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metadata
annotations_creators:
  - other
language_creators:
  - other
language:
  - en
license: apache-2.0
multilinguality:
  - monolingual
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
  - 1M<n<10M
source_datasets:
  - original
task_categories:
  - text-classification
task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: discovery
pretty_name: Discovery
configs:
  - discovery
  - discoverysmall
tags:
  - discourse-marker-prediction
dataset_info:
  - config_name: discovery
    features:
      - name: sentence1
        dtype: string
      - name: sentence2
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': '[no-conn]'
              '1': absolutely,
              '2': accordingly
              '3': actually,
              '4': additionally
              '5': admittedly,
              '6': afterward
              '7': again,
              '8': already,
              '9': also,
              '10': alternately,
              '11': alternatively
              '12': although,
              '13': altogether,
              '14': amazingly,
              '15': and
              '16': anyway,
              '17': apparently,
              '18': arguably,
              '19': as_a_result,
              '20': basically,
              '21': because_of_that
              '22': because_of_this
              '23': besides,
              '24': but
              '25': by_comparison,
              '26': by_contrast,
              '27': by_doing_this,
              '28': by_then
              '29': certainly,
              '30': clearly,
              '31': coincidentally,
              '32': collectively,
              '33': consequently
              '34': conversely
              '35': curiously,
              '36': currently,
              '37': elsewhere,
              '38': especially,
              '39': essentially,
              '40': eventually,
              '41': evidently,
              '42': finally,
              '43': first,
              '44': firstly,
              '45': for_example
              '46': for_instance
              '47': fortunately,
              '48': frankly,
              '49': frequently,
              '50': further,
              '51': furthermore
              '52': generally,
              '53': gradually,
              '54': happily,
              '55': hence,
              '56': here,
              '57': historically,
              '58': honestly,
              '59': hopefully,
              '60': however
              '61': ideally,
              '62': immediately,
              '63': importantly,
              '64': in_contrast,
              '65': in_fact,
              '66': in_other_words
              '67': in_particular,
              '68': in_short,
              '69': in_sum,
              '70': in_the_end,
              '71': in_the_meantime,
              '72': in_turn,
              '73': incidentally,
              '74': increasingly,
              '75': indeed,
              '76': inevitably,
              '77': initially,
              '78': instead,
              '79': interestingly,
              '80': ironically,
              '81': lastly,
              '82': lately,
              '83': later,
              '84': likewise,
              '85': locally,
              '86': luckily,
              '87': maybe,
              '88': meaning,
              '89': meantime,
              '90': meanwhile,
              '91': moreover
              '92': mostly,
              '93': namely,
              '94': nationally,
              '95': naturally,
              '96': nevertheless
              '97': next,
              '98': nonetheless
              '99': normally,
              '100': notably,
              '101': now,
              '102': obviously,
              '103': occasionally,
              '104': oddly,
              '105': often,
              '106': on_the_contrary,
              '107': on_the_other_hand
              '108': once,
              '109': only,
              '110': optionally,
              '111': or,
              '112': originally,
              '113': otherwise,
              '114': overall,
              '115': particularly,
              '116': perhaps,
              '117': personally,
              '118': plus,
              '119': preferably,
              '120': presently,
              '121': presumably,
              '122': previously,
              '123': probably,
              '124': rather,
              '125': realistically,
              '126': really,
              '127': recently,
              '128': regardless,
              '129': remarkably,
              '130': sadly,
              '131': second,
              '132': secondly,
              '133': separately,
              '134': seriously,
              '135': significantly,
              '136': similarly,
              '137': simultaneously
              '138': slowly,
              '139': so,
              '140': sometimes,
              '141': soon,
              '142': specifically,
              '143': still,
              '144': strangely,
              '145': subsequently,
              '146': suddenly,
              '147': supposedly,
              '148': surely,
              '149': surprisingly,
              '150': technically,
              '151': thankfully,
              '152': then,
              '153': theoretically,
              '154': thereafter,
              '155': thereby,
              '156': therefore
              '157': third,
              '158': thirdly,
              '159': this,
              '160': though,
              '161': thus,
              '162': together,
              '163': traditionally,
              '164': truly,
              '165': truthfully,
              '166': typically,
              '167': ultimately,
              '168': undoubtedly,
              '169': unfortunately,
              '170': unsurprisingly,
              '171': usually,
              '172': well,
              '173': yet,
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 334809726
        num_examples: 1566000
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 18607661
        num_examples: 87000
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 18615474
        num_examples: 87000
    download_size: 146233621
    dataset_size: 372032861
  - config_name: discoverysmall
    features:
      - name: sentence1
        dtype: string
      - name: sentence2
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': '[no-conn]'
              '1': absolutely,
              '2': accordingly
              '3': actually,
              '4': additionally
              '5': admittedly,
              '6': afterward
              '7': again,
              '8': already,
              '9': also,
              '10': alternately,
              '11': alternatively
              '12': although,
              '13': altogether,
              '14': amazingly,
              '15': and
              '16': anyway,
              '17': apparently,
              '18': arguably,
              '19': as_a_result,
              '20': basically,
              '21': because_of_that
              '22': because_of_this
              '23': besides,
              '24': but
              '25': by_comparison,
              '26': by_contrast,
              '27': by_doing_this,
              '28': by_then
              '29': certainly,
              '30': clearly,
              '31': coincidentally,
              '32': collectively,
              '33': consequently
              '34': conversely
              '35': curiously,
              '36': currently,
              '37': elsewhere,
              '38': especially,
              '39': essentially,
              '40': eventually,
              '41': evidently,
              '42': finally,
              '43': first,
              '44': firstly,
              '45': for_example
              '46': for_instance
              '47': fortunately,
              '48': frankly,
              '49': frequently,
              '50': further,
              '51': furthermore
              '52': generally,
              '53': gradually,
              '54': happily,
              '55': hence,
              '56': here,
              '57': historically,
              '58': honestly,
              '59': hopefully,
              '60': however
              '61': ideally,
              '62': immediately,
              '63': importantly,
              '64': in_contrast,
              '65': in_fact,
              '66': in_other_words
              '67': in_particular,
              '68': in_short,
              '69': in_sum,
              '70': in_the_end,
              '71': in_the_meantime,
              '72': in_turn,
              '73': incidentally,
              '74': increasingly,
              '75': indeed,
              '76': inevitably,
              '77': initially,
              '78': instead,
              '79': interestingly,
              '80': ironically,
              '81': lastly,
              '82': lately,
              '83': later,
              '84': likewise,
              '85': locally,
              '86': luckily,
              '87': maybe,
              '88': meaning,
              '89': meantime,
              '90': meanwhile,
              '91': moreover
              '92': mostly,
              '93': namely,
              '94': nationally,
              '95': naturally,
              '96': nevertheless
              '97': next,
              '98': nonetheless
              '99': normally,
              '100': notably,
              '101': now,
              '102': obviously,
              '103': occasionally,
              '104': oddly,
              '105': often,
              '106': on_the_contrary,
              '107': on_the_other_hand
              '108': once,
              '109': only,
              '110': optionally,
              '111': or,
              '112': originally,
              '113': otherwise,
              '114': overall,
              '115': particularly,
              '116': perhaps,
              '117': personally,
              '118': plus,
              '119': preferably,
              '120': presently,
              '121': presumably,
              '122': previously,
              '123': probably,
              '124': rather,
              '125': realistically,
              '126': really,
              '127': recently,
              '128': regardless,
              '129': remarkably,
              '130': sadly,
              '131': second,
              '132': secondly,
              '133': separately,
              '134': seriously,
              '135': significantly,
              '136': similarly,
              '137': simultaneously
              '138': slowly,
              '139': so,
              '140': sometimes,
              '141': soon,
              '142': specifically,
              '143': still,
              '144': strangely,
              '145': subsequently,
              '146': suddenly,
              '147': supposedly,
              '148': surely,
              '149': surprisingly,
              '150': technically,
              '151': thankfully,
              '152': then,
              '153': theoretically,
              '154': thereafter,
              '155': thereby,
              '156': therefore
              '157': third,
              '158': thirdly,
              '159': this,
              '160': though,
              '161': thus,
              '162': together,
              '163': traditionally,
              '164': truly,
              '165': truthfully,
              '166': typically,
              '167': ultimately,
              '168': undoubtedly,
              '169': unfortunately,
              '170': unsurprisingly,
              '171': usually,
              '172': well,
              '173': yet,
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 3355192
        num_examples: 15662
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 185296
        num_examples: 871
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 187471
        num_examples: 869
    download_size: 146233621
    dataset_size: 3727959
train-eval-index:
  - config: discovery
    task: text-classification
    task_id: multi-class-classification
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence1: text1
      sentence2: text2
      label: target
  - config: discoverysmall
    task: text-classification
    task_id: multi-class-classification
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence1: text1
      sentence2: text2
      label: target

Dataset Card for Discovery

Table of Contents

Dataset Description

Dataset Summary

Discourse marker prediction with 174 markers

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[More Information Needed]

Languages

English

Dataset Structure

input : sentence1, sentence2, label: marker originally between sentence1 and sentence2

Data Instances

[More Information Needed]

Data Fields

[More Information Needed]

Data Splits

Train/Val/Test

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[More Information Needed]

Source Data

Aranea english web corpus

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[More Information Needed]

Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed]

Annotations

Self supervised (see paper)

Annotation process

[More Information Needed]

Who are the annotators?

[More Information Needed]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed]

Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed]

Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[More Information Needed]

Licensing Information

[More Information Needed]

Citation Information

@inproceedings{sileo-etal-2019-mining,
    title = "Mining Discourse Markers for Unsupervised Sentence Representation Learning",
    author = "Sileo, Damien  and
      Van De Cruys, Tim  and
      Pradel, Camille  and
      Muller, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1351",
    pages = "3477--3486",
    abstract = "Current state of the art systems in NLP heavily rely on manually annotated datasets, which are expensive to construct. Very little work adequately exploits unannotated data {--} such as discourse markers between sentences {--} mainly because of data sparseness and ineffective extraction methods. In the present work, we propose a method to automatically discover sentence pairs with relevant discourse markers, and apply it to massive amounts of data. Our resulting dataset contains 174 discourse markers with at least 10k examples each, even for rare markers such as {``}coincidentally{''} or {``}amazingly{''}. We use the resulting data as supervision for learning transferable sentence embeddings. In addition, we show that even though sentence representation learning through prediction of discourse marker yields state of the art results across different transfer tasks, it{'}s not clear that our models made use of the semantic relation between sentences, thus leaving room for further improvements.",
}

Contributions

Thanks to @sileod for adding this dataset.