforcement (Taxes on Income and Capital) (New Zealand) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1793) Merchant Shipping (Liner Conferences) (Gibraltar) (Repeal) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1794) Double Taxation Relief and International Tax Enforcement (Taxes on Income and Capital) (Moldova) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1795) Double Taxation Relief and International Tax Enforcement (Taxes on Income and Capital) (Slovenia) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1796) Trade Marks Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1797) Children and Adoption Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1798) Legal Services Act 2007 (Transitory Provision) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1799) Education (Nutritional Standards and Requirements for School Food) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1800) 1801–1900 Education (Independent School Inspection Fees and Publication) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1801) Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1802) Gambling (Operating licence and Single-Machine Permit Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1803) Childcare (Fees) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1804) Trade in Goods (Categories of Controlled Goods) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1805) Feeding Stuffs (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1806) Adoptions with a Foreign Element (Special Restrictions on Adoptions from Abroad) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1807) Special Restrictions on Adoptions from Abroad (Cambodia) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1808) Special Restrictions on Adoptions from Abroad (Guatemala) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1809) Pension Protection Fund (Entry Rules) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1810) Shrimp Fishing Nets (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1811) North Tees Teaching Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1812) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Collective Investment Schemes) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1813) Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (European Central Counterparty Limited and the Turquoise Multilateral Trading Facility) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1814) Cancellation of Contracts made in a Consumer's Home or Place of Work etc. Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1816) Port of Tyne Harbour Revision Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1817) UK Borders Act 2007 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1818) Immigration (Notices) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1819) Competition Act 1998 (Public Policy Exclusion) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1820) Alternative Finance Arrangements (Community Investment Tax Relief) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1821) General Dental Council (Continuing Professional Development) (Dentists) Rules Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/1822) General Dental Council (Continuing Professional Development) (Professions Complementary to Dentistry) Rules Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/1823) Veterinary Surgeons’ Qualifications (European Recognition) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1824) Community Emissions Trading Scheme (Allocation of Allowances for Payment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1825) Social Security (Students Responsible for Children or Young Persons) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1826) Local Authorities (Conduct of Referendums) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1848) Army Terms of Service (Amendment etc.) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1849) Council Tax Limitation (Maximum Amounts) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1850) Mental Capacity (Deprivation of Liberty: Standard Authorisations, Assessments and Ordinary Residence) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1858) East Kent Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1859) Companies (Welsh Language Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1860) Companies (Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1861) Road Safety Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) (England and Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1862) Serious Crime Act 2007 (Appeals under Section 24) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1863) Road Safety Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1864) Probate Services (Approved Bodies) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1865) School Budget Shares (Prescribed Purposes and Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1866) King's Stanley CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1867) Krishna-Avanti Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1868) Manor CE VC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1869) Norham St Ceolwulfs CofE Controlled First School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1870) St Saviour's Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1871) Thatcham Park Church of England Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1872) Towcester CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1873) Arnot St Mary CE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1874) All Saints CE (Aided) Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1875) Bellefield Primary and Nursery School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1876) Local Involvement Networks (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1877) Finance Act 2006, Section 28 (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1878) Employment and Support Allowance (Consequential Provisions) (No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1879) Finance Act 2007, Section 50 (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1880) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1881) Pensions Act 2004 (Code of Practice) (Dispute Resolution) Appointed Day Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1882) Education (Specified Work and Registration) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1883) General Teaching Council for England (Eligibility for Provisional Registration) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1884) Beer, Cider and Perry and Wine and Made–wine (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1885) Companies Act 2006 (Commencement No. 7, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1886) Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1887) Origin of Renewables Electricity (Power of Gas and Electricity Markets Authority to act for Northern Ireland Authority for Utility Regulation) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1888) Housing (Scotland) Act 2006 (Consequential Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1889) Welsh Language Schemes (Public Bodies) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1890) Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1891) Value Added Tax (Finance) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1892) Venture Capital Trust (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1893) National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1894) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (City and County of Swansea) Designation Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1896) Companies (Trading Disclosures) (Insolvency) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1897) Gas and Electricity (Consumer Complaints Handling Standards) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1898) School Curriculum in Wales (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1899) Mental Health Act 2007 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1900) 1901–2000 Representation of the People (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1901) NHS Foundation Trusts (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Amendment Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1902) Financial Assistance Scheme (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1903) Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 8) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1904) Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1905) Insurance Companies (Calculation of Profits: Policy Holders’ Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1906) Whole of Government Accounts (Designation of Bodies) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1907) Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Disclosure of Information by SOCA) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1908) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Disclosure of Information) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1909) Limited Liability Partnerships (Accounts and Audit) (Application of Companies Act 2006) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1911) Small Limited Liability Partnerships (Accounts) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1912) Large and Medium-sized Limited Liability Partnerships (Accounts) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1913) European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1914) Companies (Reduction of Share Capital) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1915) Capital Allowances (Energy-saving Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1916) Capital Allowances (Environmentally Beneficial Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1917) Road Safety Act 2006 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1918) Land Registration (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1919) Commonhold (Land Registration) (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1920) Land Registration (Proper Office) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1921) Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1922) Insurance Companies (Taxation of Insurance Special Purpose Vehicles) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1923) Overseas Life Insurance Companies (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1924) Finance Act 2008, Section 30 (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1925) Financing-Arrangement-Funded Transfers to Shareholders Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1926) Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedule 5) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1927) Finance Act 2008, Section 29 (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1928) Finance Act 2008, Section 28 (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1929) Finance Act 2008, Section 27 (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1930) Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1931) Stamp Duty Land Tax (Zero-Carbon Homes Relief) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1932) Finance Act 2008, Section 26 (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1933) Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1934) Finance Act 2008, Schedule 38, (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1935) Finance Act 2008 Section 135 (Disaster or Emergency) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1936) Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1937) Health Service Branded Medicines (Control of Prices and Supply of Information) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1938) Community Emissions Trading Scheme (Allocation of Allowances for Payment) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1939) General Optical Council (Therapeutics and Contact Lens Specialties) Rules Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/1940) Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1941) Friendly Societies (Transfers of Other Business) (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1942) Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1943) Insurance Companies (Taxation of Reinsurance Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1944) Insurance Premium Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1945) Registered Pension Schemes (Transfer of Sums and Assets) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1946) Tax Avoidance Schemes (Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1947) Taxes (Fees for Payment by Telephone) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1948) Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1949) Insurance Accounts Directive (Lloyd's Syndicate and Aggregate Accounts) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1950) A282 Trunk Road (Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Charging Scheme) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1951) Early Years Foundation Stage (Learning and Development Requirements) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1952) Early Years Foundation Stage (Welfare Requirements) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1953) European Parliament (Number of MEPs and Distribution between Electoral Regions) (United Kingdom and Gibraltar) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1954) Child Support Commissioners (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1955) Road User Charging (Enforcement and Adjudication) (London) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1956) Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1957) Trade Marks (Fees) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/1958) Community Trade Mark (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1959) Commons Act 2006 (Commencement No. 4 and Savings) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1960) Commons Registration (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1961) Dartmoor Commons (Authorised Severance) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1962) Mesothelioma Lump Sum Payments (Conditions and Amounts) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1963) Export Control (Democratic Republic of Congo) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1964) Vehicle Drivers (Certificates of Professional Competence) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1965) Maternity and Parental Leave etc. and the Paternity and Adoption Leave (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1966) Freedom of Information (Parliament and National Assembly for Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1967) Payments to the Churches Conservation Trust Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1968) Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1969) Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1970) Education and Inspections Act 2006 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1971) Health Act 2006 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1972) Adventure Activities Licensing (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1973) Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Specified Organisations) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1975) Private Dentistry (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1976) Crown Office Fees Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1977) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Investigative Powers of Prosecutors in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Code of Practice) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1978) Personal and Occupational Pension Schemes (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1979) Tractor etc. (EC Type-Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1980) 2001–2100 Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2011) Child Maintenance and Other Payments Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2033) Crossrail (Qualifying Authorities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2034) Designation of Rural Primary Schools (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2035) Crossrail (Nomination) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2036) Greater London Authority Act 2007 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2037) London Waste and Recycling Board Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2038) Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2039) Ministry of Defence Police Appeal Tribunals (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2059) Milk and Milk Products (Pupils in Educational Establishments) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2072) Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2076) Immigration (Supply of Information to the Secretary of State for Immigration Purposes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2077) Christ The King Catholic and Church of England (VA) Centre For Learning (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2078) Canon Sharples Church of England Primary School and Nursery (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2079) Cleadon Village Church of England VA Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2080) Hackleton CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2081) Hawthorn Church of England Controlled First School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2082) Trinity Anglican-Methodist Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2083) Wylye Valley Church of England Voluntary Aided Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2084) St Gregory's Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2085) International Development Association (Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2086) Canon Peter Hall CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2087) African Development Bank (Eleventh Replenishment of the African Development Fund) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2088) African Development Fund (Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2089) International Development Association (Fifteenth Replenishment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2090) Concessionary Bus Travel (Permits) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2091) All Saints CofE School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2092) Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2093) Education (Student Support) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2094) Removal, Storage and Disposal of Vehicles (Prescribed Sums and Charges) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2095) Police (Retention and Disposal of Motor Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2096) Road Traffic Act 1988 (Retention and Disposal of Seized Motor Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2097) Judicial Discipline (Prescribed Procedures) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2098) School Teachers’ Incentive Payments (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2099) 2101–2200 Welfare Reform Act 2007 (Commencement No. 7, Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2101) Dartmouth-Kingswear Floating Bridge (Vehicle Classifications & Revision of Charges) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2102) Vaccine Damage Payments (Specified Disease) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2103) Wireless Telegraphy (Register) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2104) Wireless Telegraphy (Spectrum Trading) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2105) Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2106) A421 Trunk Road (M1 Junction 13 to Bedford Improvements and Detrunking) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2107) Export and Import of Dangerous Chemicals Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2108) A421 Trunk Road(M1 Junction 13 Improvements) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2109) M1 Motorway (Junction 13 and Connecting Roads) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2110) Social Security (Child Maintenance Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2111) Social Security (Use of Information for Housing Benefit and Welfare Services Purposes) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2112) Local Government (Structural Changes) (Transitional Arrangements) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2113) Welfare Reform Act (Relevant Enactment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2114) Assembly Learning Grants and Loans (Higher Education) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2140) School Milk (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2141) Transport Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2142) Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2143) Education (School Teachers’ Pay and Conditions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2155) Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Designation of Participating Countries) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2156) Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2157) Disability Discrimination (General Qualifications Bodies)(Relevant Qualifications, Reasonable Steps and Physical Features)(Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2159) Armed Forces and Reserve Forces (Compensation Scheme) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2160) Enterprise Act 2002 (Bodies Designated to make Super-complaints) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2161) Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.4 and Consequential, Transitional and Savings Provisions) (Wales) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2162) Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Responsible Authorities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2163) Batteries and Accumulators (Placing on the Market) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2164) Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Provision and Use of Work Equipment) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2165) Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2166) Excise Duties (Road Fuel Gas) (Reliefs) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2167) Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2168) Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2169) Income Tax (Qualifying Child Care) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2170) Dartford-Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2171) Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2172) Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2173) Crossrail (Fees for Requests for Planning Approval) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2175) Local Government (Structural Changes) (Transfer of Functions, Property, Rights and Liabilities) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2176) Traffic Signs (Amendment) Regulations and General Directions 2008 (S.I. 2008/2177) Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2178) 2201–2300 Trade Marks (International Registration) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2206) Trade Marks (Fees) Revocation Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2207) Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Commencement No.1) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2214) Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Consequential Amendments and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2250) National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2251) Care Quality Commission (Membership) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2252) A1 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Providers (Redress Scheme) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2267) Gas and Electricity Regulated Providers (Redress Scheme) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2268) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Fees) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2269) Zoonoses and Animal By-Products (Fees) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2270) Veterinary Medicines Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2297) Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2299) Trade Marks (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2300) 2301–2400 Pensions Act 2007 (Actuarial Guidance) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2301) Finance Act 1998, Schedule 2 (Assessments in Respect of Drawback) (Appointed Day) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2302) Health and Safety (Enforcing Authority for Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2323) Valuation for Rating (Plant and Machinery) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2332) Non-Domestic Rating (Communications Hereditaments) (Valuation, Alteration of Lists and Appeals and Material Day) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2333) Building (Electronic Communications) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2334) Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2335) Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2336) Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2337) Stamp Duty Land Tax (Variation of Part 4 of the Finance Act 2003) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2338) Stamp Duty Land Tax (Exemption of Certain Acquisitions of Residential Property) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2339) Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2340) Legal Services Act 2007 (Transitional, Savings and Consequential Provisions) (Scotland) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2341) Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2342) Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (England) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2343) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (County of Buckinghamshire) (District of Wycombe) Designation Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2344) Housing (Approval of a Code of Management Practice) (Student Accommodation) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2345) Houses in Multiple Occupation (Specified Educational Establishments) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2346) Sea Fishing (Recovery Measures) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2347) Nitrate Pollution Prevention Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2349) A465 Trunk Road (Llangua Bridge to A49/A465 Belmont Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2350) Private and Voluntary Health Care (England) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2352) Serious Crime Act 2007 (Specified Anti-fraud Organisations) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2353) Postal Services (Consumer Complaints Handling Standards) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2355) Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedule 4) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2356) Wildlife and Countryside (Registration and Ringing of Certain Captive Birds) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2357) Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2358) Harwich Haven Harbour Revision Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2359) Fal & Helford Designated Area (Fishing Restrictions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2360) Housing (Right to Manage) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2361) Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2362) Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2363) National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2364) Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2365) Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2366) Removal and Disposal of Vehicles (Traffic Officers) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2367) Mental Capacity (Deprivation of Liberty: Appointment of Relevant Person's Representative) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2368) Disabled Facilities Grants (Maximum Amounts and Additional Purposes) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2370) Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 (Commencement No 1) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2371) Sale of Registration Marks (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2372) Gas (Applications for Licences and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2375) Electricity (Applications for Licences, Modifications of an Area and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2376) Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2377) 2401–2500 Plant Health (England) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2411) Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.4) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2424) Local Government Pension Scheme (Miscellaneous) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2425) Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2426) Wireless Telegraphy (Mobile Communication Services on Aircraft – MCA) (Exemption) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2427) Employment and Support Allowance (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2428) Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2429) Criminal Defence Service (Recovery of Defence Costs Orders) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2430) Dudley and Walsall Mental Health Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2431) Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 (Commencement No.7) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2434) Isle of Wight (Electoral Changes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2435) Mental Health (Approval of Persons to be Approved Mental Health Professionals) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2436) Mental Health (Independent Mental Health Advocates) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2437) Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2438) Mental Health (Hospital, Guardianship, Community Treatment and Consent to Treatment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2439) Mental Health (Conflicts of Interest) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2440) Mental Health (Nurses) (Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2441) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (County of East Sussex) (Borough of Eastbourne) Designation Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2442) North Wales National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2443) Consumer Credit Act 2006 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2444) Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2445) Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2446) Family Procedure (Adoption) (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2447) Costs in Criminal Cases (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2448) Primary Ophthalmic Services and National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2449) Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Transfer Values) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2450) Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No.3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2454) Parochial Fees Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2470) National Health Service (Directions by Strategic Health Authorities to Primary Care Trusts Regarding Arrangements for Involvement) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2496) Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Commencement No.2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2497) Non-Domestic Rating (Unoccupied Property) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2499) Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2500) 2501–2600 Veterinary Surgeons (Examination of Commonwealth and Foreign Candidates) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/2501) A4123 Trunk Road (Sandwell and Dudley) (Detrunking) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2502) Police and Justice Act 2006 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2503) Serious Crime Act 2007 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2504) Student Fees (Amounts) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2507) Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2508) A570 Trunk Road (North of M58 to the Lancashire County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2510) A570 Trunk Road (Lancashire County Boundary to the Kew roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2511) Felixstowe Branch Line and Ipswich Yard Improvement Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2512) Child Support (Consequential Provisions) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2543) Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2544) Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No. 14) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2545) Bradford & Bingley plc Transfer of Securities and Property etc. Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2546) Value Added Tax (Finance) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2547) Child Maintenance and Other Payments Act 2008 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2548) Pollution Prevention and Control (Designation of Directives) (England and Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2549) Consumers, Estate Agents and Redress Act 2007 (Commencement No. 5 and Savings and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2550) Child Support Information Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2551) National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) and (Optical Charges and Payments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2552) Nursing and Midwifery Council (Constitution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2553) General Medical Council (Constitution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2554) Health Care and Associated Professions (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2008 (Commencement No. 1) Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/2556) Digital Switchover (Disclosure of Information) Act 2007 (Prescription of Information) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2557) National Information Governance Board Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2558) Mental Health (Hospital, Guardianship and Treatment) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2560) Mental Health Act 2007 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2561) Air Navigation (Jersey) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2562) Inspectors of Education, Children's Services and Skills (No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2563) European Communities (Designation) (No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2564) Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2566) Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (The County Council of Durham) (Durham District) Designation Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2567) National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Wales) (Amendment)(No.2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2568) Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2569) Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels) (England and Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2570) National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2593) Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2597) Genetically Modified Organisms (England) (Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2598) Hydrocarbon Oil and Bioblend (Private Pleasure-flying and Private Pleasure Craft) (Payment of Rebate etc.) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2599) Hydrocarbon Oil (Supply of Rebated Heavy Oil) (Payment of Rebate) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2600) 2601–2700 The Income Tax (Pay As You Earn) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2601) The Taxation of Benefits under Government Pilot Schemes (Better off in Work Credit) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2603) The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Excluded Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2625) The Overseas Insurers (Tax Representatives) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2626) The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Compliance) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2627) The Life Assurance and Other Policies (Keeping of Information and Duties of Insurers) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2628) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Code A) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2638) The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2639) The Non-resident Companies (General Insurance Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2643) The Enterprise Act 2002 (Specification of Additional Section 58 Consideration) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2645) The Group Relief for Overseas Losses (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts for Non-resident Insurance Companies) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2646) The European Single Currency (Taxes) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2647) The Veterinary Medicines (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2648) The Corporation Tax (Instalment Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2649) The Child Support (Consequential Provisions) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2656) The Special Educational Needs (Information) Act 2008 (Commencement) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2664) The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 5) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2667) The Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2668) The Landfill Tax (Material from Contaminated Land) (Phasing out of Exemption) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2669) The Insurance Companies (Taxation of Reinsurance Business) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2670) The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Taxes) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2673) The Child Maintenance and Other Payments Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provision) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2675) The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) (Supplies of Domestic Fuel or Power) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2676) The National Health Service (Directions by Strategic Health Authorities to Primary Care Trusts Regarding Arrangements for Involvement) (No.2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2677) The National Insurance Contributions (Application of Part 7 of the Finance Act 2004) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2678) The Insurance Companies (Reserves) (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2679) The Legal Services Act 2007 (Prescribed Charity) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2680) The Double Taxation Relief (Surrender of Relievable Tax Within a Group) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2681) The Income Tax (Deposit-takers and Building Societies) (Interest Payments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2682) The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2683) The First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal (Chambers) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2684) The Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Social Entitlement Chamber) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2685) The Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (War Pensions and Armed Forces Compensation Chamber) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2686) The Income Tax (Interest Payments) (Information Powers) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2688) The General Optical Council (Fitness to Practise) (Amendment in Relation to Standard of Proof) Rules Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/2690) The Qualifications for Appointment of Members to the First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2692) The Amusement Machine Licence Duty, etc. (Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2693) The Sustainable Communities Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2694) The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2696) The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (Transitional Judicial Pensions Provisions) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2697) The Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2698) The Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Health, Education and Social Care Chamber) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2699) The Discipline of Judges (Designation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2700) 2701–2800 The Economic Regulation of Airports (Designation) Order (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2702) The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2703) The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2704) The Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2705) The Mesothelioma Lump Sum Payments (Claims and Reconsiderations) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2706) The Appeals (Excluded Decisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2707) The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2708) The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2712) The Bail (Electronic Monitoring of Requirements) (Responsible Officer) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2713) The Health Act 2006 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2714) The Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2715) The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2717) The Plant Health (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2765) The Landsbanki Freezing (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2766) The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.6) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2767) The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Curfew Condition) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2768) The NHS Direct National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2769) The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2771) The Welfare Reform Act 2007 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2772) The Eccles College and Salford College (Dissolution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2773) The Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2775) The Fixed-term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2776) The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2777) The Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007 (Commencement No.1) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2779) The Appeals (Excluded Decisions) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2780) The Employment and Support Allowance (Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2783) The South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2784) The Police and Justice Act 2006 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2785) The Bradford District Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2786) The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (England) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2787) The Mental Health Act 2007 (Commencement No.9) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2788) The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Responsible Pharmacist) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2789) The Immigration and Nationality (Cost Recovery Fees) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2790) The Contracting Out (Administrative and Other Court Staff) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2791) The Appointments Commission (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2792) The Remand on Bail (Disapplication of Credit Period) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2793) The 3400–3800 MHz Frequency Band (Management) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2794) The Cat and Dog Fur (Control of Import, Export and Placing on the Market) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2795) 2801–2900 The A27 Trunk Road (Southerham to Beddingham Improvement) (Derestriction and Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2820) The A27 Trunk Road (Southerham to Beddingham Improvement) (Banned Turns) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2821) The UK Borders Act 2007 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2822) The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2824) The Legislative Reform (Consumer Credit) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2826) The Mental Health Act 2007 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2828) The Gambling Act 2005 (Advertising of Foreign Gambling) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2829) The Immigration (Biometric Registration) (Objection to Civil Penalty) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2830) The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Consequential Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2831) The Excise Warehousing (Etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2832) The Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2833) The Appeals from the Upper Tribunal to the Court of Appeal Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2834) The First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal (Composition of Tribunal) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2835) The Allocation and Transfer of Proceedings Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2836) The Transfer of Housing Corporation Functions (Modifications and Transitional Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2839) The Legislative Reform (Local Authority Consent Requirements) (England and Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2840) The Cremation (England and Wales) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2841) The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2844) The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2846) The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2847) The Public Contracts and Utilities Contracts (Postal Services Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2848) The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2849) The Retention of Registration Marks (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2850) The Merchant Shipping (Training and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2851) The REACH Enforcement Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2852) The Civil Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2853) The Non-Contentious Probate Fees (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2854) The Magistrates’ Courts Fees (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2855) The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2856) The Local Elections (Ordinary Day of Elections in 2009) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2857) The Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2858) The Magistrates’ Courts (Enforcement of Children Act 1989 Contact Orders) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2859) The Companies Act 2006 (Commencement No. 8, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2860) The Family Proceedings (Amendment) (No.2) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2861) The Police (Performance) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2862) The Police Appeals Tribunals Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2863) The Police (Conduct) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2864) The Police (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2865) The Police (Complaints and Misconduct) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2866) The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Transitional Arrangements) (No.2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2867) The National Health Service (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2868) The Political Donations and Regulated Transactions (Anonymous Electors) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2869) The Children and Adoption Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2870) The Recovery of Taxes etc. Due in Other Member States (Amendment of Section 134 of the Finance Act 2002) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2871) The Land Registration Act 2002 (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2872) The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2888) The Education (Recognised Bodies) (England) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2889) 2901–3000 The Crossrail (Planning Appeals) (Written Representations Procedure) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2908) The Local Authorities (England) (Charges for Property Searches) (Disapplication) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2909) The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2924) The Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence (Appointment, Procedure etc.) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2927) The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit Work-focused Interviews) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2928) The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2930) The Wool Textile Industry (Export Promotion Levy) (Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2932) The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/2933) The High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2934) The Medical Devices (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2936) The Case Tribunals (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2938) The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2939) The Children Act 1989 (Contact Activity Directions and Conditions: Financial Assistance) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2940) The Armed Forces and Reserve Forces (Compensation Scheme) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2942) The Education (Special Educational Needs Co-ordinators) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2945) The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2946) The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Addition of Qualifying Judicial Offices) (No.2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2947) The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (London Underground Victoria Line 09TS Vehicles) Exemption Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2969) The Rail Vehicle Accessibility Exemption Orders (Parliamentary Procedures) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2975) The Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations (England and Wales and Northern Ireland) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2986) The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2987) The Council of the City of Wakefield (Wakefield Waterfront Hepworth Gallery Footbridge) Scheme 2008 Confirmation Instrument 200 (S.I. 2008/2988) The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2989) The Taxation of Pension Schemes (Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2990) The Taxes (Fees for Payment by Internet) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2991) The Rodbaston College, Cannock Chase Technical College and Tamworth and Lichfield College (Dissolution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2992) The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Saving Provision) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2993) The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2994) The Judicial Appointments Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2995) The Companies (Particulars of Company Charges) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2996) The Pre-release Access to Official Statistics Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2998) The Charges for Residues Surveillance (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/2999) The Companies Act 2006 (Annual Return and Service Addresses) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3000) 3001–3100 The Legislative Reform (Lloyd's) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3001) The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Consequential Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3002) The Local Loans (Increase of Limit) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3004) The Companies (Company Records) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3006) The Companies (Fees for Inspection of Company Records) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3007) The Race Relations Act 1976 (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3008) The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3009) The Mutual Recognition of Driving Disqualifications (Great Britain and Ireland) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3010) The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3011) The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Amendment of List of Responders) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3012) The Removal, Storage and Disposal of Vehicles (Prescribed Sums and Charges) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3013) The Companies (Registration) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3014) The Allocation of Housing (England)(Amendment)(Family Intervention Tenancies) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3015) The North Yorkshire County Council (School Meals) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3016) The Immigration and Nationality (Fees) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3017) The Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) (Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3018) The Excise Duties (Road Fuel Gas) (Reliefs) (Revocation) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3019) The Value Added Tax (Change of Rate) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3020) The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3021) The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Finance) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3022) The Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 3) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3023) The Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3024) The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3025) The Alcoholic Liquor Duties (Surcharges) and Tobacco Products Duty Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3026) The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (Little Cheyne Court) (England and Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3045) The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (Gunfleet Sands II) (England and Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3046) The General Chiropractic Council (Constitution) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3047) The Immigration (Biometric Registration) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3048) The Immigration (Biometric Registration) (Civil Penalty Code of Practice) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3049) The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 (Prescribed Criteria) (Foreign Offences) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3050) The Social Security (Lone Parents and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3051) The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3052) The Definition of Financial Instrument Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3053) The Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3054) The Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3055) The Travellers’ Allowances (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3058) The Alcoholic Liquor (Surcharge on Spirits Duty) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3062) The Export Control (Iran) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3063) The Christmas Bonus (Relevant Week) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3064) The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3065) The Antarctic (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3066) The Human Tissue Act 2004 (Ethical Approval, Exceptions from Licensing and Supply of Information about Transplants) (Amendment) Regulations 2008(S.I. 2008/3067) The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional, Saving and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3068) The Financial Assistance Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3069) The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3070) The Childcare (Provision of Information About Young Children) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3071) The Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3072) The Takeover Code (Concert Parties) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3073) The Legal Services Act 2007 (Functions of a Designated Regulator) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3074) The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Nomination) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3076) The Education and Skills Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Savings) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3077) The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3078) The National Child Measurement Programme Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3080) The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 3 Assessment Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3081) The Leeds City College (Incorporation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3083) The Leeds City College (Government) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3084) The Civil Procedure (Amendment No.2) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/3085) The Education (School and Local Education Authority Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3086) The Transfrontier Shipment of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3087) The School Admissions (Admission Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3089) The School Admissions (Co-ordination of Admission Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3090) The School Admissions (Local Authority Reports and Admission Forums) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3091) The Education (Admissions Appeals Arrangements)(England)(Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3092) The School Information (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3093) The Parish Councils (Power to Promote Well-being) (Prescribed Conditions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3095) The Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3096) The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisations Etc.) Amendment Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3097) The National Savings Bank (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3098) The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No.6) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3099) 3101–3200 The European Parliamentary Elections (Appointed Day of Poll) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3102) The Parks for People (England) Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3103) The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3104) The Gambling (Operating Licence and Single-Machine Permit Fees) (Amendment) (No 2) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3105) The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3106) The Home Information Pack (Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3107) The Health in Pregnancy Grant (Entitlement and Amount) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3108) The Health in Pregnancy Grant (Administration) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3109) The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3110) The Family Intervention Tenancies (Review of Local Authority Decisions) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3111) The Local Authorities (Elected Mayors) (England) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3112) The General Optical Council (Committee Constitution) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2008 (S.I. 2008/3113) The Parliamentary Commissioner Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3115) The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (2006 International Tropical Timber Agreement) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3116) The European Communities (Designation) (No. 4) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3117) The Education (Inspectors of Education and Training in Wales) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3118) The Civil Aviation (Overseas Territories) (Gibraltar) (Revocations) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3119) The Civil Aviation (Overseas Territories) (Gibraltar) (Revocations) (No. 2) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3120) The Air Navigation (Guernsey) (Revocation) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3121) The Companies Act 2006 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by the UK National Archive UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk

Tupan Patera

Tupan Patera is an active volcano on Jupiter's moon Io. It is located on Io's anti-Jupiter hemisphere at 18.73°S 141.13°W / -18.73; -141.13. Tupan consists of a volcanic crater, known as a patera, 79 kilometers across and 900 meters deep. The volcano was first seen in low-resolution observations by the two Voyager spacecraft in 1979, but volcanic activity was not seen at this volcano until June 1996 during the Galileo spacecraft's first orbit. Following this first detection of near-infrared thermal emission and subsequent detections by Galileo during the next few orbits, this volcano was formally named Tupan Patera, after the thunder god of the Tupí-Guaraní indigenous peoples in Brazil, by the International Astronomical Union in 1997.Additional observations by Galileo's Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) between 1996 and 2001 revealed Tupan to be a persistently active volcano, visible during most NIMS observations of Io's anti-Jupiter hemisphere.

Tupan Patera is an active volcano on Jupiter's moon Io. It is located on Io's anti-Jupiter hemisphere at 18.73°S 141.13°W / -18.73; -141.13. Tupan consists of a volcanic crater, known as a patera, 79 kilometers across and 900 meters deep. The volcano was first seen in low-resolution observations by the two Voyager spacecraft in 1979, but volcanic activity was not seen at this volcano until June 1996 during the Galileo spacecraft's first orbit. Following this first detection of near-infrared thermal emission and subsequent detections by Galileo during the next few orbits, this volcano was formally named Tupan Patera, after the thunder god of the Tupí-Guaraní indigenous peoples in Brazil, by the International Astronomical Union in 1997.Additional observations by Galileo's Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) between 1996 and 2001 revealed Tupan to be a persistently active volcano, visible during most NIMS observations of Io's anti-Jupiter hemisphere. Galileo acquired high-resolution color images and near-infrared spectra of Tupan Patera during an encounter on October 16, 2001. This data revealed warm, dark silicate lava on the eastern and western sides of the patera floor with an "island" of bright, cool material in the middle. Reddish material was observed along the margins of the bright island as well as on the bright plains to the southeast of the volcano. This is indicative of short-chain sulfur being emitted from vents on the patera floor by recent volcanic activity. The island as well as a shelf of material at the base of the patera wall is outlined by a "strand" of dark material. This strand line may result from lava filling the patera floor, then deflating due to either degassing of the cooling lava or drainage back into the magma chamber. Alternatively, the strand line may have been created from limited volcanic activity along the edge of the patera floor. The mix of red-orange and dark material on the volcano's western side possibly resulted from sulfur melting from the central island and the patera wall and covering the dark material in this area. This theory is supported by the cooler temperatures seen on the western side of Tupan, cool enough perhaps to support the melting and solidification of sulfur, compared to the much darker eastern side. The morphology of Tupan Patera may also be consistent with a sill that is still exhuming itself.After the last Galileo flyby of Io in January 2002, Tupan remained active with observations of a thermal emission from the volcano by ground-based observers using the Keck Telescope and by the New Horizons spacecraft. A large eruption at Tupan was observed by astronomers using the 10-meter adaptive optics at the Keck Observatory on March 8, 2003. Other than this major eruption, activity at Tupan through the Galileo mission and afterward has been persistent, with variations in power output from the patera floor being episodic, similar to, but at lower energy levels, Loki Patera. == References ==

Eli Lilly

Eli Lilly (July 8, 1838 – June 6, 1898) was an American soldier, pharmacist, chemist, and businessman who founded the Eli Lilly and Company pharmaceutical corporation. Lilly enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War and recruited a company of men to serve with him in the 18th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery. He was later promoted to major and then colonel, and was given command of the 9th Regiment Indiana Cavalry. Lilly was captured in September 1864 and held as a prisoner of war until January 1865. After the war, he attempted to run a plantation in Mississippi, but it failed and he returned to his pharmacy profession after the death of his first wife.

Eli Lilly (July 8, 1838 – June 6, 1898) was an American soldier, pharmacist, chemist, and businessman who founded the Eli Lilly and Company pharmaceutical corporation. Lilly enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War and recruited a company of men to serve with him in the 18th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery. He was later promoted to major and then colonel, and was given command of the 9th Regiment Indiana Cavalry. Lilly was captured in September 1864 and held as a prisoner of war until January 1865. After the war, he attempted to run a plantation in Mississippi, but it failed and he returned to his pharmacy profession after the death of his first wife. Lilly remarried and worked with business partners in several pharmacies in Indiana and Illinois before opening his own business in 1876 in Indianapolis. Lilly's company manufactured drugs and marketed them on a wholesale basis to pharmacies. Lilly's pharmaceutical firm proved to be successful and he soon became wealthy after making numerous advances in medicinal drug manufacturing. Two of the early advances he pioneered were creating gelatin capsules to contain medicines and developing fruit flavorings. Eli Lilly and Company became one of the first pharmaceutical firms of its kind to staff a dedicated research department and put into place numerous quality-assurance measures. Using his wealth, Lilly engaged in numerous philanthropic pursuits. He turned over the management of the company to his son, Josiah K. Lilly Sr., around 1890 to allow himself more time to continue his involvement in charitable organizations and civic advancement. Colonel Lilly helped found the Commercial Club, the forerunner to the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce, and became the primary patron of Indiana's branch of the Charity Organization Society. He personally funded a children's hospital in Indianapolis, known as Eleanor Hospital (closed in 1909). Lilly continued his active involvement with many other organizations until his death from cancer in 1898. Colonel Lilly was an advocate of federal regulation of the pharmaceutical industry, and many of his suggested reforms were enacted into law in 1906, resulting in the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. He was also among the pioneers of the concept of prescriptions, and helped form what became the common practice of giving addictive or dangerous medicines only to people who had first seen a physician. The company he founded has since grown into one of the largest and most influential pharmaceutical corporations in the world, and the largest corporation in Indiana. Using the wealth generated by the company, his son, J. K., and grandsons, Eli Jr. and Josiah Jr. (Joe), established the Lilly Endowment in 1937. It remains as one of the largest charitable benefactors in the world and continues the Lilly legacy of philanthropy. Background and early life Eli Lilly, the son of Gustavus and Esther (Kirby) Lilly, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 8, 1838. His family was of part Swedish descent and had moved to the low country of France before his great-grandparents immigrated to Maryland in 1789. When Eli, the first of eleven children, was still an infant, the family moved to Kentucky, where they eventually settled on a farm near Warsaw in Gallatin County.In 1852 the family settled at Greencastle, Indiana, where Lilly's parents enrolled him at Indiana Asbury University (later known as DePauw University). Eli attended classes from 1852 to 1854. He also assisted at a local printing press as a printer's devil. Lilly grew up in a Methodist household, and his family was prohibitionist and anti-slavery; their beliefs served as part of their motivation for moving to Indiana. Lilly and his family were members of the Democratic Party during his early life, but they became Republicans during the years leading up to the Civil War.Lilly became interested in chemicals as a teen. In 1854, while on a trip to visit his aunt and uncle in Lafayette, Indiana, the sixteen-year-old Lilly visited Henry Lawrence's Good Samaritan Drug Store, a local apothecary shop, where he watched Lawrence prepare pharmaceutical drugs. Lilly completed a four-year apprenticeship with Lawrence to become a chemist and pharmacist. In addition to learning to mix chemicals, Lawrence taught Lilly how to manage funds and operate a business. In 1858, after earning a certificate of proficiency from his apprenticeship, Lilly left the Good Samaritan to work for Israel Spencer and Sons, a wholesale and retail druggist in Lafayette, before moving to Indianapolis to take a position at the Perkins and Coons Pharmacy.Lilly returned to Greencastle in 1860 to work in Jerome Allen's drugstore. He opened his own drugstore in the city in January 1861, and married Emily Lemen, the daughter of a Greencastle merchant, on January 31, 1861. During the early years of their marriage, the couple resided in Greenfield. The couple's son, Josiah Kirby, later called "J. K.", was born on November 18, 1861, while Eli was serving in the military during the American Civil War. Career American Civil War service In 1861, a few months after the start of the American Civil War, Lilly enlisted in the Union Army and joined the 21st Indiana Infantry Regiment on July 24. Lilly was commissioned as a second lieutenant on July 29, 1861. On August 3, the 21st Indiana reached Baltimore, Maryland, where it remained for several months. Lilly resigned his commission in December 1861 and returned to Indiana to form an artillery unit.In early 1862 Lilly actively recruited volunteers for his unit among his classmates, friends, local merchants and farmers. He had recruitment posters created and posted them around Indianapolis, promising to form the "crack battery of Indiana". His unit, the 18th Battery, Indiana Light Artillery, was known as the Lilly Battery and consisted of six, three-inch ordinance rifles and 150 men. Lilly was commissioned as a captain in the unit. The 18th Indiana mustered into service at Camp Morton in Indianapolis on August 6, 1862, and spent a brief time drilling before it was sent into battle under Major General William Rosecrans in Kentucky and Tennessee. Lilly's artillery unit was transferred to the Lightning Brigade, a mounted infantry under the command of Colonel, later General, John T. Wilder on December 16, 1862.Lilly was elected to serve as the commanding officer of his battery from August 1862 until the winter of 1863, when his three-year enlistment expired. His only prior military experience had been in a Lafayette, Indiana, militia unit. Several of his artillerymen considered him too young and intemperate to command; however, despite his initial inexperience, Lilly became a competent artillery officer. His battery was instrumental in several battles, including the Battle of Hoover's Gap in June 1863 and in the Second Battle of Chattanooga and the Battle of Chickamauga in August and September 1863.In 1864, when Lilly's term of enlistment ended, he resigned his commission and left the 18th Indiana. Lilly joined the 9th Indiana Cavalry (121st Regiment Indiana Volunteers) and was promoted to major. At the Battle of Sulphur Creek Trestle in Alabama in September 1864, he was captured by Confederate troops under the command of Major General Nathan B. Forrest and held in a prisoner-of-war camp at Enterprise, Mississippi until his release in a prisoner exchange in January 1865. Lilly was promoted to colonel on June 4, 1865, and was stationed at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the spring of 1865 when the war ended. In recognition of his service, he was brevetted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and mustered out of service with the 9th Indiana Cavalry on August 25, 1865.In later life Lilly obtained a large atlas and marked the path of his movements in the war and the location of battles and skirmishes. He often used the atlas when telling war stories. His colonel's title stayed with him for the rest of his life, and his friends and family used it as a nickname for him. Lilly served as chairman of the Grand Army of the Republic, a brotherhood of Union Civil War veterans, in 1893. During his term he helped organize an event that brought tens of thousands of Union war veterans, including Lilly's battery, together in Indianapolis for a reunion and a large parade. Early business ventures After the war, Lilly remained in the South to begin a new business venture. Lilly and his business partner leased Bowling Green, a 1,200-acre (490 ha) cotton plantation in Mississippi. Lilly traveled to Greencastle, Indiana, and returned with his wife, Emily, his sister, Anna Wesley Lilly, and son, Josiah. Shortly after the move the entire family was stricken with a mosquito-borne disease, probably malaria, that was common in the region at that time. Although the others recovered, Emily died on August 20, 1866, eight months pregnant with a second son, who was stillborn. The death devastated Lilly; he wrote to his family, "I can hardly tell you how it glares at me ...it's a bitter, bitter truth ... Emily is indeed dead." Lilly abandoned the plantation and returned to Indiana. The plantation fell into disrepair and a drought caused its cotton crop to fail. Lilly's business partner, unable to maintain the plantation because of the drought, disappeared with the venture's remaining cash. Lilly was forced to file for bankruptcy in 1868.Lilly worked to resolve the situation on the plantation and find other employment while his young son, Josiah, lived with Colonel Lilly's parents in Greencastle. In 1867, Lilly found work at the Harrison Daily and Company, a wholesale drug firm. In 1869, he began working for Patterson, Moore and Talbott, another medicinal wholesale company, before he moved to Illinois to establish a new business. In 1869, Lilly left Indiana to open a drugstore with James W. Binford, his business partner. Binford and Lilly opened The Red Front Drugstore in Paris, Illinois, in August 1869.In November 1869, Colonel Lilly married Maria Cynthia Sloan. Soon after their marriage they sent for his son, Josiah, who was still living in Greencastle, to join them in Illinois. Eli and Maria's only child, a daughter named Eleanor, was born on January 25, 1871, and died of diphtheria in 1884 at the age of thirteen. Maria died in 1932. Although the business in Illinois was profitable and allowed Lilly to save money, he was more interested in medicinal manufacturing than running a pharmacy. Lilly began formulating a plan to create a medicinal wholesale company of his own. Lilly left the partnership with Binford in 1873 to return to Indianapolis, where, on January 1, 1874, he and John F. Johnston opened a drug manufacturing operation called Johnston and Lilly. Three years later, on March 27, 1876, Lilly dissolved the partnership. His share of the assets amounted to an estimated $400 in merchandise (several pieces of equipment and a few gallons of unmixed chemicals) and about $1,000 in cash.When Lilly approached Augustus Keifer, a wholesale druggist and family friend, for a job, Keifer encouraged Lilly to established his own drug manufacturing business in Indianapolis. Keifer and two associated drugstores agreed to purchase their drugs from Lilly at a cost lower than they were currently paying. Eli Lilly and Company founder On May 10, 1876, Lilly opened his own laboratory in a rented two-story building (now demolished) at 15 West Pearl Street and began to manufacture drugs. The sign for the business said "Eli Lilly, Chemist". Lilly's manufacturing venture began with $1,400 ($34,024 in 2020 chained dollars) in working capital and three employees: Albert Hall (chief compounder), Caroline Kruger (bottler and product finisher), and Lilly's fourteen-year-old son, Josiah, who had quit school to work with his father as an apprentice.Lilly's first innovation was gelatin-coated pills and capsules. Other early innovations included fruit flavorings and sugarcoated pills, which made medicines easier to swallow. Following his experience with the low-quality medicines used in the Civil War, Lilly committed himself to producing only high-quality prescription drugs, in contrast to the common and often ineffective patent medicines of the day. One of the first medicines he began to produce was quinine, a drug used to treat malaria, that resulted in a "ten fold" increase in sales. Lilly products gained a reputation for quality and became popular in the city. At the end of 1876, his first year of business, sales reached $4,470 ($108,635 in 2020 chained dollars), and by 1879 they had grown to $48,000 ($1,333,200 in 2020 chained dollars).As sales expanded rapidly he began to acquire customers outside of Indiana. Lilly hired his brother, James, as his first full-time salesman in 1878. James, and the subsequent sales team that developed, marketed the company's drugs nationally. Other family members were also employed by the growing company; Lilly's cousin Evan Lilly was hired as a bookkeeper and his grandsons, Eli and Josiah (Joe), were hired to run errands and perform other odd jobs. In 1881 Lilly formally incorporated the firm as Eli Lilly and Company, elected a board of directors, and issued stock to family members and close associates. By the late 1880s Colonel Lilly had become one of the Indianapolis area's leading businessmen, with a company of more than one hundred employees and $200,000 ($5,760,741 in 2020 chained dollars) in annual sales. To accommodate his growing business, Lilly acquired additional facilities for research and production. Lilly's business remained at the Pearl Street location from 1876 to 1878, then moved to larger quarters at 36 South Meridian. In 1881 he purchased a complex of buildings at McCarty and Alabama Streets, south of downtown Indianapolis, and moved the company to its new headquarters. Other businesses followed and the area developed into a major industrial and manufacturing district of the city. In the early 1880s the company also began making its first, widely-successful product, called Succus Alteran (a treatment for venereal disease, types of rheumatism, and skin diseases). Sales of the product provided funds for company research and additional expansion.Believing that it would be an advantage for his son to gain a greater technical knowledge, Lilly sent Josiah to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1880. Upon returning to the family business in 1882, Josiah was named superintendent of the laboratory. In 1890, Lilly turned over the day-to day management of the business to Josiah, who ran the company for thirty-four years. The company flourished despite the tumultuous economic conditions in the 1890s. In 1894, Lilly purchased a manufacturing plant to be used solely for creating capsules. The company made several technological advances in the manufacturing process, including the automation of capsule production. Over the next few years, the company annually created tens of millions of capsules and pills.Although there were many other small pharmaceutical companies in the United States, Eli Lilly and Company distinguished itself from the others by having a permanent research staff, inventing superior techniques for the mass production of medicinal drugs, and focusing on quality. At first, Lilly was the company's only researcher, but as the business grew, he established a research laboratory and employed others who were dedicated to creating new drugs. Lilly hired his first full-time research chemist, Ernest G. Eberhards, and botanist, Walter H. Evans, in 1886. The department's methods of research were based on Lilly's. He insisted on quality assurance and instituted mechanisms to ensure that the drugs being produced would be effective and perform as advertised, had the correct combination of ingredients, and had the correct dosages of medicines in each pill. He was aware of the addictive and dangerous nature of some of his drugs, and pioneered the concept of giving such drugs only to people who had first seen a physician to determine if they needed the medicine. Later life, philanthropy By the time of his retirement from his business, around 1890, Lilly was a millionaire who had been involved in civic affairs for several years. Later in life he had become increasingly more philanthropic, granting funds to charitable groups in the city.In 1879, with a group of twenty-five other businessmen, Lilly began sponsoring the Charity Organization Society and soon became the primary patron of its Indiana chapter. The society merged with other charitable organizations to form the Family Welfare Society of Indianapolis, a forerunner to the Family Service Association of Central Indiana and the United Way. The associated group organized charitable groups under a central leadership structure that allowed them to easily interact and better assist people by coordinating their efforts and identifying areas with the greatest need. Lilly was especially interested in encouraging economic growth and general development in Indianapolis. He attempted to achieve those goals by supporting local commercial organizations financially and through his personal advocacy and promotion. In 1879 he made a proposal for a public water company to meet the needs of the city, which lead to the formation of the Indianapolis Water Company.In 1890, Lilly and other civic leaders founded the Commercial Club; Lilly was elected as its first president. The club, renamed the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce in 1912, was the primary vehicle for Lilly's city development goals. It was instrumental in making numerous advances for the city, including citywide paved streets, elevated railways to allow vehicles and people to pass beneath them, and a city sewage system. The companies that provided these services were created through private and public investments and operated at low-cost; in practice they belonged to the companies' customers, who slowly bought each company back from its initial investors. The model was later followed other regions of Indiana to establish water and electric utility companies. The Commercial Club members also helped fund the creation of parks, monuments, and memorials, as well as successfully attracted investment from other businessmen and organizations to expand Indianapolis's growing industries.After the Gas Boom began to sweep the state in the 1880s, Lilly and other Commercial Club members advocated the creation of a public corporation to pump natural gas from the ground, pipe it to Indianapolis from the Trenton Gas Field, and provide it at low cost to businesses and homes. The project led to the creation of the Consumer Gas Trust Company, which Lilly named. The gas company provided low-cost heating fuel that made urban living much more desirable. The gas was further used to create electricity to run Indianapolis's first public transportation venture, a streetcar system.During the Panic of 1893, Lilly created a commission to help provide food and shelter to the poor people who were adversely affected. His work with the commission led him to make a personal donation of funds and property to the Flower Mission of Indianapolis in 1895. Lilly's substantial donation allowed it to establish Eleanor Hospital, a children's hospital in Indianapolis named in honor of his deceased daughter. The hospital cared for children from families who had no money to pay for routine medical care; it closed in 1909.Lilly's friends often urged him to seek public office, and they attempted to nominate him to run for Governor of Indiana as a Republican in 1896, but he refused. Lilly shunned public office, preferring to focus his attention on his philanthropic organizations. He did regularly endorse candidates, and made substantial donations to politicians who advanced his causes. After former Indiana governor Oliver P. Morton and others suggested the creation of a memorial to Indiana's many Civil War veterans, Lilly began raising funds to build the Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. Construction began in 1888, but the monument was not completed until 1901, three years after Lilly's death. The interior of the monument houses a civil war museum, established in 1918, that is named in Lilly's honor.Colonel Lilly's main residence was a large home in Indianapolis on Tennessee Street (renamed Capitol Street in 1895), where he spent most of his time. Lilly, an avid fisherman, built a family vacation cottage on Lake Wawasee near Syracuse, Indiana, in 1886–87. He had enjoyed regular vacations and recreation at the lake since the early 1880s. Lilly also founded the Wawasee Golf Club in 1891. Lilly's lakeside property became a haven for the family. His son, Josiah, built his own cottage on the estate in the mid-1930s.Lilly developed cancer in 1897 and died in his Indianapolis home on June 6, 1898. His funeral was held on June 9 and attended by thousands. His remains are interred in a large mausoleum at Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery. Legacy At the time of Lilly's death in 1898, his company had a product line of 2,005 items and annual sales of more than $300,000 ($9,332,400 in 2020 chained dollars). His son, Josiah, inherited the company following his father's death, and became its president in 1898. Josiah continued to expand its operations before passing it on to his own sons, Eli Jr. and Josiah Jr. (Joe).Lilly's son and two grandsons, as well as the Lilly company, continued the philanthropic efforts that Lilly practiced. Eli Lilly and Company played an important role in delivering medicine to the victims of the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. In 1937 Lilly's son and grandsons established the Lilly Endowment, which became the largest philanthropic endowment in the world in terms of assets and charitable giving in 1998. (Other endowments have since surpassed it, but it still remains among the top ten.)Lilly's firm grew into one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Under the leadership of Lilly's son, Josiah (J. K.) and two grandsons, Eli and Joe, it developed many new innovations, including the pioneering and development of insulin during the 1920s, the mass production of penicillin during the 1940s, and the promotion of advancements in mass-produced medicines. Innovation continued at the company after it was made a publicly traded corporation in 1952; it developed Humulin, Merthiolate, Prozac, and many other medicines. According to Forbes, Eli Lilly and Company ranked as the 243rd largest company in the world in 2016, with sales of $20 billion and a market value of $86 billion (USD). It is the largest corporation and the largest charitable benefactor in Indiana.Lilly's greatest contributions to the industry were his standardized and methodical production of drugs, his dedication to research and development, and the therapeutic value of the drugs he created. As a pioneer in the modern pharmaceutical industry, many of his innovations later became standard practice. Lilly's ethical reforms, in a trade that was marked by outlandish claims of miracle medicines, began a period of rapid advancement in the development of medicinal drugs. During his lifetime, Lilly had advocated for federal regulation on medicines; his son, Josiah, continued that advocacy following his father's death. Honors and tributes The Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum, located beneath the Sailors' and Soldiers' Monument in Indianapolis, is named in Lilly's honor. It features exhibits about Indiana during the war period and the war in general.Colonel Lilly is featured in the Indiana Historical Society exhibition, "You Are There: Eli Lilly at the Beginning," at the Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center in Indianapolis. The temporary exhibition (October 1, 2016, to January 20, 2018) includes a recreation of the first Lilly laboratory on Pearl Street in Indianapolis and a costumed interpreter portraying Lilly. See also History of Indiana Notes and references Bibliography Bodenhamer, David J.; Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31222-1. "Colonel Eli Lilly (1838-1898)" (PDF). Lilly Archives. January 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion: Compiled and Arranged from Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies, Reports of the Adjutant Generals of the Several States, the Army Registers, and Other Reliable Documents and Sources. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Company. p. 1109. OCLC 08697590. Glass, James A.; Kohrman, David (2005). The Gas Boom of East Central Indiana. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-3963-5. Hallett, Anthony; Dianne Hallett (1997). Entrepreneur Magazine Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurs. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-17536-6. Kahn, E. J. (1975). All In A Century: The First 100 Years of Eli Lilly and Company. West Cornwall, CT. pp. 15–16. OCLC 5288809.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Madison, James H (1989). Eli Lilly: A Life, 1885–1977. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-87195-047-2. Podczeck, Fridrun; Jones, Brian E (2004). Pharmaceutical capsules. Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0-85369-568-7. Price, Nelson (1997). Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers From Johnny Appleseed to David Letterman. Carmel, Indiana: Guild Press of Indiana. pp. 57–61. ISBN 1-57860-006-5. Price, Nelson (2001). Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana. Zionsville, Indiana: Guild Press of Indiana. ISBN 1-57860-097-9. Rose, Ernestine Bradford (1971). The Circle: The Center of Indianapolis. Indianapolis: Crippin Printing Corporation. Taylor Jr.; Robert M.; Errol Wayne Stevens; Mary Ann Ponder; Paul Brockman (1989). Indiana: A New Historical Guide. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 544. ISBN 0-87195-048-0. Terrell, William H. H. (1869). Indiana in the War of the Rebellion: Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Indiana. Vol. II. Indianapolis: State of Indiana, Office of the Adjutant General. pp. 197, 208–09. Wissing, Douglas A.; Marianne Tobias; Rebecca W. Dolan; Anne Ryder (2013). Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9780871953018. "World's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. Retrieved October 27, 2016. External links "On-line biography". Archived from the original on August 15, 2004. Retrieved April 14, 2009. "Eli Lilly & co. website". Retrieved April 14, 2009. Ivcevich, Kelly A. "Lilly Endowment". Community League. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2009.

List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Chongqing

This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Municipality of Chongqing, People's Republic of China.

This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Municipality of Chongqing, People's Republic of China. See also Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China References External links Media related to Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Chongqing at Wikimedia Commons

List of libraries in Istanbul

This is a list of libraries within the city limits of Istanbul. Some of the most important libraries are: American Library (Amerikan Kütüphanesi), Tepebaşı Atatürk Library, Taksim Beyazıt State Library, Beyazıt Halide Edip Adıvar Library (Üsküdar American Academy), Bağlarbaşı Istanbul Celik Gulersoy Library (Çelik Gülersoy Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet Istanbul Technical University Mustafa Inan Library Köprülü Library Library of the Archaeological Museum (Arkeoloji Müzesi Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet Library of the French Institute, Beyoğlu Library of the Goethe Institute, Beyoğlu Library of the Islamic Research Center, ISAM (İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi), at Mayıs Üniversitesi in Bağlarbaşı Library of the Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet Library of Women's Works (Kadin Eserleri Kütüphanesi), Haliç Nuruosmaniye Library, Eminönü Rami Library (Rami Kütüphanesi), 2023-established library housed in the18th-century built Rami Barracks. Süleymaniye Library (Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi), Beyazıt

This is a list of libraries within the city limits of Istanbul. Some of the most important libraries are: American Library (Amerikan Kütüphanesi), Tepebaşı Atatürk Library, Taksim Beyazıt State Library, Beyazıt Halide Edip Adıvar Library (Üsküdar American Academy), Bağlarbaşı Istanbul Celik Gulersoy Library (Çelik Gülersoy Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet Istanbul Technical University Mustafa Inan Library Köprülü Library Library of the Archaeological Museum (Arkeoloji Müzesi Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet Library of the French Institute, Beyoğlu Library of the Goethe Institute, Beyoğlu Library of the Islamic Research Center, ISAM (İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi), at Mayıs Üniversitesi in Bağlarbaşı Library of the Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet Library of Women's Works (Kadin Eserleri Kütüphanesi), Haliç Nuruosmaniye Library, Eminönü Rami Library (Rami Kütüphanesi), 2023-established library housed in the18th-century built Rami Barracks. Süleymaniye Library (Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi), Beyazıt Related lists List of museums and monuments in Istanbul List of urban centers in Istanbul List of universities in Istanbul List of schools in Istanbul List of architectural structures in Istanbul == References ==

List of barrages and headworks in Pakistan

This is a list of barrages and headworks in Pakistan.

This is a list of barrages and headworks in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh See also List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan List of canals in Pakistan References External links Barrages in Pakistan - at Pakistan Tourism Portal Headworks in Pakistan - at Pakistan Tourism Portal

Hector Sévin

Hector Sévin (22 March 1852 – 4 May 1916) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and was former Archbishop of Lyon.Hector Sévin was born in Simandre, France to farmers Claude and Rosalee Sévin. He was educated at the Seminary of Belley and he received the diaconate on 22 May 1875.

Hector Sévin (22 March 1852 – 4 May 1916) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and was former Archbishop of Lyon.Hector Sévin was born in Simandre, France to farmers Claude and Rosalee Sévin. He was educated at the Seminary of Belley and he received the diaconate on 22 May 1875. Priesthood He was ordained on 7 June 1876. He served as subdirector of the institute for the deaf and mute in Bourg from 1875 until 1876 then as Professor of dogmatic theology, Scriptures, and ecclesiastical history at the Seminary of Belley from 1876 until 1889 and was its rector from 1889 to 1891. He was the Vicar general of the diocese of Belley in 1904. Episcopate He was appointed as bishop of Châlons on 11 February 1908 by Pope Pius X. He was consecrated on 5 April 1908 in the cathedral of Belley, by Louis Luçon, Cardinal Archbishop of Reims. He was promoted to metropolitan see of Lyon on 12 December 1912. Cardinalate He was created Cardinal-Priest of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio in the consistory of May 25, 1914 by Pope Pius X. He took part in the conclave of 1914 that elected Pope Benedict XV. He died in 1916 of peritonitis. == References ==

Bergkirchweih

The Bergkirchweih is an annual Volksfest (beer festival and travelling funfair) in Erlangen, Germany. Locals nickname it Berch, which is the East Franconian pronunciation of the German word Berg, meaning mountain or hill. The Bergkirchweih starts on the Thursday before Pentecost at 5 PM. The opening ceremony called "Anstich", which is carried out by the city's mayor, takes place at a different beer cellar, the traditional storage and cooling facilities of the local breweries, every year. Thousands gather to watch the opening spectacle hoping to receive a stein of free beer of the first barrel.

The Bergkirchweih is an annual Volksfest (beer festival and travelling funfair) in Erlangen, Germany. Locals nickname it Berch, which is the East Franconian pronunciation of the German word Berg, meaning mountain or hill. The Bergkirchweih starts on the Thursday before Pentecost at 5 PM. The opening ceremony called "Anstich", which is carried out by the city's mayor, takes place at a different beer cellar, the traditional storage and cooling facilities of the local breweries, every year. Thousands gather to watch the opening spectacle hoping to receive a stein of free beer of the first barrel. Traditionally, twelve days later the last beer barrel is buried at the cellar where the next Anstich will take place. The Bergkirchweih area is located in the north of the city of Erlangen and is roughly a kilometer long (0.6 mi). It consists of beer cellars and a long road with spaces for booths and rides; a huge Ferris wheel is the Berch's traditional landmark.With its wooden benches under elm, chestnut and oak trees it is one of the biggest Open Air Biergartens of Europe boasting more than 11,000 seats.The Bergkirchweih has taken place since 21 April 1755, making it 55 years older than the Oktoberfest. Locals often refer to the two week window when the beer festival is taking place as the "fifth season". Roughly a million people—about ten times the city's population—visit the event, making the Bergkirchweih, together with Oktoberfest in Munich, Gäubodenvolksfest in Straubing, Michaeliskirchweih in Fürth and Volksfest in Nuremberg one of the great five in Bavaria. There was an American Military Kaserne (Ferris Barracks) located in southern Erlangen until 1994. Soldiers commonly referred to the festival as the "Strawberry Festival", probably due to the difficulty in pronouncing 'Bergkirchweih'. Local traditions While most visitors to the festival will choose comfortable clothing to spend the day outdoors and potentially dance on the long benches and tables to the music of the variety of bands playing, many visitors will also opt to use the occasion to wear their most traditional Bavarian or Franconian outfits, such as Lederhosen and Dirndl. A common locally evolving tradition during the festival is the so-called Kastenlauf (crate walk). A crate of beer (20 bottles each 1/2 litre) is pulled or carried on a walk to the festival with friends. The goal is for the crate to be empty upon arrival at the festival, relating the evolution of Kastenlauf to that of pre-gaming. Nowadays the last song played during the festival every year is Lili Marleen while locals sing along and wave tissues as the last barrel of beer is symbolically being buried. See also Beer festival External links Bergkirchweih Erlangen – official website Webcam from the Bergkirchweih – since 2009 the only webcam with live images and archive == References ==

St Audoen's Church, Dublin (Roman Catholic)

St Audoen's is the church of the parish of St Audoen that is located south of the River Liffey at Cornmarket in Dublin, Ireland. The parish is in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin. The church is now home to the Polish chaplaincy in Ireland. There is an Anglican church of the same name adjacent to it.

St Audoen's is the church of the parish of St Audoen that is located south of the River Liffey at Cornmarket in Dublin, Ireland. The parish is in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin. The church is now home to the Polish chaplaincy in Ireland. There is an Anglican church of the same name adjacent to it. History The church was built between 1841 and 1847 to the neoclassical design of Patrick Byrne who also designed nearby St. Paul's Church on Arran Quay and Church of the Immaculate Conception (Adam and Eve's) on Merchants Quay. The cornerstone was laid in July 1841. A founding member donor being Daniel O’Connell.St. Audoen's houses the National Shrine of St. Anne. The site on which the church is built formerly housed a college to accommodate the chaplains to the Guild of St Anne's, originally known as Blakeney Inns and later St. Anne's Inns. The statue of St. Anne was made by Deghini's of Fishamble Street, Dublin, and was donated by a Mrs. Kelly in 1919. Architecture A central dome positioned over the crossing of the nave was the main external feature of the church until it collapsed in 1880 and was replaced with a flat roof. It has a double-level crypt to compensate for the steeply sloping site. In 1898 the portico including the piazza to the front and railings was added by George Ashlin. The pediment over portico has a granite frieze supported on granite Corinthian columns. Like the earlier St. Paul's, above the pediment are carved statues at each end and at the apex.The walls are constructed of Black calp and are best appreciated from Cook Street from where their sheer bulk dominates the area and the Medieval Dublin City Walls. Because of its steeply sloping site, the church has a double level crypt to the rear. The interior, which has a coffered barrel-vaulted ceiling, is lit by lunette windows high above the walls. The statue of Our Lady's Altar is by Peter Bonanni of Rome, which won a gold medal at the Dublin Exhibition in 1853.The holy water stoups on either side of the main doors are giant clam shells that were donated in 1917 by a Pacific Ocean sea captain as a gift to his brother, the parish priest at the time.Until December 2007 the church hosted a regular Tridentine (Latin) Mass. The church has experienced a resurgence of attendance due to the influx of Polish immigrants who regularly celebrate mass in the church in their native language. St Audoen's Church is now home to the Polish chaplaincy in Ireland. Gallery References External links Polish chaplaincy in Ireland

Andy Cowell

Andy Cowell (born 12 February 1969) is a British Formula One engineer. He was most recently the managing director at Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains. He is also a Fellow of both the IMechE and the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Andy Cowell (born 12 February 1969) is a British Formula One engineer. He was most recently the managing director at Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains. He is also a Fellow of both the IMechE and the Royal Academy of Engineering. Career Cowell studied Mechanical Engineering at university, and joined Cosworth on their graduate scheme straight and then worked his way through the company’s various technical departments before specialising in the design and development of Formula One engines. By 1998, Cowell was responsible for the engineering project group for the top end of the innovative CK engine, which powered Stewart Grand Prix to a win in 1999. He spent a year with BMW Motorsport in 2000, steering the engineering group that designed the 2001 BMW-Williams engine.Cowell returned to Cosworth as Principal Engineer for F1 design and development in 2001, managing new engine projects in 2001 and 2003, before joining Mercedes-Ilmor in 2004 as Principal Engineer for the FQ V10 engine project. He worked as Chief Engineer on Ilmor’s V8 engine project before taking on oversight for the technical and programme leadership of all engine projects – including the KERS Hybrid system, which debuted in 2009.Cowell subsequently served as the Engineering Director for Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines from July 2008 to January 2013, responsible for technical and programme leadership of all engine and powertrain projects, including the organisation and strategy of the engineering group. In January 2013, Cowell became the Managing Director of Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains, replacing Thomas Fuhr. It was in this role in which he oversaw development of the innovative PU106A V6 Hybrid Power Unit; which went on to successfully power the 2014 championship-winning F1 W05 Hybrid and was unanimously considered to be the best powertrain in the first year of the turbo-hybrid era.Under Cowell's stewardship, Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains has powered the Mercedes works team to 12 world titles in six years, winning both the Drivers’ and Constructors’ Championships in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. In June 2020 Cowell left Mercedes to seek a new challenge, he was succeeded by Hywel Thomas. == References ==

Jisi Incident

The Jisi Incident (simplified Chinese: 己巳之变; traditional Chinese: 己巳之變) was a military conflict between the Later Jin dynasty and the Ming dynasty, named because it happened in 1629, a jisi year according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle. In the winter of 1629 Hong Taiji bypassed Ming's northeastern defenses by breaching the Great Wall of China west of the Shanhai Pass and reached the outskirts of Beijing before being repelled by reinforcements from Shanhai Pass. The Later Jin secured large amounts of war material by looting the region around Beijing. This was the first time Later Jin forces had broken through the Great Wall since they rose up against the Ming dynasty.

The Jisi Incident (simplified Chinese: 己巳之变; traditional Chinese: 己巳之變) was a military conflict between the Later Jin dynasty and the Ming dynasty, named because it happened in 1629, a jisi year according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle. In the winter of 1629 Hong Taiji bypassed Ming's northeastern defenses by breaching the Great Wall of China west of the Shanhai Pass and reached the outskirts of Beijing before being repelled by reinforcements from Shanhai Pass. The Later Jin secured large amounts of war material by looting the region around Beijing. This was the first time Later Jin forces had broken through the Great Wall since they rose up against the Ming dynasty. Course of battle In the winter of 1629 the Jin army broke through the Great Wall at Longjing Pass and Da'an Pass, west of Shanhai Pass. The Jin first secured Jizhou by encircling it and then advanced towards Zunhua, which fell easily with the help of defectors. The Ming official Liu Zhilun attempted to thwart the Jin invaders with two units of gunners, but his men mutinied and they died under a volley of arrows. Zhao Shuaijiao also died at Zunhua.Ming general Man Gui rushed to intercept the Jin army with 5,000 troops, but they were repulsed and driven toward Beijing's Desheng Gate, Man Gui was severely injured in close-quarters combat. Beijing's garrisons tried to support Man Gui with cannon fire, but ended up hitting Man Gui and his troops. Man Gui was forced to retreat into Beijing after losing 40 percent of his men. Another Ming general Hou Shilu attempted to intervene, but his forces were routed. At that point the Chongzhen Emperor started pleading the high officials in the capital to use their own personal funds and horses to supply the army.As the Jin army was about to assault the northern wall of Beijing, Yuan Chonghuan and Zu Dashou arrived from the northeast with reinforcements and drove back the invaders. After that Yuan was assigned the defense of the Guangqu Gate.Man Gui's army attempted to fortify the outskirts of Beijing with palisades, but an elite Jin army attacked, crushing his forces, Sun Zushou tried to save Man Gui from Jin encirclement but was injured by an arrow shot in his forehead, in the end both of them died, Man Gui's deputy generals Hei Yunlong and Ma Dengyun were captured by the Jin army. Zu Dashou attempted similar operations, but was also defeated by Jin cavalry and forced to flee east. Another contingent of Ming forces was defeated at the Marco Polo Bridge. More reinforcements were called in from the west, which contributed to the general mayhem as they looted their way to Beijing.Yongping fell to the Jin in early 1630, and the invaders captured some 22,000 taels as well as large amounts of food supplies. The Jin army attempted to advance further but was repulsed by Yuan Chonghuan and his commanders who personally fought against the Jin army at close quarters.Hong Taiji attempted to negotiate with the Chongzhen Emperor, but his envoys elicited no response. The Jin army retreated to Shenyang in the spring of 1630, but commanders and garrisons were left behind to occupy the cities they had captured.The Ming managed to retake these cities by mid-spring of 1630. Aftermath While the Jin had not managed to capture Beijing, they acquired significant amounts of war booty in the form of taels, grain, supplies, weapons, and captives.Hong Taiji released accusations through captured eunuchs implicating Yuan Chonghuan of colluding with him. Believing these claims, Chongzhen ordered the arrest and imprisonment of Yuan. Yuan was accused of having fired cannons at Man Gui's troops and injured Man Gui, colluding with the Jin, and executing Mao Wenlong on false charges. He was executed on 22 September 1630.Banditry in the Ming countryside continued. Hong Chengchou was called in to suppress rebels, but his subordinates, in particular the brothers Cao Wenzhao and Cao Bianjiao were reckless. Soldiers slaughtered rebels as well as civilians alike to turn in heads for rewards. At one point an official even submitted female heads, claiming they were bandits. He was demoted. It was estimated that by 1631 there were roughly 200,000 rebels separated into 36 groups.Among the rebels that popped up, Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng would play major roles in the fall of the dynasty in the next 15 years. Zhang Xianzhong was a native of Yan'an, Shaanxi. He was said to be strong, valiant, but also hairy and had a lust for killing. In his official biography, it is said that "if a single day went by and he did not kill someone, then he was really unhappy." Kenneth Swope suggests that he may have been mentally unstable and a psychopath. When his family disowned him for getting into repeated fights with his peers, he joined the army, which sentenced him to death for breaking military law. An officer named Chen Hongfan spared him due to being impressed by his valiance. Zhang Xianzhong then joined the rebellion and followed Ma Shouying, who made him a petty officer and named him the "Yellow Tiger". Eventually hardship struck in the winter of 1631 and Zhang was forced to surrender with Luo Rucai, the first of several times he would do so out of expedience.Li Zicheng was the second son of Li Shouzhong and hailed from Mizhi, Shaanxi. Li showed an aptitude for horse archery at an early age but was forced to become a shepherd at the age of ten due to poverty. He became an orphan when his mother died three years later. Li joined the army at the age of 16 but later left and entered the postal service in 1626. At some point Li became an outlaw for killing a man he was found in bed with his wife after returning from an extended business trip. He was arrested and jailed until his nephew Li Guo freed him, and together they fled the area. In Gansu, Li Zicheng joined the army again and became a squad commander of 50 men. After taking part in the suppression of the rebel Gao Yingxiang, Li himself became a rebel due to charges of stealing rations.By 1632 Shaanxi was experiencing mass famine. Food supplies could not be delivered due to heavy snows and banditry spread to Sichuan, Shandong and Shanxi. References Bibliography Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China: 900-1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01212-7 Swope, Kenneth (2014), The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, Routledge Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, vol. 1, University of California Press

Public awareness of science

Public awareness of science (PAwS) is everything relating to the awareness, attitudes, behaviors, opinions, and activities that comprise the relations between the general public or lay society as a whole to scientific knowledge and organization. This concept is also known as public understanding of science (PUS), or more recently, public engagement with science and technology (PEST). It is a comparatively new approach to the task of exploring the multitude of relations and linkages science, technology, and innovation have among the general public. While early work in the discipline focused on increasing or augmenting the public's knowledge of scientific topics, in line with the information deficit model of science communication, the deficit model has largely been abandoned by science communication researchers. Instead, there is an increasing emphasis on understanding how the public chooses to use scientific knowledge and on the development of interfaces to mediate between expert and lay understandings of an issue.

Public awareness of science (PAwS) is everything relating to the awareness, attitudes, behaviors, opinions, and activities that comprise the relations between the general public or lay society as a whole to scientific knowledge and organization. This concept is also known as public understanding of science (PUS), or more recently, public engagement with science and technology (PEST). It is a comparatively new approach to the task of exploring the multitude of relations and linkages science, technology, and innovation have among the general public. While early work in the discipline focused on increasing or augmenting the public's knowledge of scientific topics, in line with the information deficit model of science communication, the deficit model has largely been abandoned by science communication researchers. Instead, there is an increasing emphasis on understanding how the public chooses to use scientific knowledge and on the development of interfaces to mediate between expert and lay understandings of an issue. Newer frameworks of communicating science include the dialogue and the participation models. The dialogue model aims to create spaces for conversations between scientists and non-scientists to occur while the participation model aims to include non-scientists in the process of science. Major themes The area integrates a series of fields and themes such as: Citizen science Consumer education Fixed and mobile science exhibits Media and science (medialisation of science) Public controversies over science and technology Public tours of research and development (R&D) parks, manufacturing companies, etc. Science and art Science communication in the mass media, Internet, radio, films and television programs Science education for adults Science fairs in schools and social groups Science festivals Science in popular culture Science in text books and classrooms Science museums, aquaria, planetaria, zoological parks, botanical gardens, etc. Science social movementsImportant lines of research are how to raise public awareness and public understanding of science and technology. Also, learning how the public feels and knows about science generally as well as individual subjects, such as genetic engineering, or bioethics. Research by Matthew Nisbet highlights several challenges in science communication, including the paradox that scientific success can create either trust or distrust in experts in different populations and that attitudes of trust are shaped by mostly socioeconomic rather than religious or ideological differences. A 2020 survey by the Pew Research Center found varying levels of trust in science by country, political leanings, and other factors. The Bodmer report The publication of the Royal Society's' report The Public Understanding of Science (or Bodmer Report) in 1985 is widely held to be the birth of the Public Understanding of Science movement in Britain. The report led to the foundation of the Committee on the Public Understanding of Science and a cultural change in the attitude of scientists to outreach activities. Models of engagement Contextualist model In the 1990s, a new perspective emerged in the field with the classic study of Cumbrian Sheep Farmers' interaction with the Nuclear scientists in England. Brian Wynne demonstrated how the experts were ignorant or disinterested in taking into account the lay knowledge of the sheep farmers while conducting field experiments on the impact of the Chernobyl nuclear fallout on the sheep in the region. Because of this shortcoming from the side of the scientists, local farmers lost their trust in them. The experts were unaware of the local environmental conditions and the behaviour of sheep and this has eventually led to the failure of their experimental models. Following this study, scholars have studies similar micro-sociological contexts of expert-lay interaction and proposed that the context of knowledge communication is important to understand public engagement with science. Instead of large scale public opinion surveys, researchers proposed studies informed by sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK). The contextualist model focuses on the social impediments in the bidirectional flow of scientific knowledge between experts and laypersons/communities. Deliberative model Scholars like Sheila Jasanoff have advanced the debate around public engagement with science by leveraging the theory of deliberative democracy to analyze the public deliberation of and participation in science through various institutional forms. Proponents of greater public deliberation argue it is a basic condition for decision making in democratic societies, even on science and technology issues. There are also attempts to develop more inclusive participatory models of technological governance in the form of consensus conferences, citizen juries, extended peer reviews, and deliberative mapping. Civic science model Some scholars have identified a new era of "post-normal science" (PNS) in which many scientific discoveries carry high stakes if risks are estimated incorrectly within a broader social context that has a high degree of uncertainty. This PNS era requires a new approach to public engagement efforts and requires a reevaluation of the underlying assumptions of "public engagement", especially with emerging science and technology issues, like CRISPR gene editing, that have the potential to become "wicked problems". These "wicked" issues often require regulatory and policy decisions that have no single correct solution and often involve numerous interest groups – none of whom are clearly positioned to decide and resolve the problem. Policy and regulatory decisions around these scientific issues are inherently political and must balance trade-offs between the scientific research, perceptions of risk, societal needs, and ethical values. While scientists can provide factual answers to research questions and mathematical estimates of risk, many considerations surrounding these wicked science and technology issues have no factual answer. The unidirectional deficit model of simply educating the public on theses issues is insufficient to address these complex questions, and some scholars have proposed scientists adopt a culture of civic science: "broad public engagement with issues that arise at the many intersections between science and society." An emphasis is placed on developing an iterative engagement model that actively seeks to incorporate groups who stand to be adversely effected by a new technology and conducting this engagement away from universities so that it can be done on the public's terms with the public's terms. Other scholars have emphasized that this model of public engagement requires that the public be able to influence science, not merely be engaged by it, up to the point of being able to say "no" to research that does not align with the broader public's values. Under the civic science model, there are five key lessons for scientists committed to public engagement: Establish why you want to engage with the public and clearly identify your goals. Seek out and engage with a broad, diverse range of groups and perspectives and center engagement on listening to these groups. Work cooperatively with groups to establish common definitions to avoid the perception that researchers are being disingenuous by relying on semantic differences between expert and lay interpretations of vocabulary to ensure the public "supports" their position. Working to tilt public debates in favor of the priorities and values of researchers will not lead to consistent "best" decisions because wicked science and technology problems will have different considerations and perspectives depending on the application and cultural context. Meaningfully engage as early as possible; engagement must begin early enough in the research process that the public's views can shape both the research and implementation of findings Measuring public understanding of science Social scientists use various metrics to measure public understanding of science, including: Factual knowledge The key assumptions is that the more individual pieces of information a person is able to retrieve, the more that person is considered to have learned.Examples of measurement: Recognition: Answering a specific question by selecting the correct answer out a list Cued recall: Answering a specific question without a list of choices Free recall: After exposure to information, the study participant produces a list of as much of the information as they can remember Self-reported knowledge, perceived knowledge, or perceived familiarity The key assumption is that emphasizes the value of knowledge of one's knowledge.Examples of measurement: Scaled survey responses to questions such as, "How well informed you would say you are about this topic?", this can be also used to assess perceived knowledge before and after events Structural knowledge The nature of connections among different pieces of information in memory. The key assumption is that the use of elaboration increases the likelihood of remembering information.Examples of measurement: Asking study participants to assess relationships among concepts. For example, participants free recall concepts onto the first row and column of a matrix, then indicate whether the concepts are related to each other by placing an "X" in the cell if they are not. Participants then rank the remaining open cells by their relatedness from 1 (only very weakly) to 7 (very strongly related). Study participants answer questions designed to measure elaboration involved in a task, such as, "I tried to relate the ideas I read about to my own past experiences." Trust and credibility People may trust science or scientists to different degrees, or may find specific scientists or specific research to be more or less credible. These factors can be related to how science can be used to advance knowledge, and may also be related to how science is communicated.Examples of measurement: The 21-item Trust in Science and Scientists Inventory, which measures agreement/disagreement with statements like, "We can trust scientists to share their discoveries even if we don't like their findings." Scientist-specific measures of agreement, such as "I would trust scientific information if I knew it came from this author." Mixed use of measures While some studies purport that factual and perceived knowledge can be viewed as the same construct, a 2012 study investigating public knowledge of nanotechnology supports separating their use in communications research, as they "do not reflect the same underlying knowledge structures". Correlations between them were found to be low and they were not predicted by the same factors. For example different types of science media use, television versus online, predicted different constructs. Factual knowledge has been shown to be empirically distinct from structural knowledge. Project examples Government and private-led campaigns and events, such as Dana Foundation's "Brain Awareness Week", are becoming a strong focus of programmes which try to promote public awareness of science. The UK PAWS Foundation dramatically went as far as establishing a Drama Fund with the BBC in 1994. The purpose was to encourage and support the creation of new drama for television, drawing on the world of science and technology.The Vega Science Trust was set up in 1994 to promote science through the media of television and the internet with the aim of giving scientists a platform from which to communicate to the general public. The Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science chair at The University of Oxford was established in 1995 for the ethologist Richard Dawkins by an endowment from Charles Simonyi. Mathematician Marcus du Sautoy has held the chair since Dawkins' retirement in 2008. Similar professorships have since been created at other British universities. Professorships in the field have been held by well-known academics including Richard Fortey and Kathy Sykes at the University of Bristol, Brian Cox at Manchester University, Tanya Byron at Edge Hill University, Jim Al-Khalili at the University of Surrey, and Alice Roberts at the University of Birmingham. See also References Further reading Bensaude-vincent, Bernadette (2001). "A Genealogy of the Increasing Gap between Science and the Public". Public Understanding of Science. 10 (1): 99–113. doi:10.1088/0963-6625/10/1/307. Bijker, Wiebe E., Bal, Roland and Hendriks, Ruud. 2009. The Paradox of Scientific Authority: The Role of Scientific Advice in Democracies. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press. Bucchi, Massimiano (1996). "When Scientists Turn to the Public: Alternative Routes in Science Communication". Public Understanding of Science. 5 (4): 375–394. doi:10.1088/0963-6625/5/4/005. S2CID 143374883. Dash, Biswanath (2014a). "Public Understanding of Cyclone Warning in India: Can Wind be Predicted?". Public Understanding of Science. 24 (8): 970–987. doi:10.1177/0963662514553203. PMID 25313142. S2CID 22226217. Davenport, Sally and Leitch, Shirley. 2005. "Agoras, Ancient and Modern, and a Framework for Science-Society Debate", Science and Public Policy 32(2), April, pp. 137–153. Dryzek, John S. 2000. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Felt, Ulrike; Fochler, Maximilian (2010). "Machineries for Making Publics: Inscribing and De-scribing Publics in Public Engagement". Minerva. 48 (3): 219–239. doi:10.1007/s11024-010-9155-x. S2CID 144227502. Fischer, Frank. 2005. Citizens, Experts, and the Environment. Durham: Duke University Press. Gregory, Jane & Miller, Steve (1998); Science in Public: Communication, Culture & Credibility (Cambridge, Massachusetts USA: Perseus Publishing) Hess, David J (2011). "To Tell the Truth: On Scientific Counter Publics". Public Understanding of Science. 20 (5): 627–641. doi:10.1177/0963662509359988. S2CID 145627603. Hilgartner, Stephen (1990). "The Dominant View of Popularisation: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses". Social Studies of Science. 20 (3): 519–539. doi:10.1177/030631290020003006. S2CID 144068473. Irwin, Alan and Wynne, Brian. (eds.) 1996. Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Irwin, Alan. 1995. Citizen Science: A Study of People, Expertise and Sustainable Development. London and New York: Routledge. Jasanoff, Sheila (2003c). "Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing Science". Minerva. 41 (3): 223–244. doi:10.1023/A:1025557512320. S2CID 14370392. Jasanoff, Sheila. 2005. Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Leach, Melissa, Scoones, Ian and Wynne, Brian. (eds.) 2005. Science and Citizens: Globalisation and the Challenge of Engagement. London and New York: Zed Books. Public Understanding of Science, specialist journal. Shapin, Steven. 1990. 'Science and the Public' in R.C. Olby et al. (eds). Companion to the History of Modern Science. London and New York: Routledge. Pp. 990–1007. The Royal Academy of Science's 2006 "Factors affecting science communication: a survey of scientists and engineers" report. Southwell, Brian G. (2013). "Social Networks and Popular Understanding of Science and Health". Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Southwell, Brian G.; Torres, Alicia (2006). "Connecting interpersonal and mass communication: Science news exposure, perceived ability to understand science, and conversation". Communication Monographs. 73 (3): 334–350. doi:10.1080/03637750600889518. S2CID 143644528. Varughese, Shiju Sam (2012). "Where are the missing masses? The Quasi-publics and Non-publics of Technoscience". Minerva. 50 (2): 239–254. doi:10.1007/s11024-012-9197-3. S2CID 144319733. Varughese, Shiju Sam (2017). Contested Knowledge: Science, Media, and Democracy in Kerala. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199469123.001.0001. ISBN 9780199469123. External links Science.gov Vega Science Trust

The Best Offer

The Best Offer (Italian: La migliore offerta – entitled Deception in the UK) is a 2013 Australian-English-language Italian psychological thriller film written and directed by Giuseppe Tornatore. The film stars Geoffrey Rush, Jim Sturgess, Sylvia Hoeks, and Donald Sutherland. The music score was composed by Ennio Morricone.

The Best Offer (Italian: La migliore offerta – entitled Deception in the UK) is a 2013 Australian-English-language Italian psychological thriller film written and directed by Giuseppe Tornatore. The film stars Geoffrey Rush, Jim Sturgess, Sylvia Hoeks, and Donald Sutherland. The music score was composed by Ennio Morricone. Plot The film tells a story of love and deceit, set in Europe - in the world of ultra high-end art auctions and antiques. The story revolves around Virgil Oldman (Geoffrey Rush), an ageing, wealthy, and esteemed, but somewhat standoffish and eccentric, managing director of a preeminent auction house. Oldman is hired by a mysterious young heiress, Claire Ibbetson (Sylvia Hoeks), to auction off a large collection of art and antiques left to her by her parents. Claire always refuses to be seen in person, suffering from severe agoraphobia and never leaving her room. She has decided to trust Oldman, however, as he suffers himself from OCD. Soon enough Virgil, a lifelong bachelor who is able to relate to her reclusiveness, understands that he is falling in love with her. An astute young artisan, Robert (Jim Sturgess), who has a shop repairing and restoring clocks, aids Oldman in restoring and reassembling some odd mechanical parts that he finds among Claire's belongings, which appear to be from a potentially valuable historic automaton, while also giving him advice on how to befriend her, and how to deal with his feelings towards her. Oldman's poise and prestige are counterpointed by an ongoing scam whereby his friend Billy Whistler (Donald Sutherland) helps him acquire a large private collection of master portraits of women, worth many millions, by presenting them at auction as the work of other artists. Billy is an aspiring artist himself and is disappointed that Oldman does not take his work seriously. A side narrative involves Virgil discovering a mouldy, charred piece of wood at another client's mansion. Declaring it probably worthless, he solicits it as a gift. Professional restoration then reveals a painting underneath, which Virgil falsely states is by a 16th-century forger who had identified herself with an obscurely placed "V". Virgil notes to these other clients that all forgers are irresistibly tempted to modify the original by adding something of their own, which reveals the forger's own artistic sensibilities. At auction, the painting is sold for £90,000; but, after Virgil explains to Billy that he knew that it was actually an original worth £8 million, Billy buys the painting from its purchaser for £250,000 and gives it to Virgil. Oldman eventually begins a relationship with Ibbetson, compromising his work. At the peak of the relationship, Claire overcomes her fear of the outside world and Virgil lays aside his gloves. Claire goes on to live with Virgil, who trusts the fragile Claire enough to show her his secret collection. Overcome with emotion, Claire tells Virgil that, no matter what might happen to the two of them, she does love him. Once when leaving the villa, Virgil is beaten up by a gang and left in the street although his phone is not taken; Claire rescues him. Virgil returns home one day to find that Claire and his entire collection are gone. In the vault is only the completed automaton constructed from the mechanical parts Virgil had given to Robert, which plays a message from Robert saying that there is something real in every forgery and that this is why Robert will truly miss Virgil. He also discovers that a supposed portrait of Claire's mother was in fact painted by Billy and has been left for him with a telling inscription. Virgil realizes that he is the victim of an elaborate fraud conducted by Robert, Claire, and Billy, but he is unable to go to the police due to the illicit means by which he had acquired the now stolen works. He also discovers that the real owner of the villa is a young savant also named Claire, disabled and confined to a wheelchair, who has been watching him visit the villa on numerous occasions from a café across the street in which Virgil had himself spent time. She reveals that she had hired the villa out to some film directors and had seen the supposedly agoraphobic fake "Claire" come and go from the villa hundreds of times. Real Claire had also watched the contents of the villa being moved in three times and out three times. Virgil realises that this had been staging the ruse—the contents to be removed for auction by Virgil, returned when false Claire had allegedly decided not to sell the items, and finally removed when the con was complete. We are not told explicitly who is behind the con, but at one prior point Claire, unaware that she is being observed by Virgil, talks to someone on the phone whom she calls the "Director"; if this is Billy, a possible motive is that, as an artist disappointed by Virgil, the con is an act of revenge on his part. An alternative suggestion by some viewers is that Billy, and possibly Robert, wish to draw Virgil out of his previous life in which he had little real contact or empathy with other real people, and the loss of his portrait collection may be a price he has to pay to gain the insights he has hitherto avoided. After months of recovering from the betrayal in a mental institution, Virgil takes a trip to Prague, where he takes a room opposite the famous medieval tower clock and visits a restaurant that fake Claire had once suggested. The restaurant is filled with clocks and mechanical gears in the style of the automaton—perhaps a reminder of Virgil's OCD, perhaps a metaphor for his own life ticking by, or perhaps an indication of where the con was originally conceived by Robert and Billy. Virgil sits alone at a table, without gloves, recalling when Claire and he had made love and wondering whether her statement of love for him had been forged or a genuine sentiment. Cast Geoffrey Rush as Virgil Oldman, prestigious auctioneer Jim Sturgess as Robert, tinkerer and mechanical repairman Sylvia Hoeks as Claire Ibbetson, reclusive heiress Donald Sutherland as Billy Whistler, artist; friend of Virgil who helps him at auctions Philip Jackson as Fred, caretaker of the Ibbetson mansion Katie McGovern as art expert Dermot Crowley as Lambert (Virgil's main assistant) Liya Kebede as Sarah, Robert's girlfriend Maximilian Dirr as Virgil's twink Laurence Belgrave as Virgil's Assistant Sean Buchanan as Virgil's Assistant Kiruna Stamell as Claire, woman in the bar who keeps count of things Anton Alexander as Real Estate Agent John Benfield as Barman Miles Richardson as Steirereck Maitre James Patrick Conway as Steirereck Manager Brigitte Christensen as First Daughter Production The film was produced by Paco Cinematografica with support from the FVG (Friuli Venezia Giulia) Film Fund. Filming began in Trieste on April 30, 2012. For Tornatore this meant a return to Trieste: it was here he shot La Sconosciuta in 2005, with Xenia Rappoport. Filming took place in a period of five to six weeks in the region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Vienna, Prague, and South Tyrol. Reception Critical reception The Best Offer received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 55%, with an average rating of 5.84/10, based on reviews from 33 critics. On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 49 (out of 100), based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Andrew Pulver of The Guardian rated it 2/5 stars and called it "stiff" and "convoluted". Philippa Hawker of The Age rated it 3/5 stars and called it "handsome, yet austere". Sandra Hall of the Brisbane Times rated it 4/5 stars and praised Geoffrey Rush's acting. Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter called it "astutely written". Variety called the film "superficial" and "clichéd", but predicted box office success. Box office On the Italian opening weekend, the film grossed $2,496,402 from 373 theaters and debuted at number 2 on the box office chart, behind Us in the U.S.. It grossed $12,021,662 domestically and $8,468,038 overseas for a worldwide gross of $20,489,700. Accolades References External links Official website (in Italian) The Best Offer at IMDb The Best Offer at the TCM Movie Database The Best Offer at AllMovie The Best Offer at Rotten Tomatoes

Carling Brewery

The Carling Brewery was founded in 1840 by Thomas Carling at London in Upper Canada (now Ontario, Canada). In 1952, Carling lager was first sold in the United Kingdom, and in the early 1980s, it became the UK's most popular beer brand (by volume sold). The company changed hands numerous times – it was acquired by Canadian Breweries, which was eventually renamed Carling O'Keefe, which merged with the Molson Brewery, which then merged with Coors to form Molson Coors.

The Carling Brewery was founded in 1840 by Thomas Carling at London in Upper Canada (now Ontario, Canada). In 1952, Carling lager was first sold in the United Kingdom, and in the early 1980s, it became the UK's most popular beer brand (by volume sold). The company changed hands numerous times – it was acquired by Canadian Breweries, which was eventually renamed Carling O'Keefe, which merged with the Molson Brewery, which then merged with Coors to form Molson Coors. History The origin of Carling dates back to 1818, when Thomas Carling, a farmer from the English county of Yorkshire, and his family settled in Upper Canada, at what is now the city of London, Ontario. He brewed an ale which became popular, and eventually took up brewing full-time. The first Carling brewery had two kettles, a horse to turn the grinding mill and six men to work on the mash tubs, and Carling sold his beer from a wheelbarrow on the streets of London, Ontario.In 1840, Carling began a small brewing operation in London, selling beer to soldiers at the local camp. In 1878, his sons, John and William, built a five-storey brewery in London, which was destroyed by fire within four years of opening, on 13 February 1879. William Carling, the firm's senior partner and technical leader, died of pneumonia contracted after helping to fight the fire. The remaining partners carried on without him. John Carling died in 1911, and the company changed hands numerous times thereafter. In 1927, Carling offered a $25,000 prize for the first flight from London, Ontario, to London, England. The challenge was taken up by Capt. Terry Tully and Lt. James Medcalf in a Stinson Detroiter monoplane named Sir John Carling. They took off on 1 September 1927, from London, Ontario, and reached Newfoundland, but disappeared over the North Atlantic.Carling merged with the Brewing Corporation of Ontario (BCO) in 1930. BCO launched Carling in the US in 1932 through a joint venture and acquired Toronto's O'Keefe Brewery in 1934. BCO became Canadian Breweries (CBL) in 1937. Under the leadership of president E. P. Taylor, CBL grew Carling into a Canadian national brand through the purchase of numerous other breweries across Canada, several of which were converted to brew Carling and O'Keefe brands and Carling Red Cap became the most popular brand of beer in Ontario in the 1960s. (Alcohol sale is regulated differently by each Canadian province, not on a nation-wide basis.) The brand later disappeared from the market and was unsuccessfully revived in 1994.Carling brands entered the UK market in a joint venture between CBL and British brewers in 1952. The joint venture eventually became Bass Charington, the largest brewer in the UK. After CBL was sold to Rothmans in 1969, it was renamed Carling O'Keefe in 1973. In 1989, Carling O'Keefe merged with Molson, which merged in 2005 with Coors to form the Molson Coors Brewing Company. Molson Coors has continued to brew and sell Carling Black Label across Canada. Carling became the UK's most popular beer brand (by volume sold) in the early 1980s. UK sales in 1999 were one billion pints, in 2007, 2.3 billion pints (over six billion worldwide), in 2009, 4.1 billion pints (11.6 billion pints worldwide), in 2010, 17.6 billion pints worldwide, in 2011 24.9 billion pints worldwide. In 2016 they broke new records, selling 7.9 billion pints in the UK alone, with 83.6 billion pints worldwide. The largest pub chain in the UK, J D Wetherspoon, stopped selling Carling in September 2009, entering into a seven-year exclusive deal with the Danish brewery Carlsberg. From Q1 2011 Amstel, Carling, Heineken and Staropramen were again sold by Wetherspoons, at higher prices than Carlsberg.In 2017, UK HMRC took Carling to the tax tribunal because it claimed the firm underpaid tax by more than £50 million between 1 September 2012 and 31 January 2015. But the firm won the case after it successfully argued the actual strength of the lager meant it should not be subject to the four per cent level of taxation. The lager is advertised as having an alcohol by volume (ABV) of four per cent but is actually brewed between 3.7 per cent and 4.3 per cent, owners Molson Coors said. In the tribunal hearing brought by HMRC, the firm said the ABV was reduced in order to cut tax on Carling products as stronger beers are subject to higher taxes than lower-strength ones under UK excise duties. EU law permits beer to have a natural variation of 0.5 per cent and the owner insists it does not believe customers are being misled. According to papers from the tribunal, Philip Rutherford, vice president of Molson Coors Europe, told the tribunal the "key driver" behind the decision not to change the labelling on Carling's products was to prevent retailers, including pub chains and supermarkets, from demanding "a slice" of the savings. Sponsorships Carling, part of Molson Coors, were title sponsors of English football's Premier League from its second season in 1993 until 2001, returning as an official partner from 2016 to 2019 before being replaced by Budweiser, and the Reading and Leeds festivals from between 1998 and 2007. Carling are the official beer of the Scotland national football team, and in 2010 and 2011 were the sponsors of the Scottish Cup. In 2012, Carling ended their nine-year sponsorship of the Football League Cup, then called the Carling Cup . As of 2013 they sponsored Northern Ireland's IFA Premiership. Carling sponsored the two leading Scottish football clubs, Celtic and Rangers, from 2003 to 2010.Carling was a major sponsor of live music in the UK, sponsoring the Academy Music Group venues (including Brixton Academy), until replaced by O2. In 1927, Carling offered a $25,000 prize for the first Canadian or British pilot to fly from London, Ontario to London, England. This offer was made just after Lindbergh had made his successful flight. The pilot, Terrence Tully, and James Medcalf the navigator made the attempt in a Stinson SM-1. The plane took off on 29 August 1927, but soon turned back due to heavy fog. Their second attempt a few days later brought them to Newfoundland, from which on 7 September they headed for London, England. After two days had passed with no sighting of them, it was assumed they were lost at sea.Carling in 1972 and 1973 sponsored race driver Larry Smith in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series; Smith died in a crash during the 1973 Talladega 500. For 1974 the company sponsored Canadian native Earl Ross; after his second place in that year’s Motor State 400 Ross' team was merged by Carling with the Junior Johnson #11 team of driver Cale Yarborough. Yarborough had won six races during the season and won four more under Carling colors while Ross stunned the sport by winning at Martinsville Speedway. Despite the success Carling unexpectedly dropped their sponsorship, this despite signing a deal lasting through 1977. Beers Carling Black Label is a beer sold in Canada and South Africa; it is the best-selling beer in South Africa. It has an alcohol content of 5% in Canada and 5.5% in South Africa. Carling, formerly known as Carling Black Label, is a mass market lager in the United Kingdom with an alcohol content of 3.7% (But labelled at 4%). Carling Black Label Ice, or "Black Ice", is a strong, low-priced ice beer sold in Canada with an alcohol content of 6.1%; sold as Molson Ice in the United States using a variation of the Black Label Ice label and logo. Carling Lager is a no-preservatives lager sold in Canada, distinct from Carling (Black Label). Carling Ice is an ice-brewed product from the Carling line. Carling Light is a lighter variation of Carling Lager. Carling Premier is a cream-flow lager with an alcohol content of 4.7%, introduced to celebrate Carling's sponsorship of the FA Premier League in 1992. In cans it is sold with a nitrogen widget, similar to those used in some canned ales. Unlike most lagers, Premier needs time to settle. Carling Extra Cold is a version sold in British pubs chilled to 2 °C, launched in 2002. C2 is the low-alcohol version of Carling, with 2% alcohol by volume. Carling Black Label Supreme is an inexpensive 8% alcohol brew. Carling Black Label Big 10 has 10% alcohol content. Carling Chrome is a bottled lager, brewed for a less bitter taste at 4.8% abv. Carling Cider - available in regular and Black Fruit flavors. Carling Zest is a 2.8% lager that has different flavors, including ginger and citrus. Black Label Carling Black Label is the name of a brand of Canadian lager in Australia, Canada, and South Africa. In Ireland and the United Kingdom the same beer has been sold as Carling (without 'black label') since 1997. In Sweden it is known as Carling Premier.Black Label is a brand of beer well-known throughout the former British Empire, where it employed the slogan "Hey Mabel, Black Label!". During the eighties and nineties, its slogan was "I bet he drinks Carling Black Label!" which was a reworking of an unsold campaign for the UK Milk Marketing Board, "I bet he drinks milk!" In several countries it is also known as Carling Black Label. Black Label has the slang/street name of Zamalek in South Africa, because of an association with the Egyptian football club of the name which shares the colours black, white and red.The SAB's brand Carling Black Label won Monde Selection's Grand Gold Award in 2008. Other brand history WCRS produced television and cinema adverts for Carling Premier. Carling Premier adverts used unusual cinematography. Film director Wim Wenders shot one advert in Iceland with actors Bryan Carney and Rebecca Godwin, showing Carney riding a bicycle on a highwire over a waterfall; it cost over £1 million. In 1996 Carling Premier used Gary Numan's 1979 song "Cars", and sponsored his tour of that year. References Coutts, Ian (2010). Brew North: How Canadians Made Beer and Beer Made Canada. Vancouver: Greystone Books. ISBN 9781553654674. Heron, Craig (2003). Booze: a distilled history. Between The Lines. ISBN 9781896357836. Rohmer, Richard (1978). E. P. Taylor : the biography of Edward Plunket Taylor. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-7709-2. Notes External links Molson merges with Carling - CBC News: National, Broadcast Date: 18 January 1989; reporter Tom Kennedy Falstaff Brewing -- History of Carling (note this essay is written by a former Falstaff employee about Carling, but Carling was never owned by Falstaff) Partial essay on the History of Carling Museum London -- Carling Official Carling Lager website RateBeer - Molson RateBeer -South Africa British Carling television ads

Judith Miller

Judith Miller (born January 2, 1948) is an American journalist and commentator who covered Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion, which was later discovered to have been based on inaccurate information from the intelligence community. She worked in The New York Times' Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008. Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks.The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005. According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting "effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist". Miller defended her reporting, stating "My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.

Judith Miller (born January 2, 1948) is an American journalist and commentator who covered Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion, which was later discovered to have been based on inaccurate information from the intelligence community. She worked in The New York Times' Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008. Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks.The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005. According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting "effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist". Miller defended her reporting, stating "My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal." She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015.Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after Plame’s husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa. Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby, chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney. Later, she contributed to the conservative Fox News Channel and Newsmax, and was a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. Early life and education Miller was born in New York City. Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish. He owned the Riviera night club in New Jersey and later operated several casinos in Las Vegas. Bill Miller was known for booking iconic Las Vegas performers. His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking. Her mother was a "pretty Irish Catholic showgirl."Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs. Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner. In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher. Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream. Career During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks. She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline. Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle East scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias. In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names "is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam." He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that "nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong... They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject." He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia. She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world. However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance. Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office. The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida. Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington.Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times was the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001. Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001. Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, "U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings. Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization. The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source. On December 3, 2001, Miller telephoned the Holy Land Foundation for comment, and The New York Times published an article in the late edition papers and on its website that day. The next day, the government searched HLF's offices. These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches. The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. Many of these stories later turned out to have been based upon faulty information. (One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq "saw nothing to prompt a war.")On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of "aluminum tubes" bound for Iraq. Her front-page story quoted unnamed "American officials" and "American intelligence experts" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed "Bush administration officials" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had "stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb". Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war. Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position. As summarized by The New York Review of Books, "in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it." Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal. In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until "right before the invasion." This report was covered extensively in the press. Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun. What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions. There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared. A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece "wacky-assed" and complained there were "real questions about it and why it was on page 1."On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times' Baghdad bureau chief. In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content. Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Kurtz for its release.A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change. The editorial also expressed "regret" that "information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged." However, the editorial explicitly rejected "blame on individual reporters."On May 27, 2004, the day after the Times' mea culpa, James C. Moore quoted Miller in an article in Salon: You know what, ... I was proved fucking right. That's what happened. People who disagreed with me were saying, 'There she goes again.' But I was proved fucking right." The statement about being "proved ... right" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs. However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting "frequently [did] not meet published Times standards", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by "cultivating top-ranking sources."In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held). After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ... Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter. Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times' publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work. She cited "difficulty" in performing her job effectively after having become "an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover."In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a "systemic problem at the paper" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's. He said the paper wanted "stories about the existence of WMD" rather than "skeptical stories". Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative. Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation. Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded. On February 15, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld Judge Hogan's ruling. On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case. On July 6, 2005, Judge Hogan ordered Miller to serve her sentence at "a suitable jail within the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia". She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005.In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her. Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence. Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place. Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential. On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon. Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: "No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence".Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources. Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be "merely punitive" and would serve no purpose. Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that "impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her". Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to "Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys. Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence.On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a "parade of prominent government and media officials" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby. Miller discussed three conversations she had had with Libby in June and July 2003, including the meeting on June 23, 2003. In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember. According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, "adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.) division that dealt with limiting the proliferation of unconventional weapons". The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby. Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer. While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation. According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003. Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003. Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State.On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated. The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby. Filings by Fitzgerald reportedly alleged that Miller's defiance of the court constituted a crime. On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby. He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality. Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005.For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003. This was several weeks before Joseph Wilson's New York Times editorial was published. This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name "Valerie Flame [sic]". This reference occurred six days before Novak published Plame's name and unmasked her as a CIA operative.Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times. The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, "My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room", on October 16, 2005. Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name "Valerie Plame" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby.Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007. The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media. Independent writing Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal. On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts.On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States. Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story.On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank. Her duties included being a contributing editor for the organization's publication, City Journal. On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller.As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union. She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics. The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war. "Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line," she wrote. Miller acknowledged that "there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them. The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong", but rejected the notion that "I took America to war in Iraq. It was all me", which according to her "continue[d] to have believers".Critics subsequently wrote that "Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,". Valerie Plame commented that while "no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war," and she was "not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving."The Guardian wrote that "in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it."Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that "Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]" because he "told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N. pledges." Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that "Iraq wasn't fully compliant," he also reported that Iraq was "largely cooperative with regard to process," and, subsequently, "made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war," an interview taken by Miller herself. Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War. Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as "unreservedly critical". Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although "this is not a score-settling book", he found it "sad and flawed". Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's "dynamic" of "Judy Miller against the world" lends her book an aspect that is "both depressing and desperate". A review in the Columbia Journalism Review called the book "less a memoir than an apologia and an assault". In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as "self-pitying". Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: "Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework. ... Mostly, she just had a lot of rotten luck. Or at least, that's how it reads. It's a sweeping, epic non-apology. Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her." Bibliography One, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990), ISBN 0-671-64472-6 Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990), ISBN 0-09-989860-8 God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997), ISBN 0-684-83228-3 Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001), ISBN 0-684-87158-0 The Story: A Reporter's Journey, Simon & Schuster (April 7, 2015), ISBN 978-1476716015 See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal References External links Judith Miller at Library of Congress, with 6 library catalog records Appearances on C-SPAN Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, interview April 30, 2015.

James R. Cargill

James Ray Cargill (October 9, 1923 – March 26, 2006) was an American billionaire heir and businessman.

James Ray Cargill (October 9, 1923 – March 26, 2006) was an American billionaire heir and businessman. Early life James Ray Cargill was born on October 9, 1923, in Chicago, Illinois. His father was Austen Cargill and his mother, Anne Ray Cargill. His grandfather, William Wallace Cargill, was the founder of Cargill, an agribusiness corporation.He grew up in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was educated at the Lake Forest Academy in Lake Forest, Illinois. He also worked at Cargill during the summers of 1939 through 1941. He served in the United States Army in Europe for three years during World War II. He graduated from the University of Minnesota. Career In 1947, he started his career at Cargill, working in advertising. By 1989, he retired as senior vice president of Cargill. He served on its board of directors from 1963 to 1995. He was a major shareholder of Cargill.In 1992, he acquired J. B. Hudson Jewelers, a retailer of jewelry, china and crystals.He was worth US$1.8 billion in 2006. Philanthropy He donated to his alma mater, the University of Minnesota, from which he was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Award. He established Dinnaken Properties, student residences which were affordable yet good quality, at UM.He was a donor to Ducks Unlimited and Trout Unlimited. Personal life He married Mary Janet Cargill. They had three children: James R. Cargill II Austen S. Cargill II Marianne Cargill Liebmann Death He died on March 26, 2006, in Edina, Minnesota. Legacy Each of his children inherited a 1/18 share of Cargill. == References ==

Anthracobia melaloma

Anthracobia melaloma is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae. It produces orangish cup-or disc-like fruit bodies that have small brown hairs around the edge. Fruit bodies occur in burn sites.

Anthracobia melaloma is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae. It produces orangish cup-or disc-like fruit bodies that have small brown hairs around the edge. Fruit bodies occur in burn sites. References External links Anthracobia melaloma in Index Fungorum

World Atlantic Airlines

Caribbean Sun Airlines Inc., trading as World Atlantic Airlines is an American airline operating on-demand and scheduled charter services. Its corporate headquarters are located in Virginia Gardens, Florida.

Caribbean Sun Airlines Inc., trading as World Atlantic Airlines is an American airline operating on-demand and scheduled charter services. Its corporate headquarters are located in Virginia Gardens, Florida. History The airline was founded in September 2002 as Caribbean Sun Airlines in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and began operations in January 2003 with flights from Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan de Puerto Rico to Tortola, using the Bombardier Dash 8 Q100. On the flights, Caribbean Sun cooperated with the Antiguan sister company Caribbean Star Airlines, which also belonged to the Stanford Financial Group and enabled connecting flights to other Caribbean islands. Flight operations ceased towards the end of January 2007. The resumption of the same under the name Merengue Airlines Dominicana, which was sought after a subsequent change of ownership was also unsuccessful, and so Caribbean Sun Airlines was finally sold to Tomas Romero, who renamed the company to World Atlantic Airlines. The company, which from then on only operates under this name, then focused on the ACMI charter area.World Atlantic was one of the charter providers to Myrtle Beach Direct Air until the airline's bankruptcy in 2012, and was fined by the Department of Transportation in 2012 for regulatory violations in connection with this business. Since 2013, World Atlantic has acted as a charter provider to the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement for deportation of individuals from the United States and recently per the NY Post delivering immigrants to Westchester, NY.In April 2013, World Atlantic transported Venezuelan voters from Miami to New Orleans to vote in the Venezuelan presidential election.In September 2017, World Atlantic Airlines also entered into a partnership with Venezuelan airline Avior Airlines, having previously worked with LASER Airlines as part of the ACMI charter. As part of the business relationship with Avior Airlines, World Atlantic operated ACMI charter flights to Fort Lauderdale and Miami. Fleet Current fleet As of September 2022, World Atlantic Airlines operates the following aircraft: Former fleet World Atlantic Airlines formerly operated the following aircraft: Accidents and incidents On April 20, 2018, A World Atlantic McDonnell Douglas MD-83 (registration N807WA) suffered a right-hand main landing gear collapsed during landing rollout at Alexandria International Airport, in Louisiana, USA. Due to the gear failure, the right wing dragged on the runway, creating a friction fire which was quickly put out by the airport rescue and firefighting personnel. The aircraft operated on a flight on behalf of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and originated from Chicago-O'Hare International Airport. None of the 101 passengers on board were injured, but the aircraft suffered significant damage and was later written off as irreparable. References External links World Atlantic official page

Ispahsalar

Ispahsālār (Persian: اسپهسالار) or sipahsālār (سپهسالار; "army commander"), in Arabic rendered as isfahsalār (إسفهسلار) or iṣbahsalār (إصبهسلار), was a title used in much of the Islamic world during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders but also as a generic general officer rank.

Ispahsālār (Persian: اسپهسالار) or sipahsālār (سپهسالار; "army commander"), in Arabic rendered as isfahsalār (إسفهسلار) or iṣbahsalār (إصبهسلار), was a title used in much of the Islamic world during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders but also as a generic general officer rank. Islamic East and Persia The title derives from Middle Persian spāh-sālār (𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬵⸱𐬯𐬁𐬮𐬁𐬭), already attested in Pazend texts of the 9th century. It was the equivalent of the old Sasanian title of Spahbed (New Persian ispahbadh), which during the Islamic era fell out of general use and became a regnal title among certain local dynasties in Tabaristan and Khurasan. The titles of Ispahsalar and Sipahsalar came into prominence in the Islamic world in the later 10th century, with the rise to power of Iranian dynasties during the so-called "Iranian Intermezzo". In its sense of "commander-in-chief", the title was used in parallel to the usual Arabic titles Ḥājib al-Ḥujjāb (حاجب الحجاب), Ḥājib al-Kabīr (حاجب الكبير) or Ṣāhib al-Jaysh (صاحب الجيش).Among the Buyids, it was given as a sign of conciliation as well as of particular honour to two rebellious Turkish generals, Sebüktigin al-Mu'izzi in 971, and, after his death, Alptakin in 974/5. With the growing instability of the Buyid states towards the end of the century, the usage of Ispahsalar became debased, and it came to mean simply "commander" or just "officer". Among the later Saffarid dynasty under Khalaf ibn Ahmad (reigned 963–1002), the title was applied to the commander-in-chief of the army, while the Hajib al-Hujjab was a separate office, possibly commanding the slave troops (mamalik, ghilman). Among the Turkic dynasties, the Arabic and Persian titles were supplemented by the Turkish title Sübashi. The Ghaznavids employed Sipahsalar and its Arabic equivalents in its original sense of "commander-in-chief", but also for commanders of specific contingents of their army, alongside the use of "plain" salar (and in Arabic, hajib) for less exalted generals. The Seljuq Empire and the Sultanate of Rum used a number of variants of the title, such as Ispahsālār-i Buzurg (اسپهسالار بزرگ) or Amīr-i Ispahsālār (امیر اسپهسالار), as well as a variety of other Arabic, Persian and Turkish titles both in a technical sense for the commander-in-chief of the army as well as the governors and army commanders of important regions, as well as in a more general sense of "general officer". The title was also used by the Khwarizmshahs, originally Seljuq vassals, who employed a unique variant, Qīr Isfahsālār (قیر اسفهسالار), for commanders of frontier regions.The Mongol conquests diminished the use of the title, bringing to the fore Turkish and Mongol ones instead, but it remained in widespread use in the isolated and conservative regions of Gilan and Daylam on the Caspian shore. In Persia proper, it was revived by the Safavids under Shah Abbas I (r. 1587–1629), replacing the Arabic title Amir al-Umara used until then. The office was apparently usually held by the Beglerbegi of Azerbaijan, with Rustam Khan the most prominent person to occupy it. The post was abolished again in 1664/77, after which a commander-in-chief (Sardar) was appointed only in wartime. The title re-appeared in the form Sipahsālār-i A'zam (سپهسالار اعظم) under the late Qajar dynasty, being held as an honorific by Minister of War Mirza Muhammad Khan Qajar in 1858, the reformist Minister of War (and soon after chief minister) Mirza Husayn Khan Qazwini—who also built the namesake Sepahsalar Mosque in Tehran—in 1871, and by chief minister Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni in 1910. Use in the Caucasus and the Mashriq Buyid, and especially Seljuq influence, led to the spread of Ispahsalar, alongside other Persian titles, westwards to the Mashriq and even the Christian countries of the Caucasus: in Armenian it became [a]spasalar, and in Georgian Amirspasalari, one of the four great ministers of state of the Georgian realm. The title was also in common use among the Turkic Atabeg dynasties of Syria and Iraq and later the Ayyubids, both for regional military commanders but also, uniquely, as one of the personal titles of the Atabegs themselves.In Fatimid Egypt, the Isfahsalar was the commander-in-chief of the army and jointly responsible with the Head Chamberlain (Ṣāhib al-Bāb, صاحب الباب or Wazīr al-Ṣaghīr, Arabic: وزير الصغير) for military organization. The title survived among the Mamluks of Egypt, where both Isfahsalar and the nisba "al-Isfahsalārī" (الإسفهسلاري) were commonly used in the titulature of the senior commanders in the 13th century, but it seems to have been debased and fallen out of use thereafter. It is still attested as late as 1475 for a Mamluk commander-in-chief, but by this time the term isbahsalar was also applied generally to the guards of the Mamluk sultan. Among the Ottomans, sipāhsālār (سپاهسالار) continued to be used but in a generic sense, the usual terms for commander-in-chief being serdār (سردار) and serasker (سرعسكر). Islamic South Asia From the Ghaznavids, the title also passed to the Ghurid dynasty, rulers of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. Under the Ghurids, Isfahsalar signified the commander-in-chief, but in the 13th century it denoted an officer in command of 100 cavalry, and under the Tughluqids it declined to signify the commander of ten men. Aside from this technical meaning, the term continued to be used in the Muslim states of India in the 14th–15th centuries as a generic term for "general officer", e.g. under the Lodi dynasty, or as "commander-in-chief", e.g. in the Bengal Sultanate or the Deccan sultanates. Under the Mughals, it was a title sometimes given to the Khankhanan ("Khan of Khans"), the Mughal commander-in-chief, especially when he led the army in place of the Mughal emperor. See also Amirspasalar References Sources Bosworth, C. E. & Digby, S. (1978). "Ispahsālār, Sipahsālār". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume IV: Iran–Kha (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 208–210. OCLC 758278456. Katouzian, Homa (2006). State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1845112725.

Big Sandy crayfish

The Big Sandy crayfish, Cambarus callainus, are freshwater crustaceans of the family Cambaridae. They are found in the streams and rivers of Appalachia in Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky, in what is known as the Big Sandy watershed. Populations are often mistaken with Cambarus veteranus (Guyandotte crayfish), but morphological and genetic data suggest that these are separate taxa; however, both are protected under the Endangered Species Act. There is very little information available on the Big Sandy crayfish because it is a relatively new species.

The Big Sandy crayfish, Cambarus callainus, are freshwater crustaceans of the family Cambaridae. They are found in the streams and rivers of Appalachia in Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky, in what is known as the Big Sandy watershed. Populations are often mistaken with Cambarus veteranus (Guyandotte crayfish), but morphological and genetic data suggest that these are separate taxa; however, both are protected under the Endangered Species Act. There is very little information available on the Big Sandy crayfish because it is a relatively new species. Description The adult Big Sandy crayfish range from 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) in length. Like other crayfish, they have been referred to as "miniature lobsters" since they share similar appearance. The colors of Big Sandy crayfish shells range from olive brown to light green, and their cervical grooves are outlined in blue, aqua, or turquoise. They also have red and blue accents around their eyes and legs. Their walking legs range from light green to green-blue to green in color, and their claws are usually aqua, but sometimes are found in green-blue to blue. The Big Sandy crayfish are distinct from other crayfish in that they have narrower, elongated rostrums, narrower and elongated claws, and a lack of a well-defined lateral impression at the base of their claws’ immovable finger. The cephalothorax (main body section) of Big Sandy crayfish is streamlined and has the ability to elongate. They also have two well-defined cervical spines. Ecology Diet Big Sandy crayfish are opportunistic omnivores, as they eat both living and dead plants and animals available in their habitats. They act as an important link in the food chain of their ecosystem, as they eat a wide variety of decaying and living small organisms and are then eaten by predators including mammals, sport fish, reptiles, birds, and amphibians. Habitat The Big Sandy crayfish live in clean, medium-sized, f|resh-water streams/rivers which are needed for social, reproductive, and energetic needs. They are found in fast moving sections of the water with large boulders or rocks that act as a home for the crayfish. Little to no pollution or sedimentation is also a requirement for a healthy crayfish habitat. Because of the necessity for this type of environment, the Big Sandy crayfish are only found in the Appalachian mountain region.The Big Sandy crayfish is regarded as a tertiary burrower.: 20457–20458  Among crayfish, tertiary burrowers live in water bodies year-round and excavate in the bottom substrate.: 159–160 Range Commonly found in the rivers and streams of the Appalachian regions of Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia, the Big Sandy crayfish was first found in portions of Dickenson County, Virginia's Big Sandy basin in 1937. Concurrent surveys showed that the species lived in surrounding areas as well. The range of the species was originally much larger but has now been cut down to a smaller size due to a variety of factors, including industrial scale forestry and coal mining. The erosion and sedimentation associated with these activities degraded the streams in the region and made most of them unsuitable for the crayfishes. Scientific evidence indicates that the Big Sandy crayfish once occurred in streams throughout the upper Big Sandy River basin in Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia (for range map, see). Today, the Big Sandy crayfish is found in six isolated populations across Floyd and Pike counties, Kentucky; Buchanan, Dickenson, and Wise counties, Virginia; and McDowell and Mingo counties, West Virginia. It's known to be from the Big Sandy River basin, which flows northward until it joins the Ohio River. Historic and current population size The Big Sandy crayfish are known to be in poor/stressful conditions. Their range has been reduced by more than 60%, and now are sparsely found in the upper Big Sandy watershed in southern West Virginia, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Kentucky. A 2014 study conducted in Kentucky and Virginia demonstrated that the species was threatened, data showed that the CPUE ("crayfish per hour of searching") was 1.9 and 3.83, respectively. In 2016, the Big Sandy crayfish was recognized by the Endangered Species Act. Life history Information about reproduction of the Big Sandy crayfish is largely unknown since it is a new species; however the following information is from when C. callainus was still known as C. veteranus. Following the C. veteranus information is general Cambarus crayfish information to provide more insight on crayfish reproduction (for evolutionary history, see). Big Sandy crayfish The Big Sandy crayfish exhibits “2-3 years of growth with maturation in the third year. The first mating is in the "midsummer of their third or fourth year." “Egg-laying takes place in the late summer or fall, and the young are released in the spring. The following late spring/early summer is when molting of the young occurs.” The crayfish live approximately 5–7 years and molt 6 times during their lifetime. General Cambarus crayfish After the male and female mate, the female holds the eggs in her swimmerets for around four to six weeks until she lays them. The eggs hatch 2–20 weeks after they are laid. A young crayfish emerges from the egg with all the same structure of an adult crayfish. Not every egg produces a young crayfish, as upwards of 60% of the eggs are deficient due to genetic problems. One to two weeks after it hatches, the young crayfish leaves its mother. A majority of the young crayfish are eaten due to their small size. The crayfish starts to shed its exoskeleton often and grows rapidly through a process called molting. The crayfish reaches full adult size around 3–4 months after it hatches from the egg. It then tries to find a mate to restart the cycle. The lifespan of the crayfish is 3–8 years long. Conservation In May 2016, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Big Sandy crayfish as a threatened species, protecting it under the Endangered Species Act. However, some groups, such as the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), the species under data deficient instead of threatened due to lack of history and research surrounding the animal. Under the Clean Water Act and the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, the crayfish have been granted some protection from human influences. In 2019, the West Virginia Division of Highways and US Fish and Wildlife Service are working together to determine the effects of road activity on the crayfish. Human impact on the species In late 2019, the U.S. Fish Wildlife Service proposed to designate critical habitats for the Big Sandy crayfish and the Guyandotte crayfish. These habitats would be in the coalfields of Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia, and they would protect approximately 362 stream miles for the Big Sandy crayfish.According to a 2018 lawsuit brought by an environmental group, the Center for Biological Diversity, the species was being harmed by sediment from coal mining operations. They alleged that the U.S. Fish Wildlife Service was supposed to have designated a critical habitat in 2017. Major threats There are several major threats to the Big Sandy crayfish. Pollution and high sediment values in the water supply can ruin a crayfish habitat. This usually occurs from mining, timbering, and the use of unpaved roads by off-road vehicles, causing high levels of erosion that go directly into the water streams and supplies often found at the bottom of valleys where the Big Sandy crayfish lives and thrives. Additionally, other problems and threats to water quality include sewage discharges and chemical drainages from paved roads and surface mines which all can infect a water supply the crayfish are inhabiting. Fragmentation of habitats by man-made structures such as roads, dams, and reservoirs and watersheds cuts down the habitat space and the resources available. Fragmentation additionally makes catastrophes, such as oil spills and large amounts of sedimentation in the water, increase in danger, because the crayfish cannot move anywhere else to escape these disasters and are directly exposed to the damages. History of ESA and IUCN listings The Big Sandy crayfish is listed as threatened wherever found under the ESA. It was originally reviewed for listing in 1991 when it was known as C. veteranus. The crayfish was proposed to be listed as endangered with C. veteranus on 7th April 2015, which is when the two new species were distinguished in the ESA (ECOS 12 month finding). The major threats for listing are small population size and habitat destruction, modification, or curtailment. The final rule was made on 7th April 2016: the Big Sandy crayfish was determined to be threatened, not endangered, because more redundancy was determined, which increased resiliency. On 10th September 2018, a recovery plan outline was published for both species.The IUCN listed the Big Sandy crayfish as data deficient and last assessed it in 2010, when it was still known as C. veteranus. Current conservation efforts Critical habitat designations were published simultaneously for the Big Sandy crayfish and Guyandotte crayfish in 2022, following the 2020 publication of proposed critical habitat. The Big Sandy crayfish has 362 stream miles (582 stream kilometers) designated as critical habitat, with streams in Kentucky, West Virginia and Virginia included. The critical habitat is divided into four units: the Upper Levisa Fork (entirely in Virginia), the Russell Fork (portions in Kentucky and Virginia), the Lower Levisa Fork (entirely in Kentucky) and the Tug Fork (portions in Kentucky, West Virginia and Virginia). The Tug Fork and Russell Fork units are similar in their total included stream length and together constitute the majority of the critical habitat.: 14676–14677 A recovery outline for both the Big Sandy crayfish and the Guyandotte River crayfish was also published but has yet to be implemented. In this plan, the Big Sandy crayfish is listed as a priority 11C, with 1 being highest priority and 18 being lowest priority, due to a moderate degree of threat and low recovery potential. The recovery strategy has 4 main points: 1. Research and monitoring Research to better understand species life history, habitat needs, and threats. Develop and implement captive holding, propagation, and reintroduction techniques Monitor listed crayfish populations and associated habitat conditions Conduct surveys in streams within species’ ranges to determine other suitable habitats/additional occupied habitats 2. Maintaining and enhancing resiliency of existing populations Protect habitat integrity and quality of streams within watersheds that currently support species Reduce potential for spills and develop spill response plan Protect and restore streams that support species Protect and restore riparian areas within crayfish watershed 3. Increasing redundancy by establishing connectivity between populations/creating additional populations Establish connectivity between existing populations and/or establish additional populations 4. Communication, outreach, and education Conduct outreach and education to increase understanding of and participation in crayfish conservation effortsThe long-term targets of this recovery plan include multiple viable populations well-distributed throughout range and threats (modification and degradation of habitat) abated. The short-term efforts of this plan include avoiding and/or minimizing disturbances and degradation in streams, investigating other potential causes for population decline, conducting research to fill in information gaps, developing “spill prevention and remedial action plans,” and developing “captive holding/propagation techniques.” Specific actions to avoid are any actions resulting in injury and/or death of the species, reduced reproduction of the species, increased stress on the species, or alteration of habitats to reduce survival or fitness of the species. Long-term efforts for this recovery plan include habitat restoration, population expansion, artificial propagation to prevent local extinction and buffer existing populations or create new populations, measures to “improve water quality and reduce sedimentation and containment input,” and addressing other threats. == References ==

Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics

The Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comic books are limited series or one-shot comics published by Marvel Comics that tie into the films and television series of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The comics are written and illustrated by a variety of individuals, and each one consists of 1 to 4 issues. They are intended to tell additional stories about existing characters, or to make connections between MCU projects, without necessarily expanding the universe or introducing new concepts or characters. The first MCU tie-in comics to be published were Iron Man: Fast Friends, The Incredible Hulk: The Fury Files, and Nick Fury: Spies Like Us, all in 2008. They were followed by an adaptation of Iron Man in 2010, along with Iron Man 2: Fist of Iron (2010), Iron Man 2: Public Identity (2010), Iron Man 2: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

The Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comic books are limited series or one-shot comics published by Marvel Comics that tie into the films and television series of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The comics are written and illustrated by a variety of individuals, and each one consists of 1 to 4 issues. They are intended to tell additional stories about existing characters, or to make connections between MCU projects, without necessarily expanding the universe or introducing new concepts or characters. The first MCU tie-in comics to be published were Iron Man: Fast Friends, The Incredible Hulk: The Fury Files, and Nick Fury: Spies Like Us, all in 2008. They were followed by an adaptation of Iron Man in 2010, along with Iron Man 2: Fist of Iron (2010), Iron Man 2: Public Identity (2010), Iron Man 2: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2010), Captain America: First Vengeance (2011), Captain America & Thor: Avengers (2011), The Avengers Prelude: Fury's Big Week (2012), The Avengers Initiative (2012), The Avengers Prelude: Black Widow Strikes (2012), and an adaptation of Iron Man 2 (2012). Comic tie-ins for Marvel's television series began in 2014 with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: The Chase, followed by Jessica Jones (2015). Marvel changed its approach to film tie-in material in 2012, retroactively dividing the tie-in comics into those that exist within the MCU continuity, and those that are merely inspired by the films and television series. Since then, Iron Man 3 Prelude (2013), Thor: The Dark World Prelude (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier Infinite Comic (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Infinite Comic (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron Prelude – This Scepter'd Isle (2015), Ant-Man Prelude (2015), Ant-Man – Scott Lang: Small Time (2015), Captain America: Civil War Prelude Infinite Comic (2016), Doctor Strange Prelude (2016), Doctor Strange Prelude Infinite Comic (2016), Black Panther Prelude (2017), and Avengers: Infinity War Prelude (2018) have been released in the former category, along with film adaptations of Thor (2013), Captain America: The First Avenger (2013), The Avengers (2014–15), Iron Man 3 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2015–16), Guardians of the Galaxy (2017), Captain America: Civil War (2017), The Incredible Hulk (2017), Thor: The Dark World (2017), Ant-Man (2018), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018–19). Development In 2008, Marvel released Iron Man: Fast Friends, a comic prequel to Iron Man, for which writer Paul Tobin was given a broad outline and some "temporal staging" so as to allow the comic to tie into the film. Later that year, The Incredible Hulk: Fury Files, which serves as a prequel to The Incredible Hulk, was released, detailing an encounter between the Hulk and Nick Fury, characters who had not yet been seen together in the MCU. Writer Frank Tieri noted that the tie-in comics "provide Marvel with the opportunity to do a lot of different things" that other media do not, including the exploration of non-superhero genres and the reintroduction of older characters.Alejandro Arbona, the Marvel editor tasked with overseeing the 2010 tie-in comics Iron Man 2: Public Identity and Iron Man 2: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., explained that Marvel "want to show readers more of that world, that connective tissue between all the movies, and a little bit more of how the characters interact", so the publishing side worked with Brad Winderbaum, Jeremy Latcham, and Will Corona Pilgrim at Marvel Studios to decide which concepts should be carried over from the Marvel Comics Universe to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, what to show in the tie-in comics and what to leave for the films, and how to "make these stories as strong as possible" from their experience making the films.For Marvel's The Avengers in 2012, Marvel's senior vice-president of sales David Gabriel described a "more focused" approach to tie-ins than previously, with the intention to reach fans of 'all walks of life'. This was echoed by Rich Thomas, global editorial director at Disney Publishing, who wanted the Avengers program to be "all things to all people. Just like the film, from the youngest reader...to the Marvel enthusiast." Since then, many of the tie-ins have had the red 'Avengers' stamp on the cover. Pilgrim, the creative director of research and development at Marvel Studios, confirmed that the previously released Public Identity, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and First Vengeance, were all official MCU stories, with the other previously released tie-in comics considered to be inspired by the MCU only. Comic writer Fred Van Lente stated in 2013 that he had proposed a regular comic series set within the MCU to Marvel, but they wished to keep all possibilities open for potential film and television development. He said that this was also the reason why Marvel does not want writers to introduce new elements to the MCU through tie-in comics. In March 2014, Pilgrim confirmed that the MCU Infinite Comics were officially canon. That July, the MCU tie-in comics expanded to television tie-ins with the release of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: The Chase, a comic inspired by the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In November, Marvel Comics Editor-in-Chief Axel Alonso avoided a question of whether an ongoing comic series could be set within the MCU, but did note that Marvel Comics would "always be working on books set in the Cinematic Universe...the collected editions of those comics end up being some of the best sellers of the year".In February 2015, Pilgrim clarified that the canon tie-ins "are considered official MCU canon stories" set in the same universe as the films and television series, whereas the other, "inspired by" tie-ins are "more about having another fun adventure with the Avengers....where we get to show off all the characters from the film in costume and in comic form", but not affect the official MCU continuity. Marvel Cinematic Universe-set titles Adaptations Several comics adapting the story of the films have been released: Iron Man: I Am Iron Man!, an adaptation of Iron Man; Marvel's Iron Man 2, an adaptation of Iron Man 2; Marvel's Thor, an adaptation of Thor; Marvel's Captain America: The First Avenger, an adaptation of Captain America: The First Avenger; Marvel's The Avengers, an adaptation of The Avengers; Marvel's Captain America: Civil War Prelude, an adaptation of both Iron Man 3 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier; Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Prelude, an adaptation of Guardians of the Galaxy, Spider-Man: Homecoming Prelude, an adaptation of Captain America: Civil War; Marvel's Thor: Ragnarok Prelude, an adaptation of both The Incredible Hulk and Thor: The Dark World, Marvel's Ant-Man and the Wasp Prelude, an adaptation of Ant-Man, Marvel's Avengers: Endgame Prelude, an adaptation of Avengers: Infinity War, and Spider-Man: Far From Home Prelude, an adaptation of Spider-Man: Homecoming.In January 2015, Pilgrim explained the process for adapting films into tie-in comics, noting that scripts and other behind-the-scenes material are referenced in addition to the actual films. Because of this, the adaptations sometimes have new scenes, which Marvel "felt strongly enough" to include as canon, even though they were never filmed. Examples include an interaction between Jasper Sitwell and Nick Fury in Iron Man: I Am Iron Man!, the "Boys Flight Out" sequence from Iron Man 2, where Tony Stark invites James Rhodes to wear the Iron Man Mark II armor, and an additional interaction set during Captain America: Civil War between Peter Parker and his Aunt May in Spider-Man: Homecoming Prelude. Iron Man 2: Public Identity (2010) Decades ago, Howard Stark worked with Anton Vanko to build the first arc reactor, but when Howard realized Vanko's greedy goals, he had him arrested and deported before, at the urging of Obadiah Stane, returning to the business of arms dealing that made him so successful in the past. In the present, Stark's son Tony uses the arc reactor technology to power his Iron Man armor, and after revealing this identity to the world, becomes a public hero. U.S. General Thaddeus Ross commissions Stark's business rival Justin Hammer to build a single-pilot vehicle to replace Iron Man, who has been interfering with and causing trouble for the military. When testing the new vehicle, the pilot crash lands in unfriendly territory, under attack from the Congolese army. Tony saves the airman, but, to the chagrin of Ross, refuses to return the Congolese soldiers' fire. Director Nick Fury and Agent Phil Coulson of S.H.I.E.L.D. later review Stark's actions.Public Identity was written by Joe Casey and Justin Theroux, with art by Barry Kitson, and the three issues were published on April 28, May 5, and May 12, 2010, respectively. Theroux, who wrote the screenplay for Iron Man 2, was able to show Casey "a fairly finalized script" before the two began work on the tie-in. In May 2010, Alejandro Arbona, who oversaw the creation of the comic, explained that the story of the tie-ins had to come "organically from the stuff that happened in Iron Man —what would happen to a man who'd just revealed his super hero identity to the world?—and it had to move us toward the stuff we knew was going to be important in Iron Man 2". In September 2010, Casey noted that writing an MCU tie-in comic required working within the boundaries of the movie continuity and Marvel Studios' plan, as well as writing the characters as portrayed in the films (the "movie version of Stark has a specific attitude" that Casey tried to put in the comic, for example).The comic, set after Iron Man but before Iron Man 2 and The Incredible Hulk, was conceived to explain the post-credits scenes of Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk, where Tony Stark meets Nick Fury for the first time but General Ross not for the first time, respectively. Arbona said that "when Tony Stark spoke to General Ross at the end of The Incredible Hulk, you could tell they already knew each other; they spoke about some shared history they'd had together. Well in Iron Man 2: Public Identity you see when they first meet, and what that shared history is." This comic explains that the AI J.A.R.V.I.S. was created in memory of Edwin Jarvis, introduced here as Howard Stark's butler. A younger version of the character appears in Agent Carter, portrayed by James D'Arcy. Iron Man 2: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2010) Nick Fury plants a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent aboard a Ten Rings-controlled vessel in the Gulf of Aden in an effort to get a live account of Iron Man in action, while Tony Stark is keeping an eye on S.H.I.E.L.D. himself. Phil Coulson monitors the first field operation of a S.H.I.E.L.D. recruit who is tasked with taking down a Ten Rings terrorist cell on American soil, which Coulson later reveals was a set up, a common S.H.I.E.L.D. test for new recruits. Natasha Romanoff infiltrates Stark Industries under the alias of Natalie Rushman, using her spy skills to quickly work her way up the company until she meets with Stark personally.Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. was written by Joe Casey and released on September 1, 2010. It consists of three, eight-page stories, each spotlighting a different character: Nick Fury in "Who Made Who", with art by Tim Green; Phil Coulson in "Just Off the Farm", with art by Felix Ruiz; and Natasha Romanoff in "Proximity", with art by Matt Camp. Casey said of the short stories, "The movie studio is very aware of what they're doing, so they paid close attention...It's not exactly the Marvel Universe I grew up with, [but] it's not like the Ultimate universe either. It's a brand new thing, with its own rules and its own continuity."The end of "Proximity" depicts Romanoff, working undercover in the legal department of Stark Industries, meeting with Tony Stark in his home gym. This is also the scene in Iron Man 2 where the character is introduced, the story therefore acting as a direct prequel / parallel story to the film. Captain America: First Vengeance (2011) In 1944, as he attacks a Hydra base in the Nazi-occupied Danish Straits, Steve Rogers recalls parts of his life that got him to this point: his mother's blessing to become a soldier; his first meeting with Bucky Barnes, who protected him from bullies as a boy; the day after Pearl Harbor was bombed, when Bucky and Steve decided to enlist; Bucky training Steve to pass the physical; and the point when Bucky passed the physical but Steve failed. Johann Schmidt watches Rogers fight, and recalls how he got to this point: meeting Adolf Hitler; capturing Arnim Zola to research creating super soldiers; and finding Abraham Erskine and blackmailing him into continuing his super soldier research under the employ of the Nazis. Howard Stark, via radio, assists Rogers, remembering when he was recruited by Colonel Phillips to join the Strategic Scientific Reserve, and when he helped Peggy Carter rescue Erskine from Schmidt. Dum Dum Dugan and the Howling Commandos arrive to assist Rogers, and they remember their formation—thrust together in a Hydra work camp, forming close friendships after a failed escape attempt. After they defeat the Hydra soldiers, Rogers destroys Schmidt's main weapon at the base, an Asgardian artifact.First Vengeance was written by Fred Van Lente, with art for the first half of the comic by Neil Edwards, and by Luke Ross for the rest. The first of eight digital issues was released on February 6, 2011, with the other seven subsequently released on February 16, March 2, March 23, June 8, July 6, July 13, and July 20, respectively. The comic was also published in four issues on May 4, May 18, June 15, and June 29, 2011, respectively. On what the comic covers, Captain America: The First Avenger co-producer Stephen Broussard explained that there were "lots of little side stories" that they found fascinating but didn't fit into the story of the film, so the comic allows those to be told. These side stories include some backstory to the film, some action running parallel to the film, and some hints at "things to come", and are "all sort of jumbled up". Van Lente read the film's script, and had his own comic scripts overlooked by Quesada and Broussard, to keep the comic in line with the film. Some of Van Lente's initial ideas, when he felt that he could do anything because of the comic medium, had to be changed due to not fitting into the realistic world of the MCU, a process Van Lente described as "making comics on a budget".Van Lente stated, "What's neat about the MCU, just like in the comics' universe, is the interconnections between various movies, particularly Iron Man 2 and Thor. You'll start to see those coming out in First Vengeance." On the differences between the MCU and original versions of the characters, Van Lente noted that when Joe Simon and Jack Kirby originally created Captain America, they "didn't have 20/20 hindsight to see how things would fit together with the Marvel characters to follow. With the MCU, we're able to make those connections and heighten all of the characters' weight." Marvel's The Avengers Prelude: Fury's Big Week (2012) Fury's Big Week was written by Christopher Yost and Eric Pearson, and was released digitally in eight issues, on February 5 (tying-into the wider The Avengers marketing campaign, which released a new trailer on that day), February 14, February 21, February 28, March 5, March 12, March 19, and March 26, 2012, respectively. The comic was published in hard copy as four issues on March 7, March 21, April 4, and April 18, 2012, respectively. The comic retells the events of The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, Thor, and Captain America: The First Avenger from the point-of-view of S.H.I.E.L.D., with extra scenes added to weave them all together. Marvel's The Avengers: Black Widow Strikes (2012) Natasha Romanoff is taken by surprise in Russia when her target is killed by a "fan" of hers named Sofia. Breaking contact with her S.H.I.E.L.D. superiors, Romanoff begins a competition with Sofia for the mantle of the "Black Widow", discovering that Sofia's employer is selling the parts for a new missile to the Ten Rings. Romanoff tracks Sofia to a missile launch site targeting North Korea, where she stalls long enough for S.H.I.E.L.D. to intervene. Sofia is killed in the ensuing chaos.Written by Fred Van Lente, with art by Neil Edwards, the comic (which is set in Romanoff's native Russia) first appeared in copies of the Maxim Russia magazine, before being released as a traditional, three-issue comic series on May 2, May 16, and June 6, 2012, respectively. The decision was made to give Romanoff her own comic ahead of The Avengers because Marvel felt that she "remains the most enigmatic of the Avengers" despite appearing in previous films. Van Lente explained the relationship between Black Widow Strikes and the films by saying, "This is on the same scale as the Marvel movies. We're working closely with Marvel Studios to have it integrate seamlessly with the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Once this is over, they're welcome to use any of my ideas here for a movie." Van Lente took inspiration "from Joss Whedon's script for Marvel's the Avengers, which I was lucky enough to read. He does a good job making her inclusion on the team perfectly believable."Black Widow Strikes is set between Iron Man 2 and The Avengers, and deals with "some loose ends from Iron Man 2, namely some bootleg Stark technology that Justin Hammer made. The idea of the "Black Widow" being more of a mantle than the codename of a single agent is further explored in Agent Carter, where an early Black Widow training program is introduced, and in Avengers: Age of Ultron, where some of Romanoff's training is shown through flashbacks. Marvel's Iron Man 3 Prelude (2013) Tony Stark becomes occupied as he begins construction of Stark Tower in New York, so James Rhodes picks up where Iron Man left off in the fight against the Ten Rings terrorist organization. After 10 months of skirmishes across the world, Rhodey is ambushed in Hong Kong by Ten Rings agents with Hammer Technology, including a nuclear powered tank. Rhodes manages to get the tank out of the city before the insurgents detonate its power source, and returns to America in time to find the aftermath of the Battle of New York. Later, Tony reveals to Rhodes his plans for an Iron Legion, and a Ten Rings operative reports to his master, The Mandarin, informing him that they have full scans of the Stark Technology in Rhodey's suit.Iron Man 3 Prelude was written by Christos Gage, with art by Steve Kurth, with the first issue released on January 2, 2013, and the second on February 6. Marvel's Thor: The Dark World Prelude (2013) In the year following the destruction of the Bifrost, the Asgardian means of transportation throughout the cosmos, both the nine realms and nearby planets have fallen into chaos, while astrophysicist Jane Foster has failed in her attempts to re-open a wormhole in New Mexico, an action requiring the Bifrost to be functional. When the presumed dead Loki attacks Earth and steals the Tesseract, Odin uses the secret, dangerous power of Dark Energy to send Thor to intervene. Following the Battle of New York, Thor returns to Asgard with Loki and the Tesseract. Loki is imprisoned in the dungeons to serve a life sentence, while Thor uses the Tesseract's power to repair the Bifrost and allow Asgard to bring order back to the nine realms and beyond.Thor: The Dark World Prelude was written by Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost, with the first issue released on June 5, 2013, with art by Scot Eaton, and the second on July 10 with art by Ron Lim. Marvel's Captain America: The Winter Soldier Infinite Comic (2014) Following the Battle of New York, Steve Rogers is working with Natasha Romanoff and Brock Rumlow for S.H.I.E.L.D. When a terrorist group steals the Zodiac virus from S.H.I.E.L.D., the team track them to Willis Tower in Chicago where they take them out and recover the virus.Peter David writes Captain America: The Winter Soldier Infinite Comic, with art by Rock-He Kim. The comic was published on January 28, 2014, and sees David set up key themes for Captain America: The Winter Soldier: "Black Widow and Rumlow...They're okay with doing what they're told. Cap, however, is way more suspicious and wants a clearer idea of what's going on, and is annoyed that S.H.I.E.L.D. isn't big on being forthcoming." On Cap's relationships with new partners Black Widow and Brock Rumlow, "I think he sees her as a valued ally, but [he] tends to be suspicious of the outfit that she works for. He trusts her as someone to have his back in a fight, but I think also believes that if S.H.I.E.L.D. told her to put a knife in his back, she would do so without hesitation, and that can be problematic. Rumlow, meantime, is an eager partner, but Cap doesn't trust him at all. First, there's the suspicion aspect. And second, I think Cap is still gun-shy because the last time he had a partner, Bucky wound up dying—or at least so he believes—and he's not anxious for history to repeat itself."The Zodiac virus featured heavily in the comic was first introduced to the MCU in the Marvel One-Shot Agent Carter, where it is recovered by the titular character for the SSR, the precursor to S.H.I.E.L.D. Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy Infinite Comic – Dangerous Prey (2014) With one Infinity Stone, the Aether, in his possession, the Collector actively searches for the other five, and when he discovers the Orb to be on a desolate planet, he hires the assassin Gamora to retrieve it.Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, who revived the Guardians of the Galaxy series in 2008, agreed to write the tie-in comic preludes to the film Guardians of the Galaxy, as a favor to director James Gunn. The Infinite Comic was released on April 1, 2014, and features art by Andrea De Vito. Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude (2014) Issue 1 sees Nebula, while searching for the Orb, remembering growing up with Gamora and their father, Thanos, as well as her recent experiences with Ronan the Accuser. Issue 2 follows Rocket and Groot as bounty hunters in the lead-up to Guardians of the Galaxy.This film prelude was also written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, with Lanning writing the plots based on brainstormed ideas, and Abnett writing the final scripts. With art by Wellinton Alves, the issues were published on April 2 and May 28, 2014, respectively. The stories were intended to flesh out the history of the film characters based on the details in Gunn's script, while Abnett also attempted to bridge the feeling of the film with that of the original comics. Speaking on working with familiar characters, but now the film versions of them, Abnett said, "[It's] Fun, but a little odd. The characters of the Prelude comics had to fit very cleanly to the movie versions so there wasn't quite the same opportunity for madcap invention...I had to make sure the tone fitted precisely." Lanning said, "There's a definite distinction between the Marvel comic universe and the Marvel Cinematic universe...[but] these characters are not so distant to their comic counterparts as to be unrecognizable, they are more like an alternate version, similar to what the Ultimate Universe did." Marvel's Avengers: Age of Ultron Prelude – This Scepter'd Isle (2015) Following the Battle of New York, a disgruntled S.H.I.E.L.D. scientist studying Loki's scepter and its connection to the Tesseract is recruited by Hydra to steal the scepter. With it in the possession of high-ranking Hydra member Baron Wolfgang von Strucker, Hydra begins experimenting on the scepter, eventually using it to unlock special abilities within two volunteers, the twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff.Released on February 3, 2015, this comic is written by Pilgrim and illustrated by Wellinton Alves. Marvel's Ant-Man Prelude (2015) During the Cold War, when Howard Stark demands the Pym Particle Suit, created to shrink its wearer, from S.H.I.E.L.D. scientist Hank Pym to take down radicals in Soviet-occupied Germany who are reverse-engineering Hydra technology, Pym insists on carrying out the mission himself to keep his invention out of the wrong hands. Crossing the Berlin Wall and infiltrating the enemy compound, Pym discovers the plans for Hydra memory suppression technology, and makes his way to a secret lab where the reverse-engineered machine is being tested. Taking out the radicals using the suit's size-changing properties, Pym destroys the technology so that no one can use it. Pym then decides to continue taking missions for S.H.I.E.L.D.Ant-Man Prelude was written by Pilgrim and illustrated by Miguel Sepulveda, with the two issues released on February 4 and March 4, 2015, respectively. The comic was conceived to show Pym using the suit and to explain the quandary that comes with having his technology, to lead up to the film. Though a specific year that the comic takes place in is never specified, Pilgrim explained that it is set in the mid-1980s, when Mikhail Gorbachev served as Soviet leader. Pilgrim described the comic as a "spy action story" with some "thriller elements". Pilgrim wanted the comic to feature the Berlin Wall prominently following a childhood experience with an exhibit recreating part of it.Hydra's interest in and experimentation with memory suppression technology was previously explored in the film Captain America: The Winter Soldier and the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter. Marvel's Ant-Man – Scott Lang: Small Time (2015) After discovering that his employer is illegally overcharging its customers, and failing to expose the crime thanks to his boss's influence in the media, Scott Lang decides to steal the company's money and return it to the customers. During the robbery, Lang gets carried away and attempts to steal his boss's personal property, including his car. After accidentally crashing the car, Lang is caught and eventually imprisoned.An infinite comic written by Pilgrim, with art by Wellinton Alves and Daniel Govar, Scott Lang: Small Time was released on March 3, 2015. Marvel's Jessica Jones (2015) After being beaten by Daredevil, Turk Barrett is visited in the hospital by private investigator Jessica Jones, who has been hired by one of Barrett's baby mamas to get money from him to support their child.Prior to the release of Marvel's Jessica Jones television series, a Jessica Jones one-shot was released digitally on October 7, 2015, written by Brian Michael Bendis with art by Michael Gaydos, the original creators of the character. David Mack also returns from the original comic Alias as the cover artist. Print versions of the comic were exclusively handed out at New York Comic Con 2015. Bendis explained that the one-shot "is in the Marvel TV universe and it celebrates the new show".The comic explores "the connective tissue that will build between the series", by having Daredevil appear in a Jessica Jones story. Marvel's Captain America: Civil War Prelude Infinite Comic – Crossroads (2016) Following the defeat of Hydra at the Triskelion, Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier hunts down and kills his remaining Hydra handlers before going on the run. Months later, Brock Rumlow awakes from a coma and learns of Hydra's defeat and the death of his leader, Alexander Pierce, deciding to head out on his own. After the battle of Sokovia years later, Captain America is balancing his personal search for Barnes with his duties as leader of the new Avengers. The former leads him and the team to Nigeria, where instead of Barnes they find Rumlow, now going by 'Crossbones'.Written by Pilgrim, "Crossroads" was released on February 10, 2016. The comic is told from the perspective of three different characters, Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier, Brock Rumlow / Crossbones, and Steve Rogers / Captain America, with art for each perspective provided by Lee Ferguson, Goran Sudžuka, and Guillermo Mogorron, respectively. Marvel's Doctor Strange Prelude (2016) The Masters of the Mystic Arts – Kaecilius, Wong, Tina Minoru and Daniel Drumm – pursue a woman as she attacks several landmarks around London with a stolen dark sceptre, a powerful artifact. The arrogant Kaecilius attempts to subdue the woman himself, but it takes the combined power of the masters to overcome the sceptre's magic. After reclaiming it, the Masters store the relic in their Sanctum Sanctorum with others like it. Another Master, Mordo, and their teacher, the Ancient One, face a Chinese group who have discovered the powerful Arrow of Apollon and plan to use it to gain power over innocent civilians. They also successfully retrieve the artifact, and it is placed in the Sanctum as well.Written by Pilgrim, with art by Jorge Fornés, the two-issues of the Doctor Strange prelude were released on July 6 and August 24, 2016, respectively. Marvel's Doctor Strange Prelude Infinite Comic – The Zealot (2016) This Prelude Infinite Comic, centered on Kaecilius, was released on September 7, 2016. Marvel's Black Panther Prelude (2017) This comic tells the story of how T'Challa first became the Black Panther, protector of the isolationist country Wakanda, a story not yet told in the MCU.The comic is set nearly a decade before the film Black Panther, around the end of the first Iron Man film, and reveals that T'Challa has been acting as the Black Panther since then, making him that hero for almost a decade before his film introduction in Captain America: Civil War. Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War Prelude (2018) The first comic tells the present whereabouts of all the Avengers after the events of Civil War and Thor: Ragnarok.The second comic gives us an overview of the whereabouts of all the Infinity Stones shown in the MCU thus far, leading to Avengers: Infinity War. Marvel's Captain Marvel Prelude (2018) The one-shot comic, called "The Peacekeepers", follows Nick Fury and Maria Hill between the events of Age of Ultron and Infinity War. Marvel's Black Widow Prelude (2020) This comic retells Natasha Romanoff's history, including events from the films Iron Man 2, The Avengers, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Avengers: Age of Ultron, and Captain America: Civil War, as told by Councilwoman Hawley and Secretary Thaddeus Ross. Eternals: The 500 Year War (2022) This infinite comic is a series of flashbacks set during Eternals (2021), set in 1520. Recurring characters This table includes characters who have appeared in multiple MCU tie-in comics, headlining at least one. Reception Sales The following table lists the known retail sales figures of the collected editions. Critical response Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave Public Identity a score of 7.2 out of 10, calling it "far more successful than [previous comic tie-ins]", but criticizing the inconsistent artwork and connections to the wider universe that he found to be irrelevant to the comic's plot. Chad Nevett of Comic Book Resources gave a less positive review, assigning 2 out of 5 stars to the comic, and stating that "The plot has potential and the characters' voices are spot-on with the movie versions", however, "the lack of likenesses to the actors is a little off-putting, the art also suffers from inconsistency... It's a solid comic that's overwhelmed by small problems."Nevett, again for Comic Book Resources, gave Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. a much more positive review, giving it 4 out of 5 stars, and particularly praising the artwork, while also appreciating the consistent voice throughout the three stories from writer Casey.At IGN, Schedeen scored First Vengeance 7 out of 10, calling the issues "enjoyable methods of passing the time until [Captain America: The First Avenger releases]". David Hawkins, writing for What Culture, gave the series 3 stars out of 5, calling it "a marketing ploy that has moments of tremendous merit", and singled out Luke Ross' artwork for the third issue as particularly praise-worthy.Fury's Big Week received praise from CJ Wheeler of Den of Geek, who thought the tone of the series was "a perfect fit for the Marvel Cinematic Universe so far and will get you stoked for what's to come."Matthew Peterson of Major Spoilers gave Black Widow Strikes a score of 2.5 stars out of 5, and the verdict "An average tale with no major missteps" – he thought that "Writer Van Lente did all that he could to make this feel cinematic, driven and squarely in the Marvel movie universe", but was somewhat disappointed in the final result, and criticized the shifting art styles, before surmising that "In many ways, it's the ultimate example of a movie tie-in, designed to please fans of both the graphic and live-action Widow without irritation or unwanted questions."James Hunt of Comic Book Resources found the Iron Man 3 Prelude to be "dull and disappointing", calling the building of stakes around untouchable characters, like War Machine, a mistake, and criticizing the "rushed or phoned in" artwork. Noel Thorne, writing for What Culture, also found the prelude disappointing, calling it a "cheaply put-together cash-grab" and "not even remotely entertaining", and lamented the lack of actual connections with Iron Man 3.For IGN, Schedeen gave Issue #1 of the Thor: The Dark World Prelude a score of 6 out of 10, stating that it "fails to offer a cohesive story or enough compelling material to justify a purchase", and Issue #2 a score of 5 out of 10, calling it "a dull, pointless lead-in to the next Thor movie". He criticized the focus of the series for serving as an explanation for "nitpicky questions" rather than being an actual lead in to the story of the film, and he found the artwork to be "awkward", "flat and dull". "Jay" at Comic Frontline had similar feelings, scoring the comic 3 stars out of 5, stating that, though he liked the issues, and "thought they were solid", he felt they were more like "deleted scenes from the Avengers than a Thor prequel", and they "could have been trimmed down into one issue", rather than being "stretched out to fit two issues just to drain fan's pockets". He was more positive about the artwork, however, calling the work of Scot Eaton and Ron Lim "beautiful", and praising the work of inkers Andrew Hennessy and Rick Magyar for making the different artwork appear consistent across issues.Ian Gowan of ComicSpectrum gave the Captain America: The Winter Soldier Infinite Comic a rating of 3.5 out of 5, calling it "fun but also [a] little light on story" and stating that it increased his excitement for the movie. He found the artwork "serviceable", but stated that the "colored pencil artwork doesn't work...as well in digital comic as it does in a print comic."Doug Zawisza of Comic Book Resources scored the Guardians of the Galaxy Infinite Comic 3.5 stars out of 5, stating that "While it doesn't openly spoil anything from the upcoming movie, it does flaunt the cards being held in the movie's hand quite a bit." He found the artwork to be "better than pedestrian", but felt the Infinite Comic format was not used to its full potential. A columnist for Cosmic Book News gave an almost entirely positive review of the comic, criticizing only its short length, and highlighting the return of writers Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning to the Guardians of the Galaxy characters as a particularly praise-worthy aspect of the issues.Zawisza, again for Comic Book Resources, had similar feelings about the Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude, giving it 3.5 stars out of 5 as well, believing it was in "the same spirit as the volume of "Guardians of the Galaxy" that inspired the film's cast of characters", and leading him to surmise that he wanted more, as long as Abnett and Lanning would return as writers. He had high praise for the artwork as well, calling it "very well drawn, showcasing Wellinton Alves' ability to craft worlds and create distinguishable characters".Schedeen scored Ant-Man Prelude #1 a 6.8 out of 10, indicating an 'okay' comic, stating that "once you ignore the movie connection and just treat this as an Ant-man comic, it doesn't have a great deal to offer", noting that Sepulveda's artwork is inconsistent, and criticizing the lack of similarity between the characters and their live-action counterparts. Zawisza scored the issue 3 stars out of 5, saying that Pilgrim "keeps everyone safe", Sepulveda's artwork is "serviceable", and that "this isn't ground-breaking comics, but it doesn't have to be. It's DVD-style bonus material for the most dedicated fans of the Marvel Cinematic Universe." For the second issue, Schedeen reiterated his previous sentiments. Calling it "unfulfilling", he scored the issue a 5.8 out of 10. Marvel Cinematic Universe-inspired titles These comics are simply inspired by the films, and are not considered part of the MCU continuity. Collected editions == References ==

Burning of Luimneach

The Burning of Luimneach was the looting and destruction of the Viking stronghold of Limerick (Luimneach) by the Irish Dál gCais tribe of Munster. The Dál gCais were led by the two warrior brothers, Brian Boru and Mathgamain mac Cennétig while the Vikings had no type of official leadership. The king of the Vikings, Ivar of Limerick, and his troops had scattered into the woods of Tipperary a few hours before after a crushing defeat at the Battle of Sulcoit. In the Dál gCais' leader's notes he quoted, "The entire city was reduced to smoke and ash. Any man fit for war was killed and the rest were enslaved".

The Burning of Luimneach was the looting and destruction of the Viking stronghold of Limerick (Luimneach) by the Irish Dál gCais tribe of Munster. The Dál gCais were led by the two warrior brothers, Brian Boru and Mathgamain mac Cennétig while the Vikings had no type of official leadership. The king of the Vikings, Ivar of Limerick, and his troops had scattered into the woods of Tipperary a few hours before after a crushing defeat at the Battle of Sulcoit. In the Dál gCais' leader's notes he quoted, "The entire city was reduced to smoke and ash. Any man fit for war was killed and the rest were enslaved". Background Only a few hours before the Burning of Luimneach at the Battle of Sulcoit, the Vikings, led by Ivar of Limerick, were routed by the Dál gCais tribe of Munster. The Battle of Sulcoit was noted by Brian Boru and Mathgamain mac Cennétig as a total loss for the Vikings and was called the first great loss the Vikings of Limerick had faced. At Sulcoit many Vikings were killed by the Dál gCais and by mid day fled into the woods in Tipperary. This left the city of Limerick vulnerable attack by the Dál gCais. Burning of Limerick Near night time after the Battle of Sulcoit, Brian Boru's army of about 300 men attacked Limerick. The Dál gCais looted every type of structure in the city and burned it when they were done. Every structure in the city was either looted or burned to the ground. Brian Boru considered this payback against the Vikings because of his father's death at the hands of the Vikings. Anything with any type of value was stolen and any type of item with no value was either destroyed or burned. Brian's army killed every man in the village that was fit for battle and every woman and child was enslaved. By nightfall, every building in Limerick was reduced to smoke and ash and every person was either killed or enslaved by the Dál gCais. == References ==

Colegio Menor San Francisco de Quito

Colegio Menor is a private, bilingual (Spanish-English) school located in Quito, Ecuador, in the valley of Cumbayá. It offers education from Pre-K to 12th grade. The school is known for its rigorous academic program and its emphasis on developing students through a variety of extracurricular activities based on liberal arts. It was founded in 1995, by Santiago Gangotena, PhD and Carlos Montufar, PhD. It was the lower school of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito until 2019, when it joined Nord Anglia Education.

Colegio Menor is a private, bilingual (Spanish-English) school located in Quito, Ecuador, in the valley of Cumbayá. It offers education from Pre-K to 12th grade. The school is known for its rigorous academic program and its emphasis on developing students through a variety of extracurricular activities based on liberal arts. It was founded in 1995, by Santiago Gangotena, PhD and Carlos Montufar, PhD. It was the lower school of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito until 2019, when it joined Nord Anglia Education. Colegio Menor has a campus in Quito and another one in Samborondón, near Guayaquil. The school's curriculum is designed to prepare students for both Ecuadorian and international university admissions, and it often incorporates elements from international educational systems. The school's mission and vision emphasize the importance of fostering a sense of global citizenship, critical thinking, liberal arts, and ethical values in its students. Its mascot is the spectacled bear, an animal native to Ecuador and other parts of South America. Division The school is divided into four sections: Early Childhood, grades playgroup-Kinder, 1st grade Elementary school, grades 2-5 Middle school, grades 6-8 High school, grades 9-12 == References ==

Saturn Devouring His Son

Saturn Devouring His Son is a painting by Spanish artist Francisco Goya. It is traditionally interpreted as a depiction of the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus (known as Saturn in Roman mythology) eating one of his offspring. Fearing a prophecy foretold by Gaea that predicted he would be overthrown by one of his children, Saturn ate each one upon their birth. The work is one of the 14 so-called Black Paintings that Goya painted directly on the walls of his house sometime between 1820 and 1823. It was transferred to canvas after Goya's death and is now in the Museo del Prado in Madrid.

Saturn Devouring His Son is a painting by Spanish artist Francisco Goya. It is traditionally interpreted as a depiction of the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus (known as Saturn in Roman mythology) eating one of his offspring. Fearing a prophecy foretold by Gaea that predicted he would be overthrown by one of his children, Saturn ate each one upon their birth. The work is one of the 14 so-called Black Paintings that Goya painted directly on the walls of his house sometime between 1820 and 1823. It was transferred to canvas after Goya's death and is now in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. Background In 1819, Goya purchased a house on the banks of Manzanares near Madrid called Quinta del Sordo (Villa of the Deaf Man). It was a two-story house which was named after a previous occupant who had been deaf, although the name was fitting for Goya too, who had been left deaf after contracting a fever in 1792. Between 1819 and 1823, when he left the house to move to Bordeaux, Goya produced a series of 14 paintings using mixed technique on the walls of the house.Although he initially decorated the rooms of the house with more inspiring images, in time he painted over them all with the intensely haunting pictures known today as the Black Paintings. Created without commission for private display, these paintings may reflect the artist's state of mind late in a life that witnessed the violence of war and terror stoked by the Spanish Inquisition.Saturn Devouring His Son was one of six works Goya painted in the dining room. It is important to note that Goya never named the works he produced at Quinta del Sordo; the names were assigned by others after his death. This interpretation of the painting sees it as a reference to the Roman myth (inspired by the original Greek myth), in which Terra (Gaea) foretold that one of the sons of Saturn (Cronus) would overthrow him, just as he had overthrown his father, Caelus (Uranus). To prevent this, Saturn ate his children moments after each was born, eating the gods Vesta (Hestia), Ceres (Demeter), Juno (Hera), Pluto (Hades), and Neptune (Poseidon). His wife Ops (Rhea) eventually hid his sixth child and third son, Jupiter (Zeus), on the island of Crete, deceiving Saturn by offering a stone wrapped in swaddling in his place. Unlike the painting, the myths usually portray Saturn/Kronos swallowing his children, and later vomiting them up alive after swallowing the stone, rather than violently tearing them apart as in the painting. Jupiter eventually supplanted his father just as the prophecy had predicted. Composition and interpretations Goya depicts a large figure feasting on a human form. The human head and part of the left arm have already been consumed. The right arm has probably been eaten too, though it could be folded in front of the body and held in place by the larger figure's thumbs. The larger figure is on the point of taking another bite from the left arm; as he looms from the darkness, his mouth gapes and his eyes bulge widely. The only other brightness in the picture comes from the white flesh, the red blood of the corpse, and the white knuckles of the larger figure as he digs his fingers into the back of the body. Various interpretations of the meaning of the picture have been offered: the conflict between youth and old age, time as the devourer of all things, the wrath of God and an allegory of the situation in Spain, where the fatherland consumed its own children in wars and revolution. There have been explanations rooted in Goya's relationships with his own son, Xavier, the only of his six children to survive to adulthood, or with his live-in housekeeper and possible mistress, Leocadia Weiss; the sex of the body being consumed cannot be determined with certainty. If Goya made any notes on the picture, they have not survived, as he never intended the picture for public exhibition. The mood of the painting is in stark contrast to Rubens' Saturn, as the central figure is acting out of madness rather than calculating reason, and the consumed figure is completely lifeless rather than in clear pain. It is very likely Goya had seen Rubens' Saturn in his life, but the degree to which inspiration was taken (if any) is unknown. Goya made a chalk drawing of the same subject in 1796–97: it showed a figure biting on the leg of one person while he holds another to eat, with none of the gore or madness of the later work.Goya scholar Fred Licht has raised doubts regarding the traditional title, stating that it may "very well be misleading." He notes that the traditional iconographical attributes associated with Saturn (such as his scythe or hourglass) are absent from the painting, and the body of the smaller figure does not resemble that of an infant, or even truly an anatomically accurate human at all. He states that much like the other Black Paintings, "one must take the title with a grain of salt." Licht offers the alternative explanation that the painting is an inversion of antisemitic artistic depictions of Jewish figures eating children, a reference to the alleged blood libel. In this way, the larger figure represents the fears of Jews manifesting in real violence against them, as "real bestiality is born of imagined bestiality," although he concedes this is impossible to prove and, like the Saturn interpretation, demonstrates the varied intent of Goya in the composition. Additionally, he argues that the very act of naming the black paintings is an attempt to impose rationale on pictures which force one to contemplate chaos and nothingness, a primary theme in the black paintings.It has been questioned whether the consumed figure is male.The art historian John J. Ciofalo writes that "the victim appears to be an adult and, given the curvaceous buttocks and legs, a female." Moreover, in other versions, the sons are alive and struggling or at least have heads, so the viewer is able to identify or sympathize. The victim is not struggling in Saturn's vice-like, blood-oozing grip, which literally cuts into her body, because she is dead, not to mention headless. She does not, to say the least, encourage identification. The identification flows toward Saturn. Ciofalo concludes: "The overwhelming feeling of the image is one of violent and insatiable lust, underscored, to put it mildly, by the livid and enormously engorged penis between his legs...utter male fury has hardly before or since been captured so vividly." Transfer from the Quinta del Sordo When Goya went into self-imposed exile in France in 1823, he passed the Quinta del Sordo to his grandson Mariano. After various changes of ownership, the house came into the possession of the Belgian Baron Émile d'Erlanger in 1874. After 70 years on the walls of the Quinta del Sordo, the murals were deteriorating badly and, in order to preserve them, the new owner of the house had them transferred to canvas under the direction of Salvador Martínez Cubells, the chief art restorer at the Museo del Prado. After showing them at the Exposition Universelle of 1878 in Paris, d'Erlanger eventually donated them to the Spanish state. The effects of time on the murals, coupled with the inevitable damage caused by the delicate operation of mounting the crumbling plaster on canvas, meant that most of the murals required restoration work and some detail may have been lost, but in this respect Saturn Devouring His Son appears to have fared better than some of the other works. See also List of works by Francisco Goya Notes References Bibliography Connell, Evan (2004). Francisco Goya: A Life. Counterpoint. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-58243-307-3. Licht, Fred (1983). Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art. Icon. p. 288. ISBN 0-06-430123-0. Morden, Karen & Pulimood, Stephen (2006). Stephen Farthing (ed.). 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die. London: Quintet Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84403-563-8. "Saturn Devouring One of His Sons". Museo del Prado. Retrieved February 27, 2007. E. Weems. "The Black Paintings: Saturn". Retrieved February 27, 2007. Jay Scott Morgan. "The Mystery of Goya's Saturn". New England Review. Archived from the original on December 13, 2006. Retrieved February 27, 2007. "Goya's Black Paintings". theartworlf. June 12, 2006. Retrieved February 27, 2007. Milko A. García Torres. "Francisco José Goya". Pinacoteca Universal Multimedia (in Spanish). Madrid: F & G Editores. Retrieved February 27, 2007. Hesiod, translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. "Theogony". Retrieved August 25, 2013. External links Media related to Saturno devorando a su hijo at Wikimedia Commons

Mononobe clan

The Mononobe clan (物部氏, Mononobe uji) was a Japanese aristocratic kin group (uji) of the Kofun period, known for its military opposition to the Soga clan. The Mononobe were opposed to the spread of Buddhism, partly on religious grounds, claiming that the local deities would be offended by the worshiping of foreign deities, but also as the result of feelings of conservatism and a degree of xenophobia. The Nakatomi clan, ancestors of the Fujiwara, were also Shinto ritualists allied with the Mononobe in opposition to Buddhism. The Mononobe, like many other major families of the time, were something of a corporation or guild in addition to being a proper family by blood-relation. While the only members of the clan to appear in any significant way in the historical record were statesmen, the clan as a whole was known as the Corporation of Arms or Armorers.

The Mononobe clan (物部氏, Mononobe uji) was a Japanese aristocratic kin group (uji) of the Kofun period, known for its military opposition to the Soga clan. The Mononobe were opposed to the spread of Buddhism, partly on religious grounds, claiming that the local deities would be offended by the worshiping of foreign deities, but also as the result of feelings of conservatism and a degree of xenophobia. The Nakatomi clan, ancestors of the Fujiwara, were also Shinto ritualists allied with the Mononobe in opposition to Buddhism. The Mononobe, like many other major families of the time, were something of a corporation or guild in addition to being a proper family by blood-relation. While the only members of the clan to appear in any significant way in the historical record were statesmen, the clan as a whole was known as the Corporation of Arms or Armorers. History The Mononobe were said to have been descended from Nigihayahi no Mikoto, (饒速日命), a legendary figure who is said to have ruled Yamato before the conquest of Emperor Jimmu. His descendant Mononobe no Toochine (物部十千根), known as the founder of the clan, was given Isonokami Shrine by Yamatohime-no-mikoto, the daughter of Emperor Suinin. He then began using the name Mononobe. In the 6th century, a number of violent clashes erupted between the Mononobe and the Soga clan. According to the Nihon Shoki, one particularly important conflict occurred after the Emperor Yōmei died after a very short reign. Mononobe no Moriya, the head of the clan, supported one prince to succeed Yōmei, while Soga no Umako chose another. The conflict came to a head in a battle at Kisuri (present-day Osaka) in the year 587, where the Mononobe clan were defeated and crushed at the Battle of Shigisan. Following Moriya's death, Buddhism saw a further spread in Japan.In 686, the Mononobe reformed as the Isonokami clan, named thus due to their close ties with Isonokami Shrine, a Shinto shrine which doubled as an imperial armory. Family Tree Nigihayahi-no-mikoto (饒速日命), legendary figure who is said to have ruled Yamato before the conquest of Emperor Jimmu. 　┃ Umashimaji-no-mikoto (可美真手命) 　┇ (5 generations missing) 　┇ Mononobe no Tōchine (物部十千根), known as the founder of the clan. 　┃ Mononobe no Ikui (物部胆咋) 　┃ Ikoto (物部五十琴) 　┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ Ikofutsu (物部伊莒弗) Mukiri (麦入) Iwamochi (石持) 　┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ Me (目) Futsukuru (布都久留) Makura (真椋) Oomae (大前) Omae (小前) Ushiro (菟代) 　┃ Arayama (荒山) 　┃ Okoshi (尾輿) 　┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ Mikari (御狩) Moriya (守屋) Nieko (贄子), his daughter married Soga no Umako 　┃ Me (目) 　┃ Umaro (宇麻呂) 　┃ Isonokami no Maro (石上麻呂), changed his surname and founded the Isonokami clan (石上氏) Descendants of Mononobe no Futsukuru (物部布都久留), see above tree. Futsukuru (布都久留) 　┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ Itabi (木蓮子) Ogoto (小事) 　┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ Masara (麻佐良) Yakahime (宅媛), consort of Emperor Ankan 　┃ Arakabi (麁鹿火) 　┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ Iwayumi (石弓) Kagehime (影媛) Notes References Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. See also Mononobe no Arakabi Mononobe no Moriya Mononobe no Okoshi Isonokami no Maro Kujiki Mononobe-jinja

The Private Lives of Adam and Eve

The Private Lives of Adam and Eve is a 1960 Spectacolor comedy film starring Mickey Rooney (who also co-directed), and Mamie Van Doren. It is an American B-movie in which the plot revolves around a modern couple who dream that they are Adam and Eve. Others of their acquaintance assume the roles of various characters from the Book of Genesis during the fantasy sequences.

The Private Lives of Adam and Eve is a 1960 Spectacolor comedy film starring Mickey Rooney (who also co-directed), and Mamie Van Doren. It is an American B-movie in which the plot revolves around a modern couple who dream that they are Adam and Eve. Others of their acquaintance assume the roles of various characters from the Book of Genesis during the fantasy sequences. Plot A bus heading toward Reno, Nevada, is being driven by Doc Bayles, whose passengers include a traveling salesman (Hal Sanders) and a runaway teen (Vangie Harper). Feuding couples begin boarding. A waitress, Evie Simms, wants to go to Reno to divorce her husband Ad, having caught him kissing Lil Lewis, a neighbor. Lil wants a divorce from her own husband, casino boss Nick Lewis, who tries to catch up to the bus in a broken-down car belonging to Pinkie Parker, a beatnik. A jealous Nick commandeers the bus when Doc briefly gets off and then inadvertently drives Ad off a cliff, nearly killing him. When a raging storm heads everyone's way, they take shelter in a church. Ad and Evie fall asleep and seem to have the same dream, that they are in the original Garden of Eden, facing temptations from the Devil that could affect the future of all mankind. When they wake up, the storm has passed. The travelers pair off, Ad with Evie, and Lil with Nick, and Vangie with Pinkie, to see where the road takes them next. Cast Mickey Rooney as Nick Lewis / The Devil Mamie Van Doren as Evie Simms / Eve Fay Spain as Lil Lewis / Lilith Mel Tormé as Hal Sanders Martin Milner as Ad Simms / Adam Tuesday Weld as Vangie Harper Cecil Kellaway as Doc Bayles Paul Anka as Pinkie Parker Ziva Rodann as Passiona Theona Bryant as Sensuosa June Wilkinson as Saturday Phillipa Fallon as Desire Barbara Walden as Dancer Toni Covington as Devil's Familiar Nancy Root as Monday Production In July 1957, Albert Zugsmith announced he would make a film about Adam and Eve as part of a multi-picture deal he had at MGM. George Peck was reported as working on the script. It was then reported that Richard Matheson would write a script based on a treatment by Robert Smith. Its working title was Flesh and the Devil.The movie wound up not being made at MGM. It was a co-production between Famous Artists, the company of Albert Zugsmith, and Fryman, the company of Mickey Rooney and Red Doff; Universal distributed. Filming started on 7 July 1959.Shooting was temporarily suspended when Rooney came down with German measles. Shooting finished in August."I pick my titles to get 'em into theatres", said Zugsmith. "Thousands of exhibitors say amen to that."Paul Anka released the title song as a single. Release Universal planned to premiere the film simultaneously in all towns in the United States called "Paradise". However this was abandoned when it was discovered that there were only nine such towns; eight had a population of less than 500 and only two had movie theatres.The National Legion of Decency gave the film a "Class C" or "condemned" rating, saying it was "blasphemous and sacrilegious" and resorts to "indecencies and pornography" that are "blatant violations of Judeo-Christian standards of modesty and decency."The film was released nationally on 11 January 1961.The Los Angeles Times said the cast was "professional" but that the script wasn't "too bright ... an unpleasant combination of scraps of professional piety and masses of suggestive buffoonery." References External links The Private Lives of Adam and Eve at IMDb The Private Lives of Adam and Eve at TCMDB The Private Lives of Adam and Eve at AllMovie The Private Lives of Adam and Eve at the American Film Institute Catalog Joe Dante on The Private Lives of Adam and Eve at Trailers from Hell

Airbus Helicopters H160

The Airbus Helicopters H160 (formerly X4) is a medium utility helicopter developed by Airbus Helicopters. Formally launched at Heli-Expo in Orlando, Florida on 3 March 2015, it is intended to replace the AS365 and EC155 models in the firm's lineup. In June 2015, the first test flight took place. It received its EASA type certification in July 2020, and first deliveries were in December 2021.

The Airbus Helicopters H160 (formerly X4) is a medium utility helicopter developed by Airbus Helicopters. Formally launched at Heli-Expo in Orlando, Florida on 3 March 2015, it is intended to replace the AS365 and EC155 models in the firm's lineup. In June 2015, the first test flight took place. It received its EASA type certification in July 2020, and first deliveries were in December 2021. Development The Airbus Helicopters H160 was first revealed to the public in 2011, at which point it was referred to by company representatives by the designation X4 – a designation which implied it to be a follow-on from the Eurocopter X3, a high-speed hybrid helicopter technology demonstrator. Speaking in early 2011, Eurocopter (later renamed as Airbus Helicopters) chief Lutz Bertling declared that the X4 would be a "game changer", contrasting significance of the innovations it would feature with Airbus' development of fly-by-wire controls. Early features alluded to include Blue Edge active tracking rotor blades, advanced pilot assistance functionality, and reduced vibration to "near-jet" levels of smoothness. The X4 was also described as having a "radically different" cockpit, Bertling stating that "The cockpit as we know it today will not be there". It was also announced that the X4 would be introduced in two stages: an interim model in 2017 with some of the advanced features absent, and a more advanced model following in 2020.The development program for the X4 cost €1 billion ($1.12 billion). Cutting-edge features, including proposed highly advanced control systems, were toned down or eliminated as too risky or costly. On 3 March 2015, the X4 was formally unveiled under the H160 designation. It has been marketed as a successor to the company's existing Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin and competes with the AgustaWestland AW139, Sikorsky S-76 and Bell 412; Guillaume Faury, Airbus Helicopters Chief Executive, referred to the H160 as being "the AW139 killer". The H160 began Airbus Helicopter's re-branded naming convention; starting 1 January 2016, helicopters in the same range shall bear the 'H' designation, resembling how Airbus names their commercial aircraft.A design emphasis was placed on using Airbus' production and support techniques as used for advanced fixed-wing aircraft such as the Airbus A350 passenger jet; accordingly, a pair of test rigs were built to separately test the dynamic and system elements respectively to speed up the design process. On 29 May 2015, the first H160 prototype was unveiled at Airbus Helicopters' Marignane facility in France. Flight testing On 13 June 2015, the first prototype performed its first flight from Marignane. By November 2015, the flight envelope of the prototype had been progressively expanded, having attained a maximum altitude of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) and a maximum speed of 175 knots (324 km/h; 201 mph) so far. On 18 December 2015, the second prototype, the first H160 to be equipped with Turbomeca Arrano engines, performed its initial ground run; its maiden flight took place on 27 January 2016. In November 2015, it was announced that certification of the H160 and its entry into service with civil operators were both scheduled to take place in 2018; a military-orientated variant, designated H160M, is aimed to enter service in 2022. In March 2016, H160 program chief Bernard Fujarski stated that nearly all milestones set for 2015 had been achieved, save for the second prototype's first flight having been delayed to January 2016, and that the H160's aerodynamic configuration had been validated. Testing had revealed a need to relocate some electronics systems to the rotorcraft's nose from the rear portion of the main fuselage for center of gravity reasons, while the fenestron shrouded tail rotor had reportedly exceeded performance expectations.In 2015, Airbus estimated that there was a market for 120–150 airframes annually; the company intends to initially increase the manufacturing rate to roughly 50 aircraft per year. In July 2016, it was announced that the aeromechanical configuration of the rotorcraft had been frozen. Manufacturing of the first production H160 is scheduled for 2017; the first delivery may take place in late 2018 or early 2019. A new production scheme, drawing inspiration from the automotive industry, is to be implemented in the H160's construction; it is a stated aim for the final assembly lead time of the new rotorcraft to be half of that of the preceding Dauphin.In March 2017, French defence minister Jean-Yves Le Drian announced at Marignane that the H160 was selected as the basis for its tri-service light rotorcraft replacement programme, the hélicoptère interarmées léger (HIL), with between 160 and 190 required from 2024 to replace 420 aircraft : French navy’s Alouette IIIs, SA 365 Dauphin and AS565 Panther, the French Air Force’s AS555 Fennec and SA330 Pumas; and the French army Pumas, SA341/SA342 Gazelles and Fennec. In May 2019, French Minister of the Armed Forces Florence Parly christened this helicopter as H160M Guépard.In October 2017, the initial pair of prototypes reached 500h of flight testing while the third should make its maiden flight, the entire flight envelope had been opened leaving hot weather, antennas, optional equipment testing and certification flights. In 2018, 10 pre-serial helicopters were assembled before certification and deliveries in 2019, production was looking to be increased to 50 per year. The first serial H160 made its maiden flight on 14 December 2018. Its Safran Arrano turboshaft received its type certificate during the June 2019 Paris Air Show, before EASA approval for the H160 planned for the fourth quarter before first delivery to a US customer for corporate transport in May 2020.After 1500 hours of flight tests and demo flights with three prototypes, the H160 was type certified by the EASA on 1 July 2020, before FAA certification and delivery to a US customer planned for the same year. Japanese certification followed in May 2021 and in Brazil in September, and the first H160 was delivered on 10 December to All Nippon Helicopter for electronic news gathering, starting in 2022. Design The Airbus Helicopters H160 takes advantage of several advanced manufacturing technologies and materials in order to produce a lighter, more efficient design. One weight-saving measure was the replacement of conventional hydraulic landing gear and brakes with electrical counterparts, the first helicopter in the world to do so; according to Airbus the elimination of hydraulic components makes the rotorcraft both lighter and safer. In 2015, Airbus claimed that the all-composite H160 would deliver the same basic performance as the rival AgustaWestland AW139 while being 1 tonne lighter, having a lower fuel consumption and offering 15–20% lower direct operating costs. The composite fuselage also provided for greater design freedom of the rotorcraft's external styling. During the aircraft's development features such as full de-icing equipment and a fly-by-wire control system were deemed too heavy or costly for the benefits they would deliver and were eliminated.The H160 is the first rotorcraft to feature the Blue Edge five-bladed main rotor. This incorporates a double-swept shape that reduces the noise generation of blade-vortex interactions (BVI), a phenomenon which occurs when the blade impacts a vortex created at its tip, resulting in a 3–4 dB noise reduction and raising the effective payload by 100 kg (220 lb) compared with a scaled Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin rotor design. Aerodynamic innovations include a biplane tailplane stabiliser for greater low speed stability, and a quieter canted fenestron which combined produce an extra 80 kg of lift. The H160 is the first civilian helicopter to utilise a canted fenestron anti-torque tail rotor. The H160 will be powered by two Turbomeca Arrano turboshaft engines; a second engine, the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210E, was to be offered as an alternative option, but this was eliminated due to insufficient power output and to reduce design complexity. A redundant backup for the gearbox lubrication system enables in excess of five hours of flight following a primary failure without causing mechanical damage.In early 2015, Airbus claimed that the H160 is intended to have a "day one" availability rate expectation exceeding 95 percent. The H160 features the Helionix avionics suite, the cockpit being equipped with a total of four 6 in × 8 in (15 cm × 20 cm) multifunctional displays. Airbus Helicopters collaborated with Esterline CMC to develop portions of the avionics, such as the CMA-9000 Flight Management System and the CMA-5024 GPS landing system sensor, to automate the landing process. A full flight simulator has also been developed for the H160, in partnership with Helisim and Thales Group. The avionics provide a level of commonality with the company's earlier Eurocopter EC145 T2 and Eurocopter EC175 helicopters. Commentators have stated that this commonality to be similar to AgustaWestland's rotorcraft family concept. Variants Civilian H160 Prototype civil-orientated model. 3 built. PT1 powered by P&WC engines, first flew 13 June 2015. PT2 powered by Arrano engines, first flew 27 Jan 2016. PT3 fitted with cabin interior and first flew 13 October 2017H160-B Civil production variant, certified in July 2020. Military H160M Base military-orientated model.HIL H160M Guépard (hélicoptère interarmées léger - Joint Light Helicopter) Version developed for the French Armed Forces. Specifications (H160) Data from AirbusGeneral characteristics Crew: 1/2 Capacity: 12 Length: 13.96 m (45 ft 10 in) Width: 3.54 m (11 ft 7 in) Height: 4.91 m (16 ft 1 in) Empty weight: 4,050 kg (8,929 lb) Max takeoff weight: 6,050 kg (13,338 lb) Useful load: up to 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) Fuel capacity: 1,120 kg (2,469 lb) Powerplant: 2 × Safran Arrano 1A turboshaft engines, 955 kW (1,280 shp) each Main rotor diameter: 13.40 m (43.96 ft) Main rotor area: 141 m2 (1,520 sq ft)Performance Cruise speed: 255 km/h (158 mph, 138 kn) Range: 880 km (550 mi, 475 nmi) Endurance: 4 h 30 min with standard fuel tanks Service ceiling: 6,096 m (20,000 ft) , 9,300 ft (2,835 m) hover ceiling IGE Disk loading: 42.9 kg/m2 (8.8 lb/sq ft) See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era AgustaWestland AW139 HAL Dhruv Kamov Ka-60 Sikorsky S-76 TAI T625 KAI LCH KAI LAH Bell 412 Notes References External links Airbus Helicopters H160 official page

Shuckra

A shuckra is a weapon of Indian heritage and consists of a series of metal tubes on a wire connected to a (metal) handle. By locking the handle and pulling on an internal wire the device becomes taut and may be used as a stabbing weapon.

A shuckra is a weapon of Indian heritage and consists of a series of metal tubes on a wire connected to a (metal) handle. By locking the handle and pulling on an internal wire the device becomes taut and may be used as a stabbing weapon. Sources FBI guide to concealable weapons FOX News:FBI Catalogs Possible Terrorist Weapons

Andreasstift

The Andreasstift was a building complex in Worms, Germany, now housing Worms City Museum. It is located near Worms Cathedral and the Magnuskirche. The community it housed was founded before 1000 as a mountain-top community but was moved to a new building within Worms' city walls in 1020 by order of bishop Burchard of Worms. He also ordered the building of the cathedral and of two churches dedicated to St Paul and St Martin. He supported the election of his pupil Henry II and thus became sole ruler of Worms.

The Andreasstift was a building complex in Worms, Germany, now housing Worms City Museum. It is located near Worms Cathedral and the Magnuskirche. The community it housed was founded before 1000 as a mountain-top community but was moved to a new building within Worms' city walls in 1020 by order of bishop Burchard of Worms. He also ordered the building of the cathedral and of two churches dedicated to St Paul and St Martin. He supported the election of his pupil Henry II and thus became sole ruler of Worms. The complex now centres on the former Andreaskirche, founded between 1180 and 1200 as a three-aisled Romanesque church. The church's north door shows similarities to the west choir of Worms Cathedral, suggesting it was built at the same time. Two wings of its cloister survive and are now used as a lapidarium. The church's windows were replaced with Gothic style ones after a fire in 1200. The humanist Peter Anton von Clapis became its provost in 1470. The church and monastery were destroyed in 1689 during the Nine Years' War and only restored in 1761. The final provost was Clemens August von Stefne. In 1800 the monastery and church were secularized and desanctified by Napoleon I, seeing use as a barracks, a hay barn, a fruit yard, a fire station and the base for the town's official carriages. It was restored again from 1928 to 1930 thanks to a legacy of 200,000 gold marks from Baron Maximilian von Heyl, the younger brother of the Worms industrialist Cornelius Wilhelm von Heyl. The area was occupied by France from November 1918 onwards. The end of the occupation was marked on 1 July 1930 by a procession from the city museum (then in the Paulusstift) to the Andreasstift - this also marked the museum's transfer to the Andreasstift. The complex was almost completely destroyed by Allied air raids in the final months of World War II. It was restored between 1945 and 1947 during the second French occupation of the area and again in 2007. External links "Museen in Worms > Stadt Worms". museum.worms.de. Retrieved 2016-12-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20150928023218/http://www.klosterlexikon-rlp.de/rheinhessen/worms-kollegiatstift-st-andreas.html

Virgin Atlantic Flight 024

Virgin Atlantic Flight 024 was a regularly scheduled Virgin Atlantic passenger flight from Los Angeles, California, to London, United Kingdom. On 5 November 1997, the Airbus A340 operating the flight was forced to make an emergency landing in London Heathrow Airport after the left main landing gear didn't deploy. During the landing, the aircraft was damaged and later repaired. All 114 passengers and crew aboard survived, but 7 passengers were slightly injured during evacuation.

Virgin Atlantic Flight 024 was a regularly scheduled Virgin Atlantic passenger flight from Los Angeles, California, to London, United Kingdom. On 5 November 1997, the Airbus A340 operating the flight was forced to make an emergency landing in London Heathrow Airport after the left main landing gear didn't deploy. During the landing, the aircraft was damaged and later repaired. All 114 passengers and crew aboard survived, but 7 passengers were slightly injured during evacuation. Aircraft The aircraft was an Airbus A340-311, registered G-VSKY with manufacturer serial number 016. It made its first flight on 3 November 1993, and was delivered soon after to Virgin Atlantic on 21 January 1994. At the time of the accident the aircraft had flown 19,323 hours. It was fitted with four CFM International CFM56-5C2 low-bypass turbofan engines.: 10 Incident At 05:09 GMT (21:09 local time), flight VS024 departed from runway 24L in Los Angeles after a 19-minute delay. While climbing, the crew noticed that it took the landing gear a bit longer to retract. Later, during a routine in-flight systems scan, it was noted that the brake temperature sensor on the inboard rear wheel of the main landing gear had failed, but the flight was otherwise uneventful..: 3 At 15:04 GMT, while on final approach to Heathrow Runway 27L, the crew received an aural "Gear not safe" alert after deploying the landing gear, upon which the crew elected to go around and return to a holding pattern.: 3–4 The crew decided to fly near the ATC tower, to check the landing gear status from the Earth. It was found out that the left main landing gear was stuck in partially deployed position. The crew tried to complete several manoeuvres to make the gear come out, but it didn't deploy. The crew was thinking to touch the runway with the right main landing gear and immediately go around, the idea was to shake the landing gear up. However, the idea wasn't tried, as it was too dangerous and the pilots never did this before.: 4–5 When the crew realised that it was impossible to deploy the left main landing gear, they alerted an emergency. The cabin crew started to prepare passengers for an emergency landing. In 16:08 captain saw, that only a small amount of fuel was left. He declared a "Mayday". The crew started to land the plane on runway No. 27L, because at the landing the plane was expected to turn to the left, what would bring it away from the airport buildings. Also, the pilots wanted to land the plane on the right side of the runway, so it will have more space to stop until it will leave the runway. According to the checklist, after the touch down the crew had immediately turn off all 4 engines. However, the captain decided that after the touching only the 1st and 4th engine will be turned off, after the engine number 2, and finally the engine number 3.: 5–6 As planned, after the landing the 1st and the 4th engines were turned off, the 2nd and the 3rd engine were turned off as planned too. The captain tried to hold the left wing in the air as long as possible, what led to the engine number 4 (the outer right one) to touch the runway. As the plane lost speed, the 1st and 2nd engine touched the runway and caused a short fire. The tyres on the right main landing gear burst. When the nose gear touched the runway the plane started to veer to the left. As the plane came to a stop, the cabin crew started the evacuation, where 7 passengers were slightly injured.: 6–7 Cause The reason of the incident were the following factors: Full deployment of the left main landing gear was prevented because the unrestrained end of the brake torque rod No. 6 had become trapped in the keel beam structure within the gear bay. It jammed the landing gear in a partially deployed position. The torque pin which had connected the No. 6 brake torque rod to the wheel brake had disengaged during the landing gear was retracted after takeoff from Los Angeles, allowing the unrestrained rod to pivot freely about the retained end. The torque pin and its retaining assembly had been subject to higher axial and torsional loads than predicted during aircraft braking in service. These loads were the result of elastic deformation of the wheel axle, brake and torque rod, and due to assembly without the correct axial clearance as a result of prior undetected displacement of the associated bushes. The precise mode of failure of the retaining assembly bolt, nut and cotter pin could not be ascertained in the absence of these parts. This design of wheel brake assembly had satisfactorily passed the related certification wheel brake structural torque test. However the latter contained no requirement to use a representative axle or other means to reproduce the axle deflections which occur during aircraft braking in service. In result it didn't require post torque test strip assessment of brake assemblies, which resulted in an overstressing deformation which did not produce component failure. Aftermath The aircraft was seriously damaged. 3 engines and the landing gear, the pylons, especially the one from engine number 2, were damaged. The runway 27L was damaged after the landing gear tyres burst.: 8 Virgin Atlantic still uses the flight number 024 on Los Angeles—London route, but instead of the Airbus A340-300, there flies either a Boeing 787-9 or an Airbus A350-1000. See also List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 References External links Final Report (Archive) Appendices (Archive)

Sex, Drugs and Magick

Sex, Drugs and Magick: A Journey Beyond Limits is a book by Robert Anton Wilson, first published in 1973 as Sex and Drugs: A Journey Beyond Limits by Playboy Press. It was Wilson's intention to call the book Sex, Drugs and the Occult, however the 'occult' was removed at the insistence of Playboy head Hugh Hefner. The updated title stems from the 1987 revision which included a new preface by the author. Wilson added another preface to the 2000 edition. The book focuses on the connection between sex, the use of drugs and occult practices and how these can be combined for maximum benefit.

Sex, Drugs and Magick: A Journey Beyond Limits is a book by Robert Anton Wilson, first published in 1973 as Sex and Drugs: A Journey Beyond Limits by Playboy Press. It was Wilson's intention to call the book Sex, Drugs and the Occult, however the 'occult' was removed at the insistence of Playboy head Hugh Hefner. The updated title stems from the 1987 revision which included a new preface by the author. Wilson added another preface to the 2000 edition. The book focuses on the connection between sex, the use of drugs and occult practices and how these can be combined for maximum benefit. This is illustrated with examples from history, religion and his own personal experience. Wilson also details the potential dangers of drugs use.

Riddrie

Riddrie (Scottish Gaelic: An Ruadh Ruigh) is a north-eastern district of Glasgow, Scotland. It lies on the A80 Cumbernauld Road.

Riddrie (Scottish Gaelic: An Ruadh Ruigh) is a north-eastern district of Glasgow, Scotland. It lies on the A80 Cumbernauld Road. Location and amenities Riddrie is a predominantly residential area consisting of 1920s or earlier semi-detached houses (especially in the area known as Riddrie Knowes), and some 1920s three-story tenement buildings containing multiple apartments. It is the location of Barlinnie prison. The area lies to the north east of the centre of Glasgow. There is a Vogue bingo hall, library, bowling green and local shops. Bus services link Riddrie with Glasgow City Centre and Cumbernauld. Nearby is Hogganfield Loch, around which is a public park. Geology Riddrie sits on limestone with a clay layer over it. This can be seen in the outcrops in the area where the limestone breaks through. There is a stone quarry in the grounds of HMP Barlinnie, which was used to create the War Memorial in Lee Avenue, according to its inscription. Limestone, a biochemical sedimentary rock, is in Riddrie of the Clackmannan Group Type. It dates from the Carboniferous Period and specifically to 318 to 328 million years ago. Coal seams in the immediate area to the east were considered commercially exploitable from the late eighteenth century onwards once the canal had been built. Under Riddrie Knowes there is a sill of volcanic rock, and Glasgow and its environs are much affected by patterns of Ice Age melt. History Canal and motorway proximity The former Monkland Canal to the immediate north of modern Riddrie was begun by James Watt in June 1770 as the first stage of a plan to allow transport of coal to the centre of Glasgow. One of its water sources was Hogganfield Loch. The canal's commercial development had by 1792 allowed coal exploitation close to its route to grow. The first half of the 19th century saw this use intensify with the opening of ironworks in Coatbridge. Both shallow and deep coalmining took place close to and under Riddrie. The Monkland Canal traffic was close by. In the late 18th century, there was a drawbridge at Riddrie where coal was sold at competitive rates. The last deep workings in the area closed in 1931. Mine workings under Riddrie have become unstable in heavy rain, leading to the collapse of ground in Riddrie Park Cemetery.By the 1920s, the abandoned canal waterway had become a public danger, resulting in Riddrie children drowning, and has been described as a source of "continuous outcry" from residents. The canal was eventually filled in the 1960s and is now the M8 motorway with the exit for Riddrie at Junction 12. Riddrie was a significant point in the M8 project. In 1978, the section from Riddrie to Ballieston roundabout was designed and constructed to a dual three lane motorway standard, in the immediate expectation of 45,000 vehicles per 16 hour day. In 2020,annual average daily flow traffic records show that the Riddrie/Blackhill Junction 12 section carried 70,676 vehicles (almost 10% being heavy goods vehicles). Early records Few early records survive because settlement was so sparse before the mid-19th century. There are some 18th century tax records that indicate the presence of a few wealthier individuals. Income tax was not used in the UK until 1798, and instead a variety of lands, goods and services were taxed. In the late 18th century, horse tax was levied separately on carriage or saddle horses, but not on working farm animals. Captain Christie of Riddrie is shown in the tax roll for 1797–98 as owning one horse. The Farm horse tax rolls show Captain Christie of Riddrie in 1797–98 as owning two farm horses. His neighbours are also shown: William Turnbull of Smithy Croft (two farm horses) and David Bennerman at Lathamhill (four farm horses).Other records include a land tax listing in 1803 for George Provand, recorded as the owner of Riddrie Park. By 1852, the limited buildings in the area are seen in detail on the Map of the country for ten miles round Glasgow at the National Library of Scotland. Riddrie and Riddrie Park together account for only three dwellings. Reformatory at Riddrie Farm From 1861, the House of Refuge in Duke Street, a boys' reformatory, had added to its operation an experimental branch at Riddrie Farm. Prior to this the harsh regime at the Duke Street reformatory had been conducted entirely indoors. Riddrie Farm extended to 55 acres (22 ha) and was used for giving the boys a basic training in farm labour as well as some fresh air. In 1866, 25 boys had this opportunity and were educated in "spade-husbandry, to drain the land, to cultivate cabbages and turnips, to tend cows and horses etc." The Riddrie Farm establishment was fully certified to operate as from 16 January 1867. Riddrie Farm was closed as from 1871 due to excessive costs to run two sites. During its time in operation, Riddrie Farm was supervised and inspected by the Prison Commissioners, being classified as a Reformatory and Industrial School. Riddrie Farm was inspected in June and September 1869 at a point where there were 128 boys resident. There had been discussion as to whether the whole reformatory ought to be relocated to Riddrie, so the character of Riddrie was known to the prison authorities long before the building of Barlinnie. In the period 1866–68, 158 boys were discharged from the Duke Street/ Riddrie Farm reformatory. Forty seven are not accounted for, whereas 34 are convicted of further crimes, and 64 are recorded as "doing well." In a Glasgow map of 1888, Riddrie can be seen and it is shown as containing only one very large building, the rest being open land. Prison and housing development The Riddrie area settlement was first intensively developed by the construction of Barlinnie prison in the 1880s, in the effort to relieve Glasgow's prison overcrowding. The 32-acre (13 ha) site was bought by the Scottish Prison Department for the purpose from Mr Wilson of Campbellfield. The farmstead was known as Barlinnie, and the surrounding land as Blairlenny. The name Barlinnie can be traced back as far as 1562. It combines Scottish Gaelic, 'blàr' (field) and 'làanach' (swampy).Once the prison was built, it was surrounded by "farmland, mansion houses out to the Monkland Canal, except for an embryonic village at Riddrie Knowes". The Riddrie housing development of the 1920s of around 1,000 dwellings took place over a greenfield site (as shown in the Ordnance Survey for 1857–93). The development was a response to the urgent need for additional housing following the First World War, and it was the first scheme to be completed on behalf of the City Council under the Addison Act. It was originally council housing (to a high specification for the time) and the properties were built with cavity insulation and electric provision. They were made available to respectable wage-earners who were known to be "people of good character". The development took place under the control of Glasgow City Council Director of Housing Peter Fyfe (active 1919-23). Approximately 3,000 people moved in. The housing element of the Riddrie scheme was the first to be built, whereas the integrated envisaged church, library, school and cinema were subsequently created.Riddrie was likely inhabited by the incoming council occupiers during 1922, not 1923 as stated in the Third Statistical Account of Scotland (published 1958), on the basis that it is correct that the Minute Book of the Riddrie Ratepayers' Association records a meeting on 12 December 1922 at 47 Gadie Street at which they chose their name. In February 1922, the new roads were being prepared but show-houses with electricity were available for people to inspect. The full and detailed description of the houses was given wide publicity. In March 1923, 500 children living in newly-constructed Riddrie had to be schooled in Haghill. By February 1924, so many homes in Riddrie were in occupation that the need for a school there was openly described as one of urgent necessity.Blackhill (adjacent to the 1920s development of Riddrie) was designated in the 1930s for new housing. The Blackhill area was developed to rehouse people from slum clearance elsewhere. The process of rehousing was abrupt and relocations were without consultation. This resulted in tensions within Riddrie as successive clearances took place. These tensions did not apparently abate over time. In 1962, at a rating appeal brought by the Riddrie Ratepayers' Association, the Blackhill estate was described by them as "one of the worst slum clearance schemes" that negatively impacted the amenity of Riddrie. In 1977, a Riddrie councillor launched a campaign to get the pedestrian motorway bridge by Gala Street demolished. In the three years since it was built, levels of brick-throwing and vandalism from the Blackhill youths from the other side were said to make life unbearable for Riddrie residents.Living from around 1927 in Almond Street, Riddrie, Rikki Fulton describes the area in his childhood as a "quiet and pleasant place to live" and well-laid out. Alasdair Gray (born 1934) describes his childhood, recalling the Riddrie Housing Scheme development where he grew up as "good, pleasant and normal" with well-kept gardens and tree-lined streets. Tram and trolleybus connections Glasgow Corporation tramways operated connections to Riddrie. Lightweight trams and later trolley buses linked Riddrie to Glasgow's centre. Initially the route went along Cumbernauld Road but by early 1929 there was complaint about a diversion (perhaps a temporary one) along the narrower Gala Street. The Bellahouston to Millerston line ran from 1938. From 1958, a trolleybus service ran from Shieldhall and Linthouse to Riddrie. Shipyard specials connected Riddrie to the docks. The tram system closed in 1962. From 1970 During the 1970s and 1980s, the deteriorated quality of the housing stock in Riddrie, as with other areas in Glasgow, saw a policy focus on regeneration. For Riddrie the Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal (GEAR) Project, ending in 1987, saw significant refurbishment at public expense of the existing 1920s development. The improvements were a part of a city-wide plan of investment. Many of these dwellings have over time become privately owned following the introduction in 1980 by Mrs Margaret Thatcher of a right to buy council housing. In 1983, it was proposed to replace the rotten wooden window frames in the council houses, which the Council insisted should be preceded by the tenants signing an agreement not to buy the dwelling for 10 years. Though most signed, a vocal minority resisted on the basis that they were entitled to new windows anyway. The Council regarded the spending of the window money as depleting their housing reserves if the council house was purchased. From 1990 In November 1993, in an unsolved crime, Paul Hamilton was murdered by gunfire whilst driving his car in Riddrie. It has been suspected this was because he had given an alibi for a man tried for the murder of Arthur Thompson (Jnr) two years previously. This was the son of a well-known professional criminal, Arthur Thompson.In 2006, Riddrie was reported as one of 14 areas for detailed study in the GoWell project. The project investigated quality of life in low income areas, specifically concentrating on households, housing, neighbourhoods, communities, empowerment and health. The Report is dated February 2012. Riddrie, alongside nearby Carntyne, Townhead and Govan are housing investment areas where gradual upgrades are taking place to dwellings, both internally and externally.In 2016, the ambitious Seven Lochs Wetland Park project was awarded approximately £4.5 million to create and enhance a linked wildlife/nature scheme with pathways and access routes. The seven lochs in question are: Bishop Loch, Frankfield Loch, Garnqueen Loch, Hogganfield Loch, Johnston Loch, Lochend Loch and Woodend Loch. The lochs, parks, nature reserves and woods are all in the 16-square-kilometre (6.2 sq mi) area that begins in Riddrie and extends to Coatbridge in Lanarkshire. At the time this was Scotland's largest urban nature park. From 2020 On 31 January 2023, Councillor Angus Millar, Glasgow City Convener for Climate and Transport announced the outcome of the recent consultations in Riddrie that took place as part of the Glasgow Liveable Neighbourhoods project. The consultations were destined to produce a successful concept design for Riddrie, described by Councillor Millar as creating a "safer and more attractive public realm in Riddrie." The Concept Design Report, Tranche 1 includes Riddrie and suggests street improvements and reduction of vehicle traffic by improving alternative active access. Areas for enhancement are: improving the aspect of the junction of Cumbernauld Road and Smithycroft Road; landscaping and pavement widening at Smithycroft Road South Riddrie Town Centre; garden and landscaping at Smithycroft Road South Riddrie Town Centre; and incorporating for school use certain land adjoining Smithycroft Secondary School. Plans include significant "greening" of the space by the provision of gardens, trees, hedges, shrubs, wild flower planting and benches. Notable buildings/ features Barlinnie prison HMP Barlinnie dominates the skyline of Riddrie where it is located. It was designed initially for 1,000 men, and they were required to break rocks there. The prison also had a library and facilities for teaching skills. In the early years, the prison guards had their own tenements (now demolished) at Barlinnie. The prison has had a number of riots and disciplinary problems, possibly caused by the conditions inside it. The prison burial grounds officially contained 10 corpses. In the 1970s during work, a further (unspecified) number of burials were discovered. In the period 1996-98, eight suicides took place in Barlinnie before an investigation of conditions inside. The prison has become known locally (ironically) as "the Riddrie Hilton" or as "Bar-L" or as "the Big Hoos." Barlinnie War Memorial There is a war memorial in Lee Avenue, Riddrie, in the form of an obelisk incised with memorial tributes to the officers of HMP Barlinnie and their sons who were killed in action in the First World War. On that part of the monument the inscription reads: "This monument of stone taken from the prison quarry is erected by the staff. It should have been of gold." There is a further commemoration of prison officers who died in military service in the Second World War. Riddrie Bowling Club This is a lawn bowling club for members, together with a large hall that can be hired for functions. The address is 90 Smithycroft Road. A former President of the Riddrie Bowling Club was Dr James Scott Kinross, the first resident doctor for the housing development of the 1920s. He served in Riddrie until 1941 when he died there. He had been Chairman of a medical board in Glasgow as well. Riddrie Community Gardens In 2008, Riddrie Community Gardens, an unincorporated charitable body, received from the National Lottery a grant to set up a wildlife breathing space, a pond, flower meadows and fruit trees. Glasgow City Council assisted in this provision to take place over four allotments, and also assisted in the training of around 30 volunteers. In the following year, the National Lottery made a further grant to supply additional equipment, horticultural elements and some security fencing for the cabin. The total awarded was £18,993. Riddrie Library The Riddrie Library was purpose-built in 1938. It has one floor, and cost the Glasgow City Council £10,000. It has a handsome Art Deco exterior and is currently run by Glasgow Life on behalf of the City Council. The Riddrie Public Library is described by Alasdair Gray (born 1934) during his childhood as being the repository of a multitude of exciting books. In 2017, he selected it to become a gallery for his works beginning with his picture Cowcaddens Streetscape in the Fifties (1964).The library is open every day from 10 am to 5pm except Sunday when it is closed. Riddrie Park Cemetery The main cemetery The Riddrie Park Cemetery at 1171 Cumbernauld Road contains substantial numbers of graves. It is inside the boundaries of Riddrie but lies adjacent to the Lethamhill Golf Course to its east. To its north east, and almost adjacent, lies Hogganfield Loch. This cemetery has an alternative identification as Provanmill Road Cemetery. Its Canmore identification is 268447, where aerial photographs show the pathway network (as at 2005) and proximity to Hogganfield Loch. Canmore is part of Historic Environment Scotland.The "lost" burial ground of St Mungo's (1832–1870) was closed due to overcrowding and concerns for the health of patients in the adjoining infirmary. In 1903, the bodies from St Mungo's were exhumed and reburied at Riddrie Park Cemetery.The Glasgow Corporation Sanitary Department had reserved ground at two Glasgow cemeteries for pauper or unclaimed body burial, including Riddrie Park Cemetery. The annual total of bodies dealt with in this way by the beginning of the First World War was approximately 450.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records the cemetery as containing overall (scattered) burials for 100 First World War casualties and 248 Second World War casualties. These numbers are recorded as reflective of the status of Glasgow as headquarters of the Highland Light Infantry and as the location of several large military hospitals during the First World War. Further, the nearby Clydeside shipping yards were a target of intensive bombing during the Second World War, in particular on the night of 13/14 March 1941 (known as the "Clydebank Blitz"). Many civilian and military deaths arose then. A Commonwealth War Graves monument in the form of a large standing white Cross of Sacrifice was erected as a memorial to the soldiers and sailors who died in the First World War and were buried in the cemetery. A new war memorial was created in December 2013 for those who died in military service in the First and Second World Wars. The monument is by the pathway next to the Cross of Sacrifice and was erected because parts of the cemetery are not accessible to the public. The Jewish Cemetery Although strictly outside the bounds of the Riddrie Park Cemetery, the Riddrie Jewish Cemetery adjoins it and is often thought to be a section of it. The need in this area began following the opening in 1880 of the first synagogue in the Gorbals with its small burial plot in Craigton. The requirement for more space was met by the South Portland Street Synagogue opening another cemetery in around 1908 in Riddrie. The plot contains 729 lairs. This served an impoverished section of the population that often could not afford the costs involved. In 1908 the Glasgow Hebrew Burial Society started a saving scheme for members. They in turn bought a small burial ground in Sandymount, in the Shettleston area. The last Riddrie burial in the Jewish Cemetery was in 2003. People and events The cemetery contains the burial plot and marker stone of Lt Henry May VC (1885–1941), who was awarded the Victoria Cross in the First World War for outstanding gallantry. The soldier was serving in the First Battalion, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) when at La Boutillerie on 22 October 1914 he voluntarily acted despite great personal risk so as to rescue others whilst under heavy enemy fire. In 1963, Edwin Morgan (later the first Makar or Poet Laureate for Scotland) wrote an acclaimed poem called King Billy about Billy Fullerton, the deceased leader of the Bridgeton Billy Boys. They were a violent 500-strong gang of Protestant young men in the 1920s and 1930s. Billy Fullerton (1904–1962) is thought to be in an unmarked grave in Riddrie Park Cemetery, as indicated in the opening words: "Grey over Riddrie the clouds piled up, dragged their rain through the cemetery trees. The gates shone cold…". In August 2002, a freak accident occurred during heavy rain when old mine workings under the cemetery opened, causing a teenage boy to drown.The Riddrie Park Cemetery is one of only three Glasgow sites where the Common Blue butterfly was to be found (2007–8). Smithycroft Secondary School Smithycroft Secondary School is a large comprehensive school dating from the 1960s. It takes its pupils from both sides of the M8 motorway. The original school was constructed over the period 1964-66, having been designed by the Glasgow City Council Chief Architect Archibald George Jury. In 1966, Glasgow City Council decided that Riddrie was to be reorganised so as to have comprehensive education. There was to be a new comprehensive secondary school to open for the school year 1967–68. In 1968, in order to accommodate this ambition, the school building was significantly expanded at the cost of £163,000. The built design took the form of a reinforced concrete mass shaped in a circle, with a smaller circle inside it. The larger circle housed wedge-shaped classrooms, and in the middle of the structure was a thirteen sided hall. These were the subject of a photographic survey in 2001 prior to demolition. The portfolio of photographs was archived by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The original building was then demolished in its entirety and the current building(s) replaced it. The Concept Design for Glasgow (2022) suggested that the school should be permitted to take over an area of land facing it to the east (towards the blocked-up underpass) so as to provide additional areas of amenity. St Enoch's Parish Church This is a listed (Category C) Church of Scotland building within Riddrie, close to the Barlinnie site, at 860 Cumbernauld Road. It has a hall and a church with a brick-faced exterior and integral design of a simple Gothic high vaulted building with Art Nouveau influence. The complex was built in the years 1927–30 by John Keppie & Henderson, architects. The interior displays an open hammerbeam ceiling and whitewashed aspect. There is a large Celtic cross and an inset stone memorial taken from the previous Saltmarket St Enoch's church. The stone is dated as 1780. The site originally included a timber hall dated 1923 by the same architects but was demolished in c. 1992. Hogganfield lies adjacent to Riddrie and the church is designated by reference to it. The church also contains a black marble memorial with a brass plaque commemorating those parishioners killed in service in the First World War. It was moved to its present location in 1925 when the previous St Enoch's church was demolished.The organ at St Enoch's was built in 1930 by H Hilsdon. The 1901 Forster & Andrews organ was moved here from the previous St Enoch's. The details of the organ were recorded in 1999 under D07116 at the National Pipe Organ Register. St Thomas the Apostle Roman Catholic Church The church (completed 1957) is at the triangular base of Smithycroft Road/826 Cumbernauld Road and the site is shown on Ordnance survey as including a separate hall and Roman Catholic primary school. The church itself has a brick-faced exterior which displays a large, striking triform three-quarters statuary relief mimicking the shape of three linked window spaces. The interior has been modernised by the white of walls and vaulted ceilings, and the removal of the high altar from the East wall to a central position. The site for the church was purchased from the Garroway Estate, which included an existing old mansion house and other buildings. The church was created to accommodate 1,000 people and was officially dedicated and opened on 21 December 1924 by the Archbishop of Glasgow, Msgr Mackintosh. The Rev Dr McEwan was the first parish priest. The school was to be opened in the early part of 1925 under the Sisters of Notre Dame.The organ at St Thomas Church is an 1886 Brindley & Foster organ from Dowanhill College, Glasgow. The builders in 1979 at Riddrie were Michael Macdonald. It was surveyed and recorded in 1999 and is registered with the National Pipe Organ Register under D07148. It had previously been at Notre Dame Training College (closed 1968). Vogue Bingo Hall, former cinema Described by Historic Scotland as a "rare survival of iconic streamline Art Deco style super-cinema complex," the former cinema building at 726 Cumbernauld Road, Riddrie, converted for bingo use in 1968. The cinema opened in March 1938, having been designed by cinema specialist architect James McKissack for George Smith and James Welsh. Welsh was Housing Convenor working for the Glasgow City Council, and was a wartime Lord Provost 1943–45. The Art Deco interior of the cinema was lavish and expensive. It has been exceptionally well-preserved despite its re-purposing. There is a cantilevered canopy over the wide central door, and elegant rounded internal entrance lobby walls. The auditorium has a very big central light fitment and sweeping balcony. The oblong clock is a characteristic decorative feature, alongside the tiled surfaces. The interior decorative elements are banding and cloud-form in design. The main entrance originally had a revolving door. The Singleton cinema group bought and renamed it as the Vogue cinema in 1950. The name of the cinema on opening was "The Riddrie". It features as a film location in David Hayman's Silent Scream (1990). The cinema was capable of seating 1,700 people.In 2008, the building including sweetshop and powerhouse was listed as Category B by Historic Scotland. Notable residents North American film and tv actor Andrew Airlie was born in Riddrie.Award-winning stage actor Stephen Ashfield attended Smithycroft Secondary School in Riddrie.Jimmy Boyle, convicted murderer, reformed gangster, artist and novelist spent his 14 year sentence in Barlinnie prison, Riddrie. Internationally acclaimed, double Grammy award-winning conductor and choirmaster (subsequently disgraced and imprisoned) Joseph Cullen lived in Riddrie.International artist, portrait photographer and Chancellor of Edinburgh Napier University David Eustace was brought up in Riddrie. Comedian and actor Rikki Fulton lived in Riddrie as a child.Lord President and Lord Justice General the Rt Hon Lord Gill was brought up in Riddrie.Writer and artist Alasdair Gray grew up in Riddrie and the "Thaw" sections of his novel Lanark loosely document his early life there. He lived in Riddrie for 25 years apart from 5 years during the Second World War.Peter McAleese, ex-SAS mercenary and leader of the team attempting the assassination of Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar, was brought up in Riddrie. He attended St Thomas' Primary School there.Civil engineer and educator Professor David Gemmell McKinlay FRSE (1923–1978) was born in Riddrie.Scottish international footballer David Marshall was born and grew up in Riddrie, attending St Thomas Primary School.Artist and wood-engraver Agnes Miller Parker (1895–1980) lived in Riddrie whilst a student at the Glasgow School of Art.Thomas Poole, L.R.C.P.&S.Ed., L.R.F.P.S. Medical Officer-in-charge, Military Prison and Detention Barracks, Riddrie, was awarded the OBE in the New Year Medical Honours of January 1946.Stephen Purdon, television and stage actor, was at Smithycroft Secondary School in Riddrie.The Most Reverend Philip Tartaglia, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Glasgow attended St Thomas' Primary School in Riddrie.Infamous gangster and hitman Arthur Thompson (1931–1993) lived in Riddrie and was buried in Riddrie Park Cemetery.Alexander Thomson, a strict governor of Barlinnie prison from 1898, was in 1903 awarded Companionship of the Imperial Service Order. Gallery References Related articles Housing in Glasgow Seven Lochs Wetland Park Monkland Canal HM Prison Barlinnie Glasgow ice cream wars External links Seven Lochs Wetland Park official site HM Prison Barlinnie on Scottish Prison Service site Glasgow City Council official site Media related to Riddrie at Wikimedia Commons

Hermann Cohen

Hermann Cohen (4 July 1842 – 4 April 1918) was a German Jewish philosopher, one of the founders of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be "probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century".

Hermann Cohen (4 July 1842 – 4 April 1918) was a German Jewish philosopher, one of the founders of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be "probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century". Biography Cohen was born in Coswig, in the Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg. He began to study philosophy early on, and soon became known as a profound Kant scholar. He was educated at the Gymnasium at Dessau, at the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau, and at the universities of Breslau, Berlin, and Halle. In 1873, he became Privatdozent in the philosophical faculty of the University of Marburg; the thesis with which he obtained the venia legendi being Die systematischen Begriffe in Kant's vorkritischen Schriften nach ihrem Verhältniss zum kritischen Idealismus. Cohen was elected Professor extraordinarius at Marburg in 1875 and Professor ordinarius the following year. He was one of the founders of the "Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaft des Judenthums", which held its first meeting in Berlin in November 1902. Cohen edited and published Friedrich Albert Lange's final philosophical work, Logische Studien (Leipzig, 1877), and edited and wrote several versions of a long introduction and critical supplement to Lange's Geschichte des Materialismus.He devoted three early volumes to the interpretation of Kant (Kant's Theory of Experience, Kant's Foundations of Ethics, and Kant's Foundations of Aesthetics). In 1902 he began publishing the three volumes of his own systematic philosophy: Logik der reinen Erkenntnis (1902), Ethik des reinen Willens (1904) and Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls (1912). The planned fourth volume on psychology was never written. Cohen's writings relating more especially to Judaism include several pamphlets, among them "Die Kulturgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Sabbat" (1881) and "Ein Bekenntniss in der Judenfrage" (1880); as well as the following articles: "Das Problem der Jüdischen Sittenlehre" in the "Monatsschrift" xliii. (1899), pp. 385–400, 433–449; "Liebe und Gerechtigkeit in den Begriffen Gott und Mensch" in "Jahrbuch für Jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur", III. (1900), pp. 75–132; and "Autonomie und Freiheit" in Gedenkbuch für David Kaufmann (1900).Cohen's most famous Jewish works include: Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums (Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism, 1919), Deutschtum und Judentum, Die Naechstenliebe im Talmud, and Die Ethik des Maimonides. His essay "Die Nächstenliebe im Talmud" was written at the request of the Marburg Königliches Landgericht (3d ed., Marburg, 1888). Cohen's Jewish writings are collected in his Jüdische Schriften (3 vols. ed. Bruno Strauss, Berlin 1924). There is an ongoing new academic edition of Cohen's works, edited by Helmut Holzhey, Hartwig Wiedebach u.a. (Olms, Hildesheim 1977 ff.) An English translation of some of his Jewish writings is available in Reason and Hope: Selections from the Jewish Writings of Hermann Cohen, translated by Eva Jospe (1971). Cohen was an outspoken critic of Zionism, as he argued that its aspiration to create a Jewish state would lead to "return the Jews to History". In his view, Judaism was inherently a-historical, with a spiritual and moral mission far transcending the national aims of Zionism. Despite his attitude, Tel Aviv has a Hermann Cohen Street. Cohen is buried in the Weißensee Cemetery in Berlin. Works English translations are indented."Die Platonische Ideenlehre Psychologisch Entwickelt," in "Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie," 1866, iv. 9 ("Platonic Ideal Theorie Psychologically Developed") "Mythologische Vorstellungen von Gott und Seele," ib. 1869 ("Mythological Concepts of God and the Soul") "Die dichterische Phantasie und der Mechanismus des Bewusstseins," ib. 1869 ("Poetic Fantasy and Mechanisms of Consciousness") Jüdische Schriften. Introduction by Franz Rosenzweig, edited by Bruno Strauss. Berlin, C. A. Schwetschke: 1924. Excerpts have been published in English translation: Reason and Hope: Selections from the Jewish Writings of Hermann Cohen. Translated by Eva Jospe. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1993. (Originally published New York: Norton, 1971, in series: B'nai B'rith Jewish Heritage Classics, with additional material.) Selected translations from the Jüdische Schriften are found in Part Two of Hermann Cohen: Writings on Neo-Kantianism and Jewish Philosophy (edited by Samuel Moyn and Robert S. Schine. The Brandeis Library of Modern Jewish Thought. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2021). Part One presents chapters from Ethik des reinen Willens and Part Three essays on the interpretation of Cohen by Ernst Cassirer, Franz Rosenzweig and Alexander Altmann. "Zur Kontroverse zwischen Trendelenburg und Kuno Fischer," ib. 1871 ("On the controversy between Trendelenburg and Kuno Fischer") Kant's Theorie der Erfahrung, Berlin, 1871; 2d ed., 1885 ("Kant's Theory of Experience"). [One central chapter of the 1885 edition is translated as 2015, "The Synthetic Principles," D. Hyder (trans.), in S. Luft (ed.), The Neo-Kantian Reader, Oxford: Routledge.] Kant's Begründung der Ethik, Berlin, 1877 ("Kant's Foundations of Ethics") "Platon's Ideenlehre und die Mathematik," Marburg, 1878 ("Mathematics and Theory of Platonic Ideals") Das Prinzip der Infinitesimalmethode und seine Geschichte: ein Kapitel zur Grundlegung der Erkenntnisskritik, Berlin, 1883 ("The Principle of the Method of Infintesmals and its History: A Chapter Contributed to Critical Perception") A short selection is translated as 2015, "Introduction," D. Hyder and L. Patton (trans.), in S. Luft (ed.), The Neo-Kantian Reader, Oxford: Routledge. Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums. (1919, repr. Fourier: 1995) Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism. Translated, with an introduction, by Simon Kaplan. Introductory essay by Leo Strauss. New York: F. Ungar, 1972. "Spinoza über Staat und Religion, Judentum und Christentum" (1915). Spinoza on State and Religion, Judaism and Christianity. Translated and with an introduction by Robert S. Schine. Jerusalem: Shalem Press, 2014. "Von Kant's Einfluss auf die Deutsche Kultur," Berlin, 1883 ("On Kant's Influence on German Culture") Kant's Begründung der Aesthetik, Berlin, 1889 ("Kant's Foundations of Aesthetics") "Zur Orientierung in den Losen Blättern aus Kant's Nachlass," in "Philosophische Monatshefte," 1890, xx. ("An Orientation to the Loose Pages from Kant's Literary Estate") "Leopold Schmidt," in "Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik," 1896, cliv. Notes Further reading Bienenstock, Myriam. Cohen face à Rosenzweig. Débat sur la pensée allemande (Paris, Vrin, 2009) Bienenstock, Myriam, ed. Hermann Cohen: l'idéalisme critique aux prises avec le matérialisme (special issue of the journal Revue de métaphysique et de morale, ISSN 0035-1571), edited by , Paris, PUF, 2011, 141 pages. Bruckstein, Almuth. Cohen's Ethics of Maimonides, translated with commentary, Madison, Wisc. 2004. Ephraim Chamiel, The Dual Truth, Studies on Nineteenth-Century Modern Religious Thought and its Influence on Twentieth-Century Jewish Philosophy, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2019, Vol II, pp. 289–308. Edgar, Scott. "Hermann Cohen," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/cohen/>. Giovanelli, Marco. "Hermann Cohen's Das Princip der Infinitesimal-Methode: The history of an unsuccessful book," Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science Part A, Vol. 58: pp. 9–23, 2016. Kaplan, Lawrence. "Hermann Cohen's Theory of Sacrifice", in: Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums. Tradition und Ursprungsdenken in Hermann Cohens Spätwerk (ed. Helmut Holzhey et al.), Hildesheim, 2000. Kohler, George Y. "Finding God's Purpose – Hermann Cohen's Use of Maimonides to Establish the Authority of Mosaic Law", in: Journal for Jewish Thought and Philosophy 18:1 (2010), 85–115. Kohler, George Y.: “Against the Heteronomy of Halacha – Hermann Cohen’s Implicit Rejection of Kant’s Critique of Judaism”, in: Dinei Israel Yearbook, vol 32, 2018, p. 189-209. Morgain, Stéphane-Marie. Le Père Hermann Cohen (1820–1871) – Un romantique au Carmel, Parole et Silence, 2019. Moses, Stéphane, et al., (eds.) Hermann Cohen's Philosophy of Religion; International Conference in Jerusalem 1996, Hildesheim, 1997. Munk, Reiner. Hermann Cohen's Critical Idealism. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4020-4046-7. Patton, Lydia. Hermann Cohen's History and Philosophy of Science. Dissertation, McGill University. 2004. Patton, Lydia. "The Critical Philosophy Renewed: The Bridge Between Hermann Cohen’s Early Work on Kant and Later Philosophy of Science,” Angelaki 10 (1): 109–118. 2005. Piccinini, Irene Abigail. Una guida fedele. L'influenza di Hermann Cohen sul pensiero di Leo Strauss. Torino: Trauben, 2007. ISBN 978-88-89909-31-7. Schwarzschild, Steven. "Franz Rosenzweig's Anecdotes about Hermann Cohen", in: Gegenwart im Rückblick: Festgabe für die Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin 25 Jahre nach dem Neubeginn, ed. H. A. Strauss and K. R. Grossman, Heidelberg, 1970, S. 209–218. Schwarzschild, Steven. "The Democratic Socialism of Hermann Cohen", HUCA 27 (1956). Schwarzschild, Steven. "Germanism and Judaism - Hermann Cohen's Normative Paradigm of the German-Jewish Symbiosis", in: Jews and Germans from 1860 to 1933, ed. David Bronsen, Heidelberg 1979. Steinby, Lisa. "Hermann Cohen and Bakhtin's early aesthetics," Studies in East European Thought, 63,3 (2011), 227–249. Poma, Andrea. The Critical Philosophy of Hermann Cohen, Albany 1997. Poma, Andrea. "Hermann Cohen: Judaism and Critical Idealism", in: Michael L. Morgan and Peter Eli Gordon (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Modern Jewish Philosophy, Cambridge 2007. Zank, Michael. The Idea of Atonement in the Philosophy of Hermann Cohen, Providence 2000. External links Hermann-Cohen-Gesellschaft, promotes research on Hermann Cohen's work and help bring his philosophy to bear in the forum of current debate. Hermann Cohen Archives at the University of Zurich, Switzerland The Hermann Cohen Society of North America Edgar, Scott. "Hermann Cohen". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Hermann Cohen, Systematizer of Ethical Monotheism at the Wayback Machine (archived March 19, 2006), JewishGates Digitized archival collection of Hermann Cohen at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York Hermann Cohen at Find a Grave

Walter Lorenzo Marr

Walter Lorenzo Marr (1865-1941) was an automotive pioneer and engineer who worked with David Dunbar Buick perfecting the first Buick production automobiles. He worked with Mr. Buick a number of times around the turn of the century, building Buick's first two one-off vehicles. He was the Buick Motor Company's first chief engineer from 1904 through 1918, staying on as consulting engineer until 1923. He was also the founder of the Marr Auto Car Company in 1903 which produced the Marr Auto Car. The Marr Auto Car was one of the world's first automobiles with an overhead camshaft (OHC) engine.

Walter Lorenzo Marr (1865-1941) was an automotive pioneer and engineer who worked with David Dunbar Buick perfecting the first Buick production automobiles. He worked with Mr. Buick a number of times around the turn of the century, building Buick's first two one-off vehicles. He was the Buick Motor Company's first chief engineer from 1904 through 1918, staying on as consulting engineer until 1923. He was also the founder of the Marr Auto Car Company in 1903 which produced the Marr Auto Car. The Marr Auto Car was one of the world's first automobiles with an overhead camshaft (OHC) engine. Possibly his most important achievement was building one of the first overhead valve engines (OHV). This he did in 1898 when he built a trike that weighed 118 pounds, and whose single cylinder had a bore and stroke of 3 inches each. He brought the concept of the overhead valve engine with him to Buick in 1901, where the invention was patented to Buick's chief engineer Eugene Richard in 1904 (applied 1902).Mr. Marr also built a prototype Cyclecar in 1915 which was very narrow seating the passenger behind the driver. The car never made it to production, but the original prototype still exists today.His papers are archived at Kettering University.He had a cottage in Signal Mountain, Tennessee where he also built a large home in which to retire. References External links SHOW AUTOISTS OVERSPEED.; Bicycle Policemen Capture Three After Long, Hard Chases.

Blocker corporation

A blocker corporation is a type of C Corporation in the United States that has been used by tax exempt individuals to protect their investments from taxation when they participate in private equity or with hedge funds. In addition to tax exempt individuals, foreign investors have also used blocker corporations.

A blocker corporation is a type of C Corporation in the United States that has been used by tax exempt individuals to protect their investments from taxation when they participate in private equity or with hedge funds. In addition to tax exempt individuals, foreign investors have also used blocker corporations. Application Most private equity funds and hedge funds are composed as limited partnerships, or as LLCs (Limited Liability Company) which for tax purposes is considered a Limited Partnership, unless the fund formally elects to be taxed as a corporation. This allows the fund itself to avoid taxation, as each of the individual investors is taxed as a partner with respect to the share of profits attributable to the partner's personal equity interest. By comparison, a fund set up as a C Corporation would be subject to tax for its earnings, and then the limited partners would be subject to tax when they received their profit in the form of dividends distributed by the corporation. Thus, the LLC or LP format allows a fund to avoid double taxation. When there are tax exempt investors in a fund, they are not subject to U.S. income tax, but are still required to declare and pay taxes on "Unrelated Business Taxable Income" or "UBTI". For tax exempt investors, dividends, royalties, rents, capital gains and interest income are not considered UBTI, but any money earned from conduct unrelated to the entity's tax exempt purpose is considered UBTI. However, if a foreign investor conducts a trade or business within the United States, it is required to file a U.S. tax return and pay taxes on the same terms as a U.S. individual or corporation. In both cases, because partners are treated as earning their share of the partnership's income on a flow-through basis, they are treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business or an unrelated business to the extent that the partnership is so engaged. To address these issues, a private equity fund can set up a U.S. feeder corporation known as a blocker corporation. The foreign and tax exempt investors can invest through the blocker corporation, and then they are no longer personally considered to be partners, as it is the domestic corporation that is the owner of equity in the fund. For tax exempt investors, their share of the blocker corporation is considered dividend income, and thus they are not subject to tax. Foreign investors similarly avoid U.S. trade or business income tax (although they will be subject to tax in their home country on any dividends received). The blocker corporation itself is subject, however, to tax on its share of the partnership's income. See also Foundation (nonprofit organization) Individual retirement account International taxation Pension fund Taxation of private equity and hedge funds == References ==

People's Park (Shenzhen)

People's Park (Chinese: 人民公园; pinyin: Rénmín Gōngyuán) is an urban public park in Luohu District of central Shenzhen in Guangdong province, China. Established in 1983, it is one of the first parks in Shenzhen.Located on North Renmin Road, the park covers an area of 12.95 hectares (32.0 acres), including 2.1 hectares (5.2 acres) of lake. The hill in the park offers a panoramic view of the park and the city.People's Park is best known for its rose garden on the central island. It is one of the largest rose gardens in China, with more than 50,000 flowers of over 300 cultivars. It is a popular tourist destination during the flowering season from early December to late February.

People's Park (Chinese: 人民公园; pinyin: Rénmín Gōngyuán) is an urban public park in Luohu District of central Shenzhen in Guangdong province, China. Established in 1983, it is one of the first parks in Shenzhen.Located on North Renmin Road, the park covers an area of 12.95 hectares (32.0 acres), including 2.1 hectares (5.2 acres) of lake. The hill in the park offers a panoramic view of the park and the city.People's Park is best known for its rose garden on the central island. It is one of the largest rose gardens in China, with more than 50,000 flowers of over 300 cultivars. It is a popular tourist destination during the flowering season from early December to late February. The park hosts an annual rose exhibition. In 2014, the 16th exhibition was held in early February during the Chinese New Year holiday. See also List of parks in Shenzhen == References ==

Lucy Allais

Lucy Allais is a philosopher who holds academic positions at both the University of the Witwatersrand and Johns Hopkins University. Her research interests include the philosophy of Immanuel Kant as well as forgiveness, punishment, and bioethics.

Lucy Allais is a philosopher who holds academic positions at both the University of the Witwatersrand and Johns Hopkins University. Her research interests include the philosophy of Immanuel Kant as well as forgiveness, punishment, and bioethics. Education and career Allais received an undergraduate degree in philosophy and art history from the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Johannesburg, moving on to gain both a masters (B.Phil.) and D.Phil. at the University of Oxford. Following her D.Phil., Allais taught for three years at Oxford, before moving to the University of Sussex in 2004. Between 2006 and 2008 Dr. Allais taught at the University of Witwatersrand. Beginning in 2008, Allais held a joint position between the University of the Witwatersrand, where she is now a full professor, and the University of Sussex. In 2014 she moved from Sussex to the University of California, San Diego, as the Henry E. Allison Chair of the History of Philosophy, keeping her joint appointment at the Witwatersrand. She left UCSD for Johns Hopkins in 2021. == References ==

Information engineering

Information engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with the generation, distribution, analysis, and use of information, data, and knowledge in systems. The field first became identifiable in the early 21st century. The components of information engineering include more theoretical fields such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, control theory, signal processing, and information theory, and more applied fields such as computer vision, natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical image computing, cheminformatics, autonomous robotics, mobile robotics, and telecommunications. Many of these originate from computer science, as well as other branches of engineering such as computer engineering, electrical engineering, and bioengineering. The field of information engineering is based heavily on mathematics, particularly probability, statistics, calculus, linear algebra, optimization, differential equations, variational calculus, and complex analysis.

Information engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with the generation, distribution, analysis, and use of information, data, and knowledge in systems. The field first became identifiable in the early 21st century. The components of information engineering include more theoretical fields such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, control theory, signal processing, and information theory, and more applied fields such as computer vision, natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical image computing, cheminformatics, autonomous robotics, mobile robotics, and telecommunications. Many of these originate from computer science, as well as other branches of engineering such as computer engineering, electrical engineering, and bioengineering. The field of information engineering is based heavily on mathematics, particularly probability, statistics, calculus, linear algebra, optimization, differential equations, variational calculus, and complex analysis. Information engineers often hold a degree in information engineering or a related area, and are often part of a professional body such as the Institution of Engineering and Technology or Institute of Measurement and Control. They are employed in almost all industries due to the widespread use of information engineering. History In the 1980s/1990s term information engineering referred to an area of software engineering which has come to be known as data engineering in the 2010s/2020s. Elements Machine learning and statistics Machine learning is the field that involves the use of statistical and probabilistic methods to let computers "learn" from data without being explicitly programmed. Data science involves the application of machine learning to extract knowledge from data. Subfields of machine learning include deep learning, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, semi-supervised learning, and active learning. Causal inference is another related component of information engineering. Control theory Control theory refers to the control of (continuous) dynamical systems, with the aim being to avoid delays, overshoots, or instability. Information engineers tend to focus more on control theory rather than the physical design of control systems and circuits (which tends to fall under electrical engineering). Subfields of control theory include classical control, optimal control, and nonlinear control. Signal processing Signal processing refers to the generation, analysis and use of signals, which could take many forms such as image, sound, electrical, or biological. Information theory Information theory studies the analysis, transmission, and storage of information. Major subfields of information theory include coding and data compression. Computer vision Computer vision is the field that deals with getting computers to understand image and video data at a high level. Natural language processing Natural language processing deals with getting computers to understand human (natural) languages at a high level. This usually means text, but also often includes speech processing and recognition. Bioinformatics Bioinformatics is the field that deals with the analysis, Sucking, and use of biological data. This usually means topics such as genomics and proteomics, and sometimes also includes medical image computing. Cheminformatics Cheminformatics is the field that deals with the analysis, processing, and use of chemical data. Robotics Robotics in information engineering focuses mainly on the algorithms and computer programs used to control robots. As such, information engineering tends to focus more on autonomous, mobile, or probabilistic robots. Major subfields studied by information engineers include control, perception, SLAM, and motion planning. Tools In the past some areas in information engineering such as signal processing used analog electronics, but nowadays most information engineering is done with digital computers. Many tasks in information engineering can be parallelized, and so nowadays information engineering is carried out using CPUs, GPUs, and AI accelerators. There has also been interest in using quantum computers for some subfields of information engineering such as machine learning and robotics. See also Aerospace engineering Chemical engineering Civil engineering Engineering informatics Internet of things List of engineering branches Mechanical engineering Statistics == References ==

Frances Louise Long

Frances Louise Long (born September 7, 1885, in Madison, Nebraska, died March 17, 1946, in Santa Barbara, California) was an American plant ecologist who worked in the fields of plant physiology and pollination.

Frances Louise Long (born September 7, 1885, in Madison, Nebraska, died March 17, 1946, in Santa Barbara, California) was an American plant ecologist who worked in the fields of plant physiology and pollination. Biography Early life Frances Long was born on September 7, 1885, in Madison, Nebraska. Education She received a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Science in 1906, from the University of Nebraska system. In 1914, she earned a Master of Arts from the University of Minnesota. In 1917, she completed a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the same institution. Career Long conducted research at prestigious institutions including: Carnegie Institution for Science where she began as a research associate studying plant science in 1917, the Alpine Laboratory at Tucson, and the Coastal Laboratory of Santa Barbara. Distinctions American Association for the Advancement of Science - Member Ecological Society of America - Member Botanical Society of America - Member American Society of Plant Physiologists - Member Publications Long's work has been featured in over 60 publications including: Rubber-Content of North American Plants (co-authored with Harvey M. Hall) - Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921, Publication No.313, Press of Gibson Brothers Inc., Washington, D.C. See also American Association for the Advancement of Science Carnegie Institution for Science == References ==

Diviciacus (Suessiones)

Diviciacus or Divitiacus was a king of the Belgic nation of the Suessiones in the early 1st century BC. Julius Caesar, writing in the mid-1st century BC, says that he had within living memory been the most powerful king in Gaul, ruling a large portion not only of Gallia Belgica, but also of Britain.Since it is likely that Diviciacus spent at least a part of his life in Britain, he is possibly the earliest inhabitant of the British Isles found in Roman records. == References ==

Diviciacus or Divitiacus was a king of the Belgic nation of the Suessiones in the early 1st century BC. Julius Caesar, writing in the mid-1st century BC, says that he had within living memory been the most powerful king in Gaul, ruling a large portion not only of Gallia Belgica, but also of Britain.Since it is likely that Diviciacus spent at least a part of his life in Britain, he is possibly the earliest inhabitant of the British Isles found in Roman records. == References ==

Francisco Suárez

Francisco Suárez, (5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement. His work is considered a turning point in the history of second scholasticism, marking the transition from its Renaissance to its Baroque phases. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures as distinct from one another in place, time, and philosophical orientation as Leibniz, Grotius, Pufendorf, Schopenhauer and Heidegger, all found reason to cite him as a source of inspiration and influence."

Francisco Suárez, (5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement. His work is considered a turning point in the history of second scholasticism, marking the transition from its Renaissance to its Baroque phases. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures as distinct from one another in place, time, and philosophical orientation as Leibniz, Grotius, Pufendorf, Schopenhauer and Heidegger, all found reason to cite him as a source of inspiration and influence." Life and career Francisco Suárez was born in Granada, Andalusia (southern Spain), on 5 January 1548. He was the youngest son of a noble family who could have had Jewish (converso) ancestry formed by the lawyer Gaspar Suárez de Toledo and his wife Antonia Vázquez de Utiel.After 3 years of preliminary studies from age 10 onwards, in 1561 Suárez matriculated at the University of Salamanca, and studied law. In 1564, at age sixteen, Suárez entered the Society of Jesus in Salamanca and went through the two years of intense spiritual training under the guidance of Fr. Alonso Rodriguez. In August 1566, Suárez took his first vows as a Jesuit; he then began in October 1566 to study Theology at Salamanca. It seems he was not a promising student at first; in fact, he nearly gave up his matters of study after failing the entrance exam twice. After passing the exam at third attempt, though, things changed. In 1570, with the completion of his course, Suárez began to teach Philosophy, first at Salamanca as a Scholastic tutor, and then as a professor in the Jesuit college at Segovia. He was ordained in March 1572 in Segovia. He continued to teach Philosophy in Segovia until, in September 1574, he moved to the Jesuit College in Valladolid to teach Theology, a subject he would then teach for the rest of his life. He taught in a succession of different places: Ávila (1575), Segovia (1575), Valladolid (1576) Rome (1580–85), Alcalá (1585–92) and Salamanca (1592–97). In 1597, he moved to Coimbra, some years after the accession of the Spanish (elder line) House of Habsburg to the Portuguese Throne, to take up the principal chair of Theology at the University of Coimbra. He remained there, aside from a brief time teaching at Rome, until his death in 1617. He wrote on a wide variety of subjects, producing a vast amount of work (his complete works in Latin amount to twenty-six volumes). Suárez's writings include treatises on law, the relationship between Church and State, metaphysics, and theology. He is considered the godfather of International Law. His Disputationes metaphysicae (Metaphysical Disputations) were widely read in Europe during the 17th century and are considered by some scholars to be his most profound work. Suárez was regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, and given the nickname Doctor Eximius et Pius ("Exceptional and Pious Doctor"); Pope Gregory XIII attended his first lecture in Rome. Pope Paul V invited him to refute the arguments of James I of England, and wished to retain him near his person, to profit by his knowledge. Philip II of Spain sent him to the University of Coimbra in order to give it prestige, and when Suárez visited the University of Barcelona, the doctors of the university went out to meet him wearing the insignia of their faculties. After his death in Portugal (in either Lisbon or Coimbra) his reputation grew still greater, and he had a direct influence on such leading philosophers as Hugo Grotius, René Descartes, John Norris, and Gottfried Leibniz. He is buried in the Igreja de São Roque (formerly a Jesuit church) in Lisbon. In 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five casuist propositions, taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suárez and others, mostly Jesuit, theologians as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. Philosophical thought His most important philosophical achievements were in metaphysics and the philosophy of law. Suárez may be considered the last eminent representative of scholasticism. He adhered to a moderate form of Thomism and developed metaphysics as a systematic enquiry. Metaphysics For Suárez, metaphysics was the science of real essences (and existence); it was mostly concerned with real being rather than conceptual being, and with immaterial rather than with material being. He held (along with earlier scholastics) that essence and existence are the same in the case of God (see ontological argument), but disagreed with Aquinas and others that the essence and existence of finite beings are really distinct. He argued that in fact they are merely conceptually distinct: rather than being really separable, they can only logically be conceived as separate. On the vexed subject of universals, he endeavored to steer a middle course between the realism of Duns Scotus and the nominalism of William of Occam. His position is a little bit closer to nominalism than that of Thomas Aquinas. Sometimes he is classified as a moderate nominalist, but his admitting of objective precision (praecisio obiectiva) ranks him with moderate realists. The only veritable and real unity in the world of existences is the individual; to assert that the universal exists separately ex parte rei would be to reduce individuals to mere accidents of one indivisible form. Suárez maintains that, though the humanity of Socrates does not differ from that of Plato, yet they do not constitute realiter one and the same humanity; there are as many "formal unities" (in this case, humanities) as there are individuals, and these individuals do not constitute a factual, but only an essential or ideal unity ("In such a way, that many individuals, which are said to be of the same nature, are so: only through the operation of the intellect, not through a substance or essence of things which unites them"). The formal unity, however, is not an arbitrary creation of the mind, but exists "in the nature of the thing, prior [ontologically] to any operation of the intellect".His metaphysical work, giving a remarkable effort of systematisation, is a real history of medieval thought, combining the three schools available at that time: Thomism, Scotism and Nominalism. He is also a deep commentator of Arabic or high medieval works. He enjoyed the reputation of being the greatest metaphysician of his time. He thus founded a school of his own, Suarism or Suarezianism, the chief characteristic principles of which are: the principle of individuation by the proper concrete entity of beings the rejection of pure potentiality of matter the singular as the object of direct intellectual cognition a distinctio rationis ratiocinatae between the essence and the existence of created beings the possibility of spiritual substance only numerically distinct from one another ambition for the hypostatic union as the sin of the fallen angels the Incarnation of the Word, even if Adam had not sinned the solemnity of the vow only in ecclesiastical law the system of Congruism that modifies Molinism by the introduction of subjective circumstances, as well as of place and of time, propitious to the action of efficacious grace, and with predestination ante praevisa merita the possibility of holding one and the same truth by both science and faith the belief in Divine authority contained in an act of faith the production of the body and blood of Christ by transubstantiation as constituting the Eucharistic sacrifice the final grace of the Blessed Virgin Mary superior to that of the angels and saints combined.Suárez made an important investigation of being, its properties and division in Disputationes Metaphysicae (1597), which influenced the further development of theology within Catholicism. In the second part of the book, disputations 28–53, Suárez fixes the distinction between ens infinitum (God) and ens finitum (created beings). The first division of being is that between ens infinitum and ens finitum. Instead of dividing being into infinite and finite, it can also be divided into ens a se and ens ab alio, i.e., being that is from itself and being that is from another. A second distinction corresponding to this one:ens necessarium and ens contingens, i.e., necessary being and contingent being. Still another formulation of the distinction is between ens per essentiam and ens per participationem, i.e., being that exists by reason of its essence and being that exists only by participation in a being that exists on its own (eigentlich). This distinction had just been formerly adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica. A further distinction is between ens increatum and ens creatum, i.e., uncreated being and created, or creaturely, being. A final distinction is between being as actus purus and being as ens potentiale, i.e., being as pure actuality and being as potential being. Suárez decided in favor of the first classification of the being into ens infinitum and ens finitum as the most fundamental, in connection with which he accords the other classifications their due. In the last disputation 54 Suárez deals with entia rationis (beings of reason), which are impossible intentional objects, i.e. objects that are created by our minds but cannot exist in actual reality. Theology In theology, Suárez attached himself to the doctrine of Luis Molina, the celebrated Jesuit professor of Évora. Molina tried to reconcile the doctrine of predestination with the freedom of the human will and the predestinarian teachings of the Dominicans by saying that the predestination is consequent upon God's foreknowledge of the free determination of man's will, which is therefore in no way affected by the fact of such predestination. Suárez endeavoured to reconcile this view with the more orthodox doctrines of the efficacy of grace and special election, maintaining that, though all share in an absolutely sufficient grace, there is granted to the elect a grace which is so adapted to their peculiar dispositions and circumstances that they infallibly, though at the same time quite freely, yield themselves to its influence. This mediatizing system was known by the name of "congruism." Philosophy of law Here, Suárez's main importance stems probably from his work on natural law, and from his arguments concerning positive law and the status of a monarch. In his massive work, Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore (1612), he is to some extent the precursor of Grotius and Pufendorf, in making an important distinction between natural law and international law, which he saw as based on custom. Though his method is throughout scholastic, he covers the same ground, and Grotius speaks of him with great respect. The fundamental position of the work is that all legislative as well as all paternal power is derived from God, and that the authority of every law stems ultimately from God's eternal law. Suárez denies the patriarchal theory of government and the divine right of kings founded upon it, doctrines popular at that time in England and to some extent on the Continent. He argued against the sort of social contract theory that became dominant among early-modern political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, but some of his thinking, as transmitted by Grotius, found echoes in later liberal political theory. He argued that human beings have a social nature bestowed upon them by God, and this includes the potential to make laws. However, when a political society is formed, the authority of the state is not of divine but of human origin; therefore, its nature is chosen by the people involved, and their natural legislative power is given to the ruler. Because they gave this power, they have the right to take it back and to revolt against a ruler, only if the ruler behaves badly towards them, and they must act moderately and justly. In particular, the people must refrain from killing the ruler, no matter how tyrannical he may have become. If a government is imposed on people, on the other hand, they have the right to defend themselves by revolting against it and even kill the tyrannical ruler.Though Suárez was greatly influenced by Aquinas in his philosophy of law, there are some notable differences. Aquinas broadly defined "law" as "a rule and measure acts, whereby man is induced to act or is restrained from acting" (ST 1-11, qu. 90, art. 1). Suárez argues that this definition is too broad, since it applies to things that are not strictly laws, such as unjust ordinances and counsels of perfection. Suárez also takes issue with Aquinas' more formal definition of "law" as "an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated" (ST 1-11, qu. 90, art. 4). This definition, he claims, fails to recognize that law is primarily an act of will rather than an act of reason, and would wrongly count orders to particular individuals as being laws. Finally, Suárez disagrees with Aquinas's claim that God can change or suspend some of the secondary precepts of the natural law, such as the prohibitions on murder, theft, and adultery (ST 1-11, qu. 94, art. 5). Suárez argues that the natural law is immutable as long as human nature remains unchanged, and that what may appear to be divinely-made changes in the natural law are really just alterations of subject matter. For example, when God orders Hosea to take a "wife of fornications" (i.e., have sex with a prostitute), this is not an exemption from God's prohibition of adultery. "For God has power to transfer to a man dominium over a woman without her consent, and to effect such a bond between them that, by virtue of this bond, the union is no longer one of fornication."In 1613, at the instigation of Pope Paul V, Suárez wrote a treatise dedicated to the Christian princes of Europe, entitled Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores ("Defense of the Universal Catholic Faith Against the Errors of the Anglican Sect"). This was directed against the oath of allegiance which James I required from his subjects. James (himself a talented scholar) caused it to be burned by the common hangman and forbade its perusal under the 'severest penalties, complaining bitterly to Philip III of Spain for harbouring in his dominions a declared enemy of the throne and majesty of kings. Influence The contributions of Suarez to metaphysics and theology exerted significant influence over 17th and 18th century scholastic theology among both Roman Catholics and Protestants.Thanks in part to the strength of Suárez's Jesuit order, his Disputationes Metaphysicae was widely taught in the Catholic schools of Spain, Portugal and Italy. It also spread from these schools to many Lutheran universities in Germany, where the text was studied especially by those who favoured Melanchthon rather than Luther's attitude towards philosophy. In a number of seventeenth-century Lutheran universities the Disputationes served as a textbook in philosophy. In a similar way, Suárez had major influence in the Reformed tradition of German and Dutch schools for both metaphysics and law, including international law. His work was highly praised, for example, by Hugo Grotius (1583-1645). His influence is evident in the writings of Bartholomaeus Keckermann (1571–1609), Clemens Timpler (1563–1624), Gilbertus Jacchaeus (1578–1628), Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588–1638), Antonius Walaeus (1573–1639), and Johannes Maccovius (Jan Makowski; 1588–1644), among others. This influence was so pervasive that by 1643 it provoked the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Revius to publish his book-length response: Suarez repurgatus. Suárez's De legibus was cited as among the best books on law by the Puritan Richard Baxter, and Baxter's friend Matthew Hale drew on it for his natural-law theory. Criticism The views of Suarez upon the human origin of political order, and his defense of tyrannicide emanating from popular dissent were heavily criticized by English philosopher Robert Filmer in his work Patriarcha, Or the Natural Power of Kings. Filmer believed Calvinists and Catholics like Suarez to be dangerous opponents of divine right monarchy, legitimized by the supremacy of fathers upon their offspring, which Filmer claimed could be traced back to Adam. Main work De Incarnatione (1590–1592) De sacramentis (1593–1603) Disputationes metaphysicae (1597) De divina substantia eiusque attributis (1606) De divina praedestinatione et reprobatione (1606) De sanctissimo Trinitatis mysterio (1606) De religione (1608–1625) De legibus (1612) Defensio fidei (1613) De gratia (1619) De angelis (1620) De opere sex dierum (1621) De anima (1621) De fide, spe et charitate (1622) De ultimo fine hominis (1628)In the 18th century, the Venice edition of Opera Omnia in 23 volumes in folio (1740–1751) appeared, followed by the Parisian Vivès edition, 26 volumes + 2 volumes of indices (1856–1861); in 1965 the Vivés edition of the Disputationes Metaphysicae (vols. 25–26) was reprinted by Georg Olms, Hildesheim. From 1597 to 1636 the Disputationes Metaphysicae were published in seventeen editions; no modern edition of Suárez's complete works is yet available and only few of Suárez's Disputations have been translated into English. See also Giovanni Botero Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz Jurisprudence Alphonsus Liguori Juan de Mariana Political philosophy School of Salamanca Rule according to higher law References Further reading Aertsen, Jan, Medieval Philosophy as Transcendental Thought. From Philip the Chancellor (Ca. 1225) to Francisco Suárez, Leiden: Brill. Aho, Tuomo, Suárez on Cognitive Intentions, in: Paul.J.J.M. Bakker and Johannes M.M.H. Thijssen, (eds.), Mind, Cognition and Representation. The Tradition of Commentaries on Aristotle's De anima, Ashgate Studies in Medieval Philosophy, 2007, pp. 179–203. Castellote, Salvador, Die Anthropologie des Suárez (Symposion 8) Freiburg/München: Karl Alber, 2. Ed. 1982, 207 pp. Castellote, Salvador, Die Kategorienlehre des Suárez: Relatio, actio, passio. Mit einer Einleitung über die Grundzüge seines metaphysischen Systems, Verona: Aeme Edizioni, 2011, 233 pp. Doyle John P. Collected Studies on Francisco Suárez S.J. (1548–1617), edited by Victor M. Salas, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2010. Fichter, Joseph H. Man of Spain: Francis Suarez. New York: Macmillan, 1940. Goczał, Robert, Onto-Teo-Logia. Status bytu realnego i myślnego w metafizyce Francisco Suáreza / Onto-Teo-Logia. The Status of Real Being and Being of Reason in the Metaphysics by Francis Suárez, Warszawa (Warsaw): Warszawska Firma Wydawnicza, 2011, 543 pp. Gracia, Jorge J. E. Suárez on Individuation: Metaphysical Disputation V, Individual Unity and Its Principle, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2000. Hill, Benjamin & Lagerlund Henrik, (eds.) The Philosophy of Francisco Suarez New York: Oxford University Press 2012. Marschler, Thomas, Die spekulative Trinitätslehre des Francisco Suárez SJ in ihrem philosophisch-theologischen Kontext, Münster: Aschendorff 2007. Mullaney, Thomas U. (1950), Suarez on Human Freedom, Baltimore: Carroll Press. [1] Novák, Lukáš (ed.), Suárez's Metaphysics in Its Historical and Systematic Context, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2014. Novotný, Daniel D., Ens rationis from Suárez to Caramuel A Study in Scholasticism of the Baroque Era, New York: Fordham University Press, 2013, 296 pp. Pereira, José, Suarez between Scholasticism and Modernity, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2006. Renemann, Michael, Gedanken als Wirkursachen. Francisco Suárez zur geistigen Hervorbringung, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: B. R. Grüner, 2010, 173 pp. Ross, James F. "Translator's Introduction", in On Formal and Universal Unity: De Unitate Formali et Universali by Francis Suarez, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1964, pp. 1–27. Salas, Victor & Fastiggi, Robert (eds.). A Companion to Francisco Suárez, Leiden: Brill, 2015. Sgarbi, Marco (ed.), Francisco Suárez and his Legacy. The Impact of Suárezian Metaphysics and Epistemology on Modern Philosophy, Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 2010, 294 pp. Shields, Christopher and Daniel Schwartz, "Francisco Suárez" in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Smith, Gerard (ed). Jesuit Thinkers of the Renaissance. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press 1939, pp. 1–62. Suárez, Francisco (1995), trans., Gwladys L. Williams, Ammi Brown, and John Waldron, Selections from Three Works by Francisco Suárez, S.J.: "De legibus, ac deo legislatore", 1612; "Defensio fidei catholicae, et apostolicae adversus anglicanae sectae errores", 1613; "De triplici virtute theologica, fide, spe, et charitate", 1621, Buffalo, NY: W. S. Hein. Wroblewski, Pawel P. Arystotelesowska nauka o nieskonczonosci w metafizycznej reinterpretacji Francisco Suareza. Zarys problematyki / Aristotelian doctrine of the Infinity in the metaphysical reinterpretation of Francisco Suarez. An Outline of Issues, in: Krzysztof Rzepkowski (ed.), Aemulatio & Imitatio. Powrot pisarzy starozytnych w epoce renesansu / Aemulatio & Imitatio. The Return of the Ancient Writers in the epoque of the Renaissance, Warszawa: Instytut Filologii Klasycznej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (Warsaw: Institute of Classical Philology, University of Warsaw), 2009, pp. 87–100. External links "Francisco Suárez (1548—1617)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Francisco Suárez, Disputationes Metaphysicae (in Latin; HTML format) Critical edition of several works of Francisco Suárez Archived 2015-04-27 at the Wayback Machine Several works of Francisco Suárez in a critical Edition by Prof. Salvador Castellote (in Latin; PDF format) Translations of three works by Prof. Alfredo Freddoso Suárez and Exceptionless Moral Norms Shields, Christopher; Schwartz, Daniel. "Francisco Suárez". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. General bibliography (on the SCHOLASTICON site) Francisco Suarez on Metaphysics as the Science of Real Beings with an annotated bibliography on the Metaphysical Disputations English Translations of the Metaphysical Works of Francisco Suárez with abstracts of the content "Francisco Suárez" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. Information and links to online texts in Latin and in translation by Sydney Penner (including Opera omnia) The religious state: a digest of the doctrine of Suarez, contained in his treatise "De statu religionis"(1883) in 3 volumes Francisco Suárez in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University

Kakitsu

Kakitsu (嘉吉) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Eikyō and before Bun'an. This period spanned the years from February 1441 through February 1444. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Kakitsu (嘉吉) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Eikyō and before Bun'an. This period spanned the years from February 1441 through February 1444. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇). Change of era 1451 Kakitsu gannen (嘉吉元年,): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Eikyō 13. Events of the Kakitsu era July 12, 1441 (Kakitsu 1, 24th day of the 6th month): Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori is murdered at age 48 by Akamatsu Mitsusuke who was upset that Akamatsu Sadaura was made leader of the Akamatsu clan. Shortly thereafter, Yoshinori's 8-year-old son, Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, was proclaimed as the new shōgun. July 12–28, 1441: A number of prominent nobles were also killed defending Shōgun Yoshinori directly through the fighting including Kyōgoku Takakazu, the Shugo of Yamashiro Province and Ōuchi Mochiyo (1394-1441), the head of the Ōuchi clan. 1441 (Kakitsu 1, 9th month): The murderers of Yoshinori kill themselves. 1443 (Kakitsu 3): A Japanese-Korean diplomatic agreement (sometimes called the "Kakitsu treaty") regularized an initial plan for mitigating the damage caused by pirates (wakō). The bilateral agreement assigned the responsibility for monitoring ships from Japan en route to Korea. The Sō clan of Tsushima han (Tsushima Island) were given the right to license ships sailing west beyond Tsushima; and this also encompassed the opportunity to profit from whatever fees the Sō might charge. August 16, 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 21st day of the 7th month): Shōgun Yoshikatsu died at the age of 10. He liked riding horses very much; but he was gravely injured in a fall from a horse. This was the cause of his death. He had been shōgun for only three years. His 8-year-old brother, Ashikaga Yoshinari, was then named shōgun. October 16, 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 23rd day of the 9th month): An armed group of rebels penetrated the palace defenses. A fire was started and one of the men sought to kill Go-Hanazono, but the emperor escaped. However, the intruders managed to steal the Three Sacred Treasures – the mirror, the sword and the jewel. Later, a guard found the mirror and a priest found the sword, but the location of jewel was not known until the 8th month of Bunnan gannen. Notes References Hall, John Whitney. (1997). The Cambridge History of Japan: Early Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22355-3; OCLC 174552485 Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Syrgiannes Palaiologos

Syrgiannes Palaiologos Philanthropenos (Greek: Συργιάννης Παλαιολόγος Φιλανθρωπηνός; c. 1290 – 1334) was a Byzantine aristocrat and general of mixed Cuman and Greek descent, who was involved in the civil war between Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) and his grandson Andronikos III (r. 1328–1341). Loyal only to himself and his own ambitions, he switched sides several times, and ended up conquering much of Macedonia for the Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1346) before being assassinated by the Byzantines.

Syrgiannes Palaiologos Philanthropenos (Greek: Συργιάννης Παλαιολόγος Φιλανθρωπηνός; c. 1290 – 1334) was a Byzantine aristocrat and general of mixed Cuman and Greek descent, who was involved in the civil war between Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) and his grandson Andronikos III (r. 1328–1341). Loyal only to himself and his own ambitions, he switched sides several times, and ended up conquering much of Macedonia for the Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1346) before being assassinated by the Byzantines. Biography Family origins and early career Syrgiannes was born about 1290. He was named after his father or possibly grandfather, a Cuman leader who became megas domestikos (commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army) under Emperor Andronikos II. At the time there were many Cumans in the Empire, who settled during the reign of John III Doukas Vatatzes (r. 1221–1254). The elder Syrgiannes's original name was Sytzigan (from Cuman-Turkic Sïčğan, "mouse"); it was Hellenized to Syrgiannes ("master John") when he was baptized. The younger Syrgiannes's mother was Eugenia Palaiologina, a member of the ruling Palaiologos family and niece of Emperor Michael VIII (r. 1259–1282). Conscious of the prestige of his mother's family name, young Syrgiannes chose to use that in order to advance himself in the imperial hierarchy. Syrgiannes also had a sister, Theodora, who married Guy de Lusignan, later King of Armenian Cilicia as Constantine II. Syrgiannes makes his appearance in history in 1315, when he was placed as military governor of a Macedonian province near the Serbian border. Despite the existing treaties, and against his instructions, he resolved to attack both Serbia and Epirus. Relieved of his post, he rebelled, was captured and imprisoned. Sometime before 1320, however, he was eventually pardoned and appointed to a command in Thrace. Support of Andronikos III In 1320, following the death of Michael IX Palaiologos (eldest son of Andronikos II and co-emperor from 1295 on), his son Andronikos III was crowned as co-emperor by Andronikos II. Although initially popular with his grandfather, the younger Andronikos and his entourage of young nobles, to which Syrgiannes belonged, had by that time caused the elder emperor's displeasure by their extravagance. Their excesses culminated in the mistaken-identity murder of the young emperor's younger brother, Manuel; enraged, the elder Andronikos annulled his grandson's titles, and a deep personal rift was opened between the two.At that time, Syrgiannes and John Kantakouzenos bought for themselves governorships in Thrace, where discontent with the old emperor was rife, and they quickly mobilized support for the younger Andronikos. Together with Alexios Apokaukos and Theodore Synadenos, they prepared to overthrow the aged Andronikos II in favour of his grandson. In Easter 1321, the younger Andronikos came to Adrianople, and the uprising broke out. Syrgiannes led a large army towards the capital, forcing the old emperor to negotiate. Consequently, on 6 June 1321, an agreement was reached which partitioned the empire. Young Andronikos III was recognized as co-emperor and given Thrace to govern as a quasi-appanage, setting up his court at Adrianople, while Andronikos II continued to rule from the capital, Constantinople, as senior emperor.Syrgiannes was dissatisfied with the new arrangements, feeling that he had not been sufficiently rewarded for his support of Andronikos III. He also resented the greater favour shown by the young emperor to Kantakouzenos, and developed a fierce rivalry with the latter. Furthermore, chroniclers also report a story whereby Andronikos III attempted to seduce Syrgiannes's wife. In December 1321, Syrgiannes switched sides, fleeing to Constantinople. Rewarded with the lofty title of megas doux, he convinced Andronikos II to resume the war against his grandson. In July 1322, however, another agreement was reached between the two Andronikoi, which left Syrgiannes in an awkward position. His own schemes having failed, he began plotting to murder the aged Andronikos II and seize the throne for himself. The plot was foiled, however, and Syrgiannes was sentenced to life imprisonment. Governorship in Macedonia, defection to the Serbs and death In 1328, Andronikos III finally overthrew his grandfather and established himself as sole emperor. Syrgiannes was freed, and was able to restore himself to Andronikos's favour, to the extent that in late 1329 he was entrusted with the important governorship of Thessalonica, the Empire's second-largest city, and of western Macedonia and Albania. There, he was again suspected of plotting against Kantakouzenos, this time with the emperor's mother, Empress Maria. She lived in Thessalonica, and was supposed to keep an eye on Syrgiannes; instead, she became so infatuated with him that she had him adopted. Following the death of the Empress in late 1333, the plot was uncovered and Syrgiannes was arrested and brought to Constantinople to face charges of treason. Syrgiannes, however, managed to escape and flee to the court of the Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan.Dušan put Syrgiannes at the head of a large Serbian force, with which he invaded Byzantine Macedonia in 1334. Syrgiannes's abilities as a general, his knowledge of the Byzantine army's dispositions and the friendships he had maintained with several local Byzantine officers resulted in the swift capture of many important Byzantine cities, including Ohrid, Prilep, Strumica, and Kastoria. The road was open for an advance towards Thessalonica, and Syrgiannes's army encamped before the walls of the city, facing a Byzantine relief force. Both sides remained encamped confronting each other for several days, but on 23 August 1334, Syrgiannes was lured away from his camp with only a few retainers and murdered by Sphrantzes Palaiologos, a Byzantine general who had defected on purpose to the Serbian camp a few days earlier. With the loss of their principal military leader, the Serbs settled for a negotiated peace with the Byzantines, which was very advantageous for them as they were left in possession of most of the cities won by Syrgiannes in northern Macedonia. Appraisal Syrgiannes's ambition, inveterate plotting, and multiple betrayals made him one of the darkest figures of the era in the eyes of both contemporary and later historians: the 14th-century historian Nikephoros Gregoras compared his flight to Serbia with Themistocles's flight to the Persians, while Donald Nicol likened him to Alcibiades and Angeliki Laiou called him "the most evil presence" of the civil war. References Sources Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1620-2. Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Laiou, Angeliki E. (1972). Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674165359. Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1996). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295–1383. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52201-4. Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-41650-0. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83756-9.

Sherwin B. Nuland

Sherwin Bernard Nuland (born Shepsel Ber Nudelman; December 8, 1930 – March 3, 2014) was an American surgeon and writer who taught bioethics, history of medicine, and medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, and occasionally bioethics and history of medicine at Yale College. His 1994 book How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter was a New York Times Best Seller and won the National Book Award for Nonfiction, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. In 2011 Nuland was awarded the Jonathan Rhoads Gold Medal of the American Philosophical Society, for “Distinguished Service to Medicine.”Nuland wrote non-academic articles for The New Yorker, The New York Times, The New Republic, Time, MIT Technology Review and the New York Review of Books. He was a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.He is the father of Victoria Nuland, the current under secretary of State for Political Affairs since 2021.

Sherwin Bernard Nuland (born Shepsel Ber Nudelman; December 8, 1930 – March 3, 2014) was an American surgeon and writer who taught bioethics, history of medicine, and medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, and occasionally bioethics and history of medicine at Yale College. His 1994 book How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter was a New York Times Best Seller and won the National Book Award for Nonfiction, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. In 2011 Nuland was awarded the Jonathan Rhoads Gold Medal of the American Philosophical Society, for “Distinguished Service to Medicine.”Nuland wrote non-academic articles for The New Yorker, The New York Times, The New Republic, Time, MIT Technology Review and the New York Review of Books. He was a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.He is the father of Victoria Nuland, the current under secretary of State for Political Affairs since 2021. Biography Nuland was born Shepsel Ber Nudelman in The Bronx, New York City, on December 8, 1930, to immigrant parents, Meyer Nudelman (a Moldovan Jewish garment repairman, 1889–1958) and Vitsche Lutsky (a Belarusian Jew, 1893–1941).Although raised in a traditional Orthodox Jewish home, he came to consider himself agnostic, but continued to attend synagogue. As a Jew, he witnessed anti-Semitic discrimination against his cousin and changed his name when he applied to college to ensure admittance.Nuland was a graduate of The Bronx High School of Science, New York University and Yale School of Medicine, where he obtained his M.D. degree and also completed a residency in surgery.At the time of his death, he was living in Connecticut with his second wife, Sarah Nuland (née Peterson). He had four children, two from each marriage. His daughter Victoria Nuland, a career foreign service officer, has notably been the current under secretary of State for Political Affairs since May 2021. Dr. Nuland avowed a "unique relationship" with death. The 1994 National Book Award for nonfiction was granted to his How We Die: Reflections on Life’s Final Chapter.In a 2001 TED talk, which was released in October 2007, Nuland spoke of his severe depression and obsessive thoughts in the early 1970s, probably caused by his difficult childhood and the dissolution of his first marriage. As drug therapy remained ineffective, a lobotomy was suggested, but his treating resident suggested electroshock therapy instead, which led to his recovery. Twelve years after the talk, TED's Curator, Chris Anderson, recalled that Nuland's talk "remains one of the most powerful moments in the conference’s history."Nuland was also one of the featured lecturers at One Day University.In 2005, Nuland taught a series of lectures for the Teaching Company's The Great Courses on the history of Western medicine titled Doctors: The History of Scientific Medicine Revealed Through Biography.Nuland died on March 3, 2014, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, of prostate cancer. Books Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Knopf, 1988) ISBN 0-679-76009-1 Medicine: The Art of Healing (New York: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, Inc. Distributed by Macmillan, 1992) ISBN 0-88363-292-6 How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1994) ISBN 0-679-41461-4 The Wisdom of the Body (New York: Knopf, 1997) ISBN 0-679-44407-6 How We Live (New York: Vintage Books, 1998) [originally published as The Wisdom of the Body in 1997] ISBN 0-09-976761-9 Leonardo Da Vinci (Penguin Lives) (New York: Viking, 2000) ISBN 0-670-89391-9 The Mysteries Within: A Surgeon Explores Myth, Medicine, and the Human Body (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000) ISBN 0-684-85486-4 The Doctors' Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever and the Strange Story of Ignac Semmelweis (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003) ISBN 0-393-05299-0 Lost in America: A Journey with My Father (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 2003) ISBN 0-375-41294-8 Maimonides (Jewish Encounters) (New York: Nextbook: Schocken, 2005) ISBN 0-8052-4200-7 The Art of Aging: A Doctor's Prescription for Well-Being (New York: Random House, 2007) ISBN 1-4000-6477-5 The Uncertain Art: Thoughts on a Life in Medicine (New York: Random House, 2008) ISBN 1-4000-6478-3 The Soul of Medicine: Tales from the Bedside (New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2009) ISBN 1-60714-055-1 References External links Sherwin B. Nuland at IMDb Sherwin B. Nuland tells his life story (video) Sherwin Nuland's 2001 TEDTalk, on the history of electroshock therapy and his personal experience with severe depression Sherwin Nuland vs. Aubrey de Grey in a clip from the documentary, HOW TO LIVE FOREVER Appearances on C-SPAN In Depth interview with Nuland, October 2, 2005 Sherwin B. Nuland Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Charles James Campbell

Charles James Campbell (November 6, 1819 – April 17, 1906) was a Scottish-born merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Victoria in the House of Commons of Canada from 1874 to 1875, from 1876 to 1878 and from 1882 to 1887 as a Conservative member.He was born on the Isle of Skye, the son of John Campbell and Isabella McRae, and came to Nova Scotia in 1831. In 1843, Campbell married Eliza Jane Ingraham. He owned the New Campbellton Coal Mines. He was named a justice of the peace for Cape Breton County in 1851 and county coroner in 1857.

Charles James Campbell (November 6, 1819 – April 17, 1906) was a Scottish-born merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Victoria in the House of Commons of Canada from 1874 to 1875, from 1876 to 1878 and from 1882 to 1887 as a Conservative member.He was born on the Isle of Skye, the son of John Campbell and Isabella McRae, and came to Nova Scotia in 1831. In 1843, Campbell married Eliza Jane Ingraham. He owned the New Campbellton Coal Mines. He was named a justice of the peace for Cape Breton County in 1851 and county coroner in 1857. Campbell was also lieutenant-colonel for the county militia, served as a chairman of the county board of health, was a school trustee and served on the province's board of agriculture.Campbell represented Victoria County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1853 to 1859, from 1863 to 1867 and from 1871 to 1873. He was also elected to the provincial assembly in 1851 and 1860 but was unseated after those elections were appealed. He served as a member of the province's Executive Council from 1856 to 1859. In 1873, he was named to the province's Legislative Council and he served until 1874, when he was elected to the House of Commons. His election was subsequently overturned the following year. Campbell was an unsuccessful candidate for the House of Commons in 1873, 1875, 1878 and 1887.Campbell died in North Sydney at the age of 86. Electoral record == References ==

Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique

Mohammad Ismail Abdul Khalique is an Islamic scholar and an Indian politician from Malegaon city, Maharashtra. He had two terms as Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He won from the Malegaon Central (Vidhan Sabha constituency). He first won in 2009 by Jan Surajya Shakti. In 2014, he joined Nationalist Congress Party and contested elections, but lost.

Mohammad Ismail Abdul Khalique is an Islamic scholar and an Indian politician from Malegaon city, Maharashtra. He had two terms as Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He won from the Malegaon Central (Vidhan Sabha constituency). He first won in 2009 by Jan Surajya Shakti. In 2014, he joined Nationalist Congress Party and contested elections, but lost. In 2019, he joined AIMIM. He is also general secretary of Jamiate ulema-e-hind. Personal life In 2020, a case was filed against Khalique for barging into a hospital in Malegaon with his supporters and manhandling doctor and hospital staff for not attending his calls. However, Ismail stated that he and his followers were polite and non-violent. Political Career Mohammed's political journey has been marked by his commitment to public service and his association with various political parties. He began his political career as a member of the Jan Surajya Shakti party, serving as an MLA from the Malegaon Central Assembly constituency in Maharashtra from 2009 to 2014. In 2019, Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique transitioned to the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) and contested the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election from the Malegaon Central Assembly constituency. During this election, he secured a resounding victory with 1,16,906 votes, representing 58.52% of the total vote share. His remarkable performance demonstrated his popularity and the trust of his constituents. Khalique's political career also reflects his adaptability, as he has been associated with the Nationalist Congress Party at some point. His ability to connect with voters and his commitment to the welfare of the people make him a prominent figure in Maharashtra's political landscape. Positions held References External links Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique on Instagram