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If you have school-aged children, this time of year is one you know well. Your kids are excited to not have school for the next three months, and you’ve had to figure out child care arrangements. You may have planned a fun local trip or a larger vacation. You’re hoping your kids have fun, clean up after themselves, and make memories. Summer vacation presents challenges and opportunities, but we often let opportunities slide away from us. I’m talking about learning opportunities. Few parents I know require their children to keep up basic skill practice over the summer. Math, reading, and writing are skills. Like any skills, when they lie dormant, they atrophy. Summer loss is a real problem that is completely preventable. From the time my kids were small, we required that they read, write, and practice math over the summer. When they were little, math workbooks were easy enough to find at the store, as were free worksheets online. One of my kids struggled with adding and subtracting fractions. We found practice sheets online, helped her learn the concept, and she practiced them. Now she’s in advanced math. My other daughter took an even greater interest in math, and she’s three years ahead in math. (No, we did NOT push her. If anything, we held her back. When they wanted to put her in Algebra in 5th grade, we compromised on 6th grade advanced.) I attribute this to our dedication to making sure they practiced their skills over the summer. Reading is another skill that’s easy to keep current. Require your kids to read for a minimum of twenty minutes every day. Make it a routine. Many kids report that reading before bed allows them to fall asleep faster. (The light from screens actually makes your brain take about 30 minutes longer to fall asleep.) This will improve their comprehension, stamina, and speed—all critical factors that hold kids back when reading difficulty increased at around the 4th grade. Make this fun for them—visit a library together to select books, have a time when the whole family reads together, and talk to each other about what you’re reading. Keep track of pages read and celebrate milestones. Visit www.lexile.com to find a list of age-appropriate reading suggestions. You may not know your child’s Lexile range (unless you ask the school—some standardized test like the NWEA/MAP report a Lexile as part of their score, though the school may not report it to the parents), but you can ballpark it based on books they are reading in school. The best way to ballpark a reading level is to have your child read the first page or two of a book they may like. If they encounter more than five words they don’t know and can’t figure out using context clues, then it’s too hard. Conversely, if they breeze through it quickly, then it’s too easy. You want kids to choose a combination of “challenge” and “fun” books to grow their skills without frying their brains. Writing is perhaps the most difficult skill to keep current. Most parents have no idea what to expect, and that makes them reticent to require their kids to write. Don’t make this into a big deal. Yeah, I assigned my kids a research project last summer, but it was to figure out which National Parks they wanted to visit on vacation. They looked up specific places they wanted to visit, created a presentation in Google Slides, and we ended up visiting most of their choices. This grew organically out of a family discussion. You don’t have to be that elaborate (unless your kids are driving that train—then let them run with it.) You can have them write their thoughts, opinions, or ideas in a journal. You can email them a question and have them respond with at least a paragraph. Grow the dialogue from there. If they have an opinion about something, have them find evidence and reasons to support it. Make them cite their sources. If they send you short responses, ask questions to help them draw out their thoughts. The more you do this, the easier it’ll get. Can’t think of topics? Let your fingers do the walking. I searched “writing topics for middle school/elementary students/high school” and came up with hundreds of hits. Here are two of them: http://www.dailyteachingtools.com/journal-writing-prompts.html and http://journalbuddies.com/journal_prompts__journal_topics/fun-writing-prompts-for-middle-school/ Once you have a starting point, have them set a goal for what they want to improve. Perhaps they want to have better description, use dialogue or similes, explain their reasoning better—whatever it is, keep it simple and be supportive. You’ll likely find 50 things wrong with their writing, but only work on improving 1-2 at a time. Anything more is too much, too fast. If you’re struggling to look for goals, check out this website: http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/ Select “Writing” and choose the grade level you want. The standards are pretty straightforward, but note that examples and resources aren’t provided. This sounds like a lot, but if you set an expectation for your child to read every day, and practice writing and math twice each week, when the new school year begins, your child will hit the ground running.

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WORLD Magazine called it the "transgender bathroom bill." The bill allows transgender students K-12 to choose which restrooms and locker rooms they wish to use and which sports teams they'd like to join based upon their gender identity. Gender identity is not necessarily the gender of your birth but the one you feel the most comfortable in. Sixteen other states have outlawed what's being called discrimination based upon someone's gender expression. But California now is pushing the concept into schools. Maybe it's the beautiful weather. Or perhaps it's the Left's euphoria over the demise of Proposition 8, California's law protecting marriage from being expanded to same-sex couples. Or maybe too many California legislators have simply lost it. There are some obvious problems with this legislation. One senator, Jim Neilson, who voted against the bill, put it mildly when he said, "Elementary and secondary students of California -- our most impressionable, our most vulnerable -- now may be subjected to some very difficult situations." He told WORLD that some parents and students would be "extraordinarily uncomfortable with what this bill would impose upon them." "Transgendered" is the term used to describe people who are in some way not satisfied with being male or female. This dissatisfaction likely will lead to one or more of a broad spectrum of lifestyles, from cross-dressing to varying degrees of sex changes. Supporters of the bathroom bill say it's needed to protect transgendered students from bullying and abuse. But this approach will not protect transgendered kids. Rather, it risks severely harming them. It's another measure, in a string of misguided California laws, that serves to lock students into sexual or gender identities they might be struggling with. California has passed another law that criminalizes psychological counseling to help young people battle homosexual attractions and inclinations. Brad Dacus, president of the Pacific Justice Institute, worked hard to oppose that bill. Now, he has argued, enacting this school law not only will usher in the obvious danger to girls who will find young men present where they are changing and showering but also would hurt those kids truly facing gender disorders. "To completely truncate the role of psychologists and counselors in this process, much less the rights of parents, is a travesty to the welfare, proper development and possible healing of these young people," Dacus said. Rather than enable gender identity disorder in a child, Proverbs 22:6 says we should train each child "in the way he should go." Sometimes it is wisest to wait until "he is old" to see the fruit. Penna Dexter is a conservative activist and frequent panelist on the "Point of View" syndicated radio program. Get Baptist Press headlines and breaking news on Twitter (@BaptistPress), Facebook (Facebook.com/BaptistPress) and in your email (baptistpress.com/SubscribeBP.asp). Copyright (c) 2013 Southern Baptist Convention, Baptist Press www.BPNews.net

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Study adds to controversy of whether people have pheromones W. Zhou et al/Current Biology 2014 Just a whiff of a man’s armpit could reveal his gender — to people attracted to males, at least. And females’ urine could offer men and lesbians the telltale scent of a woman, according to a controversial new study of how bodily secretions tweak perceptions. “Our findings argue for the existence of human sex pheromones,” says olfaction researcher Wen Zhou of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Pheromones are chemical signals that some animals use to convey information about sex, health and predators. Their existence and effect on behavior are well documented in reptiles, rodents and other animals but not clear-cut in humans. People lack the sensory equipment other animals use to detect these cues. Still, human bodies churn out chemicals similar to those that act as pheromones in animals, Zhou says. A compound in male pigs’ saliva prompts female pigs in heat to assume a mating position, she says. Researchers have previously shown that smelling the human version of this chemical, androstadienone, a steroid found in semen and men’s armpit sweat and hair, boosts women’s moods and heart rates. Some scientists have also reported a similar mood improver for men: an estrogen-like compound in women’s urine called estratetraenol. WALK LIKE A MAN The perceived gender (female, left; male, right) of dot figures walking on a screen changes when women and men sniff steroids secreted in male armpit sweat and female urine.W. Zhou et al/Current Biology 2014 But no one knew if these steroids also passed along sexual information about people, Zhou says. She and colleagues recruited 48 men and 48 women, half of them gay or bisexual. The volunteers continuously inhaled concentrated hits of either of the two steroids, which were both scented to smell like cloves, while watching videos of one of seven walking figures. Though the figures, just 15 dots suggesting the shape of a person, didn’t look like men or women, their gaits ranged from feminine — with swaying hips — to neutral to masculine. When heterosexual men sniffed the female steroid, compared with the male steroid or the clove scent alone, they were more likely to judge the figures as female, Zhou and colleagues report May 1 in Current Biology. And when heterosexual women breathed in the male steroid, they tended to call the figures male. What’s more, gay men responded to the male steroid just like heterosexual women did, and lesbian or bisexual women behaved like the heterosexual men. “The nose can detect people of the gender one is attracted to,” Zhou says. But some scientists aren’t convinced. “The notion of human pheromones is fraught with problems,” says Richard Doty, director of the Smell and Taste Center at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. One major concern, he says, is that the steroids may not actually be present in human hair or excretions at high enough levels to be detected. Zhou and colleagues acknowledge that the steroids’ effects in everyday life would be smaller than those the researchers observed in the lab. Ideally, researchers need to show exactly how purported pheromones work in humans, says neurobiologist Emily Liman of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. “We need to know the specific parts of the anatomy that respond to pheromones,” she says. “We have to move from the psychological to the biological.” W. Zhou et al. Chemosensory communication of gender through two human steroids in a sexually dimorphic manner. Current Biology. Published online May 1, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.035. B. Brookshire. Chemical in male goat odor drives the lady goats wild. Science News Online, March 5, 2014. S. Milius. Too-young caterpillars like scent of sex. Science News. Vol. 182, October 20, 2012, p. 17. M. Rosen. Scent into action. Science News, Vol. 182, October 20, 2012, p. 26.

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An ear infection is a viral or bacterial infection that affects the middle ear. Ear infections cause inflammation and buildup of fluids in the middle ear, which make them painful. Ear infections usually go away with treatment from a doctor, but they can have long-term effects on an individual. These effects include: hearing problems, frequent infections, and fluids in the middle ear. Some things to consider when encountering an ear infection: Common signs of an ear infection in adults include severe ear pain, diminished hearing, and fluid draining from the ear. An ear infection can result from different illnesses, such as allergies, flu, or even the common cold. The most common age group to get ear infections are children between the ages of six months and two years. Furthermore, children who go to daycare and infants who drink from a bottle are also at risk. If you are around children who commonly get ear infections, your risk goes up as well. Adults who are at risk are those who are exposed to poor air quality on a regular basis, such as tobacco smoke or air pollution. Another risk factor for adults is when the cold and flu is present during fall or winter time. Impaired hearing is a potential complication to those who get ear infections. According to Mayo Clinic, mild hearing loss that comes and goes is common, but the hearing should come back to normal once the infection clears up. Some people experience dizziness with an ear infection because if it is located in the middle ear. If you experience dizziness, you should not drive until the ear infection has passed for your safety and the safety of others. If you experience some hearing loss during the ear infection, it is still okay to drive according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). On their website, it says there is no restriction for hearing loss because driving requires more vision than hearing. It does say that external mirrors are needed, so if you do drive with minor hearing loss due to an ear infection, make sure all of your mirrors are in great working order. Use your best discretion when driving with an ear infection. If you feel dizzy and feel like you may pass out during the drive, stay home or have someone drive you to where you need to go. If you have minor hearing loss, make sure your car is in good working condition before you get behind the wheel.

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Matsukara Shigeharu (died 1638) Son of Matsukura Shigemasa, this much hated Daimyo whose cruelty helped cause the Shimabara Rebellion was renowned for dressing disobedient peasants in straw raincoats and then setting them on fire. Although the rebellion was successfully put down he was invited to commit hara-kiri due to his mismanaging of the situation. His banner was black bands on a red background. A Book of Five RingsHow to cite this article: Dugdale-Pointon, T. (29 April 2002), Matsukara Shigeharu, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_matsukara.html , Miyamoto Musashi. Translated by Victor Harris. An excellent and fascinating short book and a must have for any serious student of Samurai history. The book has an excellent historical introduction and the section on the life of the author is as good as the book itself. The focus of book is the way of the warrior, especially the swordsman and has much thought provoking text for the careful and diligent reader. Detailed footnotes add to the translation and the text is very interesting for any interested in Kendo or the martial arts, mixing philosophy with strategy, giving a real insight into the life and beliefs of a samurai.

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By the summer of 1776, Americans were already engaged in open conflict against the British Empire. The Colonies’ efforts to remedy their political grievances by appealing to King and Parliament had failed. It became clear that in order to protect its liberties, America would have to take “command of its own fortunes”, as George Washington would later put it. On June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee, a delegate from Virginia, stood to present a resolution to the Second Continental Congress gathered at Philadelphia: Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. John Adams firmly seconded Lee’s motion. It was a revolutionary resolution formally calling for American independence. Confident that the Resolution would pass, Congress appointed a committee to draft a statement announcing the reasons for and significance of American independence. This Committee of Five, as it was called, consisted of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut. On July 2, 1776 the Second Continental Congress passed Lee’s Resolution of Independence. The next day, July 3, John Adams wrote his wife, Abigail: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more. Adams’ prediction was correct, except for the day. From the start, July 4th has been the day on which we celebrate America’s independence; for it was on that day in 1776 that Congress adopted the language of the Declaration of Independence as drafted by the Committee of Five. The Declaration was much more than a political act; it was our statement to the world articulating the universal principles of liberty, justice, and human equality. These self-evident truths compelled America to declare its independence and provided the principles upon which the future government of the United States would be founded. The ideals of America’s founding are timeless ; yet, the cause of freedom is never completely won. Those Founding Fathers who voted for independence, signed the Declaration of Independence, and debated the Constitution understood that these universal principles could only be realized through the conviction, sacrifice, and perseverance of a particular people. In this sense, the American people’s quest for independence became indistinguishable from the cause of liberty. But this cause is contested today both domestically and internationally. Domestically, Progressives reject America’s first principles and separation of powers established by the Constitution. Abroad, tyrants and terrorists try to extinguish Lady Liberty’s flame. American sovereignty is also increasingly threatened by international institutions that have little respect for the Rule of Law and self-government. In 1826, on the 50th anniversary of American Independence, an aged John Adams was asked to sum up the significance of the American Revolution and the prospects for the young United States. With his last public words, Adams replied: “Independence forever!”

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1)“am I”的否定形式是“aren’t I”，而不是“am not I”或“amn’t I”。例如： I am right, aren’t I? Nothing is wrong, is it? 3)陈述句中的主语为everyone, everybody, anyone, nobody或no one时，反意疑问句中的主语用they。注意，nobody和no one是否定词，因此反意疑问句应该用肯定的。例如： Nobody knows it, do they? 4)如果陈述句部分有no, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom等词，那么，陈述句本身就是否定的，所以要接一个肯定的反意疑问句。例如： He has never been there, has he? I wish to go there with you, may I? 6)包括听话人在内时“let’s”的反意疑问句要用“shall we”。反之，反意疑问句中要用“will you”。例如： Let’s go, shall we? Let us go, will you? 1. All of the plants now farmed on a large scale were developed from plants ____ wild. A. that once grow B. once they grow C. they once grew D. once grew 2. By the time you graduate, we ____ in Australia for one year. A. will be staying B. will have stayed C. would have stayed D. have stayed 3. He appreciated ____ the chance to deliver his thesis in the annual symposium on Comparative Literature. A. having given B. to have been given C. to have given D. having been given 4. The government official can hardly find sufficient grounds ____his arguments in favor of the revision of the tax law. A. on which to base B. which to be based on C. to base on which D. on which to be based 5. Living in the desert involves a lot of problems, ____water shortage is the worst. A. not to mention B. of which C. let alone D. for what 6. Hydrogen is one of the most important element in the universe ____ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. A.so that B. but that C. provided that D. in that 7. Just as relaxation is an important part of our lives, ____stress. A.so is B. as it is C. and so is D. the same is 8. Victor took a bus and headed for home, ____ if his wife would have him back. A. not to know B. not known C. not knowing D. not having known 9. We can make an exception ____. A. in any case of John B. in case of John C. in case of John’s D. in the case of John 10. When the Cultural Revolution was launched in China, his father ______ college. A. attended B. had been attending C. was attending D. has been attending 11. My cat is a fussy eater, but my dog is so ____ that she’ll swallow down anything that is put in front of her. A. indiscriminate B. choosy C. indefinite D. picky 12. “This house is more ____ than the federal government!” Mac complained to his parents. “You have rules for everything.” A. systematic B. democratic C. bureaucratic D. public 13. The American people’s ____ of being polite is different from that held here in China. A. mind B. concept C. consideration D. thought 14. Well, that is probably all I can say about sports. Next time I’ll take up the topic of some other ____ activities. A. refreshment B. entertainment C. pleasure D. leisure 15. Where there is an earthquake, energy is ____ in one area along a crack in the earth crust. A. repelled B. released C. run D. rushed 16. The old gardener used to keep all his tools and do-it-yourself equipment in a ____ in the garden. A. barn B. room C. hut D. shed 17. I’ve got a big coffee ____ on the front of my dress. A. pore B. patch C. stain D. grease 18. She broke her leg, but the ____ healed quickly. A. fracture B. injury C. skeleton D. cavity 19. You’d better add them up. I’m not good at ____. A. figures B. characters C. summaries D. counters 20. The girl chose some very pretty ____ paper for the present. A. covering B. wrapping C. packing D.collecting 21. The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours ____ last night. A. at length B. in full C. on end D. in time 22. I can’t read the marks and notes Jim made in the margin. They are too____. A.faint B. foggy C. transparent D. misty 23. A highly organized system of irrigation is ____Chinese agriculture. A. typical of B. consistent with C. famous for D. subject to 24. Jack is very ____ about wines. A. aware B. knowledgeable C. learned D. informed 25. As for Ann, I am not sure about her ____ in Italian. A. fluency B. clarity C. coherence D. excellency 2012-04-15 07:28 编辑：wjy2005tom

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How to build a shed door with your own hands in a proper way. How to paint interior doors with their hands. The basic methods of painting and tips masters. The step-by-step instruction on how paint a front door with your own hands properly. Recommendations on how to adjust a door closer. Ways of controlling hydraulic and pneumatic door closer. Correct operating of the closing mechanism. Describing the types of door knobs and the ways how to replace a door knob with your own hands properly. Manual on how to replace an exterior door using available tools and materials. Proper measurement and dismantling. Stages of mounting a new exterior door. Specifications of repair damages in wooden and metal doors. Recommendations on how to fix a hole in a door and restore a hollow door. The step-by-step instruction on how to measure a door with your own hands properly. Step-by-step instruction for building a door frame with your own hands. The step-by-step instruction of the whole process of hanging an interior door with your own hands properly.

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What is KCCA’s mission statement? You can read it here. What is radical childcare and why do we need it? Childcare is a necessity for progressive movement-building. In many places, progressive spaces are not child-friendly or welcoming to parents. When organizers do not create child-friendly spaces or provide child care for their events and meetings, parents, especially low-income parents, are excluded from these spaces. Low-income parents are already at huge disadvantages in many ways, including having less time to contribute to radical causes. However, parents’ involvement is absolutely essential to building a movement for radical social change. This is where KCCA comes in. Radical childcare is an understanding that the well-being of children should not be a commodity to be bought and sold. Radical childcare is free for those who need it. It means caregivers who are engaged with children and (other) parents. It means fostering meaningful relationships and encouraging progressive values in little ones, because movements must be inter-generational. What about daycare? There are many layers of oppression that effect poor parents, and especially poor mothers, in the US. Privatized childcare is one part of a relentlessly oppressive system which puts them at an overwhelming disadvantage. Sending a child to daycare for a year can cost about the same as sending a child to a public university. Parents relying on daycare pay hundreds of dollars a week just so that they can go to work to provide for their families. Some families simply can’t afford this. Doesn’t the government subsidize childcare for poor families? There are over 1.4 million people living in poverty in Georgia (according to the Census Bureau). Most of these people are women and children, and most of them are not receiving subsidized childcare. Childcare subsidies in Georgia are provided under the Children and Parents Service (CAPS) program. The CAPS program is woefully inadequate for the following three reasons: - The program is underfunded - It is notoriously difficult to access the program - The eligibility requirements are too restrictive. If either parent in a family works less than 30 hours a week or is enrolled full time in college, the family is not eligible. If a family earns any more than $22,400/year ($1867/month), the family is not eligible. These requirements make it especially difficult for a poor family to lift itself out of poverty by getting an education or slowly building income. As soon as the $22,400 ceiling is reached, childcare support is withdrawn, a tragic Catch-22 situation. Clearly, the well-being of families is not a priority for our state and federal governments. How do I get involved? KCCA’s most important resource is its volunteer base, so if you’re able, you should join us. Please see our Volunteer page for more information. KCCA also gratefully accepts donations. If you can’t volunteer with us but would like to support the cause, please see our Donate page. My organization needs childcare. Can you help? It’s a definite possibility! Please visit our Partner page to learn more about becoming a KCCA partner! Who is Kelli? In the words of Amariah Love, Founder of KCCA Kelli was my mother, and one of millions of women who have suffered the very real consequences of being a poor single mother in a capitalist, sexist, racist society. With the cost of living for her and her son so high, with no jobs or job security, without access to affordable childcare, suffering from depression and poor physical health, and unable to afford healthcare, without a way to pull herself out of poverty, and facing jail time for debt to the state she didn’t even know she was accumulating, Kelli killed herself in March of 2010. Her death opened my eyes to the workings of this system in a way wholly new to me. I realized quickly that her death was not an accident but a result of systematic violence. I found myself needing to find ways to fight back. When I attended the 2010 US Social Forum in Detroit, I met many incredible activists and came in contact with organizations doing amazing work across the country. One of the workshops I attended was about childcare collectives. I had never heard of the concept before the Forum. I brought the ideas back with me and they were met with enthusiasm by activists in Atlanta. KCCA was founded in Kelli’s honor, as a means of resistance against a system that murders poor mothers.

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Plasma was generated between electrodes Scientists have developed a way to sterilise medical equipment without the need to use toxic chemicals. The technique may also help in decontamination of biological warfare agents. It makes use of the latest technology to create a 'cold plasma' which works at room temperature and at normal atmospheric pressure to kill off bacteria. A plasma is a potent collection of electrically charged particles such as electrons, and non-charged particles, such as radicals. E. coli before plasma treatment It is usually created by super-heating a gas, and is referred to by some physicists as the fourth state of matter, the other three being solid, liquid and gas. However, most plasmas at atmospheric pressure are thousands of degrees centigrade, and so are impractical for everyday use. Researchers from Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, and the University of California in San Diego, have developed a way to solve this problem. They created a 'cold plasma' by injecting a mixture of helium and oxygen into the gap between two electrodes supplied with a small amount of power. They then found that exposure to the plasma killed two types of bacteria - Bacillus subtilis, which is similar to anthrax, and Escherichia coli, responsible for cases of food poisoning. Damaged E. coli following treatment The researchers believe the plasma may also kill more dangerous types of bacteria and viruses. Although viruses have a different structure from bacteria, they would also become damaged by the charged particles. Researcher Dr Mounir Laroussi said: "The use of cold plasma to sterilise heat-sensitive reusable medical tools in a rapid, safe, and effective way is bound to replace the present method which uses a toxic gas, ethylene oxide. "Plasma is also being seriously considered for the decontamination of biological warfare agents." Using plasmas to sterilise food packaging would also give the food a longer shelf life than at present. The same technique could also be used on spacecraft leaving Earth to avoid transporting micro-organisms from Earth to other planets or moons. The research is published in the New Journal of Physics.

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See all related overviews in Oxford Index » Implications for Helping Behavior Show all results sharing this subject: 1 The glandular sticky surface at the tip of a carpel of a flower, which receives the pollen. In insect-pollinated plants the stigmas are held within the flower, whereas in wind-pollinated species they hang outside it. 2 See eyespot. A Dictionary of Biology » See all related items in Oxford Index » Search for the text `stigma' anywhere in Oxford Index » Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content. Please, or login to access all content. Forgot your password?

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Directions: Answer each question using a complete sentence. Chapters 1-3 1. With whom does Tom live? Tom lives with his aunt Polly. 2. Why is he asked to whitewash the fence? He was asked to whitewash the fence because he skipped school, and that was his punishment. 3. What does Ben give Tom? Ben gives Tom an Apple. 4. Why does he give it to Tom? He gives it to tom because tom allowed him to whitewash the fence. 5. Why does Tom throw dirt at Sid? Tom threw dirt at Sid as revenge against Sid because he tattles on him. 6. Who is Sid in relation to Tom? Sid’s relation to tom is that he is Tom’s half brother 7. What happens to Tom’s affection for Amy Lawrence? Tom falls in love with Amy Lawrence. He tries to get her attention by doing gymnastics. And then suddenly he goes dark and wonders if he dies, if she’ll miss him. 8. What happens while Tom is waiting under someone’s window? The maid threw a bucket of water and he gets all wet. Chapters 4-6 9. Why does Tom start working harder at memorizing his Bible verses? Tom starts memorizing the bible verses because he wanted the glory that came with getting the most tickets, and of being a smart kid. 10. Why is it ironic or mischievous that Tom is trading items for tickets considering for what the tickets are used? It is ironic or mischievous because he is committing a sin to get a bible. 11. When Tom doesn’t know the disciples that Judge Thatcher asked about, the author writes, “Let us draw the curtain of charity over the rest of the scene.” What do you think he means? Tom was acting silly and immature, the author also compares Tom’s behaviors with the people in the church. So the author feels bad for him and decides to end the chapter. 12. How does Tom manage to disrupt the sermon at church? Tom disrupts the sermon in church by playing a prank by allowing an dog inside of the church that sat on a beetle and started howling in the middle of the sermon. 13. Why does Tom purposefully get in trouble at school? Tom gets in trouble at school because he wants to go home. 14. Why does the town want children to avoid Huck Finn? The children are supposed to avoid him because of the bad stuff that he does . Chapters 7-10 15. What are Joe & Tom doing when they get in trouble with the teacher? Joe and Tom were trying to skip class 16. Why does Becky become upset with Tom after they become engaged? Because she finds out that tom liked another girl before her 17. Why is Dr. Robinson in the graveyard? 18. Who is he with? 19. What happens to Dr. Robinson? 20. How has Injun Joe betrayed Muff Potter? 21. What evidence is there again Muff Potter? 22. Why do Huck & Tom decide not to tell anyone what they saw? 23. Describe how Tom & Huck make their oath. Their make their oath by making their fingers bleed and then touching the tips of their fingers. 24. Why is Tom doubly sad once he gets to school the morning after Dr. Robinson’s murder? Chapters 11-13 25. Why does Tom bring small gifts to Potter? 26. Who goes with Tom to the Jacksons’ island? 27. What do the boys steal and then feel bad about later? Chapters 14-17 28. Who is the first to suggest returning home? 29. When Tom sneaks home to spy what does he find out everyone thinks happened to the boys? 30. Why do you think Tom didn’t leave a scroll for Aunt Polly? 31. When Joe & Huck express their desire to go home, Tom says he has a plan. Why do you think the author doesn’t reveal Tom’s secret plan to the readers? 32. What happens to Joe & Tom after they smoke? 33. How do the boys make their grand return? 34. Why does Aunt Polly hug Huck too? Chapters 18-20 35. Why does Alfred pour ink on Tom’s book? 36. Why does Aunt Polly cry after finding the message in Tom’s pocket? 37. How does Tom win Becky’s affections back? Chapters 21-24 38. What speech does Tom have difficulty memorizing? 39. How is Mr. Dobbin’s wig knocked off? 40. What is Tom prohibited from doing as a member of the Cadets of Temperance? 41. Why does Tom leave the Cadets? 42. What is ironic about Tom leaving the cadets? 43. Why is Tom considered a hero after Muff Potter’s trial? Chapters 25-26 44. Why do the boys postpone their treasure hunt to Saturday? 45. Describe the Spaniard’s appearance. 46. Who is the Spaniard really? 47. What is suspicious about the tools to the men? 48. Why do the boys want to find “Number Two”? Chapters 27-29 49. Why do they look in taverns? 50. What is the reason that the room is locked in the tavern? 51. What does Tom think that widow will give him and Becky? 52. What does Huck see after the ferry arrives? 53. What does he overhear them talking about? 54. How does Huck save the day? Chapters 30-31 55. What was in the box the men were carrying? 56. Where are Aunt Polly & Mrs. Thatcher when they realize Becky & Tom are missing? 57. Who takes care of Huck after he comes down with a fever? 58. Why can’t Tom & Becky find their way back in the cave? 59. What is Becky doing when Tom explores caves using the kite line? 60. What scares him as he explores? 61. Why is the cave bolted shut? Chapter 33 62. What happens to Injun Joe? 63. Do you think Injun Joe got what he deserved? Why or why not? 64. What’s the big surprise that is revealed at the Widow’s house party? 65. How much money was in the treasure? Answers 1Add Yours Answered by jill d #170087 17. Tom and Huck are in the graveyard hoping to see spirits. 18. Huck accompanied Tom to the graveyard. Please list your questions separately.

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Oscar Niemeyer is known as a dreamer who created utopia. More than 50 years ago, the architect was already famous, having helped build the United Nations. He then took on a project of epic proportions: designing the monumental buildings of a new city, Brasilia, the capital of Brazil. Architecture critics hailed him for creating marvelous, inspiring buildings from Rio de Janeiro to Paris. Today, Niemeyer, nearly 103, is still working. His eyesight is faltering, his hands shake ever so slightly and he is shuttled from one place to another in a wheelchair. Audacious Buildings In A Once-Empty Space But Niemeyer's mind is lucid. He remembers what it was like in 1956, when Brasilia was on the drawing board. Niemeyer says he went with President Juscelino Kubitschek to Brazil's vast, dry savanna, the so-called Cerrado region, where Brasilia is now located, and thought it was too far away, too empty. But Kubitschek, Niemeyer recalls, wanted to build no matter what. And so in four years, Brasilia was built from scratch, with Niemeyer designing its audacious buildings: the Brazilian foreign ministry with its slender arches rising from reflecting pools; the Cathedral of Brasilia, shaped like a giant orchid; the National Congress, with its two bowl-like structures, one up-turned, the other dome-like. These and others are all considered modernist masterpieces that capture the meaning of Brasilia: a new city, unburdened by history. "We wanted to do it differently" in Brasilia, Niemeyer says. "Architecture is invention." He didn't just want buildings that worked, but to create a different kind of architecture. Light-Filled, Open Spaces One of the most recognizable of Niemeyer's buildings is the cathedral in Brasilia. It sits on the city's esplanade, where the architect's greatest buildings are symmetrically arranged. The structure's 16 columns reach to the sky; its nave is filled with light. One of the cathedral's biggest fans is Eduardo Rossetti, an architect who works for the government preservation board. "The wide open space opens to your eyes, the lights become very exciting, we have the colorful vitral [stained-glass windows]. It is a little Baroque somehow because you have several stimulations," Rossetti says. The lovely Itamaraty Palace houses Brazil's foreign ministry. Just inside the entrance, the ceiling feels low. Then, Rossetti points to a wide, circular staircase. "Feel the changing of scale, and suddenly, what Niemeyer does, he opens up all the space," he says. With its domes, curves, broad ramps and big windows, the buildings Niemeyer designed make Brasilia look fresh, even futuristic. But some critics say it's a city too dependent on the car and that its buildings seem cut-off from the people. They go so far as to say it lacks a soul. Isabel Tarrisse de Fountara has lived in Brasilia for nearly 20 years. She loves the city. "People come here and some people just hate it, absolutely hate it, and some people love it, but not that many people are kind of immune to it, neutral," de Fountara says. In his studio in Rio de Janeiro, Niemeyer doesn't dwell too much on the debate. He instead wants to talk about how his buildings turned out, and he brings up Le Corbusier, the Swiss architectural genius who inspired Niemeyer. "When Corbusier walked up the ramp to Congress," Niemeyer recalls, "he stopped and said, 'There's invention here.'" There was no greater praise, Niemeyer says. He explains his goal had been to build works of beauty that astonished those who saw them. Still In Love With The Curve The vital component for his work, Niemeyer says, is concrete. With it, he broke what he calls the tyranny of the right angle -- hence the curves in many of his structures. Niemeyer is still in love with the curve. In fact, you can see plenty of them in his latest big project -- a cultural center in Spain that's about to be inaugurated. Niemeyer says he doesn't think about any other building he's built before: He simply starts from scratch. "When I start to design, I have only a vague idea about what I'd like to do," he says.

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Protecting Homes, Families, Health & Businesses Purpose of A Pesticide Label The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and each state has the authority to review, approve, register and license pesticides. The EPA sets the minimum regulations and the states can adopt even more restrictive requirements than the Federal EPA standards. Pesticides must be registered by the state and the EPA before distribution is permitted. Before registering a new pesticide or new use for a previously registered pesticide, the EPA must first ensure that a pesticide, when used according to its label directions, can be used with a reasonable certainty of no harm to human health and without posing unreasonable risks to the environment. Always Read A Pesticide Label The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has strict guidelines on what's required to be included on a pesticide label. Therefore it is the best guide to using a particular pesticide safely and effectively. The purpose of pesticide product label is to help achieve maximum pest control results with the least health risk and hazard to people, pets and the environment. If you're doing your own pest control and using pesticides, always read the label carefully before buying or using the pesticide. This is for your own safety. When using a professional pest control service, always request a copy of the pesticide labels it intends to suggest or use. It is illegal to use a pesticide in a manner that is not consistent with label precautions and directions. Various pesticide products are intended to control specific kinds of pests. When used against pests not defined, they may not only be ineffective but using it in a manner contrary to label instruction can be very dangerous. Following are label inclusion requirements of the EPA: For More Information Importance of Reading Pesticide Labels

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True or False? - True or False? The (authentic) Trial by Jury British Justice System is revered at home and respected abroad as the finest and most democratic form of law enforcement ever devised. Worldwide honour derived from one phenomenon: Constitutional Law Magna Carta, the Great Charter of English Liberties, first passed in 1215; for this emplaces the definitive Trial by Jury. This Trial by Jury is also enshrined within the U.S. Constitution, reaffirmed by every president by oath at inauguration. Magna Carta is law throughout Britain, being ratified thirty-five times, including by Head of State Queen Elizabeth II, and applies in perpetuity. Our Constitutions emplace Trial by Jury as the sole system for all civil, criminal and fiscal lawsuits; and institute the Right and Duty of Jurors to acquit as Not Guilty, according to the Juror's conscience, citizens tried under law which the Juror judges to be oppressive or unfair (i.e. Jury Nullification); and the Jury (not judges) are required to review all evidence to decide on its admissibility. Jurors decide the Verdict not simply on whether evidence indicates a defendant broke the law: in Trial by Jury, Jurors have the Duty to decide the Verdict by judging also whether the law under which the defendant is tried, is Just. However complicated the facts of a case are (and it is for the plaintiff to make his cause clear), it is axiomatic that, literate or not, all sane adult men and women can recognise injustice. It takes no special learning for an adult to know when a law is just. This is the special virtue of our Constitution: (in addition to determining innocence or guilt, and apportioning retribution) Trial by Jury is emplaced to protect citizens for all time from unjust laws and arbitrary government. Neither in Britain nor in the U.S. have legislatures ever been invested by the People with authority to remove the Right of the accused to a Trial by Jury, to impair the powers, to change the oaths, or abridge the jurisdiction of jurors. In democratic societies, the trial of a citizen is by fellow citizens who comprise the Jury. Trial is not "trial-by-government," which could never be fair where the government is also one of the Prosecutors, judges, police and prison service are employed to enforce governments' laws and should never be asked, nor relied on, to decide impartially whether laws are just, for they must fulfil their task or face the fury of the government, their employer. Judges themselves comprise a branch of government, and they are in the pay of government. For these reasons, government, politicians and the judiciary are incompetent to require the conviction or punishment of any person for any offence whatever. The Constitutional Common Law Trial by Jury Justice System intentionally takes a person out of the government's hands and places the accused under the protection of his or her equals (the jury) and the Common Law alone: Trial by Jury allows no man or woman to be punished unless the indiscriminately chosen equals of the accused consent to it, following Trial in which Jurors try: the facts of the case, the law, and decide on the admissibility of evidence. Anything less, or different, is not Trial by Jury, but trial by someone else. Other nations, such as the United States of America when independent, adopted Trial by Jury. President John Adams, lawyer, pronounced about the Juror: "It is not only his Right but his Duty to find the verdict according to his own best understanding, judgement and conscience, though in direct opposition to the direction of the court." (Yale Law The Principle is explained as follows: "If a juror accepts as the law that which the judge states then that juror has accepted the exercise of absolute authority of a government employee and has surrendered a power and right that was once the Citizen's safeguard of liberty." Elliot's Debates; 94, Bancroft, History of The The following quotation is also poignantly relevant: "The saddest epitaph which can be carved in memory of vanished liberty is that it was lost because its possessors failed to stretch forth a saving hand while there was time." Ibid. In this matter, good men and women who stand up against tyranny are of one mind: Viz. U.S. Chief Justice Samuel Chase: "The Jury has the Right to determine both the law and facts." Viz. U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Party Founder: "I consider Trial by Jury as the only anchor yet imagined by man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution." More recently, Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: "The Jury has the power to bring a verdict in the teeth of both law and fact." And viz. U.S. Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone, "The law itself is on trial quite as much as the case which is to be decided." In 1972, D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled: "the jury has unreviewable and irreversible power to acquit in disregard of the instruction on the law given by the trial judge. The pages of history shine upon instances of the jury's exercise of its prerogative to disregard instructions of the judge." WHY is the Citizen-Juror's judgement on the law so important a part of any fair and competent Justice System? See THE REPORT OF THE FCDA EUROPE, ISBN: 1902848152, endorsed by academics and US & UK judges: All governments are capable of passing oppressive, i.e. illegal laws, and organising enforcement of such laws. Juries limited to deciding innocence or guilt only on evidence produced by the state prosecutor of whether the accused has broken a law, would not be able to protect good Citizens from oppressions of the state. Juries instructed to judge on the justice of law and its enforcement can be relied upon to protect people from the state, when the state breaches correct behaviour in attempting to enforce injustices." Today, there are scores of unjust, persecutory British, European and U.S. laws and regulations being routinely and illegally enforced by Today, a government-contrived legal obligation bans lawyers/barristers from presenting evidence which exonerates defendants, if it "disputes the law." Judges forbid the accused likewise. Judges exclude official exonerative evidence, academic and scientific, and tell jurors to consider only that evidence which he or she allows. As a juror, expect the judge to forbid you to judge on justice. Judges instruct jurors: to `uphold the law' regardless; and not to allow conscience, their opinion of the law, or a defendant's motives, to affect their decision. Thus, judges' jury- tampering produces innumerable false guilty `verdicts'. WHY do judges not instruct Jurors of their Duty to judge the law? and, WHY do judges deny juries their right to see and decide which evidence is admissible? disrespect for citizens' ability to make fair judgements? the judge is the willing servant of undemocratic oppressive unwillingness to part with his or her power to prejudice the Whatever the judge's motives, the judge is wrong not to inform jurors of their Right and Duty to do justice: e.g., State of Georgia v. Brailsford, a supreme court forfeiture trial, the facts having been ascertained, U.S. Chief Justice John Jay instructed jurors that it remained only for them to judge the law itself, saying: "The Jury has the right to judge both the law as well as the fact in Under Constitutional Trial by Jury, jurors not only render the verdict according to their conscience, but also decide the sentence for criminals. The Jury's powers are nowadays illicitly destroyed by court decisions, procedures, and by the creation of illegal `laws' which deny jury trials for the accused. When judges instead of juries run trials, innocent citizens are persecuted under unjust laws; prisons are filled with harmless and innocent people, while dangerous criminals go free. Removal of justice/equity issues from jurors transforms Trial by Jury into the inherently unlawful trial-by-the-government-judge, by which Nazi, Stalinist, fascist, and communist systems all operate, and primitive tyranny thrives. This uncivilised system is now in place in the former democracies of the West, to enable enforcement of every persecution, stealth-tax, oppression, money-motivated subterfuge and injustice the state introduces, and which judges then lawlessly claim is the `law'. A cause for Repeal of the infamous crime-producing U.S. Alcohol Prohibition law was that prosecutions failed to obtain guilty verdicts. In the last four years of Prohibition to 1933, juries nullified around half of all unjust prosecutions of producers', stockists' and traders' normal traditional commercial activities, by pronouncing the Not Guilty Verdict. THE RIGHT OF JURORS TO JUDGE ON THE JUSTICE OF LAW. The Commemorative Plaque.Old Bailey Law Courts, Penn was later Founder of Pennsylvania. Like the Trial by Jury, this plaque will be removed if the dissolute have their way. Though Penn and Mead broke the law, the jury's authority to acquit supersedes government and court. Reviewing the case, Chief Justice Vaughan confirmed the Right of Jurors to judge the justice of laws, upholding this defining Safeguard of Democracy, sine qua non, an indispensable Principle for all time. "If a juror feels that the statute involved in any criminal offence is unfair, or that it infringes upon the defendant's natural God- given unalienable or Constitutional rights, then it is his duty to affirm that the offending statute is really no law at all and that the violation of it is no crime at all for no one is bound to obey an unjust law." 1946; U.S. Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone. ATTENTION ALL CITIZENS: RESISTANCE to tyranny is the duty of every citizen who wishes to live in a free country. Unresisted and emboldened, E.U. and U.K. politicians/bureaucrats now plan to remove the Trial by Jury. Furthermore, adoption of the E.U. `constitution' would also eliminate Trial by Jury, and instead install in the U.K. the overt tyranny of the state-inquisitorial Continental system. It is time to act against growing injustice ! Campaign with us for To become an FCDAE-FIJA Educational Activist today, print-out, photocopy and give this leaflet to family, friends and media. THE FCDA EUROPE incorporating THE FULLY INFORMED JURY ASSOCIATION. Directors: Kenn d'Oudney and Ms. Astra d'Oudney. EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION SERIES PRODUCED AS A PUBLIC SERVICE. EIS 3. The Fully Informed Juror. True or False? The Juror has the Right and Duty to find the Verdict according to his or her judgement on whether the law is just. The FCDAE-FIJA International Campaign for RESTORATION and UNIVERSAL ADOPTION of Constitutional Common Law Trial by Jury. The FCDAE-FIJA is a non-profitmaking organisation. The Campaign is financed by sales of FCDAE-FIJA educational publications which are endorsed by a Nobel laureate professor emeritus Official Adviser to U.S. government; a Fellow of the Royal Society; by eminent authors, academics, doctors of jurisprudence, medicine, psychiatry and by ecologists and judges (U.S. and U.K.). Be sure to visit the books' section of Amazon.co.uk to see FCDAE- FIJA Publications and read the Synopses. On site, enter ISBNs (numbers only): 1902848152 1902848748 1902848063 1902848012 For details of direct orders (48-hour despatch) E-mail: fcdae-fija(at)tiscali.fr Replace (at) with @. Or write to: THE FCDAE-FIJA, 8, RUE DE LA BRASSERIE, 55700 OLIZY, FRANCE.

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The diversity of cultures and languages have played principal role in determining the success of education system at schools. Different cultural backgrounds and language of inhabitant students and sojourners, inevitably lead to a surging potential problem for school teachers to concern. Students whose inherited deep culture is derived from the parents reveal the particular values upon the learning process to which teachers and instructors have to pay attention properly. In line with the parents’ demand towards the learning process outcome at schools, educators are therefore, facing sort of professional challenges to meet the given expectation. In this short essay, we would like to elaborate how deep culture comes into effect upon the practice of social collaboration at schools as well as the extent of institutional service to provide adequate learning models to meet the parents’ expectation and interest. Deep culture is simply defined as a culture of home life of students that lead problems in school acculturation process and that may inhibit the success of education. Elements of deep culture reveal individual feelings and attitudes for being a member of a particular group in community. Deep culture entails personal thoughts, beliefs, values, and the extent of delicacy when conducting interpersonal relationship expressed through actions and words. This is likely a form of personal ethic and social identity instead of common shared values among community members. Yet, the deep culture is subject to change as the internalization process of it takes a course of long time period accumulated from day-to-day way of individual life. Growing concern of deep culture rose after the previous attention of education institutions to the so-called surface culture which is regarded as the shared products and meanings which act at the interactive framework in a given community. Surface culture consists of tangible elements, such as dress, food, celebration, ceremonies, etc that we ca easily recognize the forms and typical difference. In terms of its application in education, surface culture has been proven inadequate to contribute to the appropriate approach of educators to carry out their professional assignments at schools. In addition, surface culture cannot reveal the basic values, attitudes, underlying beliefs, and prevailing traditions that drive people to behave in a particular way toward themselves, surrounding environments, and others. (Bonar, Gilluly, & Mosely, 2000, www.ccsd.net) Ryan in his short paper entitled Recognizing Deep culture’s Influence on Communicative Behavior illustrated the comparison between surface culture and deep culture as the Iceberg Theory. The theory describes the surface culture as similar to the upper part of the iceberg. Surface culture in this case is observable individual behaviors that we can see and touch clearly and that we can associate the certain features to a particular social like Japanese, Indian, or Hispanic. Below the surface culture, according to Ryan, consists of domain that is still possible to discover although rare. The deep culture itself is in the lower part of the iceberg and thereby considered unknown pattern of thought and values of others that we cannot see clearly. (Ryan, http://repo.lib.yamagata-u.ac.jp/) Some educators still give poor concern on the serious impacts of prevailing deep culture in line with their professional role in teaching and guiding the learning process of the students. Understanding a Hispanic student whose culture is to shake adult hands when greeting them will not help much when collaborating him into a diverse group members consisting of Afro-American, Korean, and may be Japanese. We can only associate that foods like tortillas, tamales, enchiladas, and tacos are ‘Hispanic’ which originated from the Indian cultures of Mexico. Unfortunately, the underlying belief and values on such preference will not be recognized in response to providing the appropriate foods for Prom night event to conduct for the students. Considering surface culture as the basis of board management policy will present shallow insight when attempting to identify the possible resistance against the process of social acculturation among intercultural school students. The impacts of deep culture differences may result in increased prejudices that cause unhealthy learning atmosphere among the students. The abstract nature of deep culture might the obstacle for individual students to understand what and why. Sojourners may simply react negatively toward the different manners and attitudes of local students without understanding sufficiently the phenomenon. The same reaction is potential to occur to the local students as well when finding ‘weird’ manner of sojourners at schools. Quoting the impression from a sojourner namely Joanna, Joseph Shaules recorded the comments as follow: “I didn’t appreciate parts of American culture. For me it was a great experience, but just if I look back I couldn’t have stayed in this country. I was definitely not part of it. For one year it was great, but…it was not groovy enough for me.” (Shaules, 2007) The appearing bad reaction from individual students as an impact of different deep culture, either from sojourners to local inhabitants or vice versa, is an expression of resistance. Such resistance is apparently more than simply disliking something which involves a negative judgment absolutely. In fact, the essence of this resistance is not proven valid and accurate, just like saying “I have the bread here” or “Don’t trust people in here!” However, this will inhibit the psychological acceptance of students toward any form of collaborative work at schools, such as group discussion, learning group, or may be working research paper in pair of a sojourner and local inhabitant. The two components to concern about deep cultures are words of language use and habitual actions carried out within day-to-day activities. The two signs are primary to know the level of cultural contrast among between sojourners and local inhabitant students. Implicit and explicit communication teaching will be a useful tool to help bridge the different interpretation when communicating with each other to catch appropriate the meaning messages. Non-verbal variable called as habitual actions, also deeply constitute important signals by which different students conduct interpersonal communication. Japanese tends to use a lot non-verbal language to express gratitude and honor unlike American in common who prefer expressing verbally what they fell and see. According to Joseph Shaules, the success of intercultural learning is marked by increasing ability of students to differentiate the prevailing cultural phenomena, called as cognitive empathy. An ability to differentiate here is based on the ways in which individuals give the meaning toward different method and vice versa. Shaules further stated that individual views will get differentiated by the increase of perceptual framework categories used to understand other’s experiences and background. Although cognitive empathy cannot be separated from personal values and judgment as well, it is able to identify and support students’ openness to believe that cultural difference is resulted from different diverse individual experiences. (Shaules, 2007) The deep culture model can be the base of school managements to carry out in depth observation toward the diversity of students. Owing to the professional demand to provide adequate learning system that allows every single student to grow better this model will play its principal role to design the proper approach of handling the given intercultural learning environment. Moran’s teaching approach may be also helpful to identify the appropriate model of learning process for intercultural students. In this model, deep culture will be broken down into furthermore than the iceberg formula. Using this model, educators will not only have to know the ‘shared products’ of a community only, but also go in dept into the forms of practices, the relationship of interpersonal interactions, as well as underlying beliefs and values of individual behavior to each other. In line with the intention to set up a learning system that accommodates the diversity of cultural backgrounds, the compositions of education board and teachers have to include minorities. Multi-cultural background of educators would help ease to bridge different attitudes, values, and the way of communication among the diverse students. The existence of minority teachers will encourage the mutual understanding about the different background of students. Upgrading program on intercultural learning management contributes to the improvement of entire education personnel to carry out individual responsibility. As conducted by education institution, such upgrading would be useful method to improve the cultural sensitivity and perceptual framework of the teachers and educators and that suggest individual educator to always guide intercultural learning students to improve their phenomenological understanding to achieve the success of education. Furthermore, peace education model can be another alternative for schools to apply. A set of training programs should be administered. Quoted by Baker and fellows, Hague stated when campaigning for global peace education: A culture of peace will be achieved when citizens of the world understand global problems, have the skills to resolve conflicts and struggle for justice non-violently, live by international standards of human rights and equity, appreciate cultural diversity, and respect the Earth and each other. Such learning can only be achieved with systematic education for peace. Eventually, education institution doesn’t only demand the general teaching process in classes, regular out door activities, to get done on paper without caring whether the increasing level of inter-cultural acceptance takes place or not. Every single pace of learning process should be embodied through the so-called cognitive empathy and social altruism within the domain of inter-cultural education. Therefore, the success of education will be achieved without any worry about resisting manner of different deep culture.

<urn:uuid:2f3a2786-3663-4f99-b727-0d7f2e2ce148>

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https://primewritings.com/essays/art-essays/exploring-cultural-and-linguistic-diversity.php

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en

The publication of recent British Standards has introduced new terms and requirements for reporting ground investigations. In particular these standards have introduced “Ground Investigation Reports” (GIR) and “Geotechnical Design Reports” (GDR). This paper seeks to clarify the definitions of a GIR and GDR and to put them into context with the more commonly and historically produced Factual and Interpretative Reports in UK ground investigation practice. Recommendations for reports on ground investigations are now spread through a number of documents [British Codes such as BS5930 and British Standards such as BS EN 1997, the UK Specification for Ground Investigation and a number of others]. Although they do not contradict each other, it is difficult to compare requirements and definitions across documents. This Guide presents extracts from the relevant sections of these various documents to provide a single source clarifying the definitions and requirements of each type of ground investigation report and how they interact.

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http://ags.org.uk/item/ags-guide-to-ground-investigation-reports/

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en

Sea water passes through the primary membrane, where simulated blood in fiber membranes absorbs oxygen out of the sea water. The simulated blood carries the oxygen to an electrochemical chamber. In the first part of the chamber the 'blood' is jolted by an anode and forced to give up an electron and the oxygen it is carrying. This oxygen is then pumped to the driver's mouthpiece. The 'blood,' after giving up its oxygen, is jolted with a cathode to regain its lost electron, and the process starts again. As the diver exhales carbon dioxide, a rebreather scrubs the carbon from the diver's exhalations, returning oxygen to the diver.

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http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-05-26/news/0300210266_1_oxygen-carbon-dioxide-blood-carries

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A weekly historical column by Ben Miller, author of the best-selling “The First Resort” Things happened rather quickly near the end of World War II, with the death of President Roosevelt on April 12, 1945 followed two weeks later by the deaths of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz succeeded Hitler and addressed the German nation on May 1, saying that Hitler had died a hero’s death (he committed suicide) and pledged that he would “save Germany from destruction by the advancing Bolshevik enemy.” Dönitz held the position of president for just under a month before he was arrested and tried for war crimes. The writing was on the wall for Dönitz from the start of his reign and he knew Germany had no chance of winning, so regardless of his radio address, he ordered his military leaders to surrender. A representative of his traveled to Dwight D. Eisenhower’s office in France and on the morning of May 7, signed an order for “All forces under German control to cease active operations at 23:01 hours Central European Time on 8 May 1945.” The U-858 is shown docked at Fort Miles with a crew of US sailors and flying the stars and stripes. US Navy Archives It’s worth noting that prior to succeeding Hitler, Dönitz was the Commander of Germany’s U-boat fleet. During the Nuremberg Trials, it was his leadership of the U-boat fleet that was used against him, not any of his actions as German president. Two days after Germany’s unconditional surrender, U-858 was spotted by sailors from the USS Sutton and ordered to a rendezvous point 40 miles southeast of Cape May, very close to where the USS S-5 had sunk 25 years earlier. The German sub arrived at the location on May 14 and surrendered to the US Navy. A majority of the crew members were moved to an American ship and US sailors boarded the sub to bring it back to Fort Miles in Lewes, DE. The navy decided against bringing it directly to the Cape May base out of fears that the harbor was not deep enough for the vessel. As the U-boat was sailed to Delaware it passed right by Cape May, giving locals and visitors an opportunity to see one of the German subs that held the city in a powerful grasp of fear during the war. It was escorted by US Navy vessels, cutters from the US Coast Guard, with commercial fishing boats and other private crafts anchored along the way. Karl Dönitz was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and was released in October of 1956. Museum of World War II U-858 never attacked Cape May or any other city and it never sunk any American ship. While it’s true that the submarine had no torpedoes on board at the time of its surrender, all German U-boats had previously been given an order to scuttle, or throw overboard all weapons. Reports of the crew landing on the Cape prior to its surrender were also proven false and there was no merit to the claim that packaging from Koke’s Bakery (now La Patisserie) were found on the sub. Nonetheless, people from Cape May flocked to the beach to see the sub as it passed by, remembering the many steps that they had taken to avoid an attack by or landing from German ships. Loud sirens piercing the night, blackout shades in their windows, the extinguishing of the Cape May lighthouse and local wardens who patrolled the streets were all fresh in their memory. People in Cape May were genuinely afraid. The sub was dismantled by the navy and her crew were arrested as prisoners of war and kept in a camp on Fort DuPont where they did farm work until they were sent back to Germany. The submarine was retained at Fort Miles until 1947, when it was towed to a point off the coast of New England, hit with torpedoes and sunk.

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http://exitzero.us/2010/08/cape-curiosity-3/

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MTFS Twin Info and Frequently Asked Questions How Are Identical (MZ) and Fraternal (DZ) Twins Different? Identical twins differ from fraternal twins in the number of genes they have in common. Genes are the chemical units in the cells of the body. They act as blueprints for guiding and directing growth. Identical, or monozygotic (MZ), twins have the same genetic makeup. Shortly after a single egg cell has been fertilized by a single sperm cell, the fertilized egg cell (or zygote) splits in half. Rather than developing into one individual, the fertilized egg cell develops into two individuals with the same genetic makeup. Fraternal, or dizygotic (DZ), twins share 50% of their genes. Two different individuals, no more genetically alike than brothers and sisters, develop from separate fertilizations. Can doctors tell if twins are identical or fraternal? Most think that fraternal twins have two placentas and identical twins share one placenta, but this is not necessarily the case. One-third of identical twins separate within a few days of conception, before the placental tissue has begun to form. Each embryo then grows it's own placenta. So if your doctor said that you and your twin were fraternal because you had two placentas, the doctor may be incorrect. Though fraternal twins have their own separate placentas, sometimes the two fertilized eggs implant close to each other in the uterus, which can result in their placentas fusing. The two fused placentas look like one placenta, causing them to be mistaken for identical twins. This is a fairly common mistake; as many as twenty percent of all twin births are misidentified as identical or fraternal. This confusion is one reason why we take special steps, such as sometimes taking blood, to determine if twins are identical or fraternal. How common are twins? In the United States, Canada, and Great Britain about 1 out of every 83.4 births is a twin birth. Reported frequencies throughout the world vary from about 1 in 70 to 1 in 145 births; however, source records from many areas are unreliable. In North America DZ twins are more frequent than MZ twins, the relative proportions being 71.8 to 28.2; similar proportions hold among other populations of European origin. Excluding the use of fertility drugs, approximate figures for the frequency of multiple births are 1 in 80 births for twins, 1 in 6,400 for triplets, 1 in 512,000 for quadruplets, 1 in 40,960,000 for quintuplets, and so on. "Multiple Birth." Encyclopedia Britannica from Encyclopedia Britannica Online. How did we get chosen to participate? Can just anyone volunteer? Using Minnesota public birth record information, we attempted to locate same sex male and female twins born during targeted years (roughly between 1971- 1994). Once the families were located, they were recruited to participate based on eligilbility criteria such as distance living from the University and the ability to participate in the full day intake assessment. The families needed to meet eligiblity criteria to ensure that participants would be representative of Minnesotans in general. We are not currently recruiting any new families for our studies and are unable to accept volunteers. Why do you use twins? Because identical (MZ) twins carry identical genes, they have been used extensively in medical and psychological research. By comparing sets of MZ twins to carefully matched control sets of fraternal (DZ) twins (the "twin method"), researchers have attempted to elucidate the relative importance of heredity versus environment in the development of certain diseases, in the formation of personality, and in intelligence. Can you explain again how you determined the twins were identical or fraternal (zygosity)? Twin zygosity was determined using the following three methods: (a) parents completed a zygosity questionnaire that included questions regarding the twins’ physical similarity and frequency with which family members and others confused them; (b) research staff determined zygosity after rating twins on physical similarity (e.g. eye color, ear shape, etc.); and (c) zygosity was determined using an algorithm based on ponderal index (height/weight ratio), cephalic index (head width/head length ratio), and fingerprint ridge count. In the event that the above three methods disagreed, DNA was collected by either drawing blood or performing a buccal swab. The samples were then sent to Memorial Blood Center where analyses were carried out on the nuclear DNA. Families were informed of the results. To assess the efficacy of our twin identification procedure, we have performed a study during which we assessed 50 twin pairs with all four methods. We found that, when the three methods involving behavioral and physical measures agreed, the DNA analysis always confirmed this agreement. Why do you use twins who are specifically age 11 or 17 at intake? We wish to study the differences between twins who are at various developmental stages in their lives: late childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescensce. Then we can compare these differences and similarities over time. Can I get results? Unfortunately, staff, time, and budget constraints do not allow us to give out individual results based on your assessments. We do, however, mail out some personality feedback to each participant who completes the personality questionaire. General findings and research published from the overall study data can be found by accessing the research page. With longitudinal studies, it takes time to gather, analyze and publish the data; therefore, research and data from the MTFS is continually being produced and published. When will the study end? The purpose of the study is to follow twins as they develop through adolescence and adulthood. Hopefully, our funding will continue so we can continue to explore the important environmental expericences that shape our participants' development. At this point, we don't have a set endpoint. We hope there are interesting and exciting research oppportunities as our twins grow older. As always, though, you are free to stop participating at any time. Why do you need a step-parent's information, since he/she isn't the biological parent? We collect as much data as possible on each family member to determine both genetic and environmental influences within each family. The step-parent provides valuable information about the daily environment in which the twins live. What if one twin doesn't want to participate? Because this is a longitudinal study, each individual participant is important to us and our research. We hope each of our twins and their parents will continue to participate in each phase with us. However, we can still learn valuable information on how an individual develops and changes over time from each of our participants, even if a twin pair can not participate together. Likewise, parents can still share valuable information with us about themselves. How will participating benefit us? Each participant receives monetary compensation for participating in any phase of the study. Also, we mail some personality feedback to you based on questionaires you fill out at your visit. Your participation also benefits society by allowing a better understanding of human behavior.

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http://mctfr.psych.umn.edu/twinstudy/twin%20FAQ.html

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The word dignity has no precise and simple definition. Many experts though mention its closest synonym – self-esteem. What is the relation between these two terms? How does knowing the difference impact parenting skills? The self-explanatory meaning of self-esteem is focused on one’s self. It’s important for a child to have a high opinion about his value, to esteem his or her self. Many parents set a goal to develop high self-esteem in children. However, once this goal is met, the following questions need to be considered when comparing dignity and self-esteem. What’s in a child’s mind? A healthy developed sense of dignity includes a child’s high self-esteem. A child who knows his or her dignity is confident about his or her value, “I am good.“ In addition, a child is able to value other people highly, “They are good too.” If only self-esteem is taken into consideration, a child may still be obsessed with the questions: “Am I good or bad?” “Am I better than others?” Does a child need a praise? Dignity gives a child a truthful sense of value, a sense of the truth about her. When a child does something good, she does need the recognition, as everybody else. however, she won’t suffer if she won’t receive it. It’s because she knows that she did a good job, she knows she is good. On the other hand, self-esteem of a child may be artificially imposed. A child may have been told that she is good. But she would keep worrying about the proof of her being good. Often it happens that parents over-emphasize the praising of a child without a child putting in maximum efforts to the work. Why does a child please others? When a child grows with full sense of dignity he or she strives to please people for the sake of goodness, to feel good for others. This is joy! Unfortunately, not many kids know such joy. When a child knows only self-esteem, he or she please people for the sake of him or her self – to feel good about themselves, to get approval and praise.

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http://parentingforeveryone.com/parenting-dignity-vs-self-esteem/

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en

“And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.” Tragedy came to the first family. Cain killed his brother, Abel. When God confronted Cain about his sin, he was not honest and repentant. As a result, God cursed Cain. Our Scripture records that “Cain went out from the presence of the LORD.” Of course, there is a sense in which we are always in God’s presence since He is everywhere at all times. But the phrase refers to leaving the place of God’s manifested presence and blessing. What a sad commentary. Cain willingly walked away from God and from the faith of his family. The rebel dwelt in a place referred to as “the land of Nod.” The name “Nod” means, “wandering.” It is very similar to the word that is translated as vagabond in Genesis 4:14, when Cain said, “I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth.” Cain was in exile, banished from the place of God’s blessing. His life was not a place of peace and rest. Wandering, restlessness, and uncertainty characterized his life. Does this not illustrate for us the way of the transgressor? When a person leaves the will of God and walks away “from the presence of the LORD,” he should not expect a path of comfort and blessing. LIVING IN NOD, wandering here and there, living in a world of instability, describes the unhappy lives of many rebels. We realize that all of us will sin against the Word of God and against the will of the Savior. But when we sin, the reasonable thing to do is to confess our sin and seek the forgiveness of God. When we have wronged another person, we should seek his forgiveness as well. But there is something in our prideful, human nature that resists honest confession and true repentance. Stubbornly, people will walk away “from the presence of the LORD” rather than get their hearts right. When Jonah got his assignment to preach the Word of God to Nineveh, he also rebelled and fled “from the presence of the LORD” (Jonah 1:3). Jonah found out that leaving God’s will leads to a difficult place. Sometimes people talk about how hard it is in the will of God, and we know that there are times it is certainly difficult to follow the Lord. But the hardest life is not the life of service and obedience, it is the life of rebellion and stubbornness. Living in harmony with our Savior is always preferred to LIVING IN NOD.

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http://straightpaths.mzbc.com/2016/05/29/living-in-nod/

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Little is known about the reproductive biology of Stylisma pickeringii var. pattersonii, an endangered plant in Illinois occurring in only three counties (Cass, Henderson, and Mason). The objective of this study was to estimate flower densities and temporal (time of day and seasonal) differences in insect visitation to flowers of S. pickeringii in 2002 for native populations in Henderson and Mason Counties. A 50 m transect was located where S. pickeringii was most abundant and quadrats (0.25 m2) were placed on alternate sides of the tape measure at every meter at random distances from the transect. The number of flowers was estimated for both Mason and Henderson Counties in July and August 2002. For insect visitations, three plots (1 m2) were located in patches where open S. pickeringii flowers were abundant. Insects visiting flowers were collected within the same plots for one hour starting at 10:00 A.M., 12:30 P.M., and 3:00 P.M. on July 9, 2002 (Henderson County) and on July 10, 2002 (Mason County). On August 21, 2002 in Mason County only, plots were observed for one hour starting only at 12:30 P.M.. Insects were collected with nets and placed in killing jars containing cyanide. The number of each insect species visiting flowers of S. pickeringii was recorded for each time. Pollen from the bodies of four insect visitors was compared to that from flowers. Mason County had significantly higher flower density with a mean of 131 6 17 flowers/m2. July is peak flowering time for S. pickeringii in Mason County, Illinois. Insect diversity was greater in Henderson County than in Mason County. No differences were noted for insect visits to flowers during different times of day in July at Henderson County, but visits were greatest from 3:00 to 4:00 P.M. at Mason County. Pollen collected from all insect visitors that were checked was similar in color, shape and size to pollen from flowers of S. pickeringii. These findings increase the understanding of plant-pollinator interactions for S. pickeringii and will support more informed management decisions. Claerbout, A. E.; Owen, H. R.; Coons, Janice M.; and Todd, B. L., "INVESTIGATION OF INSECT VISITS TO FLOWERS OF STYLISMA PICKERINGII (PATTERSON BINDWEED), AN ENDANGERED PLANT OF ILLINOIS SAND PRAIRIES" (2009). Faculty Research & Creative Activity. 195.

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http://thekeep.eiu.edu/bio_fac/195/

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Oral cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the mouth. It may occur in the lips, gum, tongue, palate, jaw bone, floor of the mouth, oral pharynx, salivary glands, maxillary sinus and mucous membrane of the facial skin. The incidence of oral cancer accounts for 1.45% to 5.6% of all the malignant cancers with a higher percentage among males than females. Long-term addiction to smoking or drinking: most oral cancer patients have long history of smoking or drinking. Non-smokers and Non-drinkers are seldom found with oral cancer. Bad oral hygiene: bad oral hygiene provides a nourishing environment for the growth and multiplication of bacteria and mycetes, which are beneficial to the formation of nitrosamine. Long-term stimulation of foreign body: long-term stimulation to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity by root of teeth, sharp teeth cusps or unsuitable false teeth, can cause chronic ulcer and cancerous lesion. Innutrition: lack of elements like vitamin A1, vitamin B2 and trace element zinc, arsenic, can raise the organism’s sensitivity to carcinogen and causes oral cancer. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia: oral leukoplakia and proliferative erythroplakia are signs of cancerous lesion. Ultraviolet rays: for outdoor workers, long-term exposure to direct sunlight can raise the risk of oral cancer. Ionizing radiation: ionizing radiation can cause changes of DNA and activate the cancer genes, thus, causes cancer. Others: diseases like chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and virus infection, which can cause decrease of the organism’s immunity, also have relation to the incidence of oral cancer. Change of color: the abnormality of oral cavity that its color changes into white, brown and black suggests the change of epithelial cell of mucous membrane. Especially when the mucous membrane becomes rough, thick or has nodules, and cavity leukoplakia or erythroplakia occurs, it may suggest cancerous lesion has happened. Unhealed ulcer: course of mouth ulcer usually is less than two weeks. Therefore, if you have symptoms like burning feeling and pain for more than two weeks without getting better, you should look out for them, as they may be signs of oral cancer. Obvious pain: usually, oral cancer has no pain but only local abnormal friction feeling in the early stage, while obvious pain occurs after the ulcer cracks. As the cancer further invades the nerves, the patient may feel pain in the ears and throat. Swollen lymph nodes: most oral cancers can invade the nearby lymph nodes of the neck, causing swelling of lymph nodes. Dysfunction: oral cancer can invade the masticatory muscles and mandibular joint, causing limitation to the activity of the mouth. Face and neck examination: when examining the neck, try to raise your head backwards as much as you can and check whether there are abnormalities in the inferior maxilla area and neck. Touch both sides of your neck and the inferior maxilla area with your hands to feel the difference between the inferior maxilla area and the two sides of the neck. Lip examination: observe the outer side of both lips, touch them with your hands, lightly pull down the lower lip with your fingers and check its inner side, and then check the inner side of your upper lip. Gum examination: observe your gums and touch them with your fingers to see whether there are abnormalities. Cheek examination: keep you mouth closed, lightly pull both corners of your mouth oppositely towards the direction of your ears, touch both your cheeks and see whether there is abnormality. Check your tongue: stretch out your tongue, hold it with your hand, touch and observe the surface, pull it to the left and then right side to check whether there are abnormalities on lateral borders. Check the roof of the tongue: raise your tongue, touch and observe it to check whether there are abnormities. Check the pharynx and palate: open your mouth and say “ah”, observe the pharynx under light, raise your head backwards, and touch the palate to see whether there is abnormality. Surgery: surgery is a common treatment method for oral cancer. Early oral cancer, if no lymph node swelling of the neck occurs, can be removed by individual surgery. Chemotherapy: individual chemotherapy is seldom used in treating head and neck cancers. Instead, it usually goes with radiation therapy to improve the tumor’s sensitivity to radiation. Radiation therapy: whether it is used individually or combined with surgery, it plays an important role in oral cancer treatment, after which the functions of chewing, swallowing and pronunciation can be retained and patient’s life quality is improved. Chinese medicine can not only nurse and balance the patient’s health, strengthen the patient’s physical constitution and resist cancer, but also eliminate the toxic side-effect from chemotherapy and radiotherapy and improve the patient’s immunity. Combination of Chinese medicine and Western medicine can get a better effect than any other individual therapies do. It is a kind of advanced comprehensive treatment mode of cancer. Provide liquid diet to the patient after surgery and change into semi-liquid diet about one week after the operation. Observe the color, temperature and elasticity of the patient’s skin flap, if it is low in temperature, greenish purple and increasingly aggravates, turn to the doctor instantly. Aspirate the patient’s secretions in the mouth, nasal cavity and pharynx to keep the airway unobstructed. If the patient is not able to talk, check whether there are symptoms of airway obstruction, such as fidget and nasal flaring, if any, inform the doctor. Disclaimer: Therapeutic effect depends on individual patient's condition. The content of this website is for informational purpose only,this can not be the basis of medical diagnosis and treatment and even can not replace the diagnosis and treatment from doctors.Please refer to Terms and Condition for more information.

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http://www.asiancancer.com/cancer/oral-cancer/

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Analyzing a Political Cartoon Political cartoons are drawings that express a point of view. They generally show public figures, political events, or social or economic situations. The cartoonist may use symbols, labels, captions, or exaggeration to make a point. To analyze a political cartoon, you need to examine it carefully and ask yourself what is happening in the cartoon. Who or what do the characters represent? What symbols are used? What do the labels mean? By studying all the clues, you can identify the point the cartoonist is making. Directions: Study the political cartoon below, and then answer questions 31-35. Question 31: Who or what does the lifeguard represent? Geography - Ms. Sue, Monday, March 14, 2011 at 1:09pm Aww! Come on! Get real! Obviously we can't see the cartoon! Geography - Coop, Monday, March 14, 2011 at 1:19pm /Users/Alex/Desktop/Screen shot 2011-03-14 at 1.18.27 PM.png Geography - Ms. Sue, Monday, March 14, 2011 at 1:26pm I couldn't access that site. If you describe the cartoon in detail, we may be able to help you. economics - Anonymous, Monday, November 2, 2015 at 9:09pm how can existence of a monopoly negatively affect the consumer? what argument does the speaker use the defend his way of doing business?

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http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1300120964

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September 23, 2012 Unmet Needs of the Mentally Ill Population Mental illness in a year’s time invades about 5 to 7 percent of the adult population and 5 to 9 percent of the children population. This means millions of adults and children are disabled by mental illness every year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2012) Given this information, how is the public reacting toward the mentally ill population? How is health care taking care of this population? And why is the mentally ill population falling through the cracks with the current mental health service delivery system? With research there are answers, however some may take much need time and money to get to where this economy needs to be to help the unmet needs of the mentally ill population. The reaction from the public in relation to the mentally ill population is empowered by ignorance, unawareness of what this population of people goes through. The feeling of low self-esteem, isolation, and hopelessness, all because of discrimination and unawareness of really what mental illness is. Stigma causes this population to feel ashamed and embarrassed to the point of hiding their illness and not helping themselves. Mental illness needs awareness from the public by turning the stigma around which in turn will help this population to want to help themselves. By helping themselves, they need to share their stories with family and friends, while compassion will be the response, not ridiculed. As time goes and proven in research that the knowledge of mental illness is not as bad as the public make it look out to be, then this population will feel socially accepted amongst the general public. (National Alliance On Mental Illness, 2012) The lack of knowledge the general public perceives, let’s look at how healthcare is taking care of this population. Unfair treatment and limitations, to seek treatment for their condition,...

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Blisland in North Cornwall Blisland is another picture postcard village that lies on the western edge of Bodmin Moor. The village green is surrounded by Victorian and Georgian houses as well as delightful cottages, the village shop, the public house "The Blisland Inn", and another 15th Century church,. this time that of St Protus and St Hyacinth. St Protus and St Hyacinth where brothers who were murdered for there beliefs in the 3rd century. St Protus was beheaded and St Hyacinth was burned alive. The brothers origins are in Italy, where St Proteus' head can be found in the church of the four crowned saints and his body lies in the church of St John of the Florentines, a church that is dedicated to St John the Baptist. The tomb of St Hyacinth can be found in a crypt in the catacombs of St. Hermes. The crypt was a small square niche in which lay the ashes and pieces of burned bone wrapped in the remains of costly stuffs. The niche was closed by a marble slab similar to that used to close a loculus, and bears the original inscription that confirmed the date in the old Martyrology: D P III IDUS SEPTEBR (Buried on 11 September Hyacinthus Martyr). In 1752 the annual commemoration was moved to 22nd of September Pope Damasus wrote an epitaph in honour of the two martyrs, part of which still exists today. In the epitaph Damasus calls Protus and Hyacinth brothers. When Leo IV (847-55) translated the bones of a large number of Roman martyrs to the churches of Rome, the relics of these two saints were to be translated but, because of the devastation of the burial chamber, only the grave of St. Protus was found. His bones were transferred to San Salvatore on the Palatine. In 1849 the remains of St. Hyacinth were placed in the chapel of the Propaganda. Later the tombs of the two saints and a stairway that was built at the end of the fourth century were discovered and restored. The brothers were first mentioned in English literature in the patent rolls of Henry VI in 1436. How the saintly brothers came to be associated with Blisland is still a mystery. The parish church of Blisland was dedicated to St Protus (or Protatius, Prothus, St Proto) but is known locally as St Pratt and St Hyacinth. The church is of Norman and medieval origin and contains an excellent example of a Rood Screen. The parish itself is named after an unknown individual and the word 'tun' which means land. Blisland is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Glustone. It is a very undulating and hilly area with many isolated farms and small unfenced moorland roads. It is primarily farmland, and cattle, sheep and ponies are grazed on the moorland. In 1934, the parish of Temple was incorporated into Blisland parish. Blisland parish contains a Neolithic stone circle called the Striple Stone and two stone bridges, Delphi and Bradford, both sit astride the De Lank river which is a tributary of the River Camel and runs down from Brown Willy. The importance of the wildlife, flora and fauna in this area has led to it becoming designated as a "special area of conservation" by English Nature. Blisland Inspires the title of Katrina Leskanich's second solo album. 'Blisland' - the title of Katrina's 2014 album inspired by the genre of music from her formative years - I wanted to record an album that reflected my love of all the genres of music I grew up listening to, from Peter Frampton Live to Neil Young's Harvest. I fell in love with the South West of England, the beautiful beaches reminded me of California and a little village called Blisland not only had a fantastic little pub but also gave me the perfect name for my new album.' Looking for accommodation at Blisland in North Cornwall CLICK HERE for further information regards this website visit us at Copyright © 1998-2013 Kestrel Promotions All Rights Reserved. Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of the Kestrel User Agreement

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Grow Heirloom Peas This Springcomments (0) April 22nd, 2010 Peas are one crop that no spring garden should be without. They're one of the oldest cultivated vegetables as there's been evidence of peas found throughout Egypt, Europe, Asia and amazingly, among the ruins of Troy. Heirlooms are descendants of those peas and preserve their heritage, adaptability, genetics, and great flavor. This isn't surprising considering the many ways they can be used as food. Peas general categories are: shelling peas (English), snap peas, sugar peas (snow peas) and Southern peas which are also known as cowpeas and black-eyed peas. The shelling or English peas are those that taste best when the peas are removed from inside the shells or pods and then cooked. Snap peas have fat pods that are sweet and tender even when mature. They also have a great snap to them - just like snap beans. The sugar peas or snow peas are those small peas that you often find in Asian or Chinese dishes. They don't split open when they're mature like the shelling peas and are harvested when they're quite young. Southern peas are also called cowpeas, black - eyed peas, or field peas depending on your location. They can be canned, dried, cooked, or dried. These guys perform their best in climates where they have 60 - 90 days of warm days and nights. Don't forget about the amending properties of peas or any legume. They're nitrogen - fixing plants and can be also used to release nitrogen into garden soil for other crops. Need more? We have a video that gets into pea growing details - Homegrown/Homemade. Heirloom Shelling (English) Peas - Blue Podded Shelling - This beautiful pea variety with its blue-purple pods dates back hundreds of years in Europe. You can harvest this one young and use it as a snow pea or you could let it mature and use it as a shell pea that's perfect for soups. The piece-de-resistance is its lovely purple flowers. 80 - 85 days to harvest. - Lincoln - This old pea variety was introduced in 1908. Tasty, sweet peas are born on compact, high - yielding vines and are perfect for small gardens. 60 - 70 days to harvest. - Little Marvel (Improved American Wonder) - This 1908 heirloom is a dwarf vine that bears fine-flavored peas. It's a heavy-yielding variety that's fusarium wilt - resistant. 60 days to harvest. - Tall Telephone - This variety was introduced in 1881 and is heat - resistant enough to do well in Southern climates. The long vines may reach up to 6' tall. It produces large pea pods and peas that are sweet and tender. Heirloom Snap Peas (Snow Peas) - Cascadia - 'Cascadia' grows 32" vines that bear sweet, juicy, 3 1/2" pods. It's a high - yielding plant that's resistant to both powdery mildew and pea enation virus. 60 days to harvest. - Dwarf Gray Sugar - Introduced in 1892, 'Dwarf Gray Sugar' blooms in beautiful purple flowers. This stringless, pale - green variety of 3" - 4" pods are born on 24" - 30" vines that don't need staking or trellising. Perfect for steaming or stir fries. 60 days to harvest. - Sugar Snap - These 6' - 8' vines produce 3" snap peas that have the best flavor of all the snap peas. It's pea wild - tolerant but not tolerant of powdery mildew. They freeze well, but you may want to try them fresh - right from the garden. 70 days to harvest. - Golden Sweet - Another snap pea that produces gorgeous, purple, two - toned blooms that give way to bright, lemon - yellow pods. The flat seeds are a tan color with purple flacks. A perfect variety for adding to soups and stir-fries, but can also be dried. 60 - 70 days to harvest. Heirloom Southern Peas (Cowpeas, Black-Eyed Peas) - Whipporwill - 'Whipoorwill' was brought to the Americas during the slave trade and it was grown at Monticello by Thomas Jefferson. It used to be the standard for southern peas as this variety grows well in most soils and is drought - tolerant. The 7" - 8" pods are green tinged with purple. When the seed are mature they're light brown with black speckles. The peas are good for fresh eating and drying. 85 days to harvest. - Mississippi Silver - This variety is highly adaptable and not only does well in the humid Mid - Atlantic and Southern areas, but also in the North. The 6 1/" pods are a silver color that are sometimes rose - streaked. The peas are easy to shell. 64 days to harvest. - Big Red Ripper - This heirloom variety is a nice table pea with good flavor. The pods are reddish-green and grow high on the plant for easy harvesting. Hot and dry summers don't bother it at all. They can be eaten fresh or dried for storing. 70 days to harvest. - Pinkeye Purple Hill - This prolific variety that produces early, white peas with pink eyes that are good for fresh eating, canning , and freezing. The semi- dwarf bushes are disease - resistant. 65 days to harvest. posted in: peas, heirloom vegetables, heirloom peas

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Thunb. 1813 not Wall. ex G. Don 1832 Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry, Ceylon raspberry, hill raspberry; Chinese: 红泡刺藤, hong pao ci teng, Hindi: काला हिसालू, kala hinsalu) is a species of Rubus native to southern Asia, from Afghanistan east through India and China to Taiwan and the Philippines, south to Sri Lanka and Malaysia, and north to Gansu in China. Rubus niveus is a shrub growing to 1–2.5 m tall, the stems whitish tomentose at first, becoming glabrous green to purple later. The leaves are pinnate with 5–11 leaflets (mostly 7 or 9), the leaflets 2.5–8 cm long and 1–4 cm broad, dark green above, densely pale grey to white tomentose beneath. The flowers are about 1 cm diameter, with five dark pink to red petals. The fruit is 8–12 mm diameter, densely grey tomentose, dark red at first, ripening black. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rubus niveus.| |This Rosales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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There’s been a lot of discussion in the past day about a new paper published in Science. The paper is an opinion piece about an argument that’s played out many times in the past, namely: should scientists kill specimens to get them into museums and collections for future study? (Spoiler alert: yes, they should) The authors argue, from their experience and perspectives in either vertebrate biology or environmental ethics, that scientific collecting can, and does, contribute to the extinction of rare species. They cite examples of such events. They then offer alternatives to the collection of whole voucher specimens (things like photographs, tissue samples, sound recordings). All perfectly reasonable on the face of it, except that pretty much any taxonomist or ecologist or evolutionary biologist who makes use of natural history collections for research knows that the proposed solutions are just not very realistic, oh and that some of their examples are misinterpreted. In the end, this paper will simply fuel the anti-collecting sentiments espoused by a subset of people who just don’t understand how scientific collecting, taxonomy, museum research, or global biodiversity really work. Here’s the problem with the authors’ proposed solutions to the Great Voucher Hunt (well, technically, here are just a few of the many problems): 1. The examples highlighted by the authors are a very small subset, are entirely vertebrate centered (except for a single shout-out to rare plants), and some are misinterpreted. Scientific collecting did not contribute in any significant way to the extinction of the Great Auk (or many other species). The number of specimens of Great Auks, Dodos, Passenger Pigeons and many other iconic extinct species in museum collections is vanishingly small compared to the numbers that were cooked, killed for feathers, killed for fun, eaten by rats and cats, etc. etc. etc. Blaming scientists for the extinction of species such as the Great Auk is like blaming Albert Einstein or Marie Curie for Cold War nuclear proliferation. 2. The paper ostensibly focuses on a small and critical group of (vertebrate) species that are known to be endangered, or were considered extinct and then rediscovered. And yes, it’s right to be concerned about the long-term prospects for their survival. However, I think that there’s a whole army of other factors we need to be more concerned about (habitat loss, introduced species, pathogens, human activities, climate change) than scientific collecting. But the authors then extrapolate out to broader arguments about the desirability of killing for voucher specimens or museum specimens. Unfortunately, that extrapolation fails because the vast (VAST) majority of species on earth are not in the same category as their examples (even the examples that they got right). 3. Flies are not mammals. Rotifers are not mammals. Neither are fungi, diatoms, nematodes, tardigrades, slime molds, algae, or most other species on the planet. We cannot identify the vast majority of these species from photographs. We cannot record their sounds. We usually cannot take a sample of DNA without killing the organism (because they’re SMALL). The reality is that in order to document, understand, and implement conservation strategies (where needed) for most species on this planet we have to kill specimens and study them in the lab in order to have any hope of knowing, with reasonable confidence, what they are. 4. Museums aren’t simply morgues for the long term storage of dead things. And voucher specimens are not just trophies from our awesome trip to Borneo or Tierra del Fuego. That view is a ridiculous caricature. The collection and curation and maintenance of specimens in natural history museums is a crucial necessity in documenting biodiversity. Natural history collections are the source of raw data to address a vast array of research questions. They are the place where we discover new species, they are the repository of the data that allow us to verify an enormous body of previous research. Collections facilitate the great majority of taxonomic research. But they do much more than that: collections are the source of data that allowed us to demonstrate the effect of pesticides on the thickness of egg shells, to document body size changes in species over time as a result of climate change, to track the decline and disappearance of some species (and no, NOT by collecting!), and the increase and spread of others. Many excellent authors in recent years have written about the importance of natural history collections in broader questions about ecology and evolution. These papers are easy to find. Collections already take a bit of a beating from university and museum administrators and funding agencies because of the shocking lack of comprehension about their unique value and contributions to science. We don’t need more colleagues adding fuel to the fire simply because they don’t understand what we do. It’s not that hard to find a natural history collection, and the people inside are generally a pretty pleasant bunch. The work we do may be perceived as old-fashioned and unnecessary. That’s wrong. Stop by for a coffee sometime. We’ll be glad to enlighten you.

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How can we help? You can also find more resources in our Select a category Something is confusing Something is broken I have a suggestion What is your email? What is 1 + 3? Science of Rockets - Section 2-1 Where and when were rockets first developed? China in the 1100s Later rockets were used in wars to deliver this... A device that expels gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction. The reaction force that propels a rocket forward. Speed in a given direction The velocity a rocket must achieve to establish an orbit around a body in space The velocity an object must reach to fly beyond a planet's or moon's gravitational pull Describe how a multistage rocket works Each stage of the rocket has fuel, as it burns, it separates and falls to earth. It lightens the rocket and it can go further. What is the main advantage of a multistage rocket? Total weight of the rocket is greatly reduced as the rocket rises.

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Submitted to: Journal of Food Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/20/2009 Publication Date: 9/14/2009 Citation: Ravishankar, S., Zhu, L., Olsen, C.W., Mc Hugh, T.H., Friedman, M. 2009. Edible Apple Film Wraps Containing Plant Antimicrobials Inactivate Foodborne Pathogens on Meat and Poultry Products. Journal of Food Science. 74(8):M440-M445. Interpretive Summary: Present day consumers prefer natural products over synthetic additives. Natural products derived from plants have gained popularity in recent years as antimicrobials in food processing to render a safe food product for the consumer. Surface contamination of many processed food products is an important safety issue for many food processors. Antimicrobials that can act on the surface of a food product can reduce surface contamination and could help solve this issue. Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen, being the leading cause of gastrointestinal illness worldwide. Patients can be asymptomatic carriers for weeks after the infection. Poultry and egg products have been predominantly implicated in foodborne Salmonellosis. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen of concern in immuno-compromised individuals such as the elderly, young children and pregnant women. The pathogen can be deadly, if proper and timely treatment is not given to the victims. E. coli O157:H7 has been implicated in a variety of food products, including apple cider, produce, hamburgers and poultry products. Listeria monocytogenes is also a foodborne pathogen of concern in immuno-compromised individuals and pregnant women. Left untreated, the organism can cause mild flu-like illness and can enter the bloodstream causing meningitis and encephalitis. It can also adversely affect the fetus causing abortions and stillbirths. L. monocytogenes has caused outbreaks following consumption of contaminated dairy products and ready-to-eat meats. Surface contamination of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products with L. monocytogenes is an important food safety issue. The incorporation of antimicrobials in edible films could serve as an additional barrier for surface contaminating microorganisms. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde incorporated into apple-based edible films against S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 on contaminated raw chicken breast surfaces, and against L. monocytogenes on ham surfaces. This study demonstrates the potential of edible apple films containing plant antimicrobials to inactivate pathogenic bacteria on contaminated poultry chicken breasts and ham. Food processors and consumers are expected to welcome the described approach to improve food safety. Technical Abstract: As part of an effort to discover new ways to improve microbial food safety, we evaluated apple-based edible films containing plant antimicrobial compounds for their activity against pathogenic foodborne bacteria on meat and poultry products. Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli O157:H7 (107 CFU/g) cultures were surface-inoculated on raw chicken breasts and Listeria monocytogenes (106 CFU/g) was inoculated on the surface of ham. The meat and poultry products were then wrapped with apple-based edible films containing three concentrations (0.5, 1.5 and 3%) of cinnamaldehyde or carvacrol. Following incubation at either room temperature (23°C) or at 4°C for 72h, samples were stomached in buffered peptone water, diluted and plated for enumeration of survivors. The results showed that the antimicrobial films exhibited concentration-dependent activities against the foodborne pathogens tested. On chicken breasts at 23°C, films with 3% antimicrobial concentrations showed the highest reductions (4-7.8 log CFU) of both S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 compared to control samples. Films containing 1.5% and 0.5% antimicrobials showed 2.4-4.4 and 1.5-2.8 log CFU reductions, respectively. At 4°C, carvacrol exhibited stronger activity compared to cinnamaldehyde. Films with 3, 1.5 and 0.5% carvacrol reduced the bacterial populations by about 4, 1.6-4, and 0.7-1 log CFU, respectively. Films with 3 and 1.5% cinnamaldehyde-induced 1.2-3.5 and 1-1.3 log CFU reductions, respectively. For L. monocytogenes on ham, carvacrol films showed better activity than cinnamaldehyde films and the activity was better at 23°C than at 4 °C. Added antimicrobials had minor effects on physical properties of the films. The results suggest that the food industry and consumers could use these films as wrappings to control surface contamination by pathogenic microorganisms.

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( Chemical Engineering : Operations , Solid-solid operations ) Sintering transforms a weak, porous compact into a nearly full-density metal part. Sintering densifies the ceramic compact and eliminates the pores between the particles of powder. Sintering is when the density of a material is increased by melting which forms bridges between Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers

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Nation and Race. The Emergence of an Euro-American Racist Subculture. 1998, 202-230 The Norwegian rightist underground consists of three fronts comprising rather different lifestyles and ideologies. The three fronts are the paramilitary groups, the National Socialist skinhead front, and the ideological front. This article compares the ideological beliefs held by activists from the different fronts. One aim is to point to the loss of ideological consistency, and the implicit quality of the beliefs, as well as the way incompatible beliefs among different activists are encapsulated into the all-embracing concept of nationalism. The article also sorts out some of the main ideological dimensions which tend to separate the underground. These dimensions are nationalism vs. Germanism, culture vs. race, right vs. left. In the end the article goes into more detail on the beliefs held by the National Socialists of the underground, including the way Norwegian activists relate to ZOG [Zionist Occupation Government] theory. Nationalist and National Socialist are the words used by right-wing activists in Norway to describe their views. A few years ago, it was not that important for them whether one was a nationalist or a National Socialist in this underground. To avoid confusion they all call themselves nationalists. After the emergence of paramilitary groups which define themselves in contrast to the skinhead front, the tensions between nationalism and national socialism have increased. However, the underground still acts together when arranging concerts and parties. The reason why the activists do not split the underground according to contrasting views is that they need to stand together in their fight against militant anti-fascists. This article highlights three points: the way contrasting views of different right-wing activists do not become divisive, a discussion of the mechanisms which prevent these contrasting views to splitting the underground, and a description of the ways in which various layers of the underground verbalize their views. Published in Jeffrey Kaplan and Tore Bjørgo (1998) Nation and Race : The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture, Boston: Northeastern University Press. With permission from the editors.

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Fresh fruit may stay fresh longer if a natural pesticide being studied by University of Guelph researchers makes the grade. The potential of natural fruit "volatiles" to improve the storage qualities of fresh fruit is being examined by Lisa Skog and Prof. Dennis Murr, from the Department of Plant Agriculture'sVineland Research Station, and Brian McGarvey of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Volatiles are natural compounds that contribute to the aroma and flavour of fruit. But in high concentrations, some are antimicrobial agents that can protect against fungal organisms and damage. "If natural fruit volatiles prove effective, then growers, distributors and consumers will all benefit," says Skog. "It could lead to a healthier product, less storage decay, longer shelf life and decreased losses during shipping." Fruit boosts its production of certain volatiles in response to injury, microbial attack or environmental stress. There are many fruit volatiles —which include aldehydes, ketones and alcohols — that are commercially available for flavour additives in some foods. But they don't all act as antimicrobial agents. Skog is evaluating the effectiveness of 20 different volatiles on Ontario peaches and pears in decreasing brown rot and blue mould microbial diseases. A pear processor collaborating on the project estimates that a 75 per cent decrease in the incidence of blue mould alone could save $30,000 per year. Fruit losses from spoilage are partly due to a recent push to use fewer conventional post- harvest pesticides. This has decreased pesticide residues and risks to consumers, but has also increased post-harvest decay during long distance shipping and storage of fresh fruit, says Skog. Reduced pesticides allow latent infections -- which originate in the field but show no immediate and visible symptoms -- to become active. And fruit processors and growers pay the price in product losses and longer processing times required to remove spoiled fruit. Skog hopes the low-risk natural volatiles can be an effective substitute for conventional post-harvest pesticides. "The application of antimicrobial volatiles against post-harvest decay is advantageous because the volatiles quickly dissipate and little residue remains," says Skog. "Also, because the compounds occur naturally in the plant, they may actually enhance flavour." Results so far indicate that five of the 20 volatiles being investigated are effective antimicrobial agents. Laboratory trials have shown they protect fruit against latent infections, spores and active (already growing) infections. Skog predicts volatiles will be very effective in preventing latent infections from becoming active because they can penetrate the fruit surface. Future projects include determining the mode of action of natural volatiles, finding the best methods of application, and the precise concentration of volatiles required to protect the fruit. This research is sponsored by the Vineland Growers Cooperative, Nabisco Ltd., and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the Ontario Research Enhancement Program, a $4- million federally funded research initiative administered by the Research Branch of AAFC with input from the agriculture and agri-food sector, universities and the province. OREP supports 25 research projects in universities and research centres across the province, with the University of Guelph as a major participant. Projects focus on two key areas identified by the agriculture and agri-food community: consumer demand for higher quality safe products and ensuring crop production management systems that are environmentally sustainable. Materials provided by University Of Guelph. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Cite This Page:

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Meaning of the Four Ages of Man Symbol Native American Indians were a deeply spiritual people and they communicated their history, thoughts, ideas and dreams from generation to generation through Symbols and Signs such as the Four Ages of Man symbol. Native American symbols are geometric portrayals of celestial bodies, natural phenomena and animal designs. The meaning of the Four Ages of Man symbol signifies the milestones in a person's life. Their birth and infancy, their youth and adolescence, their maturity in Middle Age and their wisdom in their old age. A Sioux Indian legend recounts that the buffalo represents the universe and the four directions. Because they stand on four legs, they represent the four ages of man. Each buffalo with a severed leg represents one of the ages of man has passed. When the buffalo loses all his legs and all of his hair an end time will come and water will cover the Earth. The Four Ages of Man Symbol - Meaning There were so many tribes of Native American Indians it is only possible to generalise the most common meaning of the Four Ages of Man symbol or pattern. Native Indian symbols are still used as Tattoos and were used for a variety of reasons and depicted on numerous objects such as tepees, totem poles, musical instruments and clothes. Indian Tribes also used their own Colors for Symbols and designs depending on the natural resources available to make Native American Paint. Use symbols as ideas and designs for American Indian Tattoos. Native American Indians - Four Ages of Man Symbol Native American Indians had a highly complex culture, especially those who lived on the Great Plains. Their religion was dominated by rituals and belief in a spiritual connection with nature and these beliefs were reflected in the various symbols they used such as the Four Ages of Man symbol. The clothes, tepees and all of his belongings was decorated with art and included symbols depicting his achievements, acts of heroism, his various spirit guides or the most important events in his life. Every symbol used by an American Native Indian had meaning which can be accessed from Symbols and Meanings. The Four Ages of Man Symbol Four Ages of Man The Four Ages of Man symbol of Native Americans Meaning, symbolism and interpretation of the Four Ages of Man symbol Interesting facts and info for kids and schools Pictures, meanings, patterns and designs of symbols Native American Four Ages of Man symbol meaning Pictures and Videos of Native Americans Four Ages of Man. Discover the vast selection of pictures which relate to the History of Native Americans and illustrate many symbols used by American Indians. The pictures show the clothing, war paint, weapons and decorations of various Native Indian tribes that can be used as a really useful educational history resource for kids and children of all ages. We have included pictures and videos to accompany the main topic of this section - Four Ages of Man. The videos enable fast access to the images, paintings and pictures together with information and many historical facts. All of the articles and pages can be accessed via the Native Indian Tribes Index - a great educational resource for kids.

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This peculiarly, Victorian source of entertainment allows the viewer to gaze in wonderment as the characters from the Scriptures, fairy tales or even the news of the day miraculously come to live before their very eyes. Viewing two identical images that are placed side by side through a lens ‘tricks’ the eye into seeing the images in three dimensions. Although my viewer came with a variety of slides it was the volume imaginatively entitled ‘The South African War Through the Stereoscope' that piqued my curiosity. Here were thirty-six slides depicting events in the Boer War and published by Underwood & Underwood. It is clear that there is an element of sensationalism to the images, many of which will have been reconstructed for the benefit of the camera, but they do provide an invaluable resource from the point of view of uniforms, equipment and even tactics of the British Army at the turn of the twentieth century. Once an animated slide is ‘clicked’ on the page it can be viewed as a still image in the normal way. It is also probably worth mentioning, purely as a disclaimer, that every effort has been taken to faithfully reproduce the text accompanying each slide at that any inaccuracies were as they would have been presented to the general public at the time. 1. The Yorkshire Battalion disembarking at Cape Town, South Africa 2. South African Light Horse, coming down Adderly St. to entrain for the front Cape Town 3. Royal Munster Fusiliers receiving the word that they are going to the front, South Africa 4. The dying Bugler's last call - a batter field incident, Gras Pan, South Africa 5. The Sad Roll Call after some of the British were cut off at Dordrecht (Dec. 30th) S.A. 6. Col. Porter's Men ready to meet Boer Cavalry Charge on Naauwpoort (Dec. 13), South Africa 7. The Yorkshires breakfasting in camp at Naauwpoort, S. Africa - their gallantry on Jan. 28th lauded by French 8. Gen. French and Staff examining Boer Laager at Rensburg, S.A., just after Boers' retreat, Dec. 30th 9. New Zealand Mounted Rifles (Jan. 15th) after repulsing Boer attack at bayonets' point, Rensburg, S. Africa 10. Looking over the 12th Brigade Camp and Signal Hill, Slingersfontein, British Campaign, S.A. 11. "When the Cannon's roar is still" - sleeping by their arms before Colesburg, South Africa. 13. British Scouts firing on a Boer Patrol (Jan. 10th), near Colesburg, South Africa 14. The Military Camp at De Aar as it appeared before Roberts' advance to Kimberley - South Africa. 15. A few day's Fodder for British War-horses arrives at De Aar, South Africa. 16. Telephonists and Telegraphers getting and sending News from the British Siege Train a Orange River, S. A. 17. Great Orange River Bridge (450 yds.) which the Boers failed to destroy, Hope Town, S. Africa. 18. City of London Imperial Volunteers just arrived at the Orange River, South Africa. 19. In the Orange River Trenches holding back the Boers - South Africa. 20. Tenderly they lifted him - Orange River Hospital, South Africa. 21. Some of Methuen's Infantry firing on retreating Boers from the Boer Stronghold at Belmont, South Africa. 22. Gallant storming of a Boer Kopje by the Suffolks, at Colesberg, S. A., Dec. 31st - praised by Gen. French. 23. The Last Drop - a scene on the Battlefield at Dordrecht, South Africa, Dec. 30th. 24. Royal Munster Fusiliers lining the Trenches on a Boer Alarm, Honey Nest Kloof, S. A. 25. Royal Munster Fusiliers firing from behind Redoubt at Honey Nest Kloof (Feb 16) S. Africa. 26. British Field Telegrapher sending news of victory at Klip Drift (Feb. 12th) - South Africa. 27. Fording the Modder with British Army Supplies after passage was forced by French, Feb. 13th, S. Africa. 28. Hurriedly repairing Modder River Bridge to pass a train with supplies into Kimberly (Feb. 21), S. Africa. 29. Cape Garrison Artillery making it hot for the Boers across Modder River, S. Africa. 30. The Burial Place, at Modder River, of the Highlanders who fell at Maagersfontein, S. Africa. 31. The Boer Prisoners (Cronje's Men) resting on the road from Paardeberg to Modder River, S. Africa. 32. Arrival of Gen. Cronje at Modder River, a prisoner of war, escorted by C. I. V. Mounted Infantry, South Africa. 33. One of Lord Roberts' Ammunition Columns en route to relieve Kimberley, S. Africa. 34. Colonial Troops fresh from active service in South Africa, Kensington Gardens, London, Eng. 35. Loyal Canadians being reviewed by Her Majesty the Queen, Horse Guards Parade, July 1st 1902, London, England. 36. General Christian De Wet - the Boer Leader - and his Secretary,

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The families of flowering plants Including Berzeliaceae Nak. Habit and leaf form. Ericoid shrubs (usually, or undershrubs), or trees (rarely). Leaves evergreen; small; alternate; spiral (usually in five rows); mostly subtrigonous and acerose; imbricate (usually), or not imbricate; non-sheathing; simple. Lamina entire; parallel-veined (usually three veined, occasionally with 5 or up to twenty veins). Leaves exstipulate (or stipules vestigial). Leaf anatomy. The leaf lamina bifacial to centric (commonly), or dorsiventral (partly or wholly, in a few species). Stomata present; anomocytic. Hairs present; glandular; mostly long, slender and unicellular. Unicellular hairs simple. Complex hairs absent. The mesophyll containing crystals, or without crystals. The crystals when present, druses, or solitary-prismatic. Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Cork cambium present; initially superficial. Primary vascular tissues in a cylinder, without separate bundles; collateral. Secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring. The vessel end-walls oblique; scalariform. The axial xylem with fibre tracheids. The parenchyma scanty paratracheal. Reproductive type, pollination. Fertile flowers hermaphrodite. Plants hermaphrodite. Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers solitary (occasionally), or aggregated in inflorescences (usually); when solitary, terminal, or axillary; when aggregated, in spikes, or in heads. Inflorescences of sessile flowers, in spikes or more often in heads, the latter sometimes in panicles or racemes, occasionally the flowers solitary and terminal or axillary; with involucral bracts, or without involucral bracts; pseudanthial, or not pseudanthial. Flowers usually 5 bracteate; small (mostly), or medium-sized; regular; (4–)5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. Free hypanthium present, or absent. Hypogynous disk present, or absent; when present, intrastaminal. Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla; (8–)10; 2 whorled; isomerous. Calyx (4–)5; 1 whorled; polysepalous, or gamosepalous; when gamosepalous, (4-)5 blunt-lobed; regular; persistent; imbricate. Corolla (4–)5; 1 whorled; polypetalous, or gamopetalous (in Lonchostoma); imbricate; regular; persistent (often), or deciduous. Petals clawed (often), or sessile. Androecium (4–)5 (often persistent). Androecial members free of the perianth (usually), or adnate (the filaments sometimes adnate to the claws of the petals to form a tube, or in Lonchostoma the anthers subsessile and borne on the corolla tube); all equal; free of one another; 1 whorled. Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens. Stamens (4–)5; isomerous with the perianth; oppositisepalous; alternating with the corolla members; inflexed in bud; almost with sessile anthers (Lonchostoma), or filantherous. Anthers dorsifixed; versatile (often), or non-versatile; dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; appendaged, or unappendaged. The anther appendages when present, apical (by prolongation of the connective). Pollen shed as single grains. Pollen grains aperturate; 3 aperturate, or 6–11 aperturate; colporate (or colporoidate). Gynoecium 2 carpelled (usually), or 3 carpelled (Audouinia), or 1 carpelled (seemingly, in Mniothamnea and Berzelia). Carpels reduced in number relative to the perianth. The pistil 1–3 celled. Gynoecium monomerous (or pseudomonomerous?), or syncarpous; of one carpel (Mniothamnea, Berzelia), or synovarious to synstylovarious; partly inferior to inferior (usually), or superior (Raspailia). Carpel when seeming monomerous, stylate; apically stigmatic; 1 ovuled. Placentation apical. Ovary when syncarpous, 2 locular (usually), or 3 locular (Audouinia). Gynoecium stylate. Styles when syncarpous, 2(–3); usually partially joined (at least basally); apical. Stigmas 2(–3). Placentation when syncarpous, apical (from near the top of the septum). Ovules 2–4(–12) per locule; funicled; pendulous; epitropous; with ventral raphe; arillate, or non-arillate; anatropous; unitegmic; crassinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Polar nuclei fusing prior to fertilization. Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; ephemeral. Synergids pear-shaped. The fruiting carpel when monomerous, indehiscent; an achene, or nucular. Fruit when syncarpous, dehiscent, or indehiscent, or a schizocarp. Mericarps when schizocarpic, 2, or 3; comprising achenes, or comprising follicles, or comprising nutlets. Fruit when syncarpous/non-schizocarpic, a capsule, or achene-like, or a nut; 1 seeded (when nutlike), or 2 seeded (when capsular). Seeds copiously endospermic; very small. Embryo well differentiated. Cotyledons 2. Embryo straight. Seedling. Germination phanerocotylar. Physiology, phytochemistry. Iridoids not detected. Proanthocyanidins present. Ellagic acid absent. Aluminium accumulation not found. Geography, cytology. Cape. Temperate to sub-tropical. South Africa. X = 16 (Staavia). Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli, or Tenuinucelli (? - embryological and other evidence being conflicting). Dahlgrens Superorder Rosiflorae; Cunoniales. Cronquists Subclass Rosidae; Rosales. APG 3 core angiosperms; core eudicot; Superorder Asteranae; campanulid; Order Bruniales. Species 75. Genera 12; Audouinia, Berzelia, Brunia, Linconia, Lonchostoma, Mniothamnea, Nebelia, Pseudobaeckea, Raspalia, Staavia, Thamnea, Tittmannia. Illustrations. • Technical details: Brunia. • Technical details: Raspalia (Thonner). • Brunia callunoides, as Berzelia: Hook. Ic. Pl. 11 (1867–71). • Thamnea depressa: Hook. Ic. Pl. 11 (1867–71). We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, distributions of character states within any set of taxa, geographical distribution, genera included in each family, and classifications (Dahlgren; Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo; Cronquist; APG). See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications. Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 13th March 2017. delta-intkey.com/angio’.

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A series of important tombs were discovered in Alacahöyük, one of the first exeavation sites in Turkish archaeology. The tombs of the lords of Hatti who ruled Alacahöyük and its vicinity before the Hittite rule in the region attract attention with a wealth of metal finds. The tumulus built in Adıyaman on the Nemrut Mountain is one of the most important monuments of Turkey. One of the peaks of the mountain was levelled by Anthiokhos I, king of Commagene, and the sepulchre was placed there. On this was placed rocks as large as fists, and the tumulus hill with a diameter of145 metres was formed. As it is understood from the inscription of Poet Ziver on the courtyard's door, Valide Sultan had started the construction of the mosque, and her son Abdülmecit had completed it in 1853. (Dolmabahçe Mosque)

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False Relation(redirected from Cross-relation) Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia. the contradiction between the sound of a natural note and its chromatically altered counterpart in another voice. In diatonic harmony, a false relation usually creates the impression of a “false” (“bad”) sound, and therefore the rules of musical composition prohibit its use in chordal texture. It is permitted only as a barely noticeable by-product where there is developed voice-leading, or as a special expressive technique, to convey sorrow or morbidity, for example. The false relation was often used in romantic and postromantic music as one of the means associated with the nondiatonic elements of the tonalities (for example, the part of Kashchei’s wife in N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera Kashchei the Immortal). In 20th-century music the false relation is frequently encountered as a standard means in the chromatic tonal system. REFERENCESTchaikovsky, P. I. “Rukovodstvo k prakticheskomu izucheniiu garmonii.” Poln. sobr. soch, vol. 3. Moscow, 1957. Rimsky-Korsakov, N. A. “Prakticheskii uchebnik garmonii.” Poln. sobr. soch, vol. 4. Moscow, 1960. Tiulin, Iu. N., and N. G. Privano. Teoreticheskie osnovy garmonii, 2nd ed. Leningrad, 1965. Pages 210–15.

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PBS KIDS recently launched a new web-based program on environmental science called Plum Landing. A digital adventure designed to engage 6- to 9-year olds in environmental science through animated and live-action videos, hands-on activities, web games and an interactive mobile app: Plum’s Photo Hunt. All of the Plum Landing resources, including standards-based tools for educators, are free. Parents can start exploring with the Plum Landing community on Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Pinterest and YouTube. “Plum Landing is a unique experience in the digital universe, designed to help kids develop a love for, and connection to, this amazing, beautiful, diverse and dramatic planet we call home,” says Kate Taylor, Senior Executive Producer, Plum Landing. “This curriculum also fills a gap in the resources currently available for teaching young children environmental science and the scientific concepts that underly sustainability.” Produced by WGBH, Plum Landing follows the adventures of Plum, a video game designer from the desolate Planet Blorb, who longs to experience nature. To realize this goal, Plum commandeers a space ship, zooms down to earth, befriends five eager kids—Clem, Oliver, Gabi, Brad, and Cooper—and launches them on missions as diverse as “find a lake in the desert!” and “search for a cow that lives under water!” Zeroing in on four ecosystems—the Australian desert, the mangroves of Belize, the Canadian Rockies and the jungles of Borneo—Plum discovers many fascinating, puzzling and profound things about Earth and uses what she learns to create explorer games for 6- to 9-year olds. On the Plum Landing website, kids can play these games and explore each of these exotic ecosystems. Plum also encourages kids to investigate their own worlds with Plum’s Photo Hunt App. “PBS KIDS’ mission is to use the power of media to inspire children to explore their passions and embark on their own adventures off-screen,” said Sara DeWitt, Vice President, PBS KIDS Digital. “Plum Landing games and videos invite kids to join science and conservation adventures in the digital space; Plum’s Photo Hunt App then makes the connection to the real world, helping kids see how much there is to learn and explore in their own backyards.” Available exclusively for iPhone, iPad and iPod touch, Plum’s Photo Hunt App is an educational photo-taking and sharing app designed to motivate kids to go outdoors and interact with nature. The app challenges users with more than 36 different missions. Plum’s missions prompt users to explore nature and take photos of various outdoor discoveries. Families have the option to send photos of their nature finds to Plum for a chance to be featured on the Plum Landing website. The app also allows children to add “photo bombs” of the different Plum Landing characters to their pictures. Plum’s Photo Hunt is available for free from the App Store on iPhone, iPad and iPod touch or at appstore.com/PBSKIDS. Plum Landing’s website is the online hub for all 30 animated videos forming the narrative of the series, which chronicles Plum’s visit to planet Earth. The videos include real-life explorations, activities and educational content focused on the environments that Plum and her human friends explore. The website includes nine games of exploration, creativity and scientific discovery, and nearly 100 galleries of missions where kids can create pictures and photographs to send to Plum for possible publication. Major funding is provided by the National Science Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and The Kendeda Fund. Additional funding is provided by the Northern Research Station, Forest Service and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. About PBS KIDS PBS KIDS, the number one educational media brand for kids, offers all children the opportunity to explore new ideas and new worlds through television, online, mobile and community-based programs. Kidscreen and Webby award winning, pbskids.org provides engaging interactive content, including the PBS KIDS video player, now offering free streaming video accessible on computer and mobile-device-based browsers. For more information on specific PBS KIDS content supporting literacy, science, math and more, visit pbs.org/pressroom, or follow PBS KIDS on Twitter and Facebook.

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ancient origins. The first settlement is of preistorical age but were the Pelasgians, arrived here at the end of Bronze age (XIII sec. a.C.), to bring here the civiliszation being building a temple dedicated to the “Ophite snake”. Of this period it has been discovered a cemetery (necropoli) in the territory. On the territory followed then the Picens and the Romans were (290 a.C.). The ancient history however becomes sure beginning from the date of 578 a.D., year of the conquest of Ascoli by Longobards. Offida became seat of a gastaldato (royal demesne or gastaldia) of the county of Ascoli and was begun the construction of a fortified castle. In 920 Offida appears in a document of Benedictines monks of the Abbey of Farfa who, in order to escape to the invasion of the Saracens of 898, took refuge in these lands. In the X, XI and XII century Offida grew around the Benedictine monastery which received from Emperors and Popes the power and the property on the territory. As a result of the increase of the village the city became free Comune and stopping the administration of the monks. The city in this period was fortified with high walls and lived the fight between Guelfi and Ghibellines. Subsequently the fight for the power saw as protagonists two families: the Boldrini (Ghibelline) and the Baroncelli (Guelfi). The fight culminated in the attempt of signing a peace treaty in 1533, attempt that ended with the slaughter of Boldrini family by Carlo In 1557 a singular episode: the French troops came to help the Pope stopped in Offida receiving a good welcome by the population. However the French returned annoying the women and giving fire to the Communal Palace. The inhabitants, after having closed the doors of the village, exterminated the French launching them from the high walls. To remember the event it was written in the Church of Maria of the Rocca: "1557, addì 17 Maggio morì accoppati 70 dei francesi" (1557, today may 17th died slaughtered 70 French people”. Offida then made part of the Papal State until its unification the Reign of Italy.

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Map Reference: O026653 (3026, 2653) This monument is known as the 'White Cross' and may have been erected early in the 17th century by Jennet Dowdall. It is similar in shape to the Dowdall crosses at Carrickdexter and Duleek, but the style of carving is different. On the east face is a Crucifixion with the arms of the figure being held high above the head along the shaft of the cross. Beneath the crucified figure is a skull On the west face is a Virgin and Child and an inscription. There is also the arms of the Bathe and Dowdall families. It is thought that the base of the cross may be of earlier date and the cap may be later. The head of the cross has carved angels, similar to the other wayside-crosses and a small Maltese cross The carved skull Detail of the head of the cross Further detail showing the Maltese cross The cross stands at the side of the road about 800m NW of Athcarne Castle. It is about 3.5km SW of Duleek and 2.5km ENE of Balrath Cross. Return to County Meath List Return to Gazetteer

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Histories of the Book in Indian Country, 1663-1880 Publication Year: 2010 Published by: The University of North Carolina Press Title Page, Copyright Page First thanks go to my family — to Teresa for reading every word and to Antonio for being the happy genius of our household. I would also like to acknowledge the many scholars, students, and friends who have influenced my study of book history in Indian Country over the past seven years. This project began... Sometime between 1838 and 1841 in Rome, a young Native American man worked patiently on a manuscript entitled “Conversión de los Luiseños de Alta California.” The story was part of an assignment he had been given by his teacher, Giuseppe Caspar Mezzon Fanti (1774–1849), chief custodian... Introduction: Toward an Indian Bibliography In the opening pages of The Experiences of Five Christian Indians, Pequot author and activist William Apess (1798–1838) informed readers that he would soon be “publishing a book of 300 pages, 18 mo. in size, and there the reader will find particulars respecting my life.” The resulting work, A Son of the Forest (1831), became... 1. The Coming of the Book to Indian Country From the very beginning, Native peoples and Europeans in British North America related to each other by and through the book. In early English contact literature, the figure of the book as an agent of conquest is ubiquitous, as are myriad fantasies about Native codex production and consumption... 2. Being and Becoming Literate in the Eighteenth-Century Native Northeast In 1773, Mohegan missionary Joseph Johnson (1751–77) wrote in a letter meant for public circulation, “Be it known to all in general, that I am Properly an Illiterate man.” Johnson was apologizing in advance for his writing style to anyone who might one day happen upon his manuscripts. This was a man who read... 3. New and Uncommon Means Christian missions continued to be the single most important source of print media in Indian Country during the nineteenth century. But unlike John Eliot and Eleazar Wheelock, the missionaries who fanned out across an ever-expanding territory to the west of the original thirteen states used what... 4. Public Writing I: “To Feel Interest in Our Welfare” The period from 1774, when Samson Occom’s Several Hymns appeared in print, to 1871, when Spokane Garry returned to his school house on the Columbia Plateau, was notable for more than the influx of alphabetic literacy and print into Indian Country. For the same material practices that embodied... 5. Public Writing II: The Cherokee, a “Reading and Intellectual People” Of all the native communities affected by the coming of print and alphabetic literacy to Indian Country, perhaps none has garnered more notoriety than the Cherokee. This is for good reason. Unique among indigenous nations, the Cherokee developed in 1821 a syllabic written form of the... 6. Proprietary Authorship “Proprietary authorship” is a term that describes a special, social category of writing in which the creator has secured copyright, becoming “visible” in the public sphere as a political entity given legal rights by statute law. Such authorship emerged in America in the 1820s to offer “a radical... 7. The Culture of Reprinting Proprietary authorship, though an essential tool for American Indian writers seeking intellectual sovereignty, was itself not a foundational structure in nineteenth-century American print culture. That honor went to the ad hoc local publishing practices of reprinting. Print historian Meredith McGill... 8. Indigenous Illustration Pictorial illustration — a central feature of the printing revolution in nineteenth- century America — came more slowly to Indian Country than to the rest of North America. Its gradual and uneven dispersal in tribal communities was due in part to the complex technologies involved in producing... Epilogue: The View from Red Cloud’s Grave The preceding chapters have argued that books and writing played constitutive roles in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century tribal communities. From the northeastern woodlands to the Great Plains, alphabetic literacy and printed books became integral elements in emergent, transitional cultural formations... Page Count: 296 Illustrations: 38 illus. Publication Year: 2010 OCLC Number: 676700712 MUSE Marc Record: Download for Removable Type

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Monday, October 13, 2008 A recent St. Louis Dispatch article titled Athletes Get Massage Message addresses what will soon become the newest standard to effect complementary and alternative medicine. It is the use of dosing. In other words, how much, how long and how often massage should be used with athletes is being a center stage issue. With the increasing pressure to win these factors are now under the microscope. According to a recent study published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, researchers at Ohio State University found that Swedish massage helped speed muscle recovery at the cellular level for rabbits who got mechanically intense exercise. Athletes also use Swedish massage -- stroking, kneading and pressing soft tissue. Thomas Best, professor of family medicine at Ohio State University and senior author of the rabbit study, said it's too soon for clinical trials on humans. But he considers the rabbits a strong start toward confirming massage's benefits to athletes. Best said he hopes further research "will dictate how much massage is needed, for how long and when it should be performed after exercise." We just finished a very extensive survey of 168 studies and found that the most successful studies took into account the frequency of technique application. The Chinese for years have taken a very close look at frequency, duration and strength of signal when trying to produce results. Could the failure of some studies to achieve results have to do with these factors rather than whether reflexology "works" or not? Could adjusting the dose of reflexology make the difference? The Chinese reflexology researchers certainly think so. Working with people with serious illness the researchers adjust the dose to a rather high level of once a day ( a half an hour) for 6 days then taking a day off. They do this treatment regime for 2 weeks and then evaluate the disorder. If it needs further action they continue unto another 2 week series of sessions. The Chinese get remarkable results. They are very keen to make sure the frequency in particular is enough to cause change. If we are to move from reflexology being a "treat" as one study put it to a "treatment" will we need to look closely at these three key factors? We think so. It is hard to come away from these evidence based studies without drawing that conclusion. But if one has a serious illness and it could be helped by this level of intensity would that be an incentive enough to try a more intense treatment regime? I would think so. But more research is needed to pin down the required factors. Would you be willing to give it a try if you had a serious illness?

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

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en

Gene vs. Allele Difference Between Gene and Allele Gene and allele are the sequences of DNA that are genetic and they are the ones who determine who we are. As for example it depends the kind of facial hair you have. Gene is a generalized term and is followed by allele. Genes can be considered as basis for all life and they have the vital information about how we are going to look what diseases or weaknesses are we going to be prone to etc. Not only the genes determine the protein and functional RNA chains, they also have all the vital information and set of instructions that govern the construction and maintenance of our cells and they are passed to our next generation as well. A gene may have different variations which are called alleles. If someone is saying that a person has got good genes, what they actually mean is that they have got good set of allele. Alleles are found in pairs and generate opposite contrasting natured phenotypes. Alleles having homogenous genes are called homozygous alleles otherwise known as heterozygous alleles which have a dominant and a recessive allele. Parts of DNA that is responsible for determining the traits that a person will have are called genes. Now what determines the characters that those traits will have are the different sequences of that particular DNA and they are called alleles. While alleles have a recessive and a dominant part and occur in pairs no such pairing is found in case of genes. Genes also do not have any differentiations like homozygous or heterozygous which are found in case of alleles. An allele is nothing but different varieties of the same gene. As for example if there is a gene for hair color, while one allele will be for black hair, there will surely be another allele for brown hair.

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This writing workshop will focus on a step-by-step inquiry into the writing process in which students will practice generating ideas, writing, revising and editing. Before each session, students will prepare an original piece of writing for the class to workshop together. In their writing, they will have the opportunity to explore various genres and experiment with audience, tone and language. Small group size will allow for meaningful discussions of student work and targeted feedback as they move through the writing process. Students will also have the opportunity to explore different platforms for “publishing” written material.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.active.com/new-york-ny/creative-writing/workshops/writing-rocks-online-2016-20046287

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en

There have been dramatic changes in the occurrence of infectious diseases throughout the world in the previous two decades. The emergence of new microbial agents, and the reemergence of infections previously believed to be controlled, threatens the health of all populations. The emergence of these infectious diseases has occurred during a period of breakdown in the capabilities of the public health surveillance systems, prevention programs, and disease control efforts. Expertise in pathology is critical to provide a strong national control program for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Despite the many significant achievements made by pathologists in improving understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of infectious diseases, the field of pathology remains largely oriented toward neoplastic diseases, and has not yet identified infectious disease diagnosis as an important component of anatomic pathology training and research, even in the face of the current threats posed by microbial agents. In addition, there is currently a dearth of infectious disease pathologists in the United States and elsewhere in the world, and the use of the autopsy, a prime pathological tool for diagnosis of emerging infections, is on the wane. The most serious problem is that no formal training program for infectious disease pathology currently exists in the United States or elsewhere in the world. As a consequence of this lack of training opportunities, there is a ... Mots-clés Pascal : Infection, Microscopie électronique, Autopsie, Education sanitaire, Spécialité médicale, Article synthèse, Homme, Etats Unis, Amérique du Nord, Amérique, Anatomopathologie Mots-clés Pascal anglais : Infection, Electron microscopy, Autopsy, Health education, Medical specialty, Review, Human, United States, North America, America, Pathology Notice produite par : Inist-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique Cote : 96-0085356 Code Inist : 002B30A09. Création : 199608.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Base/120608/

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en

Innovation in today's ingredient sector relies upon deliberation and dependability , a big shift for an industry that cut its teeth on serendipitous discoveries and trial and error. Enzymes are no different, and often are dogged by the same issues -- notably high development costs -- that stymie the commercialization of other ingredient types. To justify their use in foods, R&D teams must not only provide proof of the enzyme's functionality, but also demonstrate that its use in a given application is economically viable. Thankfully, advances in genetic engineering are facilitating faster enzyme screening, as well as reduced development costs and cycle times. Additionally, public awareness of food's contributions to health and wellness is prompting companies to place increasing emphasis on functional ingredients such as enzymes, which play a pivotal role in quality and preservation. Recent research also points to the feasibility of substituting enzymes for process chemicals or chemical ingredients, the presumed result being more healthful and flavorsome foods. And since many such enzymes denature during processing, they don't have to be declared on food labels. Small surprise then that enzymes are gaining momentum in the U.S. food industry, which purchased more than $800 million of the product last year, primarily for the manufacture of starch-derived syrups, alcoholic beverages, dairy products and animal feed. To a lesser extent, enzymes were also used to process bakery products, fruits, vegetables, proteins and vegetable oils. Trans fatty acids Enzymes are also gaining prominence as a result of an FDA rule mandating that all foods containing trans fatty acids be labeled as such by January 2006. As most food scientists know, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils provide several foods with desirable functional and organoleptic characteristics. But the recent discovery that trans fatty acids, which are byproducts of hydrogenation, are detrimental to human health not only prompted the labeling regulation, but the search for viable alternatives to hydrogenated fats. Enzymes to the rescue! The Danish company Novozymes, for instance, has introduced an enzyme-based process for inter-esterifying oils and fats to build solids in bakery shortening and margarine products without creating trans fats. Its technology for enzymatic inter-esterification was commercialized in North America in partnership with supplier Archer Daniels Midland's fats and oils operations. Another process uses lipases to create free fatty acids from triglycerides, and subsequently esterify the fatty acids with mono- and di-glycerides to develop the appropriate mix of functional triglycerides. The price-point of enzymatic inter-esterification continues to be high, though rising consumer demand and ensuing economies of scale may contribute to more cost-effective applications in the future. For the baking industry, whose margins historically have been slim, enzymes can provide money-saving solutions in the form of shelf-life extension and texture modification. Extended shelf life, which relies almost solely on enzymes, has resulted in a huge paradigm shift and better profit margins, according to Novozyme industry sales manager John Slade, who explains it has allowed bakers to consolidate production schedules, eliminate outdated or redundant facilities, expand distribution routes, and reduce stale returns. Baked products grow stale when gelatinized starch, particularly amylopectin, re-crystallizes. Novozymes launched a patented maltogenic amylase that reduces the rate of staling by modifying the size of starch molecules. The enzyme is active during baking, when starch is most vulnerable to modification, but becomes inactive as soon as the bread exits the oven, thus eliminating any risk of overdosing. The enzyme selectively modifies starch without over-modification. As a result, the bread remains soft without becoming gummy -- a common complaint about enzymes that extend shelf life. Enzymes such as cellulases, pentosanases and/or xylanases promote the production of soft loaves, whole grains, and flours milled from whole grains without adversely affecting nutritional attributes. Whole grains and whole meal flours provide desirable health benefits but present huge processing challenges when substituted for white flour in yeast-raised baked goods. Their non-starch polysaccharide components, for example, compete with gluten-forming proteins and starch for available water, thereby hindering efficient development and optimal swelling. Resulting baked goods are dense and undesirably firm in texture. Enzymes help resolve these issues by modifying the water-holding capacity of non-starch polysaccharides and making more water available for starch swelling and gluten development. Whole grains also dilute the amount of gluten-forming protein in the flour and adversely affect the volume and texture of the product. However, enzymes such as xylanases, oxidases, lipases and trans-glutaminases help develop a stronger gluten network to produce healthier baked goods with lighter texture and more acceptable eating qualities. Enzyme blends also are finding greater use as alternatives to bromate and emulsifiers in baking applications, with dramatic cost-saving implications. Novozymes recently introduced a lipase with specificity towards polar lipids to help dough better withstand processing stress and produce bread with a fine-crumb structure and large volume. It's worth noting that pure enzymes can be used to create specialty enzymes for multi-faceted functionality, thereby obviating the need for naturally occurring enzyme mixtures, some of which may not be beneficial. Consumers seem to accept enzymes because of their label-friendliness and the fact that they are naturally occurring. "I would speculate that the use of enzymes as alternatives to less label-friendly ingredients will continue to grow as baking companies market product lines targeted towards health-conscious consumers," says Dana Boll of Danisco Ingredients, Industrial Airport, Kan. "More and more health conscious, label-reading consumers perceive the omission of chemical-sounding ingredients as better for them. This market will most likely continue to grow and allow for increased economies of scale for integration with the mainstream market." The shift from volume to value markets is obvious in virtually every food sector, and the race is on for innovative enzymes that provide an invisible competitive advantage. It's clear that enzymes are poised to promote the use of more novel ingredients and processing technologies, and take part in the emerging health movement within the food industry. Enzymes have driven a remarkable array of innovations in the food and beverage industry including: - the production of light and reduced-calorie beers. - increased brew house efficiency. - enzymatic peeling of citrus fruits to reduce bitterness and increase juice yield. - firming and preserving the integrity of fruit pieces for pie fillings and yogurt inclusions. - elimination of lactose in dairy products to aid lactose intolerant consumers. - improved digestibility and consistency of milk proteins for "infant formulas." - production of fats and oils that reduce cholesterol in the human body - digestive aids as dietary supplements and as ingredients in "digestive nutrition bars." - rapid assessment of starch and proteins in cereals and cereal products.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2003/56/

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en

s/r home  | issues  | authors  | 45 contents Medicine at the Crossroads of Energy and Global Warming by Dan Bednarz, Ph.D., and Kristin Bradford, M.D., M.P.H. The difficult thing now is there’s no [longer any] low-hanging fruit. — Roger Elliott, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Chippewa Falls, WI, on efforts to reduce hospital energy costs. [A]ny field … should be judged by the degree to which it understands, anticipates, and takes action in regard to changes in society. — Bernard Sarason, The Making of an American Psychologist. With few exceptions, medicine is not preparing for global warming and the approaching zeniths in the extraction of oil, natural gas and coal from the earth (often referred to as peak oil). The implications of these intertwined socioeconomic and geopolitical perils are stupefying, with global warming calling for radical reductions in the use of fossil fuels to reduce carbon emissions — most estimates calculate 80% or more by 2050. Throughout society, the meaning and scale of peak oil is misconstrued as a temporary concern over “energy prices” or “addiction” to foreign oil. Here lies our predicament: not only are these health dangers, they could undermine our ability to sustain health care systems. We must explain the dangers of global warming and peak oil to medicine. Recently the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) listed the health hazards created by global warming. We will see an up-tick in heat stroke, frostbite and hypothermia. This particularly will distress the growing elderly population of baby boomers and other physically weakened or susceptible cohorts. In general, warmer temperatures and greater moisture will favor extensions of the geographical range and season for vector organisms such as insects, rodents, and water-borne snails. This in turn leads to an expansion of the zone of potential transmission for many vector-borne diseases, among them malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Schistosomiasis, and some forms of viral encephalitis. Extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall or droughts often trigger disease outbreaks, especially in economically poorer regions where treatment and prevention measures may be inadequate. A given in hospital operations is unlimited inputs of energy and resources; this results in waste in the name of hygiene, insurance and regulatory considerations, and “the best” care. Peak oil complements and exacerbates this list of threats and makes dealing with these stressors all the more difficult because it introduces resource scarcity and the possibility of transportation and other social system (electricity, communications, manufacturing, water and sewer) breakdowns or interruptions. Specific to the medical care system, electronic medical records as well as radiology, laboratory and a host of other medical services, which depend upon an uninterrupted power source and low energy costs, will be at risk. Notably, our dependence on oil is pervasive; petroleum “is the world’s most important manufacturing commodity, paramount to most industries, from Pharmaceuticals to Civil Construction, from Electronics to Clothing;” it is the keystone of technologically modern society and, by extension, contemporary medicine. The hospital is medicine’s largest energy sink, petroleum by-product consumer, and pollution and greenhouse gas producer. To detail what hospital administrators are thinking about energy and climate change we contacted some speakers at a recent conference on the future of hospital care. We queried an economist: Did “your presentation include discussion of energy and global warming as factors that will affect hospital costs?” He replied, “It did not cover those topics.” Of 21 sessions held at this conference one addressed “green thinking.” This speaker informs us:I included information …about how climate change will impact disease patterns and therefore seriously strain the health care sector. I also discussed how rising energy costs are already hurting the bottom line for hospitals. This is consistent with our view that, overall, health care executives have limited cognizance of global warming and even less of peak oil. Importantly, global warming is viewed as an opportunity to “go green” and demonstrate corporate social responsibility. The cost of energy — not peak oil, which is a large bitter pill — is a relatively low-level agenda item which is not integrated into long-range planning. In the context of planning for the future, any business professor will tell you that executives are expected to anticipate social change. This is evident, but it is rarely done because upper echelon administrators have an embarrassing conflict. On the one hand innovation, which requires flexibility, a good deal of reading, speculative judgment and risk taking, is idealized as the path to organizational success. On the other hand, the mandate facing most leaders is to produce short-term financial gain; this requires risk avoidance and conservatism, typically while paying lip-service to creativity, strategic thinking and innovation. When all is said and done, the diffusion of innovative ideas initially is undertaken by about 2% of leaders in any given field. And compounding our case is the issue of the misdiagnosis of climate change and peak oil. Therefore, it is not surprising that the green conference speaker took the go-slow approach to energy and climate change just to get executives thinking about them. A given in hospital operations is unlimited inputs of energy and resources; this results in waste in the name of hygiene, insurance and regulatory considerations, and “the best” care. However, the fact that worldwide “energy demand is accelerating” and on its current pace “will double by the year 2050” will soon burst upon medicine. Turning specifically to energy usage, the Health Care Energy Project tells us that hospitals “use twice as much energy per square foot as office buildings…” In addition, hospitals consume large quantities of petroleum-based, processed, and transported products ranging from aspirin to jells and lubricants to plastic dinnerware and gloves to pharmaceuticals, syringes, IV and dialysis tubing, to name but a few. And most of these items are produced for one-time, non-recyclable use. Petroleum derivatives are also found in many computer parts, electronic equipment, furniture, and so on. … hospitals “use twice as much energy per square foot as office buildings…” As noted, hospital administrators are somewhat aware of and responding to the rise in energy costs for heating, cooling, and lighting, primarily by locating the problem in the domain of facilities management. Therefore, controlling energy costs in a hospital largely is confined to electricity and natural gas bills. As the costs of oil and natural gas have risen in recent years facilities managers are trying to make their buildings more energy efficient, hoping that such savings will offset price rises. Yet, a 2006 survey of hospitals found:More than 90% … reported higher energy costs over the previous year , and more than half cited increases in double-digit percentages. The facilities management response is to replace, retrofit or upgrade inefficient infrastructure —boilers, lighting fixtures, building insulation, windows, etc., and in general to “modernize” facilities — in accordance with the Energy Star Program. Some of the newest “green” hospital building approaches promise to reduce energy consumption by as much as 60% below code mandates. This is encouraging, but only a beginning. However, new construction is done only when it makes “economic sense,” leaving many older hospitals and kindred structures too obsolete to “economically” justify retrofitting or demolishing and replacement — again energy is presumed to be plentiful and cheaper than upgrading — and no consideration whatsoever is given to its scarcity. Moreover, the costs for new hospital construction are soaring, another factor traceable to increasingly expensive fossil fuels. Dave Carpenter, summarizing a 2006 energy survey of hospitals, comments on the constraints facilities managers face:Money-related reasons were among those given most often in response to a … question asking why recommended energy-saving measures hadn’t been implemented, including 37% who reported a lack of funds. Additionally, 31% cited other priorities, 26% said the payback period was judged to be too long, 23% said operations and maintenance budgets were underfunded and 16% cited lack of senior management commitment and support. Given these constraints:Facilities managers have little choice but to stay on the lookout for energy savings wherever they can be found. [One manager] says “it’s going to get worse before it gets better…” We would argue that “it,” energy costs, will not get better. The entire health care industry will be forced to accommodate to dwindling fossil resources while simultaneously beginning to face the consequences of global warming. This is stark because the health care system —already stressed in other ways — could begin to fail and even collapse for want of energy and a surge in patients. … the health care system … could begin to fail and even collapse… Finally, a word is needed on the third so-called “fall-back” fossil fuel we have barely mentioned, coal, since many energy experts offer it as a painless fix for peak oil. While the high levels of greenhouse emissions of coal are well known, what is less appreciated is that carbon sequestration to control greenhouse emissions is expensive and still an unproven technology. Second, recent reviews have concluded there are substantially less coal reserves than the commonly accepted estimates of 200–300 years supply. Perhaps as little as a few decades of recoverable coal remains, much of it low-grade and high in pollutants. The dimensions of what we face are uncertain, but the major question undeniably is how will hospitals change given the ecological (global warming as well as multiple sources of pollution and resource scarcity) and geological (twilight of fossil fuels) state of affairs the world now faces? At the macroeconomic level, recession or economic depression appear likely while simultaneously generating enormous demand for hospital treatment that many people will be unable to afford. Add to this the likelihood that basic medical resources periodically will become scarce. The fundamental choice coming is between attempting to perpetuate the current version of the market economy health care system and developing an ecological perspective within which to operate a unified and lower-energy-consuming public health and health care system. At the existential level, the guiding questions to pose for hospital executives are uncomplicated: How are you going to heat these hospitals? Run the electronic equipment that has replaced so much experiential and tactile medical knowledge? What can you do about supply interruptions? Will you face the issues of rationing and prioritizing medical procedures? Based on this, we can suggest a few guiding principles. Community focus and attention to preventive and public health measures are indispensable. Techniques for guaranteeing health services while using fewer resources are imperative, with a transition to alternative models of comprehensive health care rooted in preventive medicine and public health delivery that are less energy-intensive than those in place today. Our personal view is that the classical ideal of medicine is to improve the health and well-being of all, regardless of ability to pay, and to reduce suffering while first doing no harm. Through our unrestricted use of energy and resources in the health care industry, as well as our production of greenhouse gases, we are actually contributing to the ill health of our planet and ensuring certain future suffering of the Earth’s inhabitants. … we are actually contributing to the ill health of our planet and ensuring certain future suffering of the Earth’s inhabitants. The above focus is on the internal operations of medical care. Externally, at the societal level, medicine has a critical role to play in the survival of the nation. To do this the medical industry will have to suspend much of its competitive politics and establish cooperative relationships among its members. How to do this? The meta-theme of medicine’s posture toward society should be to develop a gospel of conservation and sustainability; in economic terms, to advocate throughout society lower demand on energy and other resources. This will require a consortium of medical leadership — probably that 2% to begin with — to promote social change beyond the confines of medicine. We refer to such things as endorsing forms of mass transportation, eating local, seasonal foods, and addressing the “oil we eat” dilemma, calling attention to the fact that Americans consume twice as much oil per capita as do Europeans, among others. There is also a societal role for medicine to play on the supply side, especially in terms of sorting through all the hype and false hope about various energy alternatives. If medicine would regard peak oil as likely to occur within 12 years, in line with most predictions, then it will choose strategies which automatically address climate change as well. If the health care industry fails to lead, it will suffer the draconian consequences of having ignored the driving forces of the opening decades of the 21st century. Dan Bednarz is a health care consultant building a national collaboration on energy, climate and the future of health Kristin Bradford is a practicing family physician at a community health clinic and a small hospital in Willits, California. 1. The CDC is preparing a paper on the challenges peak oil poses to our health systems. A Collaboration on Energy, Climate and the Future of Health was formed at the Indianapolis/Marion County Public Health Department in May, 2007: http://www.energybulletin.net/31485.html. Also see Health Care without Harm: http://www.noharm.org/us; The Archimedes Movement: http://www.archimedesmovement.org/; The Teleosis Institute: http://www.teleosis.org/. [9 jan 08]

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Don’t Share Your Computer with the World If you are like many people, you use your computer for many tasks in your daily life, including paying bills, managing your bank accounts and taking care of other personal matters. Whenever you enter this personal information online, you could be at risk for identity theft. It is up to you to make sure you keep your computer secure so you don’t have to be concerned about someone stealing your personal information and using it for their own gain. Beware of Verification Emails Verification emails are one of the most common ways people are tricked into sharing their information. Hackers send out emails that look like they come from legitimate businesses and make scary claims that your account may have been compromised or your account has been locked. These emails contain a link you are supposed to click to enter your information and verify your identity. When you click on these links and fill in your information, it is stolen. Always verify these emails directly through the websites, not through the email. If you don’t receive a message on the website, report the email to them. Use Your Firewall Many individuals turn off their firewall because when they aren’t set up properly, they can block the sites people want to visit. However, when you aren’t using a firewall, you are leaving your computer open to hackers and others. Firewalls are designed to block potentially malicious activity that will give others access to your computer and the private information it contains. Always use a firewall along with a good anti-virus software. If you are having trouble setting up the firewall, ask for help. Don’t Log Into Sensitive Sites over Public Wi-Fi You can find public Wi-Fi in any number of places. If you will be using these hotspots to access the Internet with your computer or other device, avoid visiting sensitive sites that contain your personal information. Even if you are extremely careful, you could be giving someone access to this information. Always make sure you are familiar with the source of the signal to avoid falling victim to a hacker-created network. Home Security System One of the first things a thief will go after is a laptop, PC, or iPad. These items are easy to take, often contain valuable information, and are easy to resell. While it’s important to keep track of the way you use your computer, keeping your home locked up and secure can save thousands of dollars in headaches later. Trust Only Secure Sites When you make purchases online, you can do so safely. There’s no reason to completely avoid buying things online as long as you know how to do it properly. For starters, only shop from websites that have a good reputation, such as those associated with brick and mortar stores and other major online retailers. In addition, make sure you look for https at the beginning of the address bar instead of http. This will indicate the site is secure and transmits personal data through encryption codes. Using the Internet can be dangerous if you aren’t careful. There are many hackers out there who have become familiar with how to access your computer and gather your personal data for their own personal gain. While this can be enough to make you want to avoid using a computer altogether, you don’t have to go that far. As long as you take the proper precautions and do what you can to protect your computer and your personal information, you can enjoy using your computer without risking your safety.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.underground-book.com/dont-share-your-computer-with-the-world/?keyword=hook

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Mokarrameh, a Tale from Rural Iran Mokarrameh Ghanbari was born in 1928 in a village in Mazandaran, a northern province of Iran. Her life represents the rural and feudal society of the early 20 century: Illiterate, sold into marriage at a very young age, she raised nine children and lived with two havoo – her husband’s other wives. She was a farmer and a farmer’s wife, she also worked as a seamstress, a hair dresser, a mid wife, a healer and an oven-maker. “… I had two havoo but I really liked my older havoo …In the old days it wasn’t like today, people having boyfriends and girlfriends. They would marry you and take you off by force, sometimes by beating or whipping you. If anybody liked anybody they had to marry them… my husband was a kadkhoda -the leader of the village- and his brother was an arbab, a feudal lord. He liked me very much but I didn’t want to marry and after one whole year they married me by force, because he was a very powerful man.” At the age of 64 Mokarrameh started painting. In her words: “… After my husband died […] I bought a cow and started taking care of it. So by the time my son got accepted at the University of Isfahan and left, we had a lot of cows to take care of, which was a lot of work and exhausted me and I fell sick and they had to take me to Tehran for hospitalization and treatment…and while I was sick in bed the children went back and sold the cows because they were concerned about my health, […] and that hurt me a lot, so I started painting on small things when I felt lonely to help me cope with it.” She made her first painting, a portrait of the cow, with mud and cow dung on a rock. Then she painted on the walls of her house and whatever surfaces she could find. According to her son: “When I saw her paint I wanted to buy her paper and paint, but she said, ‘Just get me some used paper.’ So I bought her 50 sheets of A4 paper, and after one month, when I came back I saw that she had drawn and painted on both sides of them, so I bought her 100 sheets this time and after some time she had covered both sides of those too, the third time I came back she had ran out of paint and had made some natural paint herself out of herbs and plants, and that is how this all began…” Her paintings tell her stories, local folk legends and religious tales from Islam and Christianity: “My husband was a very good storyteller and farmers would gather in the evening and he would entertain them with his stories … that is where I learned all these stories like Rostam & Sohrab, Raana & Najmeh, Leila & Majnoon, Moses, Jesus. That is why I use them in my work. No trees or landscapes, all stories!” “… it was at night … my son came and asked me, ‘mother what is that you’ve drawn.’ I said, ‘Well it’s Adam and Eve.’ He said, ‘Why did you draw them naked?‘ And I said, ‘What is wrong with that?‘ Then he asked, ‘Would you have drawn your family naked?‘ Then I said, ‘Well, when God created us we were all naked,‘ … He didn’t talk to me for ten days… I was very angry at my son I painted two other naked Adam and Eve paintings. But he is OK with it now…” Speaking of her paintings: …This is the story of Isaac. God told Abraham to sacrifice his son. That is the serpent -Satan- telling Abraham to hurry up and Abraham throws stones at him. Just as he is about to kill his son, God sends a lamb to him and tells him to sacrifice the lamb instead of his son… …Noah, this is Noah who plants the seed of a date and it becomes a tree, then he makes an Ark with it. But he leaves his child and his wife behind because they didn’t believe in him. And then God sends a big storm, but those in the Ark survive… …This is our family. I drew it when it was the wedding of one of my brother’s kids here… I didn’t put my husband in the picture. I didn’t want him to be in there. I destroyed it. There is a white line right there. That is where he was but I whitened it out. I didn’t want it. I wanted to write a poem, but I didn’t know how to write, I started to paint In 1995, Massoumeh Seyhoun, the owner of the oldest Art Gallery of Tehran exposed her work for the first time. Since Mokarrameh has been subject of an increasing attention: beside numerous exhibitions, director Ebrahim Mokhtari made a documentary on her life, Mokarrameh: Memories and dreams. She was also chosen as the women of the year in 2001 by the Iranian Women’s Studies Foundation. Mokarrameh died at the age of 77 on October 24, 2005. Prominent members of art and culture are preparing a foundation in her name to preserve and show her works in the small hut where she lived and died. Mokarrameh Ghanbari: village visionary, PBS, Adventure Divas A lady who never sat idle, Sima Sayyah, Payvand Avec Mokarrameh Ganbari, Valérie Constantin Works of an ethnic artist at Dey art gallery, Soheila Mahdavi, Tehran Avenue

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While reading Sachiko Murata’s “Chinese Gleams of Sufi light” I found that I was confused by the notion of the “Real One” and the “Numerical One.” It is interesting that Wang felt as though his Chinese audience would have a hard time understanding the difference between the two yet here I am familiar with Western and Islamic notions and I am just as confused. I felt that Wang’s use of Neo-Confucian terminology and examples in interpreting Islam had a nice twist, although he may have led a group of believers to want to mix aspects of the two, or a sinification of Islam, which could be interesting. On the other hand, I have always thought that following the Confucian ideals of how humans should behave work well with those held by the monotheistic religions. Regardless, I guess to understand something we need to use our own terminology to explain it and that is what Islam had to go through to be received in China. Architecture has always been interesting to me because it physically embodies time and influence into something tangible. Looking at different architectural pieces, one can see the mixture of cultures and thoughts at a given time erected into something meant to exist until the time of its destruction. The two types of mosques discussed in “The Mosque: History, Architectural Development and Regional Diversity” are prime examples of the narrative architecture can provide about a people. Just as Islam the religion had to go through a Chinese medium to be understood, so did its mosques and its calligraphy. This resulted in beautiful and very distinct forms than what is found in the Middle East and the rest of the Muslim world. Even within China there are different architecturally designed Mosques representing the different faces of the Muslim community of the country. Even the differences between Islamic calligraphy in China are interesting to note. As the “Islamic Calligraphy in China” article indicates, “Arabic writing is most readily distinguished by the flowing tails of its letters, while Chinese characters are neatly contained within a square form”. Again this could stem from tendencies such as the boxy nature of Chinese script. Regardless of the differences found in the various aspects of Islam in China, each synthesis is just as beautiful as the original.

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Electronic cigarettes—a tobacco-free alternative to traditional cigarettes that generated more than $400 million in sales last year—have ignited controversy throughout the country as politicians and public health officials decide whether to include them in wide-reaching smoking bans. But researchers at the University of Massachusetts Boston have found that regular use of e-cigarettes may benefit smokers who are trying to kick the habit. The new study from the Center for Survey Research shows that smokers who used e-cigarettes daily for at least one month were six times as likely to quit smoking altogether, compared to those who rarely or never tried one. “This study provides strong support for the potential harm-reducing value of electronic cigarettes, which allow smokers to get the nicotine they want without exposing themselves to the 4,000 toxic chemicals in tobacco cigarettes,” said Lois Biener, the study’s lead author. The study, published online ahead of print in the journal Nicotine & Tobacco Research, is the first to follow a representative sample of smokers over the course of three years—during a time when e-cigarettes have become widely available across the country. The authors found that two out of three smokers had tried the new non-tobacco products, and that over 1 in 5 smokers were “intensive users,” defined as having used the vapor-producing products daily for a month or more. Researchers Biener and Lee Hargraves tracked 695 smokers in two major metropolitan areas—Dallas/Fort Worth and Indianapolis. Thirteen percent of them had quit smoking entirely at the three-year follow-up. When considering gender, race, and other differences among smokers, the intensive users were six times as likely to have quit as nonusers and those who had tried the product once or twice. Prior studies showing no relationships between e-cigarette use and cessation did not group respondents by frequency of use. Further research is needed to isolate the reasons some smokers use e-cigarettes intensively and some do not, in order to better understand how to maximize effectiveness for cessation. “Policy makers need to think carefully before enacting any laws that make adult smokers less likely to try these products, such as taxing e-cigarettes as heavily as tobacco or eliminating flavors," Biener said. The research was supported with funding from the U.S. National Cancer Institute. The study can be found here. About UMass Boston Celebrating its 50th anniversary, the University of Massachusetts Boston is deeply rooted in the city's history, yet poised to address the challenges of the future. Recognized for innovative research addressing complex issues, metropolitan Boston’s public university offers its diverse student population both an intimate learning environment and the rich experience of a great American city. UMass Boston’s 11 colleges and graduate schools serve more than 16,000 students while engaging local and global constituents through academic programs, research centers, and public service. To learn more, visit www.umb.edu.

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This app was removed from the App Store. Mac OS Education With easyLessons, you can easily create and learn your flashcards. Use it to learn a language, states and capitals and any other information. You can enter the cards directly or access already existing cards from quizlet.com, a website with over 5 million free sets of flashcards covering every possible subject. - Enter cards with images and text. - Schedule based learning. easyLessons automatically creates lessons for your cards. - Reverse learning. You can choose to show the backside first. - Quizlet-support. Search, view and download public quizlet card sets. - Auto define support. Use Quizlet definitions while creating your own cards. - Card search. - Themes to customize the appearance of your cards. - Keyboard support to navigate through your cards in the view and study window. The key bindings are customizable. - Export your cards to files. - Import cards from files. - The appearance of the main window has changed. The upper right text field is now a real search field to search your whole easyLessons library. While typing in this field easyLessons brings up a list of suggestions for your search. You can either open a suggested card directly or perform a full search. This opens a new detail view with the complete search result. - The cardbox detail view has been removed. The appropriate information is now visible in the bottom bar. This bar shows the number of cards in the cardbox and a filter button. With this button you can apply different filters in order to limit the card list. - Improved export functionality: Export cards to csv-files. These files can easily be imported in programs like numbers or excel. There are also a few iOS flashcard apps that support importing of csv files. Export the image of your card.

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The posting below highlights Professor M. Haneda’s discussion of the Safavid army which was orginally published in the Encyclopedia Iranica on December 15, 1986 . Iranian armies under Shah Esmāʿīl and Ṭahmāsp (1501-76) After leaving his refuge at Lāhīǰān, Shah Esmāʿīl, the spiritual director of the Safavid order and founder of the Safavid state, recruiting followers en route (already 450 at Rašt (Afżal al-tawārīḵ 1,60b) and 1,500 at Ṭārom (Ahṣan al-tawārīḵ p. 41) reached the pastures of Arzenǰān in the summer of 906/1500. It is precisely here that 7,000 adherents, mainly Turkmen tribesmen from the provinces of Anatolia and Syria, gathered around their moršed-e kāmel (king). Although Esmāʿīl’s predecessors had also formed troops of their followers, it is certain that the prototype for the military forces of the Safavid state was formed at that particular moment, for the partisans of the Safavid order had been dispersed after the defeat of Solṭān ʿAlī, Esmāʿīl’s brother, in 899/1494. This army had several typical tribal characteristics: (1) The army was comprised of tribal units, the majority of which were Turkmen, the remainder Kurds and Čaḡatāy. Gradually, as the conquest progressed, the heads of these units would be given a city or even a province as a kind of fief. One may thus view this army as a tribal confederation, similar to the Turkmen dynasties of the fifteenth century. The weapons of the cavalrymen who formed the main battalions were traditionally sabers, lances, and bows and arrows (šamšīr, neyza, tīr o kamān). (2) The army comprised, in theory, a center and two wings, the left and the right. For battle, an advance and a reserve force would occasionally be assigned. The shah and his non-tribal retinue would always occupy the center. Each of the tribes making up a confederation would have a set position in one of the two wings not only during military campaigns and on the battlefield but also on public occasions such as official assemblies, royal banquets, etc. The long tradition in the Turco-Mongol nomadic world lived on (Della Valle, pp. 350-51; Haneda, Le système, pp. 36-47). (3) The shah had a royal bodyguard of qūṛčīs (Mongolian “archer”) whose origin goes back to the Mongol period. The qūṛčīs were, in theory, recruited from among the principal gezelbāš tribes and received their pay directly from the royal treasury. This corps was particularly important during the Safavid period, given the fact that it was the shahs’ only personal corps. At the head of each group of qūṛčīs, originally all from the same tribe, was a yūz-bāšī (centurion). In command of the entire force was the qūṛčī-bāšī. The effective strength of this corps was about 3,000 men under Esmāʿīl and 5,000 under Ṭahmāsp (Haneda, L’évolution, pp. 41-50). (4) There were several other offices traditionally found in the Turco-Mongol steppe such as tūvāčī, amīr-e šekār, etc. As far as the actual size of the army under Esmāʿīl, one finds several different figures ranging from 7,000 at the battle against the Šervānšāh in 1500 to 40,000 according to Mīrzā Ḥaydar’s description of the battle between Esmāʿīl and Šeybānī Khan Uzbek in 916/1510 (Tārīḵ-e Rašīdī, English translation by N. Elias and E. D Ross, London, 1895, p. 234). Two years after the battle of Čālderān, the entire army of the shah probably amounted to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only 10,000 were really combat-ready, according to a report drafted 20 Jomādā II 922/21 July 1516 of a Safavid deserter to the Ottomans (Bacqué-Grammont, Ottomans et Safavides, pp. 204-08). The three titles of honor for the military aristocracy were khan (the highest rank), sultan (the next highest), and beg (the third). The number of those who held the title “khan” was quite small at first but seems to have increased with time. It is true that in the course of the conquest of Iran, diverse non-tribal elements (Iranian, for example) joined the Safavid army. But its fundamental structure did not change until the beginning of the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I (1587-1629). There is a good example which proves this, a military review at Besṭām in the summer of 936/1530 of virtually the entire army of Shah Ṭahmāsp (Ḵolāṣat al-tawārīḵ, pp. 198-204). On that occasion, the tribes marched before the shah, one after the other. Of a total of 105,800 men, certainly an exaggerated number (it includes non-combatants such as religious scholars and civilian officials as well), 84,900 belonged to tribes. It is certain that the troops coming from the tribes always made up the greater part by far of the Safavid army. One should point out however a new aspect in the army of Ṭahmāsp emerging during this same review and that is the appearance of many types of artillery (tūp, farangī, bādlīǰ, and żarbzan) as well as three or four thousand arquebusiers (tofanġčīān). Considering the youthful age of the shah (16 years) and the confused political situation of this period, this modern corps armed with firearms is without doubt a legacy from Shah Esmāʿīl who had begun to farm a genuine corps of artillerymen and arquebusiers in 1516, after the debacle at Čālderān (Bacqué-Grammont, Ottomans et Safavides, p. 193). It is possible to consider this corps, which was equipped with firearms, as the embryo of the more important and systematic corps organized later by Shah ʿAbbās I, the tofanġčī corps and the tūpčī corps. Shah ʿAbbās and his military reforms No one has clearly indicated both aspects of the military measures adopted by Shah ʿAbbās. On the one hand, from the perspective of domestic politics, they aimed at reducing the qezelbāš element which had played a predominant role in all aspects of Safavid politics; on the other, from the standpoint of foreign policy, they aimed at creating a corps equipped with modern weapons in order to confront the formidable Ottoman forces. The reinforcement of the qūṛčīs (the royal bodyguard) and the creation of a corps of ḡolāms pertain to the first, while the organization of the corps of tūpčīs and tofanġčīs was part of the second category. a) Strengthening the corps of qūṛčīs. Minorsky’s classic description of the Safavid army after Shah ʿAbbās is based mainly on European sources and does not always reflect reality of the army of the period; most important, Minorsky has confused qūṛčī with qezelbāš. In fact, while the term qūṛčī designates the royal bodyguard, qezelbāš signifies the tribal elements in general who had backed royal power at the foundation of the state. The number of qūṛčīs (10,000-15,000) at least doubled under Shah ʿAbbās. As a consequence, the importance of the social standing and the office of the qūṛčī-bāšī also increased. The shah rewarded the qūṛčīs, who remained loyal to him in the period before and just after his accession to the throne. Moreover, he placed several of them in other important positions such as governors of the large provinces, īšīkāqāsī-bāšī, etc. That entailed the deterioration of the power of the qezelbāš amirs, who had a monopoly on the high offices of state. Although the qūṛčīs had been recruited from the qezelbāš tribes and in that sense had constituted an indispensable element of the tribal confederation which characterized Safavid society in the period preceding the reign of Shah ʿAbbās, one should not confuse that regular corps with the qezelbāš, the tribal elements as a whole. By favoring one of the elements of the tribal society the shah intended to reduce the influence of the whole. By the end of Shah ʿAbbās’ reign, the qūṛčī-bāšī was the most powerful amir of all the leaders of the state. b) The creation of the ḡolām corps. Babaev (p. 23) attributes the date of the creation of the corps of ḡolāms (made up of Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, etc.) to the period just after Shah ʿAbbās’ accession. However, the sources on which this is based only mention the reorganization of the army in general. As far as we know, no source precisely dates the actual creation of the corps of ḡolāms, and it is quite certain that Shah ʿAbbās set the reform in motion immediately after the assassination of Moršed-qolī Khan, his lala (tutor) and the leading qezelbāš personality in 997/1588-89, for in the narrative of the events of 998/1589-90 in Rawżat al-ṣafawīya, there is mention of the nomination of a certain Yol-qolī Beg to the post of chief of the ḡolāms, the qollarāqāsī (fol. 292b). The nomination may be considered a sign of the first attempt at reform by Shah ʿAbbās. No one doubts the important role which Shah ʿAbbās played in the systematic establishment of the ḡolām corps. Nonetheless, the term qollarāqāsī is already found in the narrative of the events of 991/1583-84 (Rūz-nāma-ye Monaǰǰem Yazdī 46a) and refers to the participation of the ḡolāms in battle as a royal guard (ḡolāmān-e ḵāṣṣa-ye šarīfa) under Sultan Moḥammad Ḵodābanda (1578-87) (e.g. Eskandar Beg, p. 338, Rūz-nāma, 46a). Since it is difficult to imagine that the ḡolām system was evoked during the ten years of the confused reign of Moḥammad Ḵodābanda, one may surmise that it had already reached a certain level under Shah Ṭahmāsp; note especially Ṭahmāsp’s successive military campaigns towards the Caucasus beginning 947/1540-41. The effective strength of the cavalry corps under ʿAbbās was probably 10,000 or 15,000 men, as described in all the European sources. The weapons of both the ḡolāms and the qūṛčīs were the traditional ones. Numerous ḡolāms were appointed to high positions of state and at the end of Shah ʿAbbās’ reign almost all the important offices (aside from the civil and fiscal offices traditionally given to Iranians) were occupied by former ḡolāms or qūṛčīs. Backing the shah both politically and militarily, the regular corps of ḡolāms and qūṛčīs were the two pillars of the state after the reforms of Shah ʿAbbās. c) The organization of the tofanġčī and tūpčī corps. As mentioned above, these two corps had been established long ago. But it was Shah ʿAbbās especially who made use of the modern weapons of these corps to reconquer lost territories. The tofanġčīs were recruited from different regions and organized under the name of their region, e.g. “tofanġčīān-e Esfahān, tofanġčīān-e Māzandarān,” etc. At the head of each group a mīn-bāšī (chief of a thousand) was appointed. No tofanġčīāqāsī is mentioned in the chronicles during Shah ʿAbbās’ reign. Neither the corps nor any of its members had any political importance to compare with the ḡolāms. As for the tūpčīān, there is very little information in the Persian chronicles, despite some references to them by Europeans (Taḏkerat al-molūk, p. 33). Neither the structure of the corps, nor its actual strength under ʿAbbās is known. Despite its effectiveness against the Ottomans, the importance of the corps within the army was not very considerable. Although Minorsky saw a purely Iranian element in these corps equipped with modern weapons (Taḏkerat al-molūk, p. 32), yet one does find certain links between them and the ḡolām element. It was a ḡolām, Qaračqāy Beg who led this corps against the Uzbeks (Eskandar Beg, p. 620) and Ottomans (ibid., p. 697) under Shah ʿAbbās. In the period after Shah ʿAbbās there were also tofanġčīāqāsīs of ḡolām origin. (Ḏayl-e tārīḵ-e ʿālamārā-ye ʿabbāsī, p. 269). Through the measures adopted by Shah ʿAbbās, the tribal forces who had been led by the qezelbāš amirs, were placed under the command of the provincial governors, for the most part ḡolāms or qūṛčīs. They lost their importance, their identity, and even their particular names. They also ceased to be called qezelbāš (Haneda, L’èvolution, p. 56). Thus the reform of Shah ʿAbbās contributed in the short term to weakening qezelbāš influence and to strengthening central power. But in the long term, by crushing the base of tribal support which had allowed Shah Esmāʿīl to accede to the throne, the reform was to cause the collapse of the dynasty. A. Sources. As there is no manual for the Safavid army, we must piece together its description from Persian and European sources. Persian sources: Ḥassan Rūmlū, Aḥsan al-tawārīḵ, ed. ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Navāʾī, Tehran, 1357 Š./1978. Qāżī Aḥmad Qomī, Ḵolāṣat al-tawārīḵ, ed. E. Ešrāqī, Tehran, 1358 Š./1979. Jalāl-al-dīn Monaǰǰem Yazdī, Rūz-nāma-ye Monaǰǰem Yazdī, Ms. B.M. Or. 6263. Fażlī al-Rūzānī, Afżal al-tawārīḵ. 1) Ms. Library of Eton College, no. 172. 2) Ms. B.M. Or. 4678. Mīrzā Beg Jonābādī, Rawżat al-ṣafawīya, Ms. B.M. Or. 3388. Eskandar Beg Monšī, Tārīḵ-e ʿālamārā-ye ʿabbāsī, ed. Īraǰ Afšār, Tehran, 1334 Š./1955. Idem, Ḏayl-e tārīḵ-e ʿālamārā-ye ʿabbāsī, ed. S. Ḵᵛānsārī, Tehran, 1317 Š./1938. European sources: J. Chardin, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse, 10 vols., Paris, 1811. E. Kaempfer, Am Hofe des persischen Grosskönigs (1684-85), Leipzig, 1940 (repr. Tübingen, 1977). R. Du Mans, L’Estat de la Perse en 1660, Paris, 1890. J. B. Tavernier, Les six vovages . . . qu’il a fait en Turquie et Perse aux Indes, 2 vols., Paris, 1676. P. Della Valle, I viaggi, F. Gaita et L. Lockhart, Rome, 1972. B. Studies. K. Babaev, “Voennaya reforma Shakha Abbasa I (1587-1629),” Vestnik moskovskogo universiteta, Vostokovedenie, 1973-71, pp. 21-29 is a good synthesis of Minorsky’s work and Falsafī’s monograph (N. Falsafī, Zendagānī-e Šāh ʿAbbās-e awwal, 5 vols., Tehran, 1956-1963). J.-L., Bacqué-Grammont, Ottomans et Safavides au temps de Šāh Ismāʿīl (doctoral thesis for the University of Paris I, unpublished) is useful for the army of Shah Esmāʿīl (to be published in 1986 as Les Ottomans, les Safavides et leurs voisins. Contribution à l’étude des relations internationales dans l’Orient islamique de 1514 à 1524). M. Haneda, Le système militaire safavide. Le chah et les Qizilbāš (doctoral thesis for the University of Paris III, 1983, unpublished). Idem, “L’évolution de la garde royal des Safavides,” Moyen Orient et Océan indien I, 1984, pp. 41-64. L. Lockhart, “The Persian Army in the Safavid period,” Der Islam 34, 1959, pp. 89-98 (the only article fully devoted to the Safavid army, but now outdated). In spite of some defects, the brief study by V. Minorsky, Tadhkirat al-mulūk, London, 1943, pp. 16-19, 30-33, is still valuable for a general view of the Safavid army. K. M. Röhrborn, Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, is an excellent study not only of the military history, but also of the political and institutional history of the period.

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The family Colubrariidae is known from about eight species in the Marshalls. At least six of these (and maybe all Colubrarids) make their living as parasites, sucking the blood of sleeping fish. We first came across this in 1988, when one of us noticed on a seaward reef night dive that several specimens of Colubraria tortuosa, a species we did not see all that often, happened to be next to a couple of different large sleeping parrotfish, a fish that sleeps on the reef, often in small caves or ledges. Coincidence? In the past, we had tended to steer clear of sleeping parrots. If disturbed, they can blast out like a missile, potentially causing damage to an unwary diver. But this was worth a closer look. Indeed, over the next few years, we found six species of Colubraria highly associated with sleeping fish at night, usually parrots but sometimes other species as well, including tangs (Acanthurus pyroferus, Naso lituratus), groupers (Cephalopholis argus), triggers (Balistoides viridescens), and scorpions (Scorpaenopsis diabolus). Close observation revealed that all of the parasitic Colubraria have a very elongate proboscis that stretches out to the sleeping fish, finds a soft spot, apparently cuts into the flesh and sucks out fish blood. Real-life vampires! Usually the target of the proboscis is a soft spot: inside the mouth, gills, eye, or anal opening. Sometimes we have seen the proboscis simply slipped under a scale on the side of the fish's body. But it does not happen only at night. Apparently the Colubrariids can feed anytime, as long as they have an inactive fish. During the day we have seen Colubrariids actively sucking blood from a sleeping Priacanthus sp and on two different occasions, from immobile stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa. They may also parasitize shark species that rest on the bottom; we once found four Colubraria muricata together on top of the sand in a spot just vacated by a nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus). More detailed information on Colubrariid parasitism of sleeping fish can be found in Johnson, et al, 1995. Unfortunately, most of the photos we have of Colubrariids feeding are not all that good. The combination of shooting at night, getting the camera into position in the ledges and small caves where this is taking place, and the relative sensitivity of both the mollusks and the host fish to the photographer's lights and strobe, all make getting decent shots a somewhat dicey operation. Kwajalein Underwater home All photos are protected by copyright. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.org for more information on purchase, use, or redistribution of any photos.

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International Women’s Day is a worldwide event that celebrates women’s achievements – from the political to the social – while calling for gender equality. The day is marked around the world with arts performances, talks, rallies, networking events, conferences and marches. HOW DID IT START? The original spirit of International Women’s Day is about giving a voice to women who might otherwise be heard. It all started in 1908, when a group of women gathered in New York City to demand fair pay, better working conditions, and the right to vote. Their commitment to equality sparked similar events in other countries. The day is now observed in a myriad of countries and a multitude of ways. WHY DO WE STILL CELEBRATE IT? The original aim – to achieve full gender equality for women all over the world – has still not been realised. A gender pay gap persists across the globe and women are still not present in equal numbers in business or politics. On International Women’s Day, women across the world come together to force the world to recognise these inequalities – while also celebrating the achievements of women who have overcome these barriers. BEX ROX’S INSPIRATIONAL WOMEN “Give them what they never knew they wanted” Poet & Speaker “It is always important to remember where you are from – and when I say ‘where you are from’ I mean, a woman” DIANE VON FÜRSTENBURG Persevered to become a Fashion Designer “I didn’t really know what I wanted to do. But I knew the woman I wanted to become” Human Rights Lawyer “Sometimes it takes years to get the results you want. But you shouldn’t stop trying” “Trust in God – she will provide” Women’s Rights Activist & Actress “If not me, who? If not now, when?” Promotes diversity in models “Just because you are different doesn’t mean you can’t make a difference” Mexican Painter & Activist “Feet, what do I need you for when I have wings to fly?” Nobel Peace Prize “I don’t want to be remembered as the girl who was shot. I want to be remembered as the girl who stood up” Civil Rights Activist “I would like to be remembered as a person who wanted to be free” “I will not be triumphed over”

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Texas Tax Code Chapter 311 gives Cities the authority to create these special districts, one of the most effective key economic development tools in the State. The City of Garland has two tax increment financing (TIF) districts to promote the development and redevelopment of the following key geographic areas: The tax year in which City establishes the TIF sets the real property and/or sales tax assessed value base (base year). For each year in the life of the TIF, a special fund captures the tax revenue (either or both real property and sales) generated from the difference between the base year assessed value and that year’s assess value. Other taxing districts except for school districts can choose to direct all or a portion of their tax revenues into the TIF. A TIF District board of directors (TIF Authority) chooses how to spend the money captured in the TIF fund. TIF funds can only pay for a specific menu of eligible projects. When the TIF expires, all assessed value revenues are paid to the respective taxing districts like before the TIF was designated. The illustration below depicts how a TIF district works. Project costs related to the cost of buildings, schools or other educational facilities owned by or on behalf of a school district, community college district or other state political subdivision. Railroad or transit facilities. Remediation of conditions that contaminate public or private land and buildings. Preservation of the façade of a private or public building. Demolition of public or private buildings. TIF administration fees. Financing costs, including interest and payments to TIF bond holders. Land acquisition, capital costs and interest before and during construction related to the acquisition and construction of public works of public improvements (streets, streetscape enhancements, utility infrastructure, alleys, sidewalks, parking garages).

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Over the past few years the issue of migration has become the hottest topic in contemporary politics of the Euro-Mediterranean region. This region is a prime site to study the complexity of the issue: nowhere are the multiple faces of migration more apparent than in Europe and its Southern neighbourhood. Migration is related to human tragedies of individuals and political tensions between states. Migrants, immigrants and refugees challenge Europe’s borders and many of its core values – human dignity, liberty, democracy, equality and the rule of law. The current migration flows are a test for Mediterranean, European and national cultures, politicians and public attitudes towards multiculturalism. Ultimately, migration is a reality check for the future of globalization, which is driven precisely by greater mobility and ever closer connections. EMUNI Summer School explores the multifaceted opportunities and challenges migration brings to European and South Mediterranean countries, but also the Euro-Mediterranean region as a whole. The course will identify the root causes of today’s migration currents and their effects, discuss challenges and opportunities in managing them, and finally evaluate instruments and actors. What is the difference between Europe's older and newer immigrants? Do current policies on migration embrace European values or defy them? What are the economic dimensions of migration? What are the impacts of migration on host countries? How to meaningfully address security challenges? By approaching migration as a particular challenge of the Euro-Mediterranean region and a lens into it, EMUNI Summer School will explore how politics both structures conflicts on migration today and can be used as a tool to resolve them. We invite students with diverse backgrounds to engage with the context, attitudes, policy dilemmas and paradoxes of contemporary migration in a multi- and inter-disciplinary way, using interactive methods of investigation and dialogue from international relations, political theory, sociology, anthropology, and security studies. A uniquely international dimension will be ensured both through lecturers and students, coming from North and South side of the Mediterranean. The Summer School will prepare the participants to be able to take a stance on migration debates and to contribute towards addressing it.

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The cheapest and quickest way to grow algae is also the riskiest. The shallow pools get great sun exposure and have little overhead costs, but they leave algae vulnerable to temperature changes, animals, and competing algae strains. HR BioPetroleum sidesteps these risks by growing algae strains first in sterile, transparent outdoor tubes before transferring them to open saltwater ponds for a day or two -- long enough to flourish and produce plenty of oil but not long enough to be contaminated. HRBP thinks its method is the only way to mass-produce algae oil at a reasonable cost, and Shell agrees. The oil company partnered with HRBP last December to begin construction on a pilot facility on the Kona coast of Hawaii. HRBP thinks it can scale up production to open a commercial facility capable of making more than one million gallons of oil a year as early as 2011. There's a six-thousand-square-foot greenhouse filled with hanging plastic bags of green algae slush at Valcent's El Paso plant. The setup's purpose: expose the algae to as much sunlight as possible without the risk of contamination. Though much more expensive than growing algae in open ponds, Valcent believes its system is far more efficient because it can maximize oil output by precisely controlling the temperature and chemical composition of the algae solution. Valcent is perfecting its technology as it prepares to license it to outside biofuel companies, possibly as early as this spring. Its target is a system that is self-sustaining, with the algae increasing 50 percent in size every twenty-four hours.

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The original Apple Computer, also known retroactively as the Apple I, or Apple-1, is a personal computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. They were designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak. Wozniak’s friend Steve Jobs had the idea of selling the computer. The Apple I was Apple’s first product, and to finance its creation, Jobs sold his only means of transportation, a VW van and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator for $500. It was demonstrated in July 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of US$666.66, because Wozniak “liked repeating digits” and because they originally sold it to a local shop for $500 plus a one-third markup. About 200 units were produced. Unlike other hobbyist computers of its day, which were sold as kits, the Apple I was a fully assembled circuit board containing about 60+ chips. However, to make a working computer, users still had to add a case, power supply transformers, power switch, ASCII keyboard, and composite video display. An optional board providing a cassette interface for storage was later released at a cost of $75. The Apple I’s built-in computer terminal circuitry was distinctive. All one needed was a keyboard and an inexpensive television set. Competing machines such as the Altair 8800 generally were programmed with front-mounted toggle switches and used indicator lights (red LEDs, most commonly) for output, and had to be extended with separate hardware to allow connection to a computer terminal or a teletypewriter machine. This made the Apple I an innovative machine for its day. In April 1977 the price was dropped to $475. It continued to be sold through August 1977, despite the introduction of the Apple II in April 1977, which began shipping in June of that year. Apple dropped the Apple I from its price list by October 1977, officially discontinuing it. As Wozniak was the only person who could answer most customer support questions about the computer, the company offered Apple I owners discounts and trade-ins for Apple IIs to persuade them to return their computers, contributing to their scarcity. In 1976, Concord High School Junior Wai Lee assembled one of the first 12 Apple Is (no serial number), the first Apple Computer in an aluminum housing.[portfolio_slideshow include=”2429,2428,2427,2426,2425,2424,2422″] Apple I – Collector’s item As of 2012, less than 50 Apple I computers (with only six in working order) are believed to exist, making it a very rare collector’s item. - An Apple I reportedly sold for $50,000 USD at auction in 1999. - A unit was sold in September 2009 for $17,000 on eBay. - A unit was sold on March 23, 2010 for $42,766 on eBay. - In November 2010, an Apple I with serial number 82 sold for £133,250 ($210,000) at Christie’s auction house in London. The high price was likely due to the rare documents and packaging offered in the sale in addition to the computer, including the original packaging (with the return label showing Steve Jobs’ parents’ address, the original Apple Computer Inc ‘headquarters’ being their garage), a personally typed and signed letter from Jobs (answering technical questions about the computer), and the original invoice showing ‘Steven’ as the salesman. The computer was brought to Polytechnic University of Turin where it was fixed and used to run the BASIC programming language. - On June 15 2012, a working Apple I was sold at auction by Sotheby’s for a record $374,500, more than double the expected price. - In October 2012, another (very early – Serial number 22) Apple I in a Christie´s auction found no bidder who was willing to pay the starting price of 80.000 GBP. - On November 24, 2012, a working Apple I was sold at auction by Auction Team Breker for € 400,000 Auction Team Breker Original »Apple 1 Computer«, 1976 Apple I. (2012, June 26). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:21, July 9, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_I&oldid=499416018 This article is published under the GNU General Public License

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Know what the number one priority is? You would if you had to go. And everybody does, at some point. That's why researchers at the Italian Institute of Technology and University of the West of England—who are surely the envy of their peers—have developed special socks inspired by a fish's circulatory system that turn urine into electricity. In tests, these self-sufficient socks generated enough juice to power a wireless programmable communication module. The idea being that in an emergency, most people get really pissy—especially if their mobile phone battery dies. The way they work is: When the user walks, it pumps the urine contained in an intricate series of tubes past MFCs (microbial fuel cells), which turn the liquid waste into electricity. Below are some images that were (ahem) "leaked" to the press: Photo credit: Bioinspiration and Biomimetics You'll notice that we didn't mention anything about a catheter. That's because they're meant to be self-contained. Yes, the implication is that you as an outdoorsy survivalist type—or more likely someone in the military or space programs— would be walking around with someone else's pee. Or perhaps this technology could be strategically implemented into particular textiles. But they could be theoretically designed to introduce the fresh stuff. This isn't the first time electrifying excretions have been considered. As a proof of concept, this is a step in the right direction. But it's not likely to manifest as an actual consumer product any time soon, if ever. So try not to be pissed. Photos by Zensah Compression Technology

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It goes without saying that the world of consumer electronics do benefit from Moore’s Law as well as the constant revolution of hardware and engineering that sees things getting smaller and smaller. Antennas, however, are slightly different since they do suffer limitations in gain, efficiency, system range, and bandwidth whenever their size is reduced to less than a quarter-wavelength. Of course, with us humans being brilliant in our own right, there is always a workaround – in this case, using a 3D printing method that might end up in an electrically tiny antenna design. These fabrication techniques, however, are limited in both spatial resolution and dimensionality, and hence will be able to yield planar antennas which occupy a large area relative to the achieved performance. We’re pleased to know that this “conformal printing technique can be extended other potential applications, including flexible, implantable, and wearable antennas, electronics, and sensors”. Does this mean that there will be no more antennagate issues down the road after this?

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- An example of a transsexual is a man who believes he should have been born a woman. - An example of a transsexual is a man who undergoes surgery to become a woman. The definition of a transsexual is someone who believes they were born in the wrong gender and who wishes to change genders or has actually undergone surgery in order to change genders. a person who is predisposed to identify with the opposite sex, sometimes so strongly as to undergo surgery and hormone injections to effect a change of sex - Identifying as or having undergone medical treatment to become a member of the opposite sex. - Of or relating to transsexual people. One who is transsexual. (comparative more transsexual, superlative most transsexual) - (of a person) Being a transsexual. - It may be inappropriate to refer to or describe a transsexual person as "a transsexual"; compare "a black", "a gay". "A transsexual man" (for a man who is biologically female, or was biologically female prior to sex reassignment) or "a transsexual woman" (for the reverse) is frequently more appropriate. trans- +"Ž sexual

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3. Carry out SWOT analysis and use Ansoff's matrix to generate potential strategies that could reverse Rose Toy's fortunes. 5. Suggest how they might improve the management of the quality of their existing product and any future products they might make. 1. Background to the Company Rose Toys was founded in the early 1950's by Harold and Roy Rose, who were brothers. The firm remains family owned with Harold's two sons, Richard and Michael being in the business. Roy's widow, Ann Rose is a non-executive Director. Rose Toys manufacture high quality, hand crafted model train sets. The 1970's and 1980's were periods of great prosperity for the company. Now, however, they are facing a situation of declining sales as the markets for their traditional product face increasing competition from new types of toys and games in the UK and overseas. In the last three years sales have declined to such an extent that a loss is predicted for the current year. This will be the first time that the company has made a loss. They have paid little attention to the market and have carried out no market research as Harold and son Michael Rose, strongly believe that 'quality' will sell and assuming traditional toys are still desired by children. They have ignored the advice of their financial controller who is rarely included in decision making despite being a competent business graduate with 8 years commercial experience in small business. A further problem has arisen: conflict between the operations director and the general manager. The operations manager to whom the general manger has to report has been constantly blaming him for problems in production and has then refused to listen to what his subordinate has to say. Geoff is considering leaving as the resentment that has built up over the months has become too great. Further more, the quality of the product has fallen as staff's commitment to the company has waned. Recently they have received some bad publicity regarding the safety of their products. A small child electrocuted their hamster whilst using one of the trains. Management have paid little attention to employees concerns that machinery is becoming increasingly old and unreliable and they are not able to produce the quota of trains to receive there full pay. Some of the employees have ignored quality control checks simply to produce more trains. Scrap rates are high at around 10%. Bad feeling has evolved with the manufacturing and assembly staff as the operations manager Michael has blamed them for the major lapses in product quality. Staff, although highly trained and loyal to the company are becoming increasingly dejected and absenteeism is on the rise. 2. Organisation and Structure 2.1 The Organisation The Company's management organisation is as follows: ? Harold Rose Managing Director ? Richard Rose Sales & Marketing Director ? Michael Rose Operations Director ? Geoff Holland General Manager ? Gillian French Financial Controller ? Dave Martin Purchasing Manager ? Ann Davis Administration Manager ? John Preston Engineering Manager ? Jean Anderson Technical Development manager The Company employs 155 people in total. 2.2 The Structure The manufacturing is structured around two specific models The Traditional Model: Engine section, rolling stock section, ancillary section, packaging and dispatch section Push-along Model: Injection moulding section, Assembly Section, Packaging Section. The Push-Along model is a radical departure for the Company into a simple, injection-moulded toy aimed at pre-school children. The traditional model operation employs some 120 people and the push along operation employs some 15 people. 3. Sales and Profitability The sales and profit figures for the past four years are as follows: Year Model Sales (£,000) Profit (£,000) Current (C) Traditional 4,100 20 Push-along 700 90 C-1 Traditional 5,100 600 Push-along 300 70 C-2 Traditional 5,400 850 C-3 Traditional 5,100 920 3. Benchmarking Exercise Rose Toys have conducted a basic benchmarking exercise to compare themselves with six other similar manufacturers based in Europe. The results are shown below: Benchmark factor Rose Toys Competition Average Profits (% of sales) 1.82% 6.5% Unit cost price Traditional £35.00 £22.00 Push-along £3.99 £1.75 Marketing support (pa) Traditional £40K £65K Push-along £40K £95K Delivery times (weeks) Traditional 12 8 Push-along 6 2 Scrap rates 10% 5% Successful Management in the 21st Century Management in the 21st Century As the world moves through the 21st Century, business is becoming more dependent upon professional managers, who can bring success to an organization. Issues such as globalization and decentralization adds to the need for organization's to hire flexible managers capable of leading. A 21st century manager should possess three traits and utilize them to lead organizations: the ability to stimulate change, excellent planning capabilities, and ethics. What a manager does and how it is done can be categorized by Henri Fayol's four functions of management: Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. Through these functions managers can be catalysts for change or by definition change agents - "People who act as catalysts and manage the change process." (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2000, p.438) Whether performing the role of the change agent or not, change is an integral part of a manager's job. Change is "An alteration in people, structure or technology." (Robbins et al., 2000, p.437) Change occurs within and around organizations today at an unprecedented speed and complexity. Change poses threats and creates opportunities. The fact that change creates opportunities is reason why managers need to encourage change. What a manager can change falls distinctively into the three categories stated in the definition of change: people, structure, and technology. The manager can make alterations in these areas in an attempt to adapt to or facilitate change. The change of people involves changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions and behavior. These changes are used to help people within organizations to work together more effectively. Changing structure relates to job design, job specialization, hierarchy, formalization and all other organizational structural variables. These changes are ones that need to be flexible and not static to be adaptable to change. Technological change entails modification of work processes and methods and the introduction of new equipment. Changes in this area have been enormous especially in the areas of computing and communications. An organization's environment has both specific and general components, and micro and macro environments. The organization also has its own personality or culture. This environment and culture can be the generator of forces for change. Needs from within the organization can stimulate change; these are internal forces for change. "Of course, the distinction between external and internal forces is blurred because an internally induced change may be prompted by the perception of an external event." (Barney, 1992, p.755) Today's organizations are characterized by frequent disruptions to its environment. New strategy, new technology and change in employee mix or attitudes are all internal factors that can create force for change. The introduction of new equipment or technology can create the need for change within the workplace. The staff will need to learn how to use the new equipment and it may affect the duties required of them. Their jobs may have to be redesigned. New company strategies, which may involve the change in management practices, enterprise agreements and industrial relations, will create a vast variety of needs for change. So will the attitudes of the workers. In fact employee attitudes can create the need for new company strategies in the case of job dissatisfaction, poor team spirit, lack of commitment and job insecurity. External forces affecting an organization demand change by creating threats and opportunities. The organization it compelled to respond to these threats and opportunities. These external forces are apparent in many of the segments of the organizations external environment. These include political-legal, technological, economic, marketplace and socio-cultural dimensions. The political-legal environment is that which consists of government bodies, pressure groups and laws. It is pertinent for companies to keep abreast of and change in political environment because these changes can have dramatic effect. Change in political environment can see legislation introduced that will not make selling or providing a product feasible or somewhat difficult. There are many political factors and laws that can affect business. Pricing, competition, fair trade packaging, labeling, advertising, product safety and minimum wages can all affect business. The marketplace is a major contributor to forces for change. These forces are created by changes in customer buying needs, expectations and buying habits. The lifting of import tariffs or market deregulation are other factors. The technical environment is created by developments of new products or processes that affect an organizations opportunities and operations. These advancements in technology purvey benefits and impel organizations to change. The first factor to consider for motivating change deals with whether the organization is facing some obvious need for change, such as increasing competition; pressure on prices; changing customer needs / expectations; advances in technology; reductions in external funding; or regulatory changes (Cummings, 1997, p. 81). The actual change does not occur until the force for change exceeds that of the force resisting the change. People who may not necessarily lose from the change still contribute to the force resisting change. People inherently resist change because change causes uncertainty and ambiguity. Through good management these uncertainties and ambiguities will be removed and the resistance to change will not be as great. Planning is "A process that involves defining the organization's objectives or goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals, and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities." (Robbins et al., 2000, p.247) One of the reasons for planning is to reduce the impact of change. It does this by creating an environment that is accepting of change and by predicting change. "Planning reduces uncertainty by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate change, consider the impact of change and develop appropriate responses." (Robbins et al., 2000, p.247) No amount of planning or anticipation can get rid of change all together. "Planning cannot eliminate change. Changes will happen regardless of what management does."(Robbins et al., 2000, p.437) Planning just enables us to best cope with and manages change. Change can be modeled by two different metaphors: calm-waters and white-water rapids. The calm waters model involves unfreezing changing and refreezing; this is also the some as Lewin's model of change. We have seen that planning is a tool that can be used to predict change. In this environment of predictability the calm waters metaphor is an apt model. The organization is in a stable environment and can anticipate change so it goes through a process of unfreezing, changes implemented to overcome differences and meet new goals, and refreezing to keep changes in effect and return to stable environment. Total quality management uses this model. "Total quality management is essentially a continuous, incremental change program. It is compatible with the calm waters metaphor..." (Robbins et al., 2000, p.454) Total quality management continually seeks out problems and implements changes as they strive to ever improve their organization's efficiency and effectiveness. Plans are difficult to develop for a dynamic environment. "This calm waters metaphor has become increasingly obsolete as a way of describing the kind of seas that managers in today's organizations have to navigate." (Robbins et al., 2000, p.441) This calm waters metaphor "... is not very helpful to people faced with the detailed task of bringing change about." Today the white water-rapids metaphor is more prevalent in organizations. It is a more comprehensive model. The white water-rapids metaphor depicts change as an ever-present perpetual event. An organization in white-water rapids is in an uncertain dynamic environment (Barney, 1992, p.757). Disruptions to the status quo may never stop. Managers in this chaotic world need to respond quickly to every changing condition. Organizing is defined as "The process of creating an organization's structure." (Robbins et al., 2000, p.351) By comparing the definition of organizing to the definition of change we can come to the conclusion that organizing, a function of management can be a major contributor to the change of an organization through change in structure. Changing technology may be a contributor to an environment full of uncertainty, although this technology has enabled managers to organize for much greater efficiency and effectiveness. Work specialization is necessary as jobs become more complex and it also increases efficiency. Although job specialization does not create an environment that is capable of accepting change; managers could adopt a structure of multi-skills. This multi-skills approach will provide the organization with an adaptable workforce. Decentralization is "The handing down of decision-making authority to lower levels in an organization" (Robbins et al., 2000, p.359) Decentralization is prevalent in organizations that exist in complex uncertain environments. An increase in decentralization would create an organization capable of making faster decisions. This faster decision making ability is far more capable of reacting to change. This ability to react quickly to change is hence conducive to change. An organization that is well structured for change is one that is organic. An organic organization has the structural characteristics mentioned above and others like wide span of control, cross-functional teams, free flow of information ... 2 Attachments - [1st MS Word attachment] - 7 pages - 3016 Words - 8+References Including Management in the 21st Century from Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, Barney, Griffin, Graham and Dyckman. [2nd MS Word attachment] 10 Pages - 3029 Words - 17+ References Including SWOT analysis; Ansoff's matrix; Market penetration, Market and product development; Diversification; Marketing Mix; Positioning; Strategy; Growth; Maturity; Decline; Problems; The Core; The Actual and Augmented

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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Firewalls can be implemented in either hardware or software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. There are several types of firewall techniques: Packet filter: Packet filtering inspects each packet passing through the network and accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Although difficult to configure, it is fairly effective and mostly transparent to its users. It is susceptible to IP spoofing. Application gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications, such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very effective, but can impose a performance degradation. Circuit-level gateway: Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can flow between the hosts without further checking. Proxy server: Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses. A firewall is a dedicated appliance, or software running on a computer, which inspects network traffic passing through it, and denies or permits passage based on a set of rules/criteria. It is normally placed between a protected network and an unprotected network and acts like a gate to protect assets to ensure that nothing private goes out and nothing malicious comes in. A firewall's basic task is to regulate some of the flow of traffic between computer networks of different trust levels. Typical examples are the Internet which is a zone with no trust and an internal network which is a zone of higher trust. A zone with an intermediate trust level, situated between the Internet and a trusted internal network, is often referred to as a "perimeter network" or Demilitarized zone (DMZ). A firewall's function within a network is similar to physical firewalls with fire doors in building construction. In the former case, it is used to prevent network intrusion to the private network. In the latter case, it is intended to contain and delay structural fire from spreading to adjacent structures. Network layer and packet filters Network layer firewalls, also called packet filters, operate at a relatively low level of the TCP/IP protocol stack, not allowing packets to pass through the firewall unless they match the established rule set. The firewall administrator may define the rules; or default rules may apply. The term "packet filter" originated in the context of BSD operating systems. Network layer firewalls generally fall into two sub-categories, stateful and stateless. Stateful firewalls maintain context about active sessions, and use that "state information" to speed packet processing. Any existing network connection can be described by several properties, including source and destination IP address, UDP or TCP ports, and the current stage of the connection's lifetime (including session initiation, handshaking, data transfer, or completion connection). If a packet does not match an existing connection, it will be evaluated according to the ruleset for new connections. If a packet matches an existing connection based on comparison with the firewall's state table, it will be allowed to pass without further processing. Stateless firewalls require less memory, and can be faster for simple filters that require less time to filter than to look up a session. They may also be necessary for filtering stateless network protocols that have no concept of a session. However, they cannot make more complex decisions based on what stage communications between hosts have reached. Modern firewalls can filter traffic based on many packet attributes like source IP address, source port, destination IP address or port, destination service like WWW or FTP. They can filter based on protocols, TTL values, netblock of originator, of the source, and many other attributes. Main article: Application layer firewall Application-layer firewalls work on the application level of the TCP/IP stack (i.e., all browser traffic, or all telnet or ftp traffic), and may intercept all packets traveling to or from an application. They block other packets (usually dropping them without acknowledgment to the sender). In principle, application firewalls can prevent all unwanted outside traffic from reaching protected machines. On inspecting all packets for improper content, firewalls can restrict or prevent outright the spread of networked computer worms and trojans. The additional inspection criteria can add extra latency to the forwarding of packets to their destination. Main article: Proxy server A proxy device (running either on dedicated hardware or as software on a general-purpose machine) may act as a firewall by responding to input packets (connection requests, for example) in the manner of an application, whilst blocking other packets. Proxies make tampering with an internal system from the external network more difficult and misuse of one internal system would not necessarily cause a security breach exploitable from outside the firewall (as long as the application proxy remains intact and properly configured). Conversely, intruders may hijack a publicly-reachable system and use it as a proxy for their own purposes; the proxy then masquerades as that system to other internal machines. While use of internal address spaces enhances security, crackers may still employ methods such as IP spoofing to attempt to pass packets to a target network. Network address translation Main article: Network address translation Firewalls often have network address translation (NAT) functionality, and the hosts protected behind a firewall commonly have addresses in the "private address range", as defined in RFC 1918. Firewalls often have such functionality to hide the true address of protected hosts. Originally, the NAT function was developed to address the limited number of IPv4 routable addresses that could be used or assigned to companies or individuals as well as reduce both the amount and therefore cost of obtaining enough public addresses for every computer in an organization. Hiding the addresses of protected devices has become an increasingly important defense against network reconnaissance.

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Q: What is ATC on a pH meter? Should I be looking for a meter that has this? A: ATC stands for Automatic Temperature Compensation – this means the meter measures pH and temperature at the same time, then automatically calculates to correct for differences (e.g. if one sample is 20°C and another is 23°C). pH meters that do not have ATC are markedly less accurate. Why measure temperature when measuring pH? Temperature affects pH in a variety of ways – for a detailed look at them see this article, but overall we can say that the two most important things to remember are; - Keep your samples and calibration buffers as close in temperature as possible - Use a meter with ATC to compensate for the remaining small differences How does ATC work? When a sample is tested, the pH electrode and the temperature probe should be placed into the sample and stirred to achieve a stable reading. As long as ATC is enabled on your meter, the calculations to correct for temperature will be done automatically and you can simply read the pH value on the meter. Some electrodes are “3-in-1” which means they have a temperature sensor built in to the pH electrode, so you will see only one probe to put in the sample. Most pH electrodes are “2-in-1” and will have a separate temperature sensor – both must be placed in the sample for the ATC to work. For many meters this means holding two probes on cables in your hand to put in the sample. The TRUEscience pH caps (shown above) have the fixed temperature sensor held close to the pH electrode along with a clip to attach the whole cap to beakers. This makes sure that both pH and temperature are always measured at the same time. For more information about pH testing, follow the links above or contact us if you have any questions;

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Using the history and lessons of the Holocaust, we teach about the ultimate effects of hate and prejudice and the need to encourage respect among all people. In 1994, the Florida Legislature mandated that instruction on the Holocaust be included in all public schools. Last year 16,000 students either visited the Holocaust Center on a field trip or participated in an in-school presentation. We have developed the necessary educational resources and programs to help teachers bring the lessons of the Holocaust to the next generation. Local author and advocate Joanie Schirm, whose father escaped Nazi occupied Czechoslovakia, has offered to allow the Holocaust Center to exhibit her father's important letters and memorabilia - the impetus of her award-winning book, "Adventurers Against Their Will." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has called this collection one of the most significant collections they have ever seen. We are anxious to include Dr. Holzer's unique story of escape through Shanghai and ultimate immigration to the United States to our museum. This exhibit will cost approximately $30,000 to develop, including adding this exhibit as an important stop in our current audio guide that is offered in both English and Spanish, temperature controlled exhibit cases and museum lighting. While our recently launched audio guide is offered in both English and Spanish, our two permanent video exhibits - one with videotaped testimonies of local Survivors and the other that contains critical information about ghettos, are not accessible to our Spanish-speaking guests or to those who are hearing impaired and must rely on captions for content. The bid cost of adding English/Spanish narratives to these existing videos is $5,000. Managing archival collections is a critical part of the Center’s responsibility. It has been a number of years since a thorough inventory was completed with attention to rare materials in need of repair. Professional contracted services are needed; the cost of a through inventory and assessment is approximately $100,000. As the Executive Director of the Holocaust Memorial Resource and Education Center, I am reminded every day of the ways in which we enrich our Central Florida community. Our Center was founded by Survivors who were determined that the atrocities of the Holocaust must always be remembered. Their vision – the history, the images, and the lessons we must learn – still guides our efforts. I am astonished at how much that small group created, and how forward-thinking those early activists were. As I look around the museum, my eyes are drawn to our six memorial lights, never extinguished, that quietly reflect our duty to remember. We have artifacts that recall the lives of a few of Hitler’s six million victims. Their books, photographs, letters and everyday objects surround me. It is a constant reminder of the humanity of those who were lost, and that always touches me deeply. Our founders knew that remembering the past is only a first step. We must continue to initiate thoughtful, sometimes difficult, conversations about the role of prejudice and marginalization in our daily lives. We must challenge intolerance in all its forms and advocate for justice. We must continue to take a leading role in activities that create a community where every person feels safe and valued. I am so proud of our efforts, the embodiment of a mission that is unparalleled and unduplicated in our community. It is an honor to be able to offer programs for students, teachers and the public; for people who know a great deal about the Holocaust and for those who have only a glimmer of information. So it happened again. Another tragedy. Another act of hate. another eulogization of innocent lives needlessly extinguished. More strong words. More debates on social media over who to blame, what to do and how to recover. More name calling and finger pointing, and...it's getting old. Really old. The Center provides a cultural season of world-class exhibits, important films, and community observances, carefully chosen for artistic and cultural appeal. With powerful images and poignant messages, these arts programs have been an effective vehicle to teach about courage and inspire individuals to become agents of change. We take particular care to choose images and themes that are not repugnant or that show death and mutilation, but instead focus on images that remind us of the people, communities and cultures that have been lost. Program decisions examine ways each offering supports the Center’s mission. Our goal is to create a community in which all people feel welcome and safe regardless of religion, race, culture or lifestyle, an ideal that requires acknowledgement of the impact of prejudice; a deeper understanding of that it means to be a respectful person; an appreciation of diversity in a pluralistic society; and respect for the values and institutions we cherish. At each exhibit, film and presentation our visitors are asked to respond to a brief questionnaire. We ask, using a 4-point Likert scale, if they learned more about the Holocaust, if they learned more about a specific incident or issue of the Holocaust, if the program touched them emotionally, if the program met their expectations, and if they would recommend it to others. All programs in the past five years have gotten overwhelmingly positive responses. In addition, we ask how the person became aware of that program in order to track the success of various marketing tools. The 'success' of a program is its impact on visitors and supporters. The ultimate goal is to change the hearts and minds of a community over decades. The strongest indicators of success are the written comments of visitors who have taken advantage of our programs. Many of them express deep appreciation for the opportunity to learn about those dark moments of human history, and state that this new understanding of the lessons of the Holocaust has helped them think about their own lives and their own responsibility toward others. In 1994, the Florida Legislature mandated that instruction on the Holocaust be included in all public schools. This has given the Holocaust Center a broad and complex task, one that includes both comprehensive teacher education and direct support to students. · Last year 16,000 students either visited the Holocaust Center on a field trip or participated in an in-school presentation. All of our Holocaust education programs are facilitated by our full-time Resource Teacher. · We provide unique educational resources and programs to help teachers bring the lessons of the Holocaust to the next generation. These include a 4-day, 32 hour Teachers Institute each summer and ten monthly evening programs that provide Professional Development (inservice) credits for local teachers as well as providing them with critical support for their classrooms Short-tem objectives for Holocaust education include: The broad goal of Holocaust education is to help younger generations recognize the impact of prejudice, racism and stereotyping. We seek to go beyond mere ‘tolerance’, hoping to create a diverse community in which every person feels understood and accepted. Teachers are provided with a guide to field trips prior to the visit, and then are asked if the tour met their expectations and if it had a significant impact on the students. Classes using teaching trunks are asked to return an evaluation form that asks what materials were most and least useful, and what recommendations they may have for updating materials available. The most significant measurements of success are letters and cards created by student groups after field trips, expressing their appreciation for the experience and reflecting on how their visit improved their understanding of both the events and the lessons of the Holocaust. Each year we increase the number of schools using the resources of the Center, and have more comments from teachers who see Holocaust education as a key resource for character development and a tool for creating models of good citizenship. The first year of the project During the program’s second year, the project expanded to five Osceola County Schools, with 1812 new students participating, and an Osceola County evening presentation that brought in just over 100 adults. It also increased by four the number of participating Orange County Schools (1,600 students) and two additional Orange County evening presentations were attended by about The Center is partnering in a parallel project in Seminole County. It is based on the same vision of reducing bullying behaviors through peer pressure and At every presentation brief evaluations are distributed and collected. So far they uniformly suggest that participants are more knowledgeable about the dynamics of bullying, more clear about the role of bystanders and upstanders in a variety of situations, and more confident in their ability to make a difference. Perhaps of greater importance, their written comments show how deeply touched many of them are by personal stories, particularly the suicide of Ryan Halligan. Many audience responses include their declarations that they will do what they can to interrupt bullying whenever and wherever they see it. After only 6 years this project has already had significant impact. It has been the catalyst for a broad community to adopt the term ‘upstander’ and to address – in all forms of media – the responsibilities of bystanders to interrupt bullying. The Center has hosted summits on bullying, inviting representatives of schools, youth groups, law enforcement and others to meet, share resources, and collaborate on projects. It has spun off at least three “UpStander Clubs” in schools with requests for help in others interested in creating their own school-based program. Ultimately, the goal is to minimize bullying and cyberbullying -- including adult and workplace bullying – by changing passive bystanders into people who have the insight, incentive and courage to intervene and interrupt. Before this project was launched the Center contracted with a PhD social scientist with expertise in process measurement. Benchmarks for longitudinal shifts in existing measures of school climate had already been established. After the program had been in existence for one year a formative evaluation was published. Identified measures include attendance rates, growth indicators, audience engagement, and targeted improvements in school climate using written surveys, interviews, focus groups and participant observations. Output objectives measure the number of school presentations and community events, number of participating students, and creation and availability of program-specific materials. Outcome objectives measure increase in reported sense of attending a safe, respectful learning environment, decrease in harassment and bullying, and increase in awareness of what it means to be an upstander. The most important and most gratifying indication of the program’s success is in the written comments of students who have participated in it, particularly those who have responded to John Halligan’s presentations: Next time I see or hear of someone being made fun of or bullied I will do my best to stop it. We have a long commitment to multi-faith and multi-cultural partnerships, presenting programs to explore the beliefs of our community’s varying faith groups, reflecting on our differences and our sameness. Both outputs and outcomes are used to assess progress toward goals. The most critical instrument for outcomes is a participant survey collected after every program. Using a 4-point Likert scale, attendees are asked to rate the quality of the program and the presenter, whether the program increased their knowledge of a core topic, if the program touched them emotionally (the strongest indicator of attitudinal/behavioral change), and if they would recommend the program to others. Surveys also include open-ended comment sections and ask for suggestions for upcoming programming. These surveys are tallied, and the results play a large role in program development and long-range planning. Indirect Public Support HelpIndirect public support represents revenue received through solicitation campaigns. This includes funding United Way and other federated fundraising organizations, but does not include donor designated contributions. Earned Revenue HelpEarned revenue represents income generated in direct exchange for a product or service.Earned income includes income from government contracts. Central Florida Foundation 800 N Magnolia AvenueSuite 1200 Orlando, FL 32803 p. 407.872.3050 f. 407.425.2990

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|Multi-Way Stop||A stop sign can be one of our most valuable and effective traffic control devices when used at the right place and under the right conditions. It is intended to help drivers and pedestrians at an intersection determine who should yield right-of-way.| |What You Need to Know About Children at Play||Why Won't They Put Up "Children at Play" Signs? An often heard neighborhood request concerns the posting of generalized warning signs with "SLOW CHILDREN AT PLAY" or other similar messages.| |What You Need to Know About Crosswalk||What is a Crosswalk? The Law, Research, Do crosswalks serve as a reminder to drivers to slow down and watch for pedestrians? What advantages do crosswalks provide? City policy on crosswalks, how secure are you in a crosswalk? |Sight Distance Triangle||In order to minimize traffic hazards at intersections of streets, alleys and driveways, there are height restrictions on any wall, fence, shrub, plant or any other erected, planted or maintained at these intersections.| |Bicycle Safety||Always wear your helmet! Be Considerate - Be Safe. Avoiding Hazards. Basic "Rules of the Road"| |Parking||Streets are for everyone, which are designed to accommodate parking as well as through movement. Information on Illegal Parking, Restricted Parking and Residential Area Parking. What is a valid safety issue? Can I get Red Curb Markings? Information on CommercialAreas and Alleys. Phone numbers of Who To Call If you have Questions.| |Truck Routes||Why Truck Routes? Grand Junction/Mesa County is the regional economic center for Western Colorado and Eastern Utah. Trucks are the primary delivery systems for the vast majority of consumer goods brought into our community. To address these concerns, a comprehensive plan was developed to identify a network of truck routes to support safe and efficient truck operations while satisfying thepublicneed for adequate protection and separation.| |Information and Tips for Driving a Round-A-Bout||The most important thing to remember in a roundabout is to slow down. Information & Tips for Driving a Round-A-Bout |Traffic Signals||When are Traffic Signals Installed? Signal Costs. New Signal Caution. Traffic Signal Misconceptions.| |The ABC's of Pedestrian Signals||Walk, Don't Walk.........How Pedestrian Signals Work| Photo by Paul Meyer

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Physics, Biology, and the Multiverse By Ashutosh Jogalekar, originally published at Field of Science. Physics, unlike biology or geology, was not considered to be a historical science until now. Physicists have prided themselves on being able to derive the vast bulk of phenomena in the universe from first principles. Biology – and chemistry, as a matter of fact – are different. Chance and contingency play an important role in the evolution of chemical and biological phenomena, so beyond a point scientists in these disciplines have realized that it’s pointless to ask questions about origins and first principles. The overriding “fundamental law” in biology is that of evolution by natural selection. But while the law is fundamental on a macro scale, its details at a micro level don’t lend themselves to real explanation in terms of origins. For instance the bacterial flagellum is a product of accident and time, a key structure involved in locomotion, feeding and flight that resulted from gene sharing, recombination and selective survival of certain species spread over billions of years. While one can speculate, it is impossible to know for certain all the details that led to the evolution of this marvelous molecular motor. Thus biologists have accepted history and accident as integral parts of their fundamental laws. Physics was different until now. Almost everything in the universe could be explained in terms of fundamental laws like Einstein’s theory of general relativity or the laws of quantum mechanics. If you wanted to explain the shape and structure of a galaxy you could seek the explanation in the precise motion of the various particles governed by the laws of gravity. If you wanted to explain why water is H20 and not H30 you could seek the explanation in the principles of quantum mechanics that in turn dictate the laws of chemical bonding. But beyond this wildly successful level of explanation seems to lie an impasse. The problem arises when you try to explain one of the most profound facts of nature, the fact that the fundamental constants of nature are fine-tuned to a fault, that the universe as we know it would not exist if these constants had even slightly different values. For instance, it is impossible to imagine life existing had the strength of the strong force binding nuclei together been even a few percent smaller or larger. Scientists have struggled for decades to explain why other numbers like the value of Planck’s constant or the electron’s mass are what they are. In fact this is one of the biggest gaps in the Standard Model of physics, an otherwise spectacularly successful paradigm that nonetheless contains arbitrary constants that defy an origin story. It seems now that physicists are giving up trying to explain conundrums like these, or at least giving up trying to do it the way they always have. Two books that I read recently drove the point home to me. One was Max Tegmark’s “The Mathematical Universe”. In the book Tegmark takes us on a dizzying journey through modern physics that ends in the fanciful realm of multiple universes. It’s hardly the first book to do so. Multiple universes have been invoked to explain many problems in physics, but their most common use is try to explain (or explain away, as some seem to rightly think) the problem of the fundamental constants. The purported “solution” sounds simple; we can stop wondering why the fundamental constants have the precise values that they do if we assume the existence of a potentially infinite number of universes, each of which has a different set of values for the constants. Our universe just happens to have the right combination that allows sentient life to arise and ask such questions in the first place. Leaving aside the fact that multiple universes still belong to speculation and science fiction rather than science, what is really striking about them to me is that they have finally transported physics into the realm of biology. What physicists are essentially saying is that there have been several universes in the past and there are likely several universes in the present, and our unique universe with its specific combination of fundamental constants is an accident. The multiple universe argument is very much similar to the argument establishing evolution by natural selection as the centerpiece of biology: there have been several species with several genotypic and phenotypic features, and our own human species is a result of contingency and historical accident. This is not so much an explanation as an admission of incomplete knowledge, but biologists are fine with this since it does not obviate any natural law and is still part of a satisfying overarching theory. It looks like with the postulation of multiple universes physicists too have stepped over from the land of fundamental explanatory laws into the land of historical accident and contingency. This is a radical shift in the way physics has been done until now and a rather painful blow to the physicist’s view of nature. One might also say that biology is having the last laugh. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century when biology was still doing the messy job of cataloging data and trying to make sense of the mess, physics was marching on, discovering precise regularities and generalities in nature’s offerings. Since then several sciences including biology and economics have suffered from “physics envy”. But now it ironically looks like physics’ successful run at predicting everything from first principles might have become a victim of its own success. It may be the case that physicists’ spectacular findings themselves have illuminated their own limitations. In his book “The Accidental Universe”, physicist and writer Alan Lightman puts it thus: “Dramatic developments in cosmological findings and thought have led some of the world’s premier physicists to propose that our universe is only one of an enormous number of universes, with wildly varying properties, and that some of the most basic features of our particular universe are mere accidents – random throws of the cosmic dice. In which case, there is no hope of ever explaining these features in terms of fundamental causes and principles.” Lightman also quotes the doyen of physicists, Steven Weinberg, who recognizes this watershed in the history of his discipline: “We now find ourselves at a historic fork in the road we travel to understand the laws of nature. If the multiverse idea is correct, the style of fundamental physics will be radically changed.” This article was originally published at Field of Science, and is partially reproduced here without the permission of the author, who is not affiliated with this website or its views.

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Today’s case study involves poisoning exposures that occurred because a potentially harmful substance was stored in the wrong container. One of the IPC’s core poison prevention messages is always store chemicals, cleaning products, and medications in their original containers. There are good reasons for this: - The usage directions are always with the product - The substance is in a child-resistant container when appropriate - Everyone knows exactly what the substance is and what it is meant to be used for Here are some real cases. In sharing these, we hope it will prevent further cases of the wrong container. - A young adult stored windshield washer fluid in a Gatorade Arctic Ice bottle to keep in his Jeep, because the original gallon-sized container took up too much room in the back seat. After he and a group of his friends finished playing basketball on hot summer day, one of the friends took a few swigs out of the bottle, thinking it really was Gatorade. It only takes a few ounces of concentrated methanol-containing windshield washer fluid to cause blindness or death if ingested. (Fortunately for the basketball player, he called the IPC immediately, we instructed him to go to the nearest hospital, and then we worked with the treating physician to ensure he received the antidote—which was fully effective and he had no lasting effects). - A middle-aged man put his Viagra 50mg tablets into an Aleve bottle for storage. His teenage daughter took two for her headache thinking they were actually Aleve. - An adult took a beer from a hotel minibar and realized after one drink that it was not beer…it was urine. Someone had drunk the beer and then “refilled” it, so they would not be charged. - While visiting grandma, a new mother made up a bottle for her 2 month old, using powdered formula and a jug of nursery water she found under the sink. As soon as she started feeding the baby, he began to cry, cough and gasp. Turns out the jug did NOT contain water—the grandmother had filled it with vodka to hide it from her husband. - A sick child was inadvertently given lamp oil in her sippy cup—someone had stored lamp oil in a Pedialyte bottle and placed the bottle next to the refrigerator. Lamp oil is extremely dangerous when ingested by children, and we have blogged about it several times. - A mother had stored douche solution in a lemonade pitcher in the fridge….her son drank some. Hopefully these tales of wrong-container horror will convince you to always keep products in their original container, even if it is less convenient or the bottle takes up too much space! As always, if you do come into contact with a potentially harmful substance for any reason, call our experts at 1-800-222-1222 any time of day or night and we can help. PS: March is Illinois Poison Prevention Month! Click here for a complimentary packet (sticker, magnet, and poisoning first aid tips). - There was only a little bit of windshield washer fluid left in the jug so. . . - Top 5 Things You Didn’t Think Could be Poisonous to Children - Top 10 Drug and Poison Safety Tips - The Top 5 Most Toxic Substances in Your House - The Case of the Tube Switcheroo

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In 2009, the NDP opposition crassly promised if elected to kill in the cradle North America’s only true carbon tax, even though they had previously argued for its implementation. Many climate-concerned voters, who might have normally voted for the Greens or the NDP, voted for the governing Liberals in order to save the tax. During the campaign, I joined with experts from a diversity of ideological perspectives to try to convince people to vote strategically in our first-past-the-post system, hoping to ensure the NDP would lose swing ridings and not form government. (The NDP often emphasizes its concern for social justice, but sometimes seems to forget that climate change is one of humanity’s greatest social justice issues – just ask someone from Bangladesh, or a similarly vulnerable poor country, who understands the human implications of climate change.) The Liberals just barely won the election and the carbon tax was saved, a victory that was even more significant than we thought at the time – since the global financial crisis soon blunted climate policy initiatives in most, but not all, jurisdictions. Today, the tax stands symbolically as the only significant carbon tax in North America, representing a model for future policy efforts. Policy advisors study the tax, the New YorkTimes writes about it, even Republican politicians have talked favorably about it. Preventing the NDP from destroying the tax was the most critical outcome of that election. The struggle was stressful, but successful. In this election, however, the roles are reversed. The reason is the proposed Northern Gateway pipeline. Recent papers in Science and Nature on our global carbon emission limits – summarized in Bill McKibben’s article inRolling Stone – explain what many of us have known for at least two decades. Humanity cannot develop our massive unconventional oil resources while at the same time preventing the 2 C temperature increase that scientists believe could destabilize the climate, perhaps leading to runaway global warming. In Canada, this means that we cannot be expanding production levels and transport infrastructure for Alberta’s tar sands. This does not mean shutting down the tar sands tomorrow. With existing production facilities and pipeline infrastructure, its operation would continue for decades. But it cannot be expanding with new major developments and additional pipeline capacity. As McKibben points out, the math is ridiculously simple – and terrifying. This means that the proposed Keystone XL pipeline from Alberta to the US and the Northern Gateway pipeline from Alberta to the BC coast should not be built. They would allow tar sands production to double from its current level of 2 million barrels per day. The past three decades have shown that the vast majority of politicians have proven adept at expressing great concern for the threat of global warming, while not actually committing to policies that would stop or reduce emissions growth. The governing Liberals in BC, for example, have said they still believe in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, yet promote rapid expansion of shale gas production and new coal mines. They express “concerns” about Northern Gateway, yet refuse to promise to stop it if re-elected in May. We all know what this means. In contrast, the opposition NDP has promised to kill the project. And believe me, a provincial government that wanted to kill a project like this would be able to do it – even if the federal government had the jurisdiction to approve its construction and had already done so. The NDP is leading in the polls, but that does not mean they will win the election. The Conservatives have all but collapsed, which will mostly help the Liberals. And the Greens are still capturing a large share of voter interest, which will mostly hurt the NDP. Meanwhile Liberal supporters pound away with personal attack ads – a strategy that has worked well for Stephen Harper in election after election – and one wonders if some desperate oil patch money is behind this. The election outcome is definitely not a foregone conclusion. All of this sets the stage for well-meaning people concerned about climate to make a tragic mistake this May – by voting Green in ridings where it could have ensured the election of an NDP member instead of a Liberal. (We must never forget how Ralph Nader’s Green candidacy helped George Bush just barely defeat Al Gore.) In my view, this election is, and should be presented by people concerned about climate, as a referendum on Northern Gateway, and we should be encouraging individuals to vote NDP in any riding where the NDP has a chance of defeating the Liberal candidate, even if that individual would prefer to vote Green in an electoral system with proportional representation. The only riding where I am suggesting climate-focused people might vote Green is in the Victoria riding where climate scientist Andrew Weaver has an excellent chance of winning (hence not a wasted vote) and would be supporting an NDP or Liberal government where it did the right thing and hounding it where it did not. (For example, both the Liberals AND the NDP are too bullish on shale gas and LNG exports – a subject for a future blog.) At this point, the prevention of Northern Gateway would be a (second) unique occasion in which British Columbian voters would be able to influence the broader struggle to stop global warming with one X on a ballot. Its cancellation would embolden activists and average citizens to realize that the tar sands and other carbon polluters can be stopped and would contribute to a rethinking of climate policies and emission reduction efforts in the two biggest carbon polluting countries in the world: the US and China.

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A worm's eye view opens - Date: Monday, 29 February, 2016 10.00am – 5.00pm, Monday to Saturday Level 1, National Library, corner Molesworth and Aitken Streets - Contact Details: Email Denise.Roughan@dia.govt.nz for more information Soldiers' art in the First World War Runs from 29 February – 20 May | 10am – 5pm, Monday – Saturday | Level one The events of the First World War were well documented, not least by those who experienced first-hand the reality of the battlefields. Official photographers such as Henry Armytage Sanders and war artists such as Nugent Welch were employed to capture a particular view of war that could be shown to an audience without compromising public sensitivities. Francis William Weatherall, "A worm's eye view", 1917-1918. Ref: A-451-020-009. However, soldiers often used whatever materials they had to hand – pencils and diaries or scraps of note-paper – to draw what they saw or record their experiences in writing, in an attempt to convey what was really happening. The expression ‘a worm’s eye view’ is taken from a collection of pencil sketches by Private William Francis Weatherall, displayed in this exhibition. His sketches, like the other works here, are common soldiers’ perspectives of war shown through their own candid portrayals, wrought with grit and humour. Come and see this unique group of works, which represents the Turnbull’s significant collection of unofficial pictorial accounts of the war. Many of them have never previously been shown. Francis William Weatherall, "As I appeared last night", 1917-1918. Ref: A-451-020-004.

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SDLC (Software development lifecycle) contains main phases, that any software goes through on its way to release. Every software has it own unique tasks, difficulty, methodologies so on; but the main phases are mostly common to everyone, and can contain: Planning the system Phase of planning is crucial part of work, when you decide, what project will look like in the end. You must define problems and tasks you will face, plan your goals and resources (personnel, spendings and so on). You can also think about alternative ways, cooperation with clients, and compare your software with the main competitors. In other words, you must create the project's concept, define its boundaries and make all the planning documentation. When the phase is done, you can choose between three options - to make a brand new system, to upgrade existing, or to keep it as it is. 2. Analyzing the system Next you need to analyze your user needs, and define all what can help you to achieve those needs. Also, it's time when project's technical documentation is prepared, analyzing its organisation, economical, social and technical perspectives and possibilities. You need to be in contact with clients, in order to make what they really want. 3. Designing the system This phase starts only when you fully understand what your client wants from you. Here you choose all the elements and components of the future system, security level, modules, architecture, different interfaces and data types, that will be used by software. Design can be created just by writing it on the paper; but having such powerful tools as Raduga, you can do it much easier. Especially good Raduga becomes when you need to create extended design document, where all the functional and technical requirements will be sorted, both logically and physically. 4. Development, implementation and deployment That goes when you already decided all about technical and system requirements and specifications. That is the process of coding as it is, when you can make reality all what is already described and planned in previous phases. It's phase of not only coding, but also configuration and setting your hardware for the needs and functions of the project. That's time when the project is ready for being shown to the client, and for its test launch. That phase can be pretty long, if the system is complicated. But it's better to make it longer, not less qualitative, because final users must fully understand how to use it. 5. Testing and integration Here all the components and subsystems are combined into one united system. Then it receives different commands, and you must analyze how the system reactions on them, how it function and what it does in all possible situations. Testing is something that helps make the product complete, taking away all the remaining problems. Tester don't need to be qualified in coding or design, so it can be anyone - user or even automatised system itself. Goal of such a work is to check, how the programs work corresponds with what it must to do. 6. System's maintenance Finally, when the most work is done, you must ensure regular technical maintenance of the project, verifying that the system is still in a good shape, and shall always be. Here goes the change of the outdated elements and checking performance. Also, security system must be updated time to time, ensuring high quality of the project. Just just one of the ways how to systemize development cycle, that goes again and again for every project, from start to the end. Cycles can be different, but what is crucial can be found in every one. Most important task is to keep contact with clients, make prototypes, work step-by-step, and save time and energy by creating full-scale design-documents. Using Raduga, it all is easier than ever before. If you work with the Oracle, or any other platform - then Raduga will help you to organize all the cycle.

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Help get this topic noticed by sharing it on Twitter, Facebook, or email. Formula instructions to count months or items in an excel list can be found on pages 258-259 and 265. Excel offers a quick shortcut for five of its most popular functions—SUM( ), AVERAGE( ),COUNT(), MAX( ), and MIN( ). Just choose Formulas ➝ Function Library ➝ AutoSum to perform a quick sum on any group of selected cells. Or, if you click the drop-down arrow on this button, you see a list where you can quickly unleash any of the other four functions. SUM( ): Adding a group of numbers. SUM( ) formula that adds two cells: =SUM(A1,A2) SUM( ) formula that adds the range of 11 cells from A2 to A12: =SUM(A2:A12) SUM( ) formula that adds a range of cells along with a separately referenced cell, and two literal values: =SUM(A2:A12,B5,429.1,35000) Excel 2007: The Missing Manual, 1e

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St. Peter Claver, a Jesuit missionary in Colombia worked tirelessly to evangelize and care for Africans who were being sold as slaves. Though he could not put an end to slavery, he baptized and ministered the sacraments to over 300,000. The Church will celebrate his feast day on September 9. Born in Catalonia, Spain in 1581, Peter Claver joined the Jesuits at the age of 20. While studying philosophy, Peter befriended St. Alphonsus Rodriguez, the college's doorkeeper, who persuaded him to set out for the Americas to spread the Word of God in the missions. He arrived in Cartagena, Colombia in 1610, and worked among the African slaves for 44 years, until his death. The approximately 1000 slaves which arrived each month made Cartagena one of the major ports through which slaves from Africa were sold into the New World, despite the prohibition of the Church and repeated condemnations of the Pope. The missionaries there could only hope to alleviate the suffering of the slaves. Claver did so with heroic commitment, caring for each of the slaves who arrived on the ships, suffering from the trauma of the voyage they had just completed and trembling with fear for what lay ahead. Claver defended them, showed them kindness, cared for them in sickness and won their confidence. He trained interpreters as catechists, in order to teach the faith to the slaves in their many different tongues. He baptized and ministered the sacraments to over 300,000. He is quoted as saying: “To love God as He ought to be loved, we must be detached from all temporal love. We must love nothing but Him, or if we love anything else, we must love it only for His sake.” The upper class of Cartagena, along with the slave merchants and even some of his superiors were opposed to his ministry and denounced him for defiling the Sacraments to creatures who "almost didn’t have souls." However, he persisted in his work among the slaves amid the humiliations and persecutions and lived a rigorous life of prayer and fasting until the day he died September 8, 1654. St. Peter was canonized on January 16, 1888 by Pope Leo XIII and in 1896, he was proclaimed Patron of all the Catholic missions among people of African descent.

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Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm in size) are now recognised as a widespread environmental contaminant. They can be found in locations worldwide, including those with little human influence such as remote islands and even Antarctica, but how are they getting there? In addition to being introduced to the environment as microplastics, for example via cosmetics or plastic pre-production pellets (‘nurdles’), they can also be formed from large litter items which fragment into smaller and smaller pieces over time. All plastics items will ultimately break down over time as the plasticiser chemicals that give them their flexible and durable nature leach out, leaving them brittle and susceptible to degradation. However, their very limited or non-existent biodegradability means that even if these items form small particles, these particles may not ever disappear. Microplastics can be transported throughout the environment by environmental processes such as water currents or wind, or by human activities. While plastic may enter the environment to land or water in many places due to human activity, it is likely that many of the microplastic transport routes will lead them to travel from their source to ultimately reach the oceans in the following ways: - Due to surface runoff (e.g. from roads/agricultural land) into rivers which transport these particles to the sea - Direct littering to rivers where these items fragment or the whole piece is transported to the sea - Direct input as microplastics into rivers (i.e. from sewage effluent) - Direct input to the oceans from land by wind action - Littering on beaches - Maritime activities, especially fishing activities which can lead to the loss of fishing gear such as netting and lines - Industrial shipping, which can lead to loss of litter or cargo overboard - Dumping at sea However, not all microplastics on land or in freshwater systems will reach the oceans. Many studies have found plastics within freshwater environments, including sediments, and it is possible that sedimentary and hydrological processes (for example sediment deposition or low water flows) will allow for the retention of significant portions of these particles within the sediment. This may especially be the case in lakes where there is little to no flow. There have been very few studies reporting on microplastic presence within soils, however given the prevalence of microplastics across aquatic environments, it is highly likely that microplastics will also be present on land. These would have similar potential to become incorporated into soils and retained long-term, with as-yet unknown consequences. Plastic litter in an agricultural area. Photo credit: Alex Walton Alice Horton is an ecotoxicologist at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.

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Holly is a slow-growing, small to mid-sized evergreen tree. The glossy green leaves set off deep red berries in the winter, making it a classic decoration around the winter holidays. Growing holly from seed is a time-consuming project with germination times ranging from six months to three years. Once the seedlings germinate, growth is slow, averaging 6 feet or less in the first 10 years. Though not the fastest way to propagate holly, seed germination is a viable method for reproducing this winter classic. - Skill level: Things you need - Zip top bag - Peat moss - Wire cage Stratify holly seeds to break the dormancy period. Put a 1-inch layer of damp peat moss over the bottom of a zip top bag. Place the holly seeds onto the peat moss and cover them with a second 1-inch layer of damp peat moss. Seal the bag and store it at 4.44 degrees Celsius for four to five months. The vegetable drawer of the refrigerator works well for stratifying holly seeds. Start the stratification process in late fall or early winter. Remove the seeds from the chilled area in the spring or early summer. Plant the holly seeds out in a nursery bed in the garden. An area that has deep, loamy soil and full to part shade is ideal. Avoid areas that are prone to periods of standing water during the year. Plant holly seeds ¾ to 1 inch deep and cover with soil. Keep the area damp with frequent, light water applications. Place a tomato cage or other wire structure over the seedlings when they emerge to protect the young holly plants from being trampled. Spread a 2- to 4-inch layer of compost over the seedbed to add nutrients to the soil and encourage strong seedling development. Keep the compost back 2 inches from the young holly plants to avoid smothering them. Transplant the holly seedlings into their permanent position when they are 12 inches tall. Dig down 12 to 18 inches when transplanting to avoid damaging the taproot. Dig out the root ball 24 inches in diameter. - 20 of the funniest online reviews ever - 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites - Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for - USDA Forest Service; Ilex Opaca Ait; H. E. Grelen - University of Rhode Island Landscape and Horticultural Department; Hollies; Cheryl Cadwell - University of Florida IFAS Extension Program; Ilex Aquifolium; September 2010 - North Carolina State University; Overcoming Seed Dormancy; Erv Evans and Frank A. Blazich; January 1999

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Family Time and Making Healthy Food Choices |August 29, 2013||Posted by Alyssa under Cooking, Healthy Eating, Kids, Nutrition, Produce, Recipes| There is a lot of the evidence to support the statement that families who eat together are healthier. The only problem is many families are not sitting down to eat together. The concern is that eating out can lead to poor food choices. Although many restaurants offer healthy options, many restaurants tend to serve foods that are higher in fat and calories compared to meals prepared at home. Family meal times have many benefits, especially for children. Kids who eat at home with the family tend to eat more fruits and vegetables, and take in more nutrients than if they are eating junk food. Parents have more control over what their children eat when meals are shared together, leading to better food choices. Basic Tips for Eating Healthy • Choose foods low in calories, fat, cholesterol, and added sugars. • Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables to get a better source of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. • Select healthier proteins such as lean meats, skinless chicken, and fish. • Choose products that are low in fat or have no fat at all. Florida fruits and vegetables in season now include avocado, carambola (star fruit), guavas, grapefruit, longans, mushrooms, oranges, peanuts, and tangerines. Eating healthier doesn’t mean you need to sacrifice flavor, and these Florida products are delicious additions to daily meal and snack options. For example, this Chicken, Avocado and Swiss Wrap uses low-fat chicken cooked simply and then dressed with a sauce that provides a lot of flavor while not introducing many calories. Serve with kid-friendly carrot and celery sticks or a side salad, and for dessert try this delicious Citrus Dream Milkshake. Yum!

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Do you think it is harmless to give a mobile phone to your child? Think twice before you do so. Read about the effects having mobile phones can have on children’s life. Having a mobile phone can result in health problems in children and can have adverse effects on physical and mental health. As the years go by, human life is also changing constantly! Mobile phones were previously seen only among few high class people and were considered as something lavish! Then slowly, you saw even the average or the common man on the street like your cobbler or vegetable vendor having a cellphone! See the world today, and you can find even young kids and school going children busily chatting away on their mobile phones! Today you find kids as young as seven and eight owning a mobile phone. Welcome to the new age Marketing of Mobile Phone Nowadays, there are companies which manufacture specially designed mobile phones targeted exclusively to the young children. There are cell phones with pictures of cartoon characters in order to attract the attention of children and increase sales. Kids are a target audience for even mobile phones in Mobile Phones Effects on Academics Teachers in schools are complaining of increasing indiscipline in class ever since young children started bringing mobile phones to class. According to these teachers students who bring cell phones to school talk on the phone during class and send messages. They do not pay attention and play on their cell phones during class hours. They thus miss out on lessons being taught and fall behind the other students. Their entire concentration is on the mobile phone and not on their studies. The teachers say that students with mobile phones are uninterested in studies during class hours. Their attention is more on the mobile phone rather than on the blackboard. Overall Effects on Children According to some children who have a cell phone, it is a status symbol for them among the others. The more the phone is modern and stylish, the better because it increases prestige among friends and other schoolmates. Mobile phones have a major effect on children and can bring about undesirable changes in their lifestyle. These children become so obsessed with the phone. They are constantly checking messages, and do not do the important things that young children should do. Instead of spending time playing sports in the fresh air and engaging in other creative activities and hobbies, they spend most of their time on the phone. According to scientists, keeping in continuous contact with people can get addictive. Health hazards of Mobile Phones on Children Studies recommend that mobile phones should only be given to children above sixteen years of age. Children below the age of sixteen should not be given mobile phones since their brain is too sensitive to withstand the effects of mobile radiation. Since the tissues in the brain and body are still developing, these radiations can cause cell damage. Due to absorption of radiation, children can have severe health issues. Although adults also get affected by these radiations it will be more severe in children because of increased absorption of these radiation levels. Experts also believe there is a link between childhood cancer and mobile phone usage among children. Misuse of Mobile Phones There are high chances of misuse of the mobile phone, by children who have them. Children may send and receive vulgar messages and pictures. Children can have access to adult websites. Advice for Parents We live in a dangerous world where so many incidents of crime against children. Parents of children having mobile phones must take some steps to ensure safety of the child. Parents should warn and keep children aware of the various mobile phone crimes. Sometimes it is possible for a child to get stalked by strangers over the phone. Parents of young children who have a mobile phone must get a post-paid connection and check the cell phone bill when it arrives. Mobile phones for children – a Boon or a Bane Although there might be a few advantages of children having mobile phones, there are more adverse effects. One good advantage being that children can call up their parents in case of an emergency or if they are stuck in some place. Parents can have peace of mind. But, more and more experts are warning about the disastrous and negative effects which a mobile phone can have on the physical and mental health of young kids.

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SnowEx — a NASA-led research campaign — will be spending the next five years studying how much snow is on the ground worldwide at any given time. This massive undertaking will help scientists better understand how much liquid water is contained within snow and how viable snow is as a resource of liquid water on our planet for drinking, agriculture, and hydropower. Video courtesy of NASA. Follow Tech Insider: On Facebook About Article Author

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This seminal volume, published on 15 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson, is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language. In June 1746 a group of London booksellers contracted Johnson to write a dictionary for the sum of 1,500 guineas (£1,575), equivalent to about £220,000 today. Johnson took nearly 9 years to complete the work, having claimed he could finish it in three. Remarkably, he did so single-handedly, with only clerical assistance to copy out the illustrative quotations that he had marked in books. Johnson produced several revised editions during his life. Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 173 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent English dictionary. According to Walter Jackson Bate, the Dictionary "easily ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship, and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual who labored under anything like the disadvantages in a comparable length of time." Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) was an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of "the most famous single biographical work in the whole of literature," James Boswell's "Life of Samuel Johnson". A tall, robust man, it is now thought that he may have suffered from Tourette syndrome; after his death he was buried in Westminster Abbey. Our (single volume) copy of this famous book is in extraordinarily good condition for its age, bound in full black calf, with a partitioned spine bearing the title and author's name in gilt on maroon leather panels, small gilt floral & corner motifs in the alternate segments, and the date in gilt at the bottom. All page edges are gilt. There is a little wear and chipping to the edges of the covers and the corners, and a mark on the back cover, but nothing seriously detrimental. Inside, the pale blue endpapers are intact, and may be of a later date than the rest of the volume, the paper quality feeling more 'modern'. An owner's name is inscribed on the first original blank page. The text block is clean-cut, and the pages generally bright, with some tan staining to some sections. It is unpaginated. This appears to be an excellent copy of the 11th edition of the Dictionary, possibly with more recent endpapers, but apparently in its original cover.

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Centaurea macrocephala is a magnificent perennial that ideal for providing vertical interest in a sunny, well-drained herbaceous border. The golden-yellow shaggy thistle-like blooms are on strong stems and mid-green, lance-shaped leaves are followed by attractive seed heads. Also known as Armenian Basket Flower it is a reference to the woven base below the petals, which adds an interesting texture to the garden and for cutting. When dried the seed heads are excellent for use in flower arrangements. Growing 100 to 160cm tall (3 to 5ft) high this is an excellent plant for the back of the border. It has a long flowering period, from mid summer to early autumn and will attract lots of butterflies and other insects to the garden. The attractive seed heads will also provide food for birds. Extremely hardy, it prefers a sunny location and well-drained soil it is quite tolerant of dry conditions but dislikes being divided or moved once established. Sowing: Sow February to May or September to November Sow seeds in about one month before you want to plant the seedlings outdoors Fill individual peat pots, seed-starting flats or cells, or 7cm (3in) pot with a commercial seed-starting mix. Moisten the mix by standing the container in water, then let it drain. Sow the seeds in rows in the flats. Sow 3 to 4 seeds per pot and cover the seeds with a 1cm (1/2in) layer - centaureas need darkness to germinate. Use a fine spray to moisten the top.Cover the containers with clear plastic to keep the mix moist while the seeds are germinating and place in a warm location, around 20°C (70°F). Germination of perennial cornflowers takes 3 to 4 weeks. When the seedlings emerge, remove the plastic covers and put the pots in a sunny location or under grow-lights. Water as needed to keep the mix moist (not soggy). When seedlings are about 5cm (2in) tall and have at least one pair of true leaves, snip off all but the strongest plant in each pot at soil level. (The first set of leaves is known as cotyledon leaves—they usually do not resemble the true leaf shapes of the plants.) Fertilise the seedlings once while they are growing indoors with a weak water-soluble fertiliser. Transplant on a calm, cloudy day, so the plants can begin to get acclimatised before having to contend with sun and wind. Although they are not too particular about fertility, you may want to dig some compost or dried manure into the soil before planting: a 2 to 5cm (1to 2in) layer should do. Plant in full or partial sun in any average soil. Give them room to spread, space about 60cm (24in) apart. Place them in the mix at the same level they were growing originally. Water the planting well. Fertilise the plants monthly with a balanced fertiliser or use a slow-release plant food at transplanting time. Water infrequently; Centaureas are drought tolerant, and the stems actually get rather floppy if the soil is too moist. Remove spent flowers to keep the plants producing new blooms. The plant dislikes being divided or moved once established. Division is usually most successful while plants aren’t in active growth in spring or autumn. Keep well-watered afterwards. Flowers Borders and Beds, Patio/Container Plants, Wildflower Gardens or Wildlife Gardens Cut or Dried Flower. Bee plant, First Year Flowering Cut and Dried Flowers: Freshly cut blooms last 4 to 5 days. Cut the blooms in early morning when they are half open and strip the lower leaves from the stems. To dry, pick them in late morning or in the afternoon. Select flowers that have just opened or they will drop their petals when dry. Air-dry the flowers: tie in bunches and hang upside down in an airy, dark place for 2 to 3 weeks. Centaurea is a genus of between 350 and 600 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding regions are particularly species-rich. Centaurea comes to us from the Centaur Chiron, who cured a festering wound that was made with an arrow dipped in the Hydra's blood. The wound was cured by covering it with the flowers of this plant, which now bears his name as its genus name. This also gave the plant its reputation for great healing properties. The species name macrocephala is derived from the Greek makros meaning 'large' and kephale, 'head' – so meaning ‘with a large head’ Common names for this genus are starthistles, knapweeds, centaureas and the more ambiguous "bluets"; a vernacular name used for these plants in parts of England is "loggerheads". The Plectocephalus group, possibly a distinct genus, is known as basketflowers. "Cornflowers" is used for a few species, but that term more often specifically means C. cyanus. And while one sometimes finds the name ‘centauries’, this properly refers to the unrelated plant genus Centaurium - Additional Information Packet Size 1 gram Average Seed Count 60 Seeds Seed Form Natural Seeds per gram 60 to 65 seeds per gram Family Asteraceae Genus Centaurea Species macrocephala Cultivar Wildflower of Britain and Ireland Synonym Grossheimia macrocephala Common Name Great Headed Centaury Wildflower of Britain and Ireland Other Common Names Globe Knapweed, Armenian Basketflower. Other Language Names centaurée kornblomst fiordaliso Korenbloem Kornblume chaber Hardiness Hardy Perennial Flowers Golden-yellow shaggy thistle-like Natural Flower Time Long flowering period, from mid summer to early autumn Height 60 to 90cm (24 to 36in) Spread 45 to 60cm (18 to 24in) Position Full sun or Partial shade Aspect West or South Facing. Exposed or Sheltered. Soil Well-drained (Acid, Alkaline or Neutral) Time to Sow Sow February to May or September to November Germination 3 to 4 weeks.

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Never heard of fenugreek? Don’t worry — you’re not alone — but that doesn’t mean you should continue to be in the dark on this medicinal herb. In fact, I recommend utilizing fenugreek on a regular basis. Why? Because fenugreek has some amazing health benefits that could transform your health and change your life for the better. How? It all starts with inflammation. As recent research shows, fenugreek helps reduce both internal and external inflammation … in addition to improving your sex life and reproductive function, as well as enhance nutrition for babies! And that’s just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to this important herb. What Is Fenugreek? Fenugreek is an annual herb with light green leaves and small white flowers. It’s of the pea family (Fabaceae) and also known as Greek hay (Trigonella foenum-graecum). The fenugreek plant stands erect at two to three feet tall, and the seed pods contain 10–20 small, flat, yellow-brown, pungent and aromatic seeds. Fenugreek seeds have a somewhat bitter taste, similar to celery, maple syrup or burnt sugar, and are often used to make medicine. However, fenugreek has a far more pleasant taste when cooked. The seeds are the most widely used part of fenugreek, which are usually dried and ground. The leaves are often used in cooking as well. Fenugreek can be taken by mouth or used to form a paste that’s applied to the skin to help heal inflammation. In manufacturing, fenugreek extracts are can be found in soaps and cosmetics. As noted in the book “Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety,” fenugreek extract and oil are known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antitumorigenic activities. Cultivated in North Africa, the Middle East, Egypt and India, it has a long history as an ingredient in traditional medicine. The T. foenum-graecum galactomannan acts as a gum and an emulsifier, making it useful as a stabilizer as well as thickening agent for food. It’s also used as a spice and flavoring agent in food preparation. Fenugreek Nutrition Facts One serving — 1 tablespoon — of fenugreek seeds contains: - 35.5 calories - 6.4 grams carbohydrates - 2.5 grams protein - 0.7 gram fat - 2.7 grams fiber - 3.7 milligrams iron (20 percent DV) - 0.1 milligram manganese (7 percent DV) - 0.1 milligram copper (6 percent DV) - 21 milligrams magnesium (5 percent DV) - 32.6 milligrams phosphorus (3 percent DV) - 0.1 milligram vitamin B6 (3 percent DV) 8 Fenugreek Benefits and Uses While more research is needed in terms of identifying and confirming all of the its benefits, fenugreek is shown to help with numerous health issues. Here are eight of the most proven fenugreek benefits. 1. Improves Digestive Problems and Cholesterol Levels Fenugreek may help with numerous digestive problems, such as upset stomach, constipation and inflammation of the stomach. For instance, the water-soluble fiber in fenugreek, among other foods, helps relieve constipation. (1) It also works to treat digestion and is often incorporated in an ulcerative colitis diet treatment plan due to its anti-inflammatory effects. (2) Fenugreek also seems to benefit those with heart conditions, such as hardening of the arteries and high blood levels of certain fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides. In fact, a study out of India showed that administering 2.5 grams of fenugreek twice daily for three months to people dealing with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus significantly lowered cholesterol naturally, along with triglycerides, without affecting HDL cholesterol. (3) 2. Reduces Inflammation Inside the Body Fenugreek helps with inflammation within the body, such as: - mouth ulcers - infection of the tissues beneath the surface of the skin - chronic coughs - kidney ailments According to Dr. Richard Palmquist, chief of integrative health services at Centinela Animal Hospital in Inglewood, Calif., fenugreek was discovered to have medicinal qualities thousands of years ago by Ayurvedic medicine practitioners. Thought to lower blood sugar, he reports it’s useful for many things, including management of metabolic and nutritive disorders such as diabetes. (4) Fenugreek appears to slow absorption of sugars in the stomach and stimulate insulin. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the spice is known as a phlegm mover and is said to break up stuck energies and cool inflammation within the body. Research published in International Immunopharmacology studied the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant of fenugreek mucilage on arthritic rats and confirmed fenugreek’s power to fight inflammation. It also “demonstrated the potential beneficiary effect of fenugreek mucilage on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats,” meaning fenugreek may be an effective natural arthritis treatment as well. (5) 3. Increases Libido in Men Some fenugreek uses for men include treating hernias, erectile dysfunction and other male problems, such as baldness. That’s because fenugreek may increase sexual arousal and testosterone levels. While it’s best to consult with a physician before using natural therapies for treating illnesses or improving sexual performance, supplements produced from fenugreek have been shown to increase sexual desire and performance in men, as well as naturally remedy impotence. In a study published in Phytotherapy Research, 60 men between the ages of 25 and 52 years with no history of erectile dysfunction were supplemented with either a placebo or 600 milligrams of fenugreek extract per day for six weeks. Through self-evaluation, the participants noted their results with fenugreek, reporting that the supplement had a positive effect on their libidos. Ultimately, the study found that fenugreek extract had a significant influence on sexual arousal, energy and stamina and helped participants maintain normal testosterone levels. (6) 4. Promotes Milk Flow in Breastfeeding Fenugreek also helps breastfeeding women who may experience low milk supply. Fenugreek can increase a woman’s breast milk supply because it acts as a galactagogue, which is a substance to increase milk supply. This stimulates the milk ducts and can increase milk production in as little as 24 hours. While more research is needed to determine the exact efficacy and safety of the galactagogue in fenugreek on breastfeeding, several studies note its use in promoting milk flow. Complementary & Alternative Medicine, the Annals of Pharmocotherapy, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Internaional, among others, have all published studies on this issue. (7, 8, 9, 10) 5. Lowers Inflammation from Outside the Body In addition to lowering internal inflammation, fenugreek is sometimes used externally as a poultice, which means it’s wrapped in cloth, warmed and applied directly to the skin. This reduces external inflammation and can treat (11): - pain and swelling in the muscles and lymph nodes - leg ulcers It’s important to test the area first to ensure that it does not burn or further inflame, however. 6. Adds Flavor and Spice to Food In foods, fenugreek is often included as an ingredient in spice blends, mostly found in Indian fare, such as curried dishes. It’s also used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup, foods, beverages and tobacco. (12) The leaves from the plant can be used in salads, and both fresh and dried leaves are used in Indian cookery. 7. Helps with Eating Disorders Beyond enhancing flavor, fenugreek has been shown in increase appetite, which results in restorative and nutritive properties. A study published in Pharmacology Biochemistry, and Behavior was designed to investigate the effects of a fenugreek seed extract on feeding behavior. Experiments were performed to determine food consumption and motivation to eat, as well as metabolic-endocrine changes. The results showed that chronic oral administration of the fenugreek extract significantly increased food intake and the motivation to eat. The report also indicated, however, that the treatment does not prevent anorexia nor the decreased motivation to eat. (13) In cases of anorexia nervosa, the University of Maryland Medical Center recommends taking 250 to 500 milligrams of fenugreek up to three times a day, but it may not be safe for children — so with any medication or natural treatments, check with your doctor first. 8. Improves Exercise Performance The Journal of Sports Science and Medicine reports a study of the effects of combined creatine and fenugreek extract supplementation on strength and body composition in men. Forty-seven resistance-trained men were matched according to body weight to ingest either 70 grams of a dextrose placebo, five grams of creatine and 70 grams of dextrose, or 3.5 grams of creatine and 900 milligrams of fenugreek extract and participate in a four-day a week periodized resistance-training program for eight weeks. At 0, four and eight weeks, subjects were tested on body composition, muscular strength endurance and anaerobic capacity. The creatine/fenugreek group showed significant increases in lean mass, bench press and leg press strength. The study concluded that creatine combined with fenugreek extract supplementation had a significant impact on upper body strength and body composition as effectively as the combination of creatine with dextrose. (14) Why is this good? The use of fenugreek with creatine supplementation may be an effective means for enhancing creatine uptake while eliminating the need for excessive amounts of simple carbohydrates, and thus you should consider adding fenugreek to your list of best foods for athletes. Fenugreek History and Origin Fenugreek has a long history as both a culinary and medicinal herb in the ancient world. It was one of the spices the Egyptians used for embalming, and the Greeks and Romans used it for cattle fodder, which is where the Latin foenum graecum meaning Greek hay originated. It also was grown extensively in the imperial gardens of Charlemagne. The first recorded use of fenugreek is described on an ancient Egyptian papyrus dated as far back as 1500 B.C. Fenugreek is native to southern Europe, the Mediterranean region and Western Asia. It’s cultivated from western Europe to China for the aromatic seeds and is still grown for fodder in parts of Europe and northern Africa. Fenugreek is an indispensable ingredient in Indian curries. Fenugreek seed is commonly used in cooking, and historically, fenugreek was used for a variety of health conditions, including for menopause relief and digestive problems. It was also used for inducing childbirth. Today, fenugreek is used as a folk or traditional remedy for diabetes and loss of appetite, as well as to stimulate milk production in breastfeeding women. It’s also applied to the skin for inflammation among numerous other possible benefits. Here are some great fenugreek recipes that you can try as well as some ideas for women who are breastfeeding or experiencing engorgement. Chicken and Mushroom Masala with Fenugreek, Turmeric and Curry - 1 cup of fresh, organic mushrooms, chopped into bite-sized pieces - 4–5 small organic chicken breasts, chopped into bite-sized pieces - 1 cup kefir - ½ teaspoon turmeric - ½ teaspoon curry powder - ½ teaspoon chili powder - 1 teaspoon coriander powder - 1 cup fresh fenugreek (methi leaves) or 2 tablespoons dry fenugreek leaves, rinsed and chopped - 4 chopped medium-size fresh tomatoes - 1 chopped medium onion - 1 green chili, sliced or chopped - ¼ tablespoon ginger paste or 1/2 tablespoon freshly chopped ginger - ¼ tablespoon garlic paste or 1/2 tablespoon freshly chopped garlic - 1 tablespoon ghee - salt to taste - 1-inch cinnamon stick - 1 big cardamom - 2–3 green cardamom - 2–3 cloves - 1 bay leaf - Place mushrooms and chicken in a bowl with kefir and curry to marinate for approximately 30 minutes. - Chop the remaining ingredients while marinating. - Heat ghee in a pan, and be careful not to burn. - Add the cardamom, cinnamon and bay leaf. - Sauté until the mixture becomes fragrant, but make sure not to burn it. - Add the onions and sauté until golden brown. - Add the green chili, ginger and garlic. - Then add the tomatoes and continue to sauté with continuous stirring. - If needed, add a little water to keep it from drying out. - Add the turmeric, coriander and red chili powder. - Add the marinated mushrooms and chicken. - Add the chopped fenugreek leaves. - Add about a ½ cup of water. - Stir, cover the pan and slowly simmer, making sure to cook the chicken thoroughly. - Serve over basmati rice or quinoa. Fenugreek Side Effects There are a few possible fenugreek side effects. When taken by mouth, it may cause gas, bloating and diarrhea. Fenugreek also can cause irritation when applied directly to the skin, so always test the area first. Even though fenugreek has a history for inducing childbirth, women should always use caution when taking fenugreek during pregnancy. Make sure you talk to your health care provider about fenugreek prior to use. It’s also important to note that fenugreek could cause harmful effects that can thin the blood and cause excessive bleeding in some people. Those with underlying bleeding disorders or who take blood-thinning medications or anticoagulants should not take fenugreek without their doctors’ approval. Signs of excessive bleeding include easy bruising, vomiting blood or passing dark stools.

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Saylor.org's Comparative Politics/The Nation-State As introduced in Unit 1,comparative politics enables us to understand how and why nations change, how and why governments in a particular part of the world compare to governments in a different part of the world, and other patterns and regularities between political systems. Before we can begin our work as comparatists, however, we need to learn about the basic unit of comparative political study: the state (or nation-state). In Unit 2, we first examine the history and thinking behind the modern nation state through the contributions of Hobbes and Weber. We will then discuss how states developed in our modern world, challenges to state sovereignty, the psychology of the modern nation-state, and compare totalitarian and authoritarian forms of the state. As you read through unit 2, reflect on the following questions. Why do we have or need the nation- state? How does the concept of sovereignty tie into the history and characteristics of the state? How has the nation-state evolved since its origin in 1648? Is there an optimum form of state rule? And finally, is the modern nation state static or evolving in its form and function?

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Women’s rights advocate, poet, and author of “Paddle Your Own Canoe” and “Indiana,” Sarah Tittle Barrett was born in Newport, Kentucky circa 1814. Commonly known as Sarah Bolton, she moved to Indiana as a young child, when much of the state was still unsettled. According to the Life and Poems of Sarah T. Bolton, while growing up on her family’s farm near Vernon, she was exposed to the pioneer experience, living in a log house and clearing the fields. The Life and Poems of Sarah T. Bolton reports that she published her first poem in the Madison Banner when she was not yet fourteen and that she later wrote regularly for the papers of Madison and nearby Cincinnati. Bolton authored over 150 poems during her lifetime, many of which were featured in newspapers across the country. Her writings were included in numerous anthologies in the 1800s and 1900s, and several of the melodic verses were set to music, including Bolton’s “Indiana.” In 1831, she married Indianapolis Gazette co-editor Nathaniel Bolton and the couple moved from Madison to Marion County, Indiana soon after. Between 1836 and 1845, they owned and operated a tavern, “Mt. Jackson,” on the National Road. In 1845, the Boltons sold their property to the State and it eventually became the site of the Indiana Hospital for the Insane, later renamed the Central State Hospital.* While in Indianapolis, Sarah’s poetry output continued to increase, and she wrote some of her most popular works there. She lived in the city for many years by the time she became involved in the women’s rights movement. Bolton aided social reformer Robert Dale Owen in his fight for women’s rights of personal property in the 1850 State Constitutional Convention. Owen sought to add a provision to the new constitution that would allow women to retain control of their personal property after they entered into the contract of marriage. Bolton wrote letters to women across the state to build support for the movement, but Owen’s measure was voted down. Bolton summarized her involvement in the effort to secure personal property rights for married women in a letter to William Wesley Woollen, stating: “I was writing articles setting forth the grievances resulting from women’s status, as under the common law, and the necessity of reform and scattering these articles through the newspapers, over the state to make public opinion. At length the measure passed, but was reconsidered and voted down. Then we rallied the few women who were in favor of it and went to the Convention in a body to electioneer with the members. The measure was brought up and passed again, reconsidered the next day & again voted down. This, to the best of my recollection, was repeated five or six times before it was finally lost.” In a July 6, 1851 letter to Bolton, Owen credited her efforts, stating “by dint of perseverance through many obstacles, you have so efficiently contributed to the good cause of the property rights of your sex.” Decades later Bolton reflected on her work, writing in 1882 “I am not a ‘woman’s rights woman’ in the common acceptation of the phrase. I have taken no part in the present crusade, but am proud of my action in that long ago battle for the property rights of my sisters.” In 1855, Bolton’s husband was confirmed as Consul to Geneva, Switzerland, and she spent the next three years dividing her time between Missouri and Europe. She spent her final years, 1871-1893, at her home “Beech Bank” in the community of Beech Grove, focusing on her family and writing. Bolton died August 4, 1893 and was buried in Crown Hill Cemetery. The legacy of the “Hoosier poetess” endures through her poetry, such as “Paddle Your Own Canoe,” which has been translated into several languages and sung around the world. *IHB staff is currently conducting research for a Central State Hospital marker. Stay tuned to learn more!

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Arsenic is a naturally-occurring metalloid - that is, a substance having both metallic and non-metallic properties. Arsenic in nature is virtually always combined with other elements, often in minerals that also contain copper or lead. Most arsenic compounds are solids with no odor or taste. Arsenic in combination with carbon and hydrogen is called organic arsenic, while arsenic in combination with with elements like oxygen, sulfur, and chlorine is called inorganic arsenic. Some manufacturers use small amounts of arsenic in various products like lead-acid batteries, semiconductors, and light-emitting diodes. Arsenic is also an important component of copper chromated arsenic (CCA), a wood preservative, though in 2003 U.S. preserved wood manufacturers phased arsenic out of products intended for certain residential uses (for example, boardwalks, decks, fencing, picnic tables, and play sets). In the past, some fruit growers and cotton farmers used inorganic arsenic compounds as pesticides. Residues from those uses often remain in areas that were sprayed. Certain organic arsenic compounds still see use as pesticides in cotton production. Arsenic in the Environment Arsenic does not biodegrade, though under appropriate conditions it can change from organic to inorganic forms (or vice-versa), react with other chemicals, or move between air, water, and soil. Arsenic emissions from power plants or other combustion sources processes are usually in the form of very small particles that may stay airborne for days and travel great distances. Windblown dust, which may contain arsenic, usually consists of larger particles that typically settle to the ground more quickly. Some arsenic compounds are water soluble, which means that arsenic can end up in waterways or groundwater. Most of this arsenic eventually becomes attached to soils or sediments. Some plants and animals - particularly shellfish - can also absorb arsenic from their immediate environment. Most arsenic in fish and shellfish is organic, in a form called arsenobetaine, which is considered less toxic than many other forms of arsenic. Exposure to Arsenic Arsenic occurs in nature, so some exposure is inevitable. Soil: Arsenic concentrations in soil vary with geology, soil type, and past land use. Soils that received applications of arsenic-containing pesticides, hazardous waste sites, and areas downwind of some mines and smelters may all contain higher than normal levels of arsenic. On the other hand, sometimes arsenic binds tightly to soils or minerals, so that plants and animals do not readily absorb it. Water: Arsenic concentrations in groundwater are generally quite low - about 1 part in a billion parts of water (1 ppb). However, contaminated areas or areas with high naturally-occurring concentrations of arsenic in rocks and soil can result in high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater. Surface water is far less likely to have high concentrations of arsenic than is groundwater. Air: Levels of arsenic in the air vary according to upwind industry, soil type, and weather. Sources of airborne arsenic include copper or lead smelters, coal fired power plants, volcanoes, and incinerators. Food: Food is typically the largest source of exposure to arsenic. The largest sources are seafood, rice and some rice products, mushrooms, and chicken. Arsenic concentrations in food typically range from roughly 20 to 140 ppb, mostly less harmful organic arsenic. Other sources of arsenic exposure include: Working with arsenic in industries like smelting, wood treating, or pesticide application. Sawing, sanding, or burning arsenic-treated wood. Using very old household products (ant or rat poison, weed killer) that contain arsenic. Arsenic in the Body The body excretes most ingested arsenic in the urine within days. However, some arsenic can remain in the body for a much longer time. If you breathe dust or particles containing arsenic, they can end up in the lining of your lungs. From there, most of the arsenic passes into the blood and is excreted in urine. In most cases, comparatively little of any arsenic that you touch will ordinarily enter your body. Health Effects of Arsenic The ancients knew that arsenic is poisonous, and that large doses can kill. Ingesting lower doses can cause irritation of the digestive tract, decreased blood cell production, fatigue, abnormal heart rhythms, damage to blood vessels, and/or a pins-and-needles feeling in hands and feet. Ingesting inorganic arsenic over long periods affects the skin. Symptoms may include dark patches, corns or warts on the palms, soles of the feet, and torso, changes in surficial blood vessels, and cancer. Breathing high levels of inorganic arsenic may cause sore throat, lung irritation, and lung cancer. U.S. EPA's IRIS database classifies inorganic arsenic as a human carcinogen. It notes increased lung cancer mortality from inhalation exposure, increased mortality from cancers of the liver, kidney, lung, and bladder due to ingestion of inorganic arsenic in drinking water, and an increased incidence of skin cancer due to consumption of drinking water containing inorganic arsenic. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (as of 2012) has determined that arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds are carcinogenic to humans. The U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry has determined that arsenic is known to be a human carcinogen. There is comparatively little information on the human health effects of exposure to organic arsenic, though animal studies suggest it is generally less toxic than inorganic arsenic. Effects noted during animal experiments include diarrhea, and damage to the kidneys and bladder. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), April 10, 1998 revision. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, published by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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April 2008 (from a email posted to GL discuss by Derek Wall) In the Worldwide Fund for Nature’s 2007 report, Cuba was the only country listed as having an ecologically sustainable economy. Cuban permaculturalist Roberto Perez recently completed an Australian tour, speaking to over 5000 people, describing how Cuba carried out a “green revolution” to deal with the dire consequences of the collapse of its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, in the 1990s. Perez was also a featured guest at Green Left Weekly’s Climate Change — Social Change conference over April 11-13. GLW’s Neville Spencer spoke to Perez about Cuba’s remarkable environmental advances. Could you describe what was the general state of the environment in Cuba before the revolution? In 1959 we inherited a totally devastated country. Eight-six percent of the natural ecosystems of the country were wiped out. In 1900 there had been 52% of the natural ecosystems left. In 1959 there was only 14% left. The land was concentrated in the hands of 10 Cuban families and some US companies. Farmers were constantly pushed toward the agricultural border where they had to use slash and burn agriculture — destroying what was left of the ecosystems. Havana was terrible, it was consuming most of the resources of the country, such as energy. There were huge brothels and casinos and the [US] marines were there. The environmental situation was not very good. All the natural reserves of the country were in the hands of US companies, who built two huge plants to extract nickel, but the process was very aggressive. They used a lot of acid even though the processing was only half done and it still had to be finished in the US. How conscious about environmental issues was the Cuban Revolution prior to the changes forced on it by the collapse of the Soviet Union? It wasn’t very conscious, however when the revolution gained sovereignty over the resources of the country, especially the land and the minerals, this was the base for sustainability. You cannot think about sustainability if your resources are in the hands of a foreign country or in private hands. Even without knowing, we were creating the basis for sustainability. We’d have to say that the whole world in the ’60s, ’70s and ’80s thought differently. Both existing socialism and capitalism talked about nature as something to be dominated — it was something necessary to produce goods for people, and to transform the landscape in order to feed people. Our aim was to improve the living conditions for Cubans. The collapse of the Soviet Union had a huge impact on Cuba, especially in terms of depriving it of oil supplies. Can you describe how Cuba coped? Oil is important, but [the Soviet Union’s collapse also affected] our sources of food, markets for exports, sources of credit and primary materials. So all the life-supporting systems in Cuba collapsed after 1991. The impact on peoples’ lives was dramatic, especially because our philosophy is to make things accessible for everyone and not just a few. Most people faced starvation, nutritional problems, big problems getting electricity. Environmentally speaking, we faced two things. One, the pressure on resources next to communities was increased. People started chopping down trees to make charcoal to cook with. People made destructive use of nature in order to survive. On the other hand, the levels of pollution were reduced because there was a lot less cars. Many industries stopped. Some agriculture was abandoned and nature took the land back. It was necessary to find other ways to produce food — with low inputs. But the idea was to keep sovereignty over our resources. We learned lots about the environment, about how we impact on ecosystems, because we need to measure every drop of our resources and know the consequences of our actions. Facing the worst crisis that any country has faced in terms of energy, markets and economy, the revolutionary government and the people were constantly learning how to do things as sustainably as possible. We passed a new environmental law in ’97, which is very, very progressive. It outlines the importance of the state and the citizens protecting the natural resources of the country. It has been a very rich experience — hard, but very educational. And the outcome is amazing. What are some of the measures that Cuba took in that period? We needed to live as best as possible with less energy and resources. We learned to do a lot of things with almost nothing. A big thing for Cuba was the huge transformation of food production to a system that is low imput and environmentally friendly — organic farming, urban agriculture, animal traction. So the food we were eating was produced close to the cities, close to the source and it was not produced with a big expense of energy. Amazing forms of public transportation were put in place. And in Cuba we have government-owned cars, and every single government-owned car has to stop and pick up passengers on the way to do their official business. If they don’t do that — because the car is not theirs, it belongs to the people — they will be in trouble at work. We did simple things like using horse-carts to pick up the garbage. The country changed millions of incandescent bulbs to energy-efficient bulbs [for free]. We totally decentralised the electricity system to a very efficient decentralised system. Also, there was an analysis of who needs what. So people from Havana who don’t have anywhere to grow food, their rations were a bit bigger. People in the countryside needed other things, they were given more bicycles. In terms of other renewables, most of the wind turbines are made in the US [which maintains an economic blockade against Cuba]. So all the generators that have entered Cuba have been smuggled in illegally. The conventional agriculture of Cuba was characterized by the heavy use of pesticides. Now we are putting 25 times less poison in the soil. This means there is natural control, the health is coming back to the soil and there’s less damage to our water tables and our crops. Cuban agriculture is 86% organic. We were struggling and progressing very slowly until the revolution came to Venezuela. But even now, although we have access to reasonably priced oil, our energy policy is totally addressed toward sustainability. We don’t say: “Venezuela, petrol, petrol, petrol.” We just get what we need to cover basic needs and keep sustainability and use of available resources. How has Cuba used solar energy? Solar energy is very expensive for Third World countries. The priority of Cuba is to power the 150,000 households that are outside the electricity grid. These people have waited for electricity for 50 years. So even though some people think we should put solar in Havana and big cities, our ethical stance is that these people have trusted in the revolution to get electricity and they need to have it as soon as possible. For Cubans health, education and culture are primary. In terms of health, kits have been given to medical clinics in the middle of nowhere — solar panels, a little radio station, an autoclave for sterilisation, a fridge for vaccines. So each doctor in the mountains now has this. For us, it is important that a kid who lives in the middle of nowhere will receive the same information and the same respect as those who live in the centre of Havana. This is equity. But many of the rural schools didn’t have electricity. Another basic kit has two solar panels, so they can have lights and a TV for educational channels, a DVD and a computer. This is done even for schools with one student. Cuba has also started to use biofuels? First we have to clarify about the word biofuels. Biofuels are fuels produced from a biological source. But what we see now are “agrofuels” — it’s the agribusiness culture of fuel. Cuba’s ethical position against agrofuel is that we won’t put a hectare of our land that can be used for growing food to produce ethanol for people to continue wasting energy. Nevertheless, we generate up to 30% of energy in parts of the country from the bagasse [biomass left after sugar cane is drained of its juice] of the sugar cane that we mill. But this sugar cane was grown for a whole year, sequestering carbon dioxide before being created. So that’s an example of biofuels. But we don’t use the straw, we need to leave the straw on the fields to protect the soil, to bring back some of the carbon. Our idea is to have as many as possible small solutions, totally decentralised, that can help the problem. Another important thing is that all the industries that are not energy efficient have been dismantled. We had paper factories from 1920 that used obsolete technology. We closed it down — we can because it belongs to the people. Most of the obsolete, energy-inefficient technology has been stopped. But people were not laid-off, they were moved to another part of the economy. Or when 75 sugar mills were closed, people were paid their full salary to study because we cannot leave anybody behind. Why has Cuba been able to achieve the status of the world’s only sustainable country? This is something that in the beginning we were not aiming for. In the worst of the crisis our only ambition was to resist, to survive, to fight. Once the worst part was past, about 1996, we started to refine the ideas and we were aiming for sustainable development. But sustainable development is only possible when you have social justice. Try it Now!

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Major-General Frederick Middleton commanded the main Canadian force in the advance on Batoche, where Louis Riel had gathered the Métis rebel troops. Middleton had chosen to divide his force and move up both banks of the South Saskatchewan River. Gabriel Dumont, the Métis commander, prepared an ambush along the valley of Fish Creek where it flowed into the South Saskatchewan. His force was composed of Métis riflemen and a group of Teton Dakota led by Chief White Cap. Dumont ordered a group of Métis horsemen to lure Middleton's mounted troops into the ambush, but Major Boulton, an experienced Canadian officer who had served in the British army, recognized the danger. He would not allow his troopers to follow Dumont's men into the trap. At the same time, a group of Métis riflemen deployed in the woods along Fish Creek opened fire upon the Canadian infantry. The 90th Rifles made several attempts to charge the Métis positions and Dumont's men responded with accurate rifle fire. Once Middleton brought forward artillery to support the attack, Dumont ordered his men to withdraw. Dumont was also concerned that Middleton's troops on the opposite bank of the South Saskatchewan would cross the river and encircle the Métis and Dakota warriors. Once the rebels had withdrawn, Major-General Middleton reorganized his army for the final advance on Batoche. The Canadian casualties were 55 killed and wounded.

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Recently I was inspired by a fellow homeschool mom who does the coolest science experiments ever with her kids. I'm really not good at science, but she makes everything so fun even I think science is easy to learn this way. Anyway, we did an egg experiment that was super fun today. You take a hardboiled egg and a glass or plastic jar that has an opening just smaller than the egg. Put the bottle in hot water for five minutes and then quickly put it in a bowl of ice water. Place the egg on top of the bottle and watch it slowly suck the egg in, whole. It is so cool to watch. And then to get the egg out, you simply blow hard into the bottle with your mouth around the opening. Make sure you don't point it at your kids because when you stop blowing and point it, the egg will come flying out. We had so much fun doing this experiment today. We did have to do it twice because the first time I used too small of a bottle and it litterally sucked it in piece by piece, destroying the egg. Here's the scientific explanation behind it from the kids National Geographic website: Hot air expands. Cold air contracts. When the air inside the bottle is heated, the molecules, or tiny air particles, inside the bottle spread out, increasing air pressure. As the air in the bottle cools, the air pressure decreases. The greater outside air pressure pushes the egg into the bottle. Blowing into the bottle raises the air pressure again. The air and the egg rush out of the bottle.

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Eyes On the Nobel Prize Next they want a Space-based experiment, once called JDEM but now called WFIRST. Such a mission could not launch until at least 7 years after the James Webb Space Telescope, 2025 at the earliest. The cost of WFIRST would be more than 1000 Nobel Prizes. Long before WFIRST or anything like it launches, there will be evidence that light slows. With all the alternatives to an accelerating universe, this prize might be premature.

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The Hawaiʻi Service Trip Program (HSTP) a program of the Sierra Club of Hawaiʻi, provides opportunities to actively participate in preserving our Hawaiian ecosystems. HSTP works in cooperation with state, federal, and private environmental agencies to plan and conduct service trips to maintain and preserve Hawaiʻi’s ecological heritage. Trips are typically one week in length and often are conducted in back country areas, allowing participants access to some of the most beautiful and remote places in Hawaiʻi. Volunteers have an opportunity to see special and unique areas of the State, such as this recent trip to Puʻu Waʻawaʻa. What is the Hawaiʻi Service Trip Program? The Hawaiʻi Service Trip Program (HSTP) is an action-oriented program of the Sierra Club. HSTP exemplifies our philosophy that the active protection of our natural environment is a primary and essential task. This philosophy has special significance in Hawaiʻi due to the fragility of our native ecosystems and great number of endangered species. Why is Hawaiʻi’s environment so special? Hawaiʻi is home to many endemic, indigenous, and native species that are found nowhere else on Earth. The remoteness of the Hawaiian archipelago provided an environment for many species that travelled here to evolve uniquely. Both beautiful and unique, Hawaiʻi’s ecosystem is also delicate; prone to disruption by alien plants and animals. HSTP works to restore and protect Hawaiʻiʻs most endangered ecosystems. Why preserve the Hawaiʻi’s wilderness? There are many reasons, some aesthetic and some practical. There is the tremendous beauty of the forest, the deep Hawaiian cultural importance, and rich scientific worth in the wilderness areas of our islands. On a practical level, the Native Hawaiian rainforest plays a vital role in replenishing our water supply. The importance of these watersheds is becoming ever more evident as population growth continues in Hawaiʻi. What is a Hawaiʻi Service “Trip”? Although each trip is unique, they all follow a general format with ten to twenty people working on a project in a wilderness area. Trips are typically one week in length, but we also conduct weekend or day service work on Oahu. We work hard on our trips, but also include time for recreation and exploring the natural wonders of the area. We uphold a wilderness conservation ethic and stress teamwork, hard work, responsibility and good times. Service Trips complete a useful project and leave lasting impressions on their participants. What types of Service Projects are there? There are several types of HSTP activities, and sometimes a trip will include all of them! Fence-building projects keep feral animals from destroying native plants and protect local environments. Trail work provides safe and easy access to wilderness areas that can absorb our impact, and allows more of the public to realize what a great resource we have in our natural places. Noxious plant control removes invasive weeds from natural areas, and many of our projects also include planting of native species in controlled areas where they might thrive. Who pays for a Service Trip? Service Trip participants typically pay a fee of $200 ($150 for students) for a week-long neighbor island service trip. Trips cost HSTP between $400 and $500 per person for airfare, ground transportation, food and supplies; the amount not covered by participant fees comes from HSTP through donations and fund raising. Trips have also been sponsored by agencies such as the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources, the National Park Service, and The Nature Conservancy. What type of person does well on a Service Trip? Any person with a love for Hawaiʻi’s wilderness areas, a willingness to work hard at the direction of team leaders, and an ability to live harmoniously with others in tight quarters and sometimes in hardy conditions, is appreciated on our trips. In addition, participants must be in reasonable physical condition to work and live in the wilderness and still enjoy it.

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That’s it. I’m done with FOIL. Now and possibly forever, unless someone like Alfie Kohn or JD tells me otherwise. At first I didn’t have a horse in the race. I mean, who cares so long as kids can multiply binomials right? If they get it one way or another way, then they’ll get it and that’s great. So what prompted me to dump it altogether? After school, two of my best students decided to annoy me about their grades after school. They got on my case so much that I said, “You know what? Fine! I’m gonna see if you can do this!” After having taught them how to multiply monomials and binomials in any order, I gave them a product of two binomials like this: (3x² + 5x)(14x³ – 17x + 12). One of the kids said in her sweet voice: “Mr. V, we’re just KIDS!” I cracked up and said, “Try it!” Sure enough, they got to plugging away. They started to multiply the binomial with the trinomial as if they had seen the problem before. I couldn’t believe the gall. Then, they saw the FOIL instructions written on the board from my math colleague and laughed. “Yeah, that’s confusing, Mr. Vilson. If you taught it like that, we’d never get this.” For those who forgot their 8th and 9th grade math classes, FOIL is a precise method for multiplying pairs of binomials using a handy acronym that, unabbreviated, tells you to multiply the first, outside, inside, and last term in each binomial. Before I dump it into the recycle bin, it’s good for a few reasons: - It follows along with the uber-cool acronyms and mnemonics we have for different processes, most popular being PEMDAS. - It’s easy to remember. - It’s about 80% fail safe for its intention, meaning that teachers who don’t know math or are just picking it up for the first time can teach it readily. I started looking at the curriculum map we developed in hopes of remembering what I’ve taught / learned for the last 6 years that I’ve come to this point. Multiplying binomials (and factoring) is difficult to teach if you don’t get the concept entrenched within the first few days of the topic. I almost fell into FOILing until I realized my planning simply didn’t allow for it. I was already thinking about the training I received on math pedagogy. I’d like to at least assure the teacher after me that I prepared my students to the best of my ability without using too much rote thinking. After doing a bit of looking at my lesson plans and digging through the oft-maligned IMPACT textbook, I realized that the best way to multiply these polynomials with a geometric model. Even if the figures aren’t drawn to scale, the way kids can visualize that x * 3 can’t be x³ or the difference between 2x and x² is crucial to their understanding of algebra. But what are we going to do with (the very specific case of) multiplying binomials with other binomials? Oh right: we use the distributive property and treat it like everything else, meaning we’re going to “pass” each term in the first polynomial to the other terms in the other “-nomial” with operation of multiplication, ya dig? So, no matter how big the polynomial, the distributive property of multiplication works. It’ll take some time to adjust for all of us, but that simple tweak, if done well, can yield a good chunk of understanding for our kids in math. Anything to clear the mess out and keep the algebra crystal clear. Mr. Vilson, who officially does not run an edublog …

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Knowledge of the Jewish calendar in use before the period of the Babylonian Exile is both limited and uncertain. The Bible refers to calendar matters only incidentally, and the dating of components of Mosaic Law remains doubtful. The earliest datable source for the Hebrew calendar is the Gezer Calendar, written probably in the age of Solomon, in the late 10th century BC. The inscription indicates the length of main agricultural tasks within the cycle of 12 lunations. The calendar term here is yereah, which in Hebrew denotes both "moon" and "month." The second Hebrew term for month, hodesh, properly means the "newness" of the lunar crescent. Thus, the Hebrew months were lunar. They are not named in pre-exilic sources except in the biblical report of the building of Solomon's Temple in I Kings, where the names of three months, two of them also attested in the Phoenician calendar, are given; the months are usually numbered rather than named. The "beginning of the months" was the month of the Passover. In some passages, the Passover month is that of hodesh ha-aviv, the lunation that coincides with the barley being in the ear. Thus, the Hebrew calendar is tied in with the course of the Sun, which determines ripening of the grain. It is not known how the lunar year of 354 days was adjusted to the solar year of 365 days. The Bible never mentions intercalation. The year shana, properly "change" (of seasons), was the agricultural and, thus, liturgical year. There is no reference to the New Year's day in the Bible. After the conquest of Jerusalem (587 BC), the Babylonians introduced their cyclic calendar (see above Babylonian calendars) and the reckoning of their regnal years from Nisanu 1, about the spring equinox. The Jews now had a finite calendar year with a New Year's day, and they adopted the Babylonian month names, which they continue to use. From 587 BC until AD 70, the Jewish civil year was Babylonian, except for the period of Alexander the Great and the Ptolemies (332-200 BC), when the Macedonian calendar was used. The situation after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in AD 70 remains unclear. It is not known whether the Romans introduced their Julian calendar or the calendar that the Jews of Palestine used after AD 70 for their business transactions. There is no calendar reference in the New Testament; the contemporary Aramaic documents from Judaea are rare and prove only that the Jews dated events according to the years of the Roman emperors. The abundant data in the Talmudic sources concern only the religious calendar. In the religious calendar, the commencement of the month was determined by the observation of the crescent New Moon, and the date of the Passover was tied in with the ripening of barley. The actual witnessing of the New Moon and observing of the stand of crops in Judaea were required for the functioning of the religious calendar. The Jews of the Diaspora, or Dispersion, who generally used the civil calendar of their respective countries, were informed by messengers from Palestine about the coming festivals. This practice is already attested for 143 BC. After the destruction of the Temple in AD 70, rabbinic leaders took over from the priests the fixing of the religious calendar. Visual observation of the New Moon was supplemented and toward AD 200, in fact, supplanted by secret astronomical calculation. But the people of the Diaspora were often reluctant to wait for the arbitrary decision of the calendar makers in the Holy Land. Thus, in Syrian Antioch in AD 328-342, the Passover was always celebrated in (Julian) March, the month of the spring equinox, without regard to the Palestinian rules and rulings. To preserve the unity of Israel, the patriarch Hillel II, in 358/359, published the "secret" of calendar making, which essentially consisted of the use of the Babylonian 19-year cycle with some modifications required by the Jewish ritual. The application of these principles occasioned controversies as late as the 10th century AD. In the 8th century, the Karaites, following Muslim practice, returned to the actual observation of the crescent New Moon and of the stand of barley in Judaea. But some centuries later they also had to use a precalculated calendar. The Samaritans, likewise, used a computed calendar. Because of the importance of the Sabbath as a time divider, the seven-day week served as a time unit in Jewish worship and life. As long as the length of a year and of every month remained unpredictable, it was convenient to count weeks. The origin of the biblical septenary, or seven-day, week remains unknown; its days were counted from the Sabbath (Saturday for the Jews and Sunday for Christians). A visionary, probably writing in the Persian or early Hellenistic age under the name of the prediluvian Enoch, suggested the religious calendar of 364 days, or 52 weeks, based on the week, in which all festivals always fall on the same weekday. His idea was later taken up by the Qumran community. (E.J.Bi.) The Jewish calendar in use today is lunisolar, the years being solar and the months lunar, but it also allows for a week of seven days. Because the year exceeds 12 lunar months by about 11 days, a 13th month of 30 days is intercalated in the third, sixth, eighth, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19-year cycle. For practical purposes--e.g., for reckoning the commencement of the Sabbath--the day begins at sunset; but the calendar day of 24 hours always begins at 6 PM. The hour is divided into 1,080 parts (halaqim; this division is originally Babylonian), each part (heleq) equaling 3 1/3 seconds. The heleq is further divided into 76 rega'im. The synodic month is the average interval between two mean conjunctions of the Sun and Moon, when these bodies are as near as possible in the sky, which is reckoned at 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 3 1/3 seconds; a conjunction is called a molad. This is also a Babylonian value. In the calendar month, however, only complete days are reckoned, the "full" month containing 30 days and the "defective" month 29 days. The months Nisan, Sivan (Siwan), Av, Tishri, Shevat, and, in a leap year, First Adar are always full; Iyyar, Tammuz, Elul, Tevet, and Adar (known as Second Adar, or Adar Sheni, in a leap year) are always defective, while Heshvan (Heshwan) and Kislev (Kislew) vary. The calendar, thus, is schematic and independent of the true New Moon. The number of days in a year varies. The number of days in a synodic month multiplied by 12 in a common year and by 13 in a leap year would yield fractional figures. Hence, again reckoning complete days only, the common year has 353, 354, or 355 days and the leap year 383, 384, or 385 days. A year in which both Heshvan and Kislev are full, called complete (shelema), has 355 or (if a leap year) 385 days; a normal (sedura) year, in which Heshvan is defective and Kislev full, has 354 or 384 days; while a defective (hasera) year, in which both these months are defective, has 353 or 383 days. The character of a year (qevi'a, literally "fixing") is described by three letters of the Hebrew alphabet, the first and third giving, respectively, the days of the weeks on which the New Year occurs and Passover begins, while the second is the initial of the Hebrew word for defective, normal, or complete. There are 14 types of qevi'ot,seven in common and seven in leap years. The New Year begins on Tishri 1, which may be the day of the molad of Tishri but is often delayed by one or two days for various reasons. Thus, in order to prevent the Day of Atonement (Tishri 10) from falling on a Friday or a Sunday and the seventh day of Tabernacles (Tishri 21) from falling on a Saturday, the New Year must avoid commencing on Sundays, Wednesdays, or Fridays. Again, if the molad of Tishri occurs at noon or later, the New Year is delayed by one or, if this would cause it to fall as above, two days. These delays (dehiyyot) necessitate, by reason of the above-mentioned limits on the number of days in the year, two other delays. The mean beginning of the four seasons is called tequfa (literally "orbit," or "course"); the tequfa of Nisan denotes the mean Sun at the vernal equinox, that of Tammuz at the summer solstice, that of Tishri at the autumnal equinox, and that of Tevet at the winter solstice. As 52 weeks are the equivalent to 364 days, and the length of the solar year is nearly 365 1/4 days, the tequfot move forward in the week by about 1 1/4 days each year. Accordingly, reckoning the length of the year at the approximate value of 365 1/4 days, they are held to revert after 28 years (28 1 1/4 = 35 days) to the same hour on the same day of the week (Tuesday, 6 PM) as at the beginning. This cycle is called the great, or solar, cycle (mahzor gadol or hamma). The present Jewish calendar is mainly based on the more accurate value 365 days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, 25 25/57 seconds--in excess of the true tropical year by about 6 minutes 40 seconds. Thus, it is advanced by one day in about 228 years with regard to the equinox. To a far greater extent than the solar cycle of 28 years, the Jewish calendar employs, as mentioned above, a small, or lunar, cycle (mahzor qatan) of 19 years, adjusting the lunar months to the solar years by intercalations. Passover, on Nisan 14, is not to begin before the spring tequfa, and so the intercalary month is added after Adar. The mahzor qatan is akin to the Metonic cycle described above. The Jewish Era in use today is that dated from the supposed year of the Creation (designated anno mundi or AM) with its epoch, or beginning, in 3761 BC. For example, the Jewish year 5745 AM, the 7th in the 303rd lunar cycle and the 5th in the 206th solar cycle, is a regular year of 12 months, or 354 days. The qevi'ais, using the three respective letters of the Hebrew alphabet as two numerals and an initial in the manner indicated above, HKZ, which indicates that Rosh Hashana (New Year) begins on the fifth (H = 5) and Passover on the seventh (Z = 7) day of the week and that the year is regular (K = ke-sidra); i.e., Heshvan is defective--29 days, and Kislev full--30 days. The Jewish year 5745 AM corresponds with the Christian Era period that began September 27, 1984, and ended September 15, 1985. Neglecting the thousands, current Jewish years AM are converted into years of the current Christian Era by adding 239 or 240--239 from the Jewish New Year (about September) to December 31 and 240 from January 1 to the eve of the Jewish New Year. The adjustment differs slightly for the conversion of dates of now-antiquated versions of the Jewish Era of the Creation and the Christian Era, or both. Tables for the exact conversion of such dates are available. The months of the Jewish year and the notable days are as follows: Tishri: 1-2, Rosh Hashana (New Year); 3, Fast of Gedaliah; 10, Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement); 15-21, Sukkot (Tabernacles); 22, Shemini Atzeret (Eighth Day of Solemn Assembly); 23, Simhat Torah (Rejoicing of the Law). Heshvan. Kislev: 25, Chanukka (Festival of Lights) begins. Tevet: 2 or 3, Hanukka ends; 10, Fast. Shevat: 15, New Year for Trees (Mishna). Adar: 13, Fast of Esther; 14-15, Purim (Lots). Second Adar (Adar Sheni) or ve-Adar (intercalated month);Adar holidays fall in ve-Adar during leap years. Nisan: 15-22, Pesah (Passover). Iyyar: 5, Israel Independence Day. Sivan: 6-7, Shavuot (Feast of Weeks [Pentecost]). Tammuz: 17, Fast (Mishna). Av: 9, Fast (Mishna). Elul. (E.J.Wi.) The Hebrew calendar or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. It determines the dates of the Jewish holidays, the appropriate Torah portions for public reading, Yahrzeits (the date to commemorate the death of a relative), and the specific daily Psalms which some customarily read. Two major forms of the calendar have been used: an observational form used prior to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and based on witnesses observing the phase of the moon, and a rule-based form first fully described by Maimonides in 1178 CE, which was adopted over a transition period between 70 and 1178. The "modern" form is a rule-based lunisolar calendar, akin to the Chinese calendar, measuring months defined in lunar cycles as well as years measured in solar cycles, and distinct from the purely lunar Islamic calendar and the almost entirely solar Gregorian calendar. Because of the roughly 11 day difference between twelve lunar months and one solar year, the calendar repeats in a Metonic 19-year cycle of 235 lunar months, with an extra lunar month added once every two or three years, for a total of seven times every nineteen years. As the Hebrew calendar was developed in the region east of the Mediterranean Sea, references to seasons reflect the times and climate of the Northern Hemisphere. Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since Biblical times. The first commandment the Jewish People received as a nation was the commandment to determine the New Moon. The beginning of Exodus Chapter 12 says "This month (Nissan) is for you the first of months.". The months were originally referred to in the Bible by number rather than name. Only four pre-exilic month names appear in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible): Aviv (first; literally "Spring", but originally probably meant the ripening of barley), Ziv (second; literally "Light"), Ethanim (seventh; literally "Strong" in plural, perhaps referring to strong rains), and Bul (eighth), and all are Canaanite names, and at least two are Phoenician (Northern Canaanite). It is possible that all of the months were initially identifiable by native Jewish numbers or foreign Canaanite/Phoenician names, but other names do not appear in the Bible. Furthermore, because solar years cannot be divided evenly into lunar months, an extra "embolismic" month must be added to prevent the starting date of the lunar cycles from "drifting" away from the Spring, although there is no direct mention of this in the Bible. There are hints, however, that the first month (today's Nissan) had always started only following the ripening of barley; according to some traditions, in case the barley had not ripened yet, a second last month would have been added. Only much later a systematic method for adding a second last month (Today's Adar) had been adopted. During the Babylonian exile, immediately after 586 BCE, Jews adopted Babylonian names for the months, and some sects, such as the Essenes, used a solar calendar during the last two centuries BCE. The Babylonian calendar was the direct descendant of the Sumerian calendar. During leap years Adar I (or Adar Aleph - "first Adar") is considered to be the extra month, and has 30 days. Adar II (or Adar Bet - "second Adar") is the "real" Adar, and has 29 days as usual. For example, in a leap year, the holiday of Purim is in Adar II, not Adar I. In Second Temple times, the beginning of each lunar month was decided by two eyewitnesses testifying to having seen the new crescent moon. Patriarch Gamaliel II (c. 100) compared these accounts to drawings of the lunar phases. According to tradition, these observations were compared against calculations made by the main Jewish court, the Sanhedrin. Whether or not an embolismic month (a second Adar) was needed depended on the condition of roads used by families to come to Jerusalem for Passover, on an adequate number of lambs which were to be sacrificed at the Temple, and on the earing of barley needed for first fruits. Once decided, the beginning of each Hebrew month was first announced to other communities by signal fires lit on mountaintops, but after the Samaritans and Boethusaeans began to light false fires, a shaliach was sent. The inability of the shaliach to reach communities outside Israel within one day, led outlying communities to celebrate scriptural festivals for two days rather than for one, observing the second feast-day of the Jewish diaspora because of uncertainty of whether the previous month was 29 or 30 days. From the times of the Amoraim (third to fifth centuries), calculations were increasingly used, for example by Samuel the astronomer, who stated during the first half of the third century that the year contained 365 ¼ days, and by "calculators of the calendar" circa 300. Jose, an Amora who lived during the second half of the fourth century, stated that the feast of Purim, 14 Adar, could not fall on a Sabbath nor a Monday, lest 10 Tishri (Yom Kippur) fall on a Friday or a Sunday. This indicates a fixed number of days in all months from Adar to Elul, also implying that the extra month was already a second Adar added before the regular Adar. The Jewish-Roman wars of 66-73, 115-117, and 132-135 caused major disruptions in Jewish life, also disrupting the calendar. During the third and fourth centuries, Christian sources describe the use of eight, nineteen, and 84 year lunisolar cycles by Jews, all linked to the civil calendars used by various communities of Diaspora Jews, which were effectively isolated from Levant Jews and their calendar. Some assigned major Jewish festivals to fixed solar calendar dates, whereas others used epacts to specify how many days before major civil solar dates Jewish lunar months were to begin. The Ethiopic Christian computus (used to calculate Easter) describes in detail a Jewish calendar which must have been used by Alexandrian Jews near the end of the third century. These Jews formed a relatively new community in the aftermath of the annihilation (by murder or enslavement) of all Alexandrian Jews by Emperor Trajan at the end of the 115-117 Kitos War. Their calendar used the same epacts in nineteen year cycles that were to become canonical in the Easter computus used by almost all medieval Christians, both those in the Latin West and the Hellenist East. Only those churches beyond the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire differed, changing one epact every nineteen years, causing four Easters every 532 years to differ. The period between 70 and 1178 was a transition period between the two forms, with the gradual adoption of more and more of the rules characteristic of the modern form. Except for the modern year number, the modern rules reached their final form before 820 or 921, with some uncertainty regarding when. The modern Hebrew calendar cannot be used to calculate Biblical dates because new moon dates may be in error by up to four days, and months may be in error by up to four months. The latter accounts for the irregular intercalation (adding of extra months) that was performed in three successive years in the early second century, according to the Talmud. A popular tradition, first mentioned by Hai Gaon (d.1038), holds that the modern continuous calendar was formerly a secret known only to a council of sages or "calendar committee," and that Patriarch Hillel II revealed it in 359 due to Christian persecution. However, the Talmud, which did not reach its final form until c. 500, does not mention the continuous calendar or even anything as mundane as either the nineteen-year cycle or the length of any month, despite discussing the characteristics of earlier calendars. Furthermore, Jewish dates during post-Talmudic times (specifically in 506 and 776) are impossible using modern rules, and all evidence points to the development of the arithmetic rules of the modern calendar in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim (seventh to eighth centuries), with most of the modern rules in place by about 820, according to the Muslim astronomer Muhammad ibn Musa al-kwarizmi. One notable difference was the date of the epoch (the fixed reference point at the beginning of year 1), which at that time was identified as one year later than the epoch of the modern calendar. The Babylonian rules required the delay of the first day of Tishri when the new moon occurred after noon. In 921, Aaron ben Meir, a person otherwise unknown, sought to return the authority for the calendar to the Land of Israel by asserting that the first day of Tishri should be the day of the new moon unless the new moon occurred more than 642 parts after noon, when it should be delayed by one or two days. He may have been asserting that the calendar should be run according to Jerusalem time, not Babylonian. Local time on the Babylonian meridian is 642 parts later than on the meridian of Jerusalem. An alternative explanation for the 642 parts is that if Creation occurred in the Autumn, to coincide with the observance of Rosh Hashana (which marks the changing of the calendar year), the calculated time of New Moon during the six days of creation was on Friday at 14 hours exactly (counting from the day starting at 6pm the previous evening). However, if Creation actually occurred six months earlier, in the Spring, the new moon would have occurred at 9 hours and 642 parts on Wednesday. Ben Meir may thus have believed, along with many earlier Jewish scholars, that creation occurred in Spring and the calendar rules had been adjusted by 642 parts to fit in with an Autumn date. In any event he was opposed by Saadiah Gaon. Only a few Jewish communities accepted ben Meir's opinion, and even these soon rejected it. Accounts of the controversy show that all of the rules of the modern calendar (except for the epoch) were in place before 921. In 1000, the Muslim chronologist al-Biruni also described all of the modern rules except that he specified three different epochs used by various Jewish communities being one, two, or three years later than the modern epoch. Finally, in 1178 Maimonides described all of the modern rules, including the modern epochal year. According to the Mishnah, there are four new years, in Nisan for civil purposes, Elul for certain matters connected with agriculture and the Temple, Tishri for religious purposes and Shevat for trees. The last of these is marked by a minor festival, Tu Bishvat, named after the day it occurs on, the 15th Shevat. Months are numbered from Nisan (reflecting the injunction in Exodus "This month shall be to you the beginning of months". However, the New Year is the first of Tishri, when the year number increases by 1 and the formal new year festival Rosh Hashana is celebrated. There may be an echo here of a controversy in the Talmud about whether the world was created in Tishri or Nisan; it was decided that the answer is Tishri. Complete Article and Links Wikipedia ANCIENT AND LOST CIVILIZATIONS INDEX PHYSICAL SCIENCES INDEX ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ALL FILES CRYSTALINKS HOME PAGE PSYCHIC READING WITH ELLIE 2012 THE ALCHEMY OF TIME

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School officials have long cautioned employees against inappropriate relationships with students. Headlines about criminal charges attest that such relationships sometimes go too far. Now, in a world where private contact between teachers and students is a "send" button away, it's not surprising that Northwest Suburban High School District 214 would adopt a staff policy on social networking. The new rules mention Facebook, Twitter and texting and include a ban on student-teacher friendships online. Emails can be sent to students only from district addresses, and texting students is frowned upon in most cases but allowed when parents give permission. Such policies are not only smart but necessary, as they can protect students from harm and the district from possible legal trouble. Other districts, including high schools in Barrington and Libertyville, have established similar rules, and more are certain to follow. As they do, however, officials should note some cautions. In the precarious balance between free speech and the interests of government -- including safety of young people -- social media has taken center stage. A Missouri court recently struck down a state law banning students and teachers from "friending" each other online, saying it was too broad and infringed on the First Amendment rights of teachers. It's a ruling worth noting. Social networking gives a forum to sexual predators and bullies, but a wholesale prohibition now must be weighed against constitutional rights. In addition, the benefits of electronic communication with students cannot be ignored. Sometimes it's just plain convenient -- a coach calling off practice through a group text, for instance. Or a teacher learning through online sites of the struggles of an at-risk student and being able to offer support and direction. Two years ago, then-Principal Michael Bregy of Jacobs High School in Algonquin gave his cellphone number to all students and asked them to text him if they saw a school safety issue arise. He believed the benefits of a collective watch trumped any downsides of the technology. Districts also must ensure that putting the brakes on teachers' use of technology outside class does not discourage them from using it to its full potential in class. Increasingly, it's the way kids learn. They will need to be familiar with many platforms to be contributing adults. For example, many state legislatures are using social networking to encourage public involvement. Whatever new form of communication comes along, teens will be on it and schools must adapt. Social networking policies are needed, but, just like technology itself, they should be works in progress. To school districts with established polices, review them periodically, monitor their effects, watch the trends and be ready to update. To districts considering guidelines, look at the needs of the students and create a policy that will enhance both learning and safety in the best possible way.

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High School Sports Injuries An Epidemiologic Comparison of High School Sports Injuries Sustained in Practice and Competition Male and female high school athletes are more likely to sustain injuries during official competitions such as games or races than when practicing their sports, according to a study by a team of researchers at the Nationwide Children’s Hospital and by Ohio State University, both based in Columbus. Researchers found that students were more likely to be injured during competitive events, at 4.5 injuries per 1,000 competitions, while sustaining only 1.7 injuries per 1,000 practices. Football was the sport with the highest rate of injuries, both in practice and in competition. The report estimates that boys and girls sustained about 1.4 million high school sports injuries during the 2005-06 school year. The results are based on the electronic-survey responses of 100 nationally representative high schools. Vol. 27, Issue 31, Page 5

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With the ratification of the Hague Adoption Convention, US procedure dramatically changed. On a global level, families, attorneys and courts are still learning how to navigate through the precise procedures of this convention and the Intercountry Adoption Act, the US federal legislation that implemented this convention. The purpose of this convention is to protect the best interests of children and prevent the abduction, sale, and trafficking of children. The U.S. Department of State has overall responsibility for implementing the Hague Convention and it is the official central authority. Additionally, the Department of Homeland Security, Citizenship & Immigration Services (USCIS) administers many important procedures. For a current list of countries that are parties to this convention, see the State Department’s website: http://adoption.state.gov/hague_convention/countries.php HAGUE CONVENTION ADOPTION: applies to Incoming Cases, where U.S. citizens adopt a child from another convention country and Outgoing Cases, when citizens of other countries wish to adopt a child from the US. NON-HAGUE CONVENTION ADOPTION: A number of countries have not ratified the Hague Adoption Convention. When a family seeks to adopt from a non-convention country, different regulations, procedure and laws apply. UNIVERSAL ACCREDITATION ACT – UAA: Due to the Universal Accreditation Act (UAA), effective July 14, 2014, all prospective adoptive parents adopting internationally must work with a primary provider. The primary provider is responsible for ensuring that all six adoption services are provided and for supervising and being responsible for supervised providers where used. Beginning in July 14, 2014, every intercountry orphan adoption case, will need an accredited or approved primary provider to ensure the adoption services are delivered appropriately. The Six adoption services: 1. Identifying a child for adoption and arranging an adoption; 2. Securing the necessary consent for termination of parental rights and to adoption; 3. Performing a home study and reporting on prospective adoptive parents or a background study and report on a child; 4. Making non-judicial determinations of a child’s best interests and of the appropriateness of an adoptive placement; 5. Monitoring a case after a child has been placed with prospective adoptive parents until final adoption; and 6. Assuming custody of a child and providing childcare or any other social service, when necessary, because of a disruption pending alternative placement. Read more on the Universal Accreditation Act of 2012- UAA ADOPTING A RELATIVE FROM OVERSEAS: When a family wishes to adopt a relative, they must also comply with the US laws and the laws of the child’s country. For children who are citizens of convention countries, the law requires strict adherence to the Hague Adoption Convention and the Intercountry Adoption Act. For children who are citizens of countries that have not ratified the Hague Adoption Convention, the child must satisfy the orphan definition of US regulations. PROGRAMS: Steffas & Associates, P.C. does not have any formal programs where the firm is working directly with a country to bring children to the United States. However, often times, families seek to adopt a relative that qualifies as an eligible convention adoptee in countries where only a few have a program or where no child has come to the United States. Our office handled the first case since 2004 of a child leaving Turkey to be adopted by her aunt and uncle. Countries with such informal programs include the following: Belize – Incoming Cases Canada – Incoming and Outgoing Cases Mexico – Outgoing Cases Turkey – Incoming Cases for Relatives United Kingdom – Incoming (children in foster care & relatives) and Outgoing Cases DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADOPTION SERVICE PROVIDERS (ASP): Primary Providers must be accredited or approved by the Council on Accreditation. To become approved by the Council on Accreditation, Steffas & Associates, P.C. went through a rigorous process developing policies, procedures and agreements that comply with the Intercountry Adoption Act and the Hague Adoption Convention. As a primary provider, Steffas & Associates, P.C. does not conduct home studies, child studies or post placement reports. Instead, our office works with accredited agencies and attorneys throughout the US and convention countries. We supervise accredited agencies and attorneys to provide necessary services. Steffas & Associates, P.C. is not an Accredited Agency; we are an Approved Person that is for-profit. Supervised Providers may be agencies, organizations, or individuals including facilitators or attorneys in the United States or foreign countries. They must meet, some but not all of the Hague Adoption Convention requirements. Supervised providers work closely with our office to insure that all necessary and appropriate adoption services are provided to the biological family, the child and the adoptive parents. Exempt Providers only provide one adoption service. Our office supervises them. However their function is minimal. Accredited Agencies must be licensed in the state where they are domiciled and be accredited. Accredited agencies are not-for-profit corporations. Some countries, usually in Central and South America will only work with an accredited agency. Steffas & Associates, P.C. is not an Accredited Agency; we are an Approved Person that is for-profit. Approved Persons are not the same as accredited agencies. They may be licensed attorneys, social workers or agencies that are for-profit. Extensive experience and accreditation is required for one to be an approved person. Steffas & Associates, P.C. is not an Accredited Agency; we are an Approved Person that is for-profit. Certified to work in a foreign country: Some countries limit the number of Adoption Service Providers. For example, China, Colombia, India Mexico and the Philippines require adoption service providers to be accredited in the US and be certified by that country’s central authority. Steffas & Associates, P.C. is not authorized to administer Incoming Cases from these countries. For more information, see the U.S. Department of State website at:

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Sexual Violence Against Men Sexual violence against women is something that is heard about on a regular basis. Sexual violence against men is something that is still very much hidden and is not talked about often. The reasons behind this is due to social attitudes and how a man must be seen in public. These attitudes prevent many male victims from speaking out about a sexual attack that happened to them. A sexual attacker can be male or female and the effects of such an attack are devastating for the victim and their loved ones. SEXUAL ATTACKS ON MEN A sexual perpetrator can be any gender and it is not just men who attack men in a sexual manner. Sexual perpetrators’ can also be of any sexual persuasion and a male attacker may not necessarily be a homosexual because reasons could be a hatred to other men for example. Male sexual attacks like female ones can happen to any male and at any age. In addition to this, a sexual perpetrator is often known to the victim. The perpetrator can be someone who is a family member or a respected member of society. Sexual perpetrators’ can include: - Family member - Family friend Sexual perpetrators’ can be anyone and from any walk of life just the same as in sexual violence against women. MALE VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ATTACKS A male victim often goes through the same kind of feelings and shame that female victims also suffer from. However there are additional issues that a male victim goes through due to the social stigma surrounding this issue. These separate issues include: - Not feeling masculine enough - Questions sexuality - To ashamed to talk to anyone about it These are only a few of the issues that a male can go through. Others are shared with female victims and can include: - Self blame - Mental health issues - Avoiding people and places If anyone goes through any kind of sexual attack yes the police should be involved but not all victims are willing to come forward. It is difficult enough for any victim of sexual attack to come forward and to report it to the police. However for a male this is made even more difficult due to expectations and the views of society. On the other hand if a victim does not come forward then it is possible for the perpetrator not only to get away with it but also to abuse further victims.

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Posted by Anonymous on . Change these word equations into formula equations and balance them. Be sure to use the proper symbols to indicate the state of each substance as given. (a) Magnesium metal is placed into hydrobromic acid solution, forming hydrogen gas and aqueous magnesium bromide. (b) When heated, solid calcium chlorate decomposes into calcium chloride solid, releasing oxygen gas. (c) Solutions of barium bromide and sodium phosphate combine to form solid barium phosphate and aqueous sodium bromide. (d) Solutions of silver nitrate and aluminum iodide are mixed together, forming solid silver iodide and aqueous aluminum nitrate.

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