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[ "The ancestor of modern fencing originated in Spain, where several books on fencing were written.", "\"Treatise on Arms\" was written by Diego de Valera between 1458 and 1471 and is one of the oldest surviving manuals on western fencing shortly before dueling came under official ban by the Catholic Monarchs.", "In conquest, the Spanish forces carried fencing around the world, particularly southern Italy, one of the major areas of strife between both nations.", "The mechanics of modern fencing originated in the 18th century in an Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.", "The Spanish school of fencing stagnated and was replaced by the Italian and French schools.", "Nowadays, these two schools are the most influential around the world.", "Dueling went into sharp decline after World War I.", "After World War II, dueling went out of use in Europe except for very rare exceptions.", "Training for duels, once fashionable for males of aristocratic backgrounds (although fencing masters such as Hope suggest that many people considered themselves trained from taking only one or two lessons), all but disappeared, along with the classes themselves.", "Fencing continued as a sport, with tournaments and championships.", "However, the need to actually prepare for a duel with \"sharps\" vanished, changing both training and technique.", "Starting with épée in 1936, side-judges were replaced by an electrical scoring apparatus, with an audible tone and a red or green light indicating when a touch landed.", "Foil first embraced electronic scoring in 1956, sabre in 1988.", "The scoring box reduced the bias in judging, and permitted more accurate scoring of faster actions, lighter touches, and more touches to the back and flank than before." ]

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[ "While the Soviet ambassador in Washington suspected that the Marshall Plan could lead to the creation of an anti-Soviet bloc, Stalin was open to the offer.", "He directed that—in negotiations to be held in Paris regarding the aid—countries in the Eastern Bloc should not reject economic conditions being placed upon them.", "Stalin only changed his outlook when he learned that (a) credit would only be extended under conditions of economic cooperation and,(b) aid would also be extended to Germany in total, an eventuality which Stalin thought would hamper the Soviets' ability to exercise influence in western Germany.", "Initially, Stalin maneuvered to kill the Plan, or at least hamper it by means of destructive participation in the Paris talks regarding conditions.", "He quickly realized, however, that this would be impossible after Molotov reported—following his arrival in Paris in July 1947—that conditions for the credit were non-negotiable.", "Looming as just as large a concern was the Czechoslovak eagerness to accept the aid, as well as indications of a similar Polish attitude.", "Stalin suspected a possibility that these Eastern Bloc countries might defy Soviet directives not to accept the aid, potentially causing a loss of control of the Eastern Bloc.", "In addition, the most important condition was that every country choosing to take advantage of the plan would need to have its economic situation independently assessed—a level of scrutiny to which the Soviets could not agree.", "Bevin and Bidault also insisted that any aid be accompanied by the creation of a unified European economy, something incompatible with the strict Soviet command economy." ]

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[ "", "\"American Hustle\" received critical acclaim upon its release.", "The cast received praise for their performances, notably Adams and Lawrence.", "Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 93% rating, based on reviews from 240 critics with an average score of 8.2/10.", "The site's consensus reads, \"Riotously funny and impeccably cast, \"American Hustle\" compensates for its flaws with unbridled energy and some of David O. Russell's most irrepressibly vibrant direction.\"", "Metacritic gives a score of 90/100, indicating \"universal acclaim\", based on reviews from 47 critics.", "Christy Lemire awarded the film four out of four stars, praising David O. Russell's directing and the relationship between Irving and Sydney, as well as Jennifer Lawrence's portrayal of Rosalyn.", "She writes: \"For all its brashness and big personality, \"American Hustle\" is a character study at its core—an exploration of dissatisfaction and drive, and the lengths to which we're willing to go for that elusive thing known as a better life.\"", "Richard Roeper of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film an A+, especially complimenting Bradley Cooper's performance and stating that \"American Hustle\" was \"the best time I've had at the movies all year.\"", "He later named it the year's best film.", "\"Time\" magazine's Richard Corliss wrote, \"\"American Hustle\" is an urban eruption of flat-out fun — the sharpest, most exhilarating comedy in years.", "Anyone who says otherwise must be conning you.", "\"Peter Debruge of \"Variety\" was critical of the film, calling it \"a sloppy sprawl of a movie\" and complaining that the improvisational performances overwhelm instead of adding to a coherent plot.\"", "He also went on to write that it \"makes your brain hurt — and worse, overwhelms the already overcomplicated Abscam retelling at the center of the film.\"" ]

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[ "Criticism.U.S.", "When U.S. network CBS publicly announced in December 2007 that it was considering \"Dexter\" for broadcast reruns, the Parents Television Council (PTC) protested the decision.", "When the network began posting promotional videos of the rebroadcast on YouTube on January 29, 2008, PTC president Timothy F. Winter, in a formal press release, again called for CBS to not broadcast the show on broadcast television, saying that it \"should remain on a premium subscription cable network\" because \"the series compels viewers to empathize with a serial killer, to root for him to prevail, to hope he doesn't get discovered.\"", "Winter called on the public to demand that local affiliates preempt \"Dexter\", and warned advertisers that the PTC would take action against any affiliates that sponsored the show.", "Following Winter's press release, CBS added parental advisory notices to its broadcast promotions and ultimately rated \"Dexter\" TV-14 for broadcast.", "The show premiered on February 17, 2008, edited primarily for language and scenes containing sex or the dismemberment of live victims.", "The PTC later objected to CBS' broadcasting of the final two episodes of the first season in a two-hour block, in addition to objections over the starting times of the episodes, which was as early as 8 p.m. in some time zones." ]

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[ "Research into population trends of various species of seafood is pointing to a global collapse of seafood species by 2048.", "Such a collapse would occur due to pollution and overfishing, threatening oceanic ecosystems, according to some researchers.", "A major international scientific study released in November 2006 in the journal \"Science\" found that about one-third of all fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed (with a collapse being defined as a decline to less than 10% of their maximum observed abundance), and that if current trends continue all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years.", "In July 2009, Boris Worm of Dalhousie University, the author of the November 2006 study in \"Science,\" co-authored an update on the state of the world's fisheries with one of the original study's critics, Ray Hilborn of the University of Washington at Seattle.", "The new study found that through good fisheries management techniques even depleted fish stocks can be revived and made commercially viable again.", "The FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 report estimates that in 2003, of the main fish stocks or groups of resources for which assessment information is available, \"approximately one-quarter were overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion (16%, 7% and 1% respectively) and needed rebuilding.", "\"The National Fisheries Institute, a trade advocacy group representing the United States seafood industry, disagree.", "They claim that currently observed declines in fish population are due to natural fluctuations and that enhanced technologies will eventually alleviate whatever impact humanity is having on oceanic life." ]

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[ "As with many extreme sports, luging has risks.", "Though most injuries involve bumps, bruises, broken bones and concussions, fatalities do occasionally occur.", "Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili suffered a fatal crash during his final practice run for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.", "Hours later, the International Luge Federation concluded that the accident was caused by a steering error and not a track error; nevertheless, changes to the track were made before the re-opening.", "Kumaritashvili was the fourth athlete to die while in preparation for a Winter Olympics competition, following speed skier Nicolas Bochatay, 27, who died while preparing for the Albertville 1992 games, British luger Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski and skier Ross Milne, 19, who both died in the run-up to the Innsbruck 1964 games." ]

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[ "The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of wars between Napoleon's French Empire and opposing coalitions led by Great Britain.", "As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly owing to the application of modern mass conscription.", "French power rose quickly as Napoleon's armies conquered much of Europe but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812.", "Napoleon was defeated in 1814; he returned and was finally defeated in 1815 at Waterloo, and all France's gains were taken away by the victors.", "Before a final victory against Napoleon, five of seven coalitions saw defeat at the hands of France.", "France defeated the first and second coalitions during the French Revolutionary Wars, the third (notably at Austerlitz), the fourth (notably at Jena, Eylau, and Friedland) and the fifth coalition (notably at Wagram) under the leadership of Napoleon.", "These great victories gave the French Army a sense of invulnerability, especially when it approached Moscow.", "But after the retreat from Russia, in spite of incomplete victories, France was defeated by the sixth coalition at Leipzig, in the Peninsular War at Vitoria and at the hands of the seventh coalition at Waterloo.", "The wars resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and sowed the seeds of nascent nationalism in Germany and Italy that would lead to the two nations' respective consolidations later in the century.", "Meanwhile, the global Spanish Empire began to unravel as French occupation of Spain weakened Spain's hold over its colonies, providing an opening for nationalist revolutions in Spanish America.", "As a direct result of the Napoleonic wars, the British Empire became the foremost world power for the next century, thus beginning \"Pax Britannica\".", "No consensus exists about when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began.", "An early candidate is 9 November 1799, the date of Bonaparte's coup seizing power in France.", "However, the most common date is 18 May 1803, when renewed war broke out between Britain and France, ending the one-year-old Peace of Amiens, the only period of general peace in Europe between 1792 and 1814.", "Most actual fighting ceased following Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, although skirmishing continued as late as 3 July 1815 at the Battle of Issy.", "The Second Treaty of Paris officially ended the wars on 20 November 1815." ]

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[ "A skirt steak is a part of the plate (situated at the cow's abdomen), the steak is long, thick and tender and it is usually priced by its flavour rather than the tenderness because its flavour is better than its tenderness.", "Skirt steaks are not to be confused with flank steaks because they are near the sirloin and shank.", "Skirt steaks are used in many international cuisines: Mexican cuisine use this steak for fajitas and arrachera.", "In the United Kingdom it is often used as filling for Cornish pasties as well as vegetables such as carrot and potato.", "In Chinese cuisine it is used for stir-fries, in Spanish cuisine the steak is made for churrasco and Italian cuisine use skirt steak for making bolognese sauce as well as with tomatoes." ]

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[ "Alan Morrison from \"Empire\" Online gave \"Amélie\" five stars and called it \"one of the year’s best, with crossover potential along the lines of \"Cyrano De Bergerac\" and \"Il Postino\".", "Given its quirky heart, it might well surpass them all.", "\"Paul Tatara from CNN Reviewer praised \"Amélie\"s playful nature.", "In his review, he wrote, \"Its whimsical, free-ranging nature is often enchanting; the first hour, in particular, is brimming with amiable, sardonic laughs.", "\"The film was attacked by critic Serge Kaganski of \"Les Inrockuptibles\" for an unrealistic and picturesque vision of a bygone French society with few ethnic minorities.", "Jeunet dismissed the criticism by pointing out that the photo collection contains pictures of people from numerous ethnic backgrounds, and that Jamel Debbouze, who plays Lucien, is of Moroccan descent." ]

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[ "The origins of tug of war are uncertain, but it is beyond dispute that this once royal sport was practised in ancient Egypt, Greece and China, where it was held in legend that the Sun and Moon played Tug of War over the light and darkness.", "It is also widely believed the sport was made popular in Great Britain by Lord Elliott Simpson, in the 16th Century.", "Simpson was a keen tugger.", "According to a Tang dynasty book, The Notes of Feng, tug of war, under the name \"hook pulling\"(牵钩), was used by the military commander of the State of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period (8th century BC to 5th century BC) to train warriors.", "During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang promoted large-scale tug of war games, using ropes of up to 167 meters or (547.9 feet) with shorter ropes attached and more than 500 people on each end of the rope.", "Each side also had its own team of drummers to encourage the participants.", "In ancient Greece the sport was called \"helkustinda\" (Greek: ἑλκυστίνδα), \"efelkustinda\" (ἐφελκυστίνδα) and \"dielkustinda\" (διελκυστίνδα), which derives from \"dielkō\" (διέλκω), meaning amongst others \"I pull through\", all deriving from the verb \"helkō\" (ἕλκω), \"I draw, I pull\".", "\"Helkustinda\" and \"efelkustinda\" seem to have been ordinary versions of tug of war, while \"dielkustinda\" had no rope, according to Julius Pollux.", "It is possible that the teams held hands when pulling, which would have increased difficulty, since handgrips are more difficult to sustain than a grip of a rope.", "Tug of war games in ancient Greece were among the most popular games used for strength and would help build strength needed for battle in full armor.", "Archeological evidence shows that tug of war was also popular in India in 12th century AD:Tug of war stories about heroic champions from Scandinavia and Germany circulate Western Europe where Viking warriors pull animal skins over open pits of fire in tests of strength and endurance in preparation for battle and plunder.1500 and 1600 – tug of war is popularised during tournaments in French châteaux gardens and later in Great Britain1800 – tug of war begins a new tradition among seafaring men who were required to tug on lines to adjust sails while ships were under way and even in battle.", "The Mohave Indians occasionally used tug-of-war matches as means of settling disputes.", "The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" says that the phrase \"tug of war\" originally meant \"the decisive contest; the real struggle or tussle; a severe contest for supremacy\".", "Only in the 19th century was it used as a term for an athletic contest between two teams who haul at the opposite ends of a rope." ]

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[ "There are many types of shots played that lead to interesting games and strategy.", " Straight drive: The ball is hit parallel and close to a side wall to travel deep to the back of the court (the 'basic' squash shot).", "Often referred to as a 'good length' shot.", " Boast: The ball is played off a side wall at an angle, or the back wall, before hitting the front wall.", " Volley: The ball is hit 'on the full' (before it touches the floor), usually directly to the front wall", " Drop shot: The ball is hit gently against the front wall, to fall softly to the floor in the front corner.", " Lob: The ball is hit softly and high on the front wall and with a high arc, so that it falls in a back corner of the court.", " Cross Court: The ball is hit to the front wall from the right side to the left (or vice versa).", " Kill: The ball is hit hard and low on the front wall so that it travels no farther than half court.", " Trickle boast: A 'short' boast where the ball is hit to the side wall at the front of the court (often disguised as a drive or drop shot).", " Squeeze boast: A more difficult shot which is hit from the front of the court when the ball is very close to the side wall.", "Has the same effect as the trickle boast but is more deceptive because of its difficulty.", " Nick shot: the ball is 'volleyed' or hit off a bounce to strike the front wall then the junction of the side wall and floor (the 'nick') giving the ball little or no bounce.", " Rolling nick shot: When the nick shot is hit extremely well, the ball will roll along the floor (this is a more advanced shot that is a variation of the kill shot).", " Back wall boast: the ball is hit moderately hard and high off the back wall, so that it goes the length of the room and hits (usually low) off the front wall.", " Philadelphia (or corkscrew): A shot played diagonally upwards into the front corner hitting the front wall first and then the side wall.", "The ball then lobs over the court with significant spin.", "Ideally it hits the opposite side wall at the back and travels parallel to the rear wall making a return very difficult.", "This shot is a favourite in exhibition squash but is susceptible to being volleyed.", " Skid boast: A shot played from the back corners of the court where the ball is hit high along the sidewall with a small angle so that it hits the sidewall first, then hits high in the middle of the front wall continuing to cross the court while high in the air ideally hitting the opposite sidewall and landing close to the backwall to go past the opponent.", "As with the Philadelphia it is suceptible to being volleyed.", " Mizuki: This shot is hit as a volley.", "Unlike a normal volley, the Mizuki shot is hit with the other side of the racquet by turning the wrist which deceives the direction of the ball.", " Reverse angle: a boast where the opposite sidewall is hit first." ]

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[ "Jibbing is technical riding on non-standard surfaces, usually performing tricks.", "The word \"jib\" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word.", "As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs.", "As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding or riding on top of objects other than snow.", "It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard.", "Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding.", "Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments.", "Freeride snowboarders also commonly find incidental jibs, such as a downed tree, that prove suitable to ride over in the course of their line or run." ]

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[ "Wood entered the painting in a competition at the Art Institute of Chicago.", "The judges deemed it a \"comic valentine\", but a museum patron persuaded them to award the painting the bronze medal and $300 cash prize.", "The patron also persuaded the Art Institute to buy the painting, which remains there today.", "The image soon began to be reproduced in newspapers, first by the \"Chicago Evening Post\" and then in New York, Boston, Kansas City, and Indianapolis.", "However, Wood received a backlash when the image finally appeared in the \"Cedar Rapids Gazette\".", "Iowans were furious at their depiction as \"pinched, grim-faced, puritanical Bible-thumpers\".", "Wood protested that he had not painted a caricature of Iowans but a depiction of his appreciation, stating \"I had to go to France to appreciate Iowa.\"", "Nan, apparently embarrassed at being depicted as the wife of someone twice her age, began telling people that the painting was of a man and his daughter, which Grant seems to confirm in his letter to a Mrs. Nellie Sudduth in 1941.", "Art critics who had favorable opinions about the painting, such as Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, also assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life.", "It was thus seen as part of the trend toward increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 \"Winesburg, Ohio\", Sinclair Lewis's 1920 \"Main Street\", and Carl Van Vechten's 1924 \"The Tattooed Countess\" in literature.", "Yet another interpretation sees it as an \"old-fashioned mourning portrait... Tellingly, the curtains hanging in the windows of the house, both upstairs and down, are pulled closed in the middle of the day, a mourning custom in Victorian America.", "The woman wears a black dress beneath her apron, and glances away as if holding back tears.", "One imagines she is grieving for the man beside her...\" Wood had been only 10 when his father had died and later had lived for a decade \"above a garage reserved for hearses\", so death was on his mind.", "However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.", "Wood assisted this transition by renouncing his Bohemian youth in Paris and grouping himself with populist Midwestern painters, such as John Steuart Curry and Thomas Hart Benton, who revolted against the dominance of East Coast art circles.", "Wood was quoted in this period as stating, \"All the good ideas I've ever had came to me while I was milking a cow.\"" ]

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[ "", "\"American Hustle\" does not attempt to directly document the events of Abscam.", "The names are changed, and the film begins with the on-screen message, \"Some of this actually happened\".", "Major departures from reality include:", " In the film, Irving Rosenfeld begins a life of criminality when he smashes storefront windows as a child in order to provide more work for his father's glass-installation business.", "In real life, Melvin Weinberg began working for his father only as an adult.", "He did smash windows at that point, and according to one article after Abscam was revealed, it was indeed done to shore up business for Weinberg's father.", "A later report, however, states that it was done at the behest of the local union, to punish businesses who used non-union glaziers.", " In the film, Camden mayor Carmine Polito is shown as a selfless politician who gets involved in the scam only to provide jobs to his constituents; Irving feels so bad for Carmine that he engineers a reduced sentence for him.", "In reality, though Camden mayor Angelo Errichetti was widely praised for caring about the people of Camden, he also had a reputation for committing crimes.", "During the Abscam operation, he offered to get the fake sheikh into illegal businesses such as money counterfeiting and drug smuggling.", "Though Weinberg developed a fondness for Errichetti as a man who \"didn't beat around the bush\", he made no attempt to protect Errichetti from prosecution.", " Evelyn Knight, Weinberg's mistress on whom the character of Sydney Prosser is based, was involved in Weinberg's scams, though to a lesser extent than shown in the film; and she was not involved in Abscam.", "She was also English, not an American impersonating an Englishwoman as shown in the film.", " Weinberg's wife Cynthia Marie Weinberg, the basis for Rosalyn Rosenfeld, is not known to have had an affair with someone from the mafia, nor did she nearly blow Weinberg's cover.", " The character of Richie DiMaso is based to some extent on federal agent Tony Amoroso, although in real life Amoroso was just one of a number of agents involved in setting up and executing the scam.", " In the film, the sheikh is impersonated by a Mexican-American FBI agent with very limited Arabic.", "In real life, the sheikh was played by two different agents: first briefly by an American, Mike Denehy, who spoke no Arabic, then by a Lebanese-American." ]

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[ "Like the majority of the videos from the album \"American Idiot\", it was directed by Samuel Bayer.", "The video features Green Day's support guitarist, Jason White.", "This is the second time Jason White has appeared in a Green Day video, first appearing in \"When I Come Around\", ten years earlier but not as a band member.", "The video focuses on a very loving couple (played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood).", "The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps.", "The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe; the girlfriend, however, is heartbroken, as he broke his vow to never leave her, and terrified at the thought that he might die in battle.", "The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents.", "This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field.", "The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war.", "This video adds to the \"American Idiot\" anti-war sentiment of the Iraq War.", "The song eventually became a tribute song to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, and sound bites were added from various news coverages to the song.", "A live version of the song, recorded on September 3, 2005, at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane's victims.", "The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina." ]

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[ " Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A., Anderson, M. \"Animal Physiology\", 3rd ed.", "Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2012.", " Moyes, C.D., Schulte, P.M. \"Principles of Animal Physiology\", second edition.", "Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.", "Boston, MA, 2008.", " Randall, D., Burggren, W., and French, K. \"Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanism and Adaptation\", 5th Edition.", "W.H.", "Freeman and Company, 2002.", " Schmidt-Nielsen, K. \"Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment\".", "Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.", " Withers, P.C.", "\"Comparative animal physiology\".", "Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1992." ]

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[ "In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the curvature of spacetime.", "This curvature is caused by the presence of mass.", "Generally, the more mass that is contained within a given volume of space, the greater the curvature of spacetime will be at the boundary of this volume.", "As objects with mass move around in spacetime, the curvature changes to reflect the changed locations of those objects.", "In certain circumstances, accelerating objects generate changes in this curvature, which propagate outwards at the speed of light in a wave-like manner.", "These propagating phenomena are known as gravitational waves.", "As a gravitational wave passes a distant observer, that observer will find spacetime distorted by the effects of strain.", "Distances between free objects increase and decrease rhythmically as the wave passes, at a frequency corresponding to that of the wave.", "This occurs despite such free objects never being subjected to an unbalanced force.", "The magnitude of this effect decreases inversely with distance from the source.", "Inspiralling binary neutron stars are predicted to be a powerful source of gravitational waves as they coalesce, due to the very large acceleration of their masses as they orbit close to one another.", "However, due to the astronomical distances to these sources the effects when measured on Earth are predicted to be very small, having strains of less than 1 part in 1020.", "Scientists are attempting to demonstrate the existence of these waves with ever more sensitive detectors.", "The current most sensitive measurement is about one part in (as of 2012) provided by the LIGO and VIRGO observatories.", "The lack of detection in these observatories provides an upper limit on the frequency of such powerful sources.", "A space based observatory, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, is currently under development by ESA.", "Gravitational waves should penetrate regions of space that electromagnetic waves cannot.", "It is hypothesized that they will be able to provide observers on Earth with information about black holes and other exotic objects in the distant Universe.", "Such systems cannot be observed with more traditional means such as optical telescopes and radio telescopes.", "In particular, gravitational waves could be of interest to cosmologists as they offer a possible way of observing the very early universe.", "This is not possible with conventional astronomy, since before recombination the universe was opaque to electromagnetic radiation.", "Precise measurements of gravitational waves will also allow scientists to test the general theory of relativity more thoroughly.", "In principle, gravitational waves could exist at any frequency.", "However, very low frequency waves would be impossible to detect and there is no credible source for detectable waves of very high frequency.", "Stephen W. Hawking and Werner Israel list different frequency bands for gravitational waves that could be plausibly detected, ranging from 10−7 Hz up to 1011 Hz." ]

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[ "France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumière Brothers) having created cinema in 1895.", "France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2006 producing more films than any other European country.", "The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.", "Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.", "French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.", "Until recently, France had for centuries been the cultural center of the world, although its dominant position has been surpassed by the United States.", "Subsequently, France takes steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of the cultural exception.", "The nation succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.", "Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the UNESCO in 2005, and the principle of \"cultural exception\" won an overwhelming victory: 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it." ]

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[ "Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.", "MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-to-air radio stations in Singapore.", "There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels offered by Mediacorp.", "The channels are Channel 5 (English channel), Channel News Asia (English channel), Okto (English channel), Channel 8 (Chinese channel), Channel U (Chinese channel), Suria (Malay channel) and Vasantham (Indian channel).", "Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with channels from all around the world and Singtel's MioTV provides an IPTV service.", "Singapore Press Holdings, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.", "Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being too regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as Freedom House.", "In 2010, Reporters Without Borders, a France-based international non-governmental organisation, ranked Singapore 136 out of 178 in its Press Freedom Index, just below Mexico.", "The Media Development Authority regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.", "Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.", "Television is censored, and shows like Sex and the City and Queer as Folk (UK TV series) are banned.", "There are 3.4 million users of the internet in Singapore, one of the highest internet penetration rates in the world.", "The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet, but it maintains a list of one hundred websites (mostly pornographic) that it blocks as a 'symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet'.", "As the block covers only home internet access, users may still visit the blocked websites from their office computers." ]

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[ " Fosdick, Harry Emerson, ed.", "\"Great Voices of the Reformation of other putative reformers before and after it: an Anthology\", ed., with an introd.", "and commentaries, by Harry Emerson Fosdick.", "New York: Modern Library, 1952. xxx, 546 p.", " Janz, Denis, ed.", "\"A Reformation Reader: Primary Texts With Introductions\" (2008) excerpt and text search", " Luther, Martin \"Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters,\" 2 vols., tr.", "and ed.", "by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. vol.2 (1521–1530) from Google Books.", "Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006).", "ISBN 1-59752-601-0.", " Spitz, Lewis W. \"The Protestant Reformation: Major Documents\".", "St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1997.", "ISBN 0-570-04993-8" ]

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[ "Before the Market.", "Before the creation of the Pike Place Market in 1907, local Seattle area farmers sold their goods to the public in a three-square block area called The Lots, located at Sixth Avenue and King Street.", "Most produce sold at The Lots would then be brought to commercial wholesale houses on Western Avenue, which became known as Produce Row.", "Most farmers, due to the amount of time required to work their farms, were forced to sell their produce on consignment through the wholesalers on Western Avenue.", "The farmers typically received a percentage of the final sale price for their goods.", "They would sell to the middleman on commission, as most farmers would often have no time to sell direct to the public, and their earnings would be on marked up prices and expected sales.", "In some cases, the farmers made a profit, but just as often found themselves breaking even, or getting no money at all due to the business practices of the wholesalers.", "During the existence of the wholesale houses, which far predated the Market, there were regular rumors as well as instances of corruption in denying payment to farmers." ]

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[ "The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building.", "The upper level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west.", "Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North, track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13, and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train.", "The lower level has 27 tracks, numbered 100 to 126, east to west, though only tracks 102–112, and 114–116 are currently used for passenger service.", "Often, local and off-peak trains depart from the lower level while express, super-express, and peak trains depart from the main concourse.", "Odd numbered tracks are usually on the east side (right side facing north) of the platform; even numbered tracks on the west.", "The public timetables for April 3, 2011 show 286 weekday departures: 74 Hudson, 101 Harlem and 111 New Haven Line.", "Besides platforms, Grand Central has restaurants, such as the Oyster Bar and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse on the level below the Main Concourse, as well as delis, bakeries, newsstands, a gourmet and fresh food market, an annex of the New York Transit Museum, and more than forty retail stores.", "Grand Central generally contains only private outlets and small franchises.", "There are chain outlets in the complex: Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy and an Apple Store which opened to the public on December 9, 2011.", "Other chain stores anticipated to open in the future include a Shake Shack.", "A \"secret\" sub-basement known as M42 lies under the Terminal, containing the AC to DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the Terminal.", "The exact location of M42 is a closely guarded secret and does not appear on maps, though it has been shown on television, most notably, the History Channel program \"Cities of the Underworld\" and also a National Geographic special.", "The original rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid-state ones took over their job, and they remain as a historical record.", "During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have greatly impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.", "However, Abwehr (a German espionage service) was aware of it and sent two spies to sabotage it.", "The spies were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.", "It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight: the rotary converters used at the time could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.", "From 1924 through 1944, the attic of the east wing contained a art school and gallery space called the Grand Central School of Art." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Human swimming is the self propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, for survival, recreation, sport, exercise or other reason.", "Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both.", "Humans are able to hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response.", "Swimming is consistently found to be among the top recreational activities undertaken by the public, and in some countries, swimming lessons are a compulsory part of the educational curriculum.", "As a formalized sport, swimming features in a range of local, national and international competitions, including featuring in every modern summer Olympics." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 9 ]

[ "The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation.", "On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems.", "The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev.", "He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia.", "After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun.", "His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\"", "In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.", "After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about northwest of Moscow.", "They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers.", "They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on \"organizational schemes\"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the \"layout\" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components.", "With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948.", "Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949.", "The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53.", "In America, Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945.", "They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation.", "These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949.", "The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950.", "From here, Von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions.", "It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 5 ]

[ "Wally Pfister was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards, receiving the film's only Academy Award nomination.", "The film received three nominations at the 59th British Academy Film Awards.", "Just months after its release, \"Batman Begins\" was voted by \"Empire\" readers as the 36th greatest film of all time.", "In 2006, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored James Newton Howard, Hans Zimmer, and Ramin Djawadi with an ASCAP award for composing a film that became one of the top grossing films of 2005.", "The film was awarded three Saturn Awards in 2006 as well: Best Fantasy Film, Best Actor for Christian Bale, and Best Writing for Nolan and Goyer.", "Christian Bale would go on to win an MTV Movie Award for Best Hero.", "However, Katie Holmes's performance was not well received, and she was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.", "\"Batman Begins\" won the fan-based \"Total Film\" award for Best Film.", "In November 2008, \"Empire\" ranked \"Batman Begins\" 81 in its 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Garden croquet is widely played in the UK.", "The rules are easy to learn and the game can be played on lawns of almost any size but usually around by .", "The rules are similar to those described above for Association Croquet with three major differences:", " The starting point for all balls is a spot three feet in from the boundary directly in front of hoop1.", " If a strikers ball goes off, there is no penalty, it comes back on three feet and the turn continues.", " In a croquet stroke the croqueted ball does not have to move when the strikers ball is struck.", "This version of the game is easy for beginners to learn.", "The main Garden Croquet Club in the UK is the Bygrave Croquet Club which is a private club with five lawns.", "Other clubs also use garden croquet as an introduction to the game, notably the Hampstead Heath Croquet Club and the Watford Croquet Club." ]

[ 4 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Refusing to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or to serve in the military, roughly 12,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were forced to wear a purple triangle and were placed in camps where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority.", "Between 2,500 and 5,000 were killed.", "Historian Detlef Garbe, director at the Neuengamme (Hamburg) Memorial, writes that \"no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness.\"" ]

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[ "Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion.", "Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains.", "It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust.", "This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface.", "Stone Mountain pluton continues underground at its longest point into Gwinnett County.", "Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world\".", "This misnomer is most likely a result of advertisement by granite companies and early park administration.", "Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite.", "The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline.", "The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes.", "Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.", "The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided.", "Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock.", "This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings further east of Stone Mountain." ]

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[ 0 ]

[ "CBS Records released the show's first soundtrack on February 10, 2009.", "\"The Official TV Soundtrack\" is a two-disc, 22-track set that includes brand new songs from top artists featured prominently in upcoming episodes of the series as well as the show’s original theme by Numeriklab (available commercially for the first time) and a remix of the theme by Ministry.", "The set also includes songs performed by series regulars Pauley Perrette and Cote de Pablo.", "A sequel to the soundtrack was released on November 3, 2009.", "\"NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack; Vol.", "2\" is a single disc, 12 track set that covers songs (many previously unreleased) featured throughout the seventh season of the show, including one recording titled \"Bitter and Blue\" by Weatherly, as well as two songs used in previous seasons." ]

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[ 2 ]

[ "In April 2013, it was revealed that AMC and Sony were interested in a spin-off series that would focus on Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk), with Gilligan and series writer Peter Gould developing the project.", "Gilligan had previously hinted at a possible spin-off series focused on Saul Goodman in July 2012.", "In September 2013, AMC and Sony Pictures Television officially ordered \"Better Call Saul\" to series, and it will be a prequel." ]

[ 2 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).", "In most respects these two territories function as states, but the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments.", "By contrast, federal legislation overrides state legislation only in areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual legislative powers, including those over schools, state police, the state judiciary, roads, public transport and local government, since these do not fall under the provisions listed in Section 51.", "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland—and bicameral in the other states.", "The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution.", "The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council.", "The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister.", "The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator.", "In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.", "The federal parliament directly administers the following territories:", " Ashmore and Cartier Islands", " Australian Antarctic Territory", " Christmas Island", " Cocos (Keeling) Islands", " Coral Sea Islands", " Heard Island and McDonald Islands", " Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales", "Norfolk Island is also technically an external territory; however, under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 it has been granted more autonomy and is governed locally by its own legislative assembly.", "The Queen is represented by an Administrator." ]

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[ "There are wide variations in both thickness and shape for udon noodles.", " Inaniwa udon (稲庭うどん): a thin type from Akita Prefecture.", " Mimi udon (耳うどん, literally \"ear udon\"): a lucky preserved food in Kuzu, Tochigi.", "It looks similar to ears.", " Himokawa (ひもかわ): an extreme flat and wide type from Kiryū, Gunma.", " Hōtō (rarely 餺飥, commonly ほうとう): a flat and wide type, usually cooked with vegetables, particularly Japanese \"kabocha\" squash, from Yamanashi Prefecture.", " Kishimen (棊子麺, or more commonly きし麺): a flat type from the Nagoya.", " Ise udon (伊勢うどん): a soft type, usually eaten with sweet soy sauce, from Ise, Mie.", " In Kansai region, a soft and medium thickness type is popular.", " Sanuki udon (讃岐うどん): a thick and rather stiff type from Kagawa Prefecture.", " Hakata udon (博多うどん): a thick and soft type from the Fukuoka.", " Dango-jiru (団子汁): similar to the above \"Hohtoh\", from Ōita Prefecture.", "Nominally a \"dumpling soup\", it resembles very thick, flat udon.", " Okinawa soba (沖縄そば): also called \"suba\", a regional Okinawan noodle made by adding some vegetal ash to the flour, similar to how ramen is made.", "However, it is very similar to udon.", " There is also a dish called \"udon\" in Palau, because of the former Japanese administration.", "The broth is soy sauce–based like Japanese udon.", "However, as there were many immigrants from Okinawa, it uses less broth like Okinawa soba.", "Most notably, the noodle is that of spaghetti, as it is easier to acquire there." ]

[ 4 ]

[ 5, 6 ]

[ "In another paper published in that same year, Albert Einstein undermined the very foundations of classical electromagnetism.", "In his theory of the photoelectric effect (for which he won the Nobel prize for physics) and inspired by the idea of Max Planck's \"quanta\", he posited that light could exist in discrete particle-like quantities as well, which later came to be known as photons.", "Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect extended the insights that appeared in the solution of the ultraviolet catastrophe presented by Max Planck in 1900.", "In his work, Planck showed that hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete packets (\"quanta\"), which leads to a finite total energy emitted as black body radiation.", "Both of these results were in direct contradiction with the classical view of light as a continuous wave.", "Planck's and Einstein's theories were progenitors of quantum mechanics, which, when formulated in 1925, necessitated the invention of a quantum theory of electromagnetism.", "This theory, completed in the 1940s-1950s, is known as quantum electrodynamics (or \"QED\"), and, in situations where perturbation theory is applicable, is one of the most accurate theories known to physics." ]

[ 2, 5 ]

[ 5 ]

[ "At the time of his death, Kennedy was substantially behind Humphrey in convention delegate support, but many believe that Kennedy would have ultimately secured the nomination following his victory in the California primary.", "Only thirteen states held primaries that year, meaning that most delegates at the Democratic convention could choose a candidate based on their personal preference.", "Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and others have argued that Kennedy's broad appeal and charisma would have been sufficiently convincing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention to give him the nomination.", "Historian Michael Beschloss believed, however, that Kennedy would not have secured the nomination.", "Humphrey, after a National Convention in Chicago marred by violence in the streets, was far behind in opinion polls but gained ground.", "He ultimately lost the general election to Republican Richard Nixon by the narrow popular vote margin of 43.4% to 42.7%.", "Nixon won by a more decisive 301-191 margin in the electoral vote." ]

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[ "Closed fist", "No block should be attempted for the opponent on that side of the court, also known as \"pull-off\"", "One finger", "The blocker should block an opponent's \"line\" attack, or a ball hit toward the nearest sideline", "Two fingers", "The blocker should block an opponent's \"angle\" attack, or a ball hit diagonally from the net and across the court", "Open hand", "The blocker should block \"ball\", deciding how to block based upon the opposing team's set, and the hitter's approach and arm-swing technique.", "Common block signals.", "Note: In Europe closed fist and open hand signals have the opposite meaning of blocking.", "If the partner is showing the closed fist the blocker should block \"ball\" and open hand means that the blocker should \"pull-off\" the net." ]

[ 0 ]

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[ "Infrared astronomy is founded on the detection and analysis of infrared radiation (wavelengths longer than red light).", "The infrared spectrum is useful for studying objects that are too cold to radiate visible light, such as planets, circumstellar disks or nebulae whose light is blocked by dust.", "Longer infrared wavelengths can penetrate clouds of dust that block visible light, allowing the observation of young stars in molecular clouds and the cores of galaxies.", "Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their host star clusters.", "With the exception of wavelengths close to visible light, infrared radiation is heavily absorbed by the atmosphere, or masked, as the atmosphere itself produces significant infrared emission.", "Consequently, infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places or in space.", "Some molecules radiate strongly in the infrared.", "This allows the study the chemistry of space; more specifically it can detect water in comets." ]

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[ "Other participants.", "In early 1776, France set up a major program of aid to the Americans, and the Spanish secretly added funds.", "Each country spent one million \"livres tournaises\" to buy munitions.", "A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities.", "American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies." ]

[ 2 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Shooting is used for hunting upland game birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits, culling, deer hunting, or other wild game animals, or shooting pest animals.", "Clay pigeon shooting is meant to simulate shooting live pigeons released from traps, after doing so was banned in the United Kingdom in 1921.", "Sometimes \"shooting\" refers to the hunting activity itself.", "Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement.", "Duels were sometimes held using guns.", "Shooting without a target has applications such as celebratory gunfire, 21-gun salute, or firing starting pistols, incapable of releasing bullets." ]

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[ "", "\"Orange Is the New Black\" has received positive reviews from critics.", "For Season 1, Metacritic gives a score of 79/100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.", "Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 89%, with an average rating of 8.4/10 based on 37 reviews.", "The site's consensus is \"\"Orange Is the New Black\" is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure.", "\"Hank Steuver, television critic for \"The Washington Post\", gave \"Orange Is the New Black\" a perfect score.", "In his review of the series, he stated: \"In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, \"Orange Is the New Black\", prison is still the pits.", "But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat\".", "David Wiegand, of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", said that \"In every case, there is an abiding feeling for character and authenticity that helps elevate \"Orange Is the New Black\" to a new definition of television excellence\".", "Matt Roush, of \"TV Guide\", said: \"Netflix finally achieves its eureka moment with a terrifically entertaining piece of original programming that's truly and bracingly original.\"", "Maureen Ryan, of \"The Huffington Post\", wrote: \"\"Orange\" is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more.\"" ]

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[ "Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of .", "The population is about 7.9 million, resulting in an average population density of around 190 people per square kilometre (485/sq mi).", "The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half.", "In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).", "Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss plateau or middleland, and the Jura mountains on the north.", "The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area.", "Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres.", "From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe.", "The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva, Lake Constance and Lake Maggiore.", "Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water.", "Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory.", "About a hundred of Switzerland's mountain peaks are close to or higher than .", "At , Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn () is probably the most famous.", "Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais.", "The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau () and Eiger, and the many picturesque valleys in the region.", "In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton Graubünden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina ().", "The more populous northern part of the country, comprising about 30% of the country's total area, is called the Middle Land.", "It has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds, or vegetables and fruit fields, but it is still hilly.", "There are large lakes found here and the biggest Swiss cities are in this area of the country.", "The largest lake is Lake Geneva (also called Lac Léman in French), in western Switzerland.", "The Rhône River is both the main input and output of Lake Geneva." ]

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[ "", "\"The Thinker\" has been cast in multiple versions and is found around the world; the history of the progression from models to castings is complicated and still not entirely clear.", "About 28 monumental-sized bronze casts of the sculpture are in museums and public places.", "In addition, there are sculptures of different study size scales and plaster versions (often painted bronze) in both monumental and study sizes.", "Some newer castings have been produced posthumously and are not considered part of the original production.", "Rodin made the first small plaster version around 1880.", "The first large-scale bronze casting was finished in 1902 but not presented to the public until 1904.", "It became the property of the city of Paris — thanks to a subscription organized by Rodin admirers — and was put in front of the Panthéon in 1906.", "In 1922, it was moved to the Hôtel Biron, which had been transformed into the Rodin Museum.", "The first cast sculpture can be found in front of Grawemeyer Hall on the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville, Kentucky.", "Made in Paris, it was first displayed at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 and was then given to the city.", "This sculpture was the only cast created by the lost-wax casting method." ]

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[ "The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: \"Amphitheatrum Flavium\"; Italian: \"Anfiteatro Flavio\" or \"Colosseo\") is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.", "Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering.", "It is the largest amphitheatre in the world.", "The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum.", "Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 70 AD, and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir Titus.", "Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96).", "These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name \"(Flavius)\".", "The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, and was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.", "The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era.", "It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.", "Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome.", "It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit \"Way of the Cross\" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.", "The Colosseum, like all the Historic Centre of Rome, Properties of the Holy See in Italy and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.", "In 2007 the complex was also included among the New7Wonders of the World, following a competition organized by New Open World Corporation (NOWC).", "The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin." ]

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[ "l mechanism.", "Auroras are associated with the solar wind, a flow of ions continuously flowing outward from the Sun.", "The Earth's magnetic field traps these particles, many of which travel toward the poles where they are accelerated toward Earth.", "Collisions between these ions and atmospheric atoms and molecules cause energy releases in the form of auroras appearing in large circles around the poles.", "Auroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.", "Auroras result from emissions of photons in the Earth's upper atmosphere, above , from ionized nitrogen molecules regaining an electron, and oxygen atoms and nitrogen molecules returning from an excited state to ground state.", "They are ionized or excited by the collision of solar wind and magnetospheric particles being funneled down and accelerated along the Earth's magnetic field lines; excitation energy is lost by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule:", "oxygen emissions: green or brownish-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed.", "nitrogen emissions: blue or red; blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized, red if returning to ground state from an excited state.", "Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take three quarters of a second to emit green light and up to two minutes to emit red.", "Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission.", "Because the very top of the atmosphere has a higher percentage of oxygen and is sparsely distributed such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red.", "Collisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually even green light emissions are prevented.", "This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitude oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/red, then finally nitrogen blue/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything.", "Green is the most common of all auroras.", "Behind it is pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue." ]

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[ "Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning.", "These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics, and systems analysis, among others.", "They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study.", "The ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force \"Computing Curriculum 2005\" (and 2008 update) gives a guideline for university curriculum.", "Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula.", "Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry.", "The process aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering.", "While computer science professions increasingly drive the U.S. economy, computer science education is absent in most American K-12 curricula.", "A report entitled \"Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K-12 Computer Science in the Digital Age\" was released in October 2010 by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA), and revealed that only 14 states have adopted significant education standards for high school computer science.", "The report also found that only nine states count high school computer science courses as a core academic subject in their graduation requirements.", "In tandem with \"Running on Empty\", a new non-partisan advocacy coalition - Computing in the Core (CinC) - was founded to influence federal and state policy, such as the Computer Science Education Act, which calls for grants to states to develop plans for improving computer science education and supporting computer science teachers.", "Within the United States a gender gap in computer science education has been observed as well.", "Research conducted by the WGBH Educational Foundation and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) revealed that more than twice as many high school boys considered computer science to be a “very good” or “good” college major than high school girls.", "In addition, the high school Advanced Placement (AP) exam for computer science has displayed a disparity in gender.", "Compared to other AP subjects it has the lowest number of female participants, with a composition of about 15 percent women.", "This gender gap in computer science is further witnessed at the college level, where 31 percent of undergraduate computer science degrees are earned by women and only 8 percent of computer science faculty consists of women.", "According to an article published by the Epistemic Games Group in August 2012, the number of women graduates in the computer science field has declined to 13 percent." ]

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[ " Reem Abdullah as Mother", " Waad Mohammed as Wadjda (وجدة)", " Abdullrahman Algohani as Abdullah", " Sultan Al Assaf as Father", " Ahd Kamel as Ms Hussa", " Ibrahim Al Mozael as Toyshop Owner", " Noof Saad as Qu'ran Teacher", " Rafa Al Sanea as Fatima", " Alanoud Sajini as Fatin" ]

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[ "Most archers wear a bracer (also known as an arm-guard) to protect the inside of the bow arm from being hit by the string and prevent clothing from catching the bow string.", "The bracer does not brace the arm; the word comes from the armoury term \"brassard\", meaning an armoured sleeve or badge.", "The Navajo people have developed highly ornamented bracers as non-functional items of adornment.", "Some archers (mostly women) also wear protection on their chests, called chestguards or plastrons.", "The myth of the Amazons was that they had one breast removed to solve this problem.", "Roger Ascham mentions one archer, presumably with an unusual shooting style, who wore a leather guard for his face.", "The drawing digits are normally protected by a leather tab, glove, or thumb ring.", "A simple tab of leather is commonly used, as is a skeleton glove.", "Medieval Europeans probably used a complete leather glove.", "Eurasiatic archers who used the thumb or Mongolian draw protected their thumbs, usually with leather according to the author of \"Arab Archery\", but also with special rings of various hard materials.", "Many surviving Turkish and Chinese examples are works of considerable art.", "Some are so highly ornamented that the users could not have used them to loose an arrow.", "Possibly these were items of personal adornment, and hence value, remaining extant whilst leather had virtually no intrinsic value and would also deteriorate with time.", "In traditional Japanese archery a special glove is used, provided with a ridge which is used to draw the string." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 5, 6 ]

[ "This section of the park is aptly named.", "Within its boundaries can be found architectural styles and sets that resemble the New York from the past and present.", "New York's flagship attraction is Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride.", "Opening in May 2004, this indoor roller coaster was inspired by \"The Mummy film franchise\".", "Outside the ride guests can purchase merchandise items from \"Sahara Traders\".", "Twister... Ride it Out is a live-action attraction that uses special effects to simulate a tornado.", "It was inspired by the 1996 film \"Twister\".", "The attraction opened in 1998 and features a merchandise shop entitled \"Aftermath\" nearby.", "A walkthrough attraction named Delancey Street Preview Center allows visitors to preview upcoming films or television shows created by Universal Studios.", "This allows the company to receive feedback from a wide range of sources.", "The Preview Center opened in 2006.", "In the streets of New York, The Blues Brothers perform a variety of classic rock and soul songs multiple times per day in The Blues Brothers Live.", "New York features several dining outlets: \"Finnegan's Bar and Grill\" and \"Louie's Italian Restaurant\" which were designed for the park as well as \"Starbucks Coffee\" and \"Ben & Jerry's\" which are commercial franchises.", "Within New York exist three merchandise shops: \"Sahara Traders\", \"Aftermath\" and \"Rosie's Irish Shop\".", "The first two feature merchandise related to attractions within this area.", "As Nickelodeon was headquartered in the park at the time, the opening credits for \"Roundhouse\" and \"All That\" (two of its shows) were filmed around this area of the park." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Throughout the 17th through 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result.", "The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908.", "In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts.", "Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators.", "Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics.", "For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career." ]

[]

[ 8 ]

[ "Architect Daniel H. Burnham, assisted by Pierce Anderson, was inspired by a number of different architectural styles.", "Classical elements included the Arch of Constantine (exterior, main façade) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian (interior); prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre L'Enfant's avenues, with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away; a massive scale, including a façade stretching more than 600 feet and a waiting room ceiling 96 feet above the floor; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux-Arts style; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf, and white granite from a previously unused quarry.", "In the Attic block, above the main cornice of the central block, stand six colossal statues (modeled on the Dacian prisoners of the Arch of Constantine) created by Louis St. Gaudens.", "These are entitled \"The Progress of Railroading\" and their iconography expresses the confident enthusiasm of the American Renaissance movement: Prometheus (for Fire), Thales (for Electricity), Themis (for Freedom and Justice), Apollo (for Imagination and Inspiration), Ceres (for Agriculture) and Archimedes (for Mechanics).", "The substitution of Agriculture for Commerce in a railroad station iconography vividly conveys the power of a specifically American lobbying bloc.", "St. Gaudens also created the 26 centurions for the station's main hall.", "Burnham drew upon a tradition, launched with the 1837 Euston railway station in London, of treating the entrance to a major terminal as a triumphal arch.", "He linked the monumental end pavilions with long arcades enclosing loggias in a long series of bays that were vaulted with the lightweight fireproof Guastavino tiles favored by American Beaux-Arts architects.", "The final aspect owed much to the Court of Heroes at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, where Burnham had been coordinating architect.", "The setting of Union Station’s façade at the focus of converging avenues in a park-like green setting is one of the few executed achievements of the City Beautiful movement: elite city planning that was based on the \"goosefoot\" (\"patte d'oie\") of formal garden plans made by Baroque designers such as André Le Nôtre.", "The station held a full range of dining rooms and other services, including barber shops and a mortuary.", "Union Station was equipped with a presidential suite which is now occupied by a restaurant." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 2 ]

[ " 150 minutes (1981, 1982) Theatrical", " 209 minutes (1981) unreleased", " 300 minutes (1984, 1988) BBC mini-series", " 208 minutes (1997) Director's Cut", " 293 minutes (2004) \"Das Boot: The Original Uncut Version\"" ]

[ 2 ]

[ 13, 14 ]

[ "The ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research that cannot be performed in any other way.", "While small unmanned spacecraft can provide platforms for zero gravity and exposure to space, space stations offer a long term environment where studies can be performed potentially for decades, combined with ready access by human researchers over periods that exceed the capabilities of manned spacecraft.", "The Station simplifies individual experiments by eliminating the need for separate rocket launches and research staff.", "The wide variety of research fields include astrobiology, astronomy, human research including space medicine and life sciences, physical sciences, materials science, space weather, and weather on Earth (meteorology).", "Scientists on Earth have access to the crew's data and can modify experiments or launch new ones, benefits generally unavailable on unmanned spacecraft.", "Crews fly expeditions of several months duration, providing approximately 160-man-hours a week of labour with a crew of 6.", "Kibō is intended to accelerate Japan's progress in science and technology, gain new knowledge and apply it to such fields as industry and medicine.", "To detect dark matter and answer other fundamental questions about our universe, engineers and scientists from all over the world built the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), which NASA compares to the Hubble telescope, and says could not be accommodated on a free flying satellite platform due in part to its power requirements and data bandwidth needs.", "On 3 April 2013, NASA scientists reported that hints of dark matter may have been detected by the \"Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer\".", "According to the scientists, \"The first results from the space-borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high-energy positrons in Earth-bound cosmic rays.", "\"The space environment is hostile to life.", "Unprotected presence in space is characterised by an intense radiation field (consisting primarily of protons and other subatomic charged particles from the solar wind, in addition to cosmic rays), high vacuum, extreme temperatures, and microgravity.", "Some simple forms of life called extremophiles, including small invertebrates called tardigrades can survive in this environment in an extremely dry state called desiccation.", "Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift.", "This data will be used to determine whether lengthy human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible.", "As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise, such as the six-month interval required to travel to Mars.", "Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI).", "Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts.", "The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space.", "Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge.", "It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult." ]

[ 1 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "A nebula (from Latin: \"cloud\"; pl.", "\"nebulae\" or \"nebulæ\", with ligature, or \"nebulas\") is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases.", "Originally, \"nebula\" was a name for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way.", "The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was referred to as the \"Andromeda Nebula\" (and spiral galaxies in general as \"spiral nebulae\") before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others.", "Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Eagle Nebula.", "This nebula is depicted in one of NASA's most famous images, the \"Pillars of Creation\".", "In these regions the formations of gas, dust, and other materials \"clump\" together to form larger masses, which attract further matter, and eventually will become massive enough to form stars.", "The remaining materials are then believed to form planets, and other planetary system objects." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of 68,250 active personnel and approximately 47,081 reserve personnel.", "The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force.", "In 2011, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately C$24.5 billion.", "Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.", "Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.", "Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie.", "Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.", "Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II.", "Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.", "Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of NATO in 1949.", "During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.", "During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.", "As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept.", "Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989, and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair.", "Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.", "Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).", "In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force.", "In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during the ten year mission, which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.", "In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them.", "In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.", "Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in a UN-mandated NATO intervention into the 2011 Libyan civil war." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 2 ]

[ "Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx.", "This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole.", "The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia." ]

[]

[ 2 ]

[ "All eleven players on the fielding side take the field together.", "One of them is the wicket-keeper \"aka\" \"keeper\" who operates behind the wicket being defended by the batsman on strike.", "Wicket-keeping is normally a specialist occupation and his primary job is to gather deliveries that the batsman does not hit, so that the batsmen cannot run byes.", "He wears special gloves (he is the only fielder allowed to do so), a box over the groin, and pads to cover his lower legs.", "Owing to his position directly behind the striker, the wicket-keeper has a good chance of getting a batsman out caught off a fine edge from the bat.", "He is the only player who can get a batsman out stumped.", "Apart from the one currently bowling, the other nine fielders are tactically deployed by the team captain in chosen positions around the field.", "These positions are not fixed but they are known by specific and sometimes colourful names such as \"slip\", \"third man\", \"silly mid on\" and \"long leg\".", "There are always many unprotected areas.", "The captain is the most important member of the fielding side as he determines all the tactics including who should bowl (and how); and he is responsible for \"setting the field\", though usually in consultation with the bowler.", "In all forms of cricket, if a fielder gets injured or becomes ill during a match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of him.", "The substitute cannot bowl, act as a captain or keep wicket.", "The substitute leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return." ]

[ 0 ]

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[ " in chemistry.", "Atomic number.", "In chemistry, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic number, which determines the chemical element to which the atom belongs.", "For example, the atomic number of chlorine is 17; this means that each chlorine atom has 17 protons and that all atoms with 17 protons are chlorine atoms.", "The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the number of (negatively charged) electrons, which for neutral atoms is equal to the number of (positive) protons so that the total charge is zero.", "For example, a neutral chlorine atom has 17 protons and 17 electrons, whereas a Cl− anion has 17 protons and 18 electrons for a total charge of −1.", "All atoms of a given element are not necessarily identical, however, as the number of neutrons may vary to form different isotopes, and energy levels may differ forming different nuclear isomers.", "For example, there are two stable isotopes of chlorine: with 35 − 17 = 18 neutrons and with 37 − 17 = 20 neutrons." ]

[ 5 ]

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[ "Division of Korea (1954–present).", "The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission.", "Since 1953, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces, has been stationed near the DMZ.", "In April 1975, South Vietnam's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army.", "Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina, Kim Il-sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South.", "Kim visited China in April of that year, and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid.", "Despite Pyongyang's expectations, however, Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea.", "Since the armistice, there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea.", "In 1976, the axe murder incident was widely publicized.", "Since 1974, four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered.", "In 2010, a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS \"Cheonan\", resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors.", "Again in 2010, North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island, killing two military personnel and two civilians.", "After a new wave of U.N. sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice.", "On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea \"is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression.\"", "On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a \"state of war\" with South Korea and declared that \"The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over.\"", "Speaking on 4 April 2013, the United States Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had \"formally informed\" the Pentagon that it had \"ratified\" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii.", "Hagel also stated that the US would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, due to a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "Box office.", "\"The Cabin in the Woods\" earned $42,073,277 in North America, along with $23,829,690 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $65,902,967.", "It is currently the 90th highest grossing film of 2012 internationally, 79th domestically.", "The film opened in North America on April 13, 2012, opening with $5.5 million and went on to gross $14.7 million in its opening weekend in the United States at 2,811 theaters, taking the number three spot.", "\"The Cabin in the Woods\" closed in theaters on July 12, 2012 with $42.0 million.", "In total earnings, its highest-grossing countries after North America were the United Kingdom ($8.5 million), France ($2.4 million) and Russia ($2.3 million)." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "The pilot episode of \"Glee\" averaged 9.62 million viewers, and the following eleven episodes attained between 6.10 and 7.65 million.", "The mid-season finale was watched by 8.13 million viewers, with the show returning in April 2010 to a season high of 13.66 million viewers.", "The following six episodes attained between 11.49 and 12.98 million viewers, falling to 8.99 million for the penultimate episode \"Funk\".", "Viewing figures rose to 11.07 million viewers for the season finale, giving \"Glee\" the highest finale rating for a new show in the 2009–10 television season.", "Only the first twenty episodes of the first season were accounted for when calculating the season average due to the final two episodes airing outside the traditional sweeps period.", "On February 6, 2011, after the Super Bowl, \"Glee\" received its highest ever ratings, with over 26.8 million tuning in to see the special episode, with a peak of 39.5 million.", "In 2011, \"Glee\" generated $2 million advertising revenue per half hour.", "In 2012, the show was the fourth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.83 million ad revenue per half hour, behind \"Two and a Half Men\", \"The X Factor (U.S.)\" and \"American Idol\"." ]

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[ "Industrialisation beyond Great Britain.", "Continental Europe.", "The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain.", "In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places.", "Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities.", "By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England.", "The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries.", "In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Van Gogh started the first version during mid October 1888 while staying in Arles, and explained his aims and means to his brother Theo:", "\"This time it simply reproduces my bedroom; but colour must be abundant in this part, its simplification adding a rank of grandee to the style applied to the objects, getting to suggest a certain rest or dream.", "Well, I have thought that on watching the composition we stop thinking and imagining.", "I have painted the walls pale violet.", "The ground with checked material.", "The wooden bed and the chairs, yellow like fresh butter; the sheet and the pillows, lemon light green.", "The bedspread, scarlet coloured.", "The window, green.", "The washbasin, orangey; the tank, blue.", "The doors, lilac.", "And, that is all.", "There is not anything else in this room with closed shutters.", "The square pieces of furniture must express unswerving rest; also the portraits on the wall, the mirror, the bottle, and some costumes.", "The white colour has not been applied to the picture, so its frame will be white, aimed to get me even with the compulsory rest recommended for me.", "I have depicted no type of shade or shadow; I have only applied simple plain colours, like those in crêpes.", "\"", "Van Gogh included sketches of the composition in this letter as well as in a letter to Gauguin, written slightly later.", "This version has on the wall to the right miniatures of Van Gogh's portraits of his friends Eugène Boch and Paul-Eugène Milliet.", "The portrait of Eugène Boch is called \"The Poet\" and the portrait of Paul Eugène Milliet is called \"The Lover.\"" ]

[ 2, 4 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world.", "They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open.", "Apart from the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).", "The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the Fédération Française de Tennis (French Open), the Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.", "Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the Masters 1000 (men) and Premier events (women).", "Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw.", "There are 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament.", "This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through wild cards.", "Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches while the women play best-of-three.", "Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters.", "Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests.", "Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions.", "These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies.", "For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white.", "Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its \"predominantly white\" dress code.", "Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.", " The international tournament began in 1925" ]

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[ "The film score to \"All Is Lost\" is composed by Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros’ frontman Alex Ebert, who signed on to the film in November 2012.", "Speaking of the experience of working on the film, Ebert said, \"This project was a dream—an open space to play in but also space to listen to the elements—wind, water, rain, sun, are the story's other characters to me.", "I knew I had quite a task ahead of me: to at once allow the elements to sing and to give Redford a voice with which to, once in a while, respond.\"", "The \"extra features\" of the Blu-ray Disc explicate on the unique development of the sound track, music, script and other production considerations.", "A soundtrack album featuring ten original compositions and one new song all written, composed, and produced by Ebert was released on October 1, 2013 by Community Music.", "On September 12, 2013, the song \"Amen\" from the soundtrack was made available for streaming." ]

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[ 3, 12, 13 ]

[ "", "\"All Is Lost\" has received critical acclaim.", "Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 194 reviews, with an average score of 7.9/10.", "The site's consensus states: \"Anchored by another tremendous performance in a career full of them, \"All Is Lost\" offers a moving, eminently worthwhile testament to Robert Redford's ability to hold the screen.\"", "On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 87 based on 45 reviews, considered to be \"universal acclaim\".", "After the screening of the film at the Cannes Film Festival, Redford received a standing ovation.", "Writing for \"The Independent\", Geoffrey Macnab said the film was \"utterly compelling viewing\".", "Andrew Pulver, writing for \"The Guardian\", said that \"Redford delivers a tour de force performance: holding the screen effortlessly with no acting support whatsoever.\"", "Justin Chang of \"Variety\" said of Redford's performance that he \"holds the viewer’s attention merely by wincing, scowling, troubleshooting and yelling the occasional expletive\".", "Robbie Collin of \"The Telegraph\" said, \"The film's scope is limited, but as far as it goes, \"All Is Lost\" is very good indeed: a neat idea, very nimbly executed.", "\"Peter Bradshaw writing also for The Guardian says the \"near-mute performance as a mysterious old man of the sea\" to be \"a bold, gripping thriller.\"", "Being an ambiguous and challenging metaphor, he concludes: “What a strikingly bold and thoughtful film.”Alan Scherstuhl of \"The Village Voice\" writes that the film is \"a genuine nail-biter, scrupulously made and fully involving, elemental in its simplicity.\"", "David Morgan of CBS News gave the film a positive review, stating, \"Four decades ago Redford demonstrated a similar capacity for survival skills as the mountain man Jeremiah Johnson.", "Today, at age 77, without a supporting cast and performing virtually all of his water stunts himself, Redford proves he is still up to the task, shining in what is an extremely physical but also an intellectually demanding role.", "\"Steve Pulaski of \"Influx Magazine\" gave the film an A-, commenting, \"\"All is Lost\" is a strong film in terms of mood and score.", "I have no idea what audiences will think of it.", "Some will hail it[...]and others will loathe it for not getting more to the bottom of things and leaving each scene with some element of ambiguity.\"" ]

[]

[ 1 ]

[ "The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues but basic facts about it, such as when it was built, and by whom, are still debated.", "These questions have resulted in the popular idea of the \"Riddle of the Sphinx,\" alluding to the original Greek legend of the Riddle of the Sphinx.", "Pliny The Elder mentioned the Great Sphinx in his book, \"Natural History\", commenting that the Egyptians looked upon the statue as a \"divinity\" that has been passed over in silence and \"that King Harmais was buried in it\"." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 6 ]

[ "Dave Van Ronk's music served as a starting point for the Coens as they wrote the script, and many of the songs first designated for the film were those he had recorded.", "Van Ronk co-author Elijah Wald said that the character of Llewyn Davis \"is not at all Dave, but the music is.” (The cover of Davis's solo album, \"Inside Llewyn Davis\", resembles that of \"Inside Dave Van Ronk\".", "Both feature the artist in a doorway, wearing a tweed jacket and smoking a cigarette.)", "Other songs emerged in conversations between the Coens and T-Bone Burnett, who produced the music in association with Marcus Mumford.", "Burnett previously worked with the Coens on the music and soundtrack for \"The Big Lebowski\" and \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "\", the latter of which sold about 8 million copies in the United States.", "The Coens viewed the music in the \"Llewyn Davis\" as a direct descendant of the music in \"O Brother.", "\"The humorous novelty song \"Please Mr. Kennedy\", a plea from a reluctant astronaut, appears to be a fourth generation derivative of the 1960 song \"Mr. Custer\", also known as \"Please Mr. Custer\", about the Battle of the Little Bighorn, sung by Larry Verne and written by Al DeLory, Fred Darian, and Joseph Van Winkle.", "A Tamla-Motown single followed in 1961: \"Please Mr. Kennedy (I Don't Want to Go)\", a plea from a reluctant Vietnam War draftee, sung by Mickey Woods and credited to Berry Gordy, Loucye Wakefield and Ronald Wakefield.", "In 1962 using a similar theme, The Goldcoast Singers recorded \"Please Mr. Kennedy\" on its \"Here They Are \"album, with writing credits to Ed Rush and George Cromarty.", "The Llewyn Davis version credits Rush, Cromarty, Burnett, Timberlake, and the Coens.", "Isaac, Timberlake, Mulligan, Driver and others performed the music live.", "The exception was \"The Auld Triangle\", which was lip-synced, with Timberlake singing bass.", "(Timberlake's vocal range was on display in the film.", "Critic Janet Maslin, listening to a soundtrack recording, confused Timberlake's voice with Mulligan's, which she thought resembled that of Mary Travers.)" ]

[ 0 ]

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[ ";CD single", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (album version) – 3:19", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (Mord Fustang) – 5:21", ";Digital download", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (Audiobot Remix) – 5:55", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (Mord Fustang) – 5:19", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (Tomba and Borgore Remix) – 3:41", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (LA Riots Remix) – 5:40", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (DallasK Remix) – 5:42", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (Fuego's Moombahton Remix) – 3:51", "\"Sexy and I Know It\" (MADEin82 Remix) – 6:01" ]

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[ "British pop rock band McFly covered \"We Found Love\" on their \"Keep Calm And Play Lounder\" tour 2012.", "Kele Okereke sang a verse of the song as the intro to his band Bloc Party's song \"Flux\" on their June 2012 U.K. tour.", "British alternative rock band Coldplay covered the song on October 27, 2011, during a performance at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.", "Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called the performance \"flawless\", writing \"Lead singer Chris Martin's haunting vocals and the band's acoustic rendition, using drums, piano and guitar, play up the sadness of the track.\"", "Jason Lipshutz of \"Billboard\" magazine also noted that the band used \"piano flourishes, a kick drum and a simple guitar lick to convey the song's romantic declaration\", while making a ballad which was \"reminiscent of Bruno Mars emotional reworking of Katy Perry's 'California Gurls.", "Matthew Perpetua of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote: \"It may surprise that their rendition is actually pretty good.", "Whereas Rihanna's version is a thumping rave anthem, Chris Martin and company transform it into a lovely piano ballad nearly indistinguishable from many of their own songs.\"", "A writer for \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said: \"Martin's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story.\"", "On February 17, 2012, British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1's Live Lounge.", "Lea Michele and Naya Rivera covered the song in the climax of the third season's tenth episode of \"Glee\", \"Yes/No\".", "Romanian X Factor contestant Diana Hetea performed \"We Found Love\" in the \"Public's Choice Gala\" on December 10, 2011.", "Even though ill of laryngitis, Hetea's performance was praised all three judges that called it \" Perfect match for her!\"", "both visually and vocally.", "Kris Allen also covered the song mashing it with other songs by Katy Perry and other female artists.", "Carmen Smith also performed \"We Found Love\" for her battle round in the Australian Version of the Voice which saw her through to next round.", "In October 2012, British singer Ed Sheeran did an acoustic cover of the song for Sirius XM Radio.", "Lindsey Stirling covered it in a music video filmed in a Kenyan village." ]

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[ "The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia.", "Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade.", "To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs.", "The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.", "The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled.", "The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.", "Nevertheless Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.", "Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century.", "Diocletian's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted.", "The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian.", "After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established." ]

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[ "Tycho Brahe, born in 1546 in an area of present-day Sweden which was then Denmark, made the careful astronomic observations upon which Kepler proved and quantified the heliocentric Copernican solar system.", "In the 18th century Sweden's scientific revolution took off.", "Previously, technical progress had mainly come from mainland Europe.", "In 1739, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was founded, with people such as Carolus Linnaeus and Anders Celsius as early members.", "Many of the companies founded by early pioneers still remain major international brands.", "Gustaf Dalén founded AGA, and received the Nobel Prize for his sun valve.", "Alfred Nobel invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes.", "Lars Magnus Ericsson started the company bearing his name, Ericsson, still one of the largest telecom companies in the world.", "Jonas Wenström was an early pioneer in alternating current and is along with Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla credited as one of the inventors of the three-phase electrical system.", "The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of Swedish inventions, but pharmaceuticals, electronics and other high-tech industries are gaining ground.", "Tetra Pak was an invention for storing liquid foods, invented by Erik Wallenberg.", "Losec, an ulcer medicine, was the world's best-selling drug in the 1990s and was developed by AstraZeneca.", "More recently Håkan Lans invented the Automatic Identification System, a worldwide standard for shipping and civil aviation navigation.", "A large portion of the Swedish economy is to this day based on the export of technical inventions, and many large multinational corporations from Sweden have their origins in the ingenuity of Swedish inventors.", "Swedish inventors held 41,735 patents in the United States , according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.", "As a nation, only ten other countries hold more patents than Sweden." ]

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[ 3 ]

[ "Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited China between 250,000 and 2.24 million years ago.", "A cave in Zhoukoudian (near present-day Beijing) exhibits hominid fossils dated at between 680,000 and 780,000 BCE.", "The fossils are of Peking Man, an example of \"Homo erectus\" who used fire.", "The Peking Man site has also yielded remains of \"Homo sapiens\" dating back to 18,000–11,000 BCE.", "Some scholars assert that a form of proto-writing existed in China as early as 3000 BCE.", "According to Chinese tradition, the first imperial dynasty was the Xia, which emerged around 2070 BCE.", "However, the dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou, Henan in 1959.", "It remains unclear whether these sites are the remains of the Xia Dynasty or of another culture from the same period." ]

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[ " Jeffrey Nordling as Todd Fleming", " Joanna Cassidy as Joan Hunt", " Cliff Curtis as Derek Ames", " Nathalie Kelley as Dani Alvarez", " Jamie Bamber as Aiden Wells", " Luke Perry as CDC Officer/Health Commissioner Charlie Stafford", " Annie Wersching as Yvonne Kurtz", " Richard Burgi as District Attorney Dan Russell", " Lorraine Toussaint as Police Chief Angela Martin", " Marisa Ramirez as Officer Riley Dunn", " Micah Berkley as Officer James Wood" ]

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[ "Saudi Arabian dress strictly follows the principles of hijab (the Islamic principle of modesty, especially in dress).", "The predominantly loose and flowing, but covering, garments are suited to Saudi Arabia's desert climate.", "Traditionally, men usually wear an ankle length garment woven from wool or cotton (known as a thawb), with a keffiyeh (a large checkered square of cotton held in place by an agal) or a ghutra (a plain white square made of finer cotton, also held in place by an agal) worn on the head.", "For rare chilly days, Saudi men wear a camel-hair cloak (bisht) over the top.", "Women's clothes are decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques.", "Women are required to wear an abaya or modest clothing when in public.", " Ghutrah () is a traditional headdress typically worn by Arab men.", "It is made of a square of cloth (\"scarf\"), usually cotton, folded and wrapped in various styles around the head.", "It is commonly worn in areas with an arid climate, to provide protection from direct sun exposure, and also protection of the mouth and eyes from blown dust and sand.", " Agal () is an item of Arab headgear constructed of cord which is fastened around the Ghutrah to hold it in place.", "The \"agal\" is usually black in colour.", " Thawb () is the standard Arabic word for garment.", "It is ankle length, usually with long sleeves similar to a robe.", " Bisht () is a traditional Arabic men's cloak usually only worn for prestige on special occasions such as weddings.", " Abaya () is a women's garment.", "It is a black cloak which loosely covers the entire body except the head.", "Some women choose to cover their faces with a niqāb and some do not.", "Some Abayas cover the top of the head as well." ]

[ 1 ]

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[ "The name \"telescope\" covers a wide range of instruments.", "Most detect electromagnetic radiation, but there are major differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light (electromagnetic radiation) in different frequency bands.", "Telescopes may be classified by the wavelengths of light they detect:", " X-ray telescopes, using shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet light", " Ultraviolet telescopes, using shorter wavelengths than visible light", " Optical telescopes, using visible light", " Infrared telescopes, using longer wavelengths than visible light", " Submillimetre telescopes, using longer wavelengths than infrared light", "As wavelengths become longer, it becomes easier to use antenna technology to interact with electromagnetic radiation (although it is possible to make very tiny antenna).", "The near-infrared can be handled much like visible light, however in the far-infrared and submillimetre range, telescopes can operate more like a radio telescope.", "For example the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope observes from wavelengths from 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 2000 μm (2 mm), but uses a parabolic aluminum antenna.", "On the other hand, the Spitzer Space Telescope, observing from about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm) uses a mirror (reflecting optics).", "Also using reflecting optics, the Hubble Space Telescope with Wide Field Camera 3 can observe from about 0.2 μm (0.0002 mm) to 1.7 μm (0.0017 mm) (from ultra-violet to infrared light).", " Fresnel Imager, an optical lens technology", " X-ray optics, optics for certain X-ray wavelengths", "Another threshold in telescope design, as photon energy increases (shorter wavelengths and higher frequency) is the use of fully reflecting optics rather than glancing-incident optics.", "Telescopes such as TRACE and SOHO use special mirrors to reflect Extreme ultraviolet, producing higher resolution and brighter images then otherwise possible.", "A larger aperture does not just mean more light is collected, it is collected at a higher diffraction limit.", "Telescopes may also be classified by location: ground telescope, space telescope, or flying telescope.", "They may also be classified by whether they are operated by professional astronomers or amateur astronomers.", "A vehicle or permanent campus containing one or more telescopes or other instruments is called an observatory." ]

[ 1 ]

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[ "Superficial or surface anatomy is important as the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the exterior contours of the body.", "It enables physicians or veterinary surgeons to gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.", "Superficial is a directional term that indicates that structures are located relatively close to the surface of the body.", "Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.", "Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.", "Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons." ]

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[ "The largest area of the park, Pioneer Frontier, the southwestern-themed section of the park, includes four of the park’s roller coasters: Trailblazer (the second oldest in the park), Sidewinder, Storm Runner, and Fahrenheit.", "It also includes the Frontier Flyers, The Howler, Mini Scrambler, and Livery Stables.", "It also has its own food court which features a wide variety of restaurants.", "The section previously included the area up to and including Tidal Force until 2007 when Tidal Force and Canyon River Rapids were rezoned into the new Boardwalk." ]

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[ "People featured in the film include:", "Bill Bahlman", "David Barr", "Gregg Bordowitz", "George H. W. Bush (archive footage)", "Bill Clinton (archive footage)", "Spencer Cox", "Jim Eigo", "Mark Harrington", "Jesse Helms (archive footage)", "Garance Franke-Ruta", "Larry Kramer", "Mathilde Krim", "Ed Koch", "Iris Long", "Ray Navarro", "Bob Rafsky", "Peter Staley" ]

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[ "The Belgians are known to enjoy good health.", "According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy is 79.65 years.", "Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line with the European average, grown by two months per year.", "Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide).", "Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44.", "Healthcare in Belgium is financed through both social security contributions and taxation.", "Health insurance is compulsory.", "Health care is delivered by a mostly private system of independent medical practitioners and hospitals.", "Most of the time each provided service is directly paid by the patient and reimbursed later on by health insurance companies.", "Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the three Communities and the three Regions, i.e.", "six distinct Ministries (the Flemish Community and Region have merged)." ]

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[ "Andrew was one of three boys chosen from the same pre-preparatory school in the wealthy London district of Kensington (the other two being Charles and John).", "The three are introduced in \"Seven Up!\"", "singing \"Waltzing Matilda\" in Latin.", "At the age of seven, when asked what newspaper he reads, if any, Andrew stated that he reads \"The Financial Times\" (although he later revealed he was in fact just repeating what his father had told him when asked the same question).", "All three could say which prep schools, public schools and universities they planned to attend (Oxford or Cambridge in all cases); two named the specific Oxbridge college they intended to join.", "Andrew Brackfield's academic career culminated in his studying at Trinity College, Cambridge.", "Andrew subsequently became a solicitor, married and raised a family.", "He is the only one of the three Kensington boys to have appeared in all the \"Up\" films.", "Both Andrew and his wife are most satisfied with how their children have turned out, followed by their relationship." ]

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[ "Stage I commenced on 2 March 1959 with the construction firm Civil & Civic, monitored by the engineers Ove Arup and Partners.", "The government had pushed for work to begin early, fearing that funding, or public opinion, might turn against them.", "However, Utzon had still not completed the final designs.", "Major structural issues still remained unresolved.", "By 23 January 1961, work was running 47 weeks behind, mainly because of unexpected difficulties (inclement weather, unexpected difficulty diverting stormwater, construction beginning before proper construction drawings had been prepared, changes of original contract documents).", "Work on the podium was finally completed in February 1963.", "The forced early start led to significant later problems, not least of which was the fact that the podium columns were not strong enough to support the roof structure, and had to be re-built." ]

[ 2 ]

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[ " \"St. Mark\" (1411–1413), Orsanmichele, Florence", " St. George Tabernacle (c. 1415–1417) — Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence", " \"Prophet Habacuc\" (1423–1425) — Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence", " \"The Feast of Herod\" (c. 1425) — Baptismal font, Baptistry of San Giovanni, Siena", " \"David\" (c. 1425–1430) — Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence", " \"Madonna of the Clouds\" (c. 1425–35) marble relief, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston", " \"Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata\" (1445–1450) — Piazza del Santo, Padua", " \"Magdalene Penitent\" (c. 1455) — Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence", " \"Judith and Holofernes\" (1455–1460) — Palazzo Vecchio, Florence", " \"Virgin and Child with Four Angels\" or \"Chellini Madonna\" (1456), Victoria and Albert Museum" ]

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[ "Aside from the raw muscle power needed for tug of war, it is also a technical sport.", "The cooperation or \"rhythm\" of team members play an equally important role in victory, if not more, than their physical strength.", "To achieve this, a person called a \"driver\" is used to harmonize the team's joint traction power.", "He moves up and down next to his team pulling on the rope, giving orders to them when to pull and when to rest (called \"hanging\").", "If he spots the opponents tries to pull his team away, he gives a \"hang\" command, each member will dig into the grass with his/her boots and movement of the rope is limited.", "When the opponents are played out, he shouts \"pull\" and rhythmically waves his hat or handkerchief for his team to pull together.", "Slowly but surely, the other team is forced into surrender by a runaway pull." ]

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[ "The pose of Michelangelo's David is unlike that of earlier Renaissance depictions of \"David\".", "The bronze statues of David by Donatello and Verrocchio had both represented the hero standing victorious over the head of Goliath, the painter Andrea del Castagno had shown the boy in mid-swing, even as Goliath's head rested between his feet, but no earlier Florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether.", "According to Helen Gardner and other scholars, David is depicted before his battle with Goliath.", "Instead of being shown victorious over a foe much larger than he, David looks tense and ready for combat.", "The statue appears to show David after he has made the decision to fight Goliath but before the battle has actually taken place, a moment between conscious choice and action.", "His brow is drawn, his neck tense and the veins bulge out of his lowered right hand.", "The twist of his body effectively conveys to the viewer the feeling that he is in motion, an impression heightened with contrapposto.", "The statue is a Renaissance interpretation of a common ancient Greek theme of the standing heroic male nude.", "In the High Renaissance, contrapposto poses were thought of as a distinctive feature of antique sculpture.", "This is typified in \"David\", as the figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg forward.", "This classic pose causes the figure’s hips and shoulders to rest at opposing angles, giving a slight s-curve to the entire torso.", "The contrapposto is emphasised by the turn of the head to the left, and by the contrasting positions of the arms.", "Michelangelo’s \"David\" has become one of the most recognized works of Renaissance sculpture, becoming a symbol of both strength and youthful human beauty.", "It was the colossal size of the statue that impressed Michelangelo's contemporaries, however.", "Vasari described it as \"certainly a miracle that of Michelangelo, to restore to life one who was dead,\" and then listed all of the largest and most grand of the ancient statues that he had ever seen, concluding that Michelangelo's work surpassed \"all ancient and modern statues, whether Greek or Latin, that have ever existed.\"", "The proportions of the \"David\" are atypical of Michelangelo's work; the figure has an unusually large head and hands (particularly apparent in the right hand).", "These enlargements may be due to the fact that the statue was originally intended to be placed on the cathedral roofline, where the important parts of the sculpture would necessarily be accentuated in order to be visible from below.", "The statue is unusually slender (front to back) in comparison to its height.", "This may be the result of the work that had been done on the block before Michelangelo began carving it.", "It is possible that the \"David\" was conceived as a political statue before Michelangelo began to work on it.", "Certainly David the giant-killer had long been seen as a political figure in Florence, and images of the Biblical hero already carried political implications there.", "Donatello's bronze \"David,\" made for the Medici family, perhaps 1440, had been appropriated by the Signoria in 1494, when the Medici were exiled from Florence, and the statue was installed in the courtyard of the Palazzo della Signoria, where it stood for the Republican government of the city.", "By placing Michelangelo's statue in the same general location, the Florentine authorities ensured that \"David\" would be seen as a political parallel as well as an artistic response to that earlier work.", "Commentators have noted \"David\"'s uncircumcised penis, which is at odds with Judaic practice, but is consistent with the conventions of Renaissance art.", "In 2008, plans were proposed to insulate the statue from the vibration of tourists' footsteps at Florence's Galleria dell'Accademia, to prevent damage to the marble." ]

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[ "Olympic weightlifting, also called Olympic-style weightlifting, or weightlifting, is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic programme in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates.", "The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk.", "Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each, and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category.", "Bodyweight categories are different for women and men.", "A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to \"total\", and therefore receives an \"incomplete\" entry for the competition.", "The clean and press was once a competition lift, but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form.", "In comparison with other strength sports, which test limit strength (with or without lifting aids), Olympic weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits (explosive strength) and are therefore executed faster—and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other lifts.", "Properly executed, the snatch and the clean and jerk are both dynamic and explosive while appearing graceful, especially when viewed from a recording at a slowed speed.", "While there are relatively few competitive Olympic weightlifters (or more simply \"lifters\"), the lifts and their components are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength." ]

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[ "Two Paris versions Van Gogh exchanged with Gauguin in December 1887 or January 1888 were both sold to Ambroise Vollard: one in January 1895 and the other in April 1896.", "The first canvas resided for a short time with Félix Roux, but was reacquired by Vollard and sold to Degas from his estate to Rosenberg, then to Hahnloser and bequested to the Kunstmuseum in Bern.", "The second was acquired by the Dutch collector Hoogendijk at the sale of his collection by Kann, who ceded the painting to Richard Bühler and then via Thannhauser to the Metropolitan Museum in New York.", "Two of Van Gogh's \"Sunflowers\" paintings never left the artist's estate: the study for one of the Paris versions (F.377) and the repetition of fourth version (F.458).", "Both are in the possession of the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established 1962 by Vincent Willem van Gogh, the artist's nephew, and on permanent loan to the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.", "Five other versions are recorded in the Van Gogh estate papers:", "the final Paris version (F.452) in the artist's estate was sold 1909 via C. M. van Gogh, The Hague (J. H. de Bois) to Kröller-Müller", "(F.457) sold 1894 to Emile Schuffenecker.", "(Tokyo version).", "(F.456) sold 1905 via Paul Cassirer to Hugo von Tschudi.", "(Munich version).", "(F.459) sold 1908 C. M. van Gogh (J. H. de Bois), The Hague to Fritz Meyer-Fierz, Zürich (destroyed Japan 1945).", "(F.454) sold 1924 via Ernest Brown & Phillips (The Leicester Gallery) to the Tate Gallery; since on permanent loan to the National Gallery, London.", "(London version).", "Two Arles versions left the artist's estate unrecorded:", "(F.453) (private collection).", "Sold 1891 to Octave Mirbeau, Paris, (via Tanguy, Paris) for £12 (about £1,300 in 2013 £).", "Sold 1996 to a private collector for an undisclosed sum.", "(F.455) (Philadelphia version)." ]

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[ "Epcot hosts a number of special events during the year:", "The Epcot International Flower and Garden Festival, inaugurated in 1993, uses specially-themed floral displays throughout the park, including topiary sculptures of Disney characters.", "Guests can meet gardening experts and learn new ideas they can use in their own home gardens.", "The 18th annual event was scheduled for March 2 – May 15.", "Each event takes more than a full year to plan and more than 20,000 cast member hours.", "The Epcot International Food and Wine Festival, inaugurated in 1995, draws amateur and professional gourmets to sample delicacies from all around the world, including nations that do not have a permanent presence in World Showcase.", "Celebrity chefs are often on-hand to host the events.", "In 2008, the festival featured the Bocuse d'Or USA, the American semifinal of the biennial Bocuse d'Or cooking competition.", "Holidays Around the World is Epcot's annual holiday celebration.", "The World Showcase pavilions feature storytellers describing their nation's holiday traditions, and three nightly performances of the \"Candlelight Processional\" featuring an auditioned mass choir and a celebrity guest narrating the story of Christmas.", "During \"Holidays Around the World,\" Illuminations: Reflections of Earth features a special extended ending.", "On New Years Eve, the park offers a variety of additional entertainment including live DJ dance areas throughout the park and a special New Years Eve countdown edition of ." ]

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[ "The 32-song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6, 1994.", "With the exception of a lengthy suite from Alan Silvestri's score, all the songs are previously released; the soundtrack includes songs from Elvis Presley, Fleetwood Mac, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Three Dog Night, The Byrds, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, The Mamas & the Papas, Aileen Quinn, The Doobie Brothers, Simon & Garfunkel, Bob Seger, Buffalo Springfield, and Michael McDonald among others.", "Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack: \"We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods, yet we didn't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically.\"", "The two-disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s–1980s performed by American artists.", "According to Sills, this was due to Zemeckis' request, \"All the material in there is American.", "Bob (Zemeckis) felt strongly about it.", "He felt that Forrest wouldn't buy anything but American.", "\"The soundtrack reached a peak of number 2 on the \"Billboard\" album chart.", "The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies, and is one of the top selling albums in the United States.", "The score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2, 1994." ]

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[ "The Sassanid era was an important and influential historical period in Iran as Iranian culture influenced China, India and Roman civilization considerably, and so influenced as far as Western Europe and Africa.", "This influence played a prominent role in the formation of both Asiatic and European medieval art.", "This influence carried forward to the Islamic world.", "Much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture and the sciences were based on some of the practises taken from the Sassanid Persians to the broader Muslim world.", "Daily life in modern Iran is closely interwoven with Shia Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture are an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture.", "The state-owned Telecommunication Company of Iran handles telecommunications.", "The media of Iran is a mixture of private and state-owned, but books and movies must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before being released to the public.", "Iran originally received access to the internet in 1993, and it has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth.", "Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers." ]

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[ "Worldwide, cheese is a major agricultural product.", "According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, over 20 million metric tons of cheese were produced worldwide in 2011.", "This is about three kilograms for each person on Earth.", "The largest producer of cheese is the United States, accounting for 26% of world production, followed by Germany and France.", "In the U.S., mozzarella and cheddar are by far the top cheese types.", "Only Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Australia have a cheese production that is mainly export oriented: respectively 95%, 90%, 72%, and 65% of their cheese production is exported.", "Only 35% of French production is exported.", "The United States, the biggest world producer of cheese, is a marginal exporter, as most of its production is for the domestic market.", "Emmental (used mainly as a cooking ingredient) and Camembert are the most common cheeses in France.", "In Iceland, skyr is the most common cheese.", "In Greece, feta accounts for three-quarters of this consumption.", "In the U.S., the consumption of cheese is quickly increasing and has nearly tripled between 1970 and 2003.", "The consumption per person has reached, in 2003, .", "Mozzarella is United States's favorite cheese and accounts for nearly a third of its consumption, mainly because it is one of the main ingredients of pizza." ]

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[ "According to the director Haifaa al-Mansour, it took five years to make \"Wadjda\".", "Most of the time was spent trying to find financial backing and getting filming permission, since she insisted on filming in Saudi Arabia for reasons of authenticity.", "She received backing from Rotana, the film production company of Prince Alwaleed bin Talal.", "However, she was very interested in finding a foreign co-producer because \"in Saudi there are no movie theatres, there is no film industry to speak of and, therefore, little money for investment\".", "After being chosen for a Sundance Institute writer's lab in Jordan, al-Mansour got in touch with the German production company Razor Film, which had previously produced films with Middle-Eastern topics (\"Paradise Now\" and \"Waltz with Bashir\").", "The production involved co-operation with two German public TV broadcasters, Norddeutscher Rundfunk and Bayerischer Rundfunk.", "Additional funding came from (FFA, Berlin); Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH (MBB, Potsdam); Mitteldeutsche Medienförderung GmbH (MDM, Leipzig) and Filmfonds Babelsberg (ILB, Potsdam-Babelsberg).", "Al-Mansour's screenplay was influenced by neorealist cinema like Vittorio de Sica's \"Bicycle Thieves\", Jafar Panahi's \"Offside\" or \"Rosetta\".", "The final scene recalls the final scene of François Truffaut 's The 400 Blows.", "Al-Mansour says that the original version of her screenplay was much bleaker than the finished product: \"I decided I didn't want the film to carry a slogan and scream, but just to create a story where people can laugh and cry a little.\"", "Al-Mansour based the character of Wadjda on one of her nieces and also on her own experiences when growing up.", "The main themes of the story are freedom, as represented by the bicycle, and the fear of emotional abandonment, as Wadjda's father wants to take a second wife who will provide him with a son.", "\"Wadjda\" was filmed on the streets of Riyadh, which often made it necessary for the director to work from the back of a van, as she could not publicly mix with the men in the crew.", "Often, she could only communicate via walkie-talkie and had to watch the actors on a monitor.", "This made it difficult to direct: \"It made me realise the need to rehearse and to develop an understanding for each scene before we shot it.\"", "Waad Mohammed, who plays Wadjda, was a first time actress." ]

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[ "In Akihabara, vending machines distribute warm ramen in a steel can, known as .", "It is produced by a popular ramen restaurant and contains noodles, soup, menma, and pork.", "It is intended as a quick snack, and includes a small folded plastic fork.", "There are few kinds of flavor such as \"tonkotsu\" and curry." ]

[ 0 ]

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[ "In the free-electron laser (FEL), a relativistic electron beam passes through a pair of undulators that contain arrays of dipole magnets whose fields point in alternating directions.", "The electrons emit synchrotron radiation that coherently interacts with the same electrons to strongly amplify the radiation field at the resonance frequency.", "FEL can emit a coherent high-brilliance electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of frequencies, from microwaves to soft X-rays.", "These devices may find manufacturing, communication and various medical applications, such as soft tissue surgery.", "Electrons are important in cathode ray tubes, which have been extensively used as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets.", "In a photomultiplier tube, every photon striking the photocathode initiates an avalanche of electrons that produces a detectable current pulse.", "Vacuum tubes use the flow of electrons to manipulate electrical signals, and they played a critical role in the development of electronics technology.", "However, they have been largely supplanted by solid-state devices such as the transistor." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "The photoelectric effect is one interaction mechanism between photons and atoms.", "It is one of 12 theoretically possible interactions.", "At the high photon energies comparable to the electron rest energy of , Compton scattering, another process, may take place.", "Above twice this () pair production may take place.", "Compton scattering and pair production are examples of two other competing mechanisms.", "Indeed, even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured reaction for a particular single-photon bound-electron interaction, the result is also subject to statistical processes and is not guaranteed, albeit the photon has certainly disappeared and a bound electron has been excited (usually K or L shell electrons at gamma ray energies).", "The probability of the photoelectric effect occurring is measured by the cross section of interaction, σ.", "This has been found to be a function of the atomic number of the target atom and photon energy.", "A crude approximation, for photon energies above the highest atomic binding energy, is given by:formula_19Here Z is atomic number and \"n\" is a number which varies between 4 and 5.", "(At lower photon energies a characteristic structure with edges appears, K edge, L edges, M edges, etc.)", "The obvious interpretation follows that the photoelectric effect rapidly decreases in significance, in the gamma ray region of the spectrum, with increasing photon energy, and that photoelectric effect increases steeply with atomic number.", "The corollary is that high-Z materials make good gamma-ray shields, which is the principal reason that lead (Z = 82) is a preferred and ubiquitous gamma radiation shield." ]

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[ "Amélie ( (); \"The Fabulous Destiny of Amélie Poulain\") is a 2001 romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet.", "Written by Jeunet with Guillaume Laurant, the film is a whimsical depiction of contemporary Parisian life, set in Montmartre.", "It tells the story of a shy waitress, played by Audrey Tautou, who decides to change the lives of those around her for the better, while struggling with her own isolation.", "The film was an international co-production between companies in France and Germany.", "Grossing over $33 million in limited theatrical release, it is still the highest-grossing French-language film released in the United States.", "The film met with critical acclaim and was a major box-office success.", "\"Amélie\" won Best Film at the European Film Awards; it won four César Awards (including Best Film and Best Director), two BAFTA Awards (including Best Original Screenplay), and was nominated for five Academy Awards.", "A Broadway adaptation is in development." ]

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[ "The film's first teaser trailer was released with \"Up\" in Disney Digital 3-D, on May 29, 2009.", "On October 2, 2009, \"Toy Story\" and \"Toy Story 2\" were re-released as a double feature in Disney Digital 3-D.", "The first full-length trailer was attached as an exclusive sneak peek and a first footage to the \"Toy Story\" double feature, on October 12, 2009.", "A second teaser was released on February 10, 2010, followed by a second full-length trailer on February 11, and appeared in 3D showings of \"Alice in Wonderland\" and \"How to Train Your Dragon\".", "On March 23, 2010, \"Toy Story\" was released on Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, which included a small feature of \"The Story of \"Toy Story 3\"\".", "In addition, \"Toy Story 2\" was released on the same day in the same format, which had a small feature on the \"Characters of \"Toy Story 3\"\".", "Mattel, Thinkway Toys, and Lego are among companies who produced toys to promote the film.", "Fisher Price, a Mattel Company, has released \"Toy Story 3\" with twenty-one 3D images for viewing with the View-Master viewer.", "Disney Interactive Studios also produced a video game based on the film, \"\", which was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and PSP on June 15, 2010.", "A PlayStation 2 version was released on October 30, 2010, as part of a PS2 bundle and separately on November 2, 2010 (the same day \"Toy Story 3\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray).", "It was also the last Disney/Pixar game to be released on PlayStation 2.", "\"Toy Story 3\" was featured in Apple's iPhone OS 4 Event on April 8, 2010, with Steve Jobs demonstrating a \"Toy Story 3\" themed iAd written in HTML5.", "Pixar designed a commercial for the toy, Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear, and formatted it to appear as if it came from an old VCR recording.", "The recording was altered with distorted sound, noise along the bottom of the screen, and flickering video, all designed to make it look like a converted recording from around 1983.", "A Japanese version of the commercial was also released online, with the name \"Lots-O'-Huggin Bear\" replaced with \"Little Hug-Hug Bear\" (Japanese:ハグハグベアちゃん/\"Hagu Hagu Beya-Chan\").", "On \"Dancing with the Stars\" May 11, 2010, episode, the Gipsy Kings performed a Spanish-language version of the song \"You've Got a Friend in Me,\" which featured a paso doble dance choreographed by Cheryl Burke and Tony Dovolani.", "Both the song and dance are featured in the film.", "\"Toy Story 3\" was promoted with airings of the first and second film on several channels in the weeks preceding the film's release, including Disney Channel, Disney XD, and ABC Family.", "Sneak peeks of \"Toy Story 3\" were also revealed, primarily on Disney Channel." ]

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[ "The design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout to the smallest detail, was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles, and above all to symbolise the majesty of Imperial power.", "Some noted examples of symbolic designs include:", " Yellow is the color of the Emperor.", "Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles.", "There are only two exceptions.", "The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity () had black tiles because black was associated with water, and thus fire-prevention.", "Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood, and thus growth.", " The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three – the shape of the Qian triagram, representing Heaven.", "The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six – the shape of the Kun triagram, representing the Earth.", " The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon.", "The number of statuettes represents the status of the building – a minor building might have 3 or 5.", "The Hall of Supreme Harmony has 10, the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times.", "As a result, its 10th statuette, called a \"\"Hangshi\"\", or \"ranked tenth\" (), is also unique in the Forbidden City.", " The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the \"Classic of Rites\".", "Thus, ancestral temples are in front of the palace.", "Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex, and residences in the back." ]

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[ "Netball is a ball sport played by two teams of seven players.", "Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s.", "By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later renamed the International Netball Federation (INF)) was formed.", "As of 2011, the INF comprises more than 60 national teams organized into five global regions.", "Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end.", "Each team attempts to score goals by passing a ball down the court and shooting it through its goal ring.", "Players are assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to certain areas of the court.", "During general play, a player with the ball can hold onto it for only three seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player.", "The winning team is the one that scores the most goals.", "Netball games are 60 minutes long.", "Variations have been developed to increase the game's pace and appeal to a wider audience.", "Netball is most popular in Commonwealth nations, specifically in schools, and is predominantly played by women.", "According to the INF, netball is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries.", "Major transnational competitions take place, including the Netball Superleague in Great Britain and the ANZ Championship in Australia and New Zealand.", "Three major competitions take place internationally: the quadrennial World Netball Championships, the Commonwealth Games, and the yearly World Netball Series.", "In 1995, netball became an International Olympic Committee recognised sport." ]

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[ "The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan.", "The Japanese economy shrank by 8% during 1929–31.", "Japan's Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo was the first to implement what have come to be identified as Keynesian economic policies: first, by large fiscal stimulus involving deficit spending; and second, by devaluing the currency.", "Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures.", "Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective.", "The devaluation of the currency had an immediate effect.", "Japanese textiles began to displace British textiles in export markets.", "The deficit spending proved to be most profound.", "The deficit spending went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces.", "By 1933, Japan was already out of the depression.", "By 1934, Takahashi realized that the economy was in danger of overheating, and to avoid inflation, moved to reduce the deficit spending that went towards armaments and munitions.", "This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists, especially those in the army, culminating in his assassination in the course of the February 26 Incident.", "This had a chilling effect on all civilian bureaucrats in the Japanese government.", "From 1934, the military's dominance of the government continued to grow.", "Instead of reducing deficit spending, the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced, but did not eliminate inflation, which would remain a problem until the end of World War II.", "The deficit spending had a transformative effect on Japan.", "Japan's industrial production doubled during the 1930s.", "Further, in 1929 the list of the largest firms in Japan was dominated by light industries, especially textile companies (many of Japan's automakers, like Toyota, have their roots in the textile industry).", "By 1940 light industry had been displaced by heavy industry as the largest firms inside the Japanese economy." ]

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[ "According to Cancer Research UK, the results of the large-scale study published in 2012 clarified the evidence of the effect of coffee drinking on cancer, and that evidence beforehand had been conflicting.", "They say the study showed that drinking coffee \"had no effect on the risk of dying from cancer.", "\"Other studies suggest coffee consumption reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and gout.", "The fact that decaffeinated coffee also exhibits preventative effects against diseases such as prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes suggests that coffee's health benefits are not solely a product of its caffeine content.", "Specifically, the antidiabetic effect of caffeine has been attributed to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid.", "The presence of antioxidants in coffee has been shown to prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.", "Evidence suggests that roasted coffee has a stronger antioxidant effect than green coffee.", "Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.", "A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day.", "Moreover, habitual coffee consumption is associated with improved vascular function.", "In a ten year study among 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996), coffee consumption was negatively correlated with risk of developing depression.", "A review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption.", "It was suggested that the action of caffeine in blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on dopamine nerves in the brain reduced feelings of depression.", "Coffee consumption is also associated with improved endothelial function.", "Coffee extracts have been shown to inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, enzyme which converts cortisone to cortisol and is a current pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and the metabolic syndrome." ]

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[ "The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA.", "This competition takes place over every four years.", "Approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals.", "The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.", "The most recent tournament, the 2010 FIFA World Cup, was held in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July, the first to be held on the African continent.", "There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles.", "Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup.", "Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides.", "The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level.", "In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;.", "A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.", "After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams.", "These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC).", "The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup.", "This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself.", "The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America.", "The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup." ]

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