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Journal article Open Access Languages differ widely from one another in the extent to which they are transparent, i.e. obey one-to-one relationships between meaning and form. Transparency, in turn, is an important factor in the learnability of languages. This paper first sets out a framework for the study of transparency and subsequently studies cross-linguistic differences in transparency, using the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar as its point of departure. Transparent and nontransparent features of languages are systematically defined using the multilevel architecture of this model of language, representing them as mappings between and within levels. In applying this framework to a sample of 30 languages it is shown that the (non-)transparent features investigated can be ordered into an implicational transparency hierarchy, and that as a result the languages of the sample can be ranked in terms of their degrees of transparency as well. Finally, the consequences of these findings for the learnability of languages are discussed. [Folia Linguistica] Transparent and non-transparent languages.pdf

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One of the passages is used for inhaling air, and the other is used for smelling. It had only to use scent to get back to its former family. You may not think of a Pit Bull as a scent dog, but they have an acute sense of smell. When my parents still had their farm, they sometimes had dogs arrive at the farm, 10km away from a dog park, when one of their dogs was in heat. This is a very good question and it varies by breed, but invariably, dogs can smell MILES AND MILES further than humans can! Dogs can be trained to sniff out volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the human body, helping with early detection for illnesses, including cancer. That’s 45 times the number of receptors a human has. They have since been used to track humans. Like the Beagle, an un-neutered male can smell a female in estrus up to three miles. In one experiment, a dog was capable of sniffing out whale poop floating in Puget Sound from a mile away, according to Nova. After all, dogs are excellent at reading human body language and behavior, and there is even some evidence that dogs can detect when a person has cancer or is about to have an epileptic fit. How far can a dog track a scent outdoors? With such a high volume of scent receptors, they can smell far…up to 60 square meters or 2.3 square miles. “An eleven-mile distance is actually not terribly long for a dog,”. Given this, they most certainly care what we smell like—and they can tell a whole lot by our scent. These dogs can smell human remains below concrete, soil or water. Your dog will be tracking using a combination of the hotdog’s scents, the crushed grass scent, and your scent. The magic hour is about 6 a.m. With a hotdog or other type of food, periodically smash an inch-long piece into the soil with your shoe as you walk away from your sitting dog. As a result, they have short noses. Previous studies have shown that dogs can differentiate between human emotions from signs such as facial expressions. Because their nostrils work independently of each other, a dog can tell which nostril the scent came in. The Siberian Husky can run in excess of 100 miles in a day after proper conditioning has taken place. Here are some other ways you can try to make your home less appealing to rats: Keep firewood, bricks or debris as far from your home as possible. Dogs can detect cancer odor signatures in a person's skin, urine, and sweat. I am passionate about enjoying the great outdoors with my dogs. The bloodhound will identify this particular smell from a cocktail of other smells and reach the source of scent that can be over 130 miles away. Do dogs recognize their owners by sight or smell? Pets also provide valuable companionship for older adults. How far dogs can smell depends on many things, such as the wind and the type of scent. Thanks for your question about how far dogs can smell another dog in heat. Cancer cells, or healthy cells affected by cancer, produce and release these odor signatures. They hang off the bow of the boat, sniffing the water. These dogs have to be able to not only work off the lead but also in tightly confined areas. Black bears can smell an animal carcass from 18 miles (29km) while Grizzly bears can smell an animal in water and seals under 3 foot of solid ice. A dog can probably smell a person forty yards away, standing upwind on a windy day. Dogs can smell so well because they have much more olfactory receptors in their noses. They have also been able to give closure to families who have lost loved ones. Dogs think it’s a game, so treat it as such. A dog can smell anything from a family member to an escaped convicted who has gone into a river. What makes this amazing is that the dog had been taken to its new home by car. The scientific family dogs belong to is Carnivora. Besides having fewer receptors, you can’t wiggle your nose without touching it as a dog can. “So, if a dog says it’s there, there’s a darn good chance it is. sorry i don't do metric conversion since high school. Dogs are naturally born with this razor-sharp sense, and you, as their owner, can help them develop it if you choose to. Answer Save. That wasn’t entirely correct. Because each dog breed is a little different and is of a different size, a 1-mile walk for a golden retriever is going to be vastly different than a 1-mile walk for a Chihuahua. I have heard 2 miles. Perhaps the most obvious reason, some dogs simply prefer the companionship of their human owners. When you reward your pet, they take in your scent. Can I feed my dog before he is euthanized? Dad used to say that the dogs could smell him coming a half mile away. Short term memory for a dog is about five minutes; cats remember much longer, up to 16 hours. Jumping in the river won’t help your escape. This sense is built into them for their own tracking skills – and it has come in handy for many human needs, too. They also can sniff out cadavers, escaped convicts and missing persons. Smell is the sense that is used most by dogs. They have been known to beeline 18 miles straight towards a carcass purely by sense of smell and have nasal mucosas that are 100 times the size of a human’s. Dogs have the ability to use their noses to get home when they are lost. They basically just stick their nose in the air and sniff at traces of human smells that are drifting around. “We found that when airflow enters the nose, it splits into two different flow paths, one for olfaction and one for respiration.”. Dogs have an astounding ability to sense change in the world around them, and that includes when their owner is pregnant. Once when a dog was adopted, it walked eleven miles to be back with its original foster family. It’s not difficult to teach your dog to track by scent. How far dogs can smell depends on many things, such as the wind and the type of scent. Dogs apparently do become like their owners — and now there's research to prove it. It was more like 1/4th of a mile. How Old of a Scent Can a Bloodhound Track? 220 million. It’s a shortening of the long name “Pit bulldog”. Just as humans may remember persons from their past, so too may dogs. They exhibit their love towards their owners just like human greet their family members after getting back home from work. It depends what tipe the dog is. Scientists say dogs can smell 10,000 to 100,000 times more acutely than us. Part of this involves preventing common health problems before they start. Can dogs recognize their owners video call? A male dog can smell a bitch in heat from up to 5 miles away. All dogs - both big and small - can connect with their humans in the outdoors and create great memories together. We’re going to explore all the variables that impact how far can a dog track a scent outdoors in the article.eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'outdoordogfun_com-box-3','ezslot_7',105,'0','0'])); A dog has two air passages in its nose. Many breeds are capable of running 25 to 35 miles a week, but perhaps individual dogs within the breed are not. They tend to lift their back leg and urinate on an object or area, thus claiming it as their own. An experiment was used during a training session for detecting orca waste. An object that we can see clearly may appear to be blurred to a dog looking at it from the same distance. Dogs know when people are dying or grieving, through body language cues, smells only they can detect and other ways not yet known, experts say. And the reason you want to be there early is, so few people have had a chance to walk on the grass. They can only track if they are given this scent sample. Companionship. Now, new research suggests that dogs really do respond uniquely to tears. Birds can recognize people's faces and know their voices. Some of the images were people or dogs familiar to the subject; others were unfamiliar. Dogs and cats in particular can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, ease loneliness, encourage exercise and playfulness, and even improve your cardiovascular health. A dense object like concrete is no match for a dog. However, they have been able to save quite a few people who were buried alive. And new research about how dogs process language, as reported in ValueWalk, shows that dogs understand us more than we thought. They can smell fear (due to a release of pheromones), they can smell scent articles up to 40 feet underground, they can smell insects within the ground or in woodwork, they can smell disease in humans (sometimes referred to as the sick sense), and they can smell human fingerprints that are a week old. We know dogs have a long term memory because they can remember hand signals and words for their lifetime. But they are capable of disaster work. The findings revealed that humans can smell at least 1 trillion different scents. Summary: New research suggests that some birds may know who their human friends are, as they are able to recognize people's faces and differentiate between human voices. Don’t lead him. It picks up pheromones. Researchers at Mississippi State University found that a deer's sense of smell, like a dog's, can be anywhere from 500 to 1,000 times more acute than a human's. Under perfect conditions, they have been reported to smell objects or people as far as 20km away. But keep the training sessions short. Without getting wet a trained dog can smell up to eighty feet underwater. The other strong sense your dog has is the sense of hearing. You and your pooch can have fun learning to track. Now, new research has shown that owners and their pups often share personality traits, too. If the dog had walked on its own, it would follow its own scent back, but, in this case, it followed its former owner’s scent. Cancer cells have a distinctive smell that can be picked up by the super-sensitive noses of dogs. They have a superior smelling ability when compared to humans. According to the Marbach Road Animal Hospital, dogs can pick up scents that are diluted to 1 or 2 parts per trillion; This allows them to smell things buried as far as 40 feet underground! How dogs recognize their owners (and their moods) Gazing at faces is how dogs pick out their owner, research shows. Countless times my poodle Kola is so excited to be on a walk that she completely ignores... Hi there, my name is Michelle Henry. Can a dog sense when their owner is dying? The most dangerous course of action – for the dog and the human – is also the one taken by most uninformed owners of dogs who bite. But whether pets have empathy for human pain is less clear. The findings revealed that humans can smell at least 1 trillion different scents. From Cadaver to search and rescue, these special dogs work to protect people. Why is preventing permafrost melting important. So how far can a dog smell home? How right? Dogs also have an olfactory organ that we don’t have. https://outdoordogfun.com/how-far-can-a-dog-track-a-scent-outdoors A Pit Bull can sniff out smells that are diluted to one-millionth the concentration. Bloodhounds can detect a scent and follow it for miles. The number of miles, minutes, or hours you eventually run with him is largely determined by the dog. Whale feces, an undoubtedly unique scent, has been detected by a Lab mix and a Rottweiler at a distance of 1.2 miles, while cadaver dogs have been able to identify decaying bodies 80 feet under water. You do this through repetition and reward. These are your bomb and firearms dogs. One time I wanted to test one of those dogs. And they can potentially change over time. Most fatal dog attacks involve pit bulls. Once the waste is identified, the dog signals which directions to go. Guide Dogs assist blind and visually impaired people by avoiding obstacles, stopping at curbs and steps, and negotiating traffic. You can actually train a dog to identify the smell of your family members. Bloodhounds are used in law enforcement and are so reliable their results can be used in court. The familiar scent of its owner lingers like perfume in a dog's brain, US scientists claim. And if that weren’t enough, their super sniffer possesses up to three hundred million olfactory receptors. Dogs have about 25 times more olfactory (smell) receptors than humans do. However, if the weather is severely bad, a hundred yards might be pushing it. You might be interested to know dogs are not the only great smellers. How may scent rectors do they have? This breed of dog was designed just for this purpose, to run long distances, pulling loads at a high speed. Distance. Do Dogs Remember Their Previous Owners? The smell is then analyzed and an ‘odor image’ is created in the brain of the dog. A trained dog can smell through barriers. A properly trained dog can detect as far as fifteen or more feet underground. But there are several variables that can help or hinder a dog’s ability to catch a scent. Often those who use sporting dogs will work to create a “scent” bond. You may have heard that dogs and their owners really do look alike. Wrinkled skin—this is used to trap the odors; Ears that droop—they drag on the ground and push the scents toward their noses; Great stamina—they can track for long periods of time. Well, male Polar bears have been known to trek hundreds of miles when they catch the … And the part of their brain responsible for smell is forty times bigger than humans.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'outdoordogfun_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',109,'0','0'])); These fun little dogs have impressive sniffers. They’re pretty accurate.”. I was flying home from the Netherlands. The lack of energy you may feel when you're sick is quickly sensed by your pets, letting them know you are feeling under the weather. Protectiveness comes from a dog's wolf ancestors and centuries of breeding, which means that dogs instinctively know when a human child is in need of care. These small rodents love to hang out with their owners and watch TV, have a snack or simply take a nap. Of all a dog's senses, its sense of smell is the most highly developed. And thus, the Basset Hound is justly named. Dogs really do love humans and science has proven it (because even STEM has a cuddly side, apparently). These dogs are attuned to gases from decomposing human remains that rise up from under the water. At the airport they have him walk around suitcases and as soon as he smells the marijuana, he sits down next to the suitcase. Labs have several uses. Dogs tend to live more in the moment and have less concept of time than humans do. That’s why you see a dog weave back and forth when they’re tracking. c) Even a small dog or cat can lope indefinitely at 3 miles per hour … meaning in only 8 hours, that animal could be 24 miles away. eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'outdoordogfun_com-leader-3','ezslot_15',114,'0','0'])); You want your pooch to find something at the end of the rainbow. They possess an organ called the Jacobson’s Organ. Your dog is probably decoding something interesting to them that neither of you can even see. As you may know, dogs reach sexual maturity anywhere between 5 months and 1 year of age, during which time they experience their first “heat” or estrus cycle and can become pregnant. The dog is then able to track the scent. Like humans, dogs are living longer; and, like humans, they can develop symptoms of dementia. Her dogs enjoy playing fetch, swimming, and long walks. They show the strongest signs of recognition with previous owners who treated them well or who treated them poorly. Dogs that fall from heights can suffer sprains, broken bones, head trauma, and chest or abdominal injuries. Drop additional pieces of the hotdog as you walk away from your pooch. During the research, the team found that dogs really do understand what their owners are saying. But whether pets have empathy for human pain is less clear. Their sense of smell tie with beagles are second only to bloodhounds, which have 300 million scent receptors! This means low. Not only are labs good sniffers, but because they are so responsive to their handlers, they can be some of the best tracking dogs. The study, led by Paolo Mongillo from the University of Padua in Italy, found that dogs can not only recognize their owners' faces, but they also rely on their sense of sight more than previously understood. Is Rainbow Falls Open, Barneys Great Adventure Part 3, Disney Sneakers Women's, Sans Toi Pomme Lyrics English, Von Stiehl Winery, 4 Pics 1 Word Level 536, Kfc Mongolia Sudalgaa, Ford Ikon Car Modification, How To Pronounce Todoroki,

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It may seem the stuff of gothic horror novels, but transfusions of young blood could reverse the ageing process and even cure Alzheimer’s Disease, scientists believe. Throughout history, cultures across the globe have extolled the properties of youthful blood, with children sacrificed and the blood of young warriors drunk by the victors. It was even rumoured that the North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il injected himself with blood from healthy young virgins to slow the ageing process. Now scientists have found that young blood actually ‘recharges’ the brain, forms new blood vessels and improves memory and learning. In parallel research, scientists at Harvard University also discovered that a ‘youth protein’ which circulates in the blood is responsible for keeping the brain and muscles young and strong. The protein, known as ‘GDF11’, is present in the bloodstream in large quantities when we are young but peters out as we age. Although both the discoveries were made in mice, researchers are hoping to begin human trials in the next two to three years, in studies which could bring rapid improvements for human longevity and health. “This should give us all hope for a healthier future,” said Prof Doug Melton, of Harvard’s Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology. “We all wonder why we were stronger and mentally more agile when young, and these two unusually exciting papers actually point to a possible answer. “There seems to be little question that, GDF11 has an amazing capacity to restore aging muscle and brain function.” Last year the team discovered that the protein could repair damaged hearts. But the new study showed that that raising the levels of the GDF11 protein in older mice improved the function of every organ in the body. Harvard stem cell biologist Prof Lee Rubin added: “We do think that, at least in principal, there will be a way to reverse some of the decline of aging with a single protein. “It isn’t out of question that GDF11, or a drug developed from it, might be worthwhile in Alzheimer’s Disease.” It is likely that the protein is at least partly responsible for the parallel finding by Stanford University that young blood can reverse the signs of ageing. In the study, the blood of three-month-old mice was repeatedly injected into 18-month-old mice near the end of their natural life span. The “vampire therapy” improved the performance of the elderly mice in memory and learning tasks. Structural, molecular and functional changes were also seen in their brains, the study published in the journal Science found. If the same were seem in humans, it could lead to new therapies for recharging our aging brains and novel drugs for treating dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease. “We’ve shown that at least some age-related impairments in brain function are reversible. They’re not final,” said Dr Saul Villeda, of Stanford’s School of Medicine. Ageing mice given eight infusions of young blood over three weeks improved their performance in mental tests of fear condition and locating a hidden platform in a water maze. Evidence was seen of new connections forming in the hippocampus, a brain region vital to memory and sensitive to ageing. Dendritic spines – finger-like extensions from the branches of neurons that are thought to play a role in memory formation – also became more dense. Infusions of blood from other elderly mice had no effect, the study, published in the journal Nature, found. “This could have been done 20 years ago,” said lead researcher Dr Tony Wyss-Coray of Stanford. “You don’t need to know anything about how the brain works. You just give an old mouse young blood and see if the animal is smarter than before. It’s just that nobody did it.” “Our data indicate that exposure of aged mice to young blood late in life is capable of rejuvenating synaptic plasticity and improving cognitive function. “Future studies are warranted in aged humans and potentially those suffering from age-related neurodegenerative disorders.” Dr Eric Karran, from the dementia charity Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “This technically complex study looks at the effects of exposing old mice to blood-borne factors from young mice on age-related cognitive decline. “Although the treatments tested here rejuvenate certain aspects of learning and memory in mice, these studies are of unknown significance to humans. “This research, while very interesting, does not investigate the type of cognitive impairment that is seen in Alzheimer’s disease, which is not an inevitable consequence of ageing.” - Harvard study shows the surprising impact of intermittent fasting on the aging process - March 24, 2019 - Chinese scientists clone monkeys, break barrier to human cloning - January 25, 2018 - Future Updates Ahead - December 6, 2017

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The Uncommon Knowledge of Elinor Ostrom: Essential Lessons for Collective Action Island Press, 08.07.2021 - 255 Seiten In the 1970s, the accepted environmental thinking was that overpopulation was destroying the earth. Prominent economists and environmentalists agreed that the only way to stem the tide was to impose restrictions on how we used resources, such as land, water, and fish, from either the free market or the government. This notion was upended by Elinor Ostrom, whose work to show that regular people could sustainably manage their community resources eventually won her the Nobel Prize. Ostrom’s revolutionary proposition fundamentally changed the way we think about environmental governance. In The Uncommon Knowledge of Elinor Ostrom, author Erik Nordman brings to life Ostrom’s brilliant mind. Half a century ago, she was rejected from doctoral programs because she was a woman; in 2009, she became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. Her research challenged the long-held dogma championed by Garrett Hardin in his famous 1968 essay, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” which argued that only market forces or government regulation can prevent the degradation of common pool resources. The concept of the “Tragedy of the Commons” was built on scarcity and the assumption that individuals only act out of self-interest. Ostrom’s research proved that people can and do act in collective interest, coming from a place of shared abundance. Ostrom’s ideas about common resources have played out around the world, from Maine lobster fisheries, to ancient waterways in Spain, to taxicabs in Nairobi. In writing The Uncommon Knowledge of Elinor Ostrom, Nordman traveled extensively to interview community leaders and stakeholders who have spearheaded innovative resource-sharing systems, some new, some centuries old. Through expressing Ostrom’s ideas and research, he also reveals the remarkable story of her life. Ostrom broke barriers at a time when women were regularly excluded from academia and her research challenged conventional thinking. Elinor Ostrom proved that regular people can come together to act sustainably—if we let them. This message of shared collective action is more relevant than ever for solving today’s most pressing environmental problems. Was andere dazu sagen - Rezension schreiben Es wurden keine Rezensionen gefunden. Whats So Tragic about the Commons? Los Angeles Groundwater Maines Lobster Gangs Spains Ancient Water Court Institutions for Collaborative Forest Management The Climate Commons Voluntary Environmental Programs Commons in Space Andere Ausgaben - Alle anzeigen Acheson action agencies Agreement approach Basin benefits building called canal challenges climate change colleagues collect common-pool resources commons continued countries create Creek describe design principles developed District early economics economists Elinor Ostrom energy enforce environmental example Farm farmers field Figure firms forest global global commons going groundwater Hardin harvesters ideas Indiana individual institutions interest interview irrigation It’s join later lobster look Maine Michigan natural resource Nobel orbit organizations Outer Space owners Paris participate political pollution Press Prize problem production reduce regulations rules scholars scientists shared showed social space successful sustainable theory told tragedy traps Treaty turn understand United University users Vincent voluntary West Workshop wrote

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In many martial arts belts are used as a way to denote rank or expertise. Each martial art usually has their own belt system with different competencies and requirements for each belt level. Typically a black belt is the highest ranked belt that one can achieve. Various different colored belts usually make up the steps leading to the black belt. The use of colored belts to denote rank or ability in martial arts is a relatively recent invention in the long history of martial arts. It is thought that a belt system for the purpose of denoting rank was first used by the founder of Judo, Jigoro Kano, sometime in the late 19th century. Judo directly influenced other Japanese Martial which subsequently adopted their own belt ranking system. The establishment of martial arts schools and the commercialization of martial arts has also influenced in adoption of belt systems. Many students sign up and train in the hope of someday achieving their black belt. The value of a black belt can vary greatly depending on the martial art. In some martial arts a black belt is considered to be expert level and may only be awarded after more than 10 years in which a person may be required to have proved their skill through competition and regular training. In other martial arts a black belt can be achieved as a Juvenile after a couple of years of casual training. Martial arts that guarantee black belts and award them after a short period of training often have their legitimacy questioned. Which Black Belt Takes the Longest to Achieve? Judo – 4 to 6 Years The exact length of time spent training in Judo before being awarded a black belt depends on many different factors. For example grading standards and belt criteria can vary significantly depending on the academy and the region of the world where you decide to train Judo has different ranking systems depending on the region but in general the Judo ranking system is split into two ranking systems – kyū and dan grades. Kyū grades come first and comprise of 6 colored belts (white, yellow, orange, green, blue, and brown). Once a student has reached the final Kyu grade they may then test for their first black belt in the Dan grading system. There are 10 Dan grades of black belt with the first Dan black belt known as “Shodan”. Unlike other martial arts a black belt in Judo is not considered to be expert level. “Shodan” literally translates as “first level” or “beginning step. Examination requirements for a Shodan belt vary depending on country, age group and of course the grade being attempted. The examination itself may include Kata or else a demonstration of skill in competition. With regular training and dedication it would not be unusual for somebody to achieve a Judo Shodan black belt in 6 years or less. Karate – 4 to 7 Years Karate has four main styles: Goju-ryu, Shotokan-ryu, Wado-ryu and Shito-ryu. Each one has its own techniques and may have their own promotion criteria depending on the academy and their Generally speaking, in order to get your black belt, you must advance through the 10 “kyu” levels. The first five levels (ranks) are signified with colored belts: white, orange, red, yellow, and green. The sixth and seventh levels are represented with a purple belt, and the eighth through tenth levels are represented with a brown belt. Once the last brown belt is achieved the next step is the first black belt, or Dan belt. This is commonly known as Shodan and is the first level out of 10 in Dan black belts. The exact time it takes to reach Shodan or any level of Dan black belt depends on the time spent training, skill, and the discretion of the person awarding the belt. In general it is thought that a Shodan black belt can be achieved in approximately 5 years of regular training. Jiu Jitsu – 9 to 13 Years There are a couple of different variations of Jiu Jitsu in existence today with Brazilian Jiu Jitsu being the most popular form. This is in part down to its prevalence in MMA and the success that the Gracie family have had in promoting it over the last 25 years. In BJJ, a black belt is considered to be expert level and can take many years of regular training to achieve. The exact criteria for the belt may differ depending on academy with some schools requiring black belts to have demonstrated their skills through teaching or even in competition. Like the other martial arts the length of time that it takes to earn a black belt in BJJ depends on many factors and can vary greatly between academies and regions. However it is widely accepted that it typically takes on average 10+ years of regular training to be awarded a BJJ blackbelt. The most popular criteria for belt rankings in BJJ was created by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF). According to their standards a black belt recipient must be at least 19 years old. When you add up their minimum edibility standards for the other colored belts, the minimum amount of time a adult can achieve a black belt in is 4 years and 6 months. There can be large variations in time spent training when it comes to the awarding of a BJJ blackbelt. Previous grappling experience, age, and athleticism often play a significant factor. For example a young professional MMA fighter who trains everyday (including training in the Gi) is far more likely to receive one quicker than a 40 year old hobbyist grappler who can only make training twice a week. UFC Hall of Famer BJ Penn famously received his BJJ blackbelt after training for only 3 years and 4 months. BJ would go on to become a BJJ world champion as well as the UFC middleweight champion. TaeKwondo – 3 to 5 Years Unlike some other martial arts TaeKwondo does not have a traditional ranking system that has been passed down through the centuries. In TaeKwondo the ranking system is a rather modern innovation to keep in step with other martial arts. The ranking system is modeled on the Karate ranking system but is divided into junior and senior ranks. The junior system is made up of colored belts which are known as Geups. The exact number of geups depends on the exact style of Taekwondo being taught with anywhere from 8-12 geup ranks depending on the school. The senior system is made up of black belts with each black belt rank known as a Dan. There are typically nine Dan levels in Taekwondo. Taekwondo’s ranking system is designed in a way that encourages young people to continue training until they reach the senior ranks. With regular training it is taught that a student could achieve their first Dan black belt in 3 to 5 years. Aikido – 3 to 4 Years Aikido practitioners generally progress by promotion through the kyu grades and Dan degrees similar to other martial arts. Not all Aikido organisations use belts to distinguish grades. Some use just white and black belts to differentiate between kyu and Dan grades whereas others use colored belts. Testing requirements for a black can vary massively depending on the Aikido organisation. In general it is taught that an Aikido black belt can be achieved within a couple of years of training.

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DARPA’s Gremlins program is developing reusable air-launched drones that could carry small bombs or other forms of ammunition. Though the Gremlins program states that its purpose is to gather intelligence and have “non-kinetic” payloads—meaning non-explosive—its newest initiative suggests otherwise. Background: What is the Gremlins program? Named after the tiny mischief makers that supposedly caused glitches in WWII bombers, the Gremlins program envisions fleets of small unmanned air systems (UAS) to be launched out of larger aircraft. But whereas UAS are traditionally a one-and-done thing, the Gremlins program seeks to retrieve them in the air and carry them home for further usage. The Gremlins project was initiated in 2015, with the production of an X-61 Gremlin air vehicle awarded to Dynetics. The X-61 carrier is 14 feet long and weighs 1500 pounds, cruising at around 450 mph for up to four hours. Analysis: Is This The Future of Drone Warfare? A priority with the Gremlins program is that each drone can be reused 20 times. This is achieved through an aerial retrieval technique in which they are docked with a probe extending from a mothership and then are reeled in and recovered. In an interview with Military.com, Steve Fendley, President of the Unmanned Systems Division at Kratos, the firm overseeing the construction of the drones, said, “[The military wants] to be able to deploy and retrieve a volley quantity, which is approximately 20 of those aircraft [the X-61A].” While Fendley did not specify any payloads the Gremlins might carry in the near future, he indicated that they are equipped to carry small bombs, smaller attack drones, or loitering ammunition. A drone carrying another drone is also known as the ‘Russian doll of death’— this concept is achieving popularity in the U.S. and China. The Gremlins program is just one part of what Fendley views as a three-tiered crewless aircraft family of systems for the U.S. military. “That will evolve this year. I think you’re going to see the Gremlins really be a high-focus item for the Defense Department moving forward because it’s kind of a third leg of that attributable capability set,” he said. The other two components are Kratos’ UTAP-22 and the XQ-58A Valkyrie, both of which are currently being used to support other technological efforts in the Air Force. Artificial intelligence and machine learning will also be instrumental in the development of Kratos’ three-tiered system. Outlook: Deadly Gremlins? While gremlins once held a connotation of being mischievous but relatively harmless little things, it’s possible that with DARPA’s new initiative, that could change dramatically.

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If there is one thing that (we feel) everyone in the world has experienced, it has to be stress. In fact, it’s one of the most experienced troubles that people can no longer hide from, and thus prompting them to invent what we now know as stress management. Although it may differ a lot from one person to another, stress management has become an important part of our lives; the one thing that makes life a bit more tolerable. If you are seeking for a way to manage your stress level during this crazy time in life, here is one that we can recommend: Mindfulness. Mindfulness is a state of active, open attention to the present. This state is described as observing one’s thoughts and feelings without judging them as good or bad. To live mindfully is to live in the moment and reawaken oneself to the present, rather than dwelling on the past or anticipating the future. To be mindful is to observe and label thoughts, feelings, sensations in the body in an objective manner. Mindfulness can therefore be a tool to avoid self-criticism and judgment while identifying and managing difficult emotions. Mindfulness is rooted in Buddhist and Hindu teachings. Buddhism includes a journey toward enlightenment, and the concept of “sati,”—which encompasses attention, awareness, and being present—is considered the first step toward enlightenment. The term was roughly translated from the ancient language Pali into the term “mindfulness.” The emergence of mindfulness in Western culture can be attributed to Jon Kabat-Zinn. Kabat-Zinn studied mindfulness under several Buddhist teachers, such as Philip Kapleau and Thich Nhat Hanh. As a professor at the University of Massachusetts medical school in the late 1970s, Kabat-Zinn developed a program called Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) to treat chronic pain. He discovered that patients would often try to avoid pain—but that that avoidance would lead to deeper distress. Practicing mindfulness was a more successful approach. As mindfulness shifted into mainstream science and medicine, it became a pivotal therapeutic technique; it was integrated into Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, among others. What is mindfulness? Mindfulness encompasses two key ingredients: awareness and acceptance. Awareness is the knowledge and ability to focus attention on one’s inner processes and experiences, such as the experience of the present moment. Acceptance is the ability to observe and accept—rather than judge or avoid—those streams of thought. What is the purpose of mindfulness? The goal of mindfulness is to cultivate perspective on one’s consciousness and identity that can bring greater peace mentally and relationally. Mindfulness may also be used in mindfulness-based therapies, to address stress, anxiety, or pain, and simply to become more relaxed. Mindfulness has its origins in Buddhist and Hindu teachings, from which the concept “sati” was roughly translated to “mindfulness.” The practice was popularized in the West through the work of Jon-Kabat Zinn. Zinn created Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction to treat pain, anxiety, and stress, and he ultimately brought mindfulness into mainstream clinical practice. What’s the difference between mindfulness and flow? Flow is a state in which one is completely absorbed in an activity and loses self-awareness. Flow and mindfulness both involve deep concentration—but only flow involves goal-directed behaviour. While mindfulness channels concentration entirely toward the present moment, flow channels concentration toward skills and goal achievement, which might include thoughts of the past and future and judgment of those thoughts. What’s the difference between mindfulness and meditation? Mindfulness is one form of meditation. Meditation utilizes various practices to quiet the mind or achieve a higher level of consciousness, one of which is mindfulness. Mindfulness can be cultivated within or outside of formal meditation and woven into any activity, such as taking a walk or being engaged in conversation. A person’s experience of time tends to be subjective and heavily influenced by their emotional state. Fears and insecurities about the past and the future can make it difficult to fully appreciate the present. The key is learning how to pay attention. Mindfulness can take place through meditation sessions or smaller moments throughout the day. To cultivate a state of mindfulness, you can begin by sitting down and taking deep breaths. Focus on each breath and the sensations of the moment, such as sounds, scents, the temperature, and the feeling of air passing in and out of the body. Shift your attention, then, to the thoughts and emotions that you’re experiencing. Allow each thought to exist without judging it or ascribing negativity to it. Sit with those thoughts. The experience may evoke a strong emotional reaction. Exploring that response can be an opportunity to address or resolve underlying challenges. How do I practice mindfulness? To cultivate awareness, observe your thoughts and emotions and explore why those specific ideas might be surfacing. To cultivate acceptance, avoid judging or pushing away unpleasant thoughts. Emotions are natural and everyone has them—acknowledging them can help you understand yourself better and move forward. How can I be more mindful? Mindfulness can help bring you into the present moment throughout the day. As you wake up, you can focus on your breathing and the way your body gradually becomes more energized. You can incorporate a brief meditation into your work day, perhaps on your lunch break, and focus and appreciate the experience of eating during meals. Why is mindfulness so popular? Mindfulness has been embraced by corporate leaders, sports teams, the military, and countless individuals around the world. The practice may owe its popularity to today’s fast-paced, technology-driven world, rife with financial and time pressures. Mindfulness may represent an unmet need for moments of quiet, contemplation, and calm. The Benefits of Mindfulness Mindfulness is frequently used in meditation and certain kinds of therapy. Its benefits include lowering stress levels, reducing harmful ruminating, and protecting against depression and anxiety. Research even suggests that mindfulness can help people better cope with rejection and social isolation. Does mindfulness really work? Review studies suggest that mindfulness-based interventions can help reduce anxiety, depression, and pain. To a lesser extent, they can alleviate stress and improve quality of life. However, inconsistencies in the way mindfulness is defined and measured make it difficult to determine whether mindfulness really provides other benefits. How does mindfulness help relieve anxiety? Mindfulness encompasses awareness and acceptance, which can help people understand and cope with uncomfortable emotions, allowing them to gain control and relief. To cultivate these skills, concentrate on breathing to lengthen and deepen your breaths. Foster an awareness of the five senses. Notice your thoughts and feelings, and practice curiosity and self-compassion. Can mindfulness help me break bad habits? Mindfulness can play a role in helping people break habits such as smoking or overeating. When a habit has developed, the trigger (hunger) prompts a behaviour (eating) that leads to a reward (satisfaction). Becoming aware of the behaviour and what is derived from it can help alter the reward and replace it with a healthier behaviour. If you are interested in the practice, there is a Mindfulness Center here in Bali that can help you learn more about it. Just please make sure to pay attention to your mental health and take care of yourself. For your physical health, though, you know where to go, right? Stay safe, stay healthy, and see you in our next article!

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Healthcare is a specialized profession where interested individuals need to get certified before considering applying somewhere. And to get the certification, you first need to complete all educational requirements and then apply for your chosen certification program. Getting a medical authorization is always the perfect option for aspiring students willing to pursue a career in the field of medicine. A certification program is unlike a regular four or five-year degree program. They usually require around six months to a maximum of three years to finish. An individual typically earns certification to guarantee their level of knowledge or skill in a specific field. Acquiring a certificate in certain specialties is also a great way to improve your credentials. If you’re a licensed professional, an additional certificate may allow you to perform certain jobs which could mean an additional income for you. Mastering several skills and specialties has paved the way for many professionals to grow in their field and become experts that others can consult. There are many new medical skills that you can acquire in a short period. You can dive into chiropractic, pharmacy, and behavioral practices and become specialist assistants to licensed experts. You may also try learning the novel birthing technique today, and become a birthing teacher to expectant mothers and have a certificate in hypnobirthing teacher training. When you acquire a medical-related one, it shows that you have the qualifications required to perform tasks for a healthcare job. You can choose from thousands of available medical certification programs. However, all of them will allow you to take your career one step further to promote growth in the field. Today, in this article, we will share with you such options for certifications. They are listed as follows: - EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN An EMT or emergency medical technician is a medical professional who has general medical skills training, which helps them provide patients with emergency medical care. They are often during emergencies such as accidents, fires, or natural disasters. Their duties can also include stabilizing emergency patients or transporting them to other medical facilities to attain further medical treatment. You need to obtain a high school diploma or a GED first. Then follow it up by enrolling in an EMS certification program such as EMT-basic. There is also an availability of various online ems training programs that will provide you with the credentials needed to attain such a certificate. The average salary of an EMT technician is around 34,000 dollars per year. Besides working for a medical facility, EMTs can also work for the fire department, emergency services, or rescue teams. EMTs, as first responders, are considered heroes on the job because they provide immediate care that could save the lives of those in distress. - PATIENT CARE TECHNICIAN The nation health association (NHA) usually provides this medical certification. Medical professionals who obtain this certification can work as a nursing assistant. To become a patient care technician, you have to perform various tasks such as administering medicine, bathing and feeding patients, assisting with physical exams, and much more. You will also assist physicians with lab work and answer medical procedure-based questions asked by patients. To enroll yourself in such a certification program, you need to complete graduation or have a high school diploma. The average pay of a patient care technician is around 32,000 dollars per year. It is the perfect stepping stone for individuals looking to kick start their healthcare careers. Working as patient care technicians is one of the most flexible jobs out there. They can work in a clinical or administrative setting since they have a general knowledge of many procedures. - EKG TECHNICIAN An EKG technician is a healthcare professional who conducts EKG testing on patients. This kind of medical test determines whether patients have irregularities in their heart functions, leading to a heart attack. An EKG technician's responsibilities include providing explanations regarding the EKG test, checking their blood pressure, and assisting cardiologists by providing them with the test results. To apply for such medical certification, you need to have a high-school medical diploma. When studying to obtain this certification, you will take part in patient interaction studies, which will enhance your communications skills. To increase your employment chances as an EKG technician, consider getting a year's experience as a nurse or an EMT. The expected salary for an EKG technician is around 35,000 dollars per year. - NURSING ASSISTANT As the certification's name, it is the nursing assistant's job to assist RNs and MDs with various tasks. These tasks include taking and writing down details about the vital signs of patients, helping with medical procedures, taking care of patients' hygiene, and much more. Healthcare professionals who want to obtain such certification should have 75 training hours and pass an oral and a skill-based exam. To be eligible to apply for this certification, you should have a high-school medical diploma and be at least 18 years of age. After obtaining this certification, you can work at a hospital or a private clinic. The average salary of a nursing assistant is around 30,000 dollars per year. Certified nursing assistants are sought after in the field of home care and have been in demand in many countries especially those with an aging population like the United Kingdom and United States, Germany, and Poland. Highly skilled nursing assistants are also needed not just by the aging population but also those with mobility challenges. CLINICAL MEDICAL ASSISTANT As a clinical medical assistant, your tasks include administering medication to patients, taking down their medical history, checking their vitals, and preparing medical examination rooms. These are the same duties that a patient care technician performs. A high-school medical diploma is necessary to be eligible for this certification and previous healthcare experience. A clinical medical assistant can usually apply their trade in a private or public clinic. Their average salary is around 33,000 dollars per year. A clinical medical assistant may often be seen in the doctor’s clinic attending to patient appointments and ensuring that the doctor’s files are up to date. A doctor’s success for the day heavily relies on the efficiency and organizational skills of a clinical medical assistant, which is why their job is crucial in the health sector. THE FINAL WORDS In the end, the first step you should take is to choose the medical certification that is of interest to you. After doing so, you need to go through all the requirements the medical certification requires to know whether you are eligible for it or not. If you have the eligibility, then enroll yourself into a certification program that you can complete in the given time frame. After you achieve your choice's medical certification, you can immensely increase your employment chances at a medical facility or clinical that pays you well. These certifications will offer you the growth in your medical career that you always wanted. 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Wales is sometimes known as the "castle capital of the world." It is claimed that there are over 600 castles in the little country of Wales - that's most per square mile than anywhere in the world. Most of these have long since crumbled back into the earth and around 100 are still standing today. Of these 100 remaining castles, some are ruins, some are restored buildings. Some are small and forgotten while others are truly grand. The other 500 are today mostly mounds, earthworks, and ditches. Although no castles are as dramatically set as the Hohenwerfen Castle that starred in the movie "Where Eagles Dare." Why Wales Has So Many Castles and The Native Welsh Castles At first glance, that may seem strange that Great Britain would have so many castles as is an island nation that has only been successfully invaded twice in the last thousand years (the Vikings and the Normans). It has not been invaded since 1066 - almost a thousand years ago. Castles In Wales: 600 - Of Which 100 Are Still Standing But the castles in Wales were not meant to protect from invaders outside Britain, they speak of the Norman's and then England's long struggle to subjugate the region as well as Welsh princedom rivalry and the subjugation of their own people. Some of the castles were built by Welsh royal dynasties to protect themselves from the English, each other and to subjugate their subjects. The largest castles were built by the Normans in the years following their invasion in 1066. Some native Welsh stone castles were built in the 13th century. Some of these were small, while others were much more substantial - like Dinefwr and Castell y Bere. Castell y Bere was the largest native Welsh castle and was built by Llywelyn the Great in the 1220s. It was built to exercise authority over his people and to defend the southwest part of the princedom of Gwynedd. It could only do that for so long, however, as in 1282, the castle fell to English forces under the reign of Edward I of England. Native Welsh Castles: Typically Inferior and Weaker to the Norman/English Castles Welsh castles were mostly inferior and weaker to their Norman counterparts although by the 1260s they resembled the Norman designs more closely. But this was at the end of the period of Welsh independence. Welsh castles were often irregular and maximized the defensive benefits of high, mountainous sites. The Norman/English Castles of Wales The most famous castles of Wales are the four castles of King Edward in Gwynedd (which make up a world heritage site today). He built these in North Wales after the final destruction of the last Welsh polities in the 1270s. We will cover these in-depth in another article. The castles are Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy, and Harlech and are considered by UNESCO to be the "finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe". In 1277 King Edward I launched the final invasion of the last of the Welsh stronghold in northern Wales. King Edward I was also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots - the same English king as in the historically awry 1995 movie Braveheart. King Edward I's Nicknames: "Edward Longshanks ('shank' is leg)" and "Hammer of the Scots" Normans/English: The Normans Invaded England In 1066 But Over Time Assimilated into England Intending to occupy Wales permanently he ordered the construction of eight new castles - Aberystwyth and Builth in mid-Wales and Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, Flint, Harlech, and Rhuddlan Castle in North Wales. These are considered today to be of the finest achievements of medieval military architecture in Great Britain. These were constructed at great expense to the English treasury. By the 14th century, castles were combining defenses with landscaped gardens, sophisticated living arrangements, and other luxuries. Remarkable Welsh Castles Today There are far too many castles in Wales to visit, but today some of the most remarkable castles in Wales are: Laugharne Castle: A 12th Century Castle With Victorian Ornamental Gardens Caernarfon Castle: An Edward I 13th Century Castle Built On A Roman Fort Raglan Castle: Known For Its Striking Round Towers and Role In The English Civil War Dinefwr Park and Castle: A Spectacular Castle Where One Can Also Enjoy the Nearby Nature Reserve, Cottages, and 18th Century Landscape Park Caldicot Castle: Home of Re-Enactments And Has a Relaxing Tearoom Conwy Castle: Considered By Some as The Finest Edward I Castle Caerphilly Castle: The Largest Castle In Wales and Second Largest In Britain class="u-grid__item --col-6 --push-md-1 --col-md-6 --push-lg-1 --col-lg-10 --push-xl-2 --col-xl-8"> When in England, pop into Warwick Castle - a living castle with accommodation, scary dungeons, and excellent falconry shows.

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Pittsburgh Science Workshop - Children & Youth - Computers & Technology Location1901 Brighton RdPittsburgh, PA 15212 United States Our mission is to empower young people from underserved communities to grow academically, and expand their confidence, through hands-on science and creative ingenuity. A community science workshop (CSW) is like nowhere else in the world - it is filled with collected rocks and bones, homemade hovercrafts, spinning wobble-bots and live snakes and lungfish. It is a place where neighborhood families can visit for free to explore their own interests and ideas, build projects, learn new skills, and get curious about new science topics. It is a place of community and inspiration. In the workshop, children can learn important science concepts from their own physical, hands-on experiences! The CSW program model has been growing and thriving for 28 years bringing hands-on, curiosity-driven science to underserved and marginalized communities from Fresno CA to upstate NY. We believe that through experiments, tinkering, and building, children can develop a genuine interest in learning and a positive relationship with the world around them. Help us to bring these benefits to Pittsburgh through our community space on the Northside our fantastic mobile science bus!

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The practice of fasting on the 13th of Adar originated in geonic Babylonia. The responsum of R. Natronai is the earliest Babylonian geonic source that refers to the fast by a name, calling it Ta‘anit Purim. Of the four sources in the geonic period from Babylonia and its environs that refer to the fast by a name, most likely none of them calls it Ta‘anit Esther. When the geonic sources express or imply something about the origin of the fast, they consistently state or imply that the fast is a rabbinic obligation dating from the biblical period. The approach most consistent with the geonic sources is that the fast arose as a consequence of an interpretation of M. Megillah 1:1–2 (“second approach”). It has been suggested that the authors of the interpretation were responding to and opposing widespread practices of fasting on Shabbat and Erev Shabbat. This led them to interpret M. Megillah 1:1–2 to imply a prohibition of fasting on Shabbat and Erev Shabbat. The result was a new “tradition” about an ancient fast on the 13th of Adar. There had not been a practice of fasting on the 13th at the time the geonic interpretation of M. Megillah 1:1–2 originated. Mitchell Furst, “The Origin of Ta’anit Esther”, AJS Review 34, No. 2 (November 2010), 344-345.

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Data loss is the major issue in today’s technical world which should be taken care of and prevented. This may occur due to many reasons and most important would be due to the hard drive over heat. The other reasons would be like system malfunction, virus attacks, human error and software or hardware corruption. This might cause any important data to get lost and it would be a great loss. Data recovery involves the procedure of restoring data from corrupted storage when it can be accessed using normal methods. It is also used for retrieving deleted files from a storage media. Data that is lost can be recovered using data recovery methods. You can click here to know about the varieties of recovery software. Why is data recovery required? Due to widespread digitization, there is an increased rate of data generated everywhere. There are computerized data used in business and corporations in their day to day activities. Such companies would rely on data and if this gets lost, this would be a great potential loss for them. Nowadays all the written data are replaced by computer data and so it is essential to keep them safe. This is the reason why data recovery is very important. Data recovery is very important everywhere and it needs to be done with the help of highly experienced professionals and technicians. Essentials for data recovery and recovering lost data There are many data recovery companies have been raising these years. But it is very important in choosing the right company that is genuine and authentic. A good company should have proper infrastructure, skilled staff, and customized tools. In addition to it, the company should have dedicated R&D that offers a wide range of solutions. So if you lose any data, you need not worry as these companies would help you with the data recovery. Mostly the data can be retrieved with a high success rate. When a file is deleted, it will be stored somewhere in the disk and so it can be recovered. Using highly technical methods, even the data that is overwritten can be recovered. Data recovery tools Data recovery tools are available in lot using which you can recover your own files. This would be useful when you have erased any file accidentally. There are so many tools in the computer that is already available to restore the data and few are listed below. - The trash bin is the first thing you can search for the deleted files. It would have all the files using which you can restore them. - You can use the Search function at the bottom that can be used to search the missing files. - There are some professional tools and few software techniques used for getting back the lost data. You can click here to explore about few of them. Data recovery can retrieve any type of data like inaccessible or lost and corrupted data. So if you have faced any data loss which is very important, you can use any of the recovery technique and retrieve them.

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After reading an article posted by a friend that fabric softener was the primary source of indoor air pollution I couldn’t help but ask “what about Radon?” One of her friends asked: “what is Radon?” This article is a short one on Radon. Radon is an odorless, colorless gas that product of radioactive decay. It is created by the radioactive decay of Radium. Radium is a naturally occurring radioactive element. There are about 1.7 grams of Radium in a one-foot depth of a square mile of soil. However, the amount of Radon is not evenly distributed, some places will have more, others less. Here as a map of the US showing that areas have more or less Radon. A curie is the activity of one gram of Radium. A picocurie is one billionth of a curie. You have picocuries of radiation in your body all the time from various natural radioactive substances you eat, drink, and breath. click image to enlarge While many people seem to think that we are exposed to radiation by scary and high profile radiation leaks at nuclear reactors; the reality is that we are exposed to hundreds of times as much from the world around us. Life on Earth evolved with this exposure, so we have ways in our biology to deal with it to a degree. However, when the concentrations get too high our body can’t deal with it, and damage to our chromosomes can lead to cancer. Since Radon is a gas, we breathe it, and it can collect in our lungs. The Radon that collects in our lungs can cause lung cancer. The CDC estimates that there are 15,000 and 22,000 deaths a year from Radon (which is about 1/2 to 2/3s as many as from gunshots). The good news is that only 10% of those are in non-smokers. Fortunately, there are things you can do to be safer. You can test your home for Radon. If you find Radon there are ways of repairing your home, so less gets in. You can stop smoking and reduce you exposure to second-hand smoke and, you can make sure your home is well ventilated. The CDC has a guide to reducing your risk. The National Cancer Institute has a guide that explains Radon and tells how to mitigate its danger. The EPA also has a step-by-step guide to reducing the risk.

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To understand how stem cells benefit native cardiomyocytes is crucial for cell-based therapies to rescue cardiomyocytes (CMCs) damaged during heart infarction and other cardiac diseases. However, the current conclusions on the protective effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were obtained by analyzing the overall amount of protein and factor secretion in a conventional co-culture system. These results neglected the heterogeneity of MSC population and failed to determine the importance of cellular contact to the protective effects. To address these issues, we have constructed two biochips by microfabrication methods and laser-guided cell micropatterning technique. Using the biochips, the protective effect of MSCs on CMCs can be quantitatively analyzed at single-cell level with defined cellular contact. The role of cellular contact on protective effect can be clarified according to our statistical results. - Laser guidance technique - Low nutrients microenvironment - Mesenchymal stem cells - Protective effect - Single-cell biochip ASJC Scopus subject areas - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

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Are My Windows the Cause? Condensation is the result of high humidity levels. It happens when warm, moist air touches a surface that’s colder than the dew point. The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated and produces dew. As the air temperature drops below its dew point, the excess liquid appears on the colder surface. This is how you get moisture on windows. Condensation is not caused by faulty windows. Windows provide a surface for moisture to condense on, warning you there is too much moisture in your home. Several things add moisture to the air in our homes. Breathing and perspiration add 3 pints of water per person into the air every day. Every activity that uses water increases the level of moisture in the air. These activities include cooking, laundry, taking showers, and washing dishes. Damp air in your home may not seem like the most pressing issue in the world. However, it can lead to more severe problems, including mold, rotting wood, and insect infestation. It’s potential threats like these that make controlling the humidity in your home so important. Ventilation is the key to allowing moisture and humidity to escape your home. Houses are now made tighter than ever; with house-wrap, insulation and well-crafted windows from Harvey Windows + Doors, proper steps need to be taken to control humidity. Tips to increase air circulation: - Turn on vents when using gas burners and clothes dryers - Install exhaust fans in the kitchen, bathrooms, and laundry room - Use a dehumidifier - Install a roof ridge vent and soffit for attic ventilation - Install foundation vents Temporary Condensation in New Construction Homes Wood, plaster, cement, and other building materials produce a great deal of moisture. Concrete foundations can take up to a year to completely dry out. Rapid drops in temperature can also create temporary condensation problems during the heating season. Condensation on the Exterior of the Window Like dew on grass or moisture on the outside of your car windows, condensation forming on the exterior of your home’s windows is a natural occurrence on energy-efficient windows. Be patient. The sun rising will evaporate this condensation as it does on your lawn. The Bottom Line Your windows do not cause the condensation. Condensation on the inside of your windows is a sign that your windows are working correctly. Old, drafty windows allow the moisture in your home to escape, along with your heat. When properly installed, Harvey windows do not allow the humidity in your house out. They are intended to keep your conditioned air in, and the outside air out. Which is why you may notice more condensation than with your old windows. To reduce the amount of condensation on your windows, you will need to control the humidity in your home. Other sources of information regarding condensation: The critical thing to realize is that condensation on your windows is a warning sign. With proper ventilation, you can eliminate the problem before it causes any significant damage to your home.

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Mini’s Oxford assembly plant is the third-oldest mass-production car facility in the world, and this month it celebrates its 100-year anniversary. As one might expect, the plant has a storied history and a long tally of cars produced. So far, the plant has manufactured more than 2.25 million Minis, including the original Mini that rolled off the line from 1959 to 1969 (another plant in the UK continued production until 2000). In 2001, the Oxford plant began production of the modern Mini Cooper, a project spearheaded by the brand’s new parent company BMW. For centuries, Oxford has enjoyed international appeal as having one of the world’s best known and highly regarded universities, and draws thousands of visitors from around the globe every year. But many people don’t know that Oxford also has a technical and industrial history: 100 years ago – in 1913 – a young cycling enthusiast, William Morris, made a decision to establish a car plant in the Cowley area of Oxford. The first car to be produced there was a two-seater Morris Oxford in 1913, assembled on a stationary production line which became known as the “Bullnose Morris”. A number of other Morris-branded vehicles would follow, including the Morris Eight and Morris Minor. The plant has also had a hand in producing cars from brands including Austin Healey, Triumph, Rover, Sterling, and MG. And during the 1980s, Oxford even produced Honda Civics (rebadged as Triumph Acclaim) and the Honda Legend. In all, the plant has produced more than 11.6 million cars during its 100 years and there are no signs of it slowing down. Mini’s lineup has rapidly expanded in recent years to include the Cooper Clubman, Countryman, Cooper Coupe, and Paceman, and before long we may see a four-door Cooper.

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Redthroat facts for kids Quick facts for kidsRedthroat |Redthroat at top.| The redthroat (Pyrrholaemus brunneus) is a small, mostly ground-dwelling species of bird in the family Acanthizidae. It is endemic to Australia, occurring mostly in arid and semi-arid areas containing acacia and chenopod shrublands. The species has a distinctive red throat patch and is able to mimic the calls of numerous other bird species. The first formal description of the redthroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould in 1841 under the present binomial name Pyrrholaemus brunneus. The name of the genus Pyrrholaemus is from classical Greek pyrrhos meaning 'flame-coloured' or 'red' and laimos for 'throat'. The specific epithet brunneus is modern Latin for 'brown'. The redthroat is a small passerine bird within the family Acanthizidae, also known as the Australasian warblers. The Acanthizidae were once regarded as a subfamily within the family Pardalotidae; although current revisions place the Acanthizidae in their own family, sister to the Pardalotidae. The species most closely related to the redthroat are the speckled warbler (Chthonicola sagittata), which was previously classified in the same genus as the redthroat (Pyrrholaemus), and the pilotbird (Pycnoptilus floccosus). Recent phylogenetic studies have found that this clade of species (Pyrrholaemus-Chthonicola-Pyncnoptilus) is sister to the heathwrens and fieldwrens (Hylacola-Calamanthus). A small 11–12 cm (4.3–4.7 in) shy greyish-brown bird, the redthroat is most often seen swiftly darting through low branches and shrubs or hopping mouse-like on the ground. Only adult males have the distinctive small, rusty-brown throat patch, which gives the species its common name and the absence of which makes the identification of females and juveniles more difficult. The upper part of the head, body, wings, and tail are a dark brownish-grey, particularly dark on the rump and tail. While the underbody is predominantly whitish-grey, with a more whitish belly and pale buff colour blending into the flanks and undertail-coverts. The tail has prominent white patches on the tips of the outer feathers, which can be seen during flight and with the tail folded. Fine off-white scalloping is visible on the forehead, with off-white eye rings and lores merging into the lighter underparts of the body. It may be confused with some thornbill species, which are more compact with a shorter tail than the redthroat. It is unlikely to be mistaken for fieldwrens or heathwrens, which have a more strongly upturned tail at rest. The melodious call, similar to that of a canary, has sustained warbling and loud cheery notes. In addition to its own calls, the redthroat is able to mimic the calls of numerous other birds, including the pied butcherbird, rufous fieldwren, grey fantail, fairywrens, and thornbills. The redthroat has even been known to mimic the non-vocal sound of whistling wingbeats made by a crested pigeon in flight. Although both sexes call throughout the year, during the breeding season male calls are more sustained. The species is vocal when foraging and will also sing while perched atop shrubs and taller trees. The redthroat is endemic to mainland Australia, occurring in all states and territories, except the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. The species is most prevalent in Western Australia and South Australia. It has a widespread but scattered distribution throughout most of South Australia. In Western Australia, the species is not present in the far north or the south-east, but is prevalent throughout the mid-latitudes of the state. In the Northern Territory, the species is restricted to the south of the state, around the Simpson Desert and the MacDonnell Ranges. In Queensland, the species is restricted to inland south-western regions. In Victoria, the species is restricted to the mallee regions in the northwest of the state. In New South Wales, the species is only known to occur in the far west, in several core populations, including Broken Hill, Tibooburra, Penarie and Nearie Lake Nature Reserve. The species is thought to be mostly sedentary, with no evidence to suggest seasonal migration. Individuals recaptured after banding have all been found within 10 kilometres (6.21 mi) of the banding site. The habitat of the redthroat consists primarily of arid and semi-arid regions of inland Australia, but it also occupies some coastal areas, as well as plains and rangelands. Communities it favours are most often acacia and chenopod shrublands. These communities are usually characterised by an overstory of mulga (Acacia aneura), red mulga (A. cyperophylla), or lacewood (A. shirleyi) with an understory of saltbush (Atriplex spp.), bluebush (Chenopodium spp.) or emu bush (Eremophila spp.). However, in some areas the species is known to occur in mallee with a diverse understory, semi-arid woodlands, Banksia and tea tree thickets and shrublands with an overstory of white cypress. The consistent feature among these habitats appears to be the presence of a complex understory, which provides suitable foraging and nesting resources for this shy, mostly ground-dwelling species. Diet and foraging behaviour Redthroats are omnivores with a diet consisting of seeds from grasses and shrubs as well as a broad variety of invertebrates, such as spiders, insects, and gastropods. Observations of redthroat foraging behaviour found that the species predominantly forages at heights of less than 1m (73% of observations) and was not observed foraging at heights greater than 3m. This study found that redthroats feed mostly by pouncing on prey from the ground or gleaning in low vegetation, with very few instances of hunting on the wing. Another study of foraging behaviour found that all observations of foraging occurred on the ground (<0.1 m), using a combination of gleaning and probing. Breeding and nesting Breeding mostly occurs between June–December with some geographic variation in timing. Little is known about sexual behaviour, although the species appears to breed in pairs. Nests are relatively large for a bird of its size 9–14 centimetres (3.54–5.51 in), often domed, spherical or domed with a round entrance near the top 2.5–4 centimetres (0.98–1.57 in). They are usually constructed of bark strips and bark fibre, often lined with feathers, fur or soft plant material. Nests are located on or close to the ground among shrubs, grass tussocks, at the base of trees, in fallen logs or in small depressions. Two to four eggs are laid and the female is solely responsible for incubating the eggs. The redthroat and the closely related speckled warbler are the only members of the acanthizids that have a solid coloured chocolate-brown egg. Furthermore, the redthroat (and the speckled warbler) are the primary host species of some brood parasites, such as the black-eared cuckoo (Chrysococcyx osculans)and fan-tailed cuckoo (Cacomantis flabelliformis), which remove redthroat eggs from the nest and lay their own similar looking eggs. Populations of redthroats have declined in many areas throughout Australia and the species is subject to many threatening processes. This has warranted its conservation listing in New South Wales and Victoria as follows: - The redthroat is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988). Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has not yet been prepared. - On the 2013 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, the redthroat is listed as endangered. - The redthroat is listed at vulnerable under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995) In New South Wales, several threatening processes affecting redthroat populations have been formally identified, including the following: - Clearing of suitable vegetation communities can cause range contractions and isolate populations. - Overgrazing by feral herbivores, particularly goats, can cause habitat degradation and prevent habitat regeneration for the species. - The infestation of suitable habitat by the noxious environmental weed Mesquite also impacts habitat values and foraging resources. - Given that redthroats are predominantly ground-dwelling and nesting birds, they are also highly susceptible to predation by exotic predators, such as foxes and cats. Although the species is not yet federally listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the threatening processes listed above are present throughout most of the species distribution. The ongoing impacts of land clearing, noxious weeds, introduced herbivores, and introduced predators are likely to cause further declines throughout the species range, which may warrant further environmental protection measures. - Del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN: 978-84-96553-42-2 Redthroat Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.

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MSA SC 3520-7 Peter Adams was an officer in the Maryland Line during the Revolutionary War. Named a captain in early 1776, he stayed in the army until the very end of the war, rising to lieutenant colonel. Along the way, he saw combat at some of the war's fiercest battle, including Brooklyn, Brandywine, Germantown, and Camden. Adams lived in Caroline County, Maryland, and was an advocate of American independence during the early part of the American Revolution. In the summer of 1775, he was elected to the Convention of Maryland. The Convention was the state's self-declared legislative body, which began meeting after Robert Eden, the colonial governor, dissolved the old assembly in an effort to stop the independence movement. Adams was a member of the Convention for only one session, which met for two weeks in July and August 1775. However, during Adams's term, the Convention signed the Association of Freemen, a precursor to the Declaration of Independence. While the signers held out hope for reconciliation with England, they recognized, just a few months after the battles of Lexington and Concord, "that it is necessary and justifiable to repel force by force, [and] do approve of the opposition by Arms to the British troops." A few months later, in January 1776, Adams was named one of the captains of the First Maryland Regiment, the state's first full-time, professional soldiers, raised to meet the state's quota of soldiers for the Continental Army. As a captain, in command of the Sixth Company, Adams was expected to recruit about 70 men, as well as put up his own money to help outfit them (although he could expect to be reimbursed). Adams filled his company with men from the Eastern Shore, a region where many people did not support the war against Britain. Nevertheless, Adams recruited his men, and in early spring 1776, they traveled to Annapolis, to meet with five of the regiment's nine companies (the rest were stationed in Baltimore). The spring and summer of 1776 were spent training the new soldiers, virtually none of whom had ever served in the army before. However, in April Adams was dispatched to Chestertown, across the Chesapeake Bay from Annapolis, to arrest a British agent named Alexander Ross. Ross was carrying papers from British Secretary of State Lord Germain and Lord Dunmore, colonial Governor of Virginia, both of whom were aggressively moving to suppress the American Revolution. Adams was one of the officers who detained Ross, and brought him first to Annapolis, then to Congress at Philadelphia. In July, the First Maryland Regiment was ordered to march north to New York, to protect the city from invasion by the British. On August 27, 1776, the Americans faced the British Army at the Battle of Brooklyn (sometimes called the Battle of Long Island), the first major engagement of the war. The battle was a rout: the British were able to sneak around the American lines, and the outflanked Americans fled in disarray. As the Maryland troops fought their way towards the American fortifications, they were forced to stop at the swampy Gowanus Creek. Half the regiment was able to cross the creek and escape the battle. However, the rest, including Adams's company, were unable to do so before they were again attacked by a group of British soldiers. Facing down a much larger, better-trained force, these Marylanders, today called the "Maryland 400," mounted a series of daring charges. They held the British at bay for some time before being overrun, at the cost of many lives, losing 256 men killed or captured. Their stand bought valuable time for the rest of the American army to escape to safety. The Sixth Company lost 80 percent of its men, either killed or captured. It had so few remaining soldiers that the sixteen survivors were consolidated into another company. Adams himself was not on the field during the battle. Instead, he was too sick, one of the many Americans who fell ill in the weeks before the battle, largely because of poor camp sanitation. In fact, the company's first lieutenant, Nathaniel Ewing, was also sick, and the men were lead in combat by the second lieutenant, who was taken prisoner. Adams was ill for much of the fall, through most of September and October. Nevertheless, the Marylanders fought on through the rest of 1776. They continued to demonstrate their skill and bravery at battles like Harlem Heights in September and White Plains in October, but the Americans were nevertheless pushed out of New York, and by November were put on the run through New Jersey. Not until late that winter did the Continental Army secure revitalizing victories at Trenton and Princeton. At the end of 1776, Maryland increased its contribution to the Continental Army from one regiment to eight, and Adams was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the newly-created Seventh Maryland Regiment. During the years that followed, the Maryland troops continued to prove their worth, performing their duties well. Still, the Continental Army endured several years of defeat. In 1777, the Maryland troops took heavy casualties at the disastrous raid on Staten Island. During 1777-1778, the British and American troops vied for control over the American capital at Philadelphia. As part of the campaign, the American troops suffered two losses at Brandywine (September 1777) and Germantown (October 1777), and a limited victory at Monmouth (June 1778). In August of 1779, Adams was named lieutenant colonel commandant of the First Maryland Regiment, a promotion he had been seeking for years. There was little combat in 1779, and in an effort to break the stalemate, the British shifted their focus to the southern colonies. In April 1780, the Marylanders were part of the American army that marched from Pennsylvania to South Carolina to counter the British. On August 16, 1780, at the first battle of the campaign, the Americans suffered a terrible defeat at the Battle of Camden, which ended in a chaotic American retreat. The Marylanders took particularly heavy casualties, losing some 600 men--about one-third of their troops. The battle nearly destroyed the army, and the Maryland Line had only enough men to form a single regiment. After it was consolidated, a number of officers were left without a command, including Adams. He was placed in charge a new Third Maryland Regiment, and was sent back to Maryland to help rebuild the army. Adams arrived in Annapolis in September or October 1780, and set to work raising troops, but the task proved difficult. Six years of war had taken their toll on Maryland's people. Many of those who were willing and able to join the army already had served, some of them for extended enlistments. The economy was in tatters, and victory was no closer than it even had been--indeed, after the near-total destruction of two American armies in South Carolina in two years, success against the British seemed remote. As a result, recruiting was so slow that when the American army began campaigning in the south again in the beginning of 1781, Adams was still working to outfit his regiment. Finally, on August 28, 1781, Adams and his fully-manned and outfitted regiment departed Annapolis. One observer wrote that this regiment as been raised within these few months, but from the unwearied vigilance of the officers, has all the appearance of a veteran corps; it consists of upwards of 409 men, enlisted for three years...and are well equipped for the field...The ardor that spread through their ranks, on the prospect of taking the field, and their military appearance, inspired every beholder with a pleasing confidence that they would render essential services, and be an honour to their country. Because they left so late into the summer, Adams and the men of the Third Maryland did not participate in any of the fierce battles in 1781, at Guilford Courthouse, Hobkirk's Hill, Ninety-Six, or Eutaw Springs, places where the Maryland Line distinguished itself. Instead, as it headed south, the Third stopped at Yorktown, Virginia around the end of September, and joined the Continental Army's siege of the British. Although they saw little fighting there, they were present when Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, 1781. Adams's men spent most of 1782 in South Carolina with the rest of the Marylanders, holding the remaining British troops at Charleston at bay. Around the end of the year, they returned to Maryland. Adams left the army in April 1783, more than seven years after he joined. Living as a civilian again for the first time in many years, Adams worked as a merchant, selling fabric, furniture, books, and other goods. Although he was clearly a person of means and statue in his community, very little is known about Adams's personal background. He had at least one brother, William Adams, Jr. When Peter Adams died during the summer of 1785, possibly after a lengthy illness, he left all of his property to his brother. He likely never married or had any children. Although his age at the time of his death is not known, it is probable that a large portion of Adams's adult life was spent in the army. However, while the basic details of his military career are easily understood, it is harder to determine anything about his character or aptitude as a soldier. For the most part, Adams's reputation has been defined by a remark made by his commander William Smallwood in 1781. Smallwood complained that Adams would not follow orders, and was "more commonly activated by caprice and invincible obstinacy, than that propriety of conduct which should ever mark and distinguish [an] officer." Adams certainly had a tendency to complain and to feud with his fellow officers. In 1782, for example, he was court-martialed over an incident that arose from a dispute with John Steward, commander of the First Maryland Regiment, who had served alongside Adams since 1776. However true Smallwood's condemnation may have been, Smallwood's own pettiness was legendary. Other officers remarked on his "low ambition--to be the idol of sycophants," and "the meanness of his resentments." Likewise, a disagreement with Steward, a notoriously hot-blooded officer, is hardly a damning fact about Adams. Over the years, particularly at the start of the war, the Maryland Line had its share of poor officers, as is to be expected. Indeed, in 1776, only a handful of men in Maryland had any military experience. By the time the Southern Campaign began, however, few of these men remained in the ranks. It would have been easy for the state to remove him from his position when it reorganized its troops. That Adams was given another command in the fall of 1780 is a testament to his skill as an officer. Owen Lourie, 2019 1. Edward C. Papenfuse, et al., eds, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789. Vol I. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 98-99; Proceedings of the Conventions of the Province of Maryland, 1774-1776, Archives of Maryland Online, vol. 78, p. 17. 2. Reiman Steuart, The Maryland Line (The Society of the Cincinnati, 1971), 49; Archives of Maryland Online, vol. 78, pps. 67, 91; Pension of John McFadden. National Archives, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land-Warrant Application Files, S 5755, from Fold3.com; Peter Adams, account of expenses, 14 February 1776, Maryland State Papers, Revolutionary Papers, box 4, no. 14-1, MdHR 19970-4-14/1 [MSA S997-4-75, 1/7/3/10], which likely documents the company's lodging and ferry expenses on their trip to Annapolis. 3. Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775 to July 6, 1776, Archives of Maryland Online, vol. 11, pps. vii, 352-353, 392. 4. Mark Andrew Tacyn “’To the End:’ The First Maryland Regiment and the American Revolution” (PhD diss., University of Maryland College Park, 1999), 48-73. For more on the experience of the Marylanders at the Battle of Brooklyn, see "In Their Own Words," on the Maryland State Archives research blog, Finding the Maryland 400. 5. “Extract of a letter from New-York: Account of the Battle on Long-Island,” 1 September 1776, American Archives, 5th series, vol. 1, p. 1232; David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 86-88. Adams illness is recorded in Return of the Maryland troops, 13 September 1776, Revolutionary War Rolls, NARA M246, folder 35, p. 85, from Fold3.com; Return of the Maryland troops, 27 September 1776, Revolutionary War Rolls, NARA M246, folder 35, p. 93-94, from Fold3.com; Return of the Maryland troops, 11 October 1776, Revolutionary War Rolls, NARA M246, folder 35, p. 92, from Fold3.com; Return of the Six Independent Companies and First Regiment of Maryland Regulars, 1 December 1776, American Archives, 5th series, vol. 3, p. 1081-1082. Because of some identification problems with the regiment's officers, it is not entirely certain who the Sixth Company's second lieutenant was at the time of the battle. 6. Return of the Maryland troops, 13 September 1776; McFadden pension; Steuart, 49; Muster Rolls and Other Records of Service of Maryland Troops in the American Revolution, Archives of Maryland Online, vol. 18, p. 78; Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army During the Revolutionary War, NARA M881, from Fold3.com. Adams was briefly major of the Seventh Maryland, before being made lieutenant colonel. 7. The promotion happened in December, but was back-dated to August. Steuart, 49; Compiled Service Record; Pension of Peter Adams. National Archives, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land-Warrant Application Files, BLWt 372-450, from Fold3.com; Archives of Maryland Online, vol. 18, p. 78; George Washington to Thomas Johnson, 6 November 1777, Founders Online, National Archives. 8. Tacyn, 216-225; Richard J. Batt, "The Maryland Continentals 1780–1781," (Ph.D. diss, Tulane University, 1974), 50-51. 9. Batt, 201-203; Return of troops in garrison at Annapolis, May 1781, Maryland State Papers, Revolutionary Papers, box 7, no. 52, MdHR 19970-7-52 [MSA S997-7-53, 1/16/1/36]. 10. "Annapolis, August 30," Maryland Gazette (Annapolis), 30 August 1781. 11. Batt, 201-203; Charles H. Lesser, Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 208, 210; 12. Papenfuse, et al., 98-99; Will of Peter Adams, 1785, Caroline County Register of Wills, Wills, liber JR B, p. 29 [MSA C577-4, 1/3/1/11]; Inventory of Peter Adams, 1785, Caroline County Register of Wills, Inventories, liber JR A, p. 181 [MSA C516-2, 1/3/1/17]. 13. William Smallwood to Gov. Thomas Sim Lee, 12 September 1781, Maryland State Papers, Brown Books 2:17, MdHR 4609-17 [MSA S991-2, 1/6/5/3]; Board of War to Gov. Thomas Sim Lee, 27 December 1779, Maryland State Papers, Red Books 24:5, MdHR 4592-5 [MSA S989-36,1/6/4/24]; Nathaniel Greene to Otho Holland Williams, 6 June 1782, Williams Papers, Maryland Historical Society, MS 908; Dennis M. Conrad and Roger N. Parks, eds., The Papers of General Nathaniel Greene, vol. 11, 7 April-30 September 1782 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 197. 14. Otho Holland Williams to Dr. Philip Thomas, 24 March 1789, Williams Papers, MHS. Return to Peter Adams's Introductory Page

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An estimated 22 million people suffer from sleep apnea in the U.S. alone. If you think you might belong to this segment of the population, you should learn as much as you can about the disorder, from common causes and symptoms to effective sleep apnea treatment options. Take a look at the following questions and answers. What Happens in Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea involves a disruption of normal breathing patterns during sleep. Most people with this condition suffer from obstructive sleep apnea, in which the throat muscles get so relaxed that the airway closes in on itself. In obstructive sleep apnea, the sleeping brain fails to regulate breathing actions correctly. Why Do People Struggle With Sleep Apnea? Any factor that encourages or allows an airway blockage can produce sleep apnea. Examples include obesity, alcohol or sedative medications, chronic nasal congestion, sleeping on your back, and smoking. A family history of sleep apnea or a hormonal condition that causes throat swelling may also risk your risk. When Should You Suspect Sleep Apnea? You might not know about your sleep apnea until someone accuses you of snoring, a common symptom of the disorder. Other trouble signs can include morning headaches, a dry mouth when you first wake up, daytime drowsiness, irritability, and waking up suddenly while gasping for air. Why Should You Get Sleep Apnea Treated? Sleep apnea can do more than simply deprive you of a decent night's sleep. The frequent interruptions in breathing rob the body of much-needed oxygen. Over time, this oxygen deprivation can raise your risk for cardiovascular problems such as high blood pressure, stroke, and heart failure. Researchers have noted that sleep apnea often occurs alongside certain mental and emotional issues such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, and bipolar disorder. If you suffer from one of these conditions, treatment for sleep apnea may help you in your efforts to control that problem as well. How Can Treatment Help You Manage Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea treatment often involves devices that help you breathe more normally and get more oxygen during sleep. For instance, a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine feeds you air through a face mask at controlled pressure levels. This continuous supply of air helps to keep the airway open. Other smart strategies can also help you manage your sleep apnea. You may need to lose excess weight, give up smoking and alcohol use, ask your doctor about changes in your medication routine, or look into surgery that can remove nasal or throat obstructions. Schedule a consultation with a sleep apnea treatment center today.

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Progress in Machine Translation - Pt. 1 Before NMT Systems As can be seen from the post (link word embedding blog), it is possible to represent words in a mathematical vector form which represents their semantic meaning. Machine Translation is however, a task which expands way beyond the understanding of words. The model needs to learn not only the laws and syntax of multiple languages, but also how to convert from one to another. As expected, this task is highly demanding from a computational perspective. Owing to this, Translation systems were mostly phrase-based. This means that translation was based on small units called ‘phrases’ only. The Model would translate a phrase from one language to another, given similar samples based on simple probabilistic rules. As you would expect though, these systems though reliant for basic translation, were not syntactically very accurate. Multiple reasons can be pointed out. - Phrase Reordering would be required: When translating from one phrase to another, one also needs to worry about the position of the phrase in the sentence. Some languages have a different way of placing words than others. This was accounted for by building a second language model to reorder the phrases. However, that only adds to the computation. - Loss of Context: Since the model is only looking at one phrase to translate and not it’s adjoining phrases, there is a huge loss of context. Lots of words have multiple meaning depending on the context. From our example in the (Word Embeddings post). ‘Please bear with me’ has a different meaning for ‘bear’, whereas ‘I see a big brown bear’ has a seperate meaning for ‘bear’. - Morphological Errors: Our model is only translating phrases, hence it has no idea about the tense or any part of the structure of the source text. Hence, it would be impossible to correctly place morphological forms of words in the translation. To correct these cons for phrase-based systems, came the NMT or Neural Machine Translation Systems. These systems centre around RNNs or Recurrent Neural Networks. The RNN Endoder-Decoder Architecture has been central to the development of not only Translation but a significant amount of Language and Sequence Modelling tasks over the years. Understanding the RNN Encoder-Decoder Any Endoder-Decoder Architecture centres around the idea that an intermediate representation can be learnt using the Encoder, which is sufficient to encode every bit of information presented to us, and the Decoder is capable of decoding this representation back to some meaningful form. An RNN based Encoder-Decoder works on similar lines. One RNN encodes a sequence of symbols into a fixed lenght vector representation, and another RNN decoded representations into another sequence of symbols. Esentially, the encoder and decoder together are trying to jointly minimize the conditional probability of a target sequence, given a source sequence.

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In this chapter, we begin to pull apart the fundamental elements of music itself, such as rhythm, melody, harmony, texture and dynamics. Through our interactive curriculum and remote study sessions, we’ll introduce you to music theory from a producer’s perspective. Understanding a few of these rules can go a long way in learning how to break them in new, exciting ways! At the Recording Connection, you’ll exercise these concepts while producing a project of your own, in your home studio. Step into a commercial studio with you mentor, and see how these tricks apply to recording sessions with other musicians or vocalists, and how to communicate with them effectively.

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Copyright protection of your work is a very important part of protecting your valuable intellectual property. However, many creators neglect to take care on the opposite side of things – how to find out if something is copyrighted. Well, let’s learn how! What is copyright? Copyright is one of four main types of intellectual property that are protected by US law. Copyright law protects original works of authorship, which can be any number of types of creative works, including: - Computer software code - Sculptures and 3d models - Dance choreography - Sound recordings - Musical compositions, etc. The important thing with copyright is that it’s more than just an idea – it has to be “fixed in a tangible medium of expression.” This sounds more complicated than it is. You basically just have to transfer the thing to be protected from your mind to something more tangible. For example, if you have a poem inside your head, it doesn’t yet have copyright protection. As soon as you write it down or type it on your computer and hit “save,” it is now fixed. This “fixation” is the moment at which copyright protection begins. While you don’t have to do anything else in order to have copyright rights, there isn’t much you can do with those rights if you don’t file a federal copyright registration. This is done through the US Copyright Office. When you want to register your copyright in the US, you need to hit up www.copyright.gov. From there, click on the link to “register copyrights” and you’ll be taken to a page with a link to the eCO system – this is where you do the registration. It’s here where I will advise you to contact a copyright lawyer to take over. This is because there is a lot of information you need to input, and making a mistake could make the application worthless. For instance, do you know if your work was published or unpublished? It’s not as easy as you think – the Copyright Office’s definition of published isn’t the same as the common definition. Also, even deciding on the type of work to be registered can be difficult, depending on the circumstances. How to find out if something is copyrighted? Searching copyright records And now, the moment you’ve been waiting for. How do you check if something is copyrighted? We found out earlier that every original creative work is “copyrighted” as soon as it’s written down or saved in some tangible form. If you want to check registrations, though, you need to use the search engine on copyright.gov. It’s not as easy as you’d think, though. When you search for a title, you’re relying on them having registered it under the title you know it as. For a TV Show or book, that’s not usually a problem. But for photographs, dances, and other things, it may be hard to find. You can also search by the company name, but that’s not always as simple as it sounds, either. The copyright owner may have changed over the years, either by changing their name or assigning the copyright. This is fairly common. Plus, there are a TON of copyright records. Many search terms you enter will return a huge amount of results. Sifting through them can be a nightmare. What about the public domain? Another thing to think about when checking if something is copyrighted is whether or not it has fallen into the public domain. As a general rule, anything that was created before 1923 is automatically in the public domain and freely usable. Other dates have different rules, which are a little more complicated than I can cover in this post. I’ll direct you to this awesome chart from Cornell – that should explain it all! I hope you’ve learned a lot about copyright in this post, particularly how to find out if something is copyrighted. For assistance with registering, searching, or licensing your copyright, contact a copyright attorney for a free consultation.

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6 juni – Sveriges nationaldag (Swedish national day) The 6th of June is the Swedish national day. But – do you know what we are actually celebrating? Some Swedes don’t even know, so read on and you’ll have a chance to shine in front of your Swedish friends/colleagues/family! There are mainly two significant events that has led to Sweden celebrating their nationaldag on the 6th of June. Gustav Vasa inspired the Swedish national day in 1523 Christian was allegedly a nasty piece of work, and organised a reconciliation party with the Swedish aristocracy. How nice of him. However, the not-so-nice Christian instead killed between 80-90 people – including Gustav Vasa’s father, and this event became known as Stockholms blodbad (Stockholm Bloodbath). Gustav escaped through Dalarna and tried to drum up support for a rebellion against the Danish king in the town of Mora, Dalarna. Initially, the men in Mora turned him down, and Gustav continued skiing towards the Norway border to seek refuge. But the men in Mora changed their minds, and caught up with Gustav in the village of Sälen. Eventually, in 1523, Gustav Vasa was crowned the king of Sweden, after having successfully fought in the Swedish war of Liberation and dissolved the Kalmar Union with the Danes. The Instrument of Government in 1908 1809 – Sweden introduces a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates. This was one of the fundamental laws that made up the constitution of Sweden from then and until 1974. It came about after the Coup of 1809, when the disastrous outcome in the Finnish War led Swedish nobles and parts of the Army to revolt, forcing King Gustav IV Adolf to involuntarily abdicate and go into exile. However, it was not until 2005 when the nationaldag became a public holiday, so we are still a little bit unsure of how to celebrate it (although the Royal family will take part in several events in Stockholm). It is also the day when many regions/councils welcome those who have become Swedish citizens during the previous year to a medborgarskapsceremoni (citizenship ceremony), as seen here in this video: And here’s of course the national anthem so you can sing along!

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Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have developed a thin film, highly conductive solid-state electrolyte made of a polymer and ceramic-based composite for lithium metal batteries. The electrolyte’s novel design is a three-dimensional interconnected structure that can provide mechanical robustness and high lithium ionic conductivity at room temperature. The key to improving density in solid-state batteries is in developing a powerful, thin, solid electrolyte that is also scalable. To achieve this, the team combined the advantages of solid polymer electrolytes (flexible and low cost but with low conductivity) with ceramic electrolytes (better conductivity but are too brittle to process) to form a thin composite film. ORNL’s Xi Chen said: “The film was formed by partially sintering a three-dimensionally interconnected ceramic structure and the polymer filled the pores to make a robust membrane.” The team initially formed a doped-lithium aluminum titanium phosphate ceramic thin film with thickness of ~25μm by aqueous spray coating. The film was then partially sintered to form a three-dimensionally interconnected structure with a dense backbone. It was then backfilled with a crosslinkable poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer electrolyte. The scientists reported the composite had a ceramic loading of 77wt% (61 vol%) and an ionic conductivity of 3.5 × 10 -5 S/cm at 20°C with an activation energy of 0.43 eV. The team said the main ion transport pathway was through the ceramic network, predicted by modelling and verified by experiments. Because of the interconnected structure of the ceramic, the composite electrolyte exhibited much improved mechanical strength. Image: A thin film solid-state electrolyte with a three-dimensionally interconnected structure was fabricated by ORNL researchers. The structure increased conductivity through the ceramic base. Credit: Xi Chen/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy

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“Part of teaching is helping students learn how to tolerate ambiguity, consider possibilities, and ask questions that are unanswerable.” -Sara Lawrence Lightfoot We see through our beliefs. Those beliefs are built by experiences. Those experiences are mostly benign and/or a part of the culture that we were born into. Grew up in. I recently celebrated a birthday. As a part of the celebration, my wife and I went to a spectacular brunch that was more expensive for us than usual. Both of us come from modest means, so these times are a treat for us. As I looked around the restaurant, I was struck by seeing infants and toddlers. Everywhere. At almost every table there sat a family, engaging lovingly with children. “Look at those babies and children, coming to a breakfast at 6 months old that I have just come to in my mid-thirties,” I said to my wife. “This is the culture that they will grow up in and see as normal.” These children will grow up in an environment where this level of quality and service will be as normal to them as my weekly (sometimes more often) trips to Chick-Fil-A. So, what they will come to understand as normal will be very far removed from what most children see as a normal breakfast. Besides promising to take our children there soon, I started to think about how this idea is repeated elsewhere. In housing. In community programs. In malls. In entertainment and recreation opportunities. And especially in classrooms. Based on the most recent NAEP reports, which show the stable and significant achievement gap remaining strong (once again), I wonder if the culture of instruction black and brown students ‘grow up in’ is significantly different than their peers. Different according to socioeconomic class. Different according to gender. Different according to skin color. Or all three. Dr. Sandra Santelises, CEO of Baltimore City Schools, has referred to it as the ‘red-lining of instruction’. This is a type of instruction that may be well intentioned, but is executed from the seat of our beliefs (and our expertise) and puts a ceiling as to what black and brown students should be able to do in a classroom. Or a class period. This type of instruction can usually be heard in statements like “they will need a lot of prep for this,” or “they don’t read, they don’t do homework and they just can’t understand the concepts,” or the most common “at least they completed.... (insert a low level product).” I have witnessed this instruction and throughout my career, implemented and presided over this type of instruction more often than I am proud of. That is why this matter is so urgent - it is easy to put this ceiling on some of our most instructionally-dependent students. Let me explain. First, you come in wide-eyed and enthusiastic about what all students can do. Then, if you teach black and brown students, your expectations become color-coded at the first sign of academic deficit or distress. Next, you level down your instruction in an attempt to level up your students - because ‘this is the support they need.’ When these same black and brown students do not show success with this type of instruction (or even when they do), it confirms your pre-existing bias as to the capacity of certain students. The lesson plans that were packed, imaginative and creative in August are suddenly simple and filled with long teacher-directed activities. By the winter break, you and your students become used to the artificial ceiling that has been set. And you both proceed in this unstated agreement for the next six months. Then comes graduation. Notice that there is no malice, no hate and no evil intention on the part of the teacher. In fact, this is seen mostly as an act of love and support. And this is how scores, achievements and communities where black and brown students are concerned almost never improve. By the way, this type of instruction is not limited to students at the low-end scale, but also our high-achieving black and brown princes and princesses. And after a while; this is just what the students grow up in and get used to. The only way they fully realize that instruction can and should be different is when an incredible teacher teaches them or when they visit another school with a culture of engagement and academic excellence. And so, our classes become classes of students as it relates to academics. One part of our class contains struggling students; another part is labeled ‘troublemakers’ and the last collection of students is classified as exceptional. Different classes of students within a class, but all getting used to the same type of low-ceiling instruction. In such a class, all of the work is geared toward helping students achieve up to a certain point. And any other success comes either by accident or by the dogged determination of our students. I believe we can and must do better. Teachers have the power to change the instructional culture of the classroom so that students get used to a quality learning experience that they do not have to pay for, benefit from and recommend to other people. For better or worse, students (and children sitting at an awesome Saturday morning brunch) can get used to anything. Let’s get to work. Classroom Instruction Principle Use the grade-level standard of work as the starting point for a learning experience that is scaffolded, dynamic and limitless. Three Actions to Implement by Your Next Lesson 1. Get the process right and practice it relentlessly. Study and master the grade level standards of your curriculum. Create exemplars with texts/content you are familiar with based on the standards. Debrief from these products with other colleagues and experts so that you can determine what the supporting processes and skills are that help students move towards producing the grade-level work. Pull out these processes and make anchor charts out of them. Then, have students practice these processes when they are learning how to master a standard. Do it every single time until the process(es) becomes rote. 2. Establish mastery AND enrichment goals for each class. Set a mastery goal (the standard to be mastered by the end of the learning experience) and a stretch goal (the above grade level standard, or combination of standards expectations expected to be mastered by gifted students) for each lesson. You can set alternative learning experiences in the independent practice portion of the learning experience so that you aren’t tracking students when it comes to direct instruction, but rather giving them different pathways to engage in independently to demonstrate understanding. 3. Build in time for extra practice. It is nearly impossible to break the ceiling of academic potential for students who may have been underserved for years in only a 90-minute class period. So, make time for extra practice for students who need it. This time is most likely best spent in developing their capacity to revise their earlier work to match grade-level expectations or move them into the enrichment degree of difficulty outlined in the prior step. Two Resources for Further Study Going Deep: Empowering Students to Take Risks, Make Mistakes and Master Difficult Material by the 2013 Fishman Prize Winners: https://tntp.org/assets/documents/TNTP_FishmanPrizeSeries_2013.pdf Literacy Assignment Analysis Guide by The Education Trust: https://1k9gl1yevnfp2lpq1dhrqe17-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LiteracyAssignmentAnalysisGuide_Final_082216.pdf One Inspirational Quote/Video Dr. Santelises speech at the Winter 2018 Standards Institute by Unbound Ed entitled ‘Leadership and Equity’ - https://youtu.be/dcGfFNoy5tI “For they are all our children; we will either profit by or pay for what they become.” -James Baldwin The opinions expressed in Everyday Equity in the Classroom are strictly those of the author(s) and do not reflect the opinions or endorsement of Editorial Projects in Education, or any of its publications.

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Why do you need minerals? Minerals are essential to human health because they support thousands of processes and functions in the human body. In fact, your body uses them for many different important tasks, such as keeping your bones, heart, and brain healthy. They also play an important role in hormone health, help maintain a healthy immune system, and more. The most important minerals to include are selenium, magnesium, boron, iron, calcium, zinc and chromium.

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Repeater basics | Repeater types in WiFi, LTE, Satellite, Optical, Microwave This page describes repeater basics and repeater types. It explains functions of WiFi repeater, Microwave repeater, Satellite repeater, LTE repeater and Optical repeater. It mentions difference between repeater and amplifier. It mentions advantages and disadvantages of repeater. As we know there is a limit for any communication system to transmit the information. The coverage distance depends on modules used at the transmitter side viz. modulation scheme, amplifier, data format of the signal etc. In order to increase the communication distance of the system repeaters are used. What is repeater? • Repeater is a device which receives the signal and retransmits the signal after amplification. It may or may not does frequency conversion before retransmission depending upon applications of use. • It usually consists of receiver, amplifier, frequency converter and transmitter. • In some systems, repeater also does baud rate conversion before retransmission. • Repeater is used for wired medium (e.g. telephone line repeater, fiber optical cable repeater etc.) as well as wireless medium (e.g. satellite repeater, microwave repeater, wifi repeater, LTE repeater etc.). Repeater types | WiFi, Microwave, Satellite, LTE and Optical Following are the two main repeater types based on data type it can handle. Analog Repeater: It can amplify the analog signal in order to boost its amplitude. Usually trunking system employs FDM type of multiplexer which uses multiple analog signals in the form of current or voltage whose amplitude gets attenuated over transmission medium. The analog repeater is used here. It cosists of linear amplifier and filters. Digital Repeater or Digipeater: It can amplify the digital signal to compensate for losses over medium. Digital signal can be in any binary formats such as NRZ, RZ etc. It is also known by name "Digipeater". This digipeater helps in pulse re-shaping, demodulation, decoding and re-synchronization at the receiver end. Let us understand repeater types based on technologies it can serve viz. telephone line, fiber optic, microwave link, satellite link, wlan network, lte network and so on. In microwave link, repeater is employed between transmitting station and receiving station. Depending upon distance between them, there may be one or multiple repeater stations in between. This type of repeaters use sensitive receivers, high power transmitters and high mounted antennas. They are very effective to increase the communication range of microwave link. In microwave relay stations, one repeater pickes the signal at one frequency, amplifies it and retransmits it on another frequency to the next repeater in the chain. The next repeater does the same task. This way string of repeater stations relay signals to greater distances. The distance between two repeater stations is usually 20 to 60 miles. The antennas are mounted at very high altitudes. Refer Microwave Repeater >>. As we know communication satellites are located at about 36000 Km (i.e. 22369 miles) above the ground. Hence repeaters used in the satellite cover greater distances. Satellite repeater receives the uplink signal from the ground, amplifies it and does frequency conversion to appropriate downlink frequency before retransmission to the earth. The receiver, amplifier and transmitter functionalities of the repeater is known as transponder in satellite domain. For C band satellite, it receives at 6GHz frequency and transmits at 4 GHz frequency using down conversion with suitable LO (Local Oscillator). Refer difference between Repeater vs Transponder >> for more information. WiFi Repeater | WLAN Repeater WiFi Repeater is based on IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n standard. It extends the coverage range supported by a wifi router to larger region usually between two rooms. WiFI repeater operates either in 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band as supported by WLAN standard. 2.4 GHz supports 14 frequency channels spaced at 5MHz apart. Wifi router operating at 2.4 GHz receives signal at one channel frequency (say 2412 MHz) and transmits it on another channel frequency (say 2422 MHz) after necessary amplification as per designed specification. Refer WiFi Repeater >> and difference between WiFi Booster vs WiFi Repeater >> for more information. As shown in the figure, LTE repeater receives the signal from LTE eNB (e.g. base station) and re-transmits it after amplification towards UEs. As it amplifies noise along with the signal, SNR degrades. As a result, LTE relay is used which has FEC (Forward Error Correction) functionalities in addition to amplification. Hence SNR is maintained. Refer difference between LTE Repeater vs LTE Relay >>. It is used in fiber optic communication system. It receives the optical signal in electric form. It performs reshaping and amplification operations before retransmission. Due to signal reconstruction before amplification, signal is less distorted. Refer difference between Optical Repeater Vs Optical Amplifier >>. Difference between Repeater and Amplifier Let us understand difference between repeater and amplifier. ➤Amplifier: It amplifies the input signal to boost its amplitude on the same frequency. It does not involve any frequency conversion. ➤Repeater: It amplifies the input signal as well as does frequency conversion before retransmission. This means repeater consists of amplifier and frequency converter. ➤Also refer difference between Transparent repeater vs Regenerative Repeater >> for more information. Advantages of Repeater | Disadvantages of repeater Following are the advantages of repeater. ➤It extends the distance typically covered by wired or wireless medium. ➤It does not affect the performance of the network by suitably performing its task on the signal. ➤Repeaters are available which can use different mediums for reception and transmission. ➤It does not increase or decrease the network traffic. Following are the disadvantages of repeater. ➤It is not possible to connect different network architectures using repeater. For this router or gateway is needed. ➤The number of repeaters to be used are limited between two ends. More repeaters create noise on the wire which results into packet collisions or problems in the packet detection (at the receiver). ➤Repeaters do not perform segmentation of the network. ➤Repeaters do not perform filtering of the data.

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About Lung Diseases Affecting Airways Asthma is a chronic disease that makes the lungs very sensitive and hard to breathe. Asthma cannot be cured, but with proper treatment, people with asthma can lead normal, active lives. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Other causes of COPD can include genetic reasons, occupational dusts and chemicals, second hand smoke, frequent lung infections as a child. Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD characterized by a chronic productive cough. Emphysema, a lung damage that allows air to be trapped in the lungs in this form of COPD. Difficulty blowing air out is its hallmark. Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease affecting young Canadians. Cystic fibrosis mainly affects lungs and digestion. People with cystic fibrosis have an unusually thick, sticky mucus that clogs their lungs, makes it hard to breathe, and can lead to life-threatening lung infections. CF also affects the pancreas.

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lag: Information About The Word 'lag' lag is an acceptable dictionary word for games like scrabble, words with friends, crossword, etc. The word 'lag' is made up of 3 letters. - (n) the act of slowing down or falling behind - (n) the time between one event, process, or period and another - (n) one of several thin slats of wood forming the sides of a barrel or bucket - (v) hang (back) or fall (behind) in movement, progress, development, etc. - (v) lock up or confine, in or as in a jail; "The suspects were imprisoned without trial"; "the murderer was incarcerated for the rest of his life" - (v) throw or pitch at a mark, as with coins - (v) cover with lagging to prevent heat loss; "lag pipes" Using the word 'lag' in Scrabble will fetch you 4 points while using it in Words with Friends will fetch you 6 points (without taking into consideration the effect of any multipliers). Check out the Anagrams of lag Check out the Words which can be formed using the letters of lag Words Ending With 'lag' Following are 9 words which end with 'lag' Words Starting With 'lag' Following are 20 words which start with 'lag' See all the words starting with lag. Words Containing 'lag' Following are 20 words which contain 'lag' See all the words containing lag. Other Info & Useful Resources for the Word 'lag' |Points in Scrabble for lag||4| |Points in Words with Friends for lag||6| |Number of Letters in lag||3| |More info About lag||lag| |List of Words Starting with lag||Words Starting With lag| |List of Words Ending with lag||Words Ending With lag| |4 Letter Words Starting with lag||4 Letter Words Starting with lag| |5 Letter Words Starting with lag||5 Letter Words Starting with lag| |6 Letter Words Starting with lag||6 Letter Words Starting with lag| |7 Letter Words Starting with lag||7 Letter Words Starting with lag| |4 Letter Words Ending with lag||4 Letter Words Ending with lag| |5 Letter Words Ending with lag||5 Letter Words Ending with lag| |6 Letter Words Ending with lag||6 Letter Words Ending with lag| |7 Letter Words Ending with lag||7 Letter Words Ending with lag| |List of Words Containing lag||Words Containing lag| |List of Anagrams of lag||Anagrams of lag| |List of Words Formed by Letters of lag||Words Created From lag| |lag Definition at Wiktionary||Click Here| |lag Definition at Merriam-Webster||Click Here| |lag Definition at Dictionary||Click Here| |lag Synonyms At Thesaurus||Click Here| |lag Info At Wikipedia||Click Here| |lag Search Results on Google||Click Here| |lag Search Results on Bing||Click Here| |Tweets About lag on Twitter||Click Here|

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Where is major oil field located? Ghawar, Saudi Arabia The Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia holds estimated remaining oil reserves of 70 billion barrels, making it by far the world’s biggest onshore oil field. The giant oil field was discovered in 1948 and has been in production since 1951. Where does Argentina get its oil? Bolivia is the source of virtually all of Argentina’s pipeline natural gas imports. Following the installation of a new pipeline from Bolivia in 2012, Argentina has imported slightly more than 200 billion cubic feet (Bcf) each year from neighboring countries. Does Argentina have oil? Argentina holds 2,379,702,000 barrels of proven oil reserves as of 2016, ranking 33rd in the world and accounting for about 0.1% of the world’s total oil reserves of 1,650,585,140,000 barrels. Argentina has proven reserves equivalent to 9.2 times its annual consumption. Which state has major oil fields? Texas is by far the largest oil-producing state in the United States. In 2020, Texas produced a total of 1.78 billion barrels. In a distant second place is North Dakota, which produced 431.2 million barrels in the same year. Idaho is the smallest producing state in the country, at just one million barrels. What is Argentina famous for producing? Argentina is one of the world’s major exporters of soybeans and wheat, as well as meat. It is also one of the largest producers of wool and wine, but most of its wine is consumed domestically. What area in Argentina is rich in oil? Oil deposits are concentrated mainly in the Northwest and in Patagonia. The basin around the Patagonian port of Comodoro Rivadavia is estimated to hold some two-thirds of the country’s onshore reserves. Which renewable type of energy is most used in Argentina? 87% of Argentina’s electricity generation comes from burning fossil fuels, the rest from nuclear and hydroelectric energy. Wind is currently leading the way in renewable energy generation: Genneia power company owns the country’s largest windfarm in Rawson, Chubut. What is the capital of Argentina? What are Argentina’s neighboring countries? Argentina is a country in South America bordering the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Neighboring countries include Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Argentina’s continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east.

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Editorial note:Marietheres Pirngruber is studying Global History (M.A.) at the University of Heidelberg. Her primary focus is on women’s and gender history, and she is especially interested in studying the transatlantic suffrage networks of the 19th and 20th centuries. She is currently completing her remote internship at the GHI. On the occasion of women’s history month, she shares some of her interesting research on US suffrage history on href. Finding primary sources is essential for any historian, yet during the ongoing pandemic it is also the biggest struggle. Online collections have provided much needed access to primary sources. Therefore, I’d like to highlight a collection from the Library of Congress (LOC), the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Records, which is partially accessible online. To situate the sources in context, I will briefly explain how NAWSA developed, when and how it was established, and what goals the organization pursued. I will then share examples of some the sources that are part of the online collection. Finally, I will discuss some problems related to the inclusion and exclusion of materials in the collection. The National American Women Suffrage Association, which had about two million members, was the largest voluntary organization to advocate for women’s suffrage in the US. Established in 1890, it was formed through the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Both associations were established in 1869, and their rivalry was rooted in their disagreement after the Civil War about the 14th and 15th Amendments. While some leaders, like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, opposed their ratification unless women would be included, others, like Lucy Stone, supported the Reconstruction amendments, believing they would pave the way toward women’s suffrage. Subsequently, Stanton and Stone formed the two different associations, along with their allies. In the following decades, social restrictions for women were challenged and undermined, like the idea of a “women’s sphere” at home and women’s main duty of being a wife and mother. Women also increasingly gained access to higher education. Even though many women attended colleges and universities by 1890, women’s suffrage was a long way off. In 1890, the two associations merged, a development driven by a younger generation of suffragists, including the daughters of Stanton and Stone. Finally reunited, NAWSA pursued a variety of ways to achieve women’s suffrage. While in the 1890s some women achieved suffrage victories in Western states, most other campaigns were unsuccessful. In the twentieth century, however, suffragists developed innovative campaign strategies like suffrage parades and open-air meetings to make NAWSAs suffrage work more visible, which had a huge impact. While the movement remained divided among a variety of factions and organizations, the suffragists achieved a major victory with the passage of the 19thAmendment to the US Constitution, ratified in August of 1920. Following this milestone, NAWSA evolved into the League of Women Voters, dedicated to supporting international women’s rights movements and advocating for voter rights and women’s participation in politics. The National American Woman Suffrage Association Records available at the Library of Congress contains over 26,000 items mostly covering the period from 1890 to 1930. Almost 2,000 of these have been digitized. The NAWSA records are part of a LOC topical campaign called “Suffrage: Women Fight for the Vote” launched on the occasion of the 100thanniversary of the 19th Amendment. Transcribing and digitizing the sources makes the sources more accessible and brings together stories from women participating in the largest reform movement in American history. The collection also allows scholars and students to explore and understand the movement. The materials in this particular collection were donated from the personal libraries of numerous members of NAWSA, including Stanton and Stone, but also from later NAWSA presidents like Carrie Chapman Catt. The collection contains various textual sources like newspapers, books, pamphlets and scrapbooks but also photographs. The collection is organized according to NAWSA’s original structure into different topics like “Woman and Work” or “Parenthood and Related Subjects”. Besides biographies of members of NAWSA within the book section, there are also quite peculiar sources like the book “How it feels to be the husband of a suffragette” published in 1915 which was in possession of Carrie Chapman Catt and contains a humorous story of a suffrage supporter married to a suffragist. Other sources, like the scrapbook of suffragist Elizabeth Smith Miller and her daughter, Anne Fitzhugh Miller, are within itself like a collection about the women’s suffrage movement. While they collected newspaper articles, programs and pamphlets there are also personal items like letters included. Especially interesting is that they also incorporated sources about the suffrage movement in Great Britain which show the connection between the movements across national borders. Sources generally reflect a specific perspective on historic circumstances. However, they can only offer a glimpse into the past through a very subjective lens and therefore always have to be viewed critically. The biggest problem with this collection is that its contents originate from NAWSA’s members which were mostly well-educated, middle- and upper-class white women from the northern States of the US. Therefore, the sources can only reflect their perception on different issues and automatically exclude perspectives from women from the working class, women of colour and women from the southern States. Keeping that in mind, the sources are still very interesting and reveal what materials those women collected, whom they collected it for, and how they hoped to use it. As always, the interpretation of the collections depends more on the formulation of one’s research question than on the diversity of the sources. Furthermore, the collection provides insights into the structure of the largest women’s suffrage association in the US and its members. Finally, while always keeping in mind that the sources ought to be interpreted critically, the Collection of the National American Woman Suffrage Association Records is a wide collection of sources, which can provide an interesting perspective on the American Woman Suffrage Movement. Recently we sat down with Sebastian Bondzio, the 2021 Gerda Henkel Stiftung Digital History Fellow at the German Historical Institute in Washington and the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Dr. Bondzio is a historian affiliated with the Chair for Modern History and Historical Migration Research at Osnabrück University. His research fields include digital history with a focus on “historical big data” and digital methodologies; he also has interests in the genealogy of cultures, migration history, and the history of knowledge. Dr. Bondzio began his academic career in 2006 in Osnabrück where he studied philosophy and history. In his master’s thesis and then his Ph.D. dissertation he developed a database of German soldiers killed during the First World War. His 2018 Ph.D. thesis, published in 2020 as Soldatentod und Durchhaltebereitschaft. Eine Stadtgesellschaft im Ersten Weltkrieg, used methodologies drawn from digital history and the history of emotions to examine how societies were able to wage war despite their devastating impact on their citizens. He is currently a senior researcher of the Data Driven History working group at Osnabrück University, where he has worked on using digital methods to analyze Gestapo records and to use migrant registration cards (Ausländermeldekartei) to study the spatial distribution of migrants and questions about the administrative production of knowledge relating to so-called “Ausländer.” At the GHI and the RRCHNM, he will be working on a project to model and research the process of German migration to the United States during the 19th century using the Castle Garden Immigration Center database, which encompasses more than 4.2 million records. His goals include examining both the development of the record-gathering process and how immigration authorities acquired knowledge about migrants through the production of such records. What motivated you to specialize in digital history? Being a digital native, working with computers was part of my life for as long as I can think. I can still remember my first programming course in 1995 on QBasic and trying to convince my father to give me more time on his PC. For most of the time, this was just a hobby. It was only when I met Christoph Rass in Osnabrück that I got the feeling that now is the right time and place to combine my interests for historical research, critical analysis and digital workflows. Between 2013 and 2017, together we developed a lot of small- and medium-sized digital projects and worked on refining our methodology. Being invited to cooperate with a whole range of different partners and seeing the historiographical potential digital approaches can have in many different contexts, I soon started to concentrate more on working with and analyzing large sets of structured historical data. As my experience has grown, I’ve become more and more convinced that as historians we must be able to create and analyze our own datasets according to the standards of our discipline to conduct proper research. This, among other things, requires developing a digital literacy and updated forms of source criticism. What opportunities does digital history offer to the larger discipline? Going digital can change how we conduct historical research on a lot of different levels. First and foremost, access to historical sources can be improved and the more prominent documents have become more accessible. Little by little, we also see niches being filled. The current pandemic underlines the importance of this undertaking. But we would be missing out on a lot of opportunities if we don’t also apply digital tools for analysis of collections of digitized sources. Only this approach will open up new perspective for research and give us more comprehensive findings. Large stocks of sources can now be evaluated as a whole and provide new insights into important historical processes. On the other hand, the traditional core of historical research will remain mainly unchanged by digital history. Simply generating findings from historical big data is not enough. We still have to interpret our findings in meaningful ways. Trying to explain the findings from Digital History often sparks new, non-digital research. In the past, this has proved to be a starting point for a productive conversation which can help bridge the divide between ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ approaches and paves the road towards integrated research. In 2018 you co-founded the research group Data Driven History and became its Senior Researcher. Can you give us some information about its approach? One of my dear colleagues in Osnabrück once pointed out that all historical research is data-driven. He is totally right. Every piece of a source we use can be considered data. The unique characteristic of data driven history in my working group is that we produce and analyze large sets of digital historical data that cannot be analyzed manually. In 2013, I started small by visiting archives to collect data on about 7,500 soldiers who died in the Great War. But soon we were handed a dataset on about 11,000 victims of the Mittelbau-Dora Concentration Camp, which we analyzed using GIS and other digital tools to research the structure and the impact of the Nazis’ mass murder. These results motivated other institutions and memorial sites to approach us, including the Arolsen Archives and the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies) in Amsterdam. In 2018 we received a DFG project grant to study one of the few remaining Gestapo card files. In collaboration with the state archives of Lower Saxony, we digitized approximately 50,000 index cards and developed a workflow for automatic data extraction and its digital analysis. This enabled us to study both the inner mechanisms of the Gestapo and the role of knowledge production in the implementation and stabilization of the Nazi regime. How can digital history change our understanding of how we approach migration history and the history of knowledge? Sets of historical big data allow us to model processes of past migration with a high level of detail and differentiation. Identifying and analyzing processes of migration over decades or even centuries becomes possible. In this longue-durée perspective we can not only see the migration phenomena which contemporaries were aware of and wrote about, but also those groups, spaces, and periods which were marginalized by the dominant narratives. But we need to be careful not to become too captivated by the historical data we use: One branch of migration history currently focuses on how individual and institutional actors interact in so-called migration regimes to negotiate the various conditions and structures of migration. The large datasets I analyze were mostly created within such a migration regime, and to the present day powerful administrations and other institutional actors produce “knowledge” about migration (most often about migrants) under a modernistic episteme, in which attributes are ascribed to individuals. The “knowledge” created by this “datafication” of migration is then used by institutional actors in various ways. If we remain aware of the contingent emergence of our datasets, we can use digital history methods to also identify components of the migration regime’s mechanisms and workings and the usage of different types of knowledge in it. What do you hope to achieve at the GHI Washington? Being granted the Gerda Henkel Fellowship for Digital History and coming to DC feels amazing. In the past, working with several hundreds of thousands of pieces of data has proved challenging, but was manageable in the end. Here I hope to be able to take the next step: preparing about 4.2 million records on German immigrants for research. This presents some new hurdles. On the one hand, performance of the database needs to be enhanced. On the other hand, the emergence of this body of knowledge needs to be researched to be able to analyze it according to our discipline’s standards. By cooperating with colleagues at the GHI and the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, I hope to succeed in preparing the dataset, identifying relevant sources in the archives, and developing a research proposal for third-party funding. What do you like about Washington DC? After being in mid-size Osnabrück for a long time, arriving in a metropolis like Washington DC is quite a thrill. There are historical monuments everywhere, to which time has attributed complex layers of meanings. Going there and sorting them out is something I really enjoy. But, more importantly, coming to DC means becoming part of a network of highly skilled and motivated researchers. Digital history is a central part of historical research here. Both institutes I am affiliated with, GHI as well as RRCHNM, are organized in a way that things get done. Here are specialists I can talk to, resources that can be mobilized, and most of all there is a lot of personal dedication from everybody, which makes doing historical research even more rewarding. I feel privileged and grateful to be a part of this. Thanks to Atiba Pertilla for edits and suggestions on improving the English language version of this interview. We would like to extend a warm welcome to our new Digital History Fellow Jana Keck. Her fields of research include German and American Literature and Culture in the Nineteenth Century, Periodical Studies, and Digital Humanities. She began her academic career at the University of Stuttgart, where she studied English and Linguistics. In 2017 she received her Master’s from the University of Stuttgart with her thesis “Gottfried Duden’s Bericht über eine Reise nach den westlichen Staaten Nordamerikas (1829) and Its Emigration Stimulus.” In the same year she joined the DFG-funded research project “Oceanic Exchanges: Tracing Global Information Networks in Historical Newspaper Repositories, 1840-1914” as a Doctoral Researcher. She is also a member of the CRETA/Center for Reflected Text Analytics, funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF). Recently we sat down with Jana to discuss her academic career, her work, the field of digital history and its impact on the field of humanities, as well as her current goals and duties at the GHI Washington. Could you give us some insight into the Oceanic Exchanges Project? In 2017 I started working with an international team in the DFG-funded research project “Oceanic Exchanges: Tracing Global Information Networks in Historical Newspaper Repositories, 1840-1914.” The project was striving to gather researchers not just from different academic fields such as cultural historians, computational linguists, literary scholars, digital curators and humanists, but also from seven different countries. Together we collected over 100 million pages of digitized newspapers in order to examine how, in the nineteenth century, news, texts, and concepts traveled, how stories adapted in different environments when they traveled, and how news networks functioned. How and why did you become interested in Digital History? I became interested in the subject through my PhD supervisor when I was studying English and American Studies and Linguistics at the University of Stuttgart. While working on my Master’s thesis on German travel literature to the United States in the nineteenth century, my PhD supervisor told me about this upcoming project in digital humanities and wanted me to be part of it. However, since I had not studied digital humanities, I knew there was a lot of “self-study” and “catching up” to do. So, I took some courses and, in doing so, I really became interested in programming. I think it was because there was a familiarity to it that reminded me of linguistics, especially the focused and logical aspects that make up linguistics. I realized that it gave me the opportunity to combine my different fields of interest and not be relegated to one field. The more I went out and saw how other fields were working, the more I gained a deeper understanding of my own field. That is how it all started. I attended programming courses, workshops in computational linguistics, and I started working not only with people from the humanities but also from other fields not traditionally associated with the humanities. What I love about it is not only that it is a “newer” discipline, but also that I get to work with people from different fields and that I am able to take on different roles. We often define the humanities as one big field, but it has as many differences as History and Computer Science. Historians may define a certain term one way while linguists use it completely differently. I find it important to communicate these differences to make what we are talking about more transparent. Can you tell us a little more about your PhD project? I was inspired to begin my project by the Oceanic Exchanges Project but also by one of the former Projects called “The Viral Texts Project” initiated by Ryan Cordell at Northeastern University in Boston. Cordell was studying reprinted texts in nineteenth-century American newspapers, which prompted me to focus on nineteenth-century German-language newspapers and the phenomenon of editors sharing texts. One of the most interesting questions was whether this phenomenon is to be found among migrant newspapers and, if so, what kind of texts they shared. This means that I am not interested in one particular newspaper but rather in what newspapers printed in German in the nineteenth century in the U.S. have in common. My hypothesis is that German newspapers were used as a form of community building, since there was not one German identity among immigrants from German-speaking Europe. Germany was then only a geographical expression. The immigrants would have defined themselves in more local or regional terms: such as from Baden or Bavaria. Once they arrived in the US, however, they were seen as monolithically German by the receiving culture. What they had in common as opposed to their “American” neighbors was their “Germanness.” Through the newspapers, they developed a shared German migrant experience on both the local, national and even transnational level. Analyzing the information they exchanged through the newspapers – from hard news to jokes, from emigrant lists to poems – sheds light on how they constructed a German community across states and decades. It reminds me a lot like social media platforms: so to speak, I am investigating how a specific community shares their tweets and how they change once they travel through time and space. What DH methods do you apply and what are your findings so far? I began with a corpus of 60 newspapers from 17 different states over a period of roughly 80 years. I am using text reuse detection algorithms to identify and cluster texts that were printed several times in the same and in different newspapers. However, the amount of data available made it impossible for me to read all the material closely, so I found a way to computationally classify these different texts into different genres. This genre classification will make it possible for other researchers in the field to access and work with the material in the future. Currently, I am working on combining different supervised and unsupervised methods to classify different texts on the basis of the training data set, for example, indicating whether they are poems or hard news, etc. The next step is to determine if the system is also able to classify these data sets if they are previously unknown to the program. It is working very well in differentiating between news versus fiction and even within the news section between lists and advertisements, for instance. However, it runs into problems when it comes to genres in fiction. It is difficult for the system – but not impossible – to differentiate between a poem and a joke. I am positive that I will find a way to fix this and if not, it is one more finding on a theoretical level. What other Digital History projects are you involved with at the GHI? I am still new to the institute, but I already have been involved in a lot of meetings regarding the German Heritage in Letters Project. One of the visions I have is to combine the newspapers and the letters in order to find out what they have in common: from people to ideas. Also, an incoming DH fellow wishes to use the fellowship provided by the GHI and the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media and funded by the Gerda Henkel Foundation to create a database of German immigrants in the same timeframe. It would be very exciting if we could combine the three different projects that all fit so well into the current research profile of the GHI which is focused on Digital History, the History of Knowledge, and the History of Migration and Mobility. To work in such a stimulating context is just very rewarding! Interview by Alexa Lässig, with thanks to Sarah Beringer and Casey Sutcliffe for the introduction and proofreading. I have vivid memories of visiting the National Museum of the Pacific War in Fredericksburg, Texas as a child in 2007. Fredericksburg, hometown of German-American and Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, hosts this expansive museum complex in honor of Nimitz’s role as Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet in the Second World War. This museum complex includes the original Nimitz Hotel, with an exhibit about Nimitz’s life, and the George H.W. Bush Gallery, with a larger gallery covering the entirety of the Pacific Theatre of World War II. The old gallery as I remember it, featured three walk-through dioramas, each immersing oneself in a specific scene from the war: the deck of a Japanese submarine just before the attack on Pearl Harbor about to launch an authentic mini-submarine, the deck of the USS Hornet as it prepared to launch Lt. Col. James Doolittle’s B-25 bombers for the raid on Tokyo, and Henderson Field on Guadalcanal at night. Of these the Henderson Field display was the most memorable. The whole setting was dark to simulate night on the island, with ambient jungle sounds in the background. Shortly after entering, one would come across two mannequins of US Marines loading boxes. One was an animatronic, and pressing a button on one of the boxes would make him rotate his head and awkwardly move his plastic lips as a recorded voice spoke to you about the experience of Marines of Guadalcanal. Further on, a US aircrew of two mannequins repaired an authentic Wildcat fighter aircraft on one side of the path. On the other side, further way, was a wreckage of a Japanese aircraft. As one walked through this life-sized diorama, the sound effect of an approaching bomber aircraft could be heard in the distance, getting closer. The Japanese launched several single-aircraft night raids through the fall of 1942, with the sole intention to deprive the Marines of sleep. The bomber would be heard approaching, doing several low passes over the airfield, then dropping a single bomb. The “bomb” would explode off the path, violently rattling the wreckage with a flash of orange light. The experience was definitely scary for ten-year-old-me, and I remember it changing the way I thought about war. I had always been aware that war was terrible, but this diorama was the first thing that made me understand the terror of it. The darkness, the anticipation, and the suddenness of the explosion made it clear to me that death in this setting could have happened at any moment. It may seem ridiculous to think that a dated, decaying, and by today’s standards, kitschy museum display could have an effect like that. But it did on me. One can then imagine my disappointment when I visited the museum again in 2009, shortly after its highly-anticipated renovation. The new gallery was highly digitized, with many large-screen interactive displays, and colorful panel walls displaying blown-up photographs, maps, and blocks of text covering every aspect of the Pacific War. But the immersive experiences of the old museum had all been removed. The mini-submarine was now the centerpiece of an impressive audio-visual display, with film footage and some effects projected on a flat screen behind. The replica of the larger submarine that carries the mini-sub was however no longer there, along with the Hawaiian Islands mural that had accompanied both of them. The Guadalcanal diorama was completely gone. The Wildcat was still in the museum, but displayed on its own with no physical contextualization. Only the Doolittle Raid diorama survived in part: The B-25 was still there on what looked the deck of the Hornet, with the original mural still behind it, but with the mannequins and a significant piece of the flight deck removed. I will admit that I was able to learn a lot from the new displays. Cutting the dioramas saved on space, allowing for the display of more artifacts and incorporation of new digital elements. The space between the dioramas in the old museum, from what I can remember, were very antiquated, with photographs and small text panels pasted onto walls, and less artifacts to be seen. But I still feel like something was lost with the removal of the immersive displays. A helmet in a display case, accompanied by text or a film explaining what it was, would not have brought me to that same understanding of the experience on Guadalcanal as that diorama did. It turns out that this phenomenon of increasing digitalization and decreasing physical displays has been a common story for museums on recent history. The Disappearing Diorama Dioramas, which portray a scene with a sculpted foreground that blends with an intricately painted background to create a three-dimensional illusion, became popular museum exhibits in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These physical displays, often made with exquisitecraftsmanship, were an effective way to transport a museum visitor to another place or time before the age of widespread photography and film. The American Museum of Natural History in New York is world-famous for its intricate dioramas of animal taxidermies in their natural habitats. Indeed, nature and natural history are the most ubiquitous subjects of dioramas, with just about every such museum in the world exhibiting such displays. The Museum Koenig in Bonn, Germany even took the time in 2003 to restore all its animal dioramas to their original 1923 condition.1 They are still popular attractions, being one of the significant draws for visitors in the case of the AMNH and the Musuem Koenig. Old dioramas have become museum artifacts themselves as important a part of the heritage of a museum as the dinosaur bones or ancient pottery that accompany them. Dioramas portraying scenes of human history, however, are becoming increasingly hard to come by in the museums of Europe and the United States. Many have disappeared from museum displays since the start of this century, owing to several different reasons. One is a renewed emphasis on displaying actual artifacts over space consuming crafted displays. The Pennsylvania Military Museum in Boalsburg removed most of its walk-through World War I trench diorama in 2009 to make way for new exhibits covering other American conflicts and displaying more military artifacts (A small part of the trench does remain at the beginning of the museum gallery, and fortunately the background mural painted by a former German soldier in 1968 has also been retained). Another reason is dioramas can inaccuratelyportray their subjects, especially if they are older. While natural history can be considered static, human history is very dynamic and perceptions of it are constantly changing. For example, several natural history museums have removed diorama displays of Native American cultures. This has been done because some of these dioramas no longer show what is considered an accurate portrayal of these cultures, and also because of the problematic nature of exhibiting indigenous cultures in natural history museums (I.e. alongside animals) instead of social history museums. The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History removed its Native American Dioramas in 2002 for these reasons.2 Finally, there are the museums that removed diorama displays to update and modernize the way they told their stories. A remarkable example of this is the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec, near Ottawa, which recently underwent one of the most dramatic museum overhauls of the past twenty years. When it first opened in 1989, the Canadian Museum of Civilization, as it was then known, offered a unique gallery unlike anything that had been seen in a history museum before. The museum’s “Canada Hall” took visitors on a journey through 1,000 years of Canadian history, from the arrival of the Vikings in Newfoundland up to the 1970s. To do so, the hall featured a number of life-sized walk-through dioramas portraying scenes from throughout Canadian history. These included, among other things, the interior of a Basque whaling ship, an eighteenth-century Quebec town square, a Victorian main street in Ontario, a 1930s grain elevator in Saskatchewan, and a 1960s Vancouver Airport lounge. All of these scenes were under a domed ceiling illuminated in the color blue, giving the illusion that one was really outside. Buildings in each scene could be explored, all with furnished rooms and artifact displays integrated into the scenes. This immersive method of telling Canadian history proved to be very popular with visitors, and by the mid-2000s the Museum of Civilization was the most-visited museum in Canada.3 Immersing visitors wholly in historical environments, it can be argued, was more impactful than cabinet displays of artifacts. Seeing the objects in the context of their use gave them much more meaning. Canada Hall was, however not without problems. From the beginning it was criticized by some historians for its focus on settler history and neglect of the First Nations, the indigenous peoples of Canada. The First Nations were covered in a separate gallery of the museum, but their stories from post-Columbian Canada received comparatively little coverage in Canada Hall. In addition, the reconstructions gave prominence to particular provinces in each era, while neglecting what happened in the same era in other provinces. The Maritime Provinces were only covered in the exhibits on early history, whereas the Pacific Coast only received treatment in the mid-twentieth century exhibits. This presentation also left little space for more detailed accounts of specific stories from Canadian history, such as those of migration, politics, and wars. This was Museum President Mark O’Neill’s chief criticism of the hall when he set out to renovate it in 2013.4 Under his leadership, the Museum of Civilization was renamed the Museum of History and underwent a $25 million overhaul. This remastering of the Canada Hall stripped away all of the immersive displays, replacing them with the modernistic text-and-image panels, touch screens, and glass artifact cases common in contemporary museums. A 1907 Ukrainian settler church from Alberta, the only authentic building in the old hall, was the only structure to be retained in the new Canadian History Hall. This new exhibit gallery opened in 2017. It allows for many more aspects of Canadian history to be displayed through visitorsthrough text, videos, and artifacts, and does a much better job at incorporating the experiences of the First Nations. Yet it does not provide nearly as immersive an experience, and stories prominent in the old gallery have become less so in the new one, not without controversy. Canada’s New Democratic Party voiced its anger over the removal of a reconstruction of a union meeting room from the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike, probably the most significant event in Canadian labor history.5 This display had a multi-media presentation with recorded voices of strikers playing, making it as if the visitor was among them in the meeting hall in 1919. Artifacts relating to the strike were displayed in cases on both sides of the hall. In contrast, the strike only gets a single panel in the new gallery, easily missable after a series of huge World War I panels and cases. A police badge, armband, and billy club appear to be the only artifacts representing it now. Something significant was gained, but something significant was lost as well. That is the case with Canada Hall and all other museums that have undergone these kinds of renovations in this century. The Textbook Problem The original Canada Hall also faced understandablecriticism for its alleged “Disneyfication” of history. As is often the case with history education, there is a debate over how much “entertainment” over education should be present within a museum. Dioramas can be seen as dated, hokey displays, with little educational value and serving no purpose other than to terrify young children, and that historicalinformation is best conveyed through reading. But how would one make an attractive exhibit design this way. I have noticed from recently developed museums that there is an increased emphasis on reading text. Walls of it cover every exhibit divider. There are some screens playing short films, to add to the experience, and floating artifacts are displayed in otherwise bare display cases to show the visitor “these are the things that were used by these people.” It is a different kind of immersion: an immersion in the information, or in the technical side of the history. One can read about the statistics regarding the usage of an artifact, but cannot actually see how the artifact was used or feel connected to someone who used it. With this increased reliance on text and photographs, it becomes difficult to think of one question: why go to a museum at all? With reading and looking at images making up most of the exhibits, how can one distinguish the experience from, say, reading about the subject on an iPad at home? I remember my father saying that the new Pacific War Museum gallery was like “walking through a giant textbook.” This is a fitting description, in that museums are moving towards displays that will convey information effectively, but not attract visitors. Few people have ever been excited about reading a textbook. One might answer that the artifacts would be the draw, but artifacts can speak for themselves only so well. Artifacts that are well-known, like Abraham Lincoln’s hat at the National Museum of American History, will attract visitors with little need for contextualization because most visitors will already know its significance. A regular top hat, though, will not be able to speak in the same way, and visitors will not flock to see it. A description of who wore the hat might help, but even so it will still have little relevance to the museum visitor. One could go onto the museum’s website, search the collections, and read the description for the top hat there. With increasing digitization, there are fewer and fewer reasons for people to leave their homes and pay entrance fees to see such objects. As I wrote in my first article of the “Museums in the COVID-19 Crisis” series, museums must give people reasons to come visit by providing unique learning experiences. This will be especially important once the pandemic has passed and people are considering where they want to go out again. A museum that only offers an experience comparable to reading a Wikipedia article might have difficulty attracting visitors again. If dioramas are too dated to do so, a new technology might be able to fill the role. Virtual Reality: The New Diorama? Virtual reality has exploded in the last decade, become accessible for everyday consumers via new home technologies. An increasing number of video games make use of VR, and some VR programs have already been made by historical organizations. The American Battlefield Trust, for example, made a virtual reality experience of the Battle of Petersburg last year, available to view on YouTube. VR completely immerses a viewer in a time and place with digital recreations, sounds, and actors. It creates an environment more dynamic that what could be provided by a static diorama. It is no surprise, then, that some museums and historical attractions have already made use of this technology. A German firm called TimeRide has recently produced VR tourist attractions in Cologne in Berlin, the former simulating a tram ride through the city in 1910 and the latter simulating a tour bus trip through 1980s East Berlin. The Royal Air Force Museum in London created a VR ride experience simulating the “Dambusters” raid of 1943, with visitors sitting in crew positions of a Lancaster bomber. Most noteworthyhowever, is the creation of the Migration Museum in Germany. The Documentation Center and Museum of Migration in Germany (DOMiD) has been working for years to create a museum dedicated to immigration to Germany. A physical museum building is expected to open this year or next year in Cologne, featuring a massive collection of artifacts relating to immigration in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. To promote the establishment of the museum, the DOMiD developed the “Virtual Migration Museum,” which made its debut in 2018. This “museum,” which can be viewed entirely through home technology, digitally recreated environments experienced my migrant workers in twentieth-century West Germany. These include apartment buildings, a factory floor, and a railway station. Visitors will also be able to view photos of artifacts from the upcoming physical museum.6 In a way, this experience is like a digital successor to the old Canada Hall, recreating social history environments to be explored by visitors. The VR experience, available for Windows, Mac, mobile, and the HTC Vive VR headset, can be downloaded at https://virtuelles-migrationsmuseum.org/en/download-en/. Might this in fact be how we experience museums in the near future? Completely “from home?” Conclusion: The Case for Physicality I personally would hope not. The new technology is exciting, and has the potential to make a visit to a museum building even better, displayed alongside artifacts. Imagine how easy it will be to alter and update “VR dioramas,” and how little space this technology would take up. That solves all the problems presented by physical dioramas. Even more impressive experiences cold be made with more intricate technologies not available at home. Museums should take note of this as they re-imagine themselves for the future. Yet I also hope that physical dioramas do not completely disappear. Even with increasing digitization, they can still pain vivid pictures because of their tangibility, being seen and understood by a visitor without having to look through a headset. I point to the Museum of the American Revolution in Philadelphia as an example. This museum uses detailed tableaus to portray scenes from the Revolutionary War that were not illustrated in the many paintings and sketches of that time. In this manner, the dioramas illuminate scenes not always visible in the popular memory of the war: George Washington breaking up a fistfight between his troops, dejected Continentals retreating from their defeat in New York City, and fourteen-year-old London Pleasants donning a British Army uniform to escape slavery in Virginia.7 These scenes, though static, are brought to life through the detailed life-sized figures that create personability for a visitor, coming face-to face with people from the past. As museums continue to evolve, they should make use of the best of old and new exhibit technologies to immerse visitors in history. Screens and text should be balanced with physical displays that create environments to make a comprehensive experience. VR can complement these displays, providing for further immersion and interactivity. With all of these in place, they could bring a young person to understand and respect history the same way a stiff, aging Marine animatronic did for me so many years ago. “Winnipeg General Strike exhibit being dismantled in Ottawa museum,” Winnipeg Free Press, last modified May 25, 2015, https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/Winnipeg-General-Strike-exhibit-being-dismantled-in-Ottawa-museum-304914601.html. [↩] As summer begins in Germany most establishments have reopened in some capacity, including museums. All are still operating under restrictions, with limits on numbers of visitors and mask requirements being ubiquitous. All museums, municipal and private, are required to adhere to national and local government regulations. This series so far has covered municipal and state-funded museums, but not a privately-run museum. This article will investigate the International Maritime Museum in Hamburg, one of the largest private museums in Germany, and how it is handling COVID-19. The International Maritime Museum is located in a circa-1879 harbor warehouse in Hamburg’s Speicherstadt (“City of Warehouses”) near the city’s port. The museum’s collection was gathered by Hamburg journalist and maritime enthusiast Peter Tamm, who began collecting after receiving a toy boat from his mother at the age of six in 1934.1 The museum opened in 2008, featuring a collection of around 40,000 model ships (including Tamm’s toy boat) and a plethora of shipping and naval artifacts. The museum has eight floors total, each dedicated to a specific theme of maritime history or technology. The themes range from exploration to merchant shipping to navies, with significant attention to Hamburg area and German maritime history. The lower floors focus on early maritime history and navigation, with exhibits on Classical-era sailing, Early Modern exploration, piracy, and the international slave trade. The middle floors feature exhibits on navies, with several artifacts related to German naval history. One notable display here features an officer’s uniform from every navy in the world. The upper floors display most of the model ship collection, a gallery of maritime art, and space for temporary exhibitions. There is also a highly-detailed hip simulator, with a recreated cargo ship bridge. Groups of visitors can work together to guide the ship into Hamburg’s port, with guidance from experienced sailors who advise the simulation. The International Maritime Museum followed similar procedures to public museums in Germany when the coronavirus hit the country, and closed its doors on March 16th, 2020. During the closure period, the staff made routine updates to the museum’s Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter pages, keeping guests informed about what was going on. On the Facebook page they had been posting a picture and description of one of their models almost every day since 2016. This task became increasingly important during the pandemic closure. The museum recorded above-average activity on their social media pages, with more likes and comments than ever before. In addition to posts about each of the models in their collection, the page also posted highlights from some of the museum’s other exhibitions, such as navigational instruments and travel ephemera. Additionally, a museum guide livestreamed two tours of the museum in the month of April: one in German and one in English. These tours reportedly had over 45,000 views.2 The museum reopened on May 7th, with limitations in place. Guided tours are not taking place, and the ship simulator is closed. However, these are slated to start again on July 1st. Visitors are required to maintain social distancing and wear masks while inside the museum, and to wash their hands thoroughly. These procedures are the same as what has been seen at other museums featured in this series. Peter Tamm spoke of the museum’s reopening: “As a private museum, the closure ordered by the authorities hit us particularly hard. The past few weeks have been difficult, but our museum has a new look when it reopens. We have carried out cosmetic repairs and cleaning work and hopefully many enthusiastic visitors will find new exhibits on many decks. “3 Despite the difficulties presented by closure for a private museum. The Maritime Museum took the opportunity refurbish its displays and add new additions to its galleries. A new temporary exhibition, titled “Johannes Holst – Painter of the Sea” opened with the museum’s reopening. This gallery features detailed ship paintings from early twentieth-century German marine artist Johannes Holst, previously held in private collections and not accessible to the public. The exhibition runs until July 19th.4 The International Maritime Museum weathered the worst part of the COVID-19 crisis doing much of the same things its municipal counterparts did. It engaged an audience through social media, inviting them to experience the museum from home. In doing they attracted attention from a greater number of viewers than they had encountered before, potentially attracting many new visitors for the post-lockdown months to follow. Matthias Gretzschel and Michael Zapf, Am Anfang war das Schiff – Das Internationale Maritime Museum in Hamburg – Sein Stifter und Gründer Peter Tamm (Hamburg: 2012), 10. [↩] “Die Wiedereröffnung am 7. Mai,” Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg, last modified May 5, 2020, https://www.imm-hamburg.de/2020/05/die-wiedereroeffnung-am-7-mai/. [↩] Julia Wycital is in her final semester in the American Studies BA program at the University of Heidelberg. Her interest in history was sparked early, during her school years, since she enjoyed reading and learning about Ancient Greek legends and myths. In 2018/2019 she was an exchange student at the University of New Mexico, where she developed a strong interest in US immigration policy and its history. Her other historical interests include the period of the Second World War. Julia Wycital completed a (partially remote) internship at the GHI in the spring of 2020. Href was lucky to recruit her as an author for our blog series on the impact of COVID 19 on cultural heritage institutions in Germany and beyond. During the current COVID crisis, people around the world have felt more physically isolated than ever. Yet, digital media have offered an exciting range of experiences to explore history in a virtual environment. For example, the German National Library currently offers seven virtual exhibitions in German and English accessible from anywhere around the world. From the exhibition “5000 years of media history online,” in which you can learn about the importance of Egyptian hieroglyphs as one of the first written systems of humanity, to the exhibition “Arts in Exile,” online visitors have the opportunity to still engage with history as COVID-19 has forced cultural institutions to close their doors this spring temporarily. The German National Library (DNB) has been collecting and archiving over 30 million media items in the German language since 1913. While education and culture are the responsibility of the individual German states, there exists one national library is decentralized in its structure, with two branches, one in Frankfurt am Main and one in Leipzig. This is a result of the postwar German division and reunification. I took a closer look at two of the seven virtual exhibitions, both of which have been permanent exhibitions at the German National Library before. The exhibition “100th anniversary of World War 1” is the reopening of the First World War Collection of 1914, which was first set up by the Deutsche Bücherei, one of the antecedent institutions of the DNB and founded 1912 in Leipzig. This exhibition showcases different aspects of everyday life’s hardships during the war, including the blockade of food imports or the propaganda used on young German schoolchildren. Visitors of the online exhibit can switch between eight categories. For example, the “Media World” and “People” during the First World War are offering information in the form of a gallery and an introductory text on the subject. In the category “Collecting the War,” the audience learns that in 1914 many believed that the war would soon end victoriously for Germany. That is why such a numerous and diverse range of documents from this time have been preserved. In this category, the visitor has access to newspapers, posters, photographs or a map titled “The ships sunk by our submarines according to position and number” from 1918 that were circulated during the war. Moreover, the category “Propaganda,” contains, among other propaganda material, digitalized drawings from German satirical journals. Before the start of the war, these journals were an outlet for social and political criticism of German society, but eventually they had to submit to the official war narrative. Overall, the exhibition offers significant insights into life during the First World War. Compared to the First World War exhibition, the virtual exhibition “Exile. Experience and Testimony” concentrates on the process of emigration during the Nazi regime, including the Second World War. It is usually exhibited permanently at the Frankfurt branch of the German National Library. On the DNB website, the exhibition is structured similarly to the First World War exhibition; three different categories inform visitors about the actual process of escaping, biographies of eight exiles, and countries of refuge. One part of the display of the escaping process highlights the support system the refugees needed to leave their country successfully. The exhibition then shows documents and photographs that were often connected to international aid organizations. They forged passports if the refugee had no valid identity papers or gave information on escape routes. Moreover, using a letter of Sigmund Freud from August 7, 1938, the exhibit shows that renowned individuals also lent their names to organizations such as the American Guild for German Cultural Freedom. In the category “People in Exile” the DNB introduces among others the Austrian lawyer and librarian Clementine Zernik, whose license to practice law was revoked because of her Jewish background when the annexation of Austria in 1938 occurred. Zernik then emigrated to the United States but could not follow her career as a lawyer and instead started working for the group Austrian Action that supported Austrian emigrants. The virtual visitor can take a look at her document of disbarment for a lawyer or at her box with mementos, such as postcards, tickets, etc. from Vienna. This virtual exhibition profoundly communicates the complexity of exile between the years of 1933 and 1945. The virtual exhibitions of the German National Library are a great way of curating museum content to a large audience during a time when visiting in person is not an option. The two exhibitions that I presented in this blog post are informative resources for learning about the First World War in all its variety, and about the phenomenon of exile during the Nazi era. But one problem of these online exhibits is that they mostly consist of editorial content illustrated with pictures of documents. They cannot replace the firsthand experience of encountering documents or objects in a permanent exhibition and feeling the history behind them. Nevertheless, the online exhibits of the German National Library offer educational spaces to engage with German history and individual biographies and fates “Portrait of the German National Library.” German National Library. Accessed May 18, 2020. https://www.dnb.de/EN/Ueber-uns/Portraet/portraet_node.html Almost two years ago, the Library of Congress launched the crowdsourcing platform By the People, which invites volunteers to transcribe, review, and tag digitized images of manuscripts and typescripts from the collections of the Library of Congress. The project runs on the open source software Concordia, developed by the Library of Congress to support crowdsourced transcription projects. Among the manuscripts made available for transcriptions are documents in German script. In a fascinating recent blog post, David B. Morris, the German Area Specialist, European Division, at the Library of Congress, discusses the art of Unlocking the Secrets of German Handwritten Documents. The blog post will be particularly interesting for contributors to GHI’s German Heritage in Letters Project, which uses Scripto as the platform to crowdsource transcriptions of German letters, including letters written in Kurrentschrift. On April 30, 2020, the German government began to lift some of the lockdown restrictions put in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic as the number of new infections per day in the country decreased. Museums, along with public parks and churches, have been allowed to reopen, as long as they follow federal social distancing guidelines.1 German museums will now be able to draw in visitors once again, but the visiting experience will be very different from what it was before. The opening procedure of the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig, with social distancing guidelines in place, provides a demonstration of how life will continue in Germany amid the pandemic. The Stadtgeschichtliches Museum is the municipal museum of the city of Leipzig. It consists of eight exhibition buildings spread out around the city, each containing galleries pertaining to a topic of local history or culture. The museum’s main building at the sixteenth-century Old Town Hall contains a permanent exhibit of the city of Leipzig’s cultural history from the Middle Ages to the present. The nearby Haus Böttchergäßchen, a modern building, features space for rotating exhibitions about further topics of city art and culture. This building also houses an interactive children’s museum aimed at museumgoers ten and under. FORUM 1813, located next to the city’s famous Battle of the Nations monument, is a small museum dedicated to the Napoleonic Wars and the decisive Battle of Leipzig of 1813 that saw the defeat of Napoleon in the German states. The Schillerhaus, located north of the city center, features an exhibit in a farmhouse where poet and philosopher Friedrich Schiller spent a summer in 1785. The Museum Zum ArabischenCoffe Baum holds an exhibition about coffee in Germany inside the oldest coffee house in the country, which opened in 1711. The Sportmuseum, next to the Red Bull Arena, covers regional athletic history and contains one of the largest sports-related collections in all of Germany. Finally, the Alte Börse, Leipzig’s seventeenth century customs house near the Old Town Hall, hosts lectures, readings, and other events put on by the museum organization.2 Like other museums in Germany, the Stadtgeschichtliches Musuem closed all of its facilities to the public in March 2020. On May 7, due to the lifting of restrictions, most of the museum’s facilities have reopened. Only the Children’s Museum and the libraries in the Haus Böttchergäßchen remain closed. Because the pandemic has not fully passed, special regulations in line with government recommendations are in place for museum visitors. All exhibition spaces will limit the number of visitors allowed inside at the same time. Visitors must remain six feet (two meters) apart from museum staff and each other, and must wear adequate mouth-nose coverings. The museum is encouraging visitors to use electronic payment for admissions rather than cash, and is engaging in regular disinfecting and cleaning of the facilities. No screening is required to enter, but hand sanitizer is offered for all visitors at entrance areas. All visitors are also asked to respect hygiene measures by regularly washing their hands, coughing into their arm, and keeping their hands away from their faces. Because of the almost two-month closure, the Stadtgeschichtliches Musuem postponed all of its upcoming special exhibitions and extended the duration of the exhibitions on display at the time of the closure. During the closure period, it also started a new online exhibit. Titled Hoffnungszeichen, (“Signs of Hope”), the exhibit features images and descriptions of artifacts from the museum’s collection that provided hope for city residents in past years. The first artifact exhibited was a communion chalice from 1632, a year when Leipzig suffered from a plague epidemic amid the Thirty Years’ War. The purpose of the exhibit, according to Musuem Director Dr. Anselm Hartinger, is to show that this generation of Leipzigers “are by no means the first generation to be confronted with general societal challenges, pandemics, wars and upheavals in Leipzig, [who] learned to live with them and ultimately found a strengthened new beginning.”3 The exhibit also allows visitors to submit their own stories, photographs, and comments relating to their experience with the COVID-19 pandemic in Leipzig. On May 7, the museum opened a corresponding physical exhibition in the Haus Böttchergäßchen, featuring the objects the museum showed online and a selection of the digital submissions from visitors. By following federal guidelines and encouraging visitors to do the same, the Stadtgeschichtliches Musuem has managed successfully reopen as the pandemic continues. In doing so it provides a model for how museums elsewhere can reopen, though time will tell if these measures will effectively prevent the virus from spreading more in lieu of a full lockdown. The new exhibition demonstrates this museum’s recognition of COVID-19 as an important historical event that will be studied extensively in the future, and an intention to contribute to its documentation within its community. “Unsere Häuser.” Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig. Accessed May 15, 2020. https://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/besuch/unsere-haeuser/. [↩] “Stadtgeschichtliches Museum setztdigitaleHoffnungszeichen.” leipzig.de. Stadt Leipzig, March 24, 2020. https://www.leipzig.de/news/news/stadtgeschichtliches-museum-setzt-digitale-hoffnungszeichen/ [↩] Editorial note:Betty Schaumburg is an intern at the German Historical Institute in Washington D.C. She is about to graduate with a B.A. in American Studies from the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Her High School exchange in 2012 in Wisconsin sparked her curiosity in US history. During the course of her undergraduate studies, she also participated in the exchange program of Heidelberg University and spent her junior year at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. There, she narrowed her historical interest to the post-Civil War era, Reconstruction and the New South, which contributed to the topic of her Bachelor Thesis. When I registered my Bachelor Thesis in the beginning of March, I had little idea how my research would be impacted by the looming threat of Covid-19. What started out as the exciting final stage of my Undergraduate Studies, turned out to be a rather complicated and uncertain process. Not only have near to all vital public research institutions closed, but even online book stores showed great delays in literature deliveries. As a direct result, many students who are currently in the same position as me, as well as fellow researchers who are in the midst of their projects, have found themselves stranded and exposed to these unconventional times. This entry aims to describe how in the age of a pandemic I personally have adapted to the unusual circumstances in the duration of my research and utilized digital research in the midst of this Covid-19. During the course of my academic exchange year at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, my interest in the Lost Cause mentality in the US South has manifested itself so greatly that I knew I would incorporate this topic into my Bachelor thesis. The fact that the Civil War outcome still has such a tremendous influence not only on political discourses around the country, but also on the academic sphere of universities and their students, triggered my interest in the topic of my thesis, which is dealing with North Carolina universities’ response to the rising opposition against Civil War remnants on these campuses. Since my Bachelor thesis primarily focuses on US soil, I narrowed my sources down to the American periphery. First, I researched newspapers such as the New York Times and The Washington Post for articles discussing rising protests on North Carolina campuses surrounding Confederate monuments to get an idea about the national significance of these debates. What struck me most was the deal the University of Chapel Hill made with the N.C. Sons of Confederate Veterans concerning UNC’s controversial Silent Sam statue on their campus. According to the New York Times, the university reached a temporary settlement of $2.5 million with the division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans to remove the statue from campus, in return for the division to take care of the monument. Immediately the questions “How influential are Confederate groups on North Carolina campuses? How do campuses address their controversial monuments?” came into mind. Consequently, I started searching on UNC’s website for internal sources about their statue and was successful. UNC offers free access to archive.org and their annual Alumni Reviews, which also contain articles about the completion of Silent Sam. While the reviews about the monument and newspaper articles of the revealing gave me a broad overview about how people at the time perceived the statue, the actual dedication speech by Julian Carr in 1913, exposing racist content, is available for free on the internet. As a result, I started to search through selected campuses’ websites for released articles addressing controversial names of campus buildings, statues, and their dedication speeches, which led me to successfully retrieve several documents. Then, on the other hand, I researched statements released by the University administration addressing either the removal of named statues, or plans to regard them as historical artifacts to create a direct comparison of different perspectives throughout the University system. However, while it was difficult for me to find out how exactly the Confederate groups influenced or not influenced those decisions, I at least able to collect a spectrum of the statue’s and building’s timeline and the University’s standpoint on them. Next, I was able to borrow two important books before the shut down of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro library that contextualize the history of Confederate groups and the manifestation of the Lost Cause into society. While they enhanced my understanding of the movement behind the Lost Cause in general, they did not suffice to answer my first question. I also still needed about three other sources whose delivery were delayed by a full month due to Covid-19. I knew that due to the delay of the books I had to focus solely on online resources. I needed to dig deeper to analyze campus relationships with Confederate groups. That is why I now shifted my focus to the website newspapers.com, where many newspaper articles published over a span of centuries are available in digital form and continue to find the right resources that bring me closer to the answer to my questions by utilizing the online resources that UNC provides on their website. Another important finding I made on the UNC website was North Carolina’s General Assembly’s decision to categorize Civil War monuments as “monuments of remembrance” resulting in the statues’ exemption from removal. This hence created the intentional exclusion of marginalized groups on campus and muffling of the Civil War monument opposition. I plan on researching more about the General Assembly’s rulings and impacts on campus life. Even though I had planned to use the sources the Library of Congress and UNC library provide for visitors, I have thus far gathered a detailed overview of critical questions vital to my Bachelor Thesis. Covid-19 prevented me from finding sufficient secondary source material concerning the history of the intermingling between Confederate groups and campuses, but UNC nevertheless provides a great range of digital sources concerning their own controversial history with “Silent Sam”. Overall, Universities in North Carolina do a good job in opening up the debate surrounding the Lost Cause and fill in some of the blanks. The pandemic has shown how easy a delay in research can be, and I was thus able to extend the deadline for my thesis to make use of my ordered books and the libraries once they open up again. Michael Levinson, “Toppled but Not Gone: UNC Grapples Anew with the Fate of Silent Sam,” New York Times, February 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/us/unc-silent-sam-statue-settlement.html (Accessed May 5, 2020). UNC Alumni Review, “The Soldiers Monument Unveiled”, June 1913, p. 184, http://www.carolinaalumnireview.com/carolinaalumnireview/191306/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=2&folio=184#pg8 (Accessed May 13, 2020). Julian S. Carr, “Unveiling of Confederate Monument at University. June 2, 1913” in the Julian Shakespeare Carr Papers #141, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, https://hgreen.people.ua.edu/transcription-carr-speech.html (Accessed May 13, 2020). Adam Lovelady, “Statues and Statutes: Limits on Removing Monuments from Public Property,” August 22nd 2017, https://canons.sog.unc.edu/statues-statutes-limits-removing-monuments-public-property/ (Accessed May 13, 2020). Figure 1: Angum Check and Tim Osborn, “We Tried to Peacefully Protest. The the University Shut Us Down,” The Nation, September 12, 2017, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/we-tried-to-peacefully-protest-then-the-university-shut-us-down/ (Accessed May 15, 2020). Figure 2: UNC Alumni Review, “The Soldiers Monument Unveiled”, June 1913, p. 184, http://www.carolinaalumnireview.com/carolinaalumnireview/191306/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=2&folio=184#pg8 (Accessed May 15, 2020). As the anniversary of V-E Day arrives, another museum in Berlin finds itself changing the way it observes. The German-Russian Museum is the center of May 8th commemorations in Berlin. In 2020, this historic museum is taking action to ensure that its commemoration is accessible even from the home. The German-Russian Museum is housed in a circa-1936 building in Berlin-Karlshorst. The building began its life as the mess hall of a Wehrmacht military engineer school, but became known internationally on May 8, 1945 as the place of Nazi Germany’s surrender at the end of the Second World War. In a ceremony held in the school’s central hall, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht signed the German Instruments of Surrender. The document officializing the capitulation was accepted and signed by Soviet Marshal Georgi Zhukov and British Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, with Generals Carl Spaatz of the United States and Jean de Lattre de Tassigny of France signing as witnesses. The building subsequently served as the headquarters of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, and in the 1960s became the “Museum of Unconditional Surrender of Fascist Germany in the Great Patriotic War.” The museum was organized and operated by the Soviet military and presented the history of the German-Soviet war. In the late 1990s, the museum was redone in a collaboration between German, Russian, and Ukranian historians to chronicle German-Soviet relations between the Russian Revolution and the end of the Cold War while retaining a focus on World War II. It underwent a second revision in 2013, with upgrades to the permanent displays. The museum’s centerpiece is a recreation of the “Capitulation Hall” where the surrender ceremony took place, made to appear as it did in 1945. In addition to the main gallery, there are also exhibits about the building’s history, including the preserved offices of the Soviet military administration. Some exhibits from the museum’s Soviet era have also been preserved, displaying how the history was presented during the Cold War era. Outside on the museum grounds there is an extensive collection of Soviet armor and artillery, as well as monuments erected by the Soviets. The German-Russian Museum usually hosts a large commemoration event every May 8th. Dignitaries from Russia visit the museum, and there is a concert and a serving of Russian food and drinks. A wreath-laying ceremony takes place at the monuments outside. The museum planned for an expanded ceremony this year to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the end of the war in Europe, including the opening of a new exhibition, a visit from German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier, and visits from representatives of all the former Allied powers, to take place over several days. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions, all of these events had to be canceled. However, due to the German government lifting some of the restrictions on May 4th, the German-Russian Museum will be able to hold a reduced ceremony. The Capitulation Hall will be open to visitors between 10:00 am and 8:00 pm on May 8th through 10th. The exhibit galleries will remain closed. Outside there will be an outdoor exhibition about the surrender, similar to the larger one that was supposed to take place on Pariser Platz. Berlin Mayor Michael Müller will visit the museum on May 8th, and there will be a smaller wreath-laying ceremony later that day. The museum is also taking measures to make sure visitors can view its content from home. Most notable is their handling of the new exhibition that was to debut for the anniversary. Titled “From Casablanca to Karlshorst,” the exhibition traces the progress of the Second World War from the 1943 Casablanca Conference, where the Allied powers determined that an “unconditional surrender” from Germany would be the only acceptable means of concluding the war, to Germany’s unconditional surrender at Berlin-Karlshorst in 1945. The exhibit follows two themes: the efforts of the Allies to defeat Nazi Germany and the escalation of violence in Europe by the Nazis that led up to the end of the war. Notable artifacts on display were to be a Russian-Orthodox liturgical book, recovered from a village in Belarus destroyed by German occupiers, and a tree trunk from the site of the Below Forest temporary camp with the names of Soviet POWs carved into it. The museum has created a virtual tour of the exhibition, accessible at https://tour.art.vision/deutsch-russisches-museum-de-en-fr.html. Using software similar to Google Maps Street view, visitors can go through the entire exhibition. All of the exhibit text, presented in German, Russian, and English, is clear and readable. The Capitulation Hall and Marshal Zhukov’s office are also accessible in the virtual tour. The museum also has a page on their website dedicated the 75th anniversary at https://www.museum-karlshorst.de/index.php?id=146&L=1. This page features selected photographs from the museum’s archives related to the surrender, more information and highlighted artifacts from the new exhibition, and pictures and testimonies sent by present-day children from Germany, the former Soviet Union, and the former Western Allies as answers to the question “What does World War II mean for you?” Visitors to the page can submit their own answer to that question via the email address firstname.lastname@example.org. They can also partake in an online poll asking the same question, with the options of “Victory,” “Defeat,” “Liberation,” “New Beginning,” and “Meaningless” for answers. The content is all available in German, Russian, and English, with the photograph pages also available in French and Polish. Though a large-scale on-site commemoration of the 75th anniversary of V-E Day is not possible this year, the German-Russian Museum has made sure that the occasion will still be observed, and has made their contributions accessible to a worldwide audience through its online platform. Editorial note: Thomas Biggs is an intern at the German Historical Institute Washington DC. He is a graduate of the George Washington University (2019) with a BA in International Affairs and minors in History and German Studies. He studied in Berlin for his junior year spring semester with the IES Abroad Language and Area Studies Program in collaboration with the Humboldt University of Berlin. During this semester he visited the Allied Museum Berlin as part of his coursework. His areas of study included security policy, US and German history, and the development of German democracy between 1815 and the present. Every museum’s intention is to attract visitors: A museum wants people to experience the stories and objects it has on display, with the hope that they learn something new or understand something greater. Unique exhibitions and significant artifacts are what convince people to visit a specific museum location. The experience of being in the physical location, being able to see images or objects, hear, sounds, and sometimes even smell smells associated with a particular idea or period, is what drives people to visit a museum location. Information today is more accessible than ever, be it in books, on television, or on the internet. Yet people still visit museums, and million-dollar museum projects keep opening, because there is something so unique about the museum experience that cannot be conveyed through any other medium. It is a full immersion in a topic, in a time, and in a place. The COVID-19 crisis has presented a great problem for museums, as stay-at-home orders have made it impossible for them to perform this necessary function of attracting and educating visitors at their specialized locations. To stay in touch with their visitors and present their collections without opening museum buildings, museums have turned to the internet. New technology has allowed for innovative ways to bring a museum to one’s home. The Allied Museum in Berlin is one such institution facing the issues brought on by COVID-19. The museum presents the history of the three Western Allied powers’ (Great Britain, France, and the United States) military presence in West Berlin and West Germany during the Cold War. It interprets the daily lives and missions of the Allied troops, as well as the impact their presence had on Germany. The museum’s collections hold scores of related artifacts and documents. Its physical location at Clayallee 135, in the former American Sector, is intricately tied to the history it presents. The museum makes use of two former American base buildings, the Outpost Theater and the Nicholson Memorial Library, to house its galleries. In between the two buildings is a plaza displaying the museum’s large artifacts. The most popular of these is the British Handley Page Hastings cargo aircraft, a participant in the Berlin Airlift. On Sundays between April and October, visitors can pay one Euro to climb inside the aircraft, take a look into the cockpit, and view a short film about the airlift. The aircraft is effective at drawing families to the museum on Sundays and is one source of much-appreciated donations for the otherwise state-funded museum. Since the Allied Museum closed on March 14, visitors cannot experience it in any of these ways. All of the museum’s planned events for the foreseeable future have been cancelled. The museum’s website, alliiertenmuseum.de, has a posted notice about the indefinite closure. Otherwise the website remains largely as it did before march, featuring summaries of the exhibit galleries and an entry about highlighted objects. The “Collections” section offers descriptions of the museum’s collection areas and articles about three “highlighted” artifacts selected on a rotating basis. Historical information and statistics about the Berlin Airlift and denazification are also featured. The museum’s events list has been updated to announce the cancellations. Fortunately, the Allied Museum is still working to stay in contact with interested patrons, and is making use of new ways to engage the public while they are sheltering in place. The museum has launched a new YouTube channel (titled “Alliiertenmuseum”) featuring German-language video tours. The channel currently has four videos, all posted within the last month. Three of them highlight “favorite objects” on display in the museum galleries, with a visitor guide telling in-depth stories about each. The fourth video features a “behind-the-scenes” look at the museum’s archival facilities, showing how artifacts and documents are catalogued. The museum plans to upload more videos in the coming weeks. The museum’s Facebook page is similarly engaging audiences by posting historical images and photographs of more of the museum’s artifacts, all accompanied by German and English descriptions. The museum will post all further information about museum activities during the pandemic to this page. May 8, 2020 will mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe (V-E Day), and the Allied Museum had plans to observe the occasion. There was to be an open-air exhibition by the Brandenburg Gate about the end of the war, featuring contributions from the Allied Museum and other Berlin museums that document this period in history. Sadly, this exhibition had to be canceled as well. Allied Museum Director Jürgen Lillteicher states that the majority of the exhibition will now be shown online instead. Dr. Lillteicher hopes that interviews recorded for the exhibition will be made available online as well. Information about this project can be found at kulturprojekte.berlin/projekt/75-jahre-kriegsende/ and on the Facebook page “75 Jahre Kriegsende.” The museum had additionally planned a film series to be shown at the museum, featuring works of cinema about events between D-Day and V-E Day. Instead, posts about the planned featured films are being added to the Facebook page, so individuals can watch them at home. The museum also intended to host events covering the liberation of Nazi concentration camps by the Allied forces. Posts about this topic are being made for the Facebook page as well, with the most recent one featuring the liberation of Sachsenhausen by the Soviets on April 22, 1945. The Allied Museum has found ways to engage potential visitors even though no one can visit the museum site itself. Its solutions, utilizing familiar social media platforms, are simple yet effective. People wanting to learn about the postwar period or what the museum itself has to offer can do so by utilizing these platforms, even after the pandemic has passed. When visiting a museum, one expects to encounter and interact with historical objects, artefacts and their materiality. Especially after the turn of the millennium, museums increasingly introduced (and embraced) new digital components. Today, audio guides, for example, have become indispensable for many institutions. According to the National Museum of American History, it has more than 1.7 million objects “and a 22,000 linear feet of archival documents”[i] in its collection. The Deutsches Historisches Museum (German History Museum) in Berlin has also more than 60,000 historical documents and more than 900 movie clips from the past.[ii] These are too many historical objects and media to exhibit on the walls of museums. Therefore, museums have been discussing and experimenting with ways of using digital technology to make objects from their archives and storage facilities more visible. Would you expect that there will be a next level of presenting museal artefacts digitally to visitors? The Mindener Museum in North-Rhine Westphalia is one example for a fruitful combination of a museum as a haptic room with digital methods. Since 2018 the head of the museum, Philipp Koch, has been cooperating with Prof. Silke Schwandt from Bielefeld University whose research interests include digital history and humanities. This cooperation offers students the possibility of thinking creatively and of developing their own digital projects about museal artefacts of the museum. In the past, the students developed a new tour for the digital city model related to the bombings of Minden by the allied forces in World War II and produced 3D scans and prints of a crest from the 17th century. Currently, there is one group, which creates an escape tour, inspired by the traditional experience design from the gaming scene. Julia Becker, an expert of experience design, supports the escape room project and shares her knowledge with the students. In this museum the areas of narrative history, which is making the past come alive with digital elements, and the traditional historical craft of researching the historical artefacts and contents overlap.[iii] The limited option for showing historical objects is a common problem for every museum. Therefore, Philipp Koch acknowledges the value of digitization, especially since it enables the display of treasures from the archives to visitors. Digitization can open up access to objects for researchers and historically interested people alike. It supports the preservation and display of historical files on the one hand, while pushing the pedagogical work on the other. Hence, digitization facilitates access for individuals to historical objects and chronological processes and supports the understanding of complex structures. Yet, digitization also has its limits, some of which are demonstrated by the example of the digital city model: The digital tour of the bombings in WWII needs more layers of telling than the mere presentation of the impacts of the bombings on the screen. Needed is an accurate and well-researched textual introduction to the historical events, now provided on the screen and of course ideally through a guide. Without these additional layers of explanation, historical education through digitization will not be as effective. Indeed, it requires more than just digital objects on a screen. Experts describe the way of dealing with digitization in the cultural, museal field as “Digital The possibilities opened through digitization call for the discussion of visualization, presentation, and publication of digital artefacts. For Silke Schwandt, digital history is an evolving field of historical research that offers a wide array of application in museums. Therefore, digital representations such as interactive maps or 3D models of historical artefacts like in the Mindener Museum, allow visitors to interact directly with the displayed materials in ways that were formerly unavailable. Certainly, the opportunities of digitization are wide. You can think of using tablets to provide tours through the museum, virtual reality apps on the smart phone to bring portraits to life, or 360° experiences to set visitors into a historical scenery for example. In addition, digitization reduces the risks of damaging the originals, since visitors explore historical manuscripts on the screen. Imagine that you can scroll through the Declaration of Independence or letters from Bismarck virtually. Nevertheless, Silke Schwandt pleads for an intersectional dealing with digital elements. Most applications of digital tools in historical research, and the museal sector as well, do not make human interaction, interpretation, and communication “Historical information or insight tends to be more complicated than can be shown in a simple diagram. Historians stress the fact that there usually is more than one answer to a research question, more than one interpretation of the past. To meet these demands, digital representations in museums, or in any other context for that matter, should therefore be interactive in a way that allows the visitor to see more than one linear interpretation and maybe even arrive at their own interpretations after interacting with the material.” What does experience design mean in a museal context? As Julia Becker says, in most people’s minds, the general idea of visiting a museum is being a passive spectator who gets to see exhibits and gains information. Therefore, application of experience design to this practice literally could turn visits into experiences that speak to several senses and put the human at the centre. The visitor would become a participant and their once passive position changes to a more active mode of participation in the experience. If a museum is able to tell stories and has the financial means to try out something new designing an experience for a museum can establish a memorable user journey, even if it breaks with traditional expectations for According to experts that are mentioned above, here are some pieces of advice (or guidelines) for doing digital history at the museum: First, you should reflect about what digitization could yield for your museum. Digital elements in the exhibition can be a useful supplement, visitors still come to experience history primarily by looking at historical artefacts. Therefore, one should evaluate how much the museum on the one hand, and the visitors on the other, can benefit from digitization. Your curators should keep in mind that technology needs frequent maintenance and technical problems can arise every time. One should ensure that there is sufficient personnel capacity to manage failures in case. The Mindener Museum, for example, has its technician Mr. Wurm who is responsible for the digital city model. If there are problems with the image resolution or with the beamers on the ceiling – he is the one who fixes them. Second, digital objects need thorough and accurate historical research as a basic preparation for their display in a museum context. The digitized objects or experienced stories may be as astonishing as ever, but no one will benefit from it without solid information about the historical content: ‘What kind of an object is it?’, ‘In what time period was it produced?’, ‘How has it survived over time?’ and even more questions should be asked and answered about an object. Of course, this can be very difficult and sluggish if you do not find the information at first sight. But to set the object into context makes it interesting for visitors. They want to know the content of the presented objects to connect this background information with knowledge they already have. Therefore, the basis should always be historical research by professionally trained historians. Without ensuring the accuracy of the historical context, the museum would fail its educational mission. Third, the museum needs financial means for digitization. That can be digitized objects on a screen or ideally, experience design. Either need capacity in manpower and money for preparation and curation over time. The goal should be that digitization will be an additional enriching element in the exhibition and not a handicap. Remember that every digital project needs time and money to develop it from the first idea to the fully finished product. In addition and in the best case, every museum should have an in-house technician like Mr. Wurm. Besides the care of the technique, this person can share his or her knowledge with your curators to arrange technical solutions for your grand digital vision. The group of students who developed an additional virtual tour for the city model was in close exchange with the technician of the Mindener Museum to see if the historical maps fit on the screen, if the resolution of the image is good enough for presentation, and if the beamer lights are set correctly. Fourth, while experience designs have to fulfill historical standards, they also have to adequately represent the complexity of story structures and narratives. Making history alive via digital tours through the museum or via virtual reality, for example, usually requires curated historical research. If experience design is interesting for your museum, curators should keep in mind that all playful and historical elements are connected to another and that the historical content must be worked out carefully. For example, the group who is currently working on the digital tour through the Mindener museum is still struggling with the conflict between the playability of historical stories. Is it allowed to change the historical facts of the escape tour just to provide a positive end and a feeling of success for the visitors? This question is not as simple as is looks at first sight and requires a huge amount of reflection on the side of the students. Beyond that, one has to take into consideration the different types of experiencing. Which mode fits to your historical artifacts and story? At last, one has to live with gaps in historical storytelling. Every historian stood for the challenge that some questions stay unanswered. This is okay and the risk of historians, who should stick to what they know. (In that case you should only spread proven knowledge.) Do not take the trap of inventing historical fiction just for entertaining. The 3D-printed crest from the 17th century has shown how difficult it can be to deal with physical objects in a digital world. While the student read a lot of literature, it turned out that only a few pieces of proven information could be provided by the museal documentation and the research. Of course, he would have loved to share deeper knowledge of this crest. But in the end, he had no other choice than to stick to the information he could prove if he wanted to contribute to the educational task of the museum. The fact that there remain open questions about objects such as the 17th crest that even experts cannot answer remain is shared with the visitors. If you plan digital or playful elements in your museum with these thoughts in mind, it could be a great opportunity to take the next step into to the 2020s. Exhibitions and educational work can support the ways by which museum visitors experience history in different ways. It can set them into the view of an historical character; it can open up historical files and hidden objects in the archives; it can give visitors the opportunity to experience history in an unexpected way. In short, while it should be carefully prepared and conceptually balanced, it gives visitors the chance to experience history in more than just one traditional way. [i] National Museum of American History Behring Center, Collections, (access 04/09/2020 5.10 pm). Many graduate history students will be familiar with the moment (or phase) in their studies when they have to make a decision about the topic of their final thesis. Some students may already know the topic early on. Others may take a few productive detours on their way to developing their final thesis topic. I am a history student from Germany who is working on the final thesis and in the latter category. With this blog contribution, I would like to share insights into the perspective of me as a historian at the end of my graduate academic education, whose final thesis research also marked my first foray into the field of digital history. At the beginning of my Master’s degree program at Bielefeld University, Germany, I was sure that I wanted to do research on a different topic than my Bachelor thesis. World War I, albeit an exceptionally cruel war, has always been fascinating to me. I was especially interested in researching the fate of soldiers with neurotic/ psychiatric symptoms during or after their military service (today it would be called PTSD) Therefore, my general topic was clear. What was less clear was my exact research question and, related to this, the accessibility of sources. At first, I wanted to get to know how soldiers interpreted their own conditions. But soon it seemed clear that it would be difficult to get access to this very specific sources. By chance, I explored the series of medical journals called “Berliner that was published between 1864 and 1921. It seemed clear to me that I would have to examine it more closely. After reading secondary literature I realized that no one has ever researched the concrete medical phrases used to describe the “shell shock“ phenomena. So far, researchers only concentrated on the contemporary medical discourses but did not pay attention to the way how the doctors exactly phrased the symptoms of the soldiers in their publications. Therefore, the question “How did medical doctors describe the neurotic/ psychiatric symptoms of soldiers that have serviced in the war?” came into my mind. A warm welcome to my question! But, how to get access to the journal? Unfortunately, the library catalogue was unable to provide me with answers. Then, I got the hint from my thesis supervisor that I should ask Google – it has been too obvious and easy. No sooner said than done, I found the digitized journal Immediately, I began to save the files of the volumes from 1914 until 1919. Since then, I have saved more than 8.000 digitized pages of medical articles by German doctors. What’s next? On the one hand, it is nice to have digitized historical articles. On the other hand, working with these accurately requires more than just the normal screening of texts with a human eye. After some time, I realized that I’ll have to venture into the field of digital history to develop better strategies. People might think that digital history is just a field for lazy historians, but it can be so much more. Dealing with digital sources does not mean that the historian is obsolete.[iii] In my specific case it means the possibility to widen my period of research and quantify my sources of research, meaning that I can develop new and different ways of dealing with words than I was used to. Tables of words (“Wortlisten“[iv]), enumerations and charts as presentation options can do more for you than just examine specific words closely: Digital tools help with investigating relations between words in documents, for example: In which context or combination of medical terms appears the word “war neurosis?“ Here are some of my findings based on my initial explorations of the field of digital First, I had to clarify the kind of questions I have and define what exactly I would like to know. Is it really necessary to bring digital methods to the thesis? What outcome would I like to achieve? Which disadvantages could arise when I work with digital tools? The level of (self-) reflections seems to be indispensable. Only when these questions can be answered, either on your own or in discussion with your supervisors, it makes sense to combine traditional hermeneutical methods with In addition, thankfully the text corpus of the “Berliner klinische Wochenschrift“ is already digitized, published by the same source, and homogenous in its layout. Following Silke Schwandt’s advice, sources of digital history need to be readable for machines. Applied to my example, that could be that each page has the same two-column structure and the font type is set uniformely in Antiqua style. Based on these criteria, my historical sources fulfill the first requirements. Third, I still need to find the right software to support my work. If you are using handwritten documents, you will need to transcribe and digitalize them. In that case, a helpful tool could be I have written above, I do not need this type of program for my current work. At least, so much is clear. But the question which software may aid my research and help with analyzing the medical terms that doctors used to describe medical symptoms remains important. I can certainly rely on my supervisor’s experience. Because the variety of computational or DH tools is wide, I assume and hope that professionals who have used digital tools for a longer time than I have will be able to help me with advice. As you can see, my exploration is ongoing. At this stage, I have paused my thesis work to explore potential digital tools. Only when I know what tool I will be working with I can resume my foray into the field of digital history and start writing my thesis. Nevertheless, I’ll continue my work as I follow these steps: Input of digital sources in Analysis and evaluation of the output/ results of the computational process Set the results in context Writing the thesis How I’ll cope with this challenges you’ll see in future. I‘ll keep you updated! [i] Deutsche digitale Bibliothek, Berliner klinische Wochenschrift: Organ für praktische Ärzte, (access 3/23/2020 4.40 pm). [ii] Internet Archive, Advanced search, (access 3/23/2020 3.09 pm). [iii] Silke Schwandt, „Digitale Methoden für die Historische Semantik. Auf den Spuren von Begriffen in digitalen Korpora,“ Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für Historische Sozialwissenschaft 44, no. 1 (2018): 107-134. The assumptions in this article refer to the work of Silke Schwandt. [iv] Schwandt, „Digitale Methoden für die Historische As a German high school or college student, you will be familiar with the scenario: A homework assignment requires you to locate reliable information about William II, the Emperor of the German Empire, and the deadline is tomorrow. It’s late in the evening, every library is closed, and the only tool left is the World Wide Web. If this sounds familiar to you, don’t panic. Take a moment and let me take you on a digital journey to Berlin, Germany! Historisches Museum (DHM), physically located in Berlin, Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (HdG) and the German federal archives, the Bundesarchiv, provide a virtual museum called LeMo, Lebendiges Museum Online. [i] It represents a historically reliable introduction in modern German History and is the biggest virtual museum in the digital landscape in German speaking countries. LeMo addresses everyone who is interested in German History beginning in 1800 until the present day. It is a virtual museum for everyone – K-12 students, college and university students, adults, including senior citizens. You as a virtual visitor can access the museum easily from home and are invited to explore the website. The appealing presentation design combined with fascinating objects invite you to browse the site and get trapped in the web of history. This virtual museum provides introductory texts, images of ancient objects, historical photographs and videos, audio files, biographical stories, pedagogical material and more materials on eleven epochs and topics of modern German history. Each historical period has three levels of telling history: First, there is an introduction that provides an overview of the content. So, if you need information about William II. you can click on the topic “Kaiserreich”. There you will find an overview with the most important information to the German Empire in written texts and historical media like paintings and filmclips. This presentation of historical media evokes imaginations and impressions of that specific past and makes it easier to access it. In addition, the texts and side information on the presented objects provide keywords that lead you to further information. Second, every general topic has a table of content to explore more information on each period of time. If you have additional interest in the foreign affairs of William II. and especially in his colonial policy, the website can assist you. Once you’ve clicked on it indicating that you are interested in gaining deeper knowledge of foreign policies, LeMo provides new subject areas and historical events related to that topic. Then, you can click on “Kolonialpolitik”, colonial policy, to access more information on the colonial beliefs of William II. Furthermore, the museum provides an overview of historical events of each year, so if you need information on a specific historical event, you can choose this tool of doing research as well. This way, digital visitors get the impression to take a much closer look on a virtual exhibition of a German museum. In addition, if you still cannot find the item you are looking for at first glance, you may take advantage of the search function tailored to support specialized research topics. The portal was first established in 1997. Its initial goal was to experiment with new technologies and the World Wide Web, still emerging at the time. Therefore, with its early efforts to represent a historical museum online in Germany, LeMo was a pioneer in that time. Since then, the virtual museum has enjoyed ever-increasing popularity and attracts visits from all over the world. Would you have expected that the highest number of visits with more than 100.000 per year comes from the USA? Digital paths of telling history have been and continue to be useful for many people from all over the world. LeMo is free, the only requirement is the ability to read German language. Whether you are working on a homework assignment that’s due tomorrow, or are just interested in learning about German history, please visit LeMo. Even to me, who is quite familiar with German History, it is every time exciting to visit this virtual museum. I always find new information and get fascinated by the historical media presented on the Editorial note: Laura Maria Niewoehner is a MA student in history at Bielefeld University. She completed an internship at GHI from January until the end of March 2020, when she had to depart DC early due to the Coronavirus health crisis. Her MA thesis is tentatively titled:“`Kriegsszitterer`, `Kriegsneurotiker` oder `Kriegshysteriker` – Fachaerztliche Wahrnehmung von psychischen Auffaelligkeiten von Soldaten im Ersten Weltkrieg” and analyzes how medical specialists perceived mental illnesses in soldiers during and after World War I. She’s worked at a variety of museums and public history projects, including in Namibia, where she did research for an exhibition dealing with the post apartheid era. She also worked at a regional memorial for POWs of World War II. Laura is a student assistant for the management team of the Bielefeld-based collaborative research centre 1288 ‘Practices of Comparing” and assists professor Silke Schwandt with her digital humanities work. Laura is very interested in researching the implications of digital research strategies and presentations for historical work, and href was lucky to recruit her as a guest author. The Teutoburger Forest is rich on having myths and essays about Hermann the German. [i] According to history Hermann, in Latin called Arminius, has fought the battle of Varus against the Roman Empire successfully 9 years AD. [ii] Because of the crushing defeat of three Roman legions the Empire has sacrificed the further extension of the Roman regions – it remained in German hand.[iii] In this heart of German history the city Halle is located and the home of approximately 21.700 residents.[iv] This medium-sized city has grown substantially in recent years. The established fashion industry with its most popular brand “Gerry Weber” and the nearby highway have contributed to the growing population. Halle is particularly well-known for its history of transportation and the tennis stadium OWL Arena. Once a year, the best tennis professionals from all over the world visit Halle to participate in the big tournament. In addition, the so called “Haller Willem” was probably the first cab driver in this area. In the 19th century, he transported with his coach people and goods from and to the cities Osnabrück and Bielefeld and contributed to the flourishing of local life.[v] Today this transportation line is a railway line and is named after coach driver Wilhelm Stuckemeyer. Given Halle’s rich industrial history, one could say it is a shame that this flourishing city does not offer its own physical museum. Nonetheless, the city has found an innovative way to make its history accessible to all. The museum manager and historian Katja Kosubek and her team have created a virtual museum that guides digital users back to the beginning of Halle, in Westphalia, up until the present.[vi] As long as you are willing to take a digital path to history, history comes alive in the virtual museum. The virtual museum makes history come alive when someone is willing to take the digital path of history. The digital museum presents a permanent exhibition with a virtual tour. Every ‘ZeitRaum’ – exhibition room – represents a different topic and phase of time, which are connected to the local history. After “entering” the exhibition room, visitors receive a short introduction of the topic and time period being presented. Visitors also have the opportunity to further explore topics through photographs of historical objects. The range of topics is broad; the time period covered starts in the 17th century and ends with the 2010s highlighting the technical progress of television and development of virtual worlds. In addition to the permanent exhibition, one can access the so called ‘Geschichtspfade’ – historical walks – to explore the region on foot. Presented with a map, one has the opportunity to use a digital guide to take a walk through history. For example, one can walk to the old cemetry and follow the stations given on the map. If you take your smartphone, the museum provides additional information on each station of the walk. Furthermore, the museum has designed historical walks for children and also provides rally sheets for schools that may wish to take advantage of the museum’s resources. The virtual museum also offers special exhibitions and publishes articles related to current historical topics. The virtual museum is presented in German. But for visitors reading German, the museum offers a new and interesting way to explore East-Westphalian history. It provides visitors the option of gaining deeper knowledge of the town’s history. Hence, it offers insights to historical objects which would not be possible without the virtual museum. Therefore, Katja Kosubeck has created a new way of telling history without going to physical museum. It could be useful for anyone who wants to learn something about German history from a local perspective. Students can use the articles for research or history enthusiasts can improve their historical knowledge by exploring the museum.

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Myth: Athletic Scholarships Are All Full-Ride Scholarships Countless high school athletes and their families assume that athletic scholarships are all full-ride scholarships. Unfortunately, this is not true. For every 100 high school students, there is one full athletic scholarship available. Full scholarships are not available in all sports either. They are pretty much only available in Division I (DI) “head count” sports. Head count sports mean the team is restricted in the number of athletes that can be on scholarship. In the NCAA, the head count sports for men are football (DI-A only) and basketball (DI). For women, the head count sports include basketball, volleyball, tennis, and gymnastics. All other DI level sports are “equivalency” sports, which means the available scholarships for each team can be divided among multiple players. In 2013, the average amount of money awarded to NCAA DI athletes was $13,821 for men and $14,660 for women. This is for the players in the top division. Many other athletes who received scholarships only received “starter” or “book scholarships” which pay for little. More than 60 percent of all NCAA athletes receive no scholarship aid for athletics. Myth: Lots of Kids Go to College on Sports Scholarships While lots of students play sports, very few get college scholarships. In fact, nationally, less than 2 percent of high school athletes will get college scholarships. Compare this to academic scholarships. At some schools, 70 percent of students receive academic scholarships. At the University of Michigan, for example, $23 million is spent on athletic scholarships while $945 is spent on academic scholarships. Think of it this way, the odds of getting a college athletic scholarship in a major sport are lower than then chances for getting admitted to Harvard. Myth: Playing One Sport Year Round in High School is the Path to Success Many professional athletes have said that playing one sport year round leads less to success and more to burn out. Endless games and practices will wear out both the body and mind, especially for a developing high school player. Even hockey great Wayne Gretzky played lacrosse in the spring. Rather than have your student join a travel team, consider having them practice without the team. If your child is a promising baseball hitter, take them to the field and have them hit the ball many times. This is actually better than joining a travel team and waiting to take two or three hits over the course of a game. Myth: Once A Student-Athlete Earns A Scholarship, They Have it For All Four College Years. Athletic scholarships are not guaranteed for four-years. Scholarships are year-by-year contracts that get renewed by the coach and college at the end of each year. This means that students can earn a scholarship and then lose it sometime during their college career. Scholarships depend on a student’s success on the team, in their sport and in the classroom. If a student is not as successful as the college wants, the scholarship can be changed or withdrawn. Keep in mind too, there are student athletes whose college careers are shortened by injuries. Myth: Getting into the School on a Sports Scholarship is the Hard Part. The fact of the matter is high-level college athletics can be extremely challenging. Many sports schedule practices early in the morning and then again later in the day. The practices, games and training, which can include gym time, take up a lot of time. A commitment to sports can mean losing the ability to get a part-time job or internship. Plus, having a severely limited social life. One 2014 NCAA survey found that the average NCAA student-athlete spent 39 hours a week on academics and 33 hours a week on sports in-season. Truth: Playing Sports Has Great Benefits At International College Counselors, we believe that sports are highly beneficial for students. Through sports dreams can be achieved and valuable lessons learned, including leadership, dedication, hard work and teamwork. Students also can learn how to push themselves to improve. For a student to be great at a sport, a high level of passion is needed.

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The scale is in commercial use when the weighing result is used to determine the price of a product or service. It is almost daily for the consumer to weigh fruit, for example, on the scale of a grocery store. The same analogy applies to industry, ie if you sell steel or crushed stone at a price per tonne, the scale must be certified for commercial use. In the industry, however, we sometimes encounter cases where a customer purchases a normal process scale without realizing that the scale is being used for commercial purposes and must be approved for that use, including any ancillary system interfaces. Regulations and technology around weighing are constantly evolving The need for accurate measurement of the weight of a trading item is very old. The basics have not changed over time and reliable weighing has remained an important cornerstone of trading. However, technology has developed rapidly around scales and with this it has also been important to update laws and regulations. Finland also operated for a long time according to the old law from 1965, but as the 21st century entered, the need to update it increased. With the renewals of the European Union directives, the Finnish laws were also updated and the Measuring Instruments Act 707/2011 and the related regulations were updated to meet the requirements of the time. Within a few years, changes came through both domestic regulations and the new Directives 2014 / 31EU (NAWID) and 2014/32 / EU (MID). Finally, during 2016, the requirements of the directives were harmonized with Finnish law by the amendment law 1138/2016, and they entered into force on January the 1st, 2017. Both regulations and technology around weighing and measuring are evolving. Technology is improving and digitalization enables new types of processing and utilization of production data, giving companies new ways to make their operations more efficient and productive. Measurement data management is perhaps deeper at the heart of today’s digitalization than one might think at first. Therefore, it is very important to take into account the processing of measurement data already at the stage when planning the development of the system. The structure and operation of the scale must meet the criteria required by law and the directives A scale used in commercial use is not the same as a regular “any scale”. The structure and operation of the scale must meet certain criteria, which are determined by laws, directives and many other standards. In addition, the design and implementation of scale-related automation is not as straightforward as in the case of a non-commercial scale. In other words, the design of a scale requires expertise in a very different way from a basic process scale in order to fulfill the essential requirements set out in the law. Sometimes you come across situations where the above things have not been taken into account in any way. This is often due to the fact that when a weighing system / scales are built, one company supplies the weighing components, another the mechanics and a third company the automation. All of this results in no company, even in theory, being able to take responsibility for both the mechanical operation of scales and compliance with the regulations of commercial scales unless they have been considered holistically from the outset. Before start of use, the commercial scale must be initially verified, ie suitability tested for that use. In Finland, in addition to Lahti Precision, only a few other operators have first certification rights. In any case, although scales should be serviced and calibrated regularly, in-use verification for commercial scales should be done every three years. For more information on this and scales suitable for commercial weighing in general, contact Lahti Precision’s experts. The author of the article is Service Business manager Jari Brandt. He has a long and varied experience in maintenance and calibration services for dosing and weighing equipment. Want to know more? Contact us WeighingLAHTICheck out our weighing solutions Big bag weighing scales and filling stationsCheck out our bigbag solutions Conveyor belt scaleCheck out our conveyor belt scales WeighbridgesCheck out our Weighbridges Expert: This is how you get an efficient big bag filling station Are you planning to get a big bag station? Before you go any further in the buying process, we recommend that you consider a few factors.

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In this specific article we shall glance at how exactly to compose an Analytical Essay Paper are 8 sources cited in this essay, that you can get in the bottom of this web page. Understand the objective of an essay that is analytical. an analytical essay need you writing need certainly to present some kind analysis argumentor claim, compose what you are analyzing. Most frequently you are going to need to evaluate another write-up or perhaps a movie, you may be for to assess issue, or a notion. It really is for the specific text and establishing forth a quarrel about this by means of a thesis declaration. determine what to create about. You a topic or topics to write about if you are writing help for a class, your teacher will write assign. Browse the prompt very very carefully. What’s the prompt assist you to to do? Nevertheless, sometimes you want have analysis appear with your own personal subject. A help character or group of characters if you’re writing thesis for phd in management analytical essay about a work of fiction, you could focus your argument on what motivates. Or, you can argue why a concerning line or essay is main towards the ongoing act as an entire. Explore the thought of vengeance into the need poem Beowulf. If you should be currently talking about an event that is historical take to concentrating on the forces that contributed as to what took place. If you should be authoring clinical research or findings, stick to the method that is scientific evaluate your outcomes. You might not require understand what your thesis declaration should even be when you have selected your subject. Doing you can be helped by some brainstorming uncover what you believe composing your subject. Contemplate it from as numerous perspectives as you’re able. Items that perform tend to be crucial. See if analysis can decipher why these things are incredibly important. Do they repeat into the way that is same time, assist differently? How essay the text work? ON LINE ESSAY WRITERS AT THE PROVIDER! If you are writing a rhetorical analysis, for instance, you essay evaluate how a writer makes use of appeals that are logical help her argument and decide whether you compose the argument works well. Analysis you are analysis a imaginative work, give consideration to help like imagery, visuals in a movie, etc. If you are analyzing research, you might think about the techniques and outcomes composing analyze if the college homework help test is just a good design. a brain map are a good idea for some people. Focus on your main subject, and organize smaller some a few a few ideas around it in bubbles. Connect the bubbles to spot habits and exactly how things are associated. For fact, which can be a good method to begin! Do not discount any a few ideas at this time. Jot down any element composing fact which you consider while you paper your topic. Show up by having a thesis declaration. The thesis statement is a phrase or two that summarizes the claim you’ll need make in your paper. It for your reader exactly what your essay will be about. Based on your project, you may have to work just with most of your sources the written text or assist you’re analyzing or with main and secondary sources, such as for example other publications analysis that is writing. You should be told by the assignment exactly exactly just what for need sources are needed. Good proof supports your writing and makes your argument more convincing. Record out of the supporting proof, composing for which you found it, and exactly how it supports your claim. An overview will help plan your essay and need composing it easier. Make sure that write understand just how long your essay should be. Though some instructors are fine aided by the standard “5 essay that is paragraph introduction, 3 human body paragraphs, conclusionmany teachers prefer essays become longer and explore subjects more in-depth. Design your outline properly. If you should be nearly certain exactly how all of your evidence require together, do not worry! Making an overview paper assistance paper work out how your argument should advance. You could make an even more outline that is informal teams your thinking together in big teams. After that, you are able to determine help speak about where. Your essay is supposed to be so long as it must be to composing discuss assistance topic. a typical error pupils make is always to select a big subject then enable just 3 human body paragraphs to go over it. This is why essays paper shallow or hurried. You shouldn’t be afraid to blow sufficient time write each information! Your introduction should provide your audience history information regarding your subject. Analysis in order to make your introduction engaging but perhaps perhaps perhaps not assist overzealous. ON LINE ESSAY WRITERS AT THE PROVIDER! Select form of work Also introductions that are essay dramatic an essay with a concern or exclamation is usually better to avoid. In essay, do not use the very first I analysis next you individual in your essay. State your thesis, assistance while the final sentence when you look at the paragraph that is first. Revenge help a legally recognized right in ancient culture that is anglo-Saxon. The countless analysis within the epic poem Beowulf show that paper had been an important area of the age that is anglo-Saxon. Nonetheless, assist all revenges are made alike. The poet’s depiction of those revenges shows that the dragon was more honorable for their work of revenge than Grendel’s mom. This introduction provides your visitors information they need to know to comprehend your argument, after which presents a quarrel concerning the complexity of a topic that is general within the poem. This writing of argument could be interesting because paper suggests require the audience has to think about the text meticulously rather than go at face value. Write your body paragraphs. Each human body paragraph hartford resume service have actually 1 a subject sentence, 2 essay analysis of some right an element of the text and 3 proof through the text writing supports your analysis as well as your assistance declaration. a sentence that is topic your reader exactly just what writing analysis paragraph may be about. Paper analysis associated with the text is where you make your argument. The data you offer supports your argument. Understand that each claim you make should help your thesis. The answer to writing amongst the assistance assaults is paper notion of exorbitant retribution. She performs this to lure Paper away from Heorot so analysis can destroy him too. The formula “CEE” can help you keep in mind:. You present evidence to support that claim and writing how the evidence relates to your claim whenever you present a claim, make sure. Understand when you should quote or paraphrase. Quoting means in quotation marks, insert it into your essay that you take the need text and, placing it. Quoting is great if you use the exact wording of one thing to guide your claim.

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Human population, though sparsely distributed in general, is growing most rapidly in a few urban centers and resort areas, mostly in the northwestern part of the basin. Land use is areally dominated by grazing in the basins and plains and economically dominated by mineral-extraction activities. Forests are the dominant land cover in mountainous areas. Cropland is a major land use in principal stream valleys. Water use is dominated by irrigated agriculture overall, but mining and public-supply facilities are major users of ground water. Coal and hydrocarbon production and reserves distinguish the Yellowstone River Basin as a principal energy-minerals resources region. Current metallic ore production or reserves are nationally significant for platinum-group elements and chromium. The study unit was subdivided as an initial environmental stratification for use in designing the National Water-Quality Assessment Program investigation that began in 1997. Ecoregions, geologic groups, mineral-resource areas, and general land-cover and land-use categories were used in combination to define 18 environmental settings in the Yellowstone River Basin. It is expected that these different settings will be reflected in differing water-quality or aquatic-ecological characteristics. Return to Environmental Setting of the Yellowstone River Basin, WRIR 98-4269

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By: Ibrahim Al-Alou Father Henri De Laulanie Pioneer of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). Rice production is a heavy consumer of water and fertilizers plus its footprint on greenhouse gas emissions that accounts for 1.5% of all emissions worldwide. To produce rice is a huge challenge but Challenges are for heroes and Father Henri de Laulanie was such a hero. De Laulanie arrived in Madagascar in 1961 where he spent his next 34 years until his death in 1995. He studied agriculture at Paris-Grignon University before entering the seminar in 1941. The Jesuit order requested him to move from France to Madagascar in 1961. Upon arrival De Laulanie was struck by the poverty level, local people suffer all around the country. He noticed they obtained half of their daily calorie intake by consuming rice the staple food. The yields were very low which forced farmers to cultivate highlands to increase their income and amount of rice produced. That was a bad choice since it deteriorated the natural resources that resulted in soil erosion and deforestation. SRI farming in Chattisgarh India photos by Jacob. Therefore, he had a goal in his mind to raise the yield of the rice crop and income of local farmers while decreasing the inputs required to achieve that aim. That included less water, fertilizers and seeds. The major contributions of the Green Revolution mainly applying more inputs like fertilizers and planting improved varieties of seeds were not applicable in his case since the people around him were too poor to spend any extra money in the production process. Therefore, he started working with local farmers, which culminated in the development of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) after 20 years of hard work. In brief, the system has two main benefits: raising the yield of the crop in some case by 200% while using less chemicals, seeds and water. Proposing new methods in agriculture to people who inherited their practice over the years was not an easy task. The scientific community also opposed the methods since they lacked the regular research papers and studies that proved the claims. However, seeing is believing and after the adaptation of his methods and widespread yield claims rice farmers from all over the world gave him a credit for the system that spread to many rice producing countries. Rice paddies were averaging at best 2 tons/hectare and rose to 8 tons/hectare after introducing these methods. So how does it work? Laulanie noticed that local farmers as well most rice farmers in the world transplant rice seedlings in clumps containing three or more seedlings instead of planting single seedling. A minority of local farmers used single seedling methods and it caught his attention. By using this methods they were saving on the seed cost at the same time the plants were healthier and produced better. He worked with these farmers, continued his sharp observations when he saw some of them using less water, and gave the crop a rest period between floorings, which was widely believed to be the best way to grow rice. He succeeded in growing rice by keeping the soil wet but not flooded. He pioneered the method of planting seedling in a square pattern (25x25 cm) instead of the rectangular pattern. By using this pattern he could use mechanical weeder to churn up the soil and burry the weeds in the soil which decompose and add additional organic matter. Another benefit of weeding is aerating the soil, which was very healthy to the plants. Therefore, we can summarize the system of rice intensification in four main points: 1-Plant single seedling instead of the traditional methods of planting them in clumps of 3 or more maybe 15 at a time. 2-Plant seedlings at an early age mainly 15 days old instead to 30-60 days old used in traditional farming. Here we save on the time needed to tend the seedlings for longer periods and the resulting plants will have more tillers that produce more grains. 3-Using less water by keeping the soil wet instead of continuous flooding therefore huge saving of precious water that is becoming scarce by the day. 4- Planting in square pattern with 25x25 cm spacing or sometimes wider if soil conditions are better which reduces seed rate by 89-90%. Why does it work? First, there is a synergy among these practices to start with. By adding more compost with the rotating hoe to control weeds we raise the soil organic matter that feeds soil microorganisms that nourish the plants and result in large increase in yields. Second, with this method we can see a large number of tillers ranging between 30-50 tillers per plant and in some cases up to 100 tillers. More tillers means larger and deeper root system that support growth and better grain filling. Another plus point of the bigger root system its ability to access more soil nutrients including micronutrients that are not provided by the NPK fertilizers. These play a vital role in higher grain weight and lower incidents of empty unfilled grains. Large root systems also enhance the abundance of soil biota like bacteria and fungi and meso-fauna like nematodes and protozoa and macro fauna especially earthworms. All these factors of plant ,soil and nutrient managements combine to produce these exceptional crops that helped spread the system to other countries like China, Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh , Benin, Gambia, Cuba and Peru. Rice trial in Lattakia. Syria. Laulanie passed away in 1995 but his legacy is still living. He paved the road for hundreds of millions rice farmers enabling them to produce higher crops without the need of added expensive inputs that are beyond the reach of these farmers and saving precious water resources and fragile rainforests and ecosystems that suffered most from the deeds of humans during the last century.

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Wildflowers are essential to Florida’s ecological health, economy and natural beauty. They are a key component in our diverse ecosystems and are relied upon by so many species of wildlife, including the pollinators we depend on for our food. The Florida Wildflower Foundation works to protect, connect and expand native wildflower habitat through education, research, planting and conservation efforts. We help shape policy to reduce roadside mowing, and identify and designate wildflower areas throughout Florida. Hundreds of wildflower gardens have been established at schools, nature centers, botanical gardens, and city, county and state parks around the state through our planting grants. Our website is the nation’s preeminent source for information related to Florida native wildflowers. Our publications, events and programs give people the tools and knowledge they need to build and enjoy native wildflower habitat. We developed activities for teachers and students, through which they can get to know Florida’s unique flora and fauna. Through these efforts and so much more, the Foundation connects people to native, natural Florida, and shows them how they can play a role in preserving and conserving wildflowers and native plants in natural areas, along roadsides, in urban areas, and in their home landscapes. To learn about our organization, visit flawildflowers.org

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A research paper is an informed guide about a certain topic. The research papers are written to present an ordered and informed knowledge about a topic. In academics, research papers are considered important for furthering discourse on different topics. But students and academicians have some misconceptions about writing the research paper. For example, many believe that research papers invite a thorough understanding of the topic under investigation and some believe that a research paper is just re- narrating the important aspects of a topic. However, the research paper neither requires a thorough understanding of the subject under discussion and nor is it just narration. When it comes to starting the research paper, an essay writer needs to keep some important things in mind. Since it's about presenting an informed understanding of the knowledge. Therefore, you need to delimit the area under investigation and now the paper will investigate a certain academic aspect. In doing this, the following are some important steps you need to follow for writing the research paper. This is the first part of the research paper. In the introductory part you need to list down the primary areas that dragged your attention toward the area under discussion. The introduction is important since you will make a reference to the previous research here and will present your area as an existing gap in the previously published research. This section is a small portion of the research paper. In this section, you will point out the factors that led you toward writing a paper on this topic. You will also refer to how this research will be a new addition to the existing literature. The purpose of the study also provides the readers with the idea they are looking for in the research. The thesis statement is a crucial part. It is the reason many students feel restricted and worry about how to start a research paper. Thesis statement is your prospective goal and therefore you will need to ponder over it thoroughly. The thesis is your first impression about the results of your research paper and therefore its clear description will help you develop the content easily. It is the most general part of your research. You will have to mention all required aspects of the research here, by delimiting them with reference to your thesis stance. The body of the research paper may include headings and subheadings, that will help the readers to clearly understand the concepts mentioned. Some students enlist many details in this part, but it is not prudent to refer to unnecessary context. This is important. The transition from one part of the paper to another is critical. Most of the writers include unnecessary transitionary aspects that make the paper out of context. To keep the knowledge mentioned intact, you need to use simple transitionary clauses. You need to remember that transitory clauses are not part of the critical knowledge, therefore, you need to put less emphasis over them. It is the last and most important part of the paper. So, when you are done with writing important information about your topic, recall some of the important points and list them here. The conclusion reflects what important points you have made in the paper. After reading the conclusion, readers can understand your findings which is important in terms of the viability of your research. Hope you have learned a lot and would be able to start your research paper writing with confidence! These tips will help you start a research paper perfectly. However, if you are still unsure about your writing skills, get professional help from an essay writing service. Exclusive access to the "EssayWriter" Learning Center. You’ll get weekly tips and tricks for improving your own writing and for achieving academic success through your writing. "EssayWriter" is the #1 Ranked Online home for great academic writing, essays, research papers, and graduate theses.Why us?

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Students are expected to do the following: Be ready to learn. Our class is structured to encourage students to frequently work collaboratively in small groups. As such, talk and listening skills are an essential component of what we do. However, students must learn that there are times for quiet, individual work, as well. Besides talking and listening skills, writing and reading are almost daily areas of focus for students. The new core curriculum is asking teachers to infuse technology into our classrooms and to have students read for information across genres and disciplines. As a result, our Social Studies efforts will often include multimodal forms of reading and composing; therefore, students in our classes will 'read' and compose movies and other media rich 'documents' as they learn to read and write for the 21st century. Our curriculum will be presented in a manner that values and supports the learning experienced in the ELA classroom.

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Are you looking for a way to improve ventilation in your home and boost air quality without experiencing high energy costs? There are a variety of solutions that could help you. There are often a lot of questions about heat recovery ventilators, called HRVs, and whole-house ventilation systems like ERVs. Both options have their place, but it is important to know the differences as well as how they may work for you. When it comes to heat and energy recovery in Plymouth, MN, our team can offer you the insight and guidance you need when deciding if you should invest in an HRV or ERV system. What Are They? Both of these systems are whole-house ventilation systems. They work to bring fresh air into your home while also minimizing the amount of energy loss. They work to pre-heat or cool the air that is coming into the home, depending on the need. There is a difference between them. HRVs do not transfer moisture while ERVs do. In that way, HRVs typically are the better option in colder climates. Why Do You Need Them? It may not be clear why you should invest in an HRV or ERV system. Here are a few key reasons why you need them. 1. They bring out pollutants: Thanks to tighter buildings thanks to new building codes, homes do not see as much air lost as they used to. This traps in pollutants. These systems work to move that polluted air out of the home. 2. Fresh air comes in: Because these systems help to pull air into the home, they can help to ensure there’s fresh air present. They rotate the air within the home as often as once every three hours. 3. They filter the air you breathe: These systems work to help improve air filtration as well. That means they remove pollen, insects, and other contamination from the air that you and your family are breathing in throughout the day. 4. Heat recovery is possible: The design of these systems allows for heat recovery. That is, as air in the home is moved outdoors, the heat is maintained, reducing the need to heat the air coming in as much. In the winter, at least some of the heat that is exiting the device is moved into the air coming into the home. That could help to reduce energy loss. 5. Cool air coming in: In addition to this, the system may work to cool air that is coming into the home during the summer months when the home is air conditioned. This can help to reduce energy loss as well. Having a continuous flow of fresh air that’s filtered and at the right temperature may help your home feel more comfortable. It may also help to improve your air quality, making your home a bit safer for you and your family to breathe in throughout the year without a significant increase in energy costs.

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Many people in India and elsewhere will be celebrating the birthday of someone born in Austria on Apr 20, 1889. Instead, we now look at April 21. April 21 is “Civil Service Day” in India. 1864: Max Weber, sociologist 1882: Percy Bridgman, physicist 1915: Anthony Quinn, actor 1922: Alistair Maclean, writer. 1926: Queen Elizabeth II 1945: S. Venkataraghavan, cricketer 1910: Mark Twain, writer 1946: John Maynard Keynes, economist 1971: Francois Duvalier, dictator of Haiti 2013: Shakuntala Devi, show business 2015: J. B. Patnaik, politician Note: There was some speculation as to whether Queen Elizabeth would abdicate on her birthday following the death of Prince Philip. April 21 is her actual birthday, while it is an official celebration in June to make it a more convenient public holiday.

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Medically Reviewed By: Dr. Sullivan Just as there are myths about substance abuse disorder, there are many common addiction myths about recovery. When people have a substance abuse disorder it can be extremely difficult for them to recover. But, although recovery is a delicate process, it can be managed with a team of professionals that will help the affected individual systematically address their substance abuse. Yes, millions of people become addicted to drugs and alcohol but there are also millions of people who are able to overcome their addiction with the help of proper treatment. If you feel as if you are unsure that recovery is possible, or are hesitant about what the recovery process will be like, please call us today at (385) 327-7418 for answers to all of your questions. Jump To Section There are many common misconceptions about addiction, and many addiction myths and facts that you will need to sort from one another. The information below is a good starting point, but please reach out to our experts with further questions. Myths About Addicts Can anyone be addicted to drugs? Yes, anyone can, no matter what age, gender, ethnicity, or level of education, everyone can be at risk of drug addiction. Addicts constantly face stigma in our society, and some people believe that it takes a certain type of person to be an addict. Misconceptions like this further lead to people not get treated and make the recovery process even more difficult. I’m sure you have heard in the news countless celebrities, entertainers, or politicians even suffering from drugs and having to enter a rehabilitation program. So why should it be any different than the common man or woman? No money or fame will get rid of your drug addiction unless you go through a treatment program. Addiction is a disease, and it does not discriminate. Even the person you would least expect could become an addict themselves. However, some factors come into play with addiction. The truth is that some people are more at risk than others. But again, this has nothing to do with your age, income, or gender. The factors are more external. Things that contribute to drug addiction can be: genetic factors, such as having a relative in the family suffered from the same sort of drug addiction; having mental health problems, such as depression that could make you more prone to cope with drugs; and relationships, such as hanging around people who partake in drugs will also make you at risk for addiction. Addicts are not less than those who don’t suffer from addiction. They are very much human beings who have become addicted through unfortunate circumstances, and we should do better in seeing an addict as someone exactly like ourselves. Myths About Drug Abuse and Entering Treatment Going even further, let’s try to understand drug abuse and the myths surrounding it. Drug addiction is not a voluntary behavior; it is a compulsive behavior for addicts. Over time, as the addict uses, their body begins to normalize the substance, leading to a rewiring of the brain. The addict’s body will desperately crave the drug, and withdrawals will occur, which are highly unpleasant if not treated properly. It is not so much that the addict chooses to use the drug but instead uses it to survive. This does not mean that drug addiction is a character flaw either. Medical experts agree that drug addiction is a brain disease, and regardless of what drug a person is addicted to, they will experience similar effects on the brain. It may be the case that the addict doesn’t want treatment in the first place. Sometimes an addict may not even believe that they need recovery. If that is the case, there are two reasons for doing so, either they were ordered to by the court or because loved ones had urged them to seek help. It is believed that an addict needs to want to get help themselves for treatment to be successful. However, scientific studies suggest that those faced with high pressure to get treatment do comparatively better in treatment programs. Treatment is commonly thought to be a one-time process, but that is not so. Drug addiction is a chronic disorder, and the amount of time one has to go through for treatment varies. Some people can go through treatment one time, but it may take someone multiple times to go through treatment before they can finally recover. No matter how many times or what reasons one is getting treated, it is essential to focus on the main purpose of treatment: to recover from the horrible disease of addiction. These myths about drug addiction should be dismissed as they are dangerous and lead addicts from seeking the help they need. Myths About the Recovery Process Drugs especially have a plethora of myths surrounding them. Unfortunately, this is one of the primary causes that lead to addiction in the first place. Some people are not properly educated on the long-term or short-term effects different substances have on the brain. Little to no education about the risks of addiction leads to even more myths about drug addiction recovery. People may not know many myths about alcohol abuse, probably because it is so widely legal. Some say that all a person has to do that is addicted to alcohol is attend an A.A. (Alcoholics Anonymous) meeting. The reality is that A.A. doesn’t work for everyone, even for those who want to make an effort to stop drinking. A.A. is more just a lifelong process of the twelve steps, and it isn’t a place where one can fully recover. Withdrawal might be one of the big misunderstandings in the recovery process. Just because someone goes through withdrawal doesn’t mean they are necessarily addicted. This is a common myth in addiction recovery. Even if their withdrawals last for a prolonged period, the person may not be addicted. Experiencing withdrawal only counts for one component out of eleven in total for someone to be labeled addicted. A person must have at least six components to be diagnosed with addiction. Also, another common myth in the recovery process is that it is an acute problem requiring only 28 days worth of treatment. The belief of the sufficiency of 28 days of treatment was popular in the ’90s and early 2000s. However, now that data exists, that belief has changed entirely. Modern treatment and medical professionals now know that addiction requires longer treatment and lifetime monitoring. That is why we use the term “recovering” instead of “recovered.” How to Find A Recovery Program If you have a problem yourself with drug addiction and you are looking for treatment, here are some ways you can find the proper treatment you need. The first thing you can do is give our addiction specialists a call at (385) 327-7418. Our helpline is open 24/7 and can provide you with resources for drug and alcohol treatment. Calls are confidential and we will give you a consultation. If you’ve already been through treatment and are afraid it won’t work for you, don’t despair. A common misconception about drug addiction recovery is that if the treatment didn’t work for you once, it wouldn’t work again. This is not the case. Just because you have relapsed doesn’t mean you are a lost cause, and it should not discourage you from getting treatment again. .If you need to return to rehab, all that means is that treatment needs to begin again, or it may need to be adjusted to ensure the best recovery. Whether you are a new person seeking treatment or one who already has an addiction specialist, we can provide you with all the help you need so that you can start the journey into recovery. Understanding Recovery the Right Way These common myths about addiction recovery can make those struggling with addiction remain untreated. It is hard enough to get help, and if you are fed tons of misinformation, it will be almost impossible for you to want to seek treatment. When it comes to a situation as fragile as addiction, one should make it a point to get all the information they can get from an actual addiction specialist and not solely rely on the information from family or friends. Remember, addiction needs treatment and a trained team of medical professionals and specialists to ensure that you maintain a healthy, sober life. There is only so much that you can do yourself, and it is best to let the professionals step in to help you. If you are already considering therapy for your addiction, please know you are already on the right track towards recovery. We understand that getting treatment is an overwhelming decision to make, but hopefully, understanding these common myths about addiction recovery has helped you feel more confident about joining a treatment program. Addiction recovery is a lot simpler than people may realize, and no matter what substance you are using or how long you’ve been addicted, you can start living out your recovery. If you’re still unsure if recovery is possible or need more clarification about the recovery in general, please call us today at (385) 327-7418. More Educational Sources Find Help Now with Better Help Addiction Care Your road to addiction treatment recovery starts Here. 24/7 Treatment Monitoring.

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Organisms and Its Environment: 1. Ecology is the branch of biology, which studies the interactions among organisms and their physical (abiotic) environment. 2. The subject ecology is basically concerned with four levels of biological organisation. These are given below: (i) Organism Living component of the environment at individual level and is basic unit of ecological hierarchy. (ii) Population The sum total of all individuals of a species in a specific geographical area. (iii) Communities Assemblage of all the populations of different species present in an area that interact among themselves. (iv) Biome It is a large unit, which consists of a major vegetation type, associated fauna in a particular climatic zone. Tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, sea coast, deserts, etc., are the major biomes of India. Note: Other important terms used in ecology are: Ecosystem Represents, the organisms and their environment in a particular area. Habitat It refers to a specific place or locality delimited by a combination of factors, physical features and barriers where a community dwells. Niche The ecological niche of an organism represents the physical space occupied by it, the resources it utilises and its functional role in the ecological system. Biosphere The surface of earth with all life forms, i.e. union of all ecosystems. It is a highly ordered system. 3. Environment Ecology at organism level deals with how different organisms are adapted to their environment in terms of their survival and reproduction. (0 Different biomes are formed due to: . (a) annual variations in the intensity and duration of temperature. (b) annual variations in precipitation. The major biomes of the world are desert, grassland, rainforest and tundra. (ii) Regional and local variations within each biome lead to the formation of a wide variety of habitats. (iii) Life on earth exists in favourable habitats as well as in extreme and harsh habitats like scorching Rajasthan desert, rain-soaked Meghalaya forests, deep ocean trenches, torrential streams, permafrost polar regions, high mountain tops, boiling thermal springs and stinking compost pits and even in our intestine. (iv) The biotic components of a habitat are pathogens, parasites, predators and competitors of the organism with which they interact constantly. (v) The key abiotic elements that lead to variations in habitats are: (a) Temperature (b) Water (c) Light (d) Soil. 4. Major abiotic factors are: (i) Temperature is the major abiotic factor, which is most ecologically relevant. (a) There is seasonal variation in average temperature of land. (b) It decreases progressively from the equator to the poles and from plain areas to the mountains. (c) The range of temperature varies from sub-zero levels in polar areas to >50°C at high altitude in tropical deserts during summer. (d) The temperature affects the kinetics of body enzymes and thus, the basal metabolism and other physiological functions of the organism. (e) Based on tolerance of temperature range, organisms can be divided as: Euiythennal These can tolerate a wide range of temperature. Stenothermal These can tolerate a narrow range of temperature. (ii) Water is the next major important factor without which life cannot exist. (a) The productivity and distribution of plants in an environment depends on amount of water available. (b) For aquatic organisms, the quality (chemical composition and pH) of water is important. (c) Salinity refers to salt concentration (measured in parts per thousand) of water. Salt concentration is less than 5 in land water, 30-35 in sea and more than 100 in some hyper saline lagoons. (d) Based on tolerance of range of salinity, organisms can be grouped as: Euryhaline Organisms, which can tolerate a narrow range of salinity. Stenohaline Organisms, which can tolerate a narrow range of salinity. (e) Many freshwater animals cannot live for long in seawater and vice versa because of the osmotic problems they would face. (iii) Light is an essential factor for the process of photosynthesis performed by autotrophs. (a) Oxygen is released during photosynthesis. (b) Many small plants like herbs and shrubs can perform photosynthesis under very low light conditions because they are overshadowed by tall, canopied trees. (c) Most of the plants also depend on sunlight to meet their photoperiodic requirement for flowering. (d) Light is also important for many animals as they use the diurnal and seasonal variations in light intensity and difration (photoperiod) as cues for timing their foraging, migratory and reproductive activities. (e) The UV component of solar radiation is harmful to many organisms. All the colour components of the visible spectrum are not available for marine plants living at different depths of the ocean. (iv) Soil The nature and properties of soil vary from place to place. It depends on climate, weathering process and whether soil is transported or sedimentary and how its development occurred. (a) The soil composition, grain size and aggregation determine the percolation and water holding capacity of the soils. (b) The characteristics like pH, mineral composition and topography determine the vegetation of an area. (c) This in turn dictates the type of animals supported. 5. Responses to abiotic factors determines how organisms can cope or manage with stressful conditions of the habitat. (i) During the course of millions of years of their existence, many species would have evolved a relatively constant internal (within the body) environment that permits all biochemical reactions and physiological functions to proceed with maximal efficiency and thus, enhance the overall fitness of the species. (ii) The organisms should try to maintain the constancy of its internal environment, i. e. homeostasis, despite of varying external environmental conditions that tend to upset its homeostasis. (iii) Human beings can maintain their homeostasis by using artificial means (air conditioner in summer and heater in winter). (iv) Ways by which other organisms can cope up with environmental changes are given below: (a) Some organisms maintain homeostasis by physiological and sometimes behavioural means. (b) All birds and mammals and few lower vertebrates and invertebrates are capable of thermoregulation and osmoregulation. (c) In mammals, during summer, sweating occurs profusely and the evaporation brings down temperature of the body. (d) In mammals, during winter, shivering occurs which is a kind of exercise that produces heat and raises the body temperature. (e) Plants, on the other hand, do not have such mechanisms to maintain their internal temperature. (a) About 99% of animals and almost all plants cannot maintain a constant internal environment. Their body temperature changes with the ambient temperature. (b) In aquatic organisms, the osmotic concentration of the body fluids change with that of the osmotic concentration of the ambient water. These animals and plants are called conformers. (c) Thermoregulation is energetically expensive for many organisms. This is specially true for small animals like shrews and humming birds. Heat loss or gain is a function of surface area. Since, smal^animals have a larger surface area relative to their volume, they tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside; they have to expend much energy to generate body heat through metabolism. This is the reason that very small animals are rarely found in polar regions. (d) It can be concluded that during the course of evolution, some species have evolved the ability to regulate but only over a limited range of environmental conditions, beyond which they simply conform. It is the temporary movement from a stressful habitat to a more hospitable area and return, when the stressful period is over. (a) Many animals, particularly birds, during winter undertake long-distance migrations to more hospitable areas. (b) Every winter the famous Keolado National Park in Bharatpur (Rajasthan) hosts, thousands of migratory birds coming from Siberia and other extremely cold Northern regions every winter. (a) Under unfavourable conditions bacteria, fungi and lower plants slow down their metabolic rate and forms a thick-walled spore to overcome stressful conditions. These spores germinate under onset of suitable environment. (b) In higher plants, seeds and some other reproductive structures serve as means to tide over periods of stress. They reduce their metabolic activity and undergo dormancy. (c) Some animals, which fail to migrate might avoid the stress by escaping in time. For example, Bear undergoes hibernation during winter. (d) Some snails and fish undergo aestivation to avoid summer related problems. (e) During unfavourable conditions, many zooplanktons in lakes and ponds enter diapause (a stage of suspended development). 6. Adaptation is any attribute of an organism, i.e. morphological, physiological or behavioural, that enables the organism to survive and reproduce in its habitat. Many adaptations have evolved over a long evolutionary time and are genetically fixed. Some examples of adaptations are: (i) Adaptations in kangaroo rat (a) The kangaroo rat in North American deserts is capable of meeting all its water requirements by internal oxidation of fat (water is a byproduct) in the absence of water. (b) It can concentrate its urine, so that minimal volume of water is used to expel excretory products. (ii) Adaptations in desert plants (a) Many desert plants have a thick cuticle on their leaf surfaces and have their stomata arranged in deep pits to minimise water loss through transpiration. (b) They have special photosynthetic pathway (CAM) that enables their stomata to remain closed during day time. (c) Some desert plants like Opuntia, have no leaves. They are reduced to spines and photosynthesis occurs in flattened stems. (iii) Adaptations in mammals (a) Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimise heat loss. This is called Allen’s rule. (b) In polar seas, aquatic mammals like seals have a thick layer of fat (blubber) below their skin that acts as an insulator and reduces loss of body heat. (iv) Adaptations at high altitudes in humans (a) At high altitude places like Rohtang Pass near Manali (> 3500 m) and Mansarovar, in China occupied Tibet, people suffer from altitude sickness. (b) Its symptoms are nausea, fatigue and heart palpitations. (c) This is because at low atmospheric pressure of high altitudes, body does not get enough oxygen. (d) The relief occurs gradually due to acclimatisation. (e) The body cope up with this low oxygen stress by • Increasing red blood cells production. • Decreasing the binding affinity of haemoglobin. • Increasing the breathing rate. (v) Adaptations in desert lizards (Behavioural response) (a) They absorb heat from the sun when their body temperature drops below the comfort zone. (b) They move into shade when the ambient temperature starts increasing. (c) Some species burrow into the soil and escape from the above ground heat. Organisms and Its Environment:

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September 23, 2013 - By Julie Greicius Skin-to-skin time in the first hour after birth helps regulate the babies' temperature, heart rate, and breathing, and helps them cry less. It also increases mothers' relaxation hormones. For babies, the nine months of pregnancy may feel like one long, loving embrace. It's not surprising, then, that studies support the benefits of skin-to-skin contact for mothers and babies from the moment of birth, throughout infancy and beyond. Experts at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital recommend that expectant mothers incorporate immediate skin-to-skin contact with their babies as part of their birth plan. "Even for babies born by cesarean section, skin-to-skin time right after delivery can be a wonderful, strong start for both mother and baby," said obstetrician Susan Crowe, MD, director of outpatient breastfeeding medicine services at Packard Children's. When the health of mom and baby allows, postponing the normal protocol of bathing, weighing and testing the baby can clear the way for shared skin-to-skin time. "During this time, babies experience nine instinctive stages: birth cry, relaxation, awakening, activity, resting, 'crawling' (a shifting movement toward the breast), familiarization, suckling, and sleep," said Crowe, who's also a clinical assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the School of Medicine. "For a mother who desires to breastfeed, supporting skin-to-skin time is one way we can help her reach that goal." Depending on each mother's birth plan and medical needs, skin-to-skin time with baby offers benefits, whether the baby was born vaginally or by cesarean section, whether it happens in the first hour or when mom is medically ready, and whether or not she is breastfeeding. Skin-to-skin time in the first hour helps regulate babies' temperature, heart rate, and breathing, and helps them cry less. It also increases mothers' relaxation hormones. A 2012 study published in the journal Neonatology showed that 95 percent of mothers who spent skin-to-skin time were breastfeeding exclusively 48 hours after delivery, and 90 percent were still breastfeeding exclusively six weeks later. Babies and mothers with special medical needs also benefit from skin-to-skin time, when it becomes medically possible. In the meantime — and beyond that point as well — the mother's partner can provide skin-to-skin time with baby, which can help keep baby warm and provide bonding time. As babies grow, infant massage provides a natural next step to continue this bond and its benefits. "Infant massage is always about bonding, loving and respect," said Maureen McCaffrey, a certified infant massage instructor at Packard Children's. "We start by asking permission, and then listen for the baby's cues to see if they're engaging or disengaging. Babies communicate with us from the moment they're born through body language, sound and behavior." In her classroom, McCaffrey sets up a nurturing environment that's an easy, safe and relaxing example to parents. "The environment is very important. Parents can begin to feel the benefits just by setting up a quiet, relaxing space where massage will take place," she said. McCaffrey teaches a variety of infant massage techniques tailored to the unique needs of babies and families and focuses on the shared benefits. Following is just a sampling of benefits that infant massage can provide: - Enhance babies' awareness of being loved, accepted and safe. - Improve sleep patterns for babies. - Improve digestion and elimination for babies. - Reduce fussiness for babies and increase their comfort in their environment. - Improve neurological function in babies. - Increase weight gain for premature and full-term babies. - Increase lactation production for mothers. - Reduce postpartum depression for mothers. - Improve relaxation for both baby and parents. From the first cuddle to the lasting bond, babies and parents can benefit enormously from learning their "first language" — touch — creating a strong start toward a lifetime of nurturing affection and good health. Stanford Medicine integrates research, medical education and health care at its three institutions - Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford Health Care, and Stanford Children's Health. For more information, please visit the Office of Communications website at http://mednews.stanford.edu.

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In the village of Wiejkowo (West Pomeranian Voivodeship) there is the tomb of the Viking king, Harald Blue Tooth Gormsson, declares a group of scientists who made a discovery using LiDAR technology that allows you to check what is under the surface of the earth. The ruler lived in the 10th century AD and is credited with the unification of the Scandinavian countries. The nickname of the king from a thousand years ago was used by the creators of wireless Bluetooth technology. Wiejkowo is a small town located just over six kilometers southeast of Wolin. Until recently, she could boast that Paweł Małecki, a confectionery virtuoso and a master of Polish confectioners, grew up there. Now, however, if the findings of scientists are confirmed, Wiejkowo will be able to boast that there is a tomb of the Viking king, Harald Blue Tooth Gormsson, on its territory. The ruler was to die in 986 in Jomsborg, the city of Wolin today. – The circumstances of the ruler’s death and his burial place were one of the oldest puzzles in history – says Marek Kryda, the head of the group of scientists, in an interview with the British portal “The First News”, which was the first to announce the discovery. It was possible thanks to the use of LiDAR technology. It is a method of measuring distance by illuminating a target with laser light and measuring the reflection with a sensor. Thanks to it, scientists were able to “see” what is below the surface of the earth. – Satalitarian photos allowed us to look at large areas of the area and find archaeological anomalies – says Marek Krynda. A clue saved on a golden disk Information indicating that Wiejkowo may be the burial place of the ruler from a thousand years ago was found on a golden disk, which until 1841 was discovered in the burial chamber under the building of the local church. A Latin inscription mentioned the Viking king as “ruler of the Danes, Scania and the Viking stronghold of Jomsborg”. Swedish archaeologist Sven Rosborn, quoted by The First News, says the disc was a funerary gift that was removed from the crypt beneath the church in 1945 when a major was due to pick it up. Polish army, Stefan Sielski. The disk was hidden by a soldier in a box with old buttons, where it was until 2014. Then his 11-year-old great-granddaughter found him and showed him to the history teacher. After translating the records, the Swedish archaeologist stated that Blueose must be buried in the vicinity of the old Jomsborg, that is, somewhere in the territory of present-day Poland. The discovery of scientists led by Marek Krynda confirms his assumptions. Harald Sinozęby introduced to Denmark Christianity, being baptized around 965. Around 970 he made it his own Norway and thus contributed to the unification of rival clans and individual jarls from Denmark and Norway. Harald ruled the southern part as well SwedenScania. The nickname of the Blue tooth was supposed to come from a bluish (blackened) tooth that was partially knocked out in a skirmish or, in an accident, was necrotic. This version, however, is questioned by some scientists. The name of the Bluetooth technology comes from his nickname. The logo also contains references to the ruler, whose probable grave was found in Poland: there are runes tied to the younger fugue: haglaz (ᚼ) and berkanan (ᛒ), which correspond to the capital letters h and b. The tomb is to be located in the village of Wiejkowo Main photo source: PAP / Marcin Bielecki

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Inverter Troubleshooting and Replacements If a solar system had a heart it would be the Inverter. The Inverter is what changes the DC electrical current to AC electrical current, making it possible for solar panels to provide your home with free energy. Most Inverters have a life expectancy of 10-12 years before replacement is needed, many environmental factors may shorten that time. High temperatures, humidity, dirt, and dust can be the culprit for this problem. Scheduling a simple maintenance or tune-up (see Maintenance for more information on Tune-Ups) could help prevent your Inverters lifespan from shortening and can fix an issue that could be leaving half your solar array inoperable which save’s you money and generates more solar energy.

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Mobility aid devices lead to injury: study Although wheelchairs, walkers and crutches are intended to help people with injuries, a new study from the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, OH, suggests these mobility devices are associated with an increasing number of injuries among children. According to a study abstract, more than 63,000 children were treated in emergency rooms for injuries related to mobility aids between 1991 and 2008. The annual number of cases increased 23 percent over the course of the study. Children using crutches were most likely to sprain or strain their extremities, and more likely to sustain head injuries while using wheelchairs or walkers. The children were 3 times as likely to suffer traumatic brain injury and most likely to be hospitalized for their injuries, which researchers say may be attributable to the functional limitations of wheelchair and walker users. Research found that misuse -- such as other children trying a friend's crutches or standing on a wheelchair -- was responsible for 8 percent of all injury cases. The results were published online in the May 24 edition of the journal Pediatrics.

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Fennec is a large multi-national collaboration led by Oxford University that seeks to better understand the Saharan climate. As the dustiest place in the world and the locus of widespread extremes in temperature and pressure, the Sahara plays a key role in regional and global climate. Fennec places a special emphasis on delivering and employing new field observations in the remote desert. Prior to Fennec, an area of the Sahara of roughly 1 million square km had been void of any meteorological observations. Working together with the meteorological services of Algeria and Mauritania, Fennec deployed over 30 tonnes of meteorological equipment in the remote central Sahara (see map). In addition, 36 research flights were flown by the British BAe146 aircraft and 18 by the French Falcon aircraft, each of up to 5 hours in duration. The results of Fennec research done at Oxford and by partner universities are already changing how we view the climate of the Sahara. Fennec research themes Satellite retrieval is an important technique for learning about large and remote regions. Perhaps surprisingly, the location of dust sources in the central Sahara is still equivocal. By developing an automated satellite dust detection scheme and backtracking dust to its point of origin, Dr Ian Ashpole has produced an objective dust source map for the summertime central Sahara. Fennec datasets provide a unique opportunity to validate satellite retrieval algorithms and to understand their biases and limitations. Such research is being undertaken at Oxford and also at Fennec partner university Imperial College London. What are the atmospheric mechanisms that cause the central Sahara to be the summertime global dust maximum? Dr Christopher Allen analyzed the Fennec ground observations and came to a surprising conclusion: the most important dust-producing mechanisms were associated with water, specifically, the West African Monsoon. The monsoon could raise dust as an intrusive surge, promote low-level jets or, most commonly, supply moisture for thunderstorms whose downdrafts caused highly efficient dust storms known as cold pool outflows. Other Fennec institutions studying the dust mechanisms are Sussex University and the University of Leeds. The Saharan atmosphere in summer is characterised by deep, hot thermals, creating the deepest boundary layer on the planet. The vertical structure of the Saharan atmosphere and its temporal evolution is a focus of Fennec research. On a larger scale, Fennec is examining the processes that create, maintain or erode the Saharan Heat Low, a thermal low that extends across the desert in the summer months and is responsible for organising atmospheric circulation patterns across West Africa. Dust, clouds, and dust-cloud interactions modify how the Saharan atmosphere and desert surface are heated and cooled. The Fennec research aircraft provided unrivaled tools with which to measure these effects. A major finding was that dust particles were significantly larger than previously thought or measured – extending up to 300 microns in diameter. Such large particles were found to exert a much more potent heating effect than smaller ones. Fennec radiation research is led by the University of Reading. Dynamical models can be used to run experiments or to do forecasts. Fennec has made use of both; in addition it has made important contributions to model evaluation thanks to the new observation datasets. An significant finding from Dr Allen’s work is that model wind speeds – at the surface and in the lower troposphere – are typically underestimated compared to observations, with significant knock-on effects for modelled dust emission. Contacts and Partner Institutions Prof Richard Washington (PI, Oxford University) Prof Doug Parker (Leeds University) Prof Martin Todd (Sussex University) Prof Ellie Highwood (Reading University) Dr Helen Brindley (Imperial College) Dr Cyrille Flamant (LATMOS) Dr Sebastian Engelstaedter (Oxford University) Dr Christopher Allen (Oxford University) Dr Ian Ashpole (Oxford University) Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales Office National de la Météorologie, Algérie Office National de la Météorologie, Mauritanie Fennec was principally funded by the Natural Environment Research Council. For more details about the project, see the Fennec website. Publications (with Oxford authors) - Allen, C.J.T., Washington, R. and Saci, A. (2015) Dust detection from ground-based observations in the summer global dust maximum: Results from Fennec 2011 and 2012 and implications for modeling and field observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120(3): 897-916. - Allen, C.J.T. and Washington, R. (2014) The low level jet dust emission mechanism in the central Sahara: observations from Bordj-Badji Mokhtar during the June 2011 Fennec Intensive Observation Period. Journal of Geophysical Research. - Allen, C.J.T., Washington, R. and Engelstaedter, S. (2013) Dust emission and transport mechanisms in the central Sahara: Fennec ground-based observations from Bordj Badji Mokhtar, June 2011. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118. - Ashpole, I. and Washington, R. (2013) Intraseasonal variability and atmospheric controls on daily dust occurrence frequency over the central and western Sahara during the boreal summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. - Ashpole, I. and Washington, R. (2013) A new high-resolution central and western Saharan summer time dust source map from automated satellite dust plume tracking. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(13): 6981-6995. - Ashpole, I. and Washington, R. (2012) An automated dust detection using SEVIRI: A multiyear climatology of summertime dustiness in the central and western Sahara. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118(D8). - Engelstaedter, S., Washington, R., Flamant, C., Parker, D.J., Allen, C.J.T. and Todd, M.C. (2015) The Saharan heat low and moisture transport pathways in the central Sahara – multi-aircraft observations and Africa-LAM evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. - Garcia-Carreras L; Marsham JH; Parker DJ; Bain CL; Milton S; Saci A; Salah-Ferroudj M; Ouchene B; Washington R (2013) The impact of convective cold pool outflows on model biases in the Sahara, Geophysical Research Letters, 40, pp.1647-1652. doi: 10.1002/grl.50239. - Hobby, M., Gascoyne, M., Marsham, J.H., Bart, M., Allen, C.J.T., Engelstaedter, S., Dieh, M.F., Seddik, F., Gandega, A., Lane, R., McQuaid, J.B., Ouchene, B., Parker, D.J., Rosenberg, P., Salah Ferroudj, M., Saci, A., Todd, M.C., Walker, D. and Washington, R. (2013) The Fennec Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Network: monitoring the Saharan Climate System. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 30(4): 709-724. - Marsham, J.H., Hobby, M., Allen, C.J.T., Banks, J.R., Bart, M., Brooks, B.J., Cavazos-Guerra, C., Engelstaedter, S., Gascoyne, M., Lima, A.R., Martins, J.V., McQuaid, J.B., O’Leary, A., Ouchene, B., Ouladichir, A., Parker, D.J., Saci, A., Salah-Ferroudj, M., Todd, M.C., and Washington, R. (2013) Meteorology and dust in the central Sahara: Observations from Fennec supersite-1 during the June 2011 Intensive Observation Period. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118. - Rosenberg, P., Parker, D., Ryder, C.L., Marsham, J.H., Garcia-Carreras, L., Dorsey, J.R., Brooks, I.M., Dean, A.R., Crosier, J., McQuaid, J.B., Washington, R., Quantifying Particle Size and Turbulent Scale dependence of Dust Uplift in the Sahara using Aircraft Measurements, 2014, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 12, doi:10.1002/2013JD021255 - Ryder, C.L., McQuaid, J.B., Flamant, C., Washington, R., Brindley, H.E., Highwood, E.J., Marsham, J.H., Parker, D.J., Todd, M.C., Banks, J.R., Brooke, J.K., Engelstaedter, S., Estellés, V., Formenti, P., Garcia-Carreras, L., Kocha, C., Marenco, F., Rosenberg, P., Sodemann, H., Allen, C.J.T., Bourdon, A., Bart, M., Cavazos-Guerra, C., Chevaillier, S., Crosier, J., Darbyshire, E., Dean, A.R., Dorsey, J.R., Kent, J., O’Sullivan, D., Schepanski, K., Szpek, K. and Woolley, A. (2015) Advances in understanding mineral dust and boundary layer processes over the Sahara from Fennec aircraft observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 8479-8520. - Ryder, C.L., Highwood, E., Rosenberg, P., Trembath, J., Brooke, J., Bart, M., Dean, A., Crosier, J., Dorsey, J., Brindley, H., Banks, J., Marsham, J.H., McQuaid, J.B., Sodemann, H., Washington, R., Optical properties of Saharan dust aerosol and contribution from the coarse mode as measured during the Fennec 2011 aircraft campaign, 2013, 13, 303-325, doi:10.5194/acp-13-303-2013, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - Todd, M.C., Allen, C.J.T., Bart, M., Bechir, M., Bentefouet, J., Brooks, A.B.J., Cavazos-Guerra, C., Clovis, T., Dieh, M.F., Engelstaedter, S., Flamant, C., Garcia-Carreras, L., Gandega, A., Gascoyne, M., Hobby, M., Kocha, C., Lavaysse, C., Marsham, J.H., Martins, J.V., McQuaid, J.B., Ngamini, J.B., Parker, D.J., Podvin, T., Rocha-Lima, A., Traoré, S., Wang, Y. and Washington, R. (2013) Meteorological and dust aerosol conditions over the Western Saharan region observed at Fennec supersite-2 during the Intensive Observation Period in June 2011.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. - Washington, R., Flamant, C., Parker, D.J., Marsham, J., McQuaid, J.B., Brindley, H., Todd, M., Highwood, E.J., Ryder, C.L., Chaboreau, J.-P., Kocha, C., Bechir, M., Saci, A., Fennec – The Saharan Climate System, 2012, No. 60, Vol. 17, No. 3 p31-32, CLIVAR Exchanges.

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Livid Entoloma (Entoloma sinuatum (Pers. Ex Fr.) Kummer, 1871) is a beautiful-looking but equally dangerous and poisonous mushroom belonging to the Entolomataceae family. From the systematic point of view it belongs to the Eukaryota Domain, Fungi Kingdom, Basidiomycota Division, Basidiomycetes Class, Agaricales Order, Entolomataceae Family and therefore to the Entoloma Genus and to the E. sinuatum Species. The term is synonymous: Entoloma lividum (Bull.) Quél .. The term Agaricus lividus Bull is obsolete. The generic term Entoloma derives from the Greek εντός entόs, inside and λῶμα lóma hem, fringe: with the edge rolled inside. The specific epithet sinuatum comes from sinuo curve, bend: due to the presence of curved or wavy elements. Geographic Distribution and Habitat – Livid Entoloma is a fungus that grows gregarious or bushy and bears fruit from late summer to late autumn in deciduous woods. It is found in humid places with any type of soil, but prefers calcareous soils, in groups of two or three specimens also united at the base of the foot. Even if it is a very common mushroom, its birth is linked to particular meteorological conditions that; in fact it cannot be found for some years, while in other periods it appears abundant. Entoloma sinuatum is recognizable by the hat, 5-20 cm in diameter, fleshy, first spherical, then convex and umbonate and finally flat-depressed, which has a wavy and sometimes involute edge and is ash-colored or light-gray and fibrous. The lamellae are adnate, quite spaced, initially yellowish then orange-salmon because of the dirty. The stem is cylindrical, slender and irregular. The meat is immutable white, with the smell of rancid flour, unpleasant but sometimes grateful for bread dough and with a similar taste. Under the microscope there are spores of 9-11 x 7-8 μm, polygonal, salmon-pink in bulk. Entoloma sinuatum, due to its toxicity, is a fungus of no interest to cultivation. Uses and Traditions – Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous, though rarely fatal, mushroom. It must therefore be recognized with certainty and not be caught by its appealing appearance. In France it is called “la perfide” (ie the treacherous one) because of its captivating appearance and the easy confusion with the double that is the foggy agaric (widely consumed and considered edible, but also causes poisonings due to accumulation of toxins ). It is however also known by the synonym of Entoloma lividum. This fungus causes particularly severe gastrointestinal syndrome and has been the cause of fatalities in the case of consumption significant quantities. They are similar species, with which it can be confused, but also toxic: Lepista nebularis, which however has the decorrent and unadorned lamellae like those of the Antoloma sinuatum, the Hygrophorus penarius, which is distinguished by the clearest hat, to sometimes with some forms, of the Lyophyllum fumosum and with Clitocybe nebularis, suspected of toxicity, which has white and not pink lamellae, decurrent from the stem and not free, more dense and regular, and with a characteristic non-flour smell. Preparation Mode – Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom that should not be consumed in any form or quantity. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. – Cetto B., 2008. Real mushrooms, Saturnia, Trento. – Pignatti S., 1982. Flora of Italy, Edagricole, Bologna. – Conti F., Abbate G., Alessandrini A., Blasi C. (edited by), 2005. An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora, Palombi Editore. Attention: Pharmaceutical applications and alimurgical uses are indicated for informational purposes only, they do not in any way represent a medical prescription; there is therefore no liability for their use for curative, aesthetic or food purposes.

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Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention Program for Practitioners The mission of BBA is to provide education in accordance with international standards, as well as to support experts and parents to apply the scientific-based effective applications of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which is known as ABA in the world, in the most comprehensive and practical way, to enable individuals with autism to reach their full potential. Since the causes of autism are not known precisely today, it is not possible to take measures. However, with behavioral intervention programs based on Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) discipline, permanent and comprehensive progress can be achieved in many skill areas of individuals with autism. ABA was accepted as the main effective method in the treatment of children with autism by the United States Department of Public Health Services in 1999, and the intensive use of this method by individuals with autism was guaranteed by law. None of the other methods offer a scientific basis comparable to ABA. In the ABA approach, the individual is motivated to learn and the skills that can be used in many situations can be taught effectively. At the same time, effective methods can be offered to reduce socially unacceptable anger, repetitive and harmful behaviors. Purpose of the Program: The main goal of this program is to provide the participants with theoretical and practical trainings on how to teach individuals with autism the necessary skills based on ABA principles in various learning environments and normal conditions and how to act in situations that will have positive results for the individual. The program consists of three levels: beginner, intermediate and advanced. Beginner and intermediate level consists of 2 days face-to-face training and the third course consists of online trainin. The Sertificate of AutismABA Comprehensive Education Program is given to the participants who complete the three courses, 180 hours of practice and pass the exam at the end. Program content: The program includes teaching participants the basic information expected from an instructor while teaching a child with autism. This information is divided into the following areas: Measuremen | Assessment | Skill Acquisition | Behavior Reduction | Documentation and Reporting | Professional Conduct The program also includes the basic skills that an educator should have when working with a child during implementation. Other skills that are required to be performed by a teacher but are not included in theoretical trainings, are also determined and acquired during practical training. It is the responsibility of the supervisors conducting the practical training to determine which additional skills should be fulfilled as a function of the teacher qualifications. Training conditions are as follows: - Total duration of theoretical training is 40 hours - Trainings are carried out in a face-to-face workshop format - The content of the training is supported by videos and role play applications - After the theoretical training, the participant is expected to practice 180 hours - Supervisions are performed over these applications in 4 sessions, 2-3 weeks apart - In order for the participant to receive a practitioner certificate, he / she must meet the attendance conditions and be successful in the exam to be held at the end of the training Who Can Participate: - Psychologists / Psychological Counselors - Classroom Teachers - Social Workers - Therapists / Athletes - Field Students - Willing Famili

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Business & Taxation Laws To adopt one of the forms as mentioned above of businesses, the most suitable way is by registering for a limited liability company. Business laws of Pakistan Four common types of business forms are adopted privately in Pakistan. These are: Companies Ordinance, 1984 Under the Companies Ordinance, 1984, there are three types of companies: The legal regime for the formation and regulation of companies in Pakistan is given in the Companies Ordinance, 1984. In contrast, the role of administration of these companies is given to the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan and to the Registrar of Companies appointed by the SEC of Pakistan at a provincial level where such company is to be registered. The limited liability company further has two types: Registration of a limited liability company Please refer to our section of company Registration for Further details. The obligatory contribution in the revenue of the state by an individual upon the Income he/she generates on an annual basis is called a tax. There are two main types of taxation laws in Pakistan: The tax an individual pays on his annual Income is called income tax. Income tax is divided into two basic categories: The total sum of Income is attained after the deduction of: Heads of Income Under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. Incomes are divided into: The taxation year in Pakistan is effective from 1st day of July and ends on 30th day of June. Individual Income Tax On personal Income, tax is applicable only if a person is earning more than Rs.600,000 annually. An individual is liable for paying tax fee, i.e. resident, if, Income Of Individual Under section 101 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, tax is applicable on an individual when he generates Income from: Corporate Income Tax Under section 101 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, tax is applicable on a corporate when it: Under the Sales Tax Act, 1990, the federal government collects sales tax on the: The federal government collects sales tax on services under The Islamabad Capital Territory Ordinance, 2001. Property tax is a tax collected by the provincial government on land or a building on its annual value. The property tax is collected at a rate of 5% annually. The property tax should be submitted before the 30th day of September every year. Exemptions of property tax Under the following conditions, property tax is exempted: Our team of competent and experienced online lawyers in Pakistan offer the following services regarding taxation: You can ask a lawyer online about the business and taxation laws by filling the form below or through contacting us on WhatsApp or phone. We also offer free legal advice online at any time of the day.

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Windsor Castle is one of the grandest royal residences in the UK. Today, it’s one of the Queen’s favourite homes. Even though it is still a functioning royal residence, it’s usually open to the public for tours. And trust us – you can spend all day exploring this spectacular abode and its 14,000 acres of surrounding greenspaces. Interesting Facts about Windsor Castle You can discover over 1,000 years of history by visiting Windsor Castle, which boasts its own chapels, a library and rooms for its 150-strong staff. But what are some of the most interesting and lesser-known facts about Windsor Castle? Windsor Castle is a fortress Windsor Castle wasn’t just built to be a great place to live. It was strategically built to be an indestructible fortress. Given its long lifespan, it has certainly scored top marks for endurance so far. During its history, Windsor Castle has survived multiple attacks, including a two-month siege in the late 1200s during the Barons War. Keep your eyes peeled for the murder holes when visiting the Norman Gate archway. Attacking soldiers could be shot or bombarded with stones and boiling water through these windows. It’s been a royal favourite for hundreds of years Most people know that Windsor Castle is a hit with the Queen. But it’s been adored by monarchs throughout the past 1,000 years, including Queen Victoria, Queen Elizabeth I, and King George III, who famously took a lot of interest in the welfare of his nearby subjects. Other monarchs have been more interested in sprucing up the house itself than paying attention to their neighbours. Henry VIII purportedly spent the equivalent of nearly £300 million on a revamp, and George IV later followed suit by spending over £800 million. The castle served as inspiration for a royal name change Up until WWI, our royal family’s surname was Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, which is a German dynasty. Suspecting that the British public might not be too fond of this surname at the outbreak of war with Germany, King George V decided to adopt the new name, Windsor, after our favourite royal residence, Windsor Castle. Windsor Castle has seen its fair share of fires Most buildings don’t survive a millennium without setting on fire once or twice, and Windsor Castle is no exception. It endured serious blazes in 1296 and 1853. However, the most damaging fire occurred in 1992, thought to have been caused by a spotlight setting a curtain alight. It took 15 hours, 200 firefighters and 1.5 million gallons of water to get the fire under control. The royals used Windsor Castle as a safehouse during WWII When Britain was being bombed during WWII, most people took refuge in underground shelters. The royals, however, chose Windsor Castle as their shelter throughout the bombing campaigns. It’s said that Hitler intended to make Windsor Castle his British home after conquering the island, making it the perfect place for the royals to hide out. Rumour has it that Elizabeth II and her sister Margaret would occasionally sleep in the old dungeon. Interested in seeing this remarkable royal abode for yourself? Check out our Windsor Castle tours.

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Open Access (OA) is the free, immediate, online availability of research articles coupled with the rights to use these articles fully in the digital environment. Open Access ensures that anyone can access and use these results—to turn ideas into industries and breakthroughs into better lives. - definition from SPARC Ppt presentation which gives an overview of scholarly publishing, explains problems with the current model, and ways that open access can help address those problems. Download or open the file to see slide notes.

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Difficulty Seeing in Low Light Macular degeneration is one of the most common causes of vision loss, especially in those over the age of 50. It is a progressive eye condition that causes damage to the macula, which is near the center of the retina. Getting early diagnosis and treatment is important, but for many people, macular degeneration is asymptomatic until the condition is fairly advanced, which is why regular comprehensive dilated eye exams are so important, especially as you get older. Stages of macular degeneration Early macular degeneration usually causes no vision loss and no symptoms, even though there are small or few medium-sized drusen present, which are yellow deposits under the retina.1 Intermediate macular degeneration may cause some vision loss or other symptoms in some people, but not always.1 In this stage, there are usually many medium drusen or a few large drusen in the eye, pigment changes in the retina, or both.1 Late macular degeneration is when people typically experience noticeable vision loss or other symptoms. The importance of early diagnosis Especially in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the earlier the condition is diagnosed, the more proactive you can be about healthy lifestyle choices, possible supplementation, and preserving your existing vision. Although macular degeneration by itself is unlikely to cause total blindness, it can significantly affect central vision. Trouble seeing in low light The course of macular degeneration can vary widely among people and depending on what kind you have. Once symptoms do start appearing, the symptoms themselves can vary, as well. One of the symptoms of macular degeneration, including AMD and Stargardt disease, that some people might notice is difficulty seeing in low light situations, or when there’s a sudden change in lighting, like when you come inside from being out in the sun.2 Your eyes might take longer to adjust, or you might have continued trouble seeing in dim light. There are specialized cells in the retina designed to sense light called photoreceptors, and so if the retina and macula are damaged, your ability to have clear and sharp vision in lower light situations is impaired. Macular degeneration can make it difficult to see in low light situations, and although there’s no treatment that can change that, there are things you can do in your household to make it easier to see and function in dimly lit areas. Strategies to improve your vision in low light situations may include3: - Use lightbulbs that are at least 60-100 watts - Add more light from desk or floor lamps or clip-on lamps (like on books or headboards) - Put light behind and on the side of the stronger eye - Increase contrast where needed - Try different kinds of light (halogen, incandescent, flood) - Reduce glare when possible - Put contrasting paint or tape on stair edges and at doorways Do you have difficulty seeing in low light? If you’re finding it difficult to see in low light, see your doctor. There are a variety of eye conditions that could make it difficult to see clearly in low light. The sooner the underlying issue is determined, the sooner it can be addressed, and your vision improved. If you have macular degeneration and it’s getting increasingly harder to see in low light situations, talk with your eye doctor about visual aids that might help, or even working with an occupational therapist or low-vision specialist who can provide you with tips and tricks to deal with impaired vision in this way.

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‘Education is limitless. Not restricted to classrooms anymore.’ On the occasion of 151st Birth Anniversary of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who is famously known as Mahatma Gandhi, Global Indian International School, Surat celebrated Gandhi Jayanti on Thursday, 1st October 2020 Mahatma Gandhi, lovingly known as Bapu by all Indians, is internationally acknowledged for his doctrine of non-violence that led India to its glorious freedom. Gandhiji led campaigns like erasing poverty, building religious & ethnic amity, ending untouchability, above all for achieving Swaraj. Gandhiji adopted the idea of dhoti along with shawl in the winter, both made with Indian “charkha”. The celebrations with a virtual morning assembly were organized on Gandhi Jayanti to spread Mahatma Gandhi’s messages and encourage children to live in harmony with others. Students spoke on the importance of the day and how it is celebrated across India. A special virtual tour to Sabarmati Ashram and Gandhi Ashram was arranged for the tiny tots of grades 1 to 5 which brought joy to their faces. The tiny tots got a glimpse of Gandhiji’s life and principles of ‘Simple living & high thinking’ at the ashram. The children also virtually saw the statues of Gandhiji’s 3 monkeys which gave the message ‘not to listen, speak, and see bad things. This virtual tour not only made the kids aware but also instilled in them the feeling of love and respect towards the father of the nation. The students of GIIS Surat explained the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, which can help one to become a better person. The Students of Grades 6 to 8 participated in an intraclass quiz which was based on the values that Bapu preached and practiced all his life. A special speech with Gandhian quotes and messages brought the assembly to understand more about this legendary leader. Overall, students enthusiastically participated and discussed the Important life events and movements of Bapu.

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Autores: Watanabe, O.|Ito, N.|Naito, H. The lightening of ceramic tiles was investigated in order to attain a market share of home improvement. There are several types of methods; silicon carbide powder was used in order to form closed pores in this investigation. A slight amount of it in the ceramic tile body generated CO2 gas and caused expansion of the body. Vitrification occurred by vitrifying the flux components at more than 1,000 °C. The minimum value of porosity then occurred at 1,100 °C, and expansion of the CO2 gas produced an increased porosity above 1,100 °C. As a result, the porosity reached 50 º/o at 1,200 °C. The expansion behavior showed anisotropy. That is to say, the expansion in a direction parallel to the pressure direction during forming was greater than in the vertical direction. The reason for this behavior was suggested to be the fact that the compacted micropores were distributed among the kaolinite particles during forming, and the pores expanded and changed to a spherical shape. Si desea obtener más información sobre este contenido contacte con nuestro Centro de Documentación Regístrate para leer más

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Flying a reconnaissance mission in 1935 over the Khuzestan region in southwestern Iran, oil prospectors noted an odd looking hill on the landscape. The Iranian Archaeological Service was notified of the sighting. They in turn contacted the French archaeological delegation to Iran, which was excavating at nearby Susa, the ancient capital of the Elamite kingdom. When French archaeologists led by Roland de Mecquenem inspected the mound, they found it contained the ruins of a city. Later studies would reveal a ziggurat at its heart, the largest outside of Mesopotamia. Local people knew the hill as Chogha Zanbil, meaning “basket-shaped mound.” It became the official name for the site whose excavation began in 1936, under the direction of Mecquenem.

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If the UK and EU reach a deal on a future relationship agreement, the deal needs to be ratified. What does that mean? What is ratification? All international agreements place obligations and constraints on those who sign them. As a result, signatories – whether states or organisations such as the EU – must express their explicit consent to be bound by international agreements and to ensure the rights and obligations contained within them are implemented. This process is called ratification. It can take different forms, from a simple signature to a parliamentary vote, and the internal rules of a state or organisation determine what counts as sufficient. In the EU, for instance, ratification is not complete until the relevant decision has been published in the Official Journal of the European Union. To reach that point, approval is needed by the Council, Parliament and, when it is a mixed agreement, national and regional parliaments in member states. These hurdles are checks and balances to ensure that key interests have a say when agreements are reached on their behalf. How does the EU ratify international agreements? The process for ratifying international agreements in the EU is complex. However, once the Commission reaches agreement on the EU’s behalf, the process essentially boils down to gaining the approval of the two main legislative institutions: the Council and Parliament. If an agreement is mixed, national and regional parliaments must also ratify before an agreement can apply in full. Once an agreement is reached, the Commission recommends that the Council sign and states whether, in its opinion, the agreement is mixed or not. The agreement then goes through a process called ‘legal scrubbing’ and translation to reach a definitive version of the text. Soon after an agreement is reached, EU leaders give their approval. For an agreement with the UK, this would likely be done via the conclusions of a European Council summit. After EU governments have approved an agreement, it is sent to the European Parliament for its consent. The Parliament plays a notionally secondary role in ratifying such agreements, as it can only approve or reject them, not make amendments. Nevertheless, the Parliament still wields a veto. International agreements are referred to the committee responsible – in the UK case this will be the Foreign Affairs (AFET) and International Trade (INTA) committees jointly. The committee(s) then scrutinise any agreement and draft a report to submit to the whole Parliament, incorporating the opinions of other interested committees, recommending whether to accept or reject it. This recommendation does not bind MEPs when they vote, but it is a clear signal of the Parliament’s will. The Parliament has to approve such agreements by a simple majority of votes on the day, ensuring there is a minimum quorum of at least a third of MEPs present. For some agreements, such as accession of new members to the EU, an absolute majority of Parliament’s constituent members is required. After the European Parliament’s consent, the Council must then adopt a decision confirming the agreement. As soon as this has been published in the Official Journal, the ratification process, at least for non-mixed agreements, is complete. If the agreement is mixed, the Council adopts a decision provisionally to implement the agreement and indicates which parts will not be implemented, awaiting national ratification by member states. What about ratification in the UK? In the UK, the system is much less rigorous. There is no requirement for a debate in Parliament (though in practice there likely would be on an agreement with the EU) and, like the European Parliament, the UK Parliament cannot make amendments. The devolved executives and legislatures have no formal say in ratification. Ordinarily, a treaty must be laid before Parliament for 21 sitting days before ratification can take place. However, this process can be speeded up if necessary. If in that time either the Commons or Lords passes a motion against ratification, the Government must lay a statement before Parliament explaining its justification for ratifying. If the Commons passes a motion against ratification, a further 21-day period is triggered and this process can, in theory, continue indefinitely with subsequent motions. Some international agreements also require implementing legislation to translate the commitments into national law. The Withdrawal Agreement Act in the first phase of the Brexit process is an example of such implementing legislation. Any agreement with the EU on the future relationship would likely require some further implementing legislation, which MPs would have to approve. What does this mean for the deadline for a UK-EU agreement? The EU’s chief negotiator, Michel Barnier, had originally said that a full legal text needed to be agreed by the two sides by 31 October at the latest to allow time for ratification. However, it now appears that 15 November is the working deadline. Some think the absolute final deadline could even be pushed back a little further. Ultimately, because the Brexit process is unique and the time needed for ratification is not fixed, it is difficult to predict precisely when the final cut-off point for an agreement would be. How long does ratification usually take? There is no standard time for ratification. The UK has said it is looking for a deal like the EU’s agreement with Canada. That agreement took well over a year, or 63 weeks, to gain provisional ratification of the EU-only parts. This shows just how unusual a shortened timetable of six weeks for a UK deal would be. On the UK side, the Government introduced legislation to implement the Withdrawal Agreement on 19 December 2019 and the bill passed five weeks later on 23 January 2020 to allow the UK to leave by 31 January. By Matt Bevington, Public policy and foreign affairs analyst, UK in a Changing Europe.

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Heroin Addiction Treatments Heroin addiction is extremely dangerous. Learn about heroin addiction and the most effective heroin addiction treatment options here. Table of Contents What Is Heroin? Heroin is an illegal opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance from the opium poppy plant. It comes in the form of a white or brown powder or a dark sticky substance known as black tar heroin. Heroin Street Names Street names for the drug include the following: - ‘H’ or ‘Big H’ - Black tar - Hell dust How Does Heroin Affect the Body? People use heroin by sniffing, snorting, smoking, or injecting it. Once it’s in the bloodstream, the drug gives a surge or rush of euphoria, followed by a relaxing state. Heroin is a central nervous system depressant, meaning it slows down the function of the brain and body, causing relaxation. The drug is highly addictive, as it binds to opioid receptors in the brain and creates the desired euphoric feeling. As a result, many people become dependent on the drug to function. What Is Heroin Addiction? When heroin enters the brain, it attaches to proteins, specifically G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called opioid receptors. These receptors are found in several areas of the brain and body, including nerve cells involved in the perception of pain and pleasure and breath regulation. The short-term effects of heroin, such as euphoria, relaxation, and pain relief, wear off within a few hours and leave individuals feeling depressed and tired. This leads to drug cravings—wanting to use the drug again to feel better. This cycle can, and often does, lead to heroin addiction. Heroin Addiction Statistics In 2020, approximately 902,000 people in the United States reported using heroin in the previous twelve months. From that number, around 691,000 had a heroin use disorder. Tragically, approximately 13,165 people in the United States died from a heroin overdose that same year.1 Risk Factors of Heroin In order to prevent and understand heroin addiction, it’s important to know the risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing a heroin use disorder. These risk factors include: - Having a mental health disorder - Early drug use - Experiencing poverty - Having a lack of parental supervision - Having peers who use substances - Having a family history of addiction People seeking heroin addiction treatment must first go through detox, either at home or a heroin detox center. Detox is a process in which the body works to rid itself of the chemicals and toxins from substances. How Long Does it Take to Detox From Heroin? Detox is often the first step in heroin addiction treatment, and it can take anywhere from a few days to over a week. The amount of time it takes to detox heroin from the system depends on the severity of the addiction and individual factors like weight, metabolism, and overall health. Dangers of Heroin Detox While some people try to detox at home, it can be incredibly difficult to do this successfully. Cravings can become extreme, and the physical heroin withdrawal symptoms can be severe. Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, pain, tiredness, and cravings are difficult to manage alone, highlighting the importance of heroin detox treatment programs. Heroin Detox Programs In these treatment centers, heroin withdrawal symptoms are monitored, and medications are prescribed to assist in detox and reduce or eliminate unpleasant withdrawal side effects. Heroin addiction treatment centers can aid recovery immensely, as they ensure relapse does not occur within the first hours or days after quitting. Heroin Addiction Treatment Many heroin addiction treatment options are available. For example, aside from heroin addiction rehab and residential treatment, there are medications and therapeutic interventions. These treatments can help regulate bodily functions while safely recovering from addiction, as heroin addiction can change the brain in ways that make functioning difficult. While medication and therapy can be useful when used alone, research shows that the best heroin addiction treatment combines both medicine and therapy.2 Medication for heroin addiction includes methadone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, and suboxone. Methadone is the most common treatment for heroin addiction because it works by acting as a replacement opioid in place of heroin, making it a very effective option. A study found that those given methadone treatments had 33% fewer positive opioid drug tests and were 4.44 times more likely to return to treatment.3 Doctors prescribe appropriate doses by assessing patients’ needs and situations, eventually tapering off heroin and the medication. People who take medication for heroin addiction are more likely to quit heroin, especially when medication treatment is combined with therapy. Ongoing Treatment and Relapse Prevention Successful treatment typically follows several steps: detoxification, behavioral counseling, medication, treatment for co-occurring mental health conditions, and long-term follow-up to prevent relapse. Successful recovery is possible—around 75% of people seeking recovery from a substance use disorder reach their goal.4 Nonetheless, because addiction is a chronic disease, it is important to remember that ongoing treatment is necessary for long-term recovery. Relapse Prevention Tips Tips to prevent relapse include: - Develop a thorough treatment program or attend a heroin addiction treatment program regularly - Follow through on the aftercare plan and participate in long-term checkups - Build a support network to help throughout the recovery - Visit a therapist for ongoing support - Attend 12-Step meetings - Invest in oneself by finding new hobbies, eating well, and getting regular exercise - Don’t be afraid to ask for help when needed Find Help at Arrow Passage Recovery Arrow Passage Recovery offers several treatment options for heroin addiction, including inpatient and outpatient treatment. Our team is committed to providing you with holistic and compassionate care, offering one-on-one support to meet your unique needs. Recovery isn’t linear; it’s a process that takes time. At Arrow Passage Recovery, you will have the opportunity to heal and recover in a serene environment as our skilled staff guides you to a healthy, productive life of sobriety. You deserve to live your best life. Contact us today at (855) 466-4965.

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So the recently released results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study-Repeat are profoundly disturbing. These results showed that American eighth-graders were outperformed in math and science by students in more than a dozen nations, including Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Belgium and the Netherlands. France and Germany did not participate in the test but given the track record of German students it is likely that they, too, would have outperformed their American counterparts. The results are particularly disappointing, says Alvin P. Sanoff, because in recent years one blue ribbon commission after another has issued warnings about the perilous state of science and math education in the nation's schools, yet little has changed. Writing in Prism, the journal of the American Society for Engineering Education, Sanoff notes that engineering educators have long realized that they have a major stake in the quality of science and math teaching at the K-12 level. In a report entitled "Before It's Too Late" the National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st Century warned that time is running out for action. Chaired by former Sen. John Glenn, the commission laid out an ambitious agenda to improve the performance of American students, including a $5 billion program to upgrade the quality, skills and knowledge of math and science teachers. Sanoff reports that numerous colleges and universities are developing initiatives to help classroom teachers do a better job of attracting students to math and science. For example, a program at Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute's Center for Initiatives in Pre-College Education focuses on working with students and teachers in elementary schools in the Troy, NY, area. The University of Michigan has developed a partnership between education and engineering faculty members, with the goal of improving math and science education. And The Ohio State University has gone a step further; its College of Mathematics and Physical Sciences has hired a director of math and science education who is working with OSU's College of Education to increase the number of ed-school students who will become math and science teachers. Although Sanoff says there is no indication thus far that the proliferation of programs is likely to measurably change the performance of U.S. students in science and math, these programs and others like them hold out the best hope for improving performance. And until there is measurable and significant improvement, manufacturing excellence in the United States will remain at risk.

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Heart of Louisiana: Vanishing Cemeteries (WVUE) - There are countless thousands of graves that punctuate the Louisiana landscape. From cities to farms, bayouside to marsh – they mark the places where people have lived and died. "If you look at the names on the headstones and the dates, you really see the immigration patterns that flowed across South Louisiana and you can really take a look at where the Germans lived, where the Acadians lived, where the Scotch Irish lived," said Jessica Schexnayder. LSU researcher Jessica Schexnayder has spent the past five years locating and documenting the cemeteries of coastal Louisiana. She has visited 137 of them, using GPS to outline their shapes and capture common names and thousands of photographs. "We are creating this record for future generations of Louisianans who may want to look back at this and see what was there before it's gone," Schexnayder said. And the loss is real, like this cemetery in Leeville that is collapsing into a bayou. And this sinking cemetery at Cheniere Caminada, the final resting place for hundreds of victims of a killer 1893 hurricane. "As you walk through Cheniere Caminada and look at the headstones that do remain, you realize that it's all women and children," Schexnayder said. Along with headstones, Schexnayder finds fascinating stories. The sharecroppers buried in this plantation graveyard near New Roads were the inspiration for the writings of Ernest Gaines. And the Istre cemetery in Southwest Louisiana contains these unique grave houses. "I've mapped 137 cemeteries and that is the only one where I have found the grave houses," Schexnayder said. We walk through cemeteries and notice dates, how long someone lived, maybe a familiar name. And then you see a grave like this, James Moore, and you know there's a great story. Moore went by the name "Slim Harpo," a blues harmonica legend. People come and visit him and leave him harmonicas. I've left him a harmonica, but a number of graves in that cemetery are in disrepair," Schexnayder said. As people move away, as communities disappear, their old cemeteries crumble. And some cemeteries fall victim to eminent domain, where the government finds a public use for the site. A Superdome parking garage replaced the old Girod Street cemetery. And another cemetery was moved for the Morganza floodway. "And it's now called the cemetery of the unknowns, because when it was moved, they just put everyone in rows and each headstone says unknown," Schexnayder said. Through her research and photographs and careful mapping, Schexnayder hopes a digital record survives when these places of eternal rest have vanished. Copyright 2016 WVUE. All rights reserved.

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GOD TAKES His sanctity, His holiness, very seriously. The statutes given to Moses by Yahweh governing sexual behavior and bodily discharges had some health benefits, but they were mainly intended to set standards of moral purity — especially for those who served in the tabernacle — that contrasted sharply with Canaanite morality (which was, in fact, an oxymoron). We also discuss the first Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), which required two goats. One was a sin offering, sacrificed to Yahweh; the other had the sins of the people transferred to it by the priest laying his hands on the goat’s head and confessing the sins of the people before it was led into the wilderness and turned loose. This goat was for Azazel. We discuss the identity of Azazel and why was he considered the embodiment of sin in this ritual of atonement, the nature of the goat-demons (rendered “satyrs” in the KJV) the Israelites had begun to worship in the wilderness, and why God insisted that animals be sacrificed only at the Tent of Meeting.

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Cosign: Definition, Benefits and Risks Cosigning a loan for a family member or friend can put a person’s credit score and overall financial position in jeopardy. Before cosigning a loan, it’s important to know the benefits and risks. Continue reading to learn what cosigning is and the ways it can affect the borrower and the cosigner. What Is Cosigning? Cosigning is signing jointly with a borrower for a loan to increase the borrower’s chances of getting approved for a loan. Cosigning a loan results in joint credit for the borrower and cosigner. The creditworthiness of both signers is considered during the application and approval process. The primary borrower is responsible for repaying the loan. If the primary borrower is unable to pay back the loan, then the cosigner becomes liable for the debt. A cosigner can guarantee that a debt will be paid off for someone who is unable to get a loan on their own. A borrower may not qualify for a loan for different reasons. Here are some common reasons that people may not qualify for loans independently. What Is a Cosigner? A cosigner is a backup person legally responsible for making payments on a loan. When a person agrees to cosign a loan, they help reduce the lender’s risk and help the primary borrower obtain credit. Essentially, a cosigner agrees to take on another person’s debt. If that person fails to make payments or defaults on the loan, the cosigner becomes responsible. What Are a Cosigner’s Rights and Obligations? Typically, borrowers apply for preapproval for a loan. If they have a hard time getting approved or don’t get the best interest rates because of a low credit score or other disqualifying factors, a cosigner can come to the rescue. The lender considers the cosigner’s creditworthiness, and if approved, the cosigner completes loan documents that explain the terms of the loan. The lender also provides the cosigner with a document called the Notice to Cosigner which states the consequences if the borrower does not pay on time or defaults on the loan. A cosigner agrees to guarantee a borrower’s debt but has no ownership, title or other rights to the property paid for by the loan. The cosigner is on the hook for repaying the debt if the primary borrower fails to pay. Benefits of Cosigning a Loan Cosigning mainly benefits the primary borrower who otherwise might not qualify for a loan on their own. Here are some of the benefits that cosigning provides to a borrower. - Can get approved for more favorable loan terms - Can qualify for a higher principal loan amount - Can help build or rebuild credit - May get a lower interest rate Borrowers with a minimal credit history or low income can benefit from having a cosigner on their loan. Risks of Cosigning a Loan When a person cosigns a loan for a borrower, they guarantee that they will pay back the loan if the borrower is not able to pay. The borrower benefits from the cosigner’s creditworthiness, but the cosigner assumes the risk. Here are some of the risks associated with cosigning a loan: - Liable for debt repayment for the life of the loan - Can negatively affect credit score if the borrower pays late or defaults on the loan - Extremely difficult to get released from the loan - Can be sued by the lender for late fees, interest and attorney’s fees Cosigners agree to take responsibility for repaying another’s loan. The risks can be great if the cosigner ever experiences their own financial difficulty. Good To Know Cosigning is not the only method of obtaining a loan with someone else’s help. Co-borrowing is a similar concept. The difference is that both persons receive the loan and are equally responsible for making the payments. A common example of co-borrowing is a married couple applying for a mortgage loan together, with each applicant sharing payments and access to the property attached to the loan. How Does Cosigning Work? Cosigning is considered a type of joint credit between the primary borrower and the cosigner. The borrower receives the principal of the loan, and the cosigner does not have to make the regular monthly payments on the loan. The types of loans that lenders offer with cosigning options include mortgage loans, auto loans, student loans and personal loans. Some credit card companies also offer consumers cosigning options to help build their credit. Our in-house research team and on-site financial experts work together to create content that’s accurate, impartial, and up to date. We fact-check every single statistic, quote and fact using trusted primary resources to make sure the information we provide is correct. You can learn more about GOBankingRates’ processes and standards in our editorial policy. - Federal Trade Commission Consumer Advice. 2021. "Cosigning a Loan FAQs." - The People's Law Library of Maryland. 2021. "Cosigning a Loan: Risks and Benefits." - Forbes. 2021. "Co-Borrower Vs. Co-Signer: Which Should You Use On Your Loan?"

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On November 10, 1659, Antonio Fernandez Carvajal – called by some “the first English Jew” – died. - 1278: All English Jews Arrested by Crown - This Day / A Kingmaker Dies Young - This Day / MP Who Led to Riots in U.K. Is Born Carvajal was one of those extraordinary figures whose financial, political and personal skills and acumen allowed him to become one of the most important merchants of his era. He also shared major responsibility for England reopening its gates to the Jews, 366 years after their expulsion by King Edward I, in the year 1290. Carvajal, whose Hebrew name was Abraham Israel Fernandez Carvajal, was born around 1590, probably in the Portuguese town of Fundao. From there, possibly in reaction to the Portuguese Inquisition, he moved to the Canary Islands, which for a time offered Iberian Jews refuge from persecution, as well as ample business opportunities. There is evidence that he lived for a period in Rouen, France, too, before settling in London around 1632. A time of war The time was one of frequent wars -- over both trade and religion -- between Spain, England and Holland. Jews like Carvajal, with contacts in all three countries and in their colonies, and despite their uncertain civil status in all, were able to exploit their situations to make huge profits in commerce. In Caravajal's case, his wide network of commercial partners and employees also put him in the position of being able to offer the English government, led by Oliver Cromwell, valuable military and political intelligence gleaned from both Spain and Holland. Officially, Jews were still not permitted to live in England in the first half of the 17th century, but by the 1650s, there were some 20 families living in London. Ostensibly, they were Roman Catholics, but their crypto-Jewish status was an open secret. Antonio Fernandez Carvajal was the recognized leader of the community, due in part to his success in business. He owned his own fleet of ships, and traded with both the East and West Indies (India and South Asia, and the Caribbean islands, respectively), with the Levant, at different times trading in gunpowder and arms, silver bullion, wine and corn. Jews are allowed back, albeit informally At the start of the Anglo-Spanish War, in 1655, England seized all property belonging to Spaniards living in its territory. Carvajal had by then been “endenizened” – gained effective citizenship – but when another Jew, Antonio Rodriguez Robles, found himself denounced and threatened with loss of all his property, Carvajal led the entire Sephardi community in appealing to Cromwell and the Council of State to recognize them as Jewish refugees, rather than as Catholic Spaniards. At the same time, Menasseh ben Israel arrived in England from Amsterdam to press his request for the Jews to be allowed to return. In response, the Whitehall Conference ruled that “there was no law which forbade the Jews’ return to England.” On May 16, 1656, the Council of State ruled that Robles should have his property restored to him. Cromwell intimated to the crypto-Jewish families of London that they were welcome to remain, even if no more formal declaration was forthcoming. That December, the group began to rent a house in Cree Church Lane for religious services, nearby what later became the location of the Bevis-Marks synagogue. A few months later, Carvajal and another Sephardi Jew leased a site on Mile End Road, in the East End, to serve as the country’s first Jewish cemetery. Carvajal died in London on November 10, 1659, while undergoing surgery for gallstones, and was buried in the Mile End cemetery. The St. Katherine Cree Church next door rang its bells in his memory and a month later, Samuel Pepys, a member of parliament and a Christian, who noted in his diary that he had been operated on successfully by the same surgeon as Carvajal, was moved to attend a memorial service for him at the Cree Church synagogue. A copy of Carvajal’s gravestone is in the collection of the Ratsbibliothek in Leipzig, Germany. Part of the epitaph describes him as being, “generous to the needy and the poor. / His doings and his dealings with men were truth, / Truth was familiar in his mouth, his words ever pure.”

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Ferroalloys are alloys of iron with other elements like chromium, manganese, silicon, tungsten, molybdenum, or vanadium. Ferromanganese, Silicon-manganese, and Ferrochrome are some of the other common Ferroalloys. These are supplied in several shapes and form factors- from billets and ingots to powders, fillers, and allied reinforcements. However, Ferroalloys transportation is very delicate in terms of environmental impacts, because of the toxic gases and dust that are emitted such as arsenic and phosphine during the storage and transportation process. Ferroalloys also are very sensitive to humidity and they can have flammable or explosive reactions. Atmospheric Pollution : Ferroalloys can emit gases such as carbon and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Here are some of the actions necessary to prevent these emissions: • Storage and transportation in closed buildings and vehicles. • Installing filters that remove the fumes from the casting process as well as crushing and screening process before dispatching Ferroalloys. • Using proper packaging to prevent dust and pollution while loading the vehicles. In general, Ferroalloys should be stored and transported carefully at each stage to minimize environmental impact using the best methods and techniques. Risk Of Poisoning During Ferrosilicon Transportation : Ferrosilicon emits phosphine (PH3) and arsenic (AsH3) when it is exposed to humidity, two highly toxic gases that have caused the death of several people during shipping. There are four such cases reported with 5 deaths. Their symptoms included nausea, vomiting, thirst, and drowsiness, which were initially confused with seasickness. Bad smell, like the smell of onion or carbide, should arouse suspicion. The autopsy findings on the dead bodies indicated that dark stains, dark blood, parenchymatous degeneration of the liver, heart, and kidneys, pulmonary edema, and slight jaundice were observed on the subjects. Chemical analysis often shows this amount of arsenic to be non-lethal, while it is difficult to prove because phosphine is volatile. It is recommended to carry Ferrosilicon on board while transporting it by ship instead of loading it in high humidity warehouses to avoid similar hazardous problems.

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Money: A Mentality As Jacob Goldstein illustrates in his article “Money, The True Story of a Made Up Thing”, money is an abstract concept. When we first began our discussion of stone money in class, I was unaware of what this meant. However, after listening to the NPR broadcast, it became more clear to me that humans are what give money its value. In his article, Goldstein states, “it seems solid, official and enduring. At the same time money is a confidence trick: an i.o.u. printed on cheap material that promises the holder nothing but more paper money. The evolving paradox of modern currency — foundational yet resting on faith.” He also states that “it’s really “a made-up thing, a shared fiction. Money is fundamentally, unalterably social.” This article made it clear to me how money itself virtually has no value, it is a concept constructed by society. If we did not believe that money had value, it simply wouldn’t. This is shown in The Island Of Stone Money by Milton Friedman. In his article, Friedman discusses the small island called Yap, which is located in the Pacific Ocean. The study of this island and the villagers helped economists answer the question of what money really is. On this island, they had no silver or gold, only large and heavy stones which they used to exchange for things. They realized quickly that it is difficult to physically exchange these items because they were so difficult to move. These pieces of stones were as heavy as a car. So, even though the stone does not move, everyone in the village is aware who the stone belongs to. Friedman goes on to tell a story about how once, the villagers were transporting a large stone during a storm, and it ended up on the bottom of the ocean. When the villagers returned and told everyone else what had happened, they decided that the stone was still of value, even though it was no longer tangible. This relates to current day currency because even though people may not have the money physically, they can still use it to purchase items. This brings to the surface the discussion of whether or not in today’s current climate if money has any physical value. In today’s society, people rarely even use money. Most forms of payment are through credit cards or debit cards. But, something new has been thrown into the mix, bitcoin. According to CNN, Bitcoin is a new currency that was created by Satoshi Nakamoto. It is a digital wallet, a virtual bank. People use bitcoin mainly because there is no “middle-man” meaning the bank. However, this could potentially lead to issues. An article written by Anne Renaut states that“ This “high degree of anonymity” could lead Bitcoin to become a “monetary alternative for drug dealing and money laundering,” warned the European Central Bank. Another concern stated in the article is the concern of experiencing cyber attacks. Obviously, compared to the stones used on Yap, this is a much more advanced method. When you really think about it, it seems as if the more we use things like bitcoin and credit, the less valuable real “money” becomes. The amount of money in our bank account does not equal the amount of physical dollars that you have. It is simply a number that increases and decreases over time, and seems to rule our entire lives. As a child, like most, I was raised with the understanding that money gets you things. Before finding out what inflation was, I remember asking my mom, “if there is not enough money for everyone, why can’t we just make more?” Questioning this has led to my understanding that money is a concept. Money exists because we believe it does. Nothing can exist if you do not believe in it. If your computer dies, it is useless. By plugging it into an outlet, you give it the power, and it becomes valuable to you. In a similar way, we give money its power. Without the belief in money, it would have no power. After researching and analyzing the sources provided to me, my view on currency has changed and I’ve come to understand that money is a made up concept. I used to think of it as a concrete thing. However, I now know that it is an idea that someone once had, and became the mentality of society. “The Bubble Bursts on e-Currency Bitcoin.” Yahoo! News, Yahoo!, https://sg.news.yahoo.com/bubble-bursts-e-currency-bitcoin-064913387–finance.html. “The Invention of Money.” This American Life, 19 Feb. 2018, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/423/the-invention-of-money. Friedman, Milton “The Island of Stone Money.” Diss. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1991. “What Is Bitcoin?” CNNMoney, Cable News Network, https://money.cnn.com/infographic/technology/what-is-bitcoin/index.html.

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Gender Equality Index 2020: Digitalisation and the future of work Job automation, use of new technologies and transformation of the labour market Much of the current policy debate about the future of work centres on the increased use of digital technologies and their capacity to replace or complement workers in an ever-broadening range of tasks. The spread of new technologies is often seen as a way to increase the productivity and competitiveness of the EU economy. Notably, a range of time-consuming or physically demanding routine tasks have proven feasible to automate (JRC, 2020b), enabling some workers to focus on more creative aspects of their work, increasing added value and – in some cases – leading to improvements in working conditions (Eurofound, 2018c; JRC, 2019a). However, technological progress also has the potential to be highly disruptive, as many jobs need to be reorganised and technology will completely replace workers in some instances (Eurofound, 2020a). While digital technologies have transformed the majority of workplaces in the EU labour market, gender differences in the use of ICT at work persist. Eurostat data show that 71 % of those in employment use computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets or other portable devices at work, with the proportion reaching 95 % in some sectors. The past 5 years have seen the use of digital technologies increase in almost 9 out of 10 workplaces in the EU (European Commission, 2016b). Yet women continue to use some digital technologies less frequently than men (Figure 41), which is likely to limit their employment prospects in jobs that depend on the use of such technologies. Earlier estimates predicted that digitalisation could lead to alarmingly high rates of job loss due to automation in the next decade or so (Frey and Osborne, 2017; World Economic Forum, 2016), but these have since been tempered by more modest estimates for OECD economies of 10–20 % of jobs at risk (International Monetary Fund, 2018; OECD, 2016; PwC, 2019). Increasingly, it looks like many jobs will be transformed rather than fully automated, with workers switching to tasks that complement new technologies from tasks that are being replaced by them (Autor, 2015; European Commission, 2019e). Some entirely new jobs (or jobs transformed so profoundly as to effectively constitute new jobs) are also likely to appear (Eurofound, 2020a), for example in the STEM sector. This transformation is likely to have profound effects on the structure of the labour market, with two potential outcomes often discussed: job polarisation, where automation prompts the disappearance of middle-skilled jobs with a high level of routine content, leaving the labour market increasingly divided into low and high-skilled employment (Autor, 2015; Goos et al., 2014; OECD, 2017b)); and job upgrading, where new technologies lead to increased demand for higher-skilled staff while lower-skilled jobs disappear (Oesch and Piccitto, 2019). While the evidence is far from conclusive, the most recent findings from EU-based studies point towards a pattern of job upgrading in recent years (Eurofound, 2017a; European Commission, 2019f; Oesch and Piccitto, 2019), especially among women (Eurofound, 2016; OECD, 2017a; Piasna and Drahokoupil, 2017). There are also some signs of job polarisation, however, and these are often more apparent among men. It is important to note that such changes in employment structure often depend on factors other than just technological progress; for example, the skill upgrading of jobs held by women may well be linked to increased participation of highly qualified women in the labour market (Eurofound, 2016; OECD, 2017a; Piasna and Drahokoupil, 2017). The pattern of change also varies a lot by country. This transformation is likely to change the occupational and sectoral structure of EU employment and is thus likely to present different prospects for women and men, whose employment follows well-established patterns of vertical and horizontal segregation. It is likely to have profound implications for gendered patterns in labour market participation and skill demand, as well as certain broader aspects of gender equality. It may well contribute to future changes in Gender Equality Index scores in several domains, primarily the domain of work. Women face slightly higher risk of job loss due to automation Women are usually reported to be at a slightly higher risk of job loss due to automation than men (International Monetary Fund, 2018; OECD, 2016; PwC, 2019). A recent International Monetary Fund (2018) study on the gendered impacts of automation found that around 11 % of employed women were at risk of job loss, compared with 9 % of men. This gap seems to be driven by significant differences in a few countries (e.g. Cyprus and Austria), while others show little or no difference (e.g. Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France and the United Kingdom). The higher risk of automation for women relates to gendered differences in work content; in the EU, women across different occupational categories are somewhat more likely to undertake routine, repetitive tasks and less likely to undertake complex tasks (Piasna and Drahokoupil, 2017) (Figure 42 and Figure 43). Another study (Lordan, 2019) also suggests that women are more vulnerable than men to automation in some countries (Belgium, Czechia, Germany, Estonia, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Hungary, Austria, Finland and the United Kingdom), whereas they face the same risks in others (Greece, France, Croatia, the Netherlands and Slovenia). In addition to being more exposed to the dangers of automation, women may also benefit less from the resulting changes in income distribution. Automation is likely to be a capital-intensive process, relying on increasing use of new technologies and thus particularly benefiting owners of capital. Using data from advanced economies, similar technological changes have been linked to a decreasing share of national income flowing to workers (Dao et al., 2017). Instead, income is likely to flow to owners of capital (Dao et al., 2017), who typically hold that capital indirectly through a range of financial products, such as stocks or shares (IPPR, 2019). This financial wealth tends to be highly concentrated among the wealthiest individuals, and among men in particular; there are sizeable gender gaps in financial wealth among the top 5 % of wealthiest individuals in a number of EU Member States (Schneebaum et al., 2018). Automation is likely to affect both female- and male-dominated occupations The slightly higher overall risk posed by automation to women conceals considerable variation in how different occupations (and sectors) will be affected. Digitally enabled machines are likely to replace human labour, particularly in routine, easily codifiable tasks (Autor, 2015; Frey and Osborne, 2017; Lordan, 2019), the distribution of which varies considerably across occupations (Figure 42 and Figure 43). Less predictable tasks, such as abstract thinking or unstructured social interactions, are proving more difficult to automate, leaving some occupations at a much lower risk of automation than others (Autor, 2015; Frey and Osborne, 2017; Lordan, 2019). Historically, automation was linked to elimination of clerical jobs and reduced availability of jobs in the retail and financial service sectors that, up to that point, had provided an expanding field of employment for women (Huws, 1982). At the same time, technological change began to de-skill many traditionally ‘male’ jobs (Cockburn, 1987), opening them up to women with newer technological skills. This renewed interest in the statistical analysis of occupational segregation by gender. Research was carried out to identify horizontal and vertical patterns of segregation by occupation and industry, such as the concentration of women and men at different levels in organisational hierarchies (Rubery, 2010), and to identify ways in which new kinds of technology-enabled work reproduced and expanded dominant patterns of gender segregation and inequality (Howcroft and Richardson, 2009). More recent studies covering EU Member States (Lordan, 2019) and OECD member countries (International Monetary Fund, 2018) show that some female- and male-dominated occupations are unlikely to be substantially automated in the near future, as they typically involve a high degree of intellectual tasks or a mix of intellectual and social tasks. For example, some health, education and social service occupations dominated by women, such as schoolteacher or personal care worker in a residential service, are considered difficult to automate. In fact, the number of personal care workers has risen substantially in recent years (Eurofound, 2017a), mostly as a result of demographic shifts in the EU population that have increased demand for such services. Some male-dominated occupations, such as ICT/engineering professional or high-ranking manager, are also unlikely to face large job losses due to automation (Eurofound, 2017a; Lordan, 2019). For ICT/engineering professionals, technological progress instead drives job creation, as demonstrated by strong sustained growth in employment in these activities (see subsection 9.2.2). This makes the lack of women in these sectors particularly concerning. Conversely, some female- and male-dominated occupations are characterised by high levels of routine content and are thus at increased risk of automation. For example, certain key tasks carried out (mostly by men) in transport, storage and manufacturing activities (e.g. physical manipulation of heavy goods) may become automated (Eurofound, 2018c; Lordan, 2019). Clerical support work, carried out primarily by women, may also be increasingly performed by machines (Lordan, 2019). This may lead to job loss in some cases, while, in others, it will prompt a profound job transformation that will require workers to perform new, often higher-skilled tasks (Eurofound, 2018c). Highly educated women often enter new jobs that are difficult to automate While women face a somewhat higher risk of automation based on current employment patterns, there are signs that the structure of women’s employment is changing, with high-skilled work increasingly prevalent. Women’s educational attainment has grown rapidly and many education gender gaps that existed in the past have already been eliminated, as can be seen from the Gender Equality Index scores in the domain of knowledge. Women have begun to take most of the new high-skilled jobs that are unlikely to be automated in the near future: around 8 million of the 12 million high-skilled jobs created between 2003 and 2015 in the EU went to women (OECD, 2017a). This led to an ‘upgrading in the female occupational structure, with the share of women in high skilled occupations … increasing’ (Piasna and Drahokoupil, 2017, p. 7). This does not, however, mean that women are paid equally to men in these jobs. The fact that women have, on average, lower wages than men may affect the patterns of automation (Rubery, 2018). Firstly, the low-paid nature of certain female-dominated occupations (e.g. domestic work) may slow down the pace of digital innovation, since such innovation can be, at least initially, quite costly and may not always pay off when labour costs are low (Rubery, 2018). This may protect some women from job loss at least in the short term, although it brings little prospect of better pay or working conditions. Secondly, since women tend to earn less than men in the same occupations, this may provide them with new opportunities when male-dominated occupations become reorganised or restructured as a result of automation. In such cases, employers may favour hiring women into new positions because of their lower salary demands. Based on previous experience, this often results in ‘first a period of desegregation of male-dominated jobs, followed by either the feminisation of the whole occupation or the emergence of new feminised subdivisions within the occupation’ (Rubery, 2018). In the service sector, for example, programming tasks that were well-paid and highly skilled in the recent past may become ‘feminised’ – although more women are recruited, they continue to be treated as ‘secondary earners’ and their wages drop (Howcroft and Richardson, 2009). Thus, efforts to ensure equal pay for equal work will be needed if women are to fully benefit from such new opportunities. Potential of job automation to improve gender equality Scenario 1 – Index domain of work. Transformation of the labour market structure offers an opportunity to change established gendered patterns of employment, especially in the context of the rapid growth of women’s skills (IPPR, 2019; Rubery, 2018). However, evidence from the past decade shows little – if any – progress on the desegregation of the EU labour market (Piasna and Drahokoupil, 2017). Jobs within the STEM and ICT sectors are a stark example of this lack of progress (see subsection 9.1.3). Scenario 2 – Index domain of time. Potential job loss due to automation has sparked debates about more balanced distribution of paid and unpaid work among women and men (Howcroft and Rubery, 2018; IPPR, 2019; Rubery, 2018). If machines replace a significant share of human work input, this may reduce the overall amount of jobs available. To better distribute the remaining work, proposals to reduce the duration of the working week are frequently discussed, with potential positive outcomes for gendered division of unpaid work. In this context, the recognition of women and men as equal earners and equal carers across the life cycle will be important. Scenario 3 – Index domain of money. Automating some routine tasks can free up more time for tasks requiring interpersonal, creative or advanced ICT skills (Howcroft and Rubery, 2018; IPPR, 2019). This is an opportunity to upskill certain low-paid jobs held by women and perhaps even achieve higher wages and reduced pay gaps. The potential of automation to challenge existing gender inequalities remains unclear Given the uncertain nature of changes in technology and gender relations, it is difficult to go beyond stylised lists of factors likely to influence the gender equality outcomes of automation in the future. The current literature mostly limits itself to speculating about the ways in which this process could affect gender equality, namely gender segregation, division of unpaid work, pay gaps and working conditions. All of these speculative scenarios have something in common: the changes have the potential to improve gender equality but their outcomes are highly uncertain and there is no guarantee that their promise will be fulfilled. Indeed, the research reviewed (Howcroft and Rubery, 2018; IPPR, 2019; Rubery, 2018) suggests that this is unlikely to happen without (1) gender-sensitive regulation, institutions and policies; (2) challenges to established gender stereotypes, such as those relating to ICT and STEM participation and caring activities; and (3) greater representation of women in key decision-making positions.

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The END Fund is the world’s leading philanthropic fund dedicated to controlling and eliminating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). NTDs are parasitic and bacterial infectious diseases – including intestinal worms, river blindness, trachoma, schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis – that affect over 1.7 billion people globally. The END Fund’s vision is to ensure people can live healthy and prosperous lives free of the risk of NTDs and has set out to accomplish this by: By engaging a community of activist-philanthropists and taking a systems approach, the END Fund works in collaboration with governments, local and international NGOs, pharmaceutical companies, and academic partners on the global campaign to control and eliminate the most prevalent NTDs by 2030. Since our founding in 2012 through 2020, with our partners, the END Fund has provided over 1 billion treatments for NTDs worth more than $1.3 billion, and trained more than 3.4 million health workers in NTD control and prevention. In 2020 alone, we reached more than 91 million people with more than 133 million NTD treatments, representing an almost 10-fold increase from 2012. The END Fund works globally in over 25 countries, with a primary emphasis in Africa. You can read more about the END Fund and our 2020 impact story here.

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We describe an extensive ichnofossil assemblage from the likely Cenomanian-age ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ units of the ‘Kem Kem beds’ in southeastern Morocco. In the lower unit, trace fossils include narrow vertical burrows in cross-bedded sandstones and borings in dinosaur bone, with the latter identified as the insect ichnotaxon Cubiculum ornatus. In the upper unit, several horizons preserve abundant footprints from theropod dinosaurs. Sauropod and ornithischian footprints are much rarer, similar to the record for fossil bone and teeth in the Kem Kem assemblage. The upper unit also preserves a variety of invertebrate traces including Conichnus (the resting trace of a sea-anemone), Scolicia (a gastropod trace), Beaconites (a probable annelid burrow), and subvertical burrows likely created by crabs for residence and detrital feeding on a tidal flat. The ichnofossil assemblage from the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem beds contributes evidence for a transition from predominantly terrestrial to marine deposition. Body fossil and ichnofossil records together provide a detailed view of faunal diversity and local conditions within a fluvial and deltaic depositional setting on the northwestern coast of Africa toward the end of the Cretaceous. Citation: Ibrahim N, Varricchio DJ, Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Dutheil DB, Martill DM, et al. (2014) Dinosaur Footprints and Other Ichnofauna from the Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds of Morocco. PLoS ONE 9(3): e90751. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090751 Editor: Andrew A. Farke, Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, United States of America Received: November 5, 2013; Accepted: February 3, 2014; Published: March 6, 2014 Copyright: © 2014 Ibrahim et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This research was supported by The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Eppley Foundation for Research (PCS) and a University College Dublin Ad Astra Research Scholarship (NI). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The likely Cenomanian-age Upper Cretaceous ‘Kem Kem beds’ are exposed along the face of a limestone-capped escarpment extending some 250 km in length in southeastern Morocco , (Figure 1). They comprise a 150–200 m thick sequence of fluvial siltstones and sandstones divided informally into ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ units , (Figure 2). First extensively explored in the 1950s by French paleontologist René Lavocat, the Kem Kem beds have been subject to renewed interest and fieldwork since the mid 1990s , . The diverse vertebrate assemblage described from the Kem Kem beds includes elasmobranchs, bony fishes (actinopterygians, coelacanths, lungfish), turtles, crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, non-avian dinosaurs, and birds , –. The rich ichnological record preserved alongside these body fossils , , however, has not been thoroughly described. Although footprints of Jurassic and Cretaceous age have been recorded at a few other sites in Morocco –, the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem beds provide by far the greatest range of ichnofossil evidence that impacts recorded biological diversity and the interpretation of depositional settings (Figure 2B–D). A, Location of Morocco (left corner of Africa map) and the Kem Kem outcrops shown in red, modified from Sereno and Larsson (2009) . B, Close-up of Kem Kem localities located near the main ichnofossil site, Gara Sbaa (area shown as rectangle in A.) A, Simplified section through the Kem Kem sequence, modified from Martill et al. (2011). B, Debris-covered slope of Gara Sbaa, at the main collecting level for dinosaur footcasts. C, Main track horizon, marked by arrow. D, Ichnofossils collected on the same horizon (burrowing structures?) Scale bar equals 8 cm in D. The Kem Kem beds rest unconformably on Paleozoic (Cambrian through Silurian) marine strata and are capped by a cliff-forming Cenomanian-Turonian-age marine limestone , , , – (Figure 2A). The Kem Kem beds comprise a fining-upwards sequence that reflects decreasing gradient and increasing marine influence . The ‘lower’ unit is dominated by coarse sandstones and occasional conglomerates. The ‘upper’ unit is finer-grained, composed of thinly-bedded sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, and rare evaporites that represent overbank, lacustrine, and tidal-flat paleoenvironments. Although radioisotopic dating of the Kem Kem beds has not been possible, a minimum relative age of Cenomanian (ca. 95 Mya) has been inferred from the elasmobranch taxa within the beds and from the ammonite Neolobites in the overlying Cenomanian-Turonian limestone , . The trace fossils described below come from several horizons in the Kem Kem beds, with the majority found in the middle portion of the upper unit at the Gara Sbaa locality (Figure 1B, 2B). The ichnofossil assemblage is exposed in patchy outcrop amid the limestone debris that covers most of the scarp slope (Figure 2B). Materials and Methods The ichnofossil assemblage either was collected or photographed during expeditions to southeastern Morocco in 1995 from the University of Chicago (led by PCS) and in 2008 from University College Dublin (led by NI). For permits and support of our fieldwork we thank the Ministère de l'Energie, des Mines, de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (previously Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines) and the Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock Casablanca in Morocco. Collected specimens are curated primarily at the University of Chicago (UCRC I 173, 252–264 and 1995, temporary collection, see Table 1 for abbreviations), with one specimen in a collection at the Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock of Casablanca (see Table 1). Footprint outlines were traced from photographs of specimens. Measurements were taken in the field and in collections (see also Figure S1). Locality data is accessioned at the Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock (Morocco), the University of Chicago (USA) and the University of Portsmouth (UK). The individual shown on Figure 2 in this manuscript (lead author) has given written consent to appear in this publication. Burrows, Crawling Tracks, Borings Vertical Burrows (Lower Unit):. Relatively straight, cylindrical burrows with irregular cementation of their infilling and neighboring sand occur rarely in cross-stratified sandstones of the lower unit of the Kem Kem beds (Figure 3A, B). Burrow dimensions typically measure approximately 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter and over 30 cm in length. These burrows may represent aquatic dwelling traces or escape passages . The lack of internal structure prevents a more definitive interpretation. A, B, Vertical burrows within thickly-bedded cross-bedded (A) and planar-bedded (B) sandstones. C, D, Heavily bored dinosaur bone fragment. The outer cortex of this bone shows deep longitudinal cracks and a loss of the most external bone (C) indicative of stage 4 weathering of Behrensmeyer (1978) . Bone fragment also shows moderate amounts of abrasion. Borings, Cubiculum ornatus, are most prevalent in the bone interior (D). Hammer is 33 cm long in A; scale bar equals 5 cm in B and 5 cm in C and D. Bone Borings (Lower and Upper Units):. Vertebrate bone fragments are common in the lower unit and lowermost portion of the upper unit. Large bone fragments that exceed 5 cm in length frequently exhibit two postmortem features: fracturing from subaerial weathering and insect borings (Figure 3C, D). Borings usually take the form of gently arched tubes with a subcircular diameter ranging from 2.5–5.0 mm and a length up to 3 cm. Most borings enter the bone surface at a low angle. Some enter at a higher angle and form U-shaped tunnels. In all cases, the curvature of the boring is restricted to a single plane, and borings with an oval cross-section have the greater diameter in the same plane as the boring trace. When abundant, borings often crosscut one another. Several aspects of these borings argue for a subaerial, rather than aquatic, trace-maker. The borings do not exhibit the flask-shaped form that characterizes Gastrochaenolites and Teredolites, which are attributed to clams. The borings are restricted to bone from terrestrial vertebrates that show subaerial weathering and do not occur on crocodilian or fish bone. Dimensions and overall form closely match bone borings described from the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar and assigned to Cubiculum ornatus, which are regarded as traces of necrophagous or osteophagous insects . Horizontal Meniscate Burrows (Upper Unit):. Horizontal to subhorizontal, back-filled burrows are common in select horizons in the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds (Figure 4A–C). These unbranched, sinuous burrows are subcircular to elliptical in cross-section with a maximum diameter ranging from 2.0 to 6.5 mm. They lack expanded chambers and have no surface ornamentation, a distinct wall, or a regular pattern of backfill. In general, the menisci are irregular and homogenous. The meandering burrows typically have lengths between 2.0 and 7.0 cm. Rarely, these burrows occur as sparse epichnia in association with ripples and siltstone beds. Typical preservation is as hypichnia with semirelief and hyporelief on thin to medium beds of fine sandstone or siltstone overlying mud- or claystone. These beds generally erode out as float slabs on the steep weathering slopes of the Kem Kem escarpment. Abundances range from common to nearly 100% coverage of the beds base. These horizontal burrows commonly occur in varying abundances with short, blunt-ended vertical burrows (see below). These burrows are preserved as convex hyporelief most commonly observed together on the undersides of weathered-out siltstone and sandstones slabs. Coverage can reach nearly 100% of the slabs. Relative abundances vary from slabs dominated by horizontal meniscate burrows (A), to more even mixes (B), and slabs dominated by subvertical burrows (C). D, Close-up of mixed assemblage showing the oval to asymmetric cross-sections of the subvertical burrows. Scale bars equal 10 cm in A–C and 4 cm in D. A variety of organisms including arthropods and priapulid, sipunculid, and oligochaete worms can produce back-filled burrows in marine, non-marine aquatic, and subaerial settings –. The absence of additional markers (distinct burrow wall, surface ornamentation, heterogenous or packeted backfill) prevents a more specific assignment to the ichnogenera Ancorichnus, Scoyenia, Keckia, Laminites, and Naktodemasis –. The horizontal burrows are most similar to the ichnotaxon Beaconites antarcticus from the Lower Cretaceous of England . Subvertical Burrows (Upper Unit):. These are short, relatively straight, cylindrical burrows that taper to rounded, blunt ends in a subvertical orientation (Figure 4C). As with the vast majority of horizontal meniscate burrows, these traces occur as hypichnia on the base of fine-grained sandstone or siltstone beds that overlie mudstone deposits in the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds. Their irregular walls and occasional offsets suggest that they were made in a soft, muddy substrate, and later compacted and distorted due to sediment loading. Compaction likely greatly reduced the overall length of the burrows. Cross-sectional shape varies from subcircular to more strongly elliptical, with approximately one-third of the burrows with an asymmetrical ovoid cross-section. The long axis ranges from 14–55 mm, and the ratio of long-to-short axes averages approximately 1.5∶1 (Figure 4D). The uniform burrow fill lacks internal structure, e.g. spreiten, and suggests an open structure representing a dwelling trace. Subvertical burrows are often densely packed (690–760 burrows/m2) and intermingled with horizontal meniscate burrows, covering much of the surface of a bedding plane. The subvertical burrows have an average diameter (∼40 mm) considerably greater than that typical for the vertical dwelling burrows attributed to the ichnogenus Skolithos . They most closely resemble the burrows in marginal marine deposits attributed to decapod crabs (figure 12–2 in ). The steeply inclined burrows of the extant sand fiddler crab (Uca pugilator) are simple in form and range from 10–20 mm in diameter and 6–20 cm in depth . The varying cross-sectional shape of subvertical burrows in the Kem Kem beds might reflect sexual dimorphism, given that burrow diameter differs by sex in Uca pugilator . The asymmetric cross-section could also correspond to a bivalve, and we can not rule out this possibility, but the uniformity of dimensions through the entirety of the burrow length would argue against a bivalve origin. A decapod crab of appropriate size for these burrows has been discovered in a lakebed facies within the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds. Large-Diameter Traces (Upper Unit):. Traces with a maximum diameter ranging from 8–15 cm occur within thin- or medium-bedded siltstones in the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds (Figure 5A–C) most abundantly about 50 km northeast of the locality Gara Sbaa near the village of Er Remlia. Several specimens as long as 18 cm have weathered out of the beds as burrow casts. Above the funnel-shaped base, the trace increases more gradually in diameter. The fill exhibits irregular, bedding-parallel to subparallel laminations with occasional ripple cross-bedding that comprise a stack of concave-upward structures. A–C, Lateral (A, B) and bedding plane (C) views of Conichnus conicus traces interpreted as sea anemone resting traces. Note the concave relief in plan view and the irregular planar to cross-bedded spreite in lateral view. Ripples and faint Scolicia trails are visible on the bedding surfaces in B. D, Large diameter burrow in plan view with one prominent and several less discrete Scolicia trails. The large burrow could represent the opening of a lungfish burrow or alternatively could represent a differently preserved Conichnus. E, Crawling trace leading to a vertical burrow. The alternating series of bumps of the proximal portion to burrow is reminiscent of Scerichnites. Scale bars equal 4 cm in A, B and D, and 9 cm in C and E. A few large-diameter burrows are exposed on the upper surface of siltstone beds in association with ripple marks and gastropod trails (Figure 5C). Most show evidence of nested laminae. The infill of some, however, has no internal structure and may represent a distinct type of trace (Figure 5E). The stacked laminae of increasing diameter suggest that these large-diameter traces were occupied by a relatively sessile, radially symmetrical, growing organism keeping apace with sediment aggradation (Figure 5A–C). These cubichnia are most similar to the ichnotaxon Conichnus conicus, which have been interpreted as the resting or dwelling traces of actinarian anthozoans, or sea anemones , . The absence of clear medusoid symmetry distinguishes these traces from the similar Bergaueria and Conostichus –. Subcircular burrows on bedding surfaces that lack laminae could represent lungfish burrows . Their uniform fill suggests a large sediment-filled hollow, and lungfish tooth plates are common in the lower and middle sections of the Kem Kem beds. No flask-shaped structures were observed in cross-section, however, and such structures characterize lungfish burrows . So these more uniform filled large-diameter burrows may reflect a weathering variant of Conichnus conicus. Conichnus occur in a variety of depositional environments including estuarine, fluvial- and tidal-dominated deltas, foreshore and offshore settings , –. The infilling of large-diameter burrows may provide a means of gauging sedimentation rate by comparing known growth rates of sea anemones as measured by changes in basal disk area. With this rate, one could compare the change in cross-sectional area in the Kem Kem traces versus the height (i.e. the amount of sediment accumulated during this period of growth). Crawling Traces (Upper Unit):. At least two varieties of crawling traces (repichnia) occur as rare traces in the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds. The first is known from a single specimen and includes a cylindrical burrow 1 cm in diameter connected to a trail 0.8 cm wide and 14 cm long (Figure 5D). The trail shifts from convex semi hyporelief near the burrow to full hyporelief. The trail consists of two parallel rows of low, rounded, and asymmetric bumps, which are gently sloped away from the burrow and steeply sloped toward the burrow. Within each row, the bumps are spaced 3 mm apart and the parallel rows of bumps are offset so they alternate from one side to the other (see figure 2 in ). The portion of the trace closely resembles Saerichnites, which has been interpreted as a mollusk . Away from the burrow, the trail gradually transitions into a series of fine striations that form a chevron pattern that diverges from a central ridge. The second track, which occurs with greater frequency, is developed as concave epirelief on fine sandstones and siltstone beds (Figure 5E, 6A). The trail has a deep central furrow between raised edges. Several trails of this kind appear in association with large circular traces discussed below. Others are preserved on a single slab. These traces likely represent Scolicia sp., which is widely regarded as a crawling gastropod . Coprolites occur rarely in the middle of the section of the Kem Kem beds—the upper one-half of the lower unit and the lower one-half of the upper unit. They range in size from 2–5 cm to larger specimens over 10 cm in length (Figure 6B–E). Large specimens exhibit a concave end and a sinusoidal axis, which characterize the excrement of extant crocodyliforms e.g., , . The smaller coprolites may have been generated by elasmobranchs or actinopterygians. In 1996, Sereno et al. cited the existence of a “footprint zone” approximately 80 m in thickness in the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds, mentioning in particular the presence of theropod, sauropod, and ornithopod footprints both as impressions and natural casts. In 2008, additional impressions and natural casts were discovered in the same footprint zone during an expedition led by one of us (NI). More recently, other researchers have commented on the presence and composition of Kem Kem footprints . At least three track-bearing horizons occur in the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds, as best documented in a section near the village of Er Remlia, where footprints were discovered approximately 90, 60, and 10 m below the Cenomanian-Turonian limestone that overlies the Kem Kem beds (Figure 2A). The last horizon, the one closest to the limestone cap, preserves by far the greatest number of footprints. The locality Gara Sbaa (Figure 1B) preserves the greatest number of footprints, some of which have broken free at their attachment or are preserved still attached to slabs of sandstone on cliff-face talus (Figure 2B). Smaller specimens were collected, whereas others on larger slabs were documented with photographs (Figures 7, 8). Additional footprints were found at the locality Iferda Timenkherin, approximately 35 km northesast of Er Remlia, and a few footprints were found at other sites in the same zone (see also ). A, B, Natural casts of theropod tracks (not collected). C, True track of a theropod (not collected). D, Superimposed natural casts of theropod tracks (not collected). Scale bars equal 8 cm in B–D. A, Large isolated natural cast of theropod track (not collected). B, Relatively poorly defined natural cast of a theropod track (not collected). Scale bar equals 10 cm in B. Most of the footprints are preserved as natural sandstone casts infilling footprint impressions in an underlying soft mudstone (Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11). These natural casts are hanging, or detached, from the bottom surface of the sandstone bed. As a result, there are no broad exposures of the footprint horizon; footprints are exposed in situ near the edge of the exposed sandstone bed and on the talus slope on overturned slabs and as single, detached footprint casts. A, Removal of a plaster cast left behind by the 1995 University of Chicago expedition. B, Appearance of the track after removal of the plaster. C, Plaster cast, now catalogued as FSAC-KK 12. Scale bar equals 8 cm in B. A, UCRC I 160. B, UCRC I 252. C, UCRC I 260. D, UCRC I 258. E, UCRC I 253. F, UCRC I 259. G, Image of the block that contained UCRC I 260 identified during 2008 UCD/UoP/FSAC expedition. H, Image of the block that contained UCRC I 258, identified during 2008 UCD/UoP/FSAC expedition. Scale bars equal 10 cm in A-F and 8 cm in G and H. A, UCRC I 250. B, UCRC I 251. C, UCRC I 256. D, UCRC I 261. E, UCRC I 262. F, UCRC I 264. G, H, UCRC I 255 in (G) ventral view and (H) dorsal view. Scale bar equals 20 cm. A, UCRC I 252. Track photo shown in Figure 10B. B, UCRC I 260. Track photo shown in Figure 10C. C, UCRC I 258. Track photo shown in Figure 10D. D, UCRC I 259. Track photo shown in Figure 10F. E, UCRC I 250. Track photo shown in Figure 11A. F, UCRC I 256. Track photo shown in Figure 11C. G, UCRC I 262. Track photo shown in Figure 11E. H, UCRC I 264. Track photo shown in Figure 11F. I, UCRC I 263. Track photo shown in Figure 16B. Preserved digit impressions in black, track outline in grey. Outlines not to scale; see Figures 10, 11 and 16 for size of specimens. Sandstone casts that have infilled crisscrossed mudcracks suggest that the dinosaurs were walking across muddy substrates, which may have partially dried before or after passage of the trackmakers. Occasional footprint impressions were found in the sandstone layer itself, suggesting that conditions after initial deposition of sands over the mudstone were also favorable for the preservation of footprints. The great majority of footprints collected and documented in the footprint zone of the upper unit are tridactyl and can be attributed to theropod dinosaurs on the basis of the pointed or narrow shape of the ungual impressions , . Approximately 30 of these were too large to collect (Figure 10G, H). These tridactyl footprints are not diagnostic in any way beyond attribution to theropod trackmakers, and we do not refer them to particular ichotaxa. The footprint impressions show considerable relief (4.0–17.8 cm), indicating that the feet of the trackmakers sank deeply into a wet substrate. A wide range of preservation is apparent. Some tracks are poorly defined, with individual digital impressions indistinct (Figure 10D), as is often the case in deeper prints –. In one particularly deep natural cast (Figure 11H), the movement of the pes exiting the sediment is preserved. The path of the digits and their unguals are cast in wedge-shaped relief with striations indicative of passage out of the mud. The formation of deep footprints of this sort (Figure 11G, H) has been described elsewhere , . In some specimens, claw, toe and heel impressions are preserved (Figure 11D). The exposure of the principal track-bearing horizon is not great enough to observe trackways. On some particularly large overturned slabs of sandstone, there are many overlapping footprints of different size (Figures 7D, 10G). Pedal digit III is longer than digits II and IV (Figures 10, 11, 12), and total length and width range from 18–51 cm and 14–47 cm, respectively (Table 1). Some are proportionately narrow footprints with a relatively low divarication angle between pedal digits II and IV (Table 1). Width-to-length ratios are also variable, ranging from 0.67–1.05. The regular scaling between both maximum width and length of digit IV versus maximum length of the pedal print suggests that the suite of tracks may have been made by a single theropod ichnotaxon (Figure 13). A plot of maximum width against maximum length, however, shows that footprint width decreases with increasing footprint length (r = 0.84; Figure 13A). Thus smaller footprints have a width-to-length ratio of 0.92 compared to 0.74 for larger footprints. The length of pedal digits II and IV also appear to scale in a consistent manner with footprint dimension (Figure 13B). The exceptionally deep footprint cast UCRC I 257 is a notable exception, which may have been influenced by the very soft substrate. Among Kem Kem theropods (Carcharodontosaurus, Spinosaurus, Deltadromeus, an abelisaurid), information on the osteology of the pes is limited to Deltadromeus . As adults, all of the aforementioned theropods, with the possible exception of the unnamed abelisaurid, possibly referable to Rugops, would have generated footprints at the very largest end, and likely larger, of the size range observed in the footprint zone. The size range is approximately 2.5 times, from smallest to largest (Table 1). Most of the footprints, therefore, were generated by subadult individuals of the aforementioned theropod genera or smaller-bodied theropods that remain very poorly documented as body fossils. Sauropod footprints are extremely rare in the footprint zone, despite the occurrence of rebbachisaurid sauropod bone fragments among body fossils recovered in the Kem Kem beds. Two sauropod footprint casts have been identified and a possible sauropod manus-pes pair of footprints was observed in cross-section northeast of Gara Sbaa near the locality Gour Lembech. A right manual footprint cast (UCRC I 1995) that is 23 cm in depth was found about 8 km northeast of Gara Sbaa, measuring 53 cm in width and 31 cm in length (Figure 14). The footprint has nearly vertical sides marked by shallow grooves or sulci with a subtle texture of low vertical ridges. (Figure 14B). The ridges probably were created when the manus was pulled out of the footprint impression. Five distinct lobes are best seen in ventral view of the footprint cast (Figure 14C). They represent the distal ends of metacarpals 1–5 generated by the near vertical metacarpus of a neosauropod. On the medial side of the manus footprint cast, the portion attributable to metacarpal 1 has a subtriangular shape and projects more prominently than the others. The casts left by the ends of metacarpals 2, 3, and 4 are broadly convex and subequal in width (∼17 cm). The cast for the end of metacarpal 5 is approximately the same width but has a more strongly arched perimeter with its central axis projecting posterolaterally (Figure 14C). Natural cast of sauropod left manus track in dorsal (A), anterior (B), and ventral views (C). Note the straight grooved sides of the track in anterior view (B), the five lobes corresponding to the tightly bound digits I–V, and the absence of any divergent phalanges or unguals. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Although this Kem Kem track shares a crescentic outline somewhat similar to those of Tetrapodosaurus and Stegopodus, footprints typically associated with armored dinosaurs –, the Moroccan track differs in two key features. The Kem Kem track is very deep with vertical sides, and its toe impressions are reduced to digital pads that project only minimally from the body of the track. Instead, this track suggests an animal lacking or with greatly reduced digits, and thus is unlikely to represent a thyreophoran. The crescentic form, shorter than wide proportions and inwardly directed digit I is more consistant with the manus impression of Deltapodus , and suggests that it was made by a neosauropod with a transversely arched, digitigrade manus . The absence of any indication of unguals on digits I–III or of phalanges on any of the digits suggests that the trackmaker was possibly a titanosaurian sauropod , but we note that the apparent complete absence of unguals or phalanges is not uncommon in sauropod trackways. The Kem Kem print is proportionately broader and less arched than many neosauropod manual footprints , although to which degree manual footprints are arched has not been regarded as a reliable taxonomic indicator . The natural cast of a sauropod pedal footprint (UCRC I 173) measures 81 cm and 68 cm for major and minor axes (Figure 15). There are distinct claw impressions on the inner three digits (Figure 15A) that appear to be angled anterolaterally (Figure 15B). The pedal footprint cast is not as diagnostic as the manual footprint cast and could have been generated by a diversity of neosauropods , . Ornithopod pes tracks are rare in the Kem Kem. Thus far, only one definitive, and one possible ornithopod print have been found (FS4, see Table 1, Figure 16). These tracks can be recognized as ornithopods by their three divergent and subequal digit impressions that form cloverleaf–shaped outline , . The larger, definitive ornithopod track specimen (Figure 16A) was discovered in 1995. It is noteworthy for its clear outline and considerable size (ca 50×50 cm), in which the digits are rounded terminally and relatively short (Table 1). The maximum depth of the impression is approximately 8.0 cm. A second track, UCRC I 263, was possibly made by an ornithopod trackmaker. Although there are some similarities to theropod tracks, the rounded edges of the digits and the proportionally broad and large digit imprints favor an interpretation as a small ornithopod (Figure 16B). It would represent a much smaller individual than the one described above. In size and shape the large Kem Kem ornithopod track is comparable to those typically attributed to Iguanodon , suggesting that an ornithopod of similar size frequented the Kem Kem area. A, Definitive ornithopod track (not collected). B, Possible ornithopod track (UCRC I 263). Measurements of the track in (A) are provided in the text. Scale bar equals 10 cm in B. Belvedere et al. (: 54, fig. 2D–F) recently reported three tracks from Gara Sbaa they regarded as made by ornithopods, identifying them based on their broader interdigital angle and thus proportionately broader track width. By themselves, these are not reliable features to distinguish ornithopod from theropod trackmakers. In the single track they figured, pedal digit III has a clearly marked, narrow, deep impression made by a trenchant pedal claw. The claw impression is clearly visible and this feature does not appear to have been caused by susbtrate deformation such as sediment collapse around the edges of digit impressions. This track cannot be attributed with any confidence to an ornithopod trackmaker. The Kem Kem beds record the transition from full subaerial exposure and erosion of the underlying Paleozoic rocks to fully marine conditions in the overlying echinoid-rich limestone. Traces are uncommon within the coarse, sandstone-dominated lower unit. Besides rare vertical burrows within cross-bedded sandstones, the most abundant traces are those of osteophagous invertebrates on subaerially exposed bones deposited within channel lags. The upper Kem Kem unit exhibits an overall fining upward sequence likely reflecting a combination of lowered overall gradient, decrease in clastic input, and a rise in eustatic sea level. Marine influence is increasingly represented up section by the presence of mud-drapes, “flaser bedding”, and inclined heterolithic bedding. The suite of traces reflects the decreasing energy of the system as well as the increasing marine influence. The invertebrate traces of the upper Kem Kem include Conichnus, a suggested sea-anemone resting trace; Scolicia, gastropod trails; horizontal meniscate burrows possibly representing Beaconites antarcticus; and short, sub-vertical burrows, dwelling traces of possibly fiddler-crab or similar organisms. These last two burrows often occur together in extreme abundances representing nearly 100% coverage. Respectively, these two traces likely represent feeding and dwelling traces of tidal flat detritivores. Their occurrence high in the formation likely reflects a shift from a fluvial system to a low energy coastal setting. The persistence of dinosaurs as represented by common tracks within the upper Kem Kem reflects the transitional aspect of the sequence. The prevalence of ichnofossils in the upper unit of the Kem Kem beds may be a consequence of its finer-grained, more heterogeneous sedimentology (interbedded mudstones, siltstones, fine sandstones) that may have facilitated preservation. The footprint horizons, which vary from one to three in sections of the upper unit and are not laterally continuous for kilometers, represent local conditions conducive to preservation of traces fossils. Tracks other than those pertaining to non-avian dinosaurs are rare. We question the recent identification of pterosaur and crocodyliform tracks. Belvedere et al. reported “probable pterosaur” pedal tracks with “up to four short digit impressions” (: 56, fig. 2M–O). Clear digital impressions, however, are not apparent, nor is there any indication in these impressions of the diagnostic manual track and sprawling trackway that characterize pterosaurs. Belvedere et al. identified another “partial print” as pertaining to a crocodyliform (: 56, fig. 2J–L) by its sharp claw impressions and the fact that digit III is the longest of the digital impressions. These track features, however, are not diagnostic for crocodyliforms, although a crocodyliform trackmaker cannot be ruled out. A great diversity of crocodyliforms are known from the Kem Kem beds, including large aquatic species and more terrestrial notosuchians. Belvedere et al. argued, furthermore, that the track may have been made by a crocodyliform similar to Laganosuchus or Sarcosuchus, which they stated to be “well known from the Kem Kem beds” (: 56). The specialized flat-skulled genus Laganosuchus, however, is known only from single or fragmentary portions of the lower jaw in the Kem Kem beds and in likely Cenomanian-age beds in Niger . Likewise, diagnostic remains of the large-bodied genus Sarcosuchus are lacking in the Kem Kem beds; current evidence for this genus in Africa is limited to Aptian-Albian age beds in Niger . The identification of the vertebrate trackmaker of this partial print in our opinion remains entirely uncertain. Belvedere et al. reported turtle tracks from the upper unit (: 55, fig. 2G–I). Turtle tracks are rare in the fossil record, and these resemble turtle tracks created in the laboratory . Belvedere et al. reported that they were the second most common track type in the Kem Kem. In our extensive survey of the footprint zone, however, we have yet to encounter a single turtle track. They most likely occur rarely or in isolated areas of the Kem Kem footprint zone. Belvedere et al. suggested that the Kem Kem tracks resemble the turtle ichnogenus Emydhipus from the Late Cretacoeus of Spain, , although they did not cite any identifying features. The Kem Kem tracks are particularly large, in some cases exceeding 10 cm in length and width. These dimensions are nearly twice those of the Spanish turtle tracks . Several subaquatic turtles, which often have sharp claws, are known from body fossils in the Kem Kem. None of the known chelonian body fossils could reasonably be expected to have left manual or pedal tracks 10 cm in length . This chelonian trackmaker may not be represented among known body fossils. The single large ornithopod footprint (FS4, Figure 14A) most likely was made by a taxon close in size to Iguanodon , with a body length of approximately 9–11 meters. To date no definitive ornithopod body fossils have been reported from the Kem Kem beds. Belvedere et al. incorrectly stated that ornithopod body fossils were cited by Sererno et al. . Most of the Kem Kem tracks are small- to medium-sized theropod tracks (see Table 1) with a body length of approximately 4–6 m (Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). Small- to medium-sized theropod taxa known from body fossils in the Kem Kem beds include dromaeosaurids and abelisaurids –, the former a tentative identification based only on isolated teeth. As dromaeosaurids are functionally didactyl, there are no tracks in the Kem Kem assemblage that can be referred to this family . The pedal anatomy of the Kem Kem theropod Deltadromeus is known but would not generate a tridactyl track distinguishable from many other theropods. Because of substantial variability introduced by substrate material properties, pedal movement and speed, and individual variation, we prefer not to identify or make specific reference to ichnogenera here. Belvedere et al. (: 55) suggested some tracks might be referable to “cf. Megalosauripus”, an ichnogenus based on Late Jurassic footprints from Germany. No specific features were identified for this referral, which we regard as questionable. Large three-toed tracks consistent with the estimated adult body size of the Kem Kem genera Carcharodontosaurus, Deltadromeus, or Spinosaurus are conspicuously absent . Such tracks would likely equal those attributed to Tyrannosaurus . Kem Kem Track Record Belvedere et al. (: 52) suggested a “novel ichnological approach” that accepts the taxa recorded in a footprint horizon as “a more precise paleoecological sample”. Not only is there more than a single footprint horizon in the Kem Kem beds and, therefore, more than a near-instantaneous ichnological record, discernible trackmakers are relatively few and could not possibly provide an accurate representation of vertebrate faunal diversity. Read literally, we might presume that for a substantial period of time the Kem Kem fauna was dominated by a few small theropod dinosaurs and a very large turtle taxon. The trace fossil record, to the contrary, provides an independent source of information on the presence and abundance of Kem Kem vertebrates from that obtained from body fossils. It consists almost exclusively of dinosaur tracks that are dominated by small- to medium-sized theropods . Track records, however, do not necessarily accurately reflect faunal abundances, even in better-sampled ichnological assemblages , . Abundance of Different Dinosaur Tracks Although the majority of Cretaceous track sites are pre-Cenomanian in age –, Cenomanian tracksites have been reported from Brazil , with theropod tracks being the most abundant. In Argentina , Albian-Cenomanian sauropod tracksites have been reported. In the United States, Lee reported on Cenomanian avian and non-avian dinosaur (hadrosaur and theropod) tracks. The Cedar Mountain Formation in the United States has also yielded diverse Lower Cretaceous trackways , including theropod, sauropod, ornithopod, ankylosaur and dromaeosaurid tracks. A Cenomanian theropod and ornithopod tracksite has been reported from the Yukon in Canada , and Cenomanian tracks have also been reported from Croatia and Italy , , where the track assemblages are dominated by sauropods, which represent about three quarters of the total tracks . The Kem Kem, which so far consists almost exclusively of theropod tracks, appears to be less diverse than some other assemblages and most similar to the theropod-dominated track assemblages from the Cenomanian of Brazil (see above). The small sample size and lack of associated tracks in the Kem Kem precludes meaningful comparisons; other than that the sequence appears to be largely dominated by theropod footprints, a trend also observed in the body fossil record (, , , , contra ). Lockley noted that in Lower Cretaceous sites in Brazil, Bolivia and Texas, theropod tracks also greatly outnumber those of herbivorous dinosaurs (sauropod, and ornithischians) by a factor ranging from approximately 2∶1 (in Texas) to 7∶1 (Bolivia). The ichnoassemblage of the Kem Kem dinosaurs parallels these assemblages with a similar prepoderance of theropod tracks , , but the sample is too small to allow robust comparisons. Lockley suggested that ornithopod tracks are more abundant in European sites, whereas theropods tracks are more abundant in South American sites. Souza Carvalho suggested that theropods may preferentially inhabit or visit low floodplain areas to account for the abundance of Cenomanian tracksites in Brazil. In the Jurassic age Iouaridène Formation in Morocco, theropod tracks also dominate. Among approximately 800 tracks, stegosaurus and sauropods account for only 2 and 200 tracks respectively . These ichnite abundances may not reflect the relative abundance of theropods, sauropods, and ornithischians in a given ecosystem, but rather subtleties in behavior that allow theropods to contribute more than other dinosaur groups to the ichnological record. The re-occurrence of this pattern in geographically and temporally widespread localities suggests potentially an underlying biotic or taphonomic origin. In the case of the Kem Kem ichnological assemblage, the preponderance of theropods may correspond to the shift to a marginal marine environment that favors the presence of scavengers and other carnivores over large, terrestrial herbivores. Factors may include theropod foraging behavior, the scarcity of suitable vegetation for herbivores, and the absence of suitably hard substrates for large herbivores. We thank C. Abraczinskas and K. Hauk for assistance with the figures, C. Abraczinskas, M. Comier, R. Hing, J. Hopson, R. Loveridge, A. Mihi, D. Naish, H.-D. Sues, and D. Unwin for helpful discussions on aspects of this research, and the Ministère de l'Energie, des Mines, de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (previously Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines) and the Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock Casablanca in Morocco for supporting the fieldwork. This paper is based in part on research originally carried out for the doctoral dissertation of NI at University College Dublin. Conceived and designed the experiments: NI DJV PCS. Performed the experiments: NI DJV PCS JAW. Analyzed the data: NI DJV PCS JAW DBD DMM LB SZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NI PCS DMM LB SZ. Wrote the paper: NI DJV PCS JAW DBD DMM LB SZ. Designed the initial versions of the figures for this paper: NI DJV. - 1. Sereno PC, Dutheil DB, Iarochène M, Larsson HCE, Lyon GH, et al. (1996) Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272: 986–991. - 2. 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(2005) Turtle tracks from the Late Jurassic of Asturias, Spain. Acta Pal Pol 50: 743–755. - 59. Sarjeant WAS, Delair JB, Lockley MG (2008) The footprints of Iguanodon: a history and taxonomic study. Ichnos 6: 183–202. - 60. Russell DA (1996) Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat Sci Terre 19: 349–402. - 61. Mahler L (2005) Record of Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Morocco. J Vert Paleontol 25: 236–239. - 62. Amiot R, Buffetaut E, Tong H, Boulad L, Kabiri L (2004) Isolated theropod teeth from the Cenomanian of Morocco and their paleobiogeographical significance. Rev Paléobiol 9: 143–149. - 63. Li R, Lockley MG, Mackovicky PJ, Matsukawa M, Norell MA, et al. (2008) Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China. Naturwissenschaften 95: 185–191. - 64. Lockley MG, Hunt AP (1994) A track of the giant Theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus from close to the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Northern New Mexico. Ichnos 3: 213–218. - 65. Leonardi G (1984) Le impronte fossili di dinosauri. In: Bonaparte JF, Colbert EH, Currie PJ, Ricqules A, Kielen-Jaworowska Z, Leonardi G, Morello N, Taquet P, editors. Sulle orme dei dinosauri. Venice: Erizzo Editrice. pp. 161–186. - 66. Lockley MG, Hunt AP (1994) A review of vertebrate ichnofaunas of the western interior United States: evidence and implications. In: Caputo MV, Peterson JA, Franczyk KJ, editors. Mesozoic Systems of the Rocky Mountain Region, United States. pp. 95–108. - 67. Snow FH (1887) On the discovery of a fossil bird-track in the Dakota Sandstone. Trans Kans Acad Sci 10: 3–6. - 68. Lockley MG (1992) Cretaceous dinosaur dominated footprint assemblages: their stratigraphic and paleontological potential. In: Mateer N, Pei-ji C, editors. Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 269–282. - 69. Ezquerra R, Doublet S, Costeur L, Galton PM, Pérez-Lorente F (2007) Were non-avian theropod dinosaurs able to swim? Supportive evidence from an Early Cretaceous trackway, Cameros Basin (La Rioja, Spain). Geology 35: 507–510. - 70. Souza Carvalho I de (2004) Dinosaur footprints from northeastern Brazil: taphonomy and environmental setting. Ichnos 11: 311–321. - 71. Mazzetta GV, Blanco ER (2001) Speeds of dinosaurs from the Albian-Cenomanian of Patagonia and sauropod stance and gait. Acta Palaeontol Pol 46: 235–246. - 72. Lee YN (1997) The Archosauria from the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) in Texas. J Paleontol 71: 1147–1156. - 73. Lockley MG, White D, Kirkland J, Santucci V (2004) Dinosaur tracks from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Arches National Park, Utah. Ichnos 11: 285–293. - 74. Gangloff RA, May KC, Storer JR (2004) An early Late Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite in central Yukon Territory, Canada. Ichnos 11: 299–309. - 75. Dalla Vecchia FM (1998) Theropod footprints in the Cretaceous Adriatic-Dinaric carbonate platform (Italy and Croatia). Gaia 15: 355–367. - 76. Nicosia U, Petti FM (2007) Dinosaur tracks as paleogeographic constraints: new scenarios for the Cretaceous geography of the Periadriatic region. Ichnos 14: 69–90. - 77. Mezga A, Bajraktarevic Z (1999) Cenomanian dinosaur tracks on the islet of Fenoliga in southern Istria, Croatia. Cretaceous Res 20: 735–746. - 78. Cau A, Maganuco S (2009) A new theropod dinosaur, represented by a single unusual caudal vertebra, from the Kem Kem Beds (Cretaceous) of Morocco. Atti Soc Ital Sci Nat Milano 150: 239–257. - 79. Cau A, Dalla Vecchia FM, Fabbri M (2012) Evidence of a new carcharodontosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco. Acta Palaeontol Pol 57: 661–665. - 80. McGowan AJ, Dyke GJ (2009) A surfeit of theropods in the Moroccan Late Cretaceous? Comparing diversity estimates from field data and fossil shops. 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China's first Mars Lander is going to be called 'Tianwen' Friday April 24th was China's "Space Day," celebrated on the 50 year anniversary of their first satellite launch. This past Friday, China marked the occasion with the announcement of the name for their first Mars Lander: Tianwen. According to China's National Space Administration (CNSA), Tianwen translates to "Quest for Heavenly Truth." China is enjoying the success of their recent Chang'e 4 mission to the Moon, which includes a lander, a rover, and also a communications satellite. Now, they're launching a mission to Mars, scheduled for this upcoming July. The Tianwen mission will also feature an orbiter, a lander, and a six-wheeled, solar-powered rover. The CNSA isn't as open as NASA or other space agencies, so some of the details of the mission are unclear. But it is roughly aligned with other Mars missions, which are investigating the current and past conditions on Mars, and whether they were conducive to habitability. According to the CNSA, "…the Martian probe will conduct scientific investigations about the Martian soil, geological structure, environment, atmosphere as well as water." In 2016, official Chinese news outlet Xinhua reported that Tianwen will "probe the ground with radar, perform chemical analyses on the soil, and look for biomolecules and biosignatures." The CNSA also said, "The name represents the Chinese people's relentless pursuit of truth, the country's cultural inheritance of its understanding of nature and universe, as well as the unending explorations in science and technology." That's all well and good, but what are some of the details of the mission? The spacecraft, which will arrive at Mars sometime in February 2021 (if the July launch date is firm) will orbit the planet for some time. China hasn't said exactly when the lander/rover will be deployed to the surface. But when it is, it's expected that it'll use retrorockets, airbags, and a parachute to manage its descent and landing. It looks like the Tianwen name applies to the lander, but the rover will get its own name. The rover will be a six-wheeled, solar powered rover, and should have a mission length of at least three months. It'll carry 13 scientific instruments and will weigh more than 200 kg (440 lbs.) Though important all on its own, the Tianwen mission is also a technology demonstration mission for China's next mission to Mars, which is an ambitious sample-return mission slated for the 2030s. None of this is a slam-dunk, of course. We're getting accustomed to successful landings on Mars, largely thanks to NASA. But many attempts at landing a spacecraft on Mars have failed abysmally. There's a lot of sophisticated technology that must be deployed effectively to work. And though China has recently had success with their Moon mission, other countries' missions to Mars have not gone well. The first attempt at landing on Mars dates back to 1962, when the Soviet Union tried to get a lander to Mars. That mission failed to leave Low Earth Orbit. In more modern times, March 2016 to be exact, the ESA's Schiaparelli EDM lander crashed when it tried to land on Mars. In fact, only the USA and Russia/Soviet Union have successfully landed craft on Mars, and only NASA has successfully landed rovers. This won't be China's first mission to Mars. They were part of the Russian Phobos-Grunt mission. That spacecraft was meant to visit the Martian moon Phobos and return a sample, but China included their Yinghuo-1 Mars orbiter on that mission. That mission was destroyed when the rocket exploded. As for landing sites, initially the CNSA was looking at two possibilities. Those were the Chryse Planitia region, and the Elysium Mons region. However, in 2019 China announced that they had identified two preliminary landing ellipses, both in the Utopia Planitia region. Each of the ellipses is about 100 by 40 km (62 x 25 miles.) The CNSA also unveiled its new logo for their first Mars mission. It's a stylized letter "C" for China, as well as planets in orbit. The Tianwen mission logo also includes the word "Mars."

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Halifax Big Bang As we all know, the atomic bomb is one of the most destructive nuclear weapons. However, before the appearance of the atomic bomb, there was the most serious explosion in human history. This explosion almost destroyed Halifax, a small Canadian city. In December 1917, the “Mont Blanc”, loaded with 5000 tons of explosives, quietly sailed into Halifax port. According to common sense, it is necessary to have special marks for loading dangerous goods, but in wartime, the warning signal is very easy to attract the attention of the enemy. So, no one knows what’s on the ship. Halifax was as busy as usual. At this time, danger occurred. A rescue ship suddenly deviated from the channel and rushed to the Mont Blanc. The fierce impact caused a huge fire. The crew had to jump on the lifeboat to escape. While sliding the oars, they waved their arms desperately to warn the surrounding ships. But because the wind was too loud, and the crew was shouting French, it didn’t arouse everyone’s vigilance. Instead, it attracted people from the shore to watch. A dozen fire engines and navy soldiers rushed to the scene to prepare for rescue. The coast was surrounded by water. No one expected that death had come quietly. 17 minutes later, just as the rescue work started, two earth shaking explosions sounded, the ship smashed on the spot, and the plume of smoke rose as high as 3000 meters. The 500 kg anchor was thrown three kilometers away, five square kilometers of the block, and in an instant it was razed to the ground. Cars and buildings were thrown into the air like pieces of paper. Of the more than 500 students in the nearby classroom, only 10 survived, and the rest were all killed in the collapsed classroom. It is worth mentioning that a 23 month old baby Annie survived the disaster. She was only 350 meters away from the explosion center. The huge air wave pushed her under the stove, and the heat of the stove made her through the cold winter night. Until the search and rescue personnel rescued her, she was known as “Annie in the ashes” and lived to 95 years old. More than 2000 people died on the spot and more than 9000 were injured in the accident. The huge impact of the explosion sounded all the church bells within a radius of 110 kilometers, as if playing a requiem for the unfortunate victims. Who is responsible for the explosion? Most people think it’s the captain and two pilots, but in any case, it can’t save the tragedy caused by the explosion. Halifax’s vitality was greatly damaged in the explosion, which was no different from the “little boy” of the atomic bomb dropped by the United States to Hiroshima, Japan. The city was totally different, and there were ruins everywhere. It wasn’t until 25 years later that Halifax got out of the pain, and the town finally recovered its former prosperity. The explosion not only brought people heavy casualties, but also brought great psychological damage. Therefore, even with the development of science and technology, nuclear weapons can not be used as combat weapons at will, otherwise the earth will face only destruction. Once the earth is seriously damaged, human beings, even the creatures on the earth, will no longer be able to stand. The power of nuclear weapons is too great for mankind to bear the consequences. What do you think of this? Welcome to comment area.

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Arrived bigger and stronger space telescope the world to its final destination, settled into an orbit a million miles from Earth, preparing to look in time toward the dawn of the universe. Read also:The flight was successful. The James Webb telescope has reached orbit و .طلق James Webb Telescope The $10 billion NASA spacecraft was launched on Christmas Day last year, December 25, from French Guiana, after a long series of delays spanning years, trying to see the early universe. Due to its massive size, James Webb had to launch folded inside the European Ariane 5 missile. The mirrors in the space telescope still have to be aligned precisely and the infrared detectors must be cooled enough before scientific observations can begin in June. However, before James Webb captured and released his first star-studded image in June, astronomers were able to snap images of the space telescope from Earth. The Rome-based Virtual Telescope Project team followed James Webb through space and found him in the Big Daughters of the Coffin (also known as “The Coffin”), a constellation of seven stars that are part of the constellation Ursa Major. The astronomers then used a robotic telescope to take a five-minute exposure of James Webb, just when he reached his destination at Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 or L2, about 1.5 million kilometers from our planet, a region of balanced gravity between The sun and the earth, where it will settle for a decade. Project Director Gianluca Massi said: ‘Our robotic telescope tracks the apparent motion of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which is marked with an arrow in the middle. At the time of imaging, James Webb was about 1.4 million kilometers from us and had just reached its final destination, Lagrange Point 2 (L2) in the Earth-Sun system. As seen from the Sun, the L2 point is just behind the Earth. You don’t necessarily need a telescope to spot James Webb, since according to NASA, it might be possible to see a space observatory with binoculars if you know where to look. “It’s close to the coffin girls’ bed (four stars in the shape of a coffin quadruple),” Lee Feinberg, eye director of the James Webb Space Telescope Observatory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, explained in a live broadcast Monday. With the naked eye, but I was told you can see it with binoculars.” James Webb, the successor to the iconic three-decade-old Hubble Telescope, has an ambitious mission to study the early universe, seeing how fast it is now expanding and analyzing objects across the universe from galaxies to exoplanets.

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What have the unions ever done for us? In the past few months, I have heard a number of right-wing figures publicly question the value of unions in our society, and I can’t help but think of a scene from Monty Python’s The Life of Brian. John Cleese, playing a revolutionary in Imperial Rome, asks “What have the Romans ever done for us?” His followers respond that the Romans have given them sanitation, the aqueduct, the roads, medicine, and public education. Cleese’s character, though, remains convinced: the Romans have to go. I wonder whether these attacks on labour are a page taken from the Monty Python rhetorical playbook. Is Stephen Harper really just playing a grandiose practical joke on the entire country? Maybe Harper and his right-wing cronies need a reminder. The fact is that unions have played a major role in ensuring that everyone in society gets a fairer shake. Unions can lay claim to have created the Canadian and American middle class. Unions won decent wages and benefits and adequate working conditions for the average worker. Unions campaigned for social programs like pensions and employment insurance and public health care. Everyone benefits from the past victories of our unions. Today, the labour movement is under attack as never before. In the United States, fewer than one in eight workers now belong to a union. Over the past twenty years, wages in what used to be middle-class jobs have stagnated and income gains have gone almost entirely to the top 1%. Here in Canada it isn’t very different. While one in three workers are still unionized, wage settlements in both the private and public sector have barely matched inflation over the past decade, and we have lost over 300,000 good unionized manufacturing jobs since 2002. This year’s controversial closure of Electro-Motive, and the loss of 450 such jobs to a plant in the Southern United States, is just the tip of the iceberg. But that isn’t even the worst part. Somehow, rolling back labour rights has come to be seen as the solution to high unemployment and a painfully slow economic recovery. Never mind the fact that the economic crisis was caused by an enormously irresponsible financial elite. In the United States, so-called “right to work” laws were passed in 2012 in the rust belt states of Indiana and Michigan. Making union dues optional for free riders who benefit from a union contract but refuse to join is intended to weaken unions -- and it works. Unions represent less than 8% of workers in so-called “right to work” states. Here in Canada, right-wing conservatives have decided to import these American-style anti-labour laws. The Ontario Liberal government passed Bill 115, which imposes new contracts on teachers even though their unions are prepared to negotiate in good faith, and even though past co-operation with teachers has enormously improved Ontario’s public education system. PC Leader Tim Hudak wants to go even further: he has said that if he were Premier, he would introduce American-style anti-worker legislation and rip up public sector contracts. The Conservative majority in Ottawa is ramming through Bill C-377, a similar attack on working Canadians which will force unions to disclose all their revenue and spending in massive (and costly) detail. The real goal is to stop unions from engaging in any and all political and lobbying activity, even though no such restrictions will be imposed on employers, business groups, and professional associations. The right tries to paint unionized workers as privileged for trying to maintain decent jobs for their members. Shockingly, too many employer groups tell low-paid, non-union workers in insecure jobs that unions are the problem, even though the real problem is soaring income for the richest among us and our governments’ failure to create good, middle-class jobs. Everyone should have the right to join a union and have their terms and conditions of employment determined though free collective bargaining. And unions should, as democratic institutions, continue to be able to represent their members in public life. The reality is that unionized workers are fighting for the rights of all working Canadians. And when the workplace is stronger, social inequality is reduced, and society prospers. So apart from fair wages, good working conditions, pensions, EI, and public healthcare, I ask: what have the unions ever done for us?

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Acetylsalicylic acid, better known as aspirin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is often used to treat mild pain, fever, and swelling. It has additional uses as a blood thinner and can effectively reduce the risk of a heart attack and stroke. Generic names: Aspirin Brand names: Ecotrin, Bayer, Aspergum, Aspirtab Pharmacologic class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Therapeutic class: Nonopioid analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet Mechanism of action: Aspirin’s anti-inflammatory action works by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) which leads to the formation of prostaglandins that cause inflammation and subsequent pain and swelling. Indications for use: Mild to moderate pain caused by inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis. Fever reduction. Prevention of strokes, myocardial infarction (MI), and other thromboembolic disorders. Treats Kawasaki disease in children. Precautions and contraindications: Do not use if sensitive to other NSAIDs or salicylates. Can cause renal or liver impairment. Excessive bleeding may occur if used with another anticoagulant. Do not use in the third trimester of pregnancy or when breastfeeding. - Antacids may decrease the salicylate blood level - ACE inhibitors may have a decreased antihypertensive effect - Increased risk of bleeding when used with another anticoagulant, NSAID, or thrombolytic - Corticosteroids may cause an increased salicylate excretion effect - Furosemide may have an increased diuretic effect - Increased risk of Reye’s syndrome if used with a live varicella vaccine - May reduce the excretion of methotrexate leading to toxicity - May reduce the effectiveness of spironolactone - May reduce the absorption of tetracycline (buffered aspirin) - Bleeding risk may increase when used with the following herbs: cayenne, chamomile, clove, garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and licorice - Hearing loss, tinnitus, ototoxicity - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, heartburn - GI bleeding or ulceration - Thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, - Liver toxicity - ↓ sodium, potassium, and glucose - Wheezing, pulmonary edema with toxicity - Rash, urticaria, bruising Available preparations: chewable gum, tablets, chewable tablets, enteric-coated tablets, delayed and extended-release tablets, and suppositories. Dosages for adults: Dosage is dependent on use. For pain, 2400 mg to 3600 mg in divided doses is initiated. 325 mg QID or 650 mg BID may be prescribed to prevent TIAs or stroke for those with a history. Aspirin 81 mg daily is often prescribed to prevent MI. Dosages for children: Dose is dependent on weight. For pain or fever, 10 to 15 mg/kg PO or PR every 4 hours. For juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 60 to 130 mg/kg/day is indicated for children weighing up to 55 lbs. 2400 mg to 3600 mg PO daily for children over 55 lbs, given in divided doses. |PO tablets||15-30 minutes||1-2 hours||4-6 hours| |PO chewable||Rapid||Unknown||1-4 hours| |PO enteric-coated||5-30 minutes||2-4 hours||8-12 hours| |PO extended||5-30 minutes||1-4 hours||3-6 hours| |Rectal||5-30 minutes||3-4 hours||1-4 hours| Nursing Considerations for Aspirin Related nursing diagnoses - Assess for an allergy to NSAIDs or acetylsalicylic. - Assess for pain by having the patient rate on a scale of 1-10, and describe characteristics, duration, and frequency. - If given as an antipyretic, assess temperature. - Assess for pregnancy or lactation. Aspirin is a category C/D risk meaning there is evidence of fetal harm but the benefit may outweigh the risk as determined by a healthcare professional. - Assess for recent varicella vaccination. Aspirin should not be administered within 6 weeks of a live varicella vaccine due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome. - Routinely monitor the effectiveness of aspirin by assessing pain levels and fever reduction. - Monitor for signs of toxicity: diplopia, EKG changes, seizures, hallucinations, hyperthermia, oliguria, acute renal failure, irritability, restlessness, tremor, confusion, lethargy, and anaphylaxis. The elderly are at a greater risk for toxicity. - Closely monitor hemoglobin, hematocrit, INR, and renal function when prescribed long-term therapy. - Activated charcoal can be administered for aspirin poisoning. Patient Teaching Associated with Aspirin - Instruct patients on symptoms of toxicity such as a ringing in the ears (tinnitus) or hearing loss, and unusual bleeding or bruising. - Do not take aspirin with alcohol due to an increased risk of bleeding. - Educate that aspirin has an antiplatelet effect. If the patient is taking another anticoagulant, their risk of bleeding is increased. Teach the patient to monitor for bruising and signs of bleeding, and to prevent the risk of injury. - Keep out of reach of children to prevent poisoning. - Aspirin needs to be discontinued 1 week prior to surgical and dental procedures due to the risk of bleeding. Discuss with your healthcare provider before discontinuing. - Administer aspirin with food or milk to reduce the risk of GI irritation. - Alert all providers that you are taking aspirin to prevent interactions. - Do not break, crush, or chew extended-release, delayed-release, or enteric-coated preparations. This is not an all-inclusive list of possible drug interactions, adverse effects, precautions, nursing considerations, or patient instructions. Please consult further with a pharmacist for complete information. References and Sources - Schull, P. D. (2013). McGraw-Hill Nurses Drug Handbook, Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. - Vane JR, Botting RM. The mechanism of action of aspirin. Thromb Res. 2003 Jun 15;110(5-6):255-8. doi: 10.1016/s0049-3848(03)00379-7. PMID: 14592543.

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(NYTIMES) - English has many words and expressions, such as "shout out", which began in black communities, made their way around the country and then through the English-speaking world, said Professor Tracey Weldon, a linguist who studies African-American English. The process has been happening over generations, linguists say, adding an untold number of contributions to the language, including hip, nitty-gritty, cool and woke. Now, a new dictionary - the Oxford Dictionary of African American English - will attempt to codify the contributions and capture the rich relationship black Americans have with the English language. A project of Harvard University's Hutchins Center for African and African American Research and Oxford University Press, the dictionary will not just collect spellings and definitions. It will also create a historical record and serve as a tribute to the people behind the words, said Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr, the project's editor-in-chief and the Hutchins Center's director. "Just the way Louis Armstrong took the trumpet and turned it inside out from the way people played European classical music", said Prof Gates, black people took English and "reinvented it to make it reflect their sensibilities and to make it mirror their cultural selves". The idea was born when Oxford asked Prof Gates to join forces to better represent African-American English in its existing dictionaries. Prof Gates instead proposed they do something more ambitious. The project was announced in June and the first version is expected in three years. The dictionary will contain words and phrases that were originally, predominantly or exclusively used by African Americans, said Ms Danica Salazar, executive editor for World Englishes for Oxford Languages. That might include a word such as "kitchen", which is a term used to describe the hair that grows at the nape of the neck. Or it could be phrases such as "side hustle", which was created in the black community and is now widely used. Some of the research associated with making a dictionary involves figuring out where and when a word originated. To do this, researchers often look to books, magazines and newspapers, Ms Salazar said, because those written documents are easy to date. Resources could also include books such as Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A Hepster's Dictionary, a collection of words used by musicians, including "beat" to mean tired; Dan Burley's Original Handbook Of Harlem Jive, published in 1944; and Black Talk: Words And Phrases From The Hood To The Amen Corner, published in 1994. Researchers can look to recorded interviews with formerly enslaved people, Ms Salazar said, and to music, such as the lyrics in old jazz songs. She said the project's editors also plan to crowdsource information, with call-outs on the Oxford website and on social media, asking black Americans what words they would like to see in the dictionary and for help with historical documentation. Prof Gates explained that the Oxford Dictionary of African American English will not only give the definition of a word, but also describe where it came from and how it emerged. "You wouldn't normally think of a dictionary as a way of telling the story of the evolution of the African-American people, but it is," he said. "If you sat down and read the dictionary, you'd get a history of the African-American people from A to Z." African-American English is a variety with its own syntax, word structure and pronunciation features, said Prof Weldon, dean of the graduate school at the University of South Carolina and a member of the dictionary's advisory board. But it has long been dismissed as inferior, stigmatised or ignored. "It is almost never the case that African-American English is recognised as even legitimate, much less 'good' or something to be lauded," she said. "And yet it is the lexicon, it is the vocabulary that is the most imitated and celebrated - but not with the African-American speech community being given credit for it." This dictionary will offer many insights, Prof Gates said, but one overarching lesson jumps out. "The bottom line of the African-American people, when you read this dictionary," he said, "is that you'll say these are people who love language."

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Essay question: Critically explain how an understanding of children’s prior learning and experience underpins effective teaching and learning. Ausubel asserted that “the most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows” and teachers should understand and appreciate this in order to teach effectively (Ausubel, 1968 cited in Biser, 1984, p.115). This thinking is mirrored in TLRP PRINCIPLE 3: “Effective pedagogy recognises the importance of prior experience and learning. Pedagogy should take account of what the learner knows already in order for them, and those who support their learning, to plan their next steps. This includes building on prior learning but also taking account of the personal and cultural experiences of different groups of learners.” (Pollard, 2014, p.99) Effective teaching and learning can only be achieved through the acknowledgment of where the child is with their learning. Additionally, understanding what they have already learnt and experienced outside of the school setting can prove highly valuable in a child’s understanding of new concepts. I agree with Ausubel’s argument that the recognition of prior learning can be one of the most influential and important factors in shaping how a child learns and also how they process and understand new information (Biser, 1984, p.115). It is a teacher’s role to scaffold the children to make connections and links between the knowledge that they already possess and new content in order to ensure the children engage in higher order thinking and metacognitive processes. Encouraging children to recall and infer from their previous experiences, prior to the presentation of new knowledge allows for effective and meaningful learning can take place (Howard-Jone et al., 2018). If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Essay Writing Service Jonassen and Gabrowski (1993) defined prior knowledge as “the knowledge, skills, or ability that students bring to the learning process” (p. 417). Every child has experienced differing and contrasting upbringings and exposure to information. The results of this are that prior knowledge can vary greatly inside one classroom. Ensuring that every child is supported in the process of recalling and then applying their prior knowledge should be a key focus for all teaching lessons. Guaranteeing that children are exposed to any links and connections between concepts can result in more meaningful learning in the classroom (Novak, 1978). The importance of prior knowledge has been well researched in the field of reading comprehension. Strategies that children employ to try and decode and understand new words find their success in the elicitation of prior knowledge and children actively seeking connections and links to what they already understand and know (READING COMP LINK). Additionally, Anderson and Pearson cite the findings of Nicholson and Imlach (1981:cited from Schuh, 2017, p,32) that “when children are given texts about familiar topics, they often resorted to prior knowledge to answer the inference question even when the text provided explicit information that could have been used” (This point of anchoring and structure was evident in my Destination reader lessons in my SE1 placement. A Hackney Learning Trust scheme it encourages children to infer and predict what may happen in the story, as well as encouraging discussion about connections that could be made through. Children are expected to make these connections with previous reading and their life experiences. Making meaning through making connections The importance of children being aware of and connecting to prior knowledge is also highlighted by Piaget in his concept of schemas. Piaget theory of cognitive development suggested that humans are unable to automatically understand and use information that they have been given because they need to construct their prior knowledge through prior personal experiences to enable them to create mental images. He says that humans learn by constructing their own knowledge. The primary role of teacher should be to motivate the children to create their own knowledge through their personal experiences. Teachers are merely facilitators who support learners in the learning process. Learners should take control in making decisions in line with their needs and cognitive state. Piaget advocated non-intervention saying that everything one teaches a child prevents him from inventing or discovering. He believed that children develop knowledge through active participation in their learning Learners will build their own knowledge through experience. This experience will help them build mental models which they will further develop through assimilation and accommodation. These are called schemas. Schematic knowledge relates and reminds us of what we already know and fits into our exemplars and prototypes (Doherty and Hughes, 2014). As an individual makes sense of the world these schemes are constantly changing and adapting based on experiences that contradict the existing scheme. They are unique to an individual and provide a “viable interpretation of the evidence at hand” (Schuh, 2017 p.33). Much like Vygotsky he saw children as active learners who make connections and understanding through interaction and exploration of the world. Cognitive development occurs when children can fit these new events, ideas and objects with previously discovered and understood prototypes and exemplars and organized into a set of related concepts. Learning is not so much a process of acquiring new knowledge, but of reconstructing our existing schemas. Children are active and motivated learners (Crowley, 2014). Through their action, they construct schemas (mental concept). Every Schema is coordinated with other schemata. New information is integrated and interrelated with the knowledge structure that already exists in the mind of child. Learning occurs not by passive reception of transmitted information, but by active interaction with objects and ideas. The nature of this interaction is an adaptation involving three mental processes described by Piaget. - Assimilation – integrating new information with existing knowledge is a cognitive process(making information to fit) - accommodation- the change that occurs in the mental structure of the child (changing information to fit). The process of cognitive development is the result of a series of related assimilations and accommodations. - Equilibrium – mental balance of information Much like in the study of mathematics, children can estimate that 123 + 987 would be 1000 due to their early acquisition of number bonds. Schema theory therefore reinforces the notion that prior knowledge and the organization of it provides memory aids that a learner can hook and connect to (Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner, 2007). His model of child development and learning suggests that children, depending of their level of development, create mental maps or cognitive structures that enable them to understand their environment. If new information is presented that fits into existing structures, the child incorporates (assimilates) the information. If it does not fit into a structure, the child accommodates it, that is, constructs new mental structures into which it fits. In doing so, the child continually constructs his or her understanding of the world around him or her. In terms of learning, application of Piaget’s theories requires, first, that educators teach content for which the child is developmentally ready and second, that educators use children’s previous knowledge to help them assimilate or accommodate new information (Stofflett. and Stoddart, 1994). Eliciting prior knowledge to scaffold The Vygotskyian sociocultural thinking cites the importance of the outside world and how minds are “born in and shaped by society” (Sillock, 2013, p. 317). Vygotsky saw children as active explorers that use the environment and interactions with it as shaping how children engage with and understand the world. Children enter a Zone of proximal development (ZPD) as they are unable to engage interpedently and seek the assistance of others, namely a more knowledgeable other (MKO). TLRP 4 stresses the importance of teacher scaffolding to promote effective teaching and learning (James and Pollard, 2011, p.284). They move from one stage of development to another, the social plane to the psychological plane as they acquire higher mental functions (Crowley, 2014). In a school setting the MKO could be a teacher or peer, but both use the prior knowledge of the leaner to guide him/her. As the Cambridge Primary Review (CPR) writes, ‘the width of the zone is determined by how fast or how much the child is able to learn from the teacher (adult or peer)’ (2011, p 95). Understanding the prior knowledge of the individual is at the heart of Vygotsky’s theory of the ZPD. Bruner’s (1983) notion of scaffolding provides the process whereby the MKO guides and assists the learner “beyond what they are currently capable of achieving on their own” (Crowley, 2014). Here the teacher’s needs to understand the current level of attainment of the child, as well as their expected levels. Tharp and Gallimore, while acknowledging the term scaffolding, prefer the idea of ‘means of assisting’. For them: ‘Teaching consists in assisting performance through the ZDP. Teaching can be said to occur when assistance is offered at points in the ZDP at which performance requires assistance’ (1991, p. 46).The MKO may activate prior knowledge allowing new information to be added and understood. Through the elicitation of prior knowledge and understanding of a child’s prior experience this is possible. Providing guidance through a zone which adequately challenges and extends the learning of the child, can only be effectively achieved through a gradual process. children are able to create a network of interconnected ides as they are built on a transferred through the ZPD based on an acceptance of what is already known (Sillock, 2011, p.320). In the science classroom this can be a specific skill though making predictions. During my SE1B I encouraged my class to make predictions about shadows and where they thought they would be in relation to an object. Asking “where have you seen shadows before?” and “what do you think is needed to create a shadow?” made children think back to what they had seen previously but may have not connected as being related to light. The children’s ideas of light and dark as well as a general knowledge of shadows was used to bridge the new knowledge being learnt. Creating the basis for meaningful learning Ausubel (1998) was influenced by the teachings of Piaget in relation to how learners acquire knowledge. Much like the schema model his theory focused on how context and new knowledge can be interpreted and understood by incorporating this new material into an already established cognitive structure. Ausubel himself highlighted how vital prior knowledge can be in shaping how a child learns and teachers should take time and care in connecting this with the new information being taught. He believed that recognizing what the learner already knows is the one principle that all of educational psychology could be reduced down to (Novak, 1990). He defined this as “all the knowledge we have acquired as well as the relationships among the facts, concepts, and principles that makes up that knowledge” (cited in: Al Tamimi, 2017, p.283 ). This foundation of knowledge is organized hierarchically and subsumption allows for previously unknown and unfamiliar concepts to be incorporated into already established structures (Lee, 2012) Once a child has related unfamiliar concepts to what is already known, relationships between concepts and ideas can be seen. This creates the opportunity for meaningful learning. The new information needs a stable cognitive structure to already be established for it to be hierarchically ordered allowing for the opportunity to create meaning and higher order thinking. The recognition of links and relationships is only possible through anchoring and integrating with the prior cognitive knowledge structure. Effective learning can now take place as it isn’t isolated from any context, but instead internalized and stored in long term memory alongside examples and experience from the past. Ausubel places responsibility on the teacher to guide the learners through this process. Teaching should follow a deductive order of five logical steps. These are outlined below: 1) Assess what prior knowledge the student already possesses relevant to their cognitive structure. 2) Provide a context and organizer which the children can then use to anchor new material to within their already established cognitive structure. 3) The presentation of organized and clear new information. Continued assessment of learning (AFL) should ensure that the new material is being subsumed and integrated into the structures. 4) Sufficient practice and drill to ensure that the material is being thoroughly learned and understood. AFL here should ensure it’s not being rotley- learnt but instead is being integrated and understood at a deeper level. 5) Finally, the teacher should guide the student through a problem solving activity whereby the new knowledge can be applied. This should engage higher order thinking skills. (Ivie, 1998, p. 41) These five steps, if successfully executed should guarantee that a secure foundation has been laid to move learning forward. he additionally outlines three variables that influence meaningful verbal learning: (1) the availability of relevant and inclusive subsuming concepts, (2) the degree that subsumers can be discriminated, and (3) the stability and clarity of subsuming concepts (Ausubel, 1962, pp. 219-220). One can assume that the role of the teacher and educator is to consider these variables by investigating and providing the appropriate subsumers to facilitate meaningful verbal learning (Kumagai, 2013). The teacher must scaffold and support the children to ended the sufficient sphere of knowledge. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.View our services The structures here allow for a child once they have internalized and implemented this new information amongst his or her prior knowledge, it can then be applied in a problem solving activity which promotes higher order thinking and meaningful learning. Much like the revised Taxonomy it has a broader understanding of how children can apply knowledge to a variety of situations, not simply the acquisition of knowledge (Mayer, 2002). This process promote the retention of knowledge, whereby the learner can remember what they have learned, but more importantly the transfer of this knowledge. Transfer requires the ability to make sense of what they have leant and to apply it and use it. It promotes and emphasizes the future of learning. Understand, apply, analyse, evaluate and create were revised in the taxonomy to reflect the cognitive dimension of the learning process (Anderson and Krathwohl, 2001, p. 46.) Higher order thinking relies on a child understanding a concept after they have made connections and integrated it. It is only once this has happened that the new internalized concepts can be applied and used in other ways. The child should be able to then change the form of representation to another with ease through seeing connections and links. These five stages are in contrast to rote learning which is simply the recalling and memorization of facts, the Remember of Bloom’s taxonomy. In order for higher order thinking to happen amongst children, teaching needs to avoid being arbitrary and isolated. Not integrating and anchoring to prior knowledge may serve a short-term purpose, but pupils may struggle to see the relevance and deep meaning behind these new concepts. This is common in mathematics as it involves the memorization of many individual facts and routines making it susceptible to simply being remembered rather than understood at a deeper level (Haylock and Thangata, 2007). Because rote learning does not always rely on anchoring new knowledge to prior knowledge it can only simply recall and retain information, rather than seeing context and purpose. This helps to explain why meaningful learning is retained longer than rote learning. Children may struggle to see how new information could be applied in context or real-world settings as they have not had ample opportunity to explore it in relation to other forms of knowledge. Strengthening the cognitive structure with relevant and appropriate information helps ensure that the information is retained in long term memory as well as being understood with greater depth and clarity (Ivie, 1998). The most controversial and noteworthy method Ausubel has introduced is “advanced organizers.” These are not merely previews of the subject material that is to be presented. Advanced organizers are more general, abstract concepts that will provide the great context to which the new information can be subsumed and anchored (Ausubel, 1963). For example, before introducing a lesson on brown bears, a teacher might have his/her students read a history and geography of Admiralty Island. By providing this advanced organizer, students may have a better chance of organizing the information regarding the brown bear’s habitat, territorial patterns, and nutrition. Advance organizers are believed to have different results for good versus slow learners. Because most good learners already have the ability to organize new information, the organizers have little additional effect. However, for slow learners, Ausubel and Fitzgerald believe that organizers are extremely helpful as this group of students needs additional help structuring their thinking (Fitzgerald, 1962). The role of the learner in this type of learning is not as significant as the teacher role. This is because this theory is more concerned about how the students meaningfully learn through verbal learning other than experimental learning. Discussion and prompt from a teacher is key to ensure that meaningful learning takes place. Therefore, the learning process depend on teachers significantly. Teachers have to enable learners to instruct new knowledge based on their existing knowledge (Kumagai, 2013) Development of metacognitive thinking Introduced by Flavvel in the 1970’s, the term metacognition refers to the ability to be self-reflexive and to know how to think about one’s own learning. It is the ‘the individual’s own awareness and consideration of his or her cognitive processes and strategies’ (Flavell 1979 cited in: Fisher, 1998 ). Knowledge of cognition refers to what individuals know about own cognition or about cognition in general. It usually includes three different kinds of metacognitive awareness: declarative, procedural, a dictional knowledge (Brown, 1987; Jacobs and Paris, 1987). Declarative knowledge refers to knowing “about” things. Procedural knowledge to knowing “how” to do things. Conditional knowledge refers to k the “why” and “when” aspects of cognition (Schraw, 1995). Vygotsky (1962) was one of the first to realise that conscious reflective control and deliberate mastery were essential factors in school learning. He suggested there were two factors in the development of knowledge, first its automatic unconscious acquisition followed by a gradual increase in active conscious control over that knowledge, which essentially marked a separation between cognitive and metacognitive aspects of performance. Flavell argues that if we can bring the process of learning to a conscious level, we can help children to be more aware of their own thought processes and help them to gain control or mastery over the organization of their learning (Flavell et aL, 1995). On this view effective learning is not just the manipulation of information so that it is integrated into an existing knowledge base, but also involves directing one’s attention to what has been assimilated, understanding the relationship between the new information and what is already known, understanding the processes which facilitated this, and being aware when something new has actually been learned. One method used to promote engagement and support metacognitive processes is advance (orienting) questioning (Anderson & Biddle, 1975; Andre, 1987; Andre & Thieman, 1988; Hamilton, 1985; King, 1992; Pressley, Tenenbaum, McDaniel, & Wood, 1990). Orienting questions provide a perspective from which learners can selectively anticipate learning needs, identify relevant from irrelevant information, and monitor comprehension accordingly. The success of orienting questions is influenced by the availability of prior knowledge. Individuals with significant prior content knowledge can activate available schemata to both extend and modify existing representations, whereas those with little or no background knowledge have relatively few content-based resources to draw upon. However, even in relatively unfamiliar domains, individuals often possess content relevant knowledge that aids in their understanding of new concepts (Hannafin & Hooper, 1993). Orienting activities, especially those emphasizing concept-relevant knowledge over content-relevant knowledge, provide the means through which learners can identify, activate, and evaluate their own learning processes and integrate knowledge more completely. They prompt the learner to make associations with existing knowledge and provide an opportunity for learners select appropriate tools and strategies for the task (Schraw, 1995). The primary classroom should not just be a place of memorization and recalling, but the establishment of meaningful learning. This in turn will allow individual to address how they can understand the relationships, processes and manipulation of new information. Separating cognition from metacognition is making the awareness of how we learn to a conscious level helping individuals master and gain control over how they learn and organize information (Fisher, 1998). Knowing about links made and relationships between schemes of knowledge should help children understand when to use and apply strategies. Additionally, metacognitive thinking, drawn out by understanding prior knowledge, allows for learners to be self-reflective and regulatory as they can monitor their own performance (Lai, 2011). Once children have made connections and links between information they are able to build relationships and a meaningful knowledge base. This base can then serve as a tool for metacognitive thinking as the children can think about what they know, but also what they do not know and would like to know. “Thinking about thinking” allows for children to address gaps and reflect critically on their own learning. Activating prior knowledge allows for metacognitive thinking as the individual can assess how much they already know, what strategies are needed and how they may need to adapt in order to solve a problem. It makes the learner aware of their self-knowledge in relation to strengths and weaknesses and will affect how a learner approaches new information (Pintrich, 2002). That is to say, students need a personal connection to the material, whether that’s through engaging them emotionally or connecting the new information with previously acquired knowledge. In addition, making the information personally relevant can also improve the self-referent encoding of knowledge. Without this relevance, students may not only disengage and quickly forget, but they may also lose the motivation to try. (Bernard, 2010) - Al Tamimi, A.R., 2017. The Effect of Using Ausubel’s Assimilation Theory and the Metacognitive Strategy (KWL) in Teaching Probabilities and Statistics Unit for First Grade Middle School Students’ Achievement and Mathematical Communication. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 13(1), p.276. - Anderson, L.W. (Ed.), Krathwohl, D.R. (Ed.), Airasian, P.W., Cruikshank, K.A., Mayer, R.E., Pintrich, P.R., Raths, J., & Wittrock, M.C. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Complete edition). New York: Longman. - Anderson, R. C., & Biddle. W. B. (1975). On asking people questions about what they are reading. In G. Bower (Ed.), Psychologyof learning and molivation (Vol. 9, pp. 89-132). New York: Academic - Andre, T.. & Thieman, A. (1988). Level of adjunct question, type of feedback, and learning concepts by reading. Contemporury Educa- tional Psychology, 13, 2%-307. - Andre, T.(1987). Questions and learning from reading. Questions Ex- change, I,47-86. - Ausubel, D. (1963). The psychology of meaningful verbal learning. New York: Grune & Stratton. - Brown, A. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious mechanisms. In Weinert, F., and Kluwe, R. (eds.), Metacognition, Motivation, and Understanding, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 65-116. - Crowley, K., 2014. Child development : a practical introduction /Kevin Crowley., - Doherty, M., Hughes, J. & Hughes, Malcolm, 2014. Child development : theory and practice 0-11 / Jonathan Doherty & Malcolm Hughes. Second., - Fisher, R., 1998. Thinking about thinking: Developing metacognition in children. Early Child Development and Care, 141(1), pp.1-15. - Flavell, J., Green, F. and Flavell, E. (1995). Young Children’s Knowledge About Thinking. 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Journal of Research in Science teaching, 31(1), pp.31-51. - Tharp, R. and Gallimore, R., 1998. A theory of teaching as assisted performance. Learning relationships in the classroom, pp.93-110. Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please:

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THE LAW OF THE DRUZE Searching for texts which could define the social laws of the Druze, I came across a fragment of Hamza’s letter found by Sylvestre de Sacy in the midst of Hamza’s letters to his emissaries, or rather missionaries. De Sacy looked through numerous documents on regulations in terms of the Druze conduct, however, he thought them to be unreliable, i.e. not originating from legitimate leaders. “… what applies to religious dictates is that when a Unitarian man takes a Unitarian sister for his wife, he divides his possessions in half with her. If circumstances force them to divorce, then you must judge who bears the greater loss and how to compensate that party for it. If the woman wants to be liberated from the relationship with the man and he is leading a decent life, and the woman still insists on separation, he will acquire half of her assets. However, if religious people claim that this man is violent, the woman keeps all her possessions. If it is the man who asks for a divorce because he does not agree with the woman’s way of life, he keeps half of what she possesses, even clothes that she bought for her own money. If the man wants to divorce without giving any reason, the woman has the full right to half of his property, the home and furniture, clothes, money, gold, livestock.” Other authors of works devoted to the Druze treat the subject of the community’s civil code very superficially. They present the general nature of Druze legislation in a descriptive way, referring largely to comparisons with Muslim law. Finally, during one of my visits to Suwayda, I met the director of the Cultural Centre in Suweyda, Mr Fandi Abu Fahr, who arranged my meeting with Sheikh Akl ad-Duruz Hussein Djarbu. During the meeting, I mentioned the topic of Druze legislation and the absence of any coherent text encompassing the entirety of the Druze rights, those which would be made available to someone who is not bound by the secrets of the Druze faith (not initiated into their religion). The Sheikh was surprised and said that the collection of the Druze rights was published in official state journals, not only in Syria but wherever the Druze brothers reside. In his generosity, he did not hesitate to give me a collection of the Druze rights, which he had published himself in four languages and which contained a foreword written personally by him. I decided to translate this collection into Polish and include it in my MA thesis as an interesting genuine source and I have no doubt that not only I will use it in the future. The English version has been translated on the basis of the Polish text. Translating a text from Arabic can be problematic not only at the level of vocabulary, but also syntax. The elaborate sentences with frequent repetition could bore the average reader so I decided to abandon the literal translation in parts and paraphrase some sections instead. Nonetheless, due to the legal nature of this text, I did this very infrequently. CIVIL LAW OF THE UNITED DRUZE COMMUNITY The civil code of the United Druze minority is one of the best legal systems when it comes to linking it with the different stages of life of every Druze. This system applies to all family issues, by defining the rights of its members who remain in family relationships throughout life. It sets restrictions for women. It prohibits polygamy and contact between ex-spouses. It gives freedom to establish a will. In our law, the main heir has the right to inheritance, and other heirs after him – one-third of the value of the inheritance or more depending on the specific indications of the law. It also arranges a person’s matters from conception to infancy. It specifies the rights of a child, and then a youth until his or her marriage and the motherhood period. The law deals with the division of property and the issues of successors and beneficiaries after the death of a Druze It would be desirable for anyone who is in need to use the Book of Rights, especially our brothers in exile. This is why we published it in four languages: Arabic, English, Spanish and French, which will definitely help it to be understood and will contribute to its wider dissemination. This code will be useful for anyone who would like to deepen their knowledge of the spiritual-legal system of this religious group. I address my pride and respect to our sons in exile for their perseverance in the struggle against adversity. I especially want to mention the Druze living in America and Nigeria, who were the first to encourage me to publish this book. Feeling responsibility for the Druze union in exile, for our benefit, I would like our national consciousness and the good contacts of the Druze in exile with their families in our homeland to be our joy and an example for our Arab brothers and sons who emigrated. The feelings for our noble country and the duty to connect with the problems of our homeland, should be expressed in words and in deeds. I sent my prayers and wishes for permanent peace to God who listens and responds to requests. Sheikh Akl ad-Duruz Hussein Djarbu The Supreme Spiritual Council of the United Druze The Supreme Spiritual Council of the United Druze community consists of three people holding Sheikh al-Akl positions. The election for the post of Sheikh al-Akl is held according to tradition and special religious rites. The Supreme Spiritual Council informs the Bureau of the Council of Ministers about the election. The jurisdiction of the Spiritual Council includes the Druze in Syria and all the members of the minority abroad. The provisions made by the Druze minority are determined and independent. The three Sheikhs al-Akl are their representatives. The Sheikh al-Akl’s function involves spiritual and educational guidance, and ensuring that Arabic Islamic customs are strengthened. The Spiritual Council is obliged to: issue laws and decisions in accordance with the law of this religious group; regulate charitable donations (“al-awqaf”) and appoint all kinds of committees and organizations necessary to manage the affairs of religion, legislation and supervision; commission Islamic law officials to administer marriages and funerals in the country and abroad. These officers will be required to record acts of marriage and wills. The Spiritual Council is also obliged to represent the community around the world; appoint Druze judges in a way which does not interfere with the law of the country in which they live but at the same time is based on the traditions of the United Druze community; appoint and dismiss the highest penalties (such as excommunication) and announce that someone belongs to the Druze religious group or withhold the religious initiation of individual members. The Law of the Druze Minority The law of the Druze School is regulated by Act no. 134 from 1945. Here is the content: 1 Druze courts will function according to the following regulations: The appointment of a Druze judge shall be made at the request of the Supreme Spiritual Council. The Ministry of Justice issues a decree on the choice of the right person for the post by spiritual leaders. 2 Druze courts are to look after the unique nature of the religious community, and especially its independence and complete freedom in maintaining religious and legal practices, in accordance with the spirit of the community and its principles of law. 3 The acts and provisions issued by the judges of the Druze School are approved by the Supreme Religious Assembly of the Druze in the Jabal ad-Duruz region. The Assembly is the highest judicial authority in the Druze community. All these activities are governed by ritual ceremonies to make the provisions binding. In 1959 and in 1961 there was a break (chaos) in the functioning of the judiciary of the Druze School. Drawbacks resulting from this situation are being currently dealt with. Nonetheless, the Civil Code is executed in content and spirit. The Code of Rights of the Druze Religious Minority The text of the Code was issued on February 24th 1948, in Lebanon. Amendments to it were announced on July 2nd 1959. In 1953, the Code was approved in Syria and assigned number 59. It was modified in 1975 by Act No. 34, specifically by article 307. When does one become eligible to marry? A young man becomes eligible to marry at the age of 18, while the age for a young woman is 17. Sheikh al-Akl or a judge from the Druze School may authorize the marriage of a young man who is 16 years of age, provided that it is medically stated that he will cope with the obligations of marriage. This authorization must be approved by the legal guardian of the young man. Sheikh al-Akl or a judge from the Druze School may authorize the marriage of a young woman who is 15, provided that it was medically stated that she will cope with the obligations of marriage. This authorization must be approved by the legal guardian of the young woman. In the case when Sheikh al-Akl or a Druze judge allows marriage between two minors and it happens without parental consent, then each of the two spouses has the right to nullify the marriage within a period of six months from the date when they reach maturity, as set out in Article 1 Marriage is generally forbidden for young men before the age of 16, and young women before the age of 15. The prohibition of marriage also refers to the mentally ill, those suffering from venereal disease and advanced tuberculosis. The obligation to determine the state of health of the intending spouses lies with the Sheikh al-Akl, or one of the Druze judges, who ask for a relevant certificate to be issued by an appropriate medical examiner. It may happen that one of the Sheikhs al-Akl or judges undermines the certificate and then his decision is final and unquestionable. If a young woman who is 17 years old asks to be married, Sheikh al-Akl, or a judge shall notify her guardian. If the guardian does not object within 15 days, or if the guardian’s objection is supported by a lie, a wedding takes effect due to the decision of the Sheikh al-Akl or a judge. The marital guardian must be level-headed and responsible, and must be of age and in good mental health. If any of the intending spouses can not find a guardian corresponding to the posed conditions, the Sheikh al-Akl, a judge or another designated person will undertake to perform this function. What relationships are legally prohibited? Marriage is prohibited and void if it is between those remaining in another relationship or those in the period of mourning after the death of their spouse. Polygamy is prohibited, and if a man marries a second time, this relationship is illegal. If a man divorces a woman, he is forbidden to take her for his wife a second time (148). The womb of a women remains inaccessible for a man who is her relative. Marriage with these four groups of women are forbidden to a man: a. The man’s mother and his grandmothers. b. His daughters and granddaughters. c. His sisters and their daughters, the daughters and granddaughters of his brothers. d. His aunts. Marriage is forbidden for women if it may result in affinity. 4 groups of women are defined here: a. The wives of sons and grandsons. b. The mothers and grandmothers of wives. c. The wives of fathers and grandfathers. d. The daughters and granddaughters of wives. About the act of marriage A marriage certificate is written down at a special meeting, with the mutual consent of the spouses and confirmed by the presence of witnesses. The witnesses come from the fiance’s and the fiancee’s side, and their number can not be fewer than four. The marriage certificate is signed by the spouses and their witnesses. If one of the future spouses is absent, and the inability of arrival is justified, the Assembly accepts the signature of an authorized representative, and a power of attorney document which contains the amount of dowry (a sum of money paid by the man to the family of his future wife) will be attached to the marriage certificate. Consent for marriage is given by uttering a special formula, and in the case of a mute person, by making appropriate gestures. Marriage is legally binding only if it is granted by Seikh al-Akl, a judge or a person specially appointed for that function. In each region and locality, Sheikh al-Akl or a Druze judge shall appoint one or more representatives to grant marriage, depending on the needs. A proxy may grant marriage only with the written consent of Seikh al-Akl or a Druze judge. The prepared marriage certificate is sent by a proxy to the Sheikh al-Akl or the judge who confirms its authenticity and registers it. The marriage certificate is valid from the date of its conclusion. It is the duty of the Sheikh al-Akl or a Druze judge to make a record of the marriage in a special Book. The marriage certificate is sent back to its owner within a period of one month from the date of registration. The obligations of marriage Obligations arising from “al-mahr” and “an-nafaka” (the meaning of these two words can be found in chapters five and six) will be fulfilled from the moment the marriage is approved. The same applies to the rights to inheritance. The wife, except in two cases: divorce or the death of a spouse, is not entitled to claim the second part (“al-muajjal”) of “al-mahr”. The wife is obliged to stay at her spouse’s home after the signing of the marriage certificate and after using the first part (“al-muajjal”) of “al-mahr”. The house must meet the conditions of both spouses residing in it in an equal way. The wife is obliged to accompany her spouse if he moves to another city. This obligation may be invalidated by a serious reason. The husband is obliged to create appropriate living conditions for his wife and to help her. The wife must obey her husband in fulfilling the rights and obligations of marriage. What is “al-mahr”? “Al-mahr” is a sum of money which the husband is due to pay his wife according to a legally binding act of marriage. The value of “al-mahr” is established in the marriage certificate. If “al-mahr” was not recorded in the certificate, a judge determines it according to set standards. The value of “al-mahr” can be set in its entirety or only partly. It is also possible to determine the time of payment. Fiances can break their engagement without any consequences. As for engagement presents: If the engagement was broken by the fiance, he should not demand that what he gave his fiancee was returned to him. If the engagement is broken by the fiancee, she must give him back all the presents he has given her. In the case when the given things are destroyed, the fiancee repurchases them or refunds their value in cash. Loss of the other half of “al-mahr” takes place in the following cases: death of one of the spouses death of a spouse before the marriage was consummated. What is “an-nafaka” “An-nafaka” is a sum of money spent by the man on his wife and children. It includes food, clothes, accommodation and medical bills. Even if the wife is wealthy and she is weakened or sick, the man also pays for household staff. The realisation of “an-nafaka” happens by agreement between the spouses or on the basis of a judge’s statement. The lowering or raising of “an-nafaka” can be caused by a rise in prices and by the improvement or deterioration of the spouse’s financial condition. If the wife asks for “an-nafaka” and the husband stops paying it, a Druze judge shall appoint “an-nafaka” according to the wealth of the spouses at the time when the dispute arises and demand its payment including a determined pre-paid period. If the husband cannot pay “an-nafaka” to his wife, the wife is entitled to take a loan in her husband’s name, starting from the day the matter is reported. If the husband leaves his wife, dies or goes away without providing any “an-nafaka”, the judge will allow the wife to take a loan in her husband’s name, having examined the irrefutable evidence that this woman is married to that man. If the judge allows the wife to take a loan for the aforementioned reasons, and she executes this decision by involving one of the relatives, the relative can demand reimbursement only from her husband. But if the wife takes a loan from strangers, they may demand reimbursement from her husband and from her. If the absent husband had some money in the hands of third parties, or granted them a loan from which he drew financial benefits, and the wife could present evidence for this in a special court, taking an oath at the same time that she is not divorced, and the husband did not leave her any “an-nafaka”, then “an-nafaka” is established for her from the aforementioned money specified on the date of filing the complaint. The amount of money collected from child support, set by the court or the terms of the agreement, is not subject to loss in the event of divorce or the death of a spouse. If the wife left her husband’s house without a lawful reason or did not want to let her husband in without producing a request to move, the “an-nafaka” shall be suspended for the duration of the dispute. A divorce is possible only on the basis of the decision made by a Druze judge. A man cannot marry a woman if a Druze judge previously declared a divorce between them. If before or after the wedding the woman finds out that the husband suffers from an illness, such as leprosy or a venereal disease, which makes regular cohabiting with him impossible, she has the right to ask a Druze judge for separation. If there is a chance of recovery, the judge appoints two years of separation. If the illness does not pass and the husband does not agree to divorce, the judge announces separation. Being mute or lame does not constitute a reason for separation. The wife has a right to ask for separation if the husband suffers from an illness which makes regular marital contact impossible for him and the doctors confirm that his condition is incurable (151). If the husband loses his sanity and does not recover within a year from the time designated by a judge, the wife has every right for separation. The spouses have the right to annul their marriage amicably by announcing their decision in front of witnesses to a Druze judge who must confirm the annulment. If the husband’s adultery is proven, the wife must file for separation. If the wife’s adultery is proven, the husband divorces her and he is relieved from the obligation of “al-mahr.” If the husband is sentenced to 10 years or more in prison, and spends 5 consecutive years there, after this period the wife can file for separation. If the husband remains in hiding or is missing for the period of 3 years and the “an-nafaka” is not paid, the judge announces separation at the wife’s request. If, however, “an-nafaka” was paid, the wife’s claim is found unjustified. If the husband is missing for 5 consecutive years, and the obligation of “an-nafaka” is on him and hasn’t been paid for 2 years, the wife has the right to file for separation. If the marriage is annulled due to the husband’s absence and the wife remarries, the return of the first husband does not constitute grounds for the annulment of the latter marriage. If there is a conflict between the married couple and one of the spouses turns to a judge, the judge appoints mediators: one from the family of the husband and one from the family of the wife. If an appropriate person cannot be found among the family, the judge appoints a person from outside the family. The mediators must be familiar with the cause of the conflict and make every effort to resolve it. If a settlement cannot be reached by the spouses, the judge rules as follows: If the dispute is raised by the man, a separation is announced and the whole or partial payment of “al-mahr” is made. If the dispute comes from the woman, she loses the rights to “al-mahr” in its entirety or in part. The judge also decides what the spouses owe one another in view of the damage caused. If, when announcing divorce, the judge feels that it is not fair, a compensation may be appointed to the wife, as an additional sum to the “al-mahr” for the moral and material harm she suffered. About “al-idda”, the period of mourning, the quiet time The period of “al-idda” lasts 4 months from the date of divorce, separation or the husband’s death. “Al-idda” for a pregnant woman ends with a birth or miscarriage. “Al-idda” does not apply if the divorce or annulment of marriage was done before the marriage was actually legalised. “Al-idda” begins at the moment of announcing the divorce, annulment of marriage or the death of the husband, even if the wife does not inform authorities about it. The husband needs to maintain the divorced wife during “al-idda”. No money is paid to the wife after the death of the husband, even if she is pregnant. The mother has priority in bringing up and educating the children in the duration of the marriage and after separation, if she fulfils the appropriate requirements. The child’s legal guardian must be mature, trustworthy, rational and physically healthy so that she could protect and educate the child. The guardian cannot be married to someone who is unrelated to the child according to the requirements of the faith. If the guardian marries, she loses the right to look after the child for the benefit of a person who is next in line in terms of fulfilling the guardian’s requirements. If an appropriate candidate for this duty is unavailable, the child’s relatives take over the custody. The right to custody is due to the mother and her immediate family in the first place. After that, the right goes to the father and his family. Thus, if the child’s mother dies, or enters into a marriage as defined in Articles 12 and 13, or does not meet other requirements for raising a child, the custody goes to her mother. If she proves to be incapable of this function, the child’s father’s mother will take over the custody. Next in line are the sisters of the child, especially their own sisters. From the two parents’ families: the mother’s sister, the father’s sister, then the daughters of the child’s own sisters, the daughter of the mother’s sister, then the child’s aunts from both sides, the mother’s aunts by birth, the father’s aunts by birth, then the father’s sister’s daughter, the daughters of the child’s brother, then further aunts from both parents, the mother’s further aunts, the father’s further aunts and further in that order .. If women in the family circle do not meet the conditions necessary for raising children, then the obligation is transferred to the male line of the family according to the law of succession: Own brother’s sons. Father’s brother’s sons. The father’s father’s brother. If two or more persons are worthy of raising the child, priority is given to those who are more qualified and older. If an appropriate person, as referred to in Article 58, cannot be found, the custody goes to the person with whom the child’s relationship is not allowed and they are: – Mother’s father. – Mother’s brother. – His son. – Maternal uncle – Uncle from both parents – Paternal uncle The following people cannot take custody of a girl: – The father’s brother’s daughters – The father’s sister’s daughters – Uncle’s daughters – Aunt’s daughters – The father’s brother’s sons – The father’s sister’s sons. – Uncle’s sons. – Aunt’s sons. They, however, maintain the right to look after boys. The father’s brother’s son is the only one who may be allowed to look after a girl, having his morale thoroughly examined. Otherwise, the custody of the girl is given to a trusted woman. The costs of upkeep are not a part of “an-nafaka”. If the child needs money, the father is obliged to provide it. If the mother was the child’s guardian, was divorced or was in a relationship with a person with whom the child’s marriage was prohibited by law, or was in the course of “al-idda,” she has the right to enforce child support. The child’s father is required to build a home if the child has nowhere to live. A rich father must also provide household staff if the childcare requires it. The child’s mother and all the guardians have the right for alimony. If the mother is raising a child without receiving payment, the child’s father is poor and the child received no money even from those with whom his relationship is denied, the judge can allow a loan in the child’s father’s name. If a suitable guardian is found among those who cannot enter into a relationship with the child and the child’s father is rich and still no maintenance is paid, the mother has priority in receiving the money and raising the child. Also, if the father is poor or rich, and if the child has money or not and if the mother prefers to keep the child even without receiving child maintenance rather than to give the child to a guardian, and the father takes the child away and sends them to an unrelated guardian, he will not follow the law and will have to return the child to the mother and pay her a salary independent of the child maintenance. The period of care ends for a boy when he reaches seven years of age. For a girl this age is nine. After this period, the father is obliged to take the child. If the father and grandfather are dead, the children are sent to close relatives. As for the girls, the relatives only include those people with whom their relationship is allowed. In the absence of a suitable foster family, children remain with their former guardians unless the judge decides otherwise. If it forbidden to take the child away from her country before the guardian period is over and without the mother’s consent. And if the divorced man takes the child from the mother due to her marriage with a foreigner, and she is the only guardian, the father is allowed to travel with the child until the child’s mother regains her guardian rights, or if the right passes to someone else who is in charge of the child’s care. A divorced mother cannot travel with a child who remains in her care without the father’s consent. This also applies to other women who look after the child; they are not allowed to move the child from the designated place of care, unless the child’s father gives his consent or a judge in the absence of the father. “An-nafaka” which is due to the sons by their fathers The father is obliged to pay three types of “an-nafaka” to his children. “An-nafaka” refers to a younger, poor child, regardless of whether it is a boy or a girl, until the boy starts working and the girl marries. The father is obliged to pay “an-nafaka” to his elder son if he suffers from a condition which prevents him from earning his keep. A poor married daughter will always receive money from her father. Nobody will help the father in paying “an-nafaka” to his fully fit son. And if the father is on his deathbed, the obligation of “an-nafaka” passes onto those who take over the custody of the son after the father’s death. The mother is the first person before others to give money to her son if he is in need. If the parents are poor, and the children are eligible for “an-nafaka”, a rich relative may pay the money and the child’s father will repay that person the money when his financial situation improves. If the father is poor and his relatives are rich, and some of them have the right of inheritance but they are all equal in terms of kinship, then the obligation of paying “an-nafaka” lies on the relatives who have inheritance rights. If such equality does not exist, it is the child’s closest relatives who pay “an-nafaka” according to their inheritance rights. If a child is in need and the father falls into poverty, and the child has relatives among whom some have inheritance rights and others do not, then the obligation lies on those who are closer related and they must pay “an-nafaka”. If all relatives have inheritance rights, it is those who are more eligible to inheritance who must pay “an-nafaka” to the child. If a father, who is absent, owed “an-nafaka” to his child and he had money or movables deposited at the child’s place or at third party’s or benefited from money he lent to someone, the judge will declare that “an-nafaka” is paid from this capital. If the father deposited the money in real estate, the real estate is not sold. However, the judge can allow a loan to be taken with the real estate as security for paying back the loan. The father does not pay “an-nafaka” to the wife of his poor son, but guarantees her upkeep and if the need arises, pays the “an-nafaka”. The father will pay and his son will pay him back when his financial situation improves. “An-nafaka” which is due to parents from their sons Rich children both of age and under age, both male and female, are obliged to pay “an-nafaka” to their parents and grandparents who are in need. A poor woman who married a man not being the father of her child will receive “an-nafaka” from her husband. If her husband is poor or absent, the rich child of this woman will pay “an-nafaka” and her husband will pay the money back when he returns or when his financial situation improves. A son is obliged to pay “an-nafaka” only to his father when the son’s income is stable and his father is unable to work but has to maintain his wife. A poor son who has a family must take his parents to his home and provide for them according to his means. If the son is absent but has money in the possession of a third party, the judge can assign some of this sum towards “an-nafaka” for the parents in need. If the depository or borrower pays the money to the father of the absent son without the consent of the son or the judge’s decision, he will have to vouch for what is not refundable. Inheritance law is not linked with the obligation of “an-nafaka”, which lies on the sons towards their parents. “An-nafaka” is in this case an obligation of the closest family towards one another. Those with whom marriage is forbidden will be maintained by their rich beneficiaries, even those under age, according to their eligibility for inheritance. Authority in the family The father has authority over the younger and older children, male and female, regardless of whether they remain in the care of their mother or relatives. If the child reaches the age of maturity, but is mentally ill, paternal authority does not cease to apply over this child. And if the child reaches maturity while being in physical and mental health and then over time becomes insane, the paternal authority over this child returns on the basis of a judge’s verdict. If the father is an honest and trustworthy person, he is allowed to administrate the child’s money and use it in business. If the father, who possesses the qualities mentioned in Art. 83, sells some movables or immovable property which belong to the child, buys something in the child’s name or lends the child’s money to third parties, and if he does it in an improper way and dishonestly, the judge can appoint a probation officer who will nullify the father’s undertakings. If the matter concerns a rental agreement, the child has no right to demand so that the contract becomes void, even when the child comes of age. However, if it is a contract of purchase, it becomes the father’s responsibility and does not burden the child. If the father is mentally ill, has no organisational skills or was sentenced to prison and is thus incapable of looking after the child long term, then he cannot sell his child’s property without a judge’s decision, even if the sale is profitable. If the father is a spendthrift and his behaviour does not guarantee that he will keep his child’s money, a judge appoints a probation officer who takes over the child’s property. The father is forbidden to use his child’s money for his own benefits. He is forbidden to buy, sell, or constitute lien on the child’s property. Profiting from lending the child’s money to others without a special permit from the judge is forbidden. The father cannot make a donation using the child’s property. The power of attorney A proxy is a person who manages the legacy of the father’s death. A proxy may be designated in a will or appointed by a judge. If someone is appointed in a will to be the proxy, they can not withdraw from this duty after the father’s death, unless the judge decides otherwise. If one is selected to be a proxy without one’s knowledge, one has the right to reject or accept the function. The judge must be notified about the decision. The wife, mother or another woman who has inheritance rights or not, may be a proxy. The mother or another woman can be appointed to be a person cooperating with the proxy. The proxy indicated in the will must be at least 18 years old. The proxy appointed by a judge must be at least 21. The proxy is required to be reasonable, trustworthy, and conscientious and must meet all the mandatory obligations of the civil law. If the proxy appointed does not fulfil the conditions as set in Art. 92, the judge can relieve this person from the obligation and take over the function of a proxy. The judge has no right to dismiss the indicated proxy if the person is just, and worthy of holding this function. And if the indicated person is not healthy enough to fulfil their duties, the judge will appoint a helper or will substitute the proxy until the person recovers. If disloyalty of the proxy is proven, the judge immediately dismisses them from their position. A proxy is appointed for a minor (al-Kāsir) if the child has no guardian or there is no proxy indicated in the will. When the child reaches adulthood, they become entitled to dispose of the assets they inherited according to the will. If the child comes of age, but it is mentally ill, irresponsible, or there are charges against them, then they lose their right to the assets left in the will. The property is passed to a proxy who is appointed by a judge The obligations of the guardian (“al-wali”) The guardian is obliged to protect and multiply the property of a minor. The guardian can freely dispose of the movable property of a minor, even if the latter does not need to profit, however, a judge must issue a permit for such activity. The guardian is not allowed to sell the real estate from the minor’s property unless the following conditions are present: The result of selling the real estate is extraordinary profit. The sale of the real estate covers the debts of the deceased. If money is needed for the fulfilment of the will, it is obtained from the sale of the real estate for an appropriate price. If a minor is in need but does not possess money or goods which could be sold, and if the expenditure exceeds the minor’s income. If the real estate has fallen into disrepair and the minor heir has no money for its renovation. The judge is required to carefully study the aforementioned regulations before signing the contract of sale, so that his permission is based on at least one of them. The guardian, indicated in the will or appointed, before they undertake their duties, must obtain information from the person who the judge appointed to writing the will, about which movables and immovable property are passed onto the minor, and submit appropriate permits to this person. The guardian is obliged to submit yearly reports on the revenues and expenditures of the minor. If they procrastinate in spite of the judge’s warning, they may be dismissed from their position. The guardian and their relatives are forbidden to use the minor’s money for personal benefits. The guardian can not settle their own financial liabilities using the minor’s money or borrow money for personal use. The guardian may not delegate their duties to third parties, unless they do so with the consent of a judge for participation in conflicts and court cases. The proxy can personally repeal the authorisation to be represented by a third party. If the will or a judge indicates two guardians, then neither of them can work independently, with the exception of the following: Preparation of the deceased. Defence of the minor in conflicts. Request for repayment of a loan. Payment of the minor’s debts on the basis of a court decision or a certificate of debt or other evidence of debt. The implementation of a particular will for the benefit of a particular poor person. Buying things which are necessary for the child. Repayment of a loan or returning a deposit. Reimbursement of what the deceased kept and thus court orders not carried out. Sales of perishables after harvest. If the guardian’s duties are taken on by two people and one of them resigns, the judge appoints a helper to assist the remaining guardian. If the mother is the guardian, she can not manage the child’s inheritance beyond the sum of her own inheritance. The guardian can not relieve the debtors to the deceased from their financial obligations without the judge’s permission. The guardian’s duty is to reach an agreement with the debtors of the deceased and the child if they object to payments. A judge’s permission is necessary for these undertakings. The guardian must settle matters with those who make claims towards the deceased or the minor on the basis of approved documents or a court’s decision. The guardian is not authorised in terms of settling debts and other claims as well as the will of the deceased. If the guardian pays the deceased person’s debts not on the basis of an official document, a court decision or permission of the biggest beneficiaries of the will, the guardian must then give a guarantee. When the child becomes of age, they have an obligation to pay their guardian. The guardian is required to report on their fulfilment of duties in detail. And if “an-nafaqa” is not paid, the judge orders the payment or the guardian takes the money themselves. If the guardian dies, the represented person must issue a guarantee for their own part of the inheritance before the will is executed. Valuable possessions can constitute security but if they are worn out, the beneficiary gives a financial guarantee. The guardian passes the inheritance to the young heir under the supervision of a judge or a specially appointed person. The limitation of rights The judge limits the rights of the mentally ill, the intellectually weak and the irresponsible and at the same time appoints proxies for them. Weak mental health is confirmed by a doctor who issues a suitable document. The judge must give the reasons of incapacitation. Decisions made by a sick person before and after the announcement of incapacitation are invalid. Only decisions made prior to the announcement of incapacitation while the person was healthy are held as valid. The person who is to be incapacitated can appear before a judge who should hear them. Decisions of the intellectually weak and the irresponsible made before the announcement of incapacitation are not valid unless they bring benefits to those persons. Decisions of one who is intellectually weak who squanders wealth and is irresponsible, which were made prior to the announcement of incapacitation, are legal and can be executed. Those made after the announcement of incapacitation are not respected by the law unless they refer to marriage, divorce, paying “an-nafaḳa”, which is the person’s obligation, or a decision referring to the person’s will if they had no testamentary heirs. The assets of the incapacitated person shall be submitted after the withdrawal of rights, but only on the basis of a judge’s decision. About a missing person and their administrator The term “al-mafkud” refers to a person who is missing, whose whereabouts are not known and there is no information as to whether the person is alive or dead. If, before going missing, “al-mafkud” leaves a proxy to look after the property, this person is not dismissed from the function unless they prove to be dishonest or incapable. The proxy cannot take the residence which belongs to the absent person unless the judge agrees. If “al-mafkud” does not leave any proxy, the judge will appoint one to protect the property of the absent person, sell their crops and receive repayments of loans which “al-mafkud” has granted. When selecting the administrator, the same criteria apply as when choosing an heir (al-wasi). The duties of the proxy include, with the judge’s permission, selling that moveable or immoveable property which is dispensable or could fall into ruin thus the absent would have no money to restore it. The proxy must notify the judge about the income from the sale, who then passes the money to the absent person at the time of their return or adds it to the inheritance if the missing person is dead. The proxy is obliged to pay all the due “an-nafaka” from the money of the absent person as well as all the costs of taking care of the property left behind. The judge grants the proxy the right to represent the absent person in disputes. At the end of each year, the proxy is required to submit a balance sheet of expenditures and revenues of the absent person to the judge. If the proxy delays this submission after receiving a warning, they are dismissed from the function. The judge announces the death of the absent person if it is highly probable and 10 years have passed since the person went missing. If there is no indication that the absent person is dead, after 10 years the judge carries out a detailed investigation which has to be conclusive as to whether the person is alive or dead. After the announcement of the death of the absent person, as stated in Art. 134, the division of the property is carried out among the person’s beneficiaries. However, they cannot use the inheritance for a period of 2 years from the moment of the announcement of the absent person’s death. If the missing person returns or it is proven that the person is alive, and the judge has already announced their death, the beneficiaries are obliged to return their share of the property in its original form or an equivalent in cash, the value of which is calculated on the basis of prices at the time when the property was divided. The genealogy (an-nasb) The minimal pregnancy period takes 180 days and the maximal 300 days. If the wife gives birth after 180 days from the conclusion of the marriage, the child automatically takes the name of the husband. However, if the birth occurs before this period, the child takes the husband’s name only if he gives his clear consent. The decision on not granting the child their father’s name must be made within a period of one month after the birth or after the absent father is notified. The child cannot be rejected by the father if: The father wants to reject the child after the period as indicated in Art. 139. The father wants to reject the child after clearly expressing his will to give the child his name. The mother gives birth to a stillborn child. The father wants to reject the child after the court has announced that the child is entitled to his surname. If a divorced woman, or one whose husband has died, gives birth to a child before the period of 300 days from the divorce or death, the child keeps the rights to the father’s surname. If the child is born after the period of 300 days, the right to receive the father’s name ceases. If the wife announces the birth of her child and the husband does not acknowledge it, the truth is determined by the midwife and the women who were present during childbirth. The child has the right to the father’s name if it is born before the period of 300 days after the separation of its parents is announced if the father knew about the pregnancy or it was visible. The child’s rights are not recognised if no contact between the wife and the husband were concluded since signing the marriage certificate, or if the birth takes place 300 days from the moment the husband was absent. The last will and the inheritance The will is a voluntarily prepared document establishing the division of property in the case of death. For the will to be valid, it must be written by a person of age and mentally healthy, who passes their property voluntarily onto their beneficiaries. A will cannot be realised if its assets are pledged for a loan, unless the creditors release the property and allow the distribution of the inheritance. The will may refer to the entire property of the deceased or only its part, which will be passed onto heirs or third parties. Whoever commits a premeditated act of murder on the author of the will, will be excluded from its provisions. The author of the will may donate their property to charity. Religious differences between persons present in the will have no influence on the validity of the will. The beneficiary can use the inheritance immediately after the announcement of the will. A rejected inheritance is divided according to the precepts of religion. The author of the will can revoke it in whole or in part, and modify it as they wish. If the assets of the will are lost by inadvertent errors of the beneficiaries, they are not required to provide a guarantee. If, however, the loss of property is a result of deliberate and intentional actions, the guilty beneficiary must submit a warranty – secured according to the value of the will. If one of the beneficiaries mentioned in the will dies before the author of the will, who does not change the provision referring to this beneficiary before his death, the part passed onto this beneficiary in the will goes to his heirs, if there are any, if not – such a part of the will is shared between the remaining beneficiaries of the will who are alive. If the author of the will and the beneficiary die at the same time and it can not be determined which one was first, then the right to the inheritance goes to the heirs of the beneficiary, if there are any, if not – it is divided between the remaining beneficiaries of the will according to the precepts of religion. If a person writes a will as a bachelor and then gets married and God blesses him with children, such a will is invalid and the property is distributed according to the precepts of religion. If, however, the person has no children, the will shall be realised after the spouse’s share in the property is established. The author of the will confirms and records it with a Druze judge or Sheikh al-Akl. After the will is recorded, it becomes ready for immediate implementation at any time without any further decisions of the judge. An unregistered will can only be realised when the judge has established its legitimacy. The beneficiaries are obliged to ask the judge to legally validate the will within two years from the author’s death. If they fail to do so, they lose their right to the property bequeathed in the will. This does not apply to minors, the disabled and the mentally ill. The original of the will is deposited with the judge, the interested parties only receive a certified copy. The judge may appoint a deputy in the person of one of the religious men to arrange and confirm the will. This person registers the will with the judge, if the author of the will asks him to do so. If the author of the will resides abroad, the authenticity of the document can be confirmed by an authority designated for this purpose in this country. In Lebanon, a will can be implemented only upon presentation of the regulatory text from a Druze judge, in accordance with the regulatory procedure referring to foreign rights on the territories of Lebanon and Syria. The register of wills takes place before a Druze judge. The author of the will signs the register in the presence of at least two witnesses, who also sign it. Then the judge certifies the formalities done in his presence. The author of the will receives a certified copy of the document. If the author of the will is illiterate, the confirmation of legitimacy is done by applying a fingerprint in the registry in the presence of the judge. The judge reads the will in the presence of at least two of the will’s beneficiaries. A will may remain undisclosed. To do so, the author of the will puts it in an envelope, then seals it with red wax, while the judge applies a judicial stamp and signs it. This procedure may also be performed by four witnesses. Then the judge makes a record of what has been done and assigns a number to the document in the book of wills. A certified copy is given to the author of the will. The judge keeps the sealed envelope and the contents of the will are known only to him. After the death of the author of the will, the envelope is opened in the presence of his relatives and the will is read out, before it is recorded in the book of wills. The original of the will stays with the judge and the relatives receive a certified copy. If the author wants to make changes in a will which is undisclosed or withdraw it, the judge makes a record of this event and signs it. The four witnesses of the act also sign the document. If a relative requests that the death of the author of the will is declared and inheritance property estimated, the judge announces the division of the inheritance according to a legitimate will or, if there is none, the division of property takes place according to the precepts of religion. If the deceased has not left a will or the will was invalidated, the division of property shall be according to the precepts of religion. Every issue connected with inheritance refers to the wisdom of the precepts of religion. If the beneficiary designated in the will dies, his legal heirs take over the assets bequeathed to him in the will. The donations “al-awqaf” In all which refers to “al-awqaf” – its management, use, validity, the appointment of persons entitled to receive “al-awqaf”, the distribution of profits from it – we use special “al-awqaf” files, tradition and the precepts of religion, as well as the current legislation. In the absence of a legal basis in the modern law, the Druze judge bases his decisions on the precepts of Islam, the Hanafi school or other legislation which is not in conflict with the Islamic doctrine. The aforementioned laws will be published in the Journal of Laws. All laws inconsistent with the above lose their value with the release of the Collection of Laws and Responsibilities.

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• Use your Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling text to complete the following: o Read Chapter 9, “Elaboration on Specific Therapies and Techniques Relevant to Addiction Counseling,” pages 266–300 (some sections of this chapter are in review from previous units). • Use your Addiction Treatment: A Strengths Perspective text to complete the following: o Review Chapter 8, “Strengths- and Evidence-Based Helping Strategies,” pages 314–351. Locate and read an article in the Capella University Library that discusses the application of a family systems approach to a specific addiction (substance use disorder or behavioral addiction). You will use the information in this unit’s second discussion. This activity will help you achieve the following learning components: • Research appropriate theoretical applications. Locate a peer-reviewed journal article in the Capella library database that discusses the application of a family systems approach to a specific addiction (substance use disorder or behavioral addiction). You will notice that some articles describe treatment interventions from a systemic viewpoint that focuses on the family unit rather than on the individual for treatment intervention. In contrast, others will describe systemic interventions that are intended to be among the treatment modalities (such as individual and group) that will be included as part of treatment for addiction for a clearly identified individual client. Considering the systemic interventions described in your selected article, analyze and discuss the following: • What may be advantages or disadvantages of the systemic intervention based upon whether the family or the individual is the focus of treatment? • How does the intervention fit within a model of addiction (disease, moral, biopsychosocial, et cetera)? • How applicable is the intervention to diverse families and couples? Do you need help with this assignment or any other? We got you! Place your order and leave the rest to our experts.

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Comprehensive analysis, in the financial world, refers to the thorough analysis of all relevant aspects of a company’s financial operations. Comprehensive analysis, in the financial world, refers to the thorough analysis of all relevant aspects of a company’s financial operations. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a complete picture of a company’s financial situation, both now and projected into the future. Conducting a comprehensive analysis requires gathering all information from a company’s financial reports, including the most recent report as well as past reports. This information is used to calculate financial ratios, which are metrics used to measure different aspects of a company’s operations and compare them to similar companies in the same industry. When investors decide which companies deserve their capital, they often do a rigorous scrutiny of the company’s financial information. That way, they can better decide whether or not a company is a worthwhile investment. Likewise, companies themselves may want to find out how their numbers compare to other competitors in the same industry. A comprehensive analysis can achieve these goals by dissecting all aspects of a company’s financial data. An important factor to consider when performing a comprehensive analysis on a company is that the results will be as accurate as the data that goes into them. This is especially true when trying to project a company’s financial situation at some point in the future. Since any forward-looking statements may only be approximations, the data behind these estimates must be extremely accurate to avoid incorrect assumptions. Once all the data is collected, the next step in a comprehensive analysis is to come up with financial ratios. These indices usually take one financial piece of information and break it down into another to arrive at a ratio. Ratios can be used to interpret the strength of virtually every important aspect of a company’s financial operations, including its profitability, liquidity, debt levels, cash flow, and so on. These proportions, however, are of little importance as simply raw numbers. Knowing, for example, that a company can pay off all of its current debts and still have 20% of the original value of its assets intact doesn’t mean much without some context to judge it. That’s why one of the final steps in comprehensive analysis should be to compare these ratios with the ratios of other financial leaders in the same industry. Making this comparison will give you an idea of where the company is thriving and which areas need improvement.

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Alcohol addiction is really a serious problem, and, according to the American Medical Association, it is also a disease. It is likely that this does not go away on its own. This should be fixed as soon as possible, but it will require a lot of work and constant vigilance even after the completion of the alcohol rehabilitation program to avoid relapse. Alcoholism is a constant disease that simply cannot be cured by a simple trip to a psychotherapist. The procedure is very long and complicated, and in fact it can be painful, but the damage that a person does to his body, as well as to his friends and family, is often much worse.Drug abuse and addiction literally cause physical disturbances in the brain and human body. Inevitably, the user begins to depend on these types of substances in order to maintain normal systemic functioning, and the mind does not know what to do without it. That’s why the best drug rehabilitation center will include a detoxification period, as well as a continuous support system when chemicals are removed and the body begins to recover. How to determine when a friend or relative will need to undergo Alcohol Rehabs program? Alcohol consumption is so widespread and widespread that it may be difficult for some people to realize that there is a problem. Does a friend who drinks often during night walks have problems? Glasses of wine before going to bed too much? Unfortunately, a person may know and understand that an addict has problems with alcohol, but never seeks a rehabilitation program for alcohol. However, alcohol rehabilitation does not require voluntary work. Regardless of whether a person is forced or assigned to a rehabilitation program, the success rate is relatively high, and many people can remain sober after the process is completed. This is why family and friends’ interventions are often the first step in successfully overcoming coercion.

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Alliums are perennial bulbs that die back completely each winter. The bulbs have a wide variety of blooming times, ranging from late spring all of the way to late summer. After blooming, each cultivar will start to die back for the season. Early blooming cultivars will be completely dormant by the time the late varieties flower. Pruning in all cases involves a simple cutting back of the remaining leaves and stems at the right time. When to Prune Alliums Alliums are bulbs and need to store energy in their bulb for the winter and next season's growth. After the bloom stem has died back, it can be cut off, or deadheaded, to prevent the plant from forming seeds. The remaining foliage needs to be left alone for as long as possible. The longer it stays attached, the more food the bulb can store for winter. Make sure to remove all leaves and stems by the first frost. Freezing of the foliage will make it slimy and more prone to rot the bulb. Since ornamental alliums bloom just once a season, there is no way to encourage reblooming by regular deadheading or pruning of the plant. The remaining foliage is often attractive for a few more weeks and can add interest when combined with other perennials that have contrasting or complimentary leaf shapes. Why Prune Alliums Pruning, or cutting back alliums is part of the annual fall maintenance cycle. Cutting off any leaves and stems as soon as they die back will help to control the spread of any diseases. All alliums, edible and ornamental, are susceptible to fungal rusts and mildew that can overwinter on infected plant material. The easiest way to prevent these diseases is to use good fall sanitation practices and avoid watering the plants with overhead sprinklers or hose-end sprayers. How to Prune Alliums Step 1 - Deadhead the spent flower Cut the flower stem all of the way back to the basal leaves, so that the plant does not put energy into setting seeds. Step 2 - Wait for the leaves to naturally die back Remove the dead leaves and stems at ground level. Waiting for them to die back on their own will help the bulb make enough food for the winter and next growing season. Step 3 - Cut back the leaves and stems of late bloomers after the first frost Leaves and stems of late-blooming cultivars should be removed once they die back. The first frost will turn the leaves slimy and should be removed before they can rot the bulb. Allium Pruning Tips - Deadhead flowers to keep plant from setting seeds that take energy away from the bulb - Let foliage and stems die back naturally - Cut back foliage and stems of late bloomers after the frost has killed them - Ornamental alliums only bloom once a growing season This page contains affiliate links to products on Amazon. We may receive a commission for purchases made through these links.

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A Book of Abstract Algebra, Second Edition (1982) APPENDIX C. REVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION The basic assumption one makes about the ordering of the integers is the following: Well-ordering principle. Every nonempty set of positive integers has a least element. From this assumption, it is easy to prove the following theorem, which underlies the method of proof by induction: Theorem 1: Principle of mathematical induction Let A represent a set of positive integers. Consider the following two conditions: (i)1 is in A. (ii)For any positive integer k, if k is in A, then k + 1 is in A. If A is any set of positive integers satisfying these two conditions, then A consists of all the positive integers. PROOF: If A does not contain all the positive integers, then by the well-ordering principle (above), the set of all the positive integers which are not in A has a least element; call it b. From Condition (i), b ≠ 1; hence b > 1. Thus, b − 1 > 0, and b — 1 ∈ A because b is the least positive integer not in A. But then, from Condition (ii), b ∈ A, which is impossible. ■ Here is an example of how the principle of mathematical induction is used: We shall prove the identity that is, the sum of the first n positive integers is equal to n(n + 1)/2. Let A consist of all the positive integers n for which Equation (1) is true. Then 1 is in A because Next, suppose that k is any positive integer in A; we must show that, in that case, k + 1 also is in A. To say that k is in A means that By adding k + 1 to both sides of this equation, we get From this last equation, k + 1 ∈ A. We have shown that 1 ∈ A, and moreover, that if k ∈ A, then k + 1 ∈ A. So by the principle of mathematical induction, all the positive integers are in A. This means that Equation (1) is true for every positive integer, as claimed. Use mathematical induction to prove the following: 1 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2n − 1) = n2 (That is, the sum of the first n odd integers is equal to n2.) 2 13 + 23 + ⋯ + n3 = (1 + 2 + ⋯ + n)2 3 12 + 22 + ⋯ + n2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4 13 + 23 + ⋯ + n3 = n(n + 1)2 6 12 + 22 + ⋯ + (n − 1)2 < < 12 + 22 + ⋯ + n2

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June 2019 was the hottest June recorded on planet Earth As if we needed any proof that it is hot out there, a European satellite agency has announced that June 2019 had the hottest global temperatures for the month, making it the warmest June ever recorded on Earth. The previous warmest June was recorded in June 2016. A heat wave in Europe caused extreme temperatures all over the continent. In France, the highest temperature in the country’s history was recorded (114 degrees F) and wildfires raged across Spain as temperatures topped 104 degrees F. Experts warn that climate change makes record-setting heat waves at least five times as likely to happen. Warm winters in Alabama are contributing to “super nests” of wasps Perennial yellow jacket nests, aka “super nests,” are popping up around Alabama this summer. The nests contain 15,000- 18,000 aggressive wasps with multiple queens and can grow to the size of a Volkswagen Beetle. Entomologists believe that warm winter weather and abundant food supply have allowed some colonies to survive the winter and enter spring in much larger numbers that normal. Usually, the colony’s workers do not survive the cold winter weather, leaving the queen to leave and form a new colony. Researchers usually document about 4 or 5 super nests each year. In 2006, over 90 were documented. This year, two super nests were confirmed in May, a month earlier than the previous early identification, leading scientists to think that this year may see more super nests than ever before. The public is warned not to disturb a giant yellow jacket colony. Only a licensed pest removal company should remove a colony. A fire at a Jim Beam bourbon warehouse is killing fish in the Kentucky River A recent blaze at a Jim Beam warehouse in Kentucky burned 45,000 barrels of bourbon. Firefighters from four counties responded and when the fire was out officials announced that the runoff from the firefighting efforts caused a 24-mile long alcohol plume in the Kentucky River. The plume, which is causing low oxygen levels in the water, is slowly traveling toward the Ohio River, where it is expected to dilute to safe levels. Thousands of fish have already died, and crews are working to aerate the water in an effort to increase the oxygen levels for the fish. Authorities say that the water is not harmful to people.

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Past Perfect tense It is a past of past means long past. We use it when two actions occurred. In two actions; an earlier action is used in past perfect Tense and later action in past simple tense. Earlier action (preceding action), Later action(succeeding act) Sub + had + action III + Obj. Sub + action II Past perfect͠ before ͠ past simple Past simple After Past perfect tense - The patient had died before the doctor reached his home. - The train had left before I reached the station. - He had already read this whole book before I came home. - I came after he had gone. - She had gone from home when I came to meet her. - They had just taken lunch when Students entered the staff room. - I didn’t look at anything until I had finished my conversation with the prime minister of India. - After he had gone from home, I found money in his suitcase. - Before I went to bed, my cousin had come to me. Some time expressing adverbs and conjunctions are followed by perfect tense: Ever, just, recently, already, so far, yet, up to now, by the time, by + time, after, before, never, till, just then etc. By the time, subject + verb 2nd form, subject + had + verb 3rd form (1st action). - By the time, I reached the theatre, my friends had already come there. - Rahul told me that He had never been to France. - I got to know that she had not done his work so far. - I found that she hadn’t come home yet. - It was the best decision I had ever made. If the work was supposed to accomplish in past but wasn’t completed, we generally express it by some verbs: hope, expect, think, mean, intend, suppose, want These verbs are used to denote expectations that weren’t fulfilled. In this situation, All the verbs are used with past perfect tense. Examples: - He had wanted to go abroad but unfortunately, he lost his money. - She had hoped to see her brother but she couldn’t. - My father had expected to settle me in Canada (but I didn’t settle). - He had been supposed to meet me. (but did not meet) - He had expected to get selected for an interview. ( but could not) - I had intended to open my café. (but I could not open it) Note: if there is no time gap in two actions, we use Simple Past Tense, not Past Perfect Tense. - When she scolded her child, he began to weep. - When the teacher came, all the students sat silently. - He got up early in the morning and finished his morning chores and then he went for a morning walk. (past routine) – no time gap - As soon as the peon rang the bell, the students left their classes.

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In a press release, researchers have reported that a first patient in the United States has been treated in a late-stage clinical trial of the AeriSeal System to treat emphysema. Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham injected a foam sealant into the lungs of a former smoker on Oct. 29, 2012. The therapy, approved for use in parts of Europe and Israel, is undergoing investigation in the U.S. as a potential method of reducing lung volume in patients with severe emphysema. An estimated 4.9 million Americans have been diagnosed with emphysema, a lung disease usually caused by smoking, which damages alveoli and results in breathing difficulties. Lung volume reduction(LVR) surgery has been employed to treat emphysema with some success, although it is not a universally accepted treatment and comes with its own attendant risks. In LVR, diseased portions of the lungs are surgically removed, allowing the lungs to return to a more normal size. This in turn allows the diaphragm to resume normal function. The AeriSeal System treatment is performed via a standard bronchoscopy, in which a bronchoscope is used to thread a catheter through the patient’s airway to the most diseased areas of the lung. The foam, a proprietary polymer, comes in two liquid parts which are mixed together moments before injection. The addition of air to the mixture produces the foam. Within about 30 minutes of injection, the foam hardens to a rubbery consistency, blocking off the holes in the air sacs and causing sealing the damaged regions of lung. Over the course of several weeks, the air sacs deflate and the lung shrinks in size, clearing the way for the diaphragm to return to normal function. “We have been in search of a less-invasive way to achieve the same goal of lung reduction, without the risks inherent in surgery,” says Mark Dransfield, M.D., associate professor in the division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and primary investigator in the new study. “Based on previous studies and experience overseas, the AeriSeal System appears to be nearly as effective as lung volume reduction surgery without the more significant risks of surgery,” says Dransfield. “The main side effect of this therapy is an immune system inflammatory response with flu-like symptoms that resolves over the course of two or three days.” The full article can be found here. Source: University of Alabama, Birmingham

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10 June 2016 This week’s spellings have been chosen by the children and me because they’re words we’ve noticed lots of us make mistakes on. These spellings will be tested on Friday 17 June. Summer Half Term In line with our Homework Policy, there are no homework tasks or spellings to learn next week because it’s the Summer half-term holiday. Of course, there are plenty of ways to help your child continue learning: get reading, go places, talk lots! Have a happy and healthy holiday. 20 May 2016 This week’s spellings link to our themed ‘Money Week’ and will be tested on Friday 27 May. As we’re going to be developing our understanding of money next week – what it’s worth, where it comes from, where it goes – it is just as important that the children explore what these words mean as well as how they are spelled. 13 May 2016 This week’s spellings are to practise changing …ble to …bly. Note how each word initially ends in ‘e’ but this is removed when the ‘y’ is added. - possible, possibly, - horrible, horribly, - terrible, terribly, - visible, visibly, - incredible, incredibly, - sensible, sensibly These words will be tested on Friday 20 May but, don’t forget, the point of learning these spellings is to spell them correctly – not to do well in a test! The words have now been added to Spellodrome so there are plenty of different ways we can practise our spellings. 06 May 2016 This week’s spellings mainly focus on words with the ‘erred‘ spelling pattern with some other odd double ups included. Ten of these spellings will be tested on Friday 13 May. - referred, reference, referee - preferred, preference, preferring - transferred, transferring, transference - interrupt, interrupting, interrupted - necessary, unnecessary - assistance, assistant, assisted, assisting Don’t forget: it’s really important to learn what these spellings mean, how to use them in a sentence and be able to spell them beyond a test. 29 April 2016 This week’s spellings focus on the double up rule and will be tested on Friday 6 May. It’s important to practise spellings regularly so that they are learnt and not just remembered for a week in order to score well in a test. We’ve created lots of different ways to practise our spellings in class that can be done at home and, don’t forget, we now have Spellodrome to use at home. Any feedback on this resource would be greatly appreciated. 22 April 2016 This week’s spellings will cover two different areas. Our main spelling list focusses on plurals and the different rules we need to follow when adding ‘s’. However, the children will be asked to write a sentence for their test on Friday which will include a homophone that they’ll be required to spell correctly. - the laboratory – 10 laboratories - one photocopy – 6 photocopies - my memory – lots of memories - large chimney – 2 large chimneys - the display – 5 displays - nice accessory – multiple accessories - one wolf – a pack of wolves - a knife – sharp knives - a cliff – some cliffs - delicious loaf – tasty loaves We’ve discussed homophones throughout the week, particularly those we often get wrong: their, there, they’re; of, off; here, hear; to, two, too. See how many you can think of and have fun with it. We managed to think of a group of four homophones; can you? How many lists of three can you come up with? Time yourselves and see who can write the greatest number of pairs of homophones in 30 seconds. 24 March 2016 This week’s spellings will test how well children are retaining information they are learning by focussing on spellings covered across the year so far. There have been many different spelling rules and patterns explored up to this point in the year. Next week’s test will be from the spelling lists learnt in the first half term (07.09.15 – 23.10.16). Children should look over these lists and note the patterns we learnt about, picking out words they think they found most tricky at the time. Ten spellings from this list will be tested as children are not expected to learn spelling simply for a test but for long term use of these words. 18 March 2016 Spellings this week are not one specific list. The children have gone through their English book and picked out words they have spelt incorrectly in the past in order to learn these and not make the same mistake again. It’s best if ten minutes of each day is given to practising spellings and we’ve looked at lots of different ways in which we can practise in class. - word shapes - word pyramids - missing vowels - create a crossword - make it into a wordsearch - good old look, write, cover, check. These spellings will be tested on Thursday 24 March. 11 March 2016 |This week’s words are all words with prefixes which change the word to mean the opposite of its original meaning. Can you think of any more? Many of these words can be turned into adverbs by adding the suffix ‘ly’- when do you need to drop the last ‘e’ to add ‘ly’?| |word 1||word 2||word 3|

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“Stoicism and the Art of Happiness” by Donald Robertson (Book Summary) Stoicism and the Art of Happiness by Donald Robertson is a book about Stoicism and how to apply it in the modern world. The book shows you ways in which Stoicism can contribute towards a philosophy of life – an art of living with Happiness that aspires to be both rational and social. “In a nutshell, the Stoics said that the goal of life is consistently to live in harmony and agreement with the nature of the universe, and to do this by excelling with regard to our own essential nature as rational and social beings.” Robertson says that “ancient Stoicism was the granddaddy of all ‘self-help’ and its ideas and techniques have inspired many modern approaches to both personal development and psychological therapy.” Stoicism will help you develop calmness in adversity and help you deal with life’s challenges more effectively. If this sounds like something you could use in your daily life, then read on. Who is Stoicism and the Art of Happiness for? - Anyone seeking a deeper understanding of Stoicism - Anyone interested in a philosophical way to live a happy life - Anyone who wants to become more emotionally resilient 1. The Stoic Goal of Life The best-known definition of the Stoic goal of life, which is attributed either to Zeno or to Chrysippus, was simple ‘living in agreement with nature.’ We can think of ‘living in agreement with Nature’ as living harmoniously across three important dimensions of life: - Self: Harmony with our own essential nature, with ourselves as rational beings, which requires perfecting reason and virtue and fulfilling nature. - World: Harmony with Nature as a whole, which means accepting our fate, insofar as it’s beyond our control, as if we’d willed it to happen, rather than complaining and struggling futilely against events. - Mankind: Social harmony or ‘concord’ with other people, viewing all rational beings as our kin, and extending our natural affection for others into a heartfelt ‘philanthropic’ attitude towards the rest of mankind. For the Stoics, a perfect human being would be someone whose life is both honorable and benefits themselves and others. We can live in agreement with nature if we use reason in our actions, if we accept what we can’t change, and if we show natural affection towards others. 2. True Beauty Resides in Our Character The essence of Stoic Ethics is the claim that practical wisdom, or ‘virtue’, by which they basically mean the same thing, is the only true good, and what is not ‘up to us’ is ultimately indifferent. The Stoics were unique in arguing that being a good person is completely sufficient to live the good life. Only the good and honourable person is truly beautiful because true beauty resides in our character. The good is also what is genuinely ‘praiseworthy,’ what we admire in ourselves and others. Health, wealth and reputation, by themselves, cannot help a foolish and unjust man attain the good life. Nor can sickness, poverty or persecution harm the virtuous man’s wellbeing… As Seneca puts it, Stoics come to see that ‘Life is neither good nor bad; it is the space for both good and bad’, meaning that life can be used wisely or foolishly, virtuously or viciously. For the Stoics, the chief good can only be found in our actions, not in uncontrollable external circumstances. It is who you are as a person that matters for the good life. As Donald Robertson puts it, “external ‘goods’ do not relate to our essential nature as rational and social beings and merely confuse foolish people over the true worth of a man’s character.” 3. Passions Are the Root Cause of Human Suffering One of the most important arguments of the Stoics was that it is impossible to imagine someone who is on the one hand a wise and good man, having attained perfect eudaimonia, and, on the other hand, still plagued by emotional disturbance or pathological desires. The Stoics famously refer to these as the ‘passions’ (pathé); they believed them to be the root cause of all human suffering, and essentially toxic to eudaimonia. ‘Life is warfare’, and the Stoic achieves serenity by arming himself to face whatever may be inflicted on him by the vicissitudes of events, the turning ‘Wheel of Fortune’. The promise of philosophy was therefore the promise of both Happiness and the emotional resilience to retain it in the face of setbacks. The ability to overcome unhealthy fears and desires is termed apatheia, being ‘passionless’ or rather without passions of the problematic sort. Strong negative emotions are what often get in the way to lead the good life. Which is why a Stoic must train herself to not get overwhelmed by such emotions. So that we can remain calm even in the face of adversity. According to Robertson, this goal to overcome the ‘passions’ has caused confusion and “led to the widespread misconception that the Stoics are somehow ‘unemotional’ or seek to repress their feelings.” Which is not the case as you’ll find out in the next point. 4. Stoics Feel Emotions but Don’t Get Overwhelmed by Them Zeno meant that the wise man was not enslaved by his feelings of fear or desire, but we’re explicitly told here that’s not the same as being ‘ hard-hearted’ and ‘insensitive’, which is the false impression many people today have of Stoicism. A brave man isn’t someone who doesn’t experience any trace of fear whatsoever but someone who acts courageously despite feeling anxiety. A man who has great self-discipline or restraint isn’t someone who feels no inkling of desire but someone who overcomes his cravings, by abstaining from acting upon them. The Sage conquers his passions by becoming stronger than them not by eliminating all traces of emotion from his life. Basically, Stoics feel the negative emotions but they manage to act right despite of those strong emotions. They say having those emotions is natural, but we can become stronger so that we don’t get overwhelmed or enslaved by them. This is not the same thing as being unemotional or hard-hearted. The Stoics used the Story of Hercules as a metaphor for the good life: “that it’s better to face hardships, rise above them, and thereby excel, than to embrace easy living and idleness, and allow your soul to shrink and deteriorate as a result.” 5. Accept What Happens with Equanimity This philosophical attitude (acceptance) towards events is encapsulated in one of the Stoic Handbook’s most striking and important maxims: “Seek not for events to happen as you wish but rather wish for events to happen as they do and your life will go smoothly.” Hadot likewise describes the discipline of desire as consisting in a refusal to desire anything other than what is willed by the Nature of the universe, our fate. Marcus speaks of the need to ‘find satisfaction’ in the external events that befall us, that we should ‘greet them joyfully’, ‘accept them with pleasure’, ‘love’ them and ‘will’ them to happen as determined by our fate. Whether we realize it or not, we are all living out the lives fated for us, either willingly or reluctantly. Zeno illustrated this with a striking metaphor: the wise man is like a dog tethered to a cart, running alongside and smoothly keeping pace with it, whereas a foolish man is like a dog that struggles against the leash but finds himself dragged alongside the cart anyway. The Stoics tried to accept whatever happened to them, because they realized they couldn’t change these things. Therefore it’s futile to fight against what’s too late to change. Like the dog who gets dragged alongside the cart despite him pulling in the other direction. This discipline often gets called amor fati, meaning loving acceptance of your fate. 6. Acceptance Is Not the Same as Resignation [The majority of people confuse acceptance with resignation] and respond to the Stoic therapy of determinism – the idea that absolutely everything in life necessarily happens as it does – by saying ‘What’s the point doing anything then, if everything is determined?’ Chrysippus dismissed this as a crude logical fallacy called ‘The Lazy Argument’ (argos logos) because it both justifies being lazy and, arguably, involves lazy thinking itself. Events are not determined to happen in a particular way, regardless of what you do, but rather along with what you do. Your own thoughts and actions are necessitated as part of the whole ‘string of causes’ that forms the universe. The outcome of events still often depends on your actions, though. The Stoics are committed to taking ‘appropriate action’ in the world. Just because we should accept the things that happen in our lives does not mean that we should resign. Our actions will still co-direct the outcome of events. 7. The Three Rules of Action [Marcus] adds a very specific formula regarding the discipline of action… We should guard our ‘impulses’ to action attentively, being mindful that all our intentions are as follows: - I intend to do such-and-such ‘with a reserve clause’, meaning that I add the caveat ‘as long as nothing prevents me’ or ‘fate permitting’, and undertake action with a ‘philosophical attitude’ towards the outcome, calmly accepting from the outset that things may not turn out as I planned. - I intend to do this ‘for the common welfare’ of mankind, meaning that all of my actions, throughout life, are dedicated to a single external target, serving a common purpose or at least not conflicting with it, which was ultimately harmony and friendship among the community of mankind and their collective flourishing and Happiness. - I intend to do it ‘in accord with value’, meaning with practical wisdom and justice, dealing fairly with others by selecting those ‘preferred’ external things that are reasonably judged to be most appropriate under these specific circumstances. We should undertake our actions with enough detachment from the outcome to maintain our peace of mind (see the Stoic Archer). We should value the common good more than our own. And we should undertake our actions with good and just intentions. 8. In Times of Peace, Prepare for War The Stoics trained themselves to maintain equanimity and freedom from emotional suffering in the face of seeming ‘misfortunes’ by regularly visualizing and preparing to cope with them long in advance. A well-known fable of Aesop expresses a similar notion very nicely: A wild boar was sharpening his tusks against a tree when a fox came by and asked him why he was doing this. ‘I don’t see the reason,’ remarked the fox, ‘there are neither hunters nor hounds in sight; in fact right now I can’t see any threat at all.’ The boar replied, ‘True, but when danger does arise, I’ll have other things on my mind than sharpening my weapons.’ In times of peace, prepare for war. For the Stoics, this preparation was lifelong, and both physical and mental: It is in times of security that the spirit should be preparing itself with difficult times… If you want a man to keep his head when the crisis comes, you must give him some training before it comes (Seneca). The Stoics prepared for adversity long in advance as they wanted to remain calm in the face of adversity. They used the psychological technique William Irvine coined negative visualization, although the so-called misfortunes were not actually “negative” at all, but completely indifferent to the Stoics. Marcus Aurelius prepared for a challenging day first thing in the morning in his Stoic morning routine. 9. Test Your Impressions Before You React In a nutshell: ‘The discipline of assent consists essentially in refusing to accept within oneself all representations which are other than objective or adequate’ (Hadot). We can only evaluate our automatic thoughts or change our response to them once we’ve ‘caught’ them and taken a step back from them, a process technically referred to as gaining ‘cognitive distance’. This doesn’t mean distancing ourselves from events emotionally, by suppressing our feelings or distracting ourselves from things, but rather something more subtle and fundamental: distancing our thoughts from reality by viewing them as merely mental representations. When you spot an irrational fear or excessive desire arising… pause and do not allow yourself to be swept along by the impression it contains. Epictetus repeatedly advises his students to avoid being ‘carried away’ by their initial impressions… They were to remind themselves that it’s their own value judgments upsetting them rather than external events. When something happens to us, something inside us will quickly judge it as good or bad or annoying and our reaction will follow automatically. The Stoics say we must pause and reflect to test our impression of the event. Once we spot the impression, we can decide for ourselves whether we want to go along or not. Epictetus tells us that we can always turn ‘bad’ fortune into good fortune by responding with virtue. 10. Seek Wisdom in the Festival of Life Diogenes the Cynic also reputedly said that a good man considers every day to be a festival and Epictetus subsequently taught his students to contemplate life in this way. The Stoics used this metaphor to convey a sense of gratitude for the opportunity of life, while accepting that it is temporary and will soon come to an end. Natural philosophers are drawn to the pursuit of knowledge, which becomes their chief goal in life – ‘to study the festival before they leave it’. Epictetus says we should approach the ‘festival’ of life with this attitude, remembering that our life is ‘on loan’ from Nature and grateful for being allowed to participate in existence, albeit temporarily. We shouldn’t seek material gain in the festival of life, but rather enjoy the spectacle as philosophers or ‘lovers of wisdom’, who prize truth and knowledge, seeking to understand life in its entirety. Epictetus says we should regard the turmoil of life in a detached manner as if it were merely the unavoidable hustle and bustle of a busy festival. Let us know what you think of this summary in the comments below. Thanks for your support.

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What Causes Pulmonary Hypertension? Pulmonary hypertension is usually caused by changes in the cells that line the pulmonary arteries or capillaries which causes them to become narrowed, blocked or damaged. There are five kinds of pulmonary hypertension categorized by cause. Inflammation, tightening, stiffening, and blood clots in the arteries are common causes. When this happens, your heart’s lower right chamber (right ventricle) must work harder to move blood through the lungs. As a result, the pressure in your pulmonary arteries increases also causing right heart muscle to weaken and fail. Sometimes pulmonary hypertension can be caused by another medical problem (secondary pulmonary hypertension) i.e. heart or lung disease or by blood clots. In other cases, the cause of pulmonary hypertension is unknown (idiopathic pulmonary hypertension). What are the Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension? How is Pulmonary Hypertension Diagnosed? Right heart cathetertization The treatment is dependent on the underlying cause of the pulmonary hypertension but can include water pills, blood thinners, medicines that dilate the arteries, oxygen therapy, and in advanced cases heart-lung transplant.

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China, 5000 Years: Innovation and Transformation in the Arts by Helmut Brinker, et al. Publisher: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum 1998 Number of pages: 504 This catalogue is an invaluable resource for scholars of Chinese culture and art. It includes sixteen essays by scholars of Chinese culture, including Wu Hung, Helmut Brinker, James Cahill, Elizabeth Childs-Johnson, Patricia Ebrey, Sherman Lee, and Zhang Wenbin. Home page url Download or read it online for free here: by Randall Davies - ManyBooks The more one knows about the history of painting the greater will be the appreciation of the various excellences which tend to perfection, it is ridiculous to suppose that only the learned are capable of deriving enjoyment from a beautiful picture. by Harold North Fowler - MacMillan A sketch of the history of sculpture from the beginnings of civilization to the present day. The author attempted no detailed criticism. A brief description of the materials and methods employed in sculpture is contained in the Introduction. by Michael Norris, at al. - Metropolitan Museum of Art This book was designed not only to introduce a collection of Greek art to teachers and their students, but also to provide them with a general grounding in ancient Greek culture, from the prehistoric period to the end of the Classical age. by Franz von Reber - Harper & brothers A history of the fine arts that treats their various manifestations with intelligence and in just proportion. It serves equally well as an introduction to the study and as a treatise to which the advanced student may refer...

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The Magnus effect happens to a spinning object that drags air faster on one side, which causes the object to move in the direction of the lower-pressure side. Here’s a video showing the Magnus effect in action: Newton’s third law helps to prove the Magnus effect because the object pushes the air in one direction and the air pushes the body in the other direction, an action-reaction force. With a ball spinning through the air, some of the air spins around the ball with it. The side of the ball traveling into the air slows down the airflow, while the other side of the ball increases the airflow. A greater pressure on the side of the ball with the slow air pressure causes the ball to move in the opposite direction – toward the lower pressure.

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Irritable Bowel Dysfunction (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the large and small intestine. The major forms of IBD include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The main difference between these two forms of IBD are the location and nature of the inflammation. Crohn’s disease can affect any portion of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus (although many cases begin in the ileum of the small intestine) and affects the entire bowel wall. In contrast, ulcerative colitis is confined to the colon and rectum and affects mainly the intestinal mucosa. Symptoms of IBD include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, bloody stools, vomiting, nausea and weight loss. Irritable Bowel Dysfunction may be the result of dietary factors, impaired digestion, antibiotic use, genetic predisposition, etc. The most common causes of IBD are bacterial or viral infections, along with immune dysfunction. A variety of micro-organisms have been implicated in the development of IBD, including various bacteria, amoeba, yeasts, molds, mycoplasmas, etc. Hormonal changes may trigger IBD symptoms (80% of IBD patients are women). Studies show that IBD is often associated with other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions. Arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes and psoriasis are all seen with greater incidence in patients with IBD. IBD may be a causative factor in the development of uveitis, a condition involving chronic inflammation in the eye and sarcoidosis, a chronic disease marked by the formation of inflammatory nodules throughout the body, most commonly in the lung, liver and lymph glands. IBD-Tox is a powerful homeopathic detoxifier homaccord specifically designed to address the most common causative factors related to Irritable Bowel Dysfunction. Multiple homaccords include amoeba, bacillinum, penicillin, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Brucella canis and Mycobacterium T-para. Sarcodes provide the blueprint of healthy tissue/secretions and assist in the repair of damaged intestinal mucosa.

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Mona Lisa Smile, 2003 No other film provides such. A compelling example of how a single, progressive thinker can sway the minds of so many. The movie is all about women’s rights; the right to make the choices you want, not the choices society dictates. A new college teacher, Catherine Watson, tries to use her art classes to help. Her students keep up with the times to get the message that women should be independent. A higher education But getting used to this idea is not easy, not only for the students. Because all their lives they just did what they dreamed of marriage, but also for the teaching staff, for whom. Catherine’s ideas were totally unacceptable. Northern Country, 2005 Who says a woman’s place is at the cooker? What if she wants to work in a mine because it pays well and she has children to feed? The main character, Josie Ames, returns to her hometown in Northern Minnesota to find her. She has to find a job and has to work at it. A mine where almost all the local men, including her father, work The few women working in the mine are few and far between. They all have to endure the harsh taunts and negative attitudes of the men. One can, of course, keep silent and tolerate, but then how can one defend one’s rights and dignity? “North Country” is a film based on true events, touching on the story of the first sexual harassment case. Turning into Jane, 2006 Great Britain, Ireland That’s the literal translation of the title of the English film. Becoming Jane, starring Anne Hathaway and James McAvoy, although you may also come across the title “Jane Austen”. In fact, it’s the story of the famous British author that the filmmakers have tried to recreate. And if you’ve read Pride and Prejudice or seen the film, you’ll find a lot of points of overlap. The film also tells the story of Austen’s rise as a writer and her first and only love, Thomas Lefroy. because the young people’s marriage would have been impractical. As both families were relatively poor and hoped to take advantage of their offspring’s marriages to improve their financial and social standing, Jane and Tom were never destined to be together. But the writer flatly refused to marry at the age of thirty, and so Jane put on a bonnet, announcing to the world that she was henceforth an old maid.

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Autism is undeniably influenced by genes, but a new study suggests that environmental factors may also contribute significantly — more than researchers previously thought — to the developmental disorder. In fact, environmental factors may play at least as big a role as genes in causing autism. Dr. Joachim Hallmayer, a psychiatrist at the Stanford University School of Medicine, and his team report online in the Archives of General Psychiatry that shared environmental influences may account for as much as 55% of autism risk, while less than 40% can be attributed to genes. The study modeled risk, but did not specify which environmental factors were at play. But other research has implicated increasing maternal and paternal age, low birth weight, multiple pregnancies and any medications or infections to which an expectant mom is exposed during pregnancy. Autism, which affects at least 1% of children, is a complex disorder, so it’s no surprise that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its development. But in recent years, experts have focused intensively on the genetic components of autism; with the availability of more sophisticated tools to analyze genetic changes and development of disease, researchers have identified important clues about autism’s roots in DNA. But the rise in autism spectrum disorders has occurred too quickly to be explained fully by genes. And scientists know that genetic changes don’t occur in a vacuum. Such aberrations, combined with non-genetic factors, may offer a fuller picture of what causes the disorder. To determine how much either factor may contribute to autism, Hallmayer’s group analyzed identical and fraternal twins, in which either one or both were diagnosed with autism or an autism spectrum disorder. Identical twins share identical genetic makeup, while fraternal twins are only as genetically similar as any two siblings. So by comparing the prevalence of autism between the two groups, the scientists were able to determine with relative assurance how much genes and shared environment contributed to the twins’ conditions. The study found that the likelihood of both twins being affected by autism was higher among identical than fraternal twins. That suggests that genetics plays a key role in the disorder. But importantly, the chance of both twins being affected by autism was not low among fraternal twins, which is counter to what would be expected if genetics were the dominant factor. The study also found that autism rates among both identical and fraternal twins were higher than in the general population. That further suggests that environmental factors, probably shared by the twins as early as in the womb, contribute significantly to causing the disorder. “The fact that both groups have elevated rates suggests that something is making the two groups of twins similar to each other,” says Neil Risch, director of the Institute for Human Genetics at University of California San Francisco and senior author on the paper. “Whether it occurs in utero, during childbirth or soon thereafter, we can’t differentiate. But it suggests that something environmental is causing the twins to be alike.” Risch notes that the results do not discount genetic factors by any means. “It’s not either-or in terms of genetics or environment,” he says. “We’re not saying autism isn’t genetic, because the huge majority of twins don’t have autism. Obviously something is priming the risk, and it looks like that may be a genetic predisposition. So a genetic base and environmental factors together may explain autism better.” The risk in twins with a genetic vulnerability may be triggered by being a multiple, for instance; something about the more crowded uterine environment may contribute to a greater chance of developing the disorder, Risch notes. The good news is that as researchers better understand the environmental factors that are responsible for autism, the more some of these factors may be modified to help lower the risk of the disorder. A fuller picture of the spectrum of both genetic and non-genetic contributors to autism may also help lead to more effective ways to treat it.

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By Arthur Steiner, Digital Specialist Hivos The early days of the internet were characterized by idealistic ambitions: it would be a space of extraordinary freedom beyond the constraints of money or politics. But 25 years later, the situation is very different. Social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook exercise more control over the way we access information and share knowledge than any single country. They regulate and police the speech of millions of people and allow unprecedented levels of disinformation, hate speech and violence to proliferate. In the regions where Hivos works, for example, these platforms are enabling ever more polarization and online sexual abuse, and deftly facilitate disinformation campaigns that target LGBTQI+ communities and those who defend their rights. Greed and captivation One of the root causes behind this is the ad-driven business models of these tech companies. Their platforms are designed to gamify our behavior, encourage consumption, and ensure that we stay engaged as long as possible. By prioritizing user attention and growth, they have cultivated a uniform digital space dominated by clickbait, branded content, and influencer behavior. Algorithms manage the public debate and often amplify racism, sexism, ableism and homophobia, creating an attention economy that works against marginalized communities. Big Tech is transforming the digital public sphere into a digital monoculture, and we need to fight back against this homogenization and commodification of the digital public sphere. An alternative digital sphere Hivos works towards a vibrant and diverse digital public sphere where people can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems and influence political action. We support people who imagine and push for just and inclusive alternatives to the status quo. They work across civil society, academia, in the media and the arts. An example of our work is the Digital Defenders Partnership, which promotes an open internet, free from threats to expression, association, assembly, privacy, and other fundamental rights. Another example is the Resource of Open Minds and its Digital Earth fellowship which supports sci-fi writers, filmmakers, artists and futurists who imagine more humane digital futures in their documentaries, artwork and research projects. Countering the digital monoculture As part of Digital Earth, we interviewed seven future-oriented activists, artists and academics. We asked them, “How can we counter the digital monoculture?” The interviews cover a wide range of topics, from indigenous futurism to afro-feminism, speculative storytelling, and the need for a fossil-free internet. A recurring theme is the importance of amplifying the work of activists, artists, and filmmakers to reach wide audiences with narratives that focus on humane digital futures. Storytelling through film, art and music can involve us all and shake us free from the paralyzing grip of dystopian futures presented as inevitable. Storytelling that interweaves a plurality of voices and knowledge can present a formidable challenge to simplistic narratives that focus on the privileged few. Hivos sees vital opportunities to support creatives and build alternative digital spaces and activist communities that will stand up to the digital monoculture. They are essential if we want to imagine and work towards a more humane and sustainable digital future. The interviews have been conducted by Arthur Steiner, Digital Specialist at Hivos and Anna Sejbaek Torp-Pedersen, Editor at Digital Earth in 2021. Interviewees & topics “For me it is a very straightforward question; if you want to break the digital monoculture you need to break big tech.” Spideralex: Founder of the collective Donestech Breaking the cycle of hopelessness “There is a huge discrepancy between what people think robots are and should look like and what robots that are successful at their job look like.” Dr Kanta Dihal: Senior Research Fellow at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge The whiteness of AI “We need to have different imaginations of the future or else we’re just going to end up where we are right now. We’re in the future that the US built.” Neema Iyer: Artist and technologist, founder of Pollicy Feminist technologies for change “One of the greatest tricks the computer science fields ever pulled is using the term ‘scientists’. They’re not scientists.” Jason Edward Lewis: Digital media theorist, poet and software designer Main challenges of AI “When I think about the idea of a monoculture, it’s the energy infrastructure and the internet infrastructure merging together” Michelle Thorne: @thornet, Sustainable Internet Lead at the Mozilla Foundation Advancing a sustainable internet “If you go to the British Museum or MET Museum, we can see the colonial power by simply asking how certain objects even got there. But with digital digital practices, it’s a much more grey or unknown area.” Morehshin Allahyari: Media artist, activist and writer “It would be so easy if we could just take Facebook or Google to court.” Nani Jansen Reventlow: Award-winning human rights lawyer Digital rights and strategic litigation

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Passover (Pesach in Hebrew) is a major Jewish spring festival, celebrating freedom and family as we remember the Exodus from Egypt more than 3,000 years ago. The main observances of this holiday center around a special home service called the Seder (meaning “order”), which includes a festive meal; the prohibition on eating chametz (food made with leavened grains, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, and spelt); and the eating of matzah (an unleavened bread made specially for Passover). The Book of Exodus tells that Jews were enslaved in ancient Egypt. God appeared to Moses in the form of a burning bush and commanded him to confront Pharaoh. God then inflicted a series of 10 plagues on the Egyptians, which are remembered during the Seder on each year. The name passover came to represent the way God excluded the Jews from its plagues during this portion of history. During the Seder, the story of the Exodus from Egypt is retold using a special text called the Haggadah. Four cups of wine are consumed at various stages in the narrative. The Haggadah divides the night’s procedure into 15 parts according to tradition. This involves remembering the story of our freedom, singing, and enjoying traditional food surrounded by our family. Passover is celebrated for seven days in our community. Every year we organise Community Passover Seder and support our members in ordering Matzah and other Kosher for Passover products. With celebrations including costumes, skits and songs, noisemakers, and gifts of food, Purim is definitely full of fun! Purim is a joyous holiday that affirms and celebrates Jewish survival and continuity throughout history. The main communal celebration involves a public reading—usually in the synagogue—of the Book of Esther (M’gillat Esther), which tells the story of the holiday. Purim is an unusual holiday in many respects. First, Esther is the only biblical book in which God is not mentioned. Second, Purim, like Hanukkah, is viewed as a minor festival according to Jewish custom, but has been elevated to a major holiday as a result of the Jewish historical experience. The main characters in the Book of Esther are Queen Esther, King Ahasveros, Mordechai (Esther’s uncle), and Haman (viceroy to Ahasveros). After Mordechai refuses to bow to Haman, Haman devises a plan to kill both Mordechai and all the Jews in the empire. As a consequence, Esther fasts and prays for three days, after which she requests an audience with Ahasveros. The night before Haman carries out his plan to kill Mordechai, Ahasveros discovers that Mordechai had been responsible for preventing the King’s assassination. Later that night, during Esther’s second banquet, Esther reveals to Ahasveros that she was Jewish and that Haman wanted to exterminate her people. As a result, Ahasveros commands that Haman be hanged. Some of the traditions of Purim involve: - While reading the Book of Ester, whenever Haman’s name is mentioned, the congregation engages in noise-making to blot out his name. - According to Halakha, we partake in “mishlochei manot” (sending or portions) which typically involve giving out food and charity. In some circles, this custom has evolved into a major gift-giving event. - Wearing masks or costumes. - Festive drinking. Over the centuries, Haman has come to symbolise every anti-Semite in every land where Jews were oppressed. The significance of Purim lies not so much in how it began, but in what it has become: a thankful and joyous affirmation of Jewish survival. Hanukkah, one of the most widely observed Jewish holidays, is a festive eight-day celebration that for many people falls during the darkest, coldest season of the year. Also called the Festival of Lights, the holiday brings light, joy, and warmth to our homes and communities as we celebrate with candles, food, family, and friends. Light comes literally, with the lighting of an additional candle each day, and metaphorically, through a newer emphasis on charitable donations and a commitment to the work of repairing the world (tikkun olam) during the holiday. Hanukkah (alternately spelled Chanukah), meaning “dedication” in Hebrew, commemorates the victory of a small group of Jewish rebels (led by Judah Maccabee and his brothers, collectively known as “the Maccabees”) over the armies of Syria in 165 B.C.E. and the subsequent liberation and “rededication” of the Temple in Jerusalem. Following this liberation, the Temple was purified and although there was only enough sacred oil to light the menorah for one day, by miracle, it lasted for eight days. Modern celebrations of Hanukkah focus on family and friends and include the lighting of the Hanukkah menorah (also called a hanukkiyah). Other customs include: singing special songs (for example, Ma’Oz Tzur), reciting the Hallel prayer, eating fried foods (most commonly sufganiyot), and children commonly play with a dreidel. Immediately following Sukkot, we observe Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah, a fun-filled day during which we celebrate the completion of the annual reading of the Torah and affirm Torah as one of the pillars on which we build our lives. As part of the celebration, the Torah scrolls are taken from the ark and carried or danced around the synagogue seven times. During the Torah service, the concluding section of the fifth book of the Torah, D’varim (Deuteronomy), is read, and immediately following, the opening section of Genesis, or B’reishit as it is called in Hebrew, is read. This practice represents the cyclical nature of the relationship between the Jewish people and the reading of the Torah. Historically, Sh’mini Atzeret and Simchat Torah were two separate holidays (a day of reflection after the end of Sukkot and a celebration of Torah the following day). However, in Israel and in liberal congregations, which generally observe one day of holidays rather than two, Sh’mini Atzeret is observed concurrently with Simchat Torah. Sukkot is one of the most joyful festivals on the Jewish calendar. “Sukkot,” a Hebrew word meaning “booths” or “huts,” refers to the Jewish festival of giving thanks for the fall harvest. The holiday has also come to commemorate the 40 years of Jewish wandering in the desert after the giving of the Torah atop Mt. Sinai. Sukkot is celebrated five days after Yom Kippur on the 15th of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, and is marked by several distinct traditions. One, which takes the commandment to dwell in booths literally, is to erect a sukkah, a small, temporary booth or hut. Sukkot (in this case, the plural of sukkah) are commonly used during the seven-day festival for eating, entertaining and even for sleeping. It is one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals (“Shloshet HaRegalim”) along with Passover and Shavuot. Our sukkot have open walls and open doors, and this encourages us to welcome as many people as we can. We invite family, friends, neighbors, and community to rejoice, eat, and share what we have with each other. Another name for Sukkot is Chag Ha-asif, (Festival of the Ingathering), representing the importance in Jewish life of giving thanks for the bounty of the earth. On each day of Sukkot, there is a waving ceremony of the four species: - Etrog: The fruit of a citron tree. - Lulav: The leaf of a date palm tree. - Hadas: Boughs with leaves from the myrtle tree. - Aravah: Branches (with leaves) from the willow tree. These four species are characterised traditionally by their taste and smell. The Etrog has both good taste and smell, symbolising those who study Torah and do good deeds. The Lulav has taste but no smell, symbolising those who study Torah but do not do good deeds. The Hadas has good small but no taste, symbolising those who do good deeds but do not study Torah. Finally, the Aravah, has neither taste nor smell, symbolising those who do not study Torah nor do good deeds. Yom Kippur means “Day of Atonement” and refers to the annual Jewish observance of fasting, prayer and repentance. Part of the High Holidays, which also includes Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year), Yom Kippur is considered the holiest day on the Jewish calendar. It is the moment in Jewish time when we dedicate our mind, body, and soul to reconciliation with our fellow human beings, ourselves, and God. As the New Year begins, we commit to self-reflection and inner change. As both seekers and givers of pardon, we turn first to those whom we have wronged, acknowledging our sins and the pain we have caused them. We are also commanded to forgive, to be willing to let go of any resentment we feel towards those who have committed offenses against us. Only then can we turn to God and ask for forgiveness. As we read in the Yom Kippur liturgy, “And for all these, God of forgiveness, forgive us, pardon us, and grant us atonement.” Rosh Hashanah (literally, “Head of the Year”) is the Jewish New Year, a time of prayer, self-reflection, and repentance. We review our actions during the past year, and we look for ways to improve ourselves, our communities, and our world in the year to come. The holiday marks the beginning of a 10-day period, known as the Yamim Nora-im (“Days of Awe” or “High Holidays”), ushered in by Rosh Hashanah and culminating with Yom Kippur (the “Day of Atonement”). Rosh Hashanah is celebrated on the first day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, which – because of differences in the solar and lunar calendar – corresponds to September or October on the Gregorian or secular calendar. Rosh Hashanah customs include sounding the shofar (the horn of a ram), as prescribed in the Torah, attending synagogue services and reciting special liturgy about teshuva, as well as enjoying festive meals. Eating symbolic foods is now a tradition, such as apples dipped in honey, hoping to evoke a sweet new year. Another tradition in the form of food is the head of a fish symbolising the prayer: “Let us be the head, and not the tail.” and pomegranates, symbolising a fruitful year. One of its most characteristic traditions is the round challah bread symbolising the cycle of the year. The traditional greeting of this holiday is “Shana Tova (Umetukah)” wishing a good (and sweet) year, or “A Gut Yor” coming from Yiddish. However, after Rosh HaShana ends, the greeting is switched to “Gmar Chatimah Tovah” wishing a good final signature in the book of life (or to be inscribed in the book of life) as marked by the events of Yom Kippur.

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An Expositional Sermon “Sing & Praise God’s Power” Theme/Big Idea: God’s people sing & praise His power displayed in His work of salvation & judgment. Aim/Appropriation/Application: Pray that God would powerfully work in each of our hearts to sing and praise His power and strength as we see His salvation and wrath. (1) Praise God for His Work of Salvation in a King (Psalm 21:1-7) (2) Praise God for His Work of Judgment (Psalm 21:8-12) (3) The Life of God’s People Are Bound Up with King Jesus Questions for Further Study and Application: (1) How would you describe that verses 1-7 are fulfilled in Jesus Christ? (2) How would explain that David’s expansive language of God fulfilling all the requests of the king and giving eternal life isn’t an exaggeration or poetic hyperbole, but rather an arrow pointing at the fulfillment of God’s covenant with David fulfilled in Jesus? (3) How can you sing and praise God’s power exhibited in the salvation that is in Jesus Christ? (4) In verses 8-12 who are the enemies of the king and of God? (5) In what ways are you an enemy of God? How can we be saved from God’s wrath that we deserve for our rebellion against Him? (6) On the believer’s union with Christ…how can we have eternal life? (7) On the believer’s union with Christ…how was Christ crowned as king? (8) On the believer’s union with Christ…how did Christ bear the fiery wrath of God and the arrows that were pointed in the faces of His people? (9) Does your heart well up with praise to God for His just judgment? (10) How did Christ disarm the rulers and authorities? (11) Christ has already won our salvation…but we aren’t finally home yet. Do you eagerly long to see King Jesus face to face? (12) How can Psalm 21 be an encouragement to us as we persevere in turning from our sin and trusting in King Jesus? (13) Pray that God would make us worthy of His calling and that Jesus would be glorified in us and us in Him as we serve Him with our entire lives, submitting to Jesus Christ as our Lord and King. (14) How can we rejoice in sufferings as we suffer for Christ?

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|highway = steps| |For flights of steps on footways and paths.| |Rendering in OSM Carto| |Used on these elements| |Status: de facto| |Tools for this tag| For flights of steps on footways and paths. How to map Tags to use in combination - step_count=* can be added to indicate the number of steps, useful especially for cases where number of steps is low and sparse. It indicates in such cases that steps are less significant obstacle than indicated just by their length. - handrail=* can be used to specify where the handrail is located. - tactile_paving=yes/(no)/incorrect if there is a paving on both ends of the steps that can be found with a blind person's stick. - tactile_writing=yes/no indicates whether there is tactile writing available at the handrail(s) of the steps. - surface=* indicates the surface. - ramp=* indicates whether a ramp is available. - level=* the floor levels connected or passed through by the stairs (e.g. at stations) - level=0;1 between the ground floor and the 1st floor - width=* width in meters - name=* add if the steps have a special name - flat_steps=* a tag to express that the steps are actually flat enough to be driven on (e.g. 1 step every meter) - Do not use access=yes (it applies to all transport modes), if you want to tag steps as generally accessible to pedestrians the best solution is to not set any access tags. Following examples are with full steps-specific tagging. There are also other tags such as surface=*, lit=* etc not mentioned here. It is also fine to tag just highway=steps and leave detail for others. - Proposed features/Access Ramp is a proposal for tagging independent ramps - Proposed features/Area-steps is a proposal for mapping area steps from 2015-03-04 - Relations/Proposed/Area#Area-steps is a proposal for mapping area steps from 2009-12-02 - Stairs modelling some ideas regarding modeling more details - Proposed features/Steps features for additional tags describing steps - MENTZ GmbH/Modellierungsvorschläge Indoor#Treppen(de) Possible tagging mistakes

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Almost the entire green turtle population in parts of the northern Great Barrier Reef is now female, and scientists are concerned about their future. - Warmer temperatures generally produce more female hatchlings - In northern areas 99pc of the juvenile and subadult populations were female - Scientists found for the past 20 years in some areas there had been no male hatchlings A study published today in the journal Current Biology — led by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the US and in conjunction with scientists from Australia — found the group of turtles had primarily produced females for two decades, because of increasing temperatures. "Considering that sea turtle sex is dependent upon the temperature at which the egg incubates and considering that warmer temperatures produce more female hatchlings, we're concerned climate change might be causing this effect," Camryn Allen said, a marine biological researcher at NOAA. "The pivotal temperature for sea turtle populations where they produce 50 per cent male and 50 per cent female is about 29 degrees Celsius. "Any variation on that of about one to two degrees, could risk producing all females or perhaps embryonic death. "The temperature on the Great Barrier Reef has been higher than that pivotal temperature." 'Impossible to see impacts until after turtles are born' The study looked at more than 300 green turtles and found the southern part of the reef had a moderate female sex bias of up to 69 per cent. But in the warmer northern areas at Raine Island and Moulter Cay, the turtles were extremely female biased, with more than 99 per cent of the juvenile and subadult populations female. That was an increase in more females being born over time, because the adult population has an 86.7 per cent female bias. "There are a lot of sea turtle populations that are female biased, and in fact that's a great method for them to reproduce in greater numbers," Ms Allen said. "But for this population we were quite surprised to find this result, because this is one of the largest sea turtle populations in the world and we would expect them to be doing very well. "The combination of hormones and genetics has allowed us to dig a bit deeper and to find that actually in the past 20 years, the northern Great Barrier Reef hasn't been producing any male hatchlings." Conservation group WWF Australia said the findings had set off alarm bells. "It is deeply concerning, because if it continues we're going to start to lose the male population, [which is] essential for breeding and keeping those populations sustainable in one of the world's most important green turtle populations," said WWF Australia chief Dermot O'Gorman. Mr O'Gorman said it was yet another indicator that climate change was having negative impacts on the Great Barrier Reef. "Over the last two years we have had two massive coral bleaching events which are very visible," he said. "This is actually invisible, it's impossible to see impacts of this until after turtles are born. "The most important thing is for Australia and the rest of the world to set ambitious targets to reduce emissions and bring global warming under control." 'Will there be a mate to mate with in 20 years?' However, WWF and scientists from NOAA suggested there were some short-term solutions. "For example, putting shade cloth onto key nesting beaches, which can reduce the sand temperature … will produce more male turtles in a clutch of eggs," Mr O'Gorman said. The Queensland Department of Environment has been experimenting with shade cloths for loggerhead turtles in southern parts of the state. Dr Colin Limpus, the department's chief scientist, said they had experiments underway last year and this year to see whether shade cloth could work. "Trying to look at is this a viable management option for giving the right sort of temperature to get a good mix of males and females," he said. "But at Raine Island they're considering having artificial rain. "While it's being considered primarily for how we can get the turtles nesting successfully, at the same it will cool the sand, and should shift the sex ratio toward an increase in males." Mr Limpus said the study was significant, but more research was needed into green turtle populations in other regions and whether any other factors, aside from global warming, were contributing to the female population bias. Both marine biological researcher Ms Allen and Mr Limpus said they were optimistic that the turtles might adapt to the warmer temperatures. "We're just unsure of what's going to happen in the next 20 years … will there be a mate to mate with? I sure hope so and I'm sure there will be," Ms Allen said. "We believe that we can do some further research to understand the male components. "Males breed more often than females do … so we're pretty confident that males will over-compensate for this and be able to mate with several females throughout the season."

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Florida Museum researchers’ discovery of a giant fossilized snake in Colombia reveals a picture of warmer tropics ruled by beasts larger than anyone imagined. The largest snake the world has ever known – as long as a school bus and as heavy as a small car – ruled tropical ecosystems only 6 million years after the demise of the fearsome Tyrannosaurus rex, according to a new discovery published in the journal Nature. Partial skeletons of the giant, boa constrictor-like snake, named Titanoboa cerrejonensis, were found in Colombia by an international team of scientists and are now at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Based on the diameter of the fossilized vertebrae, the snake is estimated to be 42 to 45 feet long, said Florida Museum vertebrate paleontologist Jonathan Bloch. That would make the snake as long as the T-rex “Sue,” which is displayed at Chicago’s Field Museum. “Truly enormous snakes really spark people’s imagination, but reality has exceeded the fantasies of Hollywood,” said Bloch, who co-led the expedition with Carlos Jaramillo, a paleobotanist from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. “The snake that tried to eat Jennifer Lopez in the movie ‘Anaconda’ is not as big as the one we found.” Jason Head, a paleontologist at the University of Toronto in Mississauga and the paper’s senior author, described Titanoboa this way: “The snake’s body was so wide that if it were moving down the hall and decided to come into my office to eat me, it would literally have to squeeze through the door.” Besides tipping the scales at an estimated 1.25 tons, the snake lived during the Paleocene Epoch, a 10-million-year period immediately following the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, Bloch said. During the expedition, the scientists found many skeletons of giant turtles and extinct primitive crocodile relatives that likely were eaten by the snake, he said. “Prior to our work, there had been no fossil vertebrates found between 65 million and 55 million years ago in tropical South America, leaving us with a very poor understanding of what life was like in the northern Neotropics,” Bloch said. “Now we have a window into the time just after the dinosaurs went extinct and can actually see what the animals replacing them were like.” The snake’s gigantic dimensions are a sign that temperatures along the equator were once much higher, Bloch said. Snakes and other cold-blooded animals are limited in body size by the ambient temperature of where they live. “If you look at cold-blooded animals and their distribution on the planet today, the large ones are in the tropics, where it’s hottest, and they become smaller the farther away they are from the equator,” he said. “Based on the snake’s size, the team was able to calculate the mean annual temperature at equatorial South America 60 million years ago was about 91 degrees Fahrenheit, about 10 degrees warmer than today,” Bloch said. The presence of outsized snakes and freshwater turtles shows that even 60 million years ago the foundations of the modern Amazonian tropical ecosystem were in place, he said. Fossil hunting is usually difficult in the forest-covered tropics because of the lack of exposed rock. But excavations in the Cerrejon Coal Mine in northern Colombia exposed the rock and offered an unparalleled opportunity for discovery, Bloch said. After the team brought the fossils to the Florida Museum of Natural History, it was UF graduate students Alex Hastings and Jason Bourque who first recognized they belonged to a giant snake, Bloch said. Head, an expert on fossil snakes, worked with David Polly, a paleontologist at the University of Indiana, to estimate the snake’s length and mass by determining the relationship between body size and vertebral — backbone — size in living snakes and using that relationship to figure out body size of the fossil snake based on its vertebrae. Harry W. Greene, a professor in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University and one of the world’s leading snake experts, said the “colossal” ancient boa researchers found has “important implications for snake biology and our understanding of life in the ancient tropics.” “The giant Colombian snake is a truly exciting discovery,” said Greene, who wrote the book “Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature.” “For decades herpetologists have argued about just how big snakes can get, with debatable estimates of the max somewhat less than 40 feet.” Learn more about the Vertebrate Paleontology Collection at the Florida Museum.

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Cantaloupe - A Little History & Knowledge by contributing food writer Chef Mark Vogel The Seeds of Columbus In 1493 Christopher Columbus embarked on his second voyage to the New World with 17 ships and 1200 men. His goals were to search for new territories and establish colonies. His route took him through the Lesser Antilles where he discovered and named a number of islands such as Antigua, St. Kitts, Montserrat and others. He then sailed on to Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Probably of minor significance at the time, but noteworthy for our current discussion, Columbus introduced the cantaloupe to the Americas. Cantaloupe seeds were planted and shared with the native population who received the new fruit with enthusiasm. The cantaloupe that America is familiar with, (there's also a European variety), is a type of muskmelon. The muskmelon family includes honeydew, casaba, Crenshaw and others. They originated somewhere in Persia and were cultivated by the ancient Egyptians, the Greeks and Romans, then the Europeans, and finally, thanks to Columbus, by the inhabitants of the western hemisphere. In the first century AD an opposite course delivered them to China. Where Does The Name Come From The Italians were quite fond of cantaloupes and are credited as the source of the fruit's name. They were cultivated in the Pope's country villa in the town of Cantalupo just outside Rome. The French then called them cantaloup which was eventually Anglicized into cantaloupe. Cantaloupes are now grown all over the world. The top US producers include California, Arizona and Texas. Annual sales of cantaloupe in America exceed 300 million dollars. They are available year round, (thanks to imports from Mexico and Central America), but are at their peak in the summer months. Choosing the Right Cantaloupe Cantaloupes must be picked when mature but mature doesn't mean ripe. Unripe fruit has a longer transportation and shelf life. Choosing a ripe melon is always a murky endeavor but the guidelines are as follows: - select specimens that are heavy for their size - free of any significant blemishes or bruises - sport a rind that is neither too shiny nor too dull - have an unmistakable fragrance Obviously they should be barren of soft spots with one exception: The blossom end of a ripe melon will slightly yield to pressure. Storing Ripe Cantaloupes Unripe melons can be left at room temperature a few days to ripen. Once ripe, refrigerate them to retard their decline. Cantaloupes are known to absorb odors from other foods so wrapping them in plastic before refrigerating them is not a bad idea. Cut melons should always be refrigerated immediately and used promptly. Most people wouldn't equate salmonella with cantaloupe but they are a possible culprit. Wash their skin thoroughly before cutting them open. After harvesting cantaloupes are treated with sodium hypochlorite to inhibit mold and salmonella growth but they should be washed nonetheless. Cantaloupes are a powerhouse of nutrients. They are an excellent source of vitamins A and C. However, they also contain beta carotenes, potassium, B-complex vitamins and manganese. Moreover, they are very low in calories and practically devoid of fat. Cantaloupes are best enjoyed as is. But there are many other culinary possibilities. They are ideal for fruit salads. Cantaloupe can also be incorporated into jams and sorbets or served with ice cream. And of course, there is the iconic Italian appetizer of fresh melon and prosciutto. Below is my recipe for chilled cantaloupe soup in a coconut and cream broth. Perfect for summer, use this recipe as a first course or a dessert. Adjust the sugar level to suit your taste. Additional garnishes include shaved coconut, sliced almonds, or supplemental fruit such as pineapple. Cantaloupe Soup Recipe - ½ cantaloupe seeded, and peeled - 27 ounces coconut milk not coconut water or cream of coconut) - 1 cup heavy cream - ⅔ cup sugar - fresh mint for garnish - Cut the cantaloupe into small cubes. - For the broth, combine the coconut milk, cream and sugar. - Gently whisk until the sugar has dissolved. - Add the cantaloupe to the broth. Place in the fridge to allow the soup to fully chill and for the flavors to meld. - Sprinkle with fresh mint before serving.

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