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Wine Making on a Small Scale: An Article first published in 1866 On February 15, 1868, the Pioneer published a piece titled “Wine Making on a Small Scale.” The article details how someone in possession of grapes could convert them into wine. It emphasizes the sugar levels of the grapes as it affects the fermentation and the overall outcome of the wine. If the amount of sugar is low, then the resulting product is vinegar. But if “the grape juice. . . is naturally rich in sugar, so much alcohol is produced that the liquid. . . remains as wine.” Along with having a good sugar content, the “first requisite is good grapes.” The fruit must be picked at the peak of ripeness to ensure the level of sugar content. The following steps “will depend upon the character of the wine desired.” The article includes advice on how to press the grapes and the fermentation process. The richness of the grape will determine how long the fermentation process will be, from “ten days to several weeks.” The process is complete when the “liquid becomes quiet”, followed by another fermentation in another container. The article is the first references to winemaking in the Pioneer. It begins by addressing the editor of the Pioneer. The feature is answering an “offer to publishing anything of interest or advantage. . . of how to make wine in small quantities.” The ensuing response was “cheerfully” offered to the editor, with no indication of who wrote into the Pioneer. With settlers like Pierre Dallidet and Andrew York acquiring vines, an expose on how to make wine would be of much interest, which may be a reason why an offer to publish about making wine was solicited. The actual content of the article about winemaking is originally from a 1866 publication of the American Agriculturist. On page 369 of the Vol 25, No 1, a word for word article appears, matching the one in the Pioneer. There was not an efficient way in the late 1800s to enforce copyright law, especially in a case of a small town newspaper. The editorial shows that there was an agricultural community in the county that was keeping up to date with the new information in the field. By Hayley Goodwein

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New infrastructure ideas like protected bike lanes have been gaining ground all over the world. Right here in California, many recently voted to add a large amount of new infrastructure for cyclists in multiple major cities. How do factors like protected lanes really affect overall bicycle safety numbers though? Let’s look and see. What are Protected Bike Lanes? A protected bike lane is just what it sounds like. It’s a designated lane for cyclists, with protection to keep motorists from entering. Arguably, these are much safer than normal bike lanes, because they do not rely on drivers’ good judgment to keep cyclists safe. Protected lanes first became popular in Europe, but they are now picking up traction in the United States as some cities are taking cycling more seriously as a transportation alternative. Do These Protections Really Save Lives? Building bike accommodations seems to make a huge difference. A study by Oregon State University followed bike-friendly American cities as they added factors such as protected bike lanes, and the results were even more impressive than expected. Portland reduced its fatal bicycle injury rate by 72 percent from 2000 to 2015. Minneapolis saw a spike in the number of cyclists, but still lowered injury numbers by 79 percent. In fact, all ten cities in the study saw an increase in the number of cyclists but a decrease in the number of injuries. These protections could not come at a better time either. Issues such as distracted driving have caused the number of car accidents to rise in the United States. It is difficult to rely on drivers to do the right thing when it comes to sharing the road. While educating drivers, and working to curb these issues is certainly part of the solution, it might also be wise to build physical protections to keep riders safe. What do you think about protected bike lanes? Do you think they will become more popular in Southern California? How can we convince more communities to make the investment?

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The present study is undertaken in the Kulsi River valley, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River that drains through the tectonically active Shillong Plateau in northeast India. Based on the fluvial geomorphic parameters and Landsat satellite images, it has been observed that the Kulsi River migrated 0.7–2 km westward in its middle course in the past 30 years. Geomorphic parameters such as longitudinal profile analysis, stream length gradient index (SL), ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), steepness index (k/s) indicate that the upstream segment of the Kulsi River is tectonically more active than the downstream segment which is ascribed to the tectonic activities along the Guwahati Fault. 14C ages obtained from the submerged tree trunks of the Chandubi Lake, which is located in the central part of the Kulsi River catchment suggests inundation (high lake levels) during 160 ± 50 AD, 970 ± 50 AD, 1190 ± 80 AD and 1520 ± 30 AD, respectively. These periods broadly coincide with the late Holocene strengthened Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the early part of the Little Ice Age (LIA). The debris which clogged the course of the river in the vicinity of the Chandubi Lake is attributed to tectonically induced increase in sediment supply during high magnitude flooding events.

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BERYL Crosher-Segers was raised in a black-and-white world. Hospitals and corporate buildings had separate entrances for black and white people, as did train carriages and stations. Certain benches were “white only” — if you were black, you were made to stand. You couldn’t buy a house in certain suburbs without skin of a certain shade. For decades, this was the life experienced by millions in South Africa — a nation divided by a system of institutionalised racial segregation under the brutal reign of the National Party from 1948 to 1994. And while she’s proudly called Australia home for over three decades, Beryl fears we’re heading down a similarly problematic path. A LIFE UNDER APARTHEID Beryl has painful first-hand experience in institutionalised racism. As a girl of mixed race, she was classified as “coloured”, and missed out on many of the opportunities offered to her white peers. In her new memoir, A Darker Shade Of Pale, she describes a world where white and black people were separated — at the detriment of the latter — in almost every aspect of life. Instead, she was taught that, to be successful, she should strive to be as close to white-presenting as possible. “You must make sure that your hair is straight. White people judge your class by your hair,” she was told while applying for a job. The book follows Beryl’s journey from an upbringing under apartheid in South Africa, to seeking freedom in Australia, where she eventually worked for the NSW Government. When Beryl was a child, tens of thousands of non-white families were forcibly removed from certain suburbs. Their houses were bulldozed and their towns destroyed. As a teenager, she had to undergo a special medical examination in order to become a teacher — a requirement of the government’s education authority at the Department of Coloured Affairs. During the exam, she was sexually assaulted by an older doctor. She never told anyone — partly out of shame, and partly from fear that authorities wouldn’t care. She regularly witnessed herself and her family being looked down upon — by members of the public, by hospital staff, and by authority figures — for the colour of their skin. Australia — at least, when she first moved here in 1982 — was a stark contrast. “I came from an era of apartheid to a free society,” she told news.com.au. “There were no signs on benches here, no segregated carriages, no separate building entrances. We could buy a house anywhere we wanted.” She described being in Darling Harbour on Australia Day as an almost foreign feeling, because people had the Australian flag painted on their faces and sang the national anthem. “In my country, we didn’t fly the flag. My father strictly forbade us from singing the anthem or having a flag. Non-white schools chose to stop displaying the flag or to sing the anthem. I felt robbed. I had no allegiance. “Here in Sydney, people were singing with their hand on their heart, and I sang it with them. For the first time I was hit by this sense of identity.” But having seen life through a different lens, she also has concerns over how Australia approaches race and multiculturalism. ‘AUSTRALIA ISN’T WHAT IT WAS’ Beryl sees a clear link between Australia’s approach to migrants today, and the segregated world she grew up in. “Australia was very welcome and opening back in the 1980s, but that same feeling just isn’t there anymore,” she told news.com.au. “We’ve seen this playing out over and over again — all the hysteria around people of different backgrounds. In the 1990s there was all this hype about Asian gangs. Then it was Pacific Islander gangs, and Lebanese groups, and now it’s African gangs. “I think social media plays a big part here — it gives a voice to intolerant people who didn’t otherwise have a platform.” It’s not just the racist rhetoric in the media that worries her. It’s comments from members of Australia’s own government — some which have struck especially close to home. Earlier in the year, Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton sparked controversy when he suggested persecuted white farmers from South Africa should be fast-tracked into the country. His remarks were widely condemned as racist and discriminatory, even sparking outrage from the South African Government. Despite witnessing — and experiencing — first-hand racial persecution for decades in South Africa, Beryl agrees with Mr Dutton’s critics. “Crime is still a huge issue in South Africa — it’s rife,” she said. “But Peter Dutton failed to address that it happens to everyone there. I can’t understand why he would single out white families like that. Would he have done the same for black people who were murdered in my town? A boy I went to school with was shot. He was black. Would he have been given a place here? “If they’re going to offer humanitarian places for people in Australia, they should be looking across the board. Not just white farmers, and not just black farmers. There are people everywhere in dire conditions.” An estimated 500,000 white South Africans have left the country over the past three decades, with more than 200,000 settling in Australia. Beryl believes South Africa still has a long way to go — but thanks to a generation shift it’s getting there. “The situation there is changing. Younger people are more positive and forward-thinking. They have opportunities that we missed, and that’s a really positive thing.” A Darker Shade Of Pale, published by Torchflame Books, $31.89, is out now.

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Tech moves fast! Stay ahead of the curve with Techopedia! Join nearly 200,000 subscribers who receive actionable tech insights from Techopedia. Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP) is a protocol that works to provide protections for communication channels in a more fundamental Extensible Authorization Protocol (EAP) method. PEAP is a product of several top tech companies, and has been shipped with major operating systems such as Microsoft Windows XP. Extensible Authentication Protocol is an authentication resource for wireless networks and point-to-point setups. As a general framework, this protocol is useful in many different variations. One of these is Extensible Authentication Protocol Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), a protocol that is popular for local area networks. PEAP provides a transport layer security structure where it is needed within EAP. It uses a public-key encryption certificate for this purpose. Server-side public-key certificates authenticate servers. The use of dedicated keys is part of an elaborate security authentication model for these kinds of network traffic setups. PEAP also involves subtypes for specific security protocols WPA and WPA2. In general, the use of Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol helps to address security inadequacies in some types of authentication frameworks and prevents different kinds of hacking that may cause problems in 802.11 network traffic. While the methods of all this are fairly inscrutable to the lay audience, the details are important to security professionals who want to make sure that authentication happens in an effective and efficient way.

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Smog caused by huge fires in Sumatra and Borneo is one of the most well known news in Indonesia media recently. I would like to describe this phenomenon as this century’s biggest crime to humanity with residents who live in three main Islands (Sumatera, Borneo or Kalimantan, Celebes or Sulawesi) become the victims. Sadly, although this disaster has been well informed within Indonesia, not all people learn from it, including people on Bawean Island. Most people prefer to blame the government without addressing the main problem, which is forest destruction. This is my third time on Bawean island and I found the rate of forest burning in this Island is getting more severe. In November 2014, when I first came to the island, local people used to burn community forest located nearby the main road so it is easily spotted. By that time the forest ranger could not do anything as this forest is located outside the protected area, thus it is legal to burn the forest. However now in October 2015, at my third visit, people burn the community forest nearby the border of the protected areas. Since right now it is the dry season when the wind blows heavily and it has not been raining for seven months, the impact is easily predicted: the fires spread to the protected area. Parts of the forest are now burning, for example in Alas Timur (See picture) and very close to Payung-Payung, where we also have camera traps installed. Community forest is burnt near Payung-Payung In the daylight when we were driving home after installing the camera traps, we could see thick smoke moving up toward the sky from places within the hilly forests. We have no idea which forest was being burned. The forest rangers have tried to discourage this action, unfortunately they don’t have enough evidence that people cause burning near or within the protected area. The reason is that the protected areas are poorly demarcated; the poles which are placed along the forest border to determine the protected area are mostly not in good condition and some of them even disappeared. It is difficult for the rangers to determine forest borders from a map, let along explain the border to the people. As a consequence, only one case of burning protected forest has been investigated so far. The purpose of forest burning mostly remains unknown. In my assumption, people do not worry about burning the forest on Bawean because they are convinced that a national disaster like on Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi can not happen in their own native area because there is no peat land on Bawean. They forget that the impact of forest burning is not only smog, but also the destruction of the forest, even if it is accidentally. This may entail biodiversity reduction, species extirpation and ecosystem destruction. If they continue with this habit of burning land, especially species that are endemic to Bawean and only occur here, may face extinction during the next decades.

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2.3 Explain why it is important not to assume that an individual with dementia cannot make their own decisions One of the difficulties for individual with dementia is that as their dementia progresses they may lack capacity to make decisions for themselves. However, the fact that they cannot make decision in some areas does not mean they cannot make decisions in other areas. A dementia suffer may be able to choose their dietary requirements but might not able to make a decision about what to wear. So it very important not to assume incapacity unless proven that the person actually lack capacity.

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Apples are second only to roses as the most enquired about plants at the Royal Horticultural Society. With the help of this completely revised new edition of Apples: A Field Guide anyone wanting to name an apple should be able to work out its identity and origins or find out where to go for help. You need no special knowledge, although at least three examples of the fruit from each tree that needs identification are helpful, and leaves preserved from the last two weeks of July can play a part in the process of elimination. Apples: A Field Guide also celebrates the beauty and diversity of this remarkable fruit and will direct the reader to sources for buying old varieties, learning more about planting trees or the creation of whole orchards and the care needed to make them productive. Publisher: - Tewin Orchard - more Code: - 9780954950859 Year: - 2015 Authors: - Clark, M.

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Last modified: 2014-05-29 by zoltán horváth Keywords: suiti people | latvia | Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 11 September 2007 Our colleague Ilmars Bite from Latvia, today on RussoVex mailing list reported the flag of the religious minority Suiti in Latvia. I searched around the link he provided and here is what I found at <www.suitunovads.lv>: "Suiti region has 2800 inhabitants, occupying 402 square kilometers in the Western part of Latvia. Inhabitants of this area call themselves "Suiti" and they are proud of their distinct identity and character of their own. History of Suiti goes back almost 400 years to a romantic story in 1623. Reformation in Grand Douchy of Courland took place 1561, when duke Gothard Ketler abandoned Catholic religion to become Lutheran. So did also most of population in Courland. But in 1623 the local land owner, count Johan Ulrih fon Schwerin in order to marry a Polish court lady Barbara Konarska agreed to become Catholic. In that year he invited Jesuits to establish a mission in Alsunga to help him transfer his peasants back to Catholicism. He donated land to the Catholic congregation and built a new church in Alsunga. When trying to expand Catholic influence in the surrounding area he run into a violent oposition from neibouring Lutheran land owners which led to poisoning of Johan Ulrich fon Schwerin in 1636. In the same year Lutheran priest was finally expelled from Alsunga and King of Poland Vladislav himself had to intervene in order to calm down this Catholic - Lutheran conflict. Schwerin family sold their property in 1728, but by then it already was a strong Catholic island surrounded from three sides by traditionally Lutheran areas and from one side boardered by the Baltic Sea. Enven though ir is not an island, for several centuries it has practically functioned as a one. Marriages across religious boundaries were strongly discouraged. The region lived to a certain degree in a religious, cultural and to some extent economic self-isolation. This religious based self-isolation helped to preserve a very rich traditional culture and customs, which in such a compact area is unique for Latvia. For Latvian culture this small Suiti region means its own national costume, its own dialect, over 52 thousand recorded folk songs, very detailed marriage and other customs, many of which are still today practiced in the daily lives of Suiti. Today Suiti region with its three Catholic churches, beautiful sea coast, historic architecture, rural landscapes, rich forest and natural resources and stubborn and independent minded people has stood up against the wish of the central Government in Riga to divide it into two parts and join to larger local government entities of Kuldiga and Ventspils. Two non-governmental organisations have been established in 2007 to support preservation of Suiti self-government. We think that protecting of our identity, which our ancestors have brought through centuries, is at stake. We cannot afford to lose it and we believe, that with the help of God we will prevail." The flag is shown here. If I understand correctly, flag was aproved by Ministry Cabinet on September 4th 2007 (but I can't understand which Ministry). Valentin Poposki, 7 September 2007 The flag is 3:5 horizontal bicolor dark red over white with overall a black-lined grey cross, with thin arms not reaching the edges, all the same length, and all but the bottom arm decorated with crosslet bottony and yokes (?), and a small filliform four-ray saltire splendor at the heart of the cross, with eight shorter secondary rays. António Martins-Tuválkin, 11 September 2007 According to website, Suiti is now "novads" - a district. But, according to plans for new municipal structure of Latvia, Suiti will be divided. Ilmars also reported about the protest of local population against government decision, trying to preserve their own community. However, Latvia at the moment is such a mess (from the aspect of local government territorial division), so Suitu novads could be just a project. As far as I know the existing Kuldigas rajons should be divided in three novads - Kuldigas, Skrundas and Suitu. Valentin Poposki, 12 September 2007 Suiti region is small catolic enclave in three rural parishes in Kuldiga and Ventspils districts - Alsunga, Gudenieki and partialy Jurkalne. In process of administrative reform they will to form separate unit, this was not allowed, because population is too small. Alsunga and Gudenieki are included in Kuldigas novads, Jurkalne - in Ventspils novads. Flag is created for people. Suiti don't accept the term "minority" - they are one of etnographicaly diverse group of latvians. There are many such groups - in Nica and Barta, Konini, Maliena, Ventava and of course Latgale. Suiti are one of most active and well known such groups and one of reasons is different confession. And they are only such group what demanded separate administration - others are with less power. Gvido Pētersons, 12 September 2007 The origin of the name came from the Finno-Ugric livonian language suoisti which means people from the marsh. Guy Babonneau, 19 September 2007

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Today marks an important date in New Zealand history. One hundred and fifty years ago one of the bloodiest battles of the New Zealand Wars took place between British troops and Māori warriors at their defensive earthworks at Rangiriri. By the time the battle was over early the next morning over seventy men had been killed and many more were wounded. At the time the British considered this a victory, but the events of that day are still debated, the wounds are still felt by many and the impact it had on this country is still greatly under-appreciated.On 20th November 1863, General Cameron’s force of British and Colonial troops approached the Māori defensive line at Rangiriri. The British were backed by artillery and gunboats. Throughout the afternoon, repeated attacks on the parapets failed and many men on both sides fell during fierce fighting. Two men from the Royal Artillery were both later awarded the Victoria Cross for their bravery during one of these attacks. The series of assaults were unsuccessful, and during the night some of the defending warriors slipped away. Early on the morning of the 21st November a white flag was raised by the remaining defenders and the British forces entered the redoubt and shook hands with the bemused Māori. They had not intended to surrender, but wanted to discuss terms. It seems easier to commemorate the sacrifice made by those New Zealanders who fell fighting on foreign battlefields than it does those who were killed at Rangiriri. This isn’t surprising. The New Zealand Wars have fallen out of living memory, were under-taught in our schools for generations, are under-represented in the media, the emotions they provoke can be uncomfortable; and their causes, outcomes and meaning are still keenly debated by academics – a healthy process but one that in my opinion can at times come at the cost of accessibility to the public. Today isn’t about celebration, or even necessarily about a search for reason and meaning, it is about commemoration and acknowledgement of those that fought on both sides. So far I have been disappointed at how little media attention has been given to the 150th anniversary of the Waikato Invasion. Looking at the TV schedule for this week I can’t see anything scheduled specifically to commemorate the anniversary, although there are a large number of documentaries for Sky viewers with an interest in the 50th anniversary of the Kennedy Assassination. However, I’m hopeful that there will be good news coverage of today’s commemoration at the battlefield where descendants from both sides will meet to remember the bravery of those who fought that day and remember those who fell. For those that can’t make it to the commemoration, here is a selection of relevant media that is available for viewing online. Marae Investigates – Battle of Rangiriri Marae Investigates – Interview with a Pakeha descendant ‘Rangiriri – Angry Sky’ – A documentary about an archaeological dig at the site The Governor – The Lame Seagull This episode of ‘The Governor’ includes a recreation of the battle. The scale of this dramatisation is almost unparalleled in New Zealand television history, yet sadly the series rarely sees the light of day, apparently due to rights issues that make it difficult to re-broadcast or distribute the series through other means such as DVD release. The original broadcast of this series in 1977 was highly controversial due to both the subject matter and the cost, but it also inspired many New Zealanders to learn more about their own history. That is something I’d always like to encourage, but especially on an anniversary like today. The Waikato invasion may be an uncomfortable topic, the memories painful, the reasons and outcomes still debated, but the worst thing we can do is pretend it didn’t happen. © Lemuel Lyes

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LIGUORI, St Alphonsus (Alphonso Maria de’). b. Marianella, near Naples, 27 September 1696; d. Pagani, near Salerno, 1 August 1787. Born into an ancient and noble family, he studied law at a very young age at the University of Naples (1708-13). He became a lawyer at Naples, but following what he saw as unjust practice he left the law in 1723 to study theology. He was ordained in 1726, and became Bishop of Castellamare di Stabia in 1730. There he founded the Congregation of the Most Holy Saviour in 1732, a community of priests dedicated to mission, especially among the poor and rural people. In 1749 it was confirmed by the Pope under the name of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer,... Cite this article If you have a valid subscription to Dictionary of Hymnology, please log inlog in to view this content. If you require a subscription, please click here.

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ndia celebrates January 26th every year as her Republic Day to mark the date when the Constitution of India came into force. The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country’s transition towards becoming an independent republic. Minister of State for External Affairs M.J. Akbar is on his visit to Baghdad. The Indian Embassy arranged for a lunch meeting with him along with the Indian diaspora in Baghdad. Being observed as India’s Independence Day, August 15 is celebrated across the nation with great patriotism and enthusiasm. The UK Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act in 1947 on July 4, 1947 and transferred legislative sovereignty to the Indian Constituent Assembly. This was the end of the British rule in India and on August 15, 1947, India got its independence but by establishing two Dominions, India and Pakistan. Indian national flag was hoisted in the morning on this occasion at the residence of the Indian ambassador in Baghdad. Yoga is an Indian physical, mental, and spiritual practice or discipline. There is a broad variety of schools, practices and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The origins of Yoga have been speculated to date back to pre-Vedic Indian traditions, but most likely developed around the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, in ancient India’s ascetic circles, which are also credited with the early sramana movements. The chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads and Buddhist Pāli Canon, probably of 3rd century BCE or later. Maharshi Patanjali compiled Yoga sutras, which forms the basis of yoga circa 400 CE.

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Snowshoes allow people to walk on top of deep snow, instead of sinking into it. Here's a wearable craft that'll help you make your own shoe box snowshoes. How to Make Snowshoes What You'll Need: - Two shoe boxes or a few fallen evergreen boughs - Large rubber bands or old shoelaces Snowshoes work by spreading a person's weight over a larger area of snow, so the snow can support the weight. Here are a couple of quick and easy ways to make snowshoes: Use big rubber bands or shoelaces to strap shoe boxes or evergreen boughs to the bottoms of your boots. Now try walking in the snow. You'll find that walking in snowshoes is like walking in swim fins: It's important to lift the front of your foot high with each step. On the next page, you'll find out how change your shoelaces into curly ties.

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The mass of elemental can be written as dm = p dV, where dV is the volume of elemental, p remain constant. We can write from equation (6.2), x = ʃ x dV / V , y = ʃ y dV / V , z = ʃ z dV / V © Copyright 2012 – 2019 My Homework Help

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From the stunning rock formations to the fields of wild flowers, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota offers more than 70,000 acres of adventure. The park is also home to some of the most majestic and breathtaking animals in the United States—wild horses. “Legend has it that the Teddy Roosevelt horses are descendants of the horses that were used by Sitting Bull and the Sioux tribe to defeat Lt. Col. George Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn,” said Gus Cothran, a clinical professor at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences (CVM). “But the known history of the herd suggests that only some of the Sioux horses had been in the park area at one time. Probably little, if any, genetics of the Sioux horses remain in the horses of the Teddy Roosevelt Park today.” Cothran, who works in the animal genetics laboratory at the CVM, recently published a study in PLOS One that explored the Teddy Roosevelt horses’ genetic history to determine the possible origins of the herd. “The genetics agreed that the herd was probably of diverse origin,” Cothran said. “This happens through horses being removed and other horses being introduced to the herd.” Although their genes may have outgrown the legend, the Teddy Roosevelt horses are still a piece of living history. In fact, feral horses have existed in the park area since the mid-1800s. However, efforts to preserve feral horses didn’t begin until the 1950s. These preservation efforts still continue today and researchers at Texas A&M such as Cothran are proudly a part of this movement. Genetic diversity: Going, going, gone? In addition to exploring the genetic history of the Teddy Roosevelt horses, Cothran’s study also analyzed the horses’ genetic diversity. Genetic diversity refers to the amount of genetic characteristics in a species’ genetic makeup that differs among individuals. Species with more genetic characteristics, or genetic diversity, tend to survive and thrive in their environment better than species with less genetic diversity. Unfortunately, Cothran and his team of researchers found that the Teddy Roosevelt horses’ genetic diversity was limited. “Limited genetic diversity means that all of the individuals within the population are very similar to each other,” Cothran said. “This can lead to inbreeding depression, which basically means that a large proportion of the population is carrying deleterious recessive variants of genes, or genes that will decrease the animal’s ability to survive in its environment.” Luckily, Cothran and his research team found no evidence that the horses of the Theodore Roosevelt National Park are currently in danger of inbreeding depression. However, Cothran said, “They’re at a level of genetic variability that should raise concern. Their genetic variability is low enough that the possibility of an inbreeding effect is real.” After publishing their study in 2018, Cothran and his research team released a statement about adaptive management practices that could help increase genetic diversity within the herd. These practices would be carried out by the National Park Service and potentially include introducing new horses to the herd while still keeping the population low enough for the environment to sustain them. It takes a herd to save one The study was initiated by Blake McCann, a trained population geneticist at the National Park Service. McCann and Cothran began working together several years ago when McCann sent Cothran almost 200 hair samples from horses within the herd. Cothran, who has been researching wild horse genetics since the 1990s, began collaborating with Igor Ovchinnikov, who had also done genetic testing on this herd of horses through McCann. Along with several other researchers at Texas A&M, Cothran and Ovchinnikov analyzed the horse samples for both mitochondrial genetic diversity (genes passed on to offspring from the mother only) and nuclear genetic diversity (genes that are passed on to offspring from both parents). “This study was significant because it was the first time that a feral horse population had been comprehensively analyzed for both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic diversity,” Cothran said. “The study confirmed that the herd has low genetic diversity, which should be taken into consideration in future herd management.” After all, who wouldn’t want to help preserve a piece of living history? To learn more about the horses of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, visit https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/nature/feral-wild-horses.htm.

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Columbus Day is a legal holiday commemorating the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Columbus Day is a legal holiday commemorating the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. It is on the second Monday in October, which in 2015 is Monday the 12th of October. If you mean "North Americans", a reason might be that he never discovered, let alone set foot in North America. North America by rights should celebrate "Leif Ericson Day" because Leif discovered and settled in North America some 600 years before Columbus - who only discovered the Caribean Islands and never ventured further to America's mainland. Columbus by the way remained to his dying day firmly convinced that he had discovered a part of the… Read More Because Columbus discovered America Columbus discovered America and claimed it on behalf of Spain. Apparently when Christopher Columbus set sail for India in 1492, he turned the wrong way and landed in modern-day North America. When he met the Native Americans residing there, he called them Indians and did not expect such tribal ways of living when everyone else told him that the actual Indians were siting in gold and riches (which is why other countries were out to get India, which was later colonized for the next 450… Read More Columbus Day does celebrate racist concepts of discovery, conquest and occupation. They did begin the transatlantic slave trade with captured Indians from Caribbean. The first Columbus Day celebration was held in 1792. New York City celebrated the 300th anniversary of Columbus landing in the New World. In 1892, President Harrison called on the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the 400th anniversary of the event. Since then we have been pooping in style. Its largely a matter of opinion, but we all learned about the exploits of Columbus in history, he is a central figure of all American history, both North and South. So, yes for that reason alone. Is there another man who is the subject of so many monuments in the Europe and the Americas? We have come to see Columbus as a person of mixed character: heroic in taking the large risks of heading out… Read More columbus day was never invented, it was however founded in what day i don't know Columbus day is significant because it was the day that clolumbus sailed and discovered land and named it the America we eat most of the same food as in other Western countries, but we eat the Norwegian tradisjonel such as food. fårikål (get in cabbage) and lapsgaus are some eksempl. citizenship day was constitution day About 190,000 out of a population of about 5 million in England. 60,000 out of a population of 1 million in Scotland. 600,000 out of 1.5 million in Ireland! Columbus Day is celebrated in the United states in October. In 2014, Columbus Day will be on Monday, October 13th. The Pledge of Alliegence Citizenship Day. didnt you no that lol Thomas Edison holds a record of over 1000 invention patents. His list of innovative inventions include: light bulb, phonograph, movie camera, carbon microphone, and mimeograph. October - specifically the 12th. what is christopher columbus date of birth Columbus was a rather incompetent explorer, a slave trader, forced most of the people he met to bring him gold and pearls even when they had none, etc. When he did encounter South America he was too sick to go ashore himself and based on the reports from his crew that he sent ashore, he decided he must have found the Garden of Eden. He landed in what is now Panama near the entrance of… Read More There are a number of holidays in the US calendar that are recognized but not celebrated nationwide. In a country the size of America, events that are important in one area may not be seen in quite the same way as in others. It is also worth mentioning that Thanksgiving is a celebration of one of the early milestones in the birth of the country. July 4th is another important milestone in history. Perhaps Columbus… Read More Traditions are those processes that are given to new generations by old generations.It (tradition)exists for a long time,while customs are very short processes that are made & finished. by killing them I cannot locate any real business law that states a bank cannot be closed for a certain number of days. Columbus's relationship with the Native Americans started out fine, but then as time went on it turned band and he started to wage war with them and he soon enslaved them. Columbus day was an official state holiday in Colorado since 1906 and an official federal holiday in 1937, but have been celebrated unofficially since the late 18th century. Columbus day is celebrated to honor Columbus' voyages to the New World. His "discovery" of the New World literally changed history forever. Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas, which occurred on October 12, 1492 in the Julian calendar and October 21, 1492 in the modern Gregorian calendar, as an official holiday. The day is celebrated as Columbus Day in the United States, as Día de la Raza (Day of the Race) in many countries in Latin America, as Día de las Culturas (Day of the… Read More The New York Stock Exchange will remain open for Columbus Day. The NYSE will close or did close for nine days in 2014 (New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Washington's Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day). The NYSE closes early on Independence Day Eve, the friday following Thanksgiving Day and on Christmas Eve Day. Because they feel like they would be celebrating the death of their people, encouraging them for taking their land, and celebrating the slavery to the white man. it is the day christopher Columbus founded America when he thought he was in India so when he saw people on the land he called then INDIAn's and claimed the land Yes, the Richard J Daley Center is open on Columbus Day. The center is open every day of the year. Christopher Columbus had an extremely low view of the natives of the islands he voyaged to. He was documented holding the first friendly tribe he met hostage demanding to know where they got their gold. With the same tribe he made remarks on how they would make good slaves due to their good nature. He held very strong interest in converting them to Christianity offhandedly declaring that they had no religion without examining their culture… Read More I celebrate it because European culture might have never flourished here without ol' Chris. because it is the day when christopher coumbus sailed from spain and discoverd the Americans Columbus Day is celebrated in October (on the second Monday of the month). September 17th,1787 was the day the Constitution emerged from the Philadelphia convention. You can read all about the Constitution and it's concept in "The Federalist Papers". Christopher Columbus discovered the coast of South America. He also discovered the West Indies and Central America. He discovered the Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti. San Jacinto Day is a Texas holiday. The 4th of July If you are supposed to be in school, you should be there. On the lighter side, here are some suggestions, though it is extremely possible that they will not work and you will have to go to school anyway: Get a glass of milk and mix it with orange squash, it will make you puke big time, If that doesn't help, get a red felt tip pen and draw spots on yourself and say you… Read More Second Monday in October In 1971 Congress declared Columbus Day a federal public holiday on the second Monday in October. September 8 is the best day ever in the world it was 1st celebrated in 1492 the 2nd monday in october Everyone in Canada, Mexico, and the United States celebrates Columbus Day. it truly depends on where you stand on the topic, and what your morals are. i personally think its wrong because he didn't even step foot on US soil, and that the Native Americans were here way before he got here, and he killed and tortured most of them. Also, he wasn't the one to discover the world was round, a man in Egypt did in the second century, so both of the reasons to… Read More Columbus Day is annually on the second Monday of October. Christopher Columbus invaded our land, enslaved our people, the Taino Indian (puerto ricans),Haitians &more, raped & sold our woman, tortured our people to the point of mass suicide, he drove our woman to be so ashamed they gave themselves abortions so their children wouldn't have to endure such cruelty. He slaughtered millions of our people & yet we were taught to give him thanks and to celebrate him? What a shame. I do not believe that there would be Columbus Day because other than the discovery and settlement of "the new world" Columbus was not very extraordinary (from my research). He was born into a poor family and never received formal education. Also, his knowledge of geography, navigation, exploration, and settlement was learned by listening to old sailors in the Port of Genoa and in Maderia (where his wife inherited land). yes it is you tell me New York City, held in 1792 One of them is obviously the electric light bulb. You should know that! 4th of July The name is gorro o gorro o gorro Columbus Day was first celebrated in Colorado in 1906. Columbus Day is celebrated on October 12th each year. It celebrates Christopher Columbus arrival in the Americas. Tradition mean custom. No different except that the spelling. Given the large number of customs and traditions in so many cultures around the world, and given how many trivial and contrived occasions people in the USA government have come up with, it is now possible to celebrate SOMETHING every day of the year! That's right, there are thousands of "special days" and there are only 365 days a year to celebrate them. That means that each day is used to celebrate MORE than one… Read More He didn't want his crew to turn the voyage around Constitution Day in the US is September 17. In India, it the last Thursday of the month. No, the stock and bond markets are closed for Presidents Day. Because it's celebrating the finding of North America and Mexico is in North America Not until 1937; some historians have said that President Roosevelt finally gave it the federal designation as one way to win the Italian vote-- it has long been a popular celebration among Italian-Americans, and some individual states (Colorado for one) had already made it a state holiday. On Monday the 11th Well,pesonally I think that most noweigian food i fish. Foolish people who believe that history of 1492 needs to be rewritten should have more important current events to be concerned about. Those opposing Columbus day believe he ushered in the evils of Europe to the New World. Based on their ideology, the state of Ohio may be asked to change the name of their capital city. We didn't discover America. The Indians were already here. It can't be his day for discovering something that already existed. It was going to be changed to Native American Day but instead was changed to Indigenous Day. North American Bancard Toll Free 1-800-856-0399 ext 301 Fax 818-824-6296 Email ContactUs@MerchantVIP.com Web www.MerchantVIP.com Colon dia (the capitol o in colOn has a line above it) It's actually Día de Colón October 13th is the day it is being celebrated in 2008. According to the Nasdaq website, the stock market will be open on Columbus day. See the Related Link below for their calendar. Yes October 12th te date of columbus is oct.8 It sank in 1492 in December. I have researched on the Web and found one suggestion put forth by a Native American Action group, "Indigenous Peoples Day" It is very apparent that Native Americans are extremely offended by the celebration of a man they consider to have not discovered, but merely encountered the lands of The Native Americans. They see that his encounter resulted in the spread of disease, the theft of Indian lands, and the Europeanization of a native land… Read More which state celebrate Columbus day? do we have work on this said day? There are a couple: Columbus Day in the United Sates: Dia de la Raza in most of Latin America: Discovery Day, Dia de las Culturas, Dia de la Hispanidad, National Day, and Dia de la Resistencia Indigena are all used as well. Also American names: Discoverer's day and Pioneer's day Stock Exchanges never sleep Colorado was the first state to celebrate Columbus Day. They celebrated it in 1906. not there yet! In the time it took you to type this questions, you could have called your bank and found out directly from them. Okay.....What's their phone number? In the time it took you to type this answer you could have just said YES or NO the the QUESTION! Okay........Whats your problem? NOT HERE THEY DONT.

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Shivaji was born at Shivner in 1627. His father was Shahji Bhonsle and mother Jija Bai. He inherited the jagir of Poona from his father in 1637. After the death of his guardian, Dadaji Kondadev in 1647, Shivaji assumed full charge of his jagir. Even before that he conquered Raigarh, Kondana and Torna from the ruler of Bijapur. He captured Javli from a Maratha chief, Chanda Rao More. This made him the master of Mavala region. In 1657, he attacked the Bijapur kingdom and captured a number of hill forts in the Konkan region. The Sultan of Bijapur sent Afzal Khan against Shivaji. But Afzal Khan was murdered by Shivaji in 1659 in a daring manner. Shivaji's military conquests made him a legendary figure in the Maratha region. Many came forward to join his army. The Mughal emperor Aurangazeb was anxiously watching the rise of Maratha power under Shivaji. He sent the Mughal governor of the Deccan, Shaista Khan against Shivaji. Shivaji suffered a defeat at the hands of the Mughal forces and lost Poona. But Shivaji once again made a bold attack on Shaista Khan's military camp at Poona in 1663, killed his son and wounded Khan. This daring attack affected the prestige of Khan and he was recalled by Aurangazeb. In 1664, Shivaji attacked Surat, the chief port of the Mughals and plundered it. This time Aurangazeb sent Raja Jai Singh of Amber to fight against Shivaji. He made elaborate preparations and succeeded in besieging the Purander fort where Shivaji lodged his family and treasure. Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh and the Treaty of Purander was signed in 1665. According to the treaty, Shivaji had to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals out of 35 forts held by him. The remaining 12 forts were to be left to Shivaji on condition of service and loyalty to Mughal empire. On the other hand, the Mughals recognized the right of Shivaji to hold certain parts of the Bijapur kingdom. As Shivaji asked to exempt him from personal service to the Mughals, his minor son Shambaji was granted a mansab of 5000. Shivaji visited Agra in 1666 but he was imprisoned there. But, he managed to escape from prison and made military preparations for another four years. Then he renewed his wars against the Mughals. Surat was plundered by him for the second time in 1670. He also captured all his lost territories by his conquests. In 1674 Shivaji crowned himself at Raigarh and assumed the title Chatrapathi. Then he led an expedition into the Carnatic region and captured Ginjee and Vellore. After his return from this expedition, Shivaji died in 1680. Shivaji was also a great administrator. He laid the foundations of a sound system of administration. The king was the pivot of the government. He was assisted by a council of ministers called Ashtapradhan. However, each minister was directly responsible to Shivaji. Peshwa - Finance and general administration. Later he became the prime minister. Sar-i-Naubat or Senapati - Military commander, a honorary post. Amatya - Accountant General. Waqenavis - Intelligence, posts and household affairs. Sachiv - Correspondence. Sumanta - Master of ceremonies. Nyayadish - Justice. Panditarao - Charities and religious administration. Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based on the practices of the Deccan sultanates. For example, Peshwa was the Persian title. The revenue system of Shivaji was based on that of Malik Amber of Ahmadnagar. Lands were measured by using the measuring rod called kathi. Lands were also classified into three categories - paddy fields, garden lands and hilly tracks. He reduced the powers of the existing deshmuks and kulkarnis. He appointed his own revenue officials called karkuns. Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal empire or Deccan sultanates. Chauth was one fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas in order to avoid the Maratha raids. Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of ten percent on those lands which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights. Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized. The regular army consisted of about 30000 to 40000 cavalry supervised by havaildars. They were given fixed salaries. There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalry - 1. bargirs, equipped and paid by the state; and 2. silahdars, maintained by the nobles. In the infantry, the Mavli foot soldiers played an important role. Shivaji also maintained a navy. The forts played an important role in the military operations of the Marathas. By the end of his reign, Shivaji had about 240 forts. Each fort was put under the charge of three officers of equal rank as a precaution against treachery. Shivaji was really a constructive genius and nation-builder. His rise from jagirdar to Chatrapathi was spectacular. He unified the Marathas and remained a great enemy of the Mughal empire. He was a daring soldier and a brilliant administrator. There ensued a war of succession after the death of Shivaji between his sons, Shambaji and Rajaram. Shambaji emerged victorious but later he was captured and executed by the Mughals. Rajaram succeeded the throne but the Mughals made him to flee to the Ginjee fort. He died at Satara. He was succeeded by his minor son Shivaji II with his mother Tara Bai as regent. The next ruler was Shahu in whose reign the Peshwas rose to power. Copyright © 2018-2020 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Developed by Therithal info, Chennai.

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More About Montessori When you enter a Montessori Classroom you will notice: - Students are free to move around the classroom, and may work at a table or on the floor. - Students are engaged in purposeful play and creative work. - Students working on their own and in small groups. - Respectful teacher/child interactions. - Positive interactions between children. - Focused attention and concentration with hands-on activities. - A well maintained and organized environment with multi-sensory learning materials on a variety of topics displayed on the shelves. - Encouragement of children to find their own deep sense of satisfaction and pride in their work as opposed to an extrinsic reward system. In her book Montessori: The Science Behind the Genius, Dr. Angelina Lillard hones in on the eight principles of Montessori education that make it so relevant today. These principles follow: - Movement and cognition: movement and cognition are closely entwined, and movement can enhance thinking and learning; - Choice: learning and well-being are improved when people have a sense of control over their lives; - Interest: people learn better when they are interested in what they are learning; - Extrinsic rewards are avoided: tying extrinsic rewards to an activity, like money for reading or high grades for tests, negatively impacts motivation to engage in that activity when the reward is - Learning from and with peers: collaborative arrangements can be very conducive to learning; - Learning in context: learning situated in meaningful contexts is often deeper and richer than learning in abstract contexts; - Teacher ways and child ways: particular forms of adult interaction are associated with more optimal child outcomes; and - Order in environment and mind: order in the environment is beneficial to children. Montessori is an Education for Peace During her lifetime, Maria Montessori spoke passionately of the importance of teaching peace to our children. There are four areas woven throughout the Montessori curriculum that form the basis of Peace Education. These areas are: Self-Awareness, Community Awareness, Environmental Awareness and Cultural Awareness. Developing awareness in these areas supports the growth of children into caring and engaged citizens. Each phase of the child’s development is enriched with experiences in these four areas adapted appropriately for the age level. Students who graduate from Montessori schools have the ability to problem-solve creatively, resolve conflict and act with empathy. About Maria Montessori - Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work by E.M. Standing Maria Montessori on the Montessori Method/Child Development/Peace - The Discovery of the Child - The Absorbent Mind - The Secret of Childhood - From Childhood to Adolescence - Education and Peace - The Montessori Method Others on Montessori Education - Our Peaceful Classroom by Aline Wolfe - Peaceful Children, Peaceful World by Aline Wolfe - Parents Guide to the Montessori Classroom by Aline Wolfe - The Montessori Way by Tim Seldin and Paul Epstein - Montessori in the Classroom by Paula Polk Lillard - Children of the Universe: Cosmic Education in the Montessori Elementary Classroom by Michael Duffy - Montessori Play and Learn: A Parents Guide to Purposeful Play from 2-6by Lesley Britton - Montessori: The Science Behind the Genius by Paula Polk Lillard - Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life by Marshall B. Rosenberg - Respectful Parents, Respectful Kids by Hart and Kindle-Hodson - Parenting With Love by Marshall B. Rosenberg - Positive Discipline by Jane Nelsen - Beyond Discipline: From Compliance to Community by Alfie Kohn - Unconditional Parenting: Moving From Rewards and Punishments to Love and Reason by Alfie Kohn - The Art of Positive Parenting by Mickey Tobin - How to Talk So Kids Will Listen by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish

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Oxygen Sensors: A Detailed Guide To How Oxygen Sensors Work & What They Do What is an Oxygen Sensor? The oxygen sensor (commonly referred to as an “O2 sensor”, as O2 is the chemical formula for oxygen) is mounted in the exhaust manifold of the vehicle to monitor how much unburned oxygen is in the exhaust as the exhaust exits the engine. Where are Oxygen Sensors Located? The amount of oxygen sensors a vehicle has varies. Every car made after 1996 is required to have an oxygen sensor upstream and downstream of each catalytic converter. Therefore, while most vehicles have two oxygen sensors, those V6 and V8 engines equipped with dual exhaust have four oxygen sensors — one upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter on each bank of the engine. What does an Oxygen Sensor do? Oxygen sensors work by producing their own voltage when they get hot (approximately 600°F). On the tip of the oxygen sensor that plugs into the exhaust manifold is a zirconium ceramic bulb. The inside and the outside of the bulb is coated with a porous layer of platinum, which serve as the electrodes. The interior of the bulb is vented internally through the sensor body to the outside atmosphere. When the outside of the bulb is exposed to the hot gases of the exhaust, the difference in oxygen levels between the bulb and the outside atmosphere within the sensor causes voltage to flow through the bulb. If the fuel ratio is lean (not enough fuel in the mixture), the voltage is relatively low — approximately 0.1 volts. If the fuel ratio is rich (too much fuel in the mixture), the voltage is relatively high — approximately 0.9 volts. When the air/fuel mixture is at the stoichiometric ratio (14.7 parts air to 1 part fuel), the oxygen sensor produces 0.45 volts. The Upstream Oxygen Sensor (Oxygen Sensor 1) Oxygen sensor 1 is the upstream oxygen sensor in relationship to the catalytic converter. It measures the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust coming out of the exhaust manifold and sends the high and low voltage signals to the powertrain control module in order to regulate the air-fuel mixture. When the powertrain control module receives a low voltage (lean) signal, it compensates by increasing the amount of fuel in the mixture. When the powertrain control module receives a high voltage (rich) signal, it leans the mixture by reducing the amount of fuel it adds to the mixture. The powertrain control module’s use of the input from the oxygen sensor to regulate the fuel mixture is known as a closed feedback control loop. This closed loop operation results in a constant flip-flop between rich and lean, which allows the catalytic converter to minimize emissions by keeping the overall average ratio of the fuel mixture in proper balance. However, when a cold engine is started, or if an oxygen sensor fails, the powertrain control module enters into open loop operation. In open loop operation, the powertrain control module does not receive a signal from the oxygen sensor and orders a fixed rich fuel mixture. Open loop operation results in increased fuel consumptions and emissions. Many newer oxygen sensors contain heating elements to help them get to operating temperature quickly in order to minimize the amount of time spent in open loop operation. The Downstream Oxygen Sensor (Oxygen Sensor 2) Oxygen sensor 2 is the downstream oxygen sensor in relationship to the catalytic converter. It measures the air-fuel ratio coming out of the catalytic converter to ensure the catalytic converter is functioning properly. The catalytic converter works to maintain the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio 14.7:1 while the powertrain control module constantly flip-flops between rich and lean air-fuel mixtures due to the input from the upstream oxygen sensor (sensor 1). Therefore, the downstream oxygen sensor (sensor 2) should produce a steady voltage of approximately 0.45 volts.

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Icelandic communications links and even transatlantic flights could be disrupted by a second, more destructive volcano following this weekend’s eruption. Some 500 people were evacuated from their homes after the Eyjafjallajökull volcano 120 kilometres south-east of Reykjavik shot ash and molten lava into the air on Saturday night. Initial fears that the eruption had occurred directly beneath the Eyjafjallajökull glacier – which could have caused glacial melt, flooding and mudslides – proved unfounded. But volcanologists have warned that previous Eyjafjallajökull eruptions have triggered eruptions of neighbouring Katla, one of the largest volcanoes in Iceland. Katla erupted every 40 to 80 years in the thousand years before the last eruption in 1918. “The eruption is long overdue at Katla and there is quite a bit of anxiety in Iceland about the potential size of eruption,” says Dave McGarvie of the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. The larger volcano, beneath the larger Mýrdalsjökull glacier, has a reputation for triggering huge jökulhlaup – the Icelandic term for the sudden release of meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets. Its last eruption generated a peak discharge of 1.6 million cubic metres per second within 4 to 5 hours and moved so much debris that Iceland’s coastline was extended by 4 kilometres. A new Katla eruption would be unlikely to kill anyone, because the area is sparsely populated and eruptions are usually preceded by earthquakes that would give plenty of time to evacuate. It would cut the main road link in the south of the island, however. Because the lower atmosphere is thinner closer to the poles, the giant cloud of fine particles released would more easily reach the stratosphere – where aircraft cruise – than would dust from volcanoes in most other countries. Depending on the wind, this could disrupt air travel in the north Atlantic, forcing aircraft travelling between the UK and Scandinavian countries and North America to take slower, more expensive routes further south than normal. The three eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in the last 1100 years – in 920, 1612 and 1821 – have all triggered larger Katla eruptions. “With the current methods we have of resolving the plumbing systems of these volcanoes we can’t explain why one triggers the other, but we know there is a symbiotic relationship,” says McGarvie. Iceland is well prepared for volcanoes, with sophisticated monitoring systems combining GPS, seismometers and satellite data as well as established civil defence plans. A quarter of the island’s population died from the famine that resulted from the 1783 eruption of the Laki volcano, the worst in modern times in high latitudes. It sent a huge cloud of haze across Europe and parts of North America, triggering dramatic climatic changes, from the largest recorded snowfall in New Jersey to one of the longest droughts seen in Egypt.

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PULP AND PAPER PROCESSES: PRAXAIR'S OZone Bleaching REduces Chlorine Usage A better alternative to chlorine In response to our planet’s growing environmental challenges, pulp and paper mills have eliminated the use of chemicals like chlorine in bleaching processes in order to eliminate the production of adsorbable organic compounds (AOX). Ozone bleaching, combined with oxygen delignification and other non-chlorine bleaching technologies, helps mills curb emissions and meet environmental standards cost effectively. The process results in a higher percentage of recycled process water, lower chemical oxygen demand discharges, and reduced color in mill waste. All of these benefits, in addition to the reduction of chlorine in the process, can help pulp mills meet tight environmental demands. - Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are replaced - AOX is reduced or eliminated - Biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand is lowered and effluent color is reduced - Higher process water recycling rates can be achieved - An important step towards total chlorine free or elemental free pulp production and mill closure

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Comparative Natural Resistance of Some Maize Varieties to Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulky) - Select Volume / Issue: - Type of Publication: - Infestation, Resistance, Sitophilus zeamais, Susceptibility - O., Longe O.; A., Oso A. - This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Creative Commons License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ - Researchers have shown that seed resistance is a valuable tool in insect control. This study therefore, investigated the comparative natural resistance of six (6) maize varieties to Sitophilus zeamais under ambient laboratory conditions in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Treatment involved the measurement of 30g of clean, uninfested maize grains from the selected varieties, into covered Petri dishes. Each measure of maize grains in the covered Petri dishes was infested with 20 freshly emerged S. zeamais adults (10 males and 10 females) and left for 2weeks for the insects to mate and lay eggs after which the old weevils were removed for new ones to emerge... Full text: IJAIR_1634_342_Final.pdf

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Holistic health strategy is an ancient health strategy which considers the whole particular person and the way he interacts together with his or her environment. Holistic healthcare practitioners continually work toward the personal incorporation of the rules of holistic health, which then profoundly influence the standard of the therapeutic relationship. Sufferers are typically extra happy if a doctor takes an holistic approach, feeling that their doctor has time for them and their issues. Prevention and treatment: Integrative holistic practitioners promote health, stop sickness and handle disease processes. It now has members who embrace mainstream docs and healthcare professionals, complementary and alternative drugs practitioners, and lay people. Traditionally, holistic drugs, in all its different kinds, has been regarded with mistrust and skepticism on the part of the allopathic medical occupation. This materials is used with the permission of the the Academy of Integrative Health & Drugs (AIHM). Further analysis is anticipated to continue to substantiate that integrative health and medication support the triple aim to enhance the experience of care, to enhance the health of populations, and to cut back the per capita prices of well being care. Acupuncture and Conventional Chinese Medicine Schools: Students can either roll their bachelor’s and master’s levels into one program or earn a grasp’s separately. There is still skepticism in standard medication concerning these various forms of drugs. Traditional Chinese language Medicine (TCM) could also be one of the world’s oldest medical techniques. I am not the primary to say this, but the backside line is: if it really works, it’s medication. Optimal Health is the first goal of the follow of holistic well being and medication. Pleasant and colorful images of herbal remedies might look much less threatening or dangerous when compared to standard drugs. Holistic healthcare practitioners strive to satisfy the patient with grace, kindness, acceptance, and spirit without situation, as love is life’s most powerful healer. Examples of these include herbalism, wellness consulting, life coaching and holistic diet. To start your journey back to optimum health and happiness, schedule an appointment to see us at Cutler Integrative Medicine. Many individuals who try holistic therapies give attention to one area of their health solely, usually cleansing and vitamin. The term complementary drugs is used to discuss with the usage of each allopathic and holistic remedies. When a grown man makes use of the word quack” in reference to holistic practitioners or makes use of the term pure product” in a negative light is equally exhibiting a transparent bias. Especially in mild of recent occasions involving the mysterious deaths/disappearances of nicely-identified various doctors. Holistic well being relies on the regulation of nature that an entire is made up of inter dependent components. That’s why-regardless of all the nice PR and lip-service-there’s been little insurance coverage business help for true preventive healthcare, nutrition and holistic medication. Holistic physicians expend as a lot effort in establishing what sort of affected person has a illness as they do in establishing what sort of illness a affected person has. Do everyone else a favour and keep your disease carrying little turds at dwelling away from schools. Holistic physicians attempt to adopt an angle of unconditional love for patients, themselves and different practitioners. A more holistic and longer remedy, checking not only your area of criticism however examining for hidden causes of your ache. Since my cancer diagnosis 14 months ago, I have eliminated all processed meals and cook all from scratch.

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April 15 in New York History 📝 On This Day 📝 Monday, April 15, 1912 — 107 years ago The RMS Titanic sinks, having struck an iceberg just before midnight en route to New York City from England. Over 1,500 were killed and 710 survived. Tuesday, April 15, 1947 — 72 years ago Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier in baseball as he plays first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers, ending 80 years of segregation. The anniversary has been celebrated as Jackie Robinson Day since 2004 at various ballparks, when all players from both teams wear #42, Robinson's retired number. Sunday, April 15, 1984 — 35 years ago The "Palm Sunday Massacre" mass shooting in East New York kills 10 family members. The murders took place in the downstairs apartment of 1080 Liberty Avenue. The killer was convicted on lesser charges due to his emotional state, and only served 32 years in prison before being released. ⏰ AGBC Rewind ⏰ 8 years ago Record Store Day 2011 in New York City 🌎 World History 🌏 🌞 Weather Records 🌞 Record High: 87°F in 1941 Record Low: 28°F in 1943

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Chocolate Is Useful To Protect The Teeth Against Damage Chocolate is the food that is not easily stale, because chocolate contains polyphenols as antioxidants that may prevent chocolate from stale. Cocoa beans contain alkaloids which causes a bitter taste. Having in mind that the benefits of chocolate are extremely diverse, a variety of processed cocoa continues to experience growth. Chocolate many processed into chocolate snack or a chocolate bar. Chocolate Can Prevent Damage To The Teeth Researchers have found that chocolate can prevent damage to the teeth. This was so successful in combating decay that scientists believe are several components that may one day be added to mouthwash or toothpaste. Studies have found that parts of cocoa beans, the main ingredient of chocolate, thwart mouth bacteria and tooth decay. Chocolate has anti-bacterial effect on the mouth and can be effective against plaque and other harmful agents. Teeth decay occurs when bacteria in the mouth turns into acid, which damages the surface of the teeth and cause dental caries. Tooth must have acid producing bacteria around it to prevent the development of decay in the teeth, along with food to feed on the bacteria. Teeth that are susceptible to decay will have little or no fluoride in the enamel to fight plaque. Fluoride to prevent decay, although fluoride will not be able to do much if just once the decay has started to damage the teeth. The lack of a habit to clean your teeth (brush teeth) will allow the plaque and tartar to build it around teeth and speed up the process of decay. Even though your mouth has many bacteria are always present, but only one type of course which will produce acids that ward off tooth decay. Some people have active decay that is always happening in their mouths. People with active decay can easily be spread through eating, drinking from the same glass. Once the decay has settled in the tooth enamel, it will run very slowly. Once made it through to the second layer of the email, it will spread faster as the head of the pulp. Pulp is a vital area of ??the tooth, because it contains nerves and blood supply. This is where the pain will be most powerful, because the decay will start touch the nerves. Pit or fissure decay is a decay that is a bit more serious, forming a narrow groove along the sides of the teeth for chewing. This went much faster, and can damage your teeth much faster than smooth decay. Because the groove is so narrow, it will be difficult to clean with a toothbrush on a regular basis. Even though you may brush your teeth regularly, this type of damage is difficult to prevented without going to the dentist for regular checkups and cleaning. The last type of tooth decay, the decay of roots, starting at the root surface. This is usually the caused of dry mouth, a lot of sugar, or no dental care. Root decay is the most difficult to be prevented, and the most serious type of tooth decay. It can destroy teeth quickly, the affected tooth decay should be removed because there is no other choice. Tooth decay is not a light matter, and should always be treated before it decay to spread and affect other teeth. If you are diligent in visiting the dentist for regular checkups and cleaning, you can usually prevent this from scratch. Chocolate or not, you should always brush your teeth every day, and use mouthwash to kill bacteria! Between all that chocolate delight don’t forget to come in for your regular checkups and cleaning.

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Anthony Ashley Cooper 1801- 1885. Evangelical social reformer. He was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford, then entered Parliament in 1826. He was a Tory, though his growing concern with social issues-particularly his desire to improve working-class conditions which had been created by the Industrial Revolution-made him more independent politically. In 1828 he became a member of the Metropolitan Lunacy Commission and began his work for the mentally ill. In 1845 he persuaded Parliament to establish a permanent Lunacy Commission for the whole country, and he was its chairman until he died. From 1833 to 1847 his main political concern was with the factory question, which after a long battle resulted in the Ten-Hours Act (1847), though the question continued to occupy his attention until the Factory Act (1874). From 1840 he gave his support to other social questions. He championed the cause of the women and children working in mines and collieries, and secured the setting up of a Royal Commission of Inquiry into children's employment in general. It was not, however, until 1864 and 1867 that parliamentary acts regulated child and female labor, and not until 1875 did the Climbing Boys Act protect children used as chimney sweeps. He also promoted legislation to protect milliners and dressmakers. From 1859 Shaftesbury devoted more of his time to direct social work in connection with the slums, the Ragged School Union (of which he was chairman), and his own schemes of industrial schools and training ships. He was the leading evangelical in the midcentury, and strongly opposed Ritualism and Rationalism. He supported Catholic Emancipation (1829). As Lord Palmerston's stepson-in- law, he advised him on ecclesiastical appointments during his premiership. He was president of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and closely associated with the London City Mission, Church Missionary Society, YMCA, and Church Pastoral-Aid Society. See E. Hodder, Life and Work of the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury (3 vols., 1886), and G.F.A. Best, Shaftesbury (1964).

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Cartilage and cartilage defects Cartilage is the tissue that separates bone surfaces. Articular cartilage, which is found in the joints, has a unique composition and structure. Its characteristics allow it to absorb high pressure and sliding forces and to transmit these to the bones. It is also a perfect sliding, selflubricating surface, which permits a mutual gliding and turning of the bones. Injuries of the joints and the articular cartilage can suddenly arise during sports, exercise and accidents. Because cartilage is avascular and the cartilage cells themselves have a low regenerative capacity, healing of this tissue is difficult to achieve. Over time untreated defects become larger and due to irregularities in the defect edges, adjacent cartilage also becomes damaged. This leads to severe pain and reduced mobility, with the only treatment for the problem at this stage being an artificial knee. It is therefore important that symptomatic cartilage defects are treated at the earliest possible time to prevent, or at least postpone the requirement for an artificial knee. Cartilage does not possess the ability to regenerate by itself. For the renewal of damaged articular cartilage, the methods that have proven effective are Microfracturing, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) and Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC).

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According to a study published in the July issue of Psychology of Music, playing musical games can help cultivate a sense of empathy in children. “Perhaps the most important thing the study tells us about the development of emotional empathy is that it is amenable to intervention,” Tal-Chen Rabinowitch of the University of Cambridge, the lead author of the study, told PsyPost. “We now have the (very friendly and enjoyable) tools to influence and enhance emotional empathy in children, a significant building block for shaping a more empathic and other-minded society.” The study was co-authored by Ian Cross and Pamela Burnard of the University of Cambridge. For their study, the researchers ran a musical program over the length of an entire school year. Children ages 8-11 participated in the program in several small groups. The program was comprised of various musical games, which were based on previous studies that uncovered the specific elements in musical group interaction that promoted empathy. “What is special about musical interaction is that it relies on a remarkably rich and intense blend of social, cognitive and emotional skills that appear to be also important for emotional empathy (e.g. imitation, entrainment, unarticulated communication, etc.),” Rabinowitch explained. “We believe that this is not mere chance, but that it is the product of what we hypothesize to have been a co-evolution of music and social structure. This being said, there are of course other forms of interaction that may also positively impact empathy, but music seems to stand out.” The researchers also established two control groups. One group participated in a program similar to the musical program, which included various games but no musical interaction. The second group of children didn’t participate in any program. Rabinowitch and her colleagues measured the children’s emotional empathy before and after the study. They found a substantial increase in empathy scores following the musical program. In addition, the children in the musical program had higher average scores compared children in the control groups at the end of the study. “As for caveats, in this type of study it is very difficult to control for experimenter bias,” Rabinowitch told PsyPost. “Although the actual scoring for emotional empathy was completely computerized and automatic, the musical and control interaction sessions were mediated by me. One might argue that, in principle, I could have somehow subconsciously induced more empathy in the music group compared to the control games group (it should be noted though that empathy or anything to do with it were never explicitly discussed with the children).” “But on the other hand, this allowed me direct access to the various group dynamics and also rendered the music and control interventions more comparable, since the children from both groups met with the same mediator. In any case, we plan in the future to run a much larger scale study including specially trained mediators.”

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Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycoside bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store. It is the most important carbohydrate in the human diet. Starch occurs in nature in many ways. It is contained in such staple foods as potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava. Potato Starch is one starch derived from potatoes in the process of mechanical separation of starch grains from other parts of potato, washing out, purification, drying and sieving. This starch is intended both to food and technical applications. Net 25 KG valve paper bag. |Odour||Typical of potato starch, free from foreign odour| |Taste||Typical of potato starch, free from foreign taste| |Colour||Pure white, no darker than standard I| |Colour in CIE, L system||Not less than 93| |Moisture||Not more than 20%| |GMO||The product is not genetically modified, and has not been produced from genetically modified raw materials| |Allergens||Product is free from allergens| |Pesticides||There is no residue of the tested active substances of plant protection higher than acceptable|

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http://makendi.com.tr/potato-starch

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The field of 3D bioprinting has exploded in recent years largely due to the advances in additive manufacturing technology along with progress in material chemistry and tissue engineering techniques. The key ingredients that make up the complex bioprinted structures are comprised of hydrogel-based biomaterial/s often coined as ‘bioinks’ and a cellular component that serves as building blocks to create a 3D printed biological tissue. Clearly, the choice of the cell source, proteins and other biological ingredients depends largely on the desired final application. For the purpose of this blog, we will only focus on the desire to create bioprinted tissue for clinical translation. Which cell should I use? Cells for clinical use can be derived from the patient (autologous) or a donor (allogeneic). In many tissue engineering applications, stem cells are used due to their properties in self-renewal and differentiation. Adult stem cells, currently being the most clinically viable solution, include hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural and epithelial. While hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is widespread, it has limited utility in tissue engineering applications due to its limited differentiation capabilities primarily toward blood lineages. Neural stem cells are most effective in neural regeneration but the limited source makes it very challenging to become clinically relevant. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), on the other hand, has a significant advantage due to its tri-lineage differentiation ability and immunomodulatory functions thus it has been widely used in various therapeutic indications including brain trauma, graft-versus-host disease and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, MSCs have already demonstrated clinical safety in > 800 clinical trials treating over 30,000 patients to-date. How many cells do I need? In order to print a 3D tissue, we need a significant number of cells seeded at a relatively high density to achieve full tissue mimicry. Exactly how many cells would one require? Let us take a look at a simple example of the knee meniscus. The figure below (left) illustrates a 3D model of an adult meniscus with rough dimensions of 3.5 cm in diameter and 5.3 mm in height. If we were to print this structure at 30% infill, it would require a total volume of ~2.5 mL of bioink. Several studies in bioprinting cartilage tissues have reported that cells would need to be seeded at high densities, a minimum of 10-25 million cells/mL in order to form cartilage in vivo[1, 2]. Thus, in this print, we would require roughly 62.5 million MSCs for a single print. For an intervertebral disc with a diameter of 4 cm and height of 10 mm (Figure on the right), the total volume of bioink required to perform a print would be 4 mL thus the total number of cells required would be 100 million for a single print. These two examples serve to illustrate the number of cells required to bioprint a simple 3D tissue. For larger tissues or organs, one can imagine that you will need a significantly higher number of cells, in the orders to 10 billion or more, to achieve desirable cell distribution through the tissue. 1. Cohen et al., 2018. Tissue engineering the human auricle by auricular chondrocyte-mesenchymal stem cell co-implantation. PLoSOne13(10): e0202356. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202356 2. Moller et al., 2017. In vivochondrogenesis in 3D bioprinted human cell-laden hydrogel constructs. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 5(2): e1227. Doi: 10.1097/GOX.000000000000127

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In Class 4 this term we will be doing lots of work across the curriculum linking to our topic of Stone Age and linking to our literacy text 'Stig of the Dump'. This will involve covering different advances of the Stone Age in History, researching different settlements in Geography and designing caves and shelters in Design and Technology. In Maths we will be deepening the children's reasoning and problem solving within the key concepts of Place Value and the 4 operations. In ICT for the first part of this term we will be using the Ipads and simple software to create photo stories. Click here for Curriculum Overview for Year 4

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Artisans in Europe, 1300-1914 This book is a survey of the history of work in general and of European urban artisans in particular, from the late middle ages to the era of industrialization. Unlike traditional histories of work and craftsmen, this book offers a multi-faceted understanding of artisan experience situated in the artisans' culture. It treats economic and institutional topics, but also devotes considerable attention to the changing ideologies of work, the role of government regulation in the world of work, the social history of craftspeople, the artisan in rebellion against the various authorities in his world, and the ceremonial and leisure life of artisans. Women, masters, journeymen, apprentices, and non-guild workers all receive substantial treatment. The book concludes with a chapter on the nineteenth century, examining the transformation of artisan culture, exploring how and why the early modern craftsman became the industrial wage-worker, mechanic or shopkeeper of the modern age. O que estão dizendo - Escrever uma resenha Não encontramos nenhuma resenha nos lugares comuns. The meaning of work ideology and organization The craft economy Authority and resistance I artisans in the polity Authority and resistance II masters and journeymen Outras edições - Visualizar todos activity apprentices artisanry artisans authorities bakers butchers called Cambridge capital cities cloth compagnonnages confraternities corporate corporatism craft craftsmen Culture demand Dijon discipline early modern Europe early modern period economic eighteenth century elite employers endogamy England Europe European everywhere example fifteenth Florence fourteenth century Frankfurt French games of chance Germany goldsmiths guild guild statutes guildsmen hierarchy historians History honor household Hugo Soly increasingly industry journeymen tailors Kaplan labor market late medieval late Middle Ages livery companies livres London luxury manufacture master artisans masters and journeymen mastership membership Menetra merchants metiers municipal neymen Nordlingen officers oligarchy organization Paris Parisian patricians percent political population production putting-out system Quoted ranks rebellion regulation revolution sector seventeenth century shipbuilding shoemakers shops sixteenth century skill social society solidarity status Steven L tailors taverns textile tion town council trades urban Venice wage-workers wages wealth weavers women workers workshop

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Report from June 1994 In October 1993, Professor and Mrs. Troy L. Péwé visited members of the International Permafrost Association in Italy. Professor Péwé presented invitational lectures on the origin and distribution of permafrost as well as of the history and status of the IPA at universities in Naples, Rome, and Camerino. Students of Professor Francesco Dramis are actively studying rock glaciers in the Alps and periglacial mass movement in the central Apennines, especially at Campo Imporatore. Recent work indicates modern permafrost may be present in the central Apennines. Submitted by T.L. PéwéReport from December 1994 The Italian Adhering Body of the International Permafrost Association, which is composed of some 40 researchers belonging to several universities and research centers, is presently working on several research projects. Most of the efforts are devoted to high mountain permafrost, which is present throughout the Alps. There, research in progress mostly deals with characterization of rock glaciers and other permafrost-related features, such as landslides affecting partially frozen slopes (a huge one recently affected the Valtellina). In the Apennines, both fossil (i.e. stratified slopewaste deposits and rock glaciers) and "active" phenomena have been studied. Regarding the latter, the BTS measurements have confirmed the presence of permafrost in a valley located close to the top of Malella Mountain in the Abruzzi region of central Italy. Fresh-looking rock glaciers have been identified, thus fixing a new southern limit of sporadic permafrost for the whole Northern Hemisphere. In addition to these studies on mountain permafrost, an investigation of periglacial phenomena in the Terra Victoria (Antarctica) has been initiated. Research was planned to begin by late October, while preliminary studies (photo interpretation, etc.) were already underway. A pre-conference excursion is being planned within the framework of the Fourth International Conference on Geomorphology, to be held in Bologna during summer 1997. This event, organized together with W. Haeberli and the IPA Working Group on Mountain Permafrost, will deal with mountain permafrost and slope stability in the periglacial belt of the Alps, and will include a scientific meeting as well. A postconference field trip in central Italy has been scheduled which will illustrate fossil periglacial (i.e., stratified slope-waste deposits and, subordinately, rock glaciers) and glacial phenomena, including the only active glacier in the Apennines. Submitted by F. Dramis

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Hare are hunted with packs of hounds, beagles, and bassets (also referred to as ‘beagling’, where the hounds are followed on foot) and by harriers (followed on horseback). These hounds were bred, not for the speed but for the stamina that guaranteed the lengthy chase the hunters sought. The hare is not a native species to the UK and was introduced by the Romans. During the late 1800s, there were about four million brown hares in Britain. But recent surveys show the brown hare has declined by more than 80% during the past 100 years and the decline is ongoing. In some parts of Britain, such as the south-west, the brown hare is almost a rarity and may even be locally extinct. The reasons for this decline are not entirely clear, but the intensification of agriculture has certainly been a major factor. Hare do not hibernate or store appreciable amounts of fat in their bodies, so they need a constant food supply throughout the year. This can only be provided by landscapes rich in biodiversity. Their ancestral homes of past eons provided a diversity of grass and herb species maturing in succession throughout the year. Hare actually prefer to eat wild grasses and herbs, with grasses predominating in the winter and herbs in the summer, but 150,000 miles of hedgerow have been destroyed during the past 50 years, depriving hare of this source of food and shelter. Larger fields containing single crops also mean hare have to travel further in their effort to maintain continuous grazing. Due to this, the hare can only be considered a minor agricultural nuisance unless numbers are excessively high. Damage to cereal and grass crops is generally so low, as not to be noticed by farmers. In rare instances, the damage might be more severe, particularly to crops such as peas, sugar beet and vines, but this is on a small scale and, in general, farmers are not concerned by damage to crops caused by the hare. Their impact on commercial forestry is negligible, and any reduction in the growth the young conifers is generally quickly recouped. (The Brown Hare in Britain by Stephen Harris and Graeme McLaren University of Bristol 1998) “In hunting, whether it be of fox or hare, every follower should identify himself with hounds’ aims and give his entire sympathy to them. If he allows himself to sympathise with the hare, his pleasure in the chase will be neutralised and he might as well go home at once.” (The Art Of Beagling, Captain J. Otho Paget. Pub. H.F. & G. Witherby. 1931. Page 217) Despite its decline, the hare is the only game species in Britain which does not have a close season. Large, organised shoots in East Anglia during February and March can account for 40% of the entire national brown hare population, in addition to hunting by hounds. And since the breeding season is well underway by February, orphaned leverets are left to die of starvation. Hare do have a remarkable ability to recover from such slaughter, but the welfare implication of this is clearly enormous. One of the oddities of our legal system is that it is illegal to hunt the hare on a Sunday; a law which was meant to encourage church attendance. The European or brown hare (Lepus europaeus) is currently on the list of endangered and threatened animal species in the British Isles but receives no specific legal protection. In the mid-1990s, concern at the brown hare’s decline led to a government Biodiversity Action Plan which had among its aims a doubling of the brown hare population by the year 2010. Recent research at the University of Bristol suggests that this target is unlikely to be achieved by habitat management alone and that measures would need to be taken to reduce hare mortality if that is to be achieved. The reintroduction of the legalisation of coursing and hunting with hounds will, by its very nature, not assist that. There are 59 beagle packs and 19 harrier packs registered in the UK and, despite claims of trail hunting, this has never been witnessed. When challenged, most hunts will claim to be chasing rabbits; an animal which acts in a completely different fashion to hare by running for its burrow when disturbed, as opposed to the hare, who stay above ground despite the danger. Rabbits cannot be hunted in a similar fashion to hare for this reason. The hare hunting season runs from September or October (depending on the type of pack used) until March, a period that encompasses the main hare breeding season, in early Spring and it is by no means uncommon for hunts to kill pregnant hare or leverets. Whilst there is no formal leveret hunting to match the "cub hunting" prelude to fox hunting, there is still the notion of training the hounds on a more vulnerable quarry. Like fox hunters, hare hunters know a few tricks to enhance their fun at the expense of their quarry. In the run up to the hunting ban (2004), the bagging of hare became like the bagging of foxes. Hare were boxed more than bagged. They were commonly netted and transported around the country in small wooden crates to be released for hunting. This caused much suffering to the transported hare and spread disease among the hare population. This was most prevalent during hare coursing events such as the Waterloo Cup, which takes place near Liverpool, and where large numbers of hare are required over a small period of time. The local hare population cannot naturally supply such excessive numbers. This bagging activity was reported in ‘The Current Status of the Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus) in Britain’ by Michael R. Hutchings and Stephen Harris 1996 for the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. The hare hunting community also put on week long "festivals" where packs from all over the country gather to hunt a relatively small area, such as Alston (Cumbria) or Severn Vale, for a period of one or two weeks, and where there are two packs of hounds hunting each day. The impact on the local hare population is devastating unless bagged hare are also introduced. These "festivals" have continued since the introduction of the hunting act. Hare are reluctant to leave their territory and don't venture onto new ground under threat, as a result, hare hunting takes place over a limited area of the country of not more than one or two square miles. Hare spend their lives above ground, so do not "go to ground" like foxes or mink when being hunted. The chase can last up to 90 minutes before the hare is finally killed by the hounds. Hunted hare are run to complete exhaustion and, for the individual hare, the effect on their body is devastating. In one graphic account by the Eton College Hunt, the Master claimed: “The best run the Beagles had during his Mastership was in the region of Dorney, where they ran a hare for an hour and five minutes, covering more than six miles. In the end, she burst her heart just in front of hounds.” Lord Burns' Hunting Inquiry pronounced the not too astonishing view that hare hunting, "seriously compromises the welfare of the hare." For most people today, the killing of animals requires justification. Doing so simply for fun is no justification. Hares were hunted with packs of dogs, not for food, not as pest control, but simply for entertainment. Such callousness would be bad enough were hare common. That they are now, by any account, locally rare is particularly outrageous.

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Microsoft is exploring the possibility of using resilient data centres submerged in the sea for quick provisioning facilities that offer lower costs, better responsiveness and environmental sustainability. Called Project Natick, Microsoft researchers submerged a data centre in August last year, one kilometre off the coast of California, and operated it for four months. Two of the key benefits of submersible data centres for customers are rapid deployment in 90 days and low latency, as facilities can be placed closer to users, Microsoft said. The surrounding water provides cooling for the data centre, which Microsoft expects to be powered by renewable energy sources. Microsoft said it envisions Project Natick in a cloud-based future, deployed in areas that have large bodies of water. Around half of humanity lives close to the sea or lakes, said the vendor. The submersible data centre was originally named after an Xbox game character, Leona Philpot. The facilities are designed to have five-year deployment cycles, with a total target lifespan of 20 years. They are designed to be retrieved and recycled. There is currently no timeframe for the commercial deployment of Project Natick submersible data centres. Microsoft said it is exploring the feasibility and business acceptability of sunk data centres, and said it was still early days for such facilities.

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Beipu Citian Temple | 北埔慈天宮 © Tourism Bureau (Photo credit: Hsu Shih-jung) Located at the end of Beipu Street, Beipu’s Citian Temple is the first temple established in the area. The main god worshipped here is the Guanyin Bodhisattva (Goddess of Mercy). Accompanying gods include Mazu (the Goddess of the Sea), the Wugushen (God of Five Grains), Wenchang Dijun (God of Culture and Literature), Lord of the Three Mountains, Zhusheng Niang Niang (the Goddess of Births) and the Fude Zhengshen (the God of Land). Citian Temple is not only the most important temple in the Beipu area, but also an important testimony to the history of the development of the Hsinchu mountainous area in the years following the Qing dynasty Daoguang emperor’s rule. It is also an important witness to the cooperation between settlers from Fujian and Guangdong provinces in China and the dispelling of confrontation between ethnic groups. Inside the temple, there are several stone pillars carved in the shape of dragons, which are rare. There is a pair of lions in front of the temple, which are also carved out of stone. They are very unique and have been listed as tier-3 monuments. The facade of the temple’s front hall or entrance (known as Sanchuan Hall) is characterized by sandstone carvings. The stone pillars at the front of the temple are carved in the shape of dragons coiled around the pillars. These pillars and the two lions guarding the central entrance are carved in an extremely simple style. It’s a style rarely used in Taiwanese temples, especially the coiled dragons rising to the top of the pillars. The woodwork inside the temple is exquisite, especially the “flying fairies with wings” material used on the decorated wooden drums descending from the ceiling. In addition, the two groups of 24 filial pillars in the temple are carved in a smooth and charming way; they are also rarely seen in Taiwan’s temples. In front of the temple, there are many shops that sell snacks and specialty products. During the Lantern Festival, Beipu residents will set up bamboo torches and gather on the square in front of the temple. Then they will form groups to climb Xiuluan Mountain to worship the mountain god. After the parade, they will return to the square in front of the temple to guess riddles. On the 19th day of the second month of the lunar calendar, the goddess Guanyin’s birthday is celebrated and many people would gather here for a big worshipping ceremony. Jiang Family Temple | 姜氏家廟 The Jiang Family Temple is located in Beipu Township, Hsinchu County. It was completed in 1924. It is the first temple built by Taiwan’s Jiang clan. It was built with more than 36,000 Japanese yen and took more than three years to complete. The temple is used as a place to display the plaques of the Jiang family’s ancestral spirits and for future generations of descendants to pay their respects. Therefore, this temple represents the traditional spirit of the Han Chinese race to remember their ancestors and pursue the ethics of filial piety. The Jiang family led the cultivation and reclamation of the Da’ai area, and as a result hold an irreplaceable important position in the development history of the southwestern mountainous area of Hsinchu. The Jiang Family Temple is the witness to the glorious history of the Jiang family, and is listed alongside Jin Guang Fu Hall, Citian Temple and Tienshuei Hall as the most important ancient buildings in Beipu. In 2004, the Hsinchu County Government’s Cultural Affairs Bureau designated the Jiang Family Temple as a county monument. As the largest family in Beipu, the Jiang family hired a number of craftsmen who were famous in Taiwan at the time, to build the temple. The Jiang Family Temple was designed by Hsu Ching (徐清), the excellent apprentice of temple building master Yeh Jin-wan (葉金萬). The painted parts were made by the famous master Qiu Yu-po (邱玉坡) and his son Qiu Zhen-bang (邱鎮邦) from Dapu, Guangdong; the parts painted in gold are the most special. The wood carvings were presided over by Hsu and Hsu Chun-quan (徐春泉). The carvings by the two men’s sculptors have their own characteristics; the characters and animals are lively and they are a breathtaking sight. The stone carvings are the works of Xin A-jiu (辛阿救). The architectural techniques in the temple are extraordinary and have high artistic value. They are the architectural treasures of Hsinchu County and they are also the masterpieces of Hakka masters. Among them, famous master of Hakka paintings Qiu Yu-po’s gold painting was a fine example of the artistry and skills involved. For the Jiang Family Temple, he crossed the Taiwan Strait to come to Taiwan, leaving the national treasure-level work for the family temple, which is also the only remaining work of its kind in Taiwan.

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Zosimus (Greek Ζώσιμος): Early Byzantine, pagan author of a history of the Roman Empire, published in the first quarter of the sixth century CE. The translation of Zosimus' New History offered here was printed in 1814 by W. Green and T. Chaplin in London, and was probably prepared by J. Davis of the Military Chronicle and Military Classics Office. The translator is anonymous. The text was found at Tertullian.org. The notes were added by Jona Lendering. [2.30.1] Being unable to endure the curses of almost the whole city, he sought for another city as large as Rome, where he might build himself a palace. Having, therefore, discovered a convenient scite between Troas and old Ilium, he there accordingly laid a foundation, and built part of a wall to a considerable height, which may still be seen by any that sail towards the Hellespont. Afterwards changing his purpose, he left his work unfinished, and went to Byzantium, [2.30.2] where he admired the situation of the place, and therefore resolved, when he had considerably enlarged it, to make it a residence worthy of an emperor. The city stands on a rising ground, which is part of the isthmus inclosed on each side by the Golden Horn and Propontis, two arms of the sea. It had formerly a gate, at the end of the porticos, which the emperor Severus built after he was reconciled to the Byzantines, who had provoked his resentment by admiting his enemy Niger into their city. [2.30.3] At that time the wall reached down from the west side of the hill at the temple of Venus to the sea side, opposite to Chrysopolis. On the north side of the hill it reached to the dock, and beyond that to the shore, which lies opposite the passage into the Euxine Sea. This narrow neck of land, between there and the Pontus, is nearly three hundred stadia in length. [2.30.4] This was the extent of the old city. Constantine built a circular market-place where the old gate had stood, and surrounded it with double roofed porticos, erecting two great arches of Praeconnesian marble against each other, through which was a passage into the porticos of Severus, and out of the old city. Intending to increase the magnitude of the city, he surrounded it with a wall which was fifteen stadia beyond the former, and inclosed all the isthmus from sea to sea.

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What causes a star’s spin and its planets’ orbits to align – or not? (Image: ESO/L. Calçada/Nick Risinger) Magnetic harnesses may keep planets in line with their stars. Some exoplanets orbit at weird angles – instead of circling in the same direction in which their star spins, their paths are tilted, and they sometimes even orbit “backwards”. Oddly, these misalignments only seem to happen to stars more than 1.2 times the sun’s mass. The mismatch seems to defy our understanding of how planets are born: if planets coalesce out of a disc that spins out like a pizza around a baby star, their orbits and the star’s spin should match up. Previous explanations for the mismatch include planets having close encounters with each other or other stars; interstellar gas falling onto a new solar system and warping the planet-forming disc; or the disc itself pushing and pulling its star into a weird angle. Now Christopher Spalding of the California Institute of Technology argues a star’s size might be the key to the puzzle. Smaller stars have stronger magnetic fields than big stars. As a star’s solar system forms, its magnetic field grabs charged particles in the planet-forming disc and tries to pull the star back into the disc’s plane. “If you have a star misaligned with the disc, the magnetic field will tend to try and align the two,” Spalding says. Spalding calculated how long it would take the magnetic fields of misaligned big and small stars to grab hold of the disc and right themselves. Stars smaller than 1.2 times the sun could do it in about a million years, he found, while bigger stars could take a hundred times as long – longer than the discs stick around. “Low mass stars have a field which can strongly impact their orientation within the disc lifetime. High mass stars have a field which takes way too long to realign them,” he says. John Papaloizou at the University of Cambridge thinks this explanation is plausible, but that the complex physics involved make the problem hard to fully solve. “What the authors suggest is not unreasonable,” he says. “However, details are very difficult to work out.” Journal reference: arxiv.org/abs/1508.02365 More on these topics:

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Empower college students to study English whereas preserving their heritage language. Related programmes are being developed for each Hindi and Punjabi to serve in representing the big South Asian cultural group and its pursuits in the City of Surrey By default, most faculties in British Columbia educate by way of English, with French immersion choices out there. In the Autonomous areas of China many children of the country’s main ethnic minorities attend public colleges the place the medium of directions is the local language, equivalent to e.g. Uyghur or Tibetan Traditionally, the textbooks there were little different from merely a translated version of the books used in the Chinese language schools all through the country; nonetheless, as of 2001, a transfer was on foot to create more teaching materials with domestically based mostly content. Many of these programmes have been arrange in the late Nineteen Eighties and early Nineties by academic linguists wishing to preserve the languages, respectively – particularly in areas where there either is a wholesome talking base, or an endangerment of as little as two remaining speakers of a language. Native American boarding schools , which enforced white American values and the English language have been extensively used as late as the Nineteen Nineties, and had been notorious for implementing corporal punishment if a Native youngster was caught talking his or her language or freely training their tribal religion. Opponents of bilingual training declare that college students with different major languages apart from Spanish are placed in Spanish classes somewhat than taught in their native languages 31 and that many bilingual teaching programs fail to teach students English.

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The effectiveness of lifestyle interventions within secondary prevention of cardiovascular system disease (CHD) remains unclear. cardiac occasions (5 of 9 tests; general RR 0.68 (95% CI 0.55 0.84 The heterogeneity between trials and poor quality of trials help to make any concrete conclusions difficult generally. However the helpful effects seen in this review are motivating and should stimulate further research. 1 WHI-P97 Introduction The World Health Organisation has stated that since 1990 more people worldwide have died from coronary heart disease (CHD) than any other cause . Further they reported that 80% to 90% Rabbit Polyclonal to LDOC1L. of people dying from CHD had one or more major risk factors associated with way of life. In the UK more than 90 0 deaths per year are due to CHD and although death rates are falling they are still among the highest in western Europe . Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes were initiated in the 1960s when the benefits of mobilisation and physical activity (PA) following lengthy hospital stays for CHD became known . Since then secondary prevention has become an essential aspect of care of the patient with CHD . Research has shown that lifestyle change including PA a healthy diet and smoking cessation alters the course of CHD [5-7] and so disease prevention measures have been designed to focus on a range of lifestyle factors. Indeed cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention programmes have developed from focusing on exercise alone to becoming multidisciplinary and encompassing baseline patient assessments nutritional counselling risk factor management (i.e. lipids hypertension weight diabetes and smoking) psychosocial and vocational counselling and PA guidance and exercise training in addition to the appropriate use of cardioprotective drugs . Multidisciplinary steps are advocated by governments around the world and in the UK the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) set out a series of guidelines in 2007 for care of patients who had had a myocardial infarction (MI) . The guidelines covered secondary prevention in primary and secondary care and were not focused solely on lifestyle interventions. They did however incorporate PA diet smoking and drug therapy and were based on systematic reviews of the best available evidence. Priority recommendations considered to have the most important effect on patient care and outcomes included that on discharge from hospital every MI individual should have experienced a confirmed diagnosis of acute MI results of investigations future management plans and guidance on secondary prevention. Also Good highlighted the importance of advice being given regarding regular PA in the form of 20-30 moments of exercise per day to the point of slight breathlessness. Patients should also be advised to stop smoking eat a Mediterranean style diet rich in fibre fruit vegetables and fish and follow a treatment regime with a combination of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors aspirin beta-blockers and statins. However despite the evidence that positive lifestyle changes produce improved outcomes results from a number of secondary prevention initiatives have been disappointing. In a systematic review of multidisciplinary secondary prevention programmes McAlister et al. reported that although WHI-P97 some beneficial impact was achieved on processes of WHI-P97 care morbidity and mortality questions remained regarding the duration and frequency of interventions and the best combination of disciplines within an intervention. The EUROASPIRE (European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events) surveys by the European Society of Cardiology have shown that this adoption of cardiovascular disease prevention measures as part of daily clinical practice was wholly inadequate and that unhealthy lifestyle styles are continuing. The authors commented on the difficulty experienced by adults in changing behaviour despite using a life threatening disease and that continued professional support was imperative if this was WHI-P97 to be achieved. Few previous WHI-P97 reviews of secondary prevention interventions have been published. McAlister et al. carried out a systematic review of RCTs of secondary. is the eighth of some articles predicated on presentations in the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Scientific Classes held 6?june 2008 in SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA California 10. in incidence regularly observed in 2005 among diabetic people aged <45 45 65 and >75 years-perhaps a sign that ESRD has been successfully avoided. There remain essential areas for treatment. Kim et al. (abstract 748) researched 3 239 Pima Indians aged 5-19 years. Microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria had been within 7 and 1% of non-diabetic and in 29 and 2% of diabetic kids respectively. Regression to normoalbuminuria was within 76% of non-diabetic but just 20% PF-03084014 of diabetic PF-03084014 youngsters whereas development to macroalbuminuria was noticed at annual prices <1% in non-diabetic youngsters with microalbuminuria but 4 and 12% in diabetics with albumin-to-creatinine ratios 30-100 and 100-300 mg/g respectively. Orchard and Costacou (abstract 973) likened 208 type 1 diabetics with intermittent versus continual microalbuminuria and discovered the second option group to become 14 times much more likely to advance to macroalbuminuria. Continual microalbuminuria was connected with higher A1C systolic bloodstream pulse and pressure. Cignarelli et al. (abstract 734) reported that among 407 type 2 diabetics there have been 55 topics with glomerular purification price (GFR) <60 ml/min of whom 76% had been normoalbuminuric. Although A1C lipids statin make use of and glycemic treatment had been similar in people that have GFR <60 vs. >60 ml/min the previous were old with bodyweight 67 vs. 82 kg and diabetes length 14 vs. 10 years. An et al. (abstract 743) studied 562 diabetic patients and reported that 151 had Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) GFR <60 ml/min of whom 44 had normoalbuminuria. Similarly of those not treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors 18 of 51 with GFR <60 ml/min had normoalbuminuria. Given this frequency the investigators suggested normoalbuminuria to be an early stage of diabetic nephropathy although it might also indicate renal disease. In a study of 2 99 Pima Indian type 2 diabetic patients Pavkov et al. (abstract 736) reported that among those with MDRD GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73m2 in 1982-1988 vs. 2001-2006 the proportion of subjects with normoalbuminuria increased from 9 to 18%. Improved antihypertensive therapies might be in part responsible. Katayama et al. (abstract 721) adopted 1 558 type 2 diabetics with urine albumin <150 mg/g creatinine for 8 years. Development to macroalbuminuria was 2.7- and 5.8-fold much more likely in people that have A1C 7-9 and >9% respectively weighed against A1C <7%. People that have systolic blood circulation pressure 120-140 and >140 mmHg got 2.3- and 3.6-fold higher probability of progression than people that have systolic blood circulation pressure <120 mmHg. Cigarette make use of was yet another risk element. Of these with microalbuminuria 30 became normoalbuminuric recommending great things about early and intensive blood pressure- and glucose-lowering treatment. Genes and nephropathy Kankova et al. (abstract 369) decided PF-03084014 polymorphisms in genes of the pentose phosphate pathway transaldolase glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase (TKT) as well as levels of the TKT cofactor thiamine in 623 diabetic patients with versus without nephropathy obtaining a specific TKT haplotype to be associated with more rapid nephropathy MTC1 progression and with a lower thiamine level. A study of thiamine supplementation in diabetic patients with this haplotype would be of great interest. Marcovecchio et al. (abstract 370) reported that levels of albuminuria among 933 diabetic patients aged 10-18 years were associated with a polymorphism of the gene encoding ELF1 a transcription factor regulating the expression of immune system and vascular genes. Advanced glycation end products Uribarri et al. (abstracts 255 and 371) found that in vitro expression of the advanced glycation end product receptor 1 (AGER1)-involved in advanced glycation end product (AGE) removal and prevention of AGE-induced inflammation and oxidative PF-03084014 stress-increased with 2-day but decreased with 14-day AGE exposure particularly to methylglyoxal. In diabetic patients and in nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. compounds are finding increasing power while spatial and temporal probes of biological behavior. a 26-fold fluorescent enhancement upon photolysis. Subsequently Kutateladze and coworkers explained a thioxanthone-based system that furnishes an up to 17-fold enhancement in response to photocleavage.3 Unlike enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which readouts (e.g. fluorescence) are continually amplified like a function of time photolysis generates a fixed amount of product. A large fluorescent switch in response to illumination reduces the amount of bioprobe required for visualization which in turn reduces the likelihood of undesired “observer effect”-induced alterations in cellular PSC-833 biochemistry.4 A case in point is the mitochondrion the so-called energy factory of the cell which includes several suborganelle compartments that may be targeted using particular amino acidity sequences. However provided the tiny size of the organelles targeting series over-saturation of the compartments can be done if huge quantities are necessary for visualization. With this concern at heart we initiated an application to judge a range of structural motifs to be able to recognize quenched fluorescent cassettes that provide a big fluorescent response upon photolysis. A collection of thirty-two modularly PSC-833 designed tripeptides of the overall framework 1 and 2 was ready (Graph 1). Fluorescein (3) and tetramethylrhodamine (4; TAMRA) analogs had been evaluated as the fluorophore component being that they are commonly used in cell-based research. The other factors that constitute the collection consist of two photolinkers (5 and 6) four different quenchers (7 – 9) and two sequences [fluorophore on the C-terminus (1) or on the N-terminus (2)]. The library was ready via solid stage synthesis accompanied by stepwise adjustment from the Lys and Cys aspect chains using the fluorophore and quencher respectively. All collection members had been HPLC purified (Fig. S-1) and eventually characterized. Fluorescent readings had been obtained ahead of and pursuing photolysis (Figs. S-2 – S-6). The fluorescein- and TAMRA-derivatized collection members are equipped in Desk 1. Our network marketing leads (Ac-Lys(Fl)-photolinker-Cys(Q)-amide where Lys(Fl) = 4 photolinker = 5 Cys(Q) = 7 8 “4-5-7” “4-5-8”) screen a larger than 300-fold fluorescent improvement upon photolysis. Graph 1 Quenched fluorescent cassette collection (1 and 2) produced from fluorophores 3 and 4 photolabile linkers 5 and 6 and quenchers 7 – 10. Desk 1 Light-Induced fluorescence adjustments (italics) from the quenched fluorescent cassette collection (see Graph 1 for buildings). One of the most amazing PSC-833 light-induced fluorescent improvements seem to be a rsulting consequence two structural features: First 7 and 8 deeper quench the fluorescence of fluorescein and TAMRA than 9 or 10 (which might be a rsulting consequence effective SQSTM1 FRET and collisional quenching) and therefore deliver a more substantial fluorescent response. Second nitrobenzyl-derivatives are humble quenchers of fluorescence aswell.5 Cassettes where photolysis detaches the PSC-833 nitrobenzyl-based photolinkers in the fluorophore- appended segment (e.g. 4-5-8) produce larger fluorescent changes than the related cassettes in which the nitrobenzyl linker remains associated with the flourophore (e.g. 8-5-4). These large fluorescent changes can be very easily observed using a hand held UV-vis light (video in Assisting Info) which both photolyzes the linker and excites the fluorophore. The building of “caged” compounds commonly relies upon transforming a biologically active varieties into an inert derivative via covalent changes of an essential functional group having a light sensitive moiety.1 However direct changes of a single key site for complete biological caging purposes is not always feasible. It occurred to us that an alternate approach for manipulating activity is definitely light-driven spatial control of the cellular distribution of the biological entity. For example mitochondrial localization sequences (MLS) as well as related varieties can be used to deliver activators (or inhibitors) to mitochondria. The crystal structure and absolute configuration of the two new title nelfinavir analogs C24H35ClN4O5 (I) and C27H39ClN4O5 (II) have been determined. refining to 0.967?(6) and 0.033?(8). In both orientations the NO2 group is twisted out of the plane of the phenyl ring; the major orientation is twisted out of the plane less [O1-N1-C3-C2; τ = 10.9?(4)°] than the minor orientation [O1a slight rotation around the N4-C24 bond the site occupancies refining to 0.811?(17) and 0.189?(17). Similar to (I) both six-membered rings of the deca-hydro-iso-quinoline group in (II) adopt a chair conformation with a dihedral angle between the best-fit planes of the cyclo-hexyl and piperidine moieties of 116.3?(17)°. There is one weak intra-molecular hydrogen-bonding inter-action in (II) involving the parameter of 0.036?(19) and the Hooft parameter of 0.03?(2) indicate that the absolute configuration of (II) has been assigned correctly. Table 2 Hydrogen-bond geometry ( ) for (II) Supra-molecular features ? The extended structure of (I) is a two-dimensional sheet of hydrogen-bonded mol-ecules extending in the plane (Fig.?5 ? O-H?O and N-H?O inter-actions; the details of these inter-actions can be found in Table?1 ?. The two-dimensional layers stack in an pattern along the crystallographic axis (Fig.?5 ? and layers allows them to inter-digitate. Figure 5 A plot of the packing of (I) viewed (axis showing a hydrogen-bonded two-dimensional sheet overlaid with the unit cell and (axis showing how two layers stack together along the axis. Only the major component of disordered … The extended structure of (II) is a one-dimensional chain of hydrogen-bonded mol-ecules extending parallel to the crystallographic axis (Fig.?6 ? O-H?O inter-actions the details of these inter-actions can be found in Table?2 ?. The one-dimensional chains are separated from the cumbersome deca-hydro-iso-quinoline groups as well as the additional hydrogen-bonding inter-actions (Fig.?6 ? axis displaying a hydrogen-bonded one-dimensional string and (axis displaying the way the one-dimensional chains pack collectively overlaid with the machine cell. Just the major element of disordered … Data source study ? A search from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data source (CSD; Bridegroom & Allen 2014 ?) results just three crystal constructions using the the substitution in the N-atom placement from the deca-hydro-iso-quinoline group. One substance includes a 3-amino-2-hy-droxy-4-(phenyl-sulfan-yl)butyl group with this placement (CSD refcode QONJUY; Inaba HCl (2?ml). The response was dried as well as the solid URB754 was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The merchandise was washed double with water as soon as with brine dried out over sodium URB754 sulfate and focused by rotary evaporation. The merchandise was purified by silica flash column chromatography (gradient of 0-8% EtOAc URB754 in DCM) to yield racemic 4 as a colorless oil (yield 423?mg 75 yield). 1H NMR (500?MHz CDCl3): δ 7.33-7.28 (complex 5 5.63 (= 6?Hz 1 5.06 (+ H]+ calculated for C11H15ClNO3 244.074 observed 244.0741 For the synthesis of compound (I) compound 5 (104?mg 0.233 was dissolved in methanol (15?ml) with URB754 10% palladium on carbon (74?mg 0.07 The solution was degassed for 30?min before being placed under URB754 1 atm of hydrogen and stirred for 2?h at room temperature. The reaction was filtered through celite dried to a solid and taken up in tetra-hydro-furan (5?ml). 2-Chloro-4-nitro-benzoic acid (52?mg 0.256 3 hydro-chloride (49?mg 0.256 and hy-droxy-benzotriazole hydrate (42?mg 0.256 were added and the reaction was stirred at room CASP3 temperature overnight. The reaction was taken up in ethyl acetate washed once with sodium bicarbonate and once with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The product was purified by silica flash-column chromatography (gradient of 0-3% MeOH in DCM) to yield (I) as a yellow solid (yield 77?mg 67 Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained from the vapor diffusion of pentane into a solution of compound (I) in ethyl acetate at room temperature. 1H NMR (500?MHz CDCl3): δ 8.41 (= 4?Hz 1 8.24 (= 2?Hz 1 8.13 (= 8.5?Hz 1 5.6 (= 12?Hz 1 1.8 (complex 20 13 NMR (500?MHz CDCl3): δ 174.16 167.06 148.39 142 132.8 130.18 124.96 121.56 70.4 68.29 59.09 57.54 51.27 43.27 35.83 33.55 31.02 30.86 28.39 26.19 25.52 20.18 HRMS (+ H]+ calculated for C24H36ClN4O5 495.2374 observed 495.2376 Compound (II) was synthesized through the inter-mediate chloro-methyl hydroxyl 7 (Fig.?2 ?). Chloro-methyl ketone 6. TRPM7 is an unusual bi-functional protein containing an ion channel covalently linked to a protein kinase website. deprivation surviving three times longer than crazy type mice; also RPTOR they displayed decreased chemically induced allergic reaction. Interestingly mutant mice have lower magnesium bone content compared to crazy type mice when fed regular diet; unlike crazy type mice mutant mice placed on magnesium-depleted diet did not alter their bone magnesium content material. Furthermore mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from TRPM7 kinase-dead animals exhibited increased resistance to magnesium deprivation and oxidative stress. Finally electrophysiological data exposed that the activity of the kinase-dead TRPM7 channel was not significantly altered. Collectively our results suggest that TRPM7 kinase is definitely a sensor of magnesium status and provides coordination of cellular and systemic reactions to magnesium deprivation. TRPM7 is an ubiquitously indicated protein that has an unusual structure: it contains both an ion channel and a protein kinase within a single polypeptide chain. TRPM7 is an essential gene and its knockout results in arrest of cell proliferation1 2 and early embryonic lethality in mice2 3 TRPM7 and its close homolog TRPM6 are the only known channel kinases in vertebrates and both have been implicated in rules of Mg2+ homeostasis (examined in ref. 4). TRPM7 and TRPM6 are known to form TRPM6/7 heterooligomers that could mediate relatively high Plinabulin magnesium currents in intestinal and kidney epithelia cells involved in mediation of magnesium uptake5 6 Several works showed that TRPM6 can form magnesium-permeable channels on its personal7 8 however other studies suggested that TRPM6 can function only like a TRPM6/7 heterooligomer6. TRPM7 ion channel website belongs to a family of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-related (TRPM) channels (examined in refs. 9 10 11 12 13 The biophysical properties of TRPM7 are relatively well characterized4. A number of works have established TRPM7 like a divalent cation specific channel that is permeable to a number of physiologically important divalent cations including Mg2+ and Ca2+ as well as to some harmful divalent cations. The TRPM7 channel is definitely constitutively active and is regulated by free intracellular Mg2+ and Mg-ATP1 14 15 The biophysical properties of heterologously indicated TRPM7 are quite well understood; less is known about native TRPM7 (examined in ref. 4). Endogenous TRPM7-like currents have been detected in all cell types examined therefore much5 6 16 A recent study found that endogenous TRPM7 currents assessed in human being embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) experienced an IC50 for intracellular Mg2+ comparable to heterologous systems17. Mg2+ is an abundant intracellular cation that takes on indispensible structural and practical functions in many cellular activities. The TRPM7 channel was suggested to provide a major mechanism of Mg2+ access into the cell therefore regulating both cellular18 and whole body Mg2+ homeostasis2. Deletion of Trpm7 results in severe proliferation problems in DT-40 cells19 as well as with embryonic stem cells2 consistent with the fact that proliferating cells require Mg2+. Indeed raising Mg2+ concentration in the growth medium fully rescues proliferation problems of Trpm7 mutant cells2 19 suggesting that the major part of TRPM7 is definitely regulating Mg2+ intake. Consistent with the key part of TRPM7 in proliferation of most cell Plinabulin types homozygous deletion of Trpm7 in mice causes early embryonic lethality2 3 In our earlier work we showed that TRPM7 kinase domain-deficient (Δkinase) embryonic stem cells do not proliferate in regular medium comprising 1?mM Mg2+ and their proliferation defect can be Plinabulin rescued by adding 10?mM Mg2+ to the medium2. These findings were verified in a report from another laboratory20 recently. Considerably Trpm7Δkinase/+ heterozygous mice are practical and develop Mg2+ insufficiency that may be rescued by extra eating Mg2+ 2 The function of TRPM7 kinase isn’t well grasped. The kinase area of TRPM7 belongs for an atypical alpha-kinase family members21. Alpha kinases usually do not screen series similarity to regular proteins kinases and so are in a position to phosphorylate residues within alpha -helices Plinabulin while regular kinases phosphorylate residues within unstructured and versatile locations22 23 The TRPM7. Background & seeks Swelling is a hallmark of tumor yet the systems that regulate defense cell infiltration into tumors stay poorly characterized. evaluation and Cox regression versions were put on estimate recurrence-free success (RFS) and general survival (Operating-system) for 259 HCC individuals. The expression degrees of CXCR2 ligands (CXCL-1 ?2 ?5 and ?8) were measured by real-time PCR and FG-4592 weighed against local defense cell denseness. The mixed prognostic value from the CXCR2-CXCL1 axis was additional evaluated. Abcc4 LEADS TO HCC cells CXCR2+ cells had been mainly neutrophils which were enriched in the peri-tumoral stroma (PS) area. Kaplan-Meier survival evaluation showed that improved CXCR2+cells were connected with decreased RFS and Operating-system (cell denseness as an unbiased prognostic element for Operating-system (hazard percentage [HR]?=?1.737 95 confidence period [CI]?=?1.167-2.585 CXCR2 expression in HCC tumors. a Consultant images display CXCR2+ cells stained brownish in non-tumor (NT) peri-tumoral stroma (PS) and intra-tumor (IT) areas in HCC cells. Black arrows reveal CXCR2+ cells. b The densities of CXCR2+ cells … Multiple immunofluorescence staining for CXCR2 and different immune system cell markers (Compact disc15 neutrophils; Compact disc68 macrophages; Compact disc3 T cells; S100 dendritic cells) was performed (Fig.?1c) and pictures were analyzed using the Vectra-Inform picture analysis program to calculate the percentage of CXCR2+ cells within each cellular subset in HCC cells. As demonstrated in Fig.?1 many CXCR2+ cells had been CD15+ neutrophils in the NT PS and IT parts of HCC cells (49.6?%?±?2.1?% 64 and 28.7?%?±?2.6?% respectively; cells; median FG-4592 denseness 10.87 PS (CXCR2+cells; median denseness 12.45 and IT (CXCR2+cells; median denseness 8.22 areas. Kaplan-Meier success analysis revealed a poor association between your denseness of CXCR2+cells as well as the RFS and Operating-system of individuals (cells was connected with a shorter RFS (median 15 and Operating-system (median 45 weighed against patients exhibiting a minimal CXCR2+cell denseness (median 32 and >72?weeks respectively). In individuals with a higher density of CXCR2+cells FG-4592 the 5-yr OS and RFS prices had been just 27.7 and 40.7?% weighed against 40.8 and 63.4?% in individuals with a minimal CXCR2+cell denseness respectively. Nevertheless no association was noticed for CXCR2+ cells in the NT or IT areas (Fig.?2). Fig. 2 Build up of CXCR2+ cells predicts poor success in HCC. Operating-system (cell denseness was connected with an raised threat of recurrence (HR?=?1.358 95 CI?=?0.989-1.866 cell density was found to become an unbiased prognostic factor for OS (Desk?2). Furthermore to CXCR2 the multivariate Cox proportional risks analysis demonstrated that serum AFP amounts also displayed an unbiased predictor of Operating-system (in 30 HCC tumor examples with matched up peri-tumoral and non-tumorous liver organ cells (Additional document 3: Shape S1) We also analyzed local immune system cell infiltration in the same examples by FG-4592 IHC staining for Compact disc3 Compact disc15 and Compact disc68. In keeping with our earlier findings Compact disc15+ cells and Compact disc3+ T cells (Extra file 4: Shape S2) were mainly enriched in the PS area encircling the tumor nest in the tumor advantage [13 23 Correlations between manifestation and the denseness of Compact disc3+ Compact disc15+ and Compact disc68+ cells in HCC cells were analyzed using Pearson’s relationship test. We recognized a positive relationship between the denseness of Compact disc68+ cells and manifestation (R?=?0.465; and manifestation (R?=?0.376 manifestation (R?=?0.391 Compact disc3+ and expression Compact disc15+ and Compact disc68+ cell densities in HCC cells. Relationship coefficients between manifestation and densities of every immune … Mix of CXCL1 and CXCR2 displays improved prognostic power for HCC Our above mentioned findings indicated how the denseness of CXCR2+ cells displayed a very important independent element for predicting the prognosis of HCC and CXCL1 was an integral ligand in charge of mediating neutrophil infiltration into HCC tumor cells. Consequently we examined if the mix of CXCR2 and CXCL1 displayed a far more effective requirements for predicting individual prognoses. To determine the relationship between CXCL1 expression and patient survival CXCL1 expression FG-4592 was also divided by the median CXCL1 object density per megapixel (median NT PS and IT CXCL1:.

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The first thing we want to do is define our variables. We want to take the information we have and define it in useful terms. We can relate all of the information back to a penny. Let P = number of pennies, N the number of nickels and D the number of dimes, then N = P - 7, and D = N + 4 =(P - 7) + 4 = P - 3 We must now use the next set of information given. The total is $3.35 or 335 cents. We know that the number of pennies, plus 5 cents times the number of nickels, plus 10 cents times the number of dimes will be equal to 335 P + 5N + 10D = 335 Now we we can plug in what we defined earlier and solve for P. Once you have found P, N and D make sure that you check that there are four more dimes than nickels, seven fewer nickels than pennies and the total value is $3.35

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shy, timid or cautious dogs avoid people, sounds, certain kinds of situations, etc. that frighten them. Often it is a personality trait ingrained in their DNA, it can also be a learned behavior for their past. They may seem depressed or disinterested and sometimes lunge or do barking displays to make what they’re afraid of go further away. Signs of fearful, shy, timid or cautious dogs may be one or all of the following: Ears flattened back to the head. - Cowering posture. - Shying away from interactions with other dogs and/or people. - Tail tucked between the legs. - Panting or shaking. - Dilated, glassy eyes. - Skulking, pacing, hiding, or escaping. - Whining or barking. - Raised hackles. - Fear of eye contact. - Sneering, nipping or biting. - Submissive urination. you’ve decided to share your life with a shy dog, take heart. This class will provide you information and techniques that can help you understand what your dog feeling and give you direction to help your furry friend. Some of the many topics that will be covered are: is my dog like this? my dog get better? can I do to help my dog with their fears? and participate is confidence building activities. coming to class make sure you have a few instruments to help you and your pet decent sized bag of high rewarding treats for your hungry dog. regular leash, four to six feet in length. easy walk harness. To Register for Classes Please Contact Shelley Kuglin at: 2018 Classes 2018 ($50/dog) Classes will be Scheduled Soon!!!

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A star exists in a delicate balance between the crushing force of gravity, on the one hand, and the push of incredibly hot gases on the other. This balance exists as long as there is fuel for the fusion process that powers the star. What happens when the star runs out of fuel? Then, gravity collapses the star. The more massive the star, the more drastic the collapse and the more condensed the remaining object. Cas A is the remnant of a star that exploded about 300 years ago. The X-ray image shows an expanding shell of hot gas produced by the explosion. Courtesy of NASA/CXC/SAO A star about the size of the sun: The collapse produces enough pressure to squeeze atoms right out of existence, leaving electrons and nuclei packed tightly together in an object about the size of Earth. The result is called a white dwarf. A star six to eight times larger than the sun: Upon exhausting its nuclear fuel, a star this large undergoes a catastrophic explosion as a supernova. (See Neutrino Astrophysics) The force of gravity in the leftover object is so strong that the electrons are jammed into the nuclei to make a neutron star, with a diameter of only about 16 km. A star ten or more times larger than the sun: At this size, the force of gravity collapses the neutron core right out of existence to form a black hole. Gravity near the black hole is so strong that nothing can escape, not even light. More precisely, any matter or radiation inside a sphere called the event horizon falls inward and cannot escape. (See drawing.) For a black hole with ten times the mass of the sun, the radius of the event horizon is about 30 km. History of Black Holes The existence of black holes was predicted well before the 20th century. About a hundred years after Newton worked out his theory of gravitation, the English astronomer John Michell recognized in 1784 the possibility that the gravity of a very large star might be so great that nothing, not even light, could escape it. In fact, a correct description of a black hole requires Einstein's general theory of relativity. Armed with this theory, Karl Schwartzschild in 1916 found a solution of Einstein's equations corresponding to the simplest kind of black hole. In the 1930s, other physicists, including Robert Oppenheimer, who later became the director of the Manhattan Project, produced more detailed calculations. John Wheeler coined the name “black hole.” After a Star's Gravitational Collapse Seeing Black Holes Text courtesy of NASA Astrophysicists measure how forces of extreme gravity operate near a black hole by mapping the distortions of space-time predicated by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. There are two classes of black holes: galactic black holes, the remains of massive stars 10-100 times the size of our Sun, and supermassive black holes, the powerhouses in the centers of galaxies that range up to billions of solar masses in size. Our own Galaxy harbors thousands of stellar black holes, and new observations show that most galaxies, including possibly our own, have a supermassive black hole at their core. Within both classes of black holes, space and time as we know it collapse. Thus, black holes are cosmic laboratories, allowing us to explore the ultimate limits of our physical laws and of gravity. Disk around a black hole in Galaxy NGC 7052. Hubble image courtesy of NASA A black hole and a companion star orbiting each other; the black hole pulls matter in from the star; this matter moves in a spiral and gives off a characteristic x-ray spectrum; drawing courtesy of NASA Rotating gas disk in M87; measurements of its rotation rate provide a mass for the central object, which is about three billion solar masses; image courtesy of NASA One unavoidable challenge when studying black holes, however, is that they're almost invisible. A black hole is defined by a surface called the event horizon, the point at which gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. The stellar matter itself is crushed into a singularity at the center, hidden behind the event horizon. The event horizon of a galactic black hole is only a few miles across. In supermassive black holes, it is only about the size of our Solar System. Supermassive black holes are likely the power source for Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), the bulging glow seen in many galactic cores. AGNs might be the result of a huge black hole gobbling up whole stars and pulling dust and gas from the nearby interstellar medium with such fury that the energy produced in this relatively small region (the size of our Solar System) outshines the entire galaxy. How do we go about observing black holes if they are so compact and emit no visible light? There are a couple of tricks. Stellar black holes are often part of a binary star system, two stars revolving around each other. What we see from Earth is a visible star orbiting around what appears to be nothing. In reality, it is orbiting around the black hole. We can infer the mass of the black hole by the way the visible star is orbiting around it. The larger the black hole, the greater the gravitational pull, and the greater the effect on the visible star. Another way we can “see” a black hole is by observing X-rays generated around it. Because a black hole has such a powerful gravitational force, a galactic black hole in a binary system can literally tear apart its companion star. Gas from the companion swirls into the black hole like water down a drain. The swirling gas is what we call an accretion disk. As the gas gets closer to the black hole, it heats up from the friction of ever faster moving gas molecules. just outside the black hole's event horizon, the gas heats to temperatures in the range of millions of degrees. Gas heated to these temperatures releases tremendous amounts of energy in the form of X-rays. Supermassive black holes also have an accretion disk that emits X-rays. This is formed not by a single star, as in a binary system, but by the great amounts of gas present in the regions between stars. In about 10 percent of supermassive black holes, jets of energized matter thousands of light-years in length shoot out in opposite directions. This can be detected in radio, visible, X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths. These jets accelerate matter to nearly the speed of light through a mechanism not well understood. From small to large-scale black holes, many questions abound: How is material fed directly into the black hole? How do jets form? Why do some black holes have jets, while many more do not? What keeps the jets powered for millions of years? Why are AGNs more common in the past than today? How do supermassive black holes participate in the formation and evolution of galaxies? What are the masses and spins of black holes? Exploring the Universe Text courtesy of NASA Different types of telescopes detect different types, or wavelengths, of light--from microwaves to visible light (what our eyes can detect) to high energy X-ray photons and gamma rays. Each wavelength band is important for composing a full view of the Universe. Optical telescopes, such as Hubble Space Telescope, generate brilliant images of stars and galaxies, both near and far. Hubble also measures the sizes, distances and compositions of celestial objects. Radio telescopes, however, were the first to detect quasars, extremely distant galaxies that emit incredible amounts of radio energy. Radio telescopes also provided the first evidence of planets outside our Solar System. Infrared telescopes have identified dust clouds between stars and galaxies, as well as “nurseries” for possible star formation. High energy gamma-ray telescopes have discovered the most energetic explosion since the Big Bang. Thus, the entire electromagnetic spectrum is important for a complete picture, because different objects emit the bulk of their radiation at different wavelengths. Black holes are best detectable at high energies—that is, in X-rays and gamma rays. Color composite of the supernova remnant E0102-72: X-ray (blue), optical (green), and radio (red). Hubble, Chandra, Australia Telescope Compact Array.. Courtesy of NASA An X-ray telescope collects photons created naturally in some of the most violent and energetic events in the Universe: such as supernova explosions and the rapid flow of gas under the extreme gravitational pull of a black hole. This mechanism for collecting photons is quite different from taking an “X-ray” of a broken bone. Unlike a medical X-ray machine, the X-ray telescope doesn't generate X-ray photons. Rather, it collects these tiny packets of high energy that form at extremely high temperatures. X-ray detectors on satellites are like the film in the doctor's X-ray machine. The Sun produces some X-rays, particularly during a solar flare. However, X-ray telescopes focus far beyond our Solar System and can study black holes, stellar explosions, galaxies that release great amounts of X-rays from their centers, and the pervasive, but optically invisible, hot gas that dominates space between stars and galaxies. Constellation X-ray Mission Text courtesy of NASA Like all X-ray telescopes, Constellation-X must be positioned in space because X-ray light does not penetrate the Earth's atmosphere. Yet, in designing Constellation-X, scientists wanted an X-ray telescope similar to the large Earth-bound telescopes to collect as much X-ray light as possible. These requirements led to the Constellation-X's unique multi-satellite design. The four satellites are light enough to be launched individually or in pairs, yet combine to provide a sensitivity 100-times greater than any past or current X- ray satellite mission. Essentially, scientists will be able to collect more data in an hour than they would have collected in days or weeks with current X-ray telescopes. We will learn about thousands of faint X- ray emitting sources, not just the bright sources available to us today. This is Constellation-X looking at E0102-72; Courtesy of NASA The multi-satellite design also saves money and reduces risk. It is less expensive to build and launch smaller, identical telescopes. And with separate launches for individual telescopes - or perhaps for pairs of telescopes, if the design permits - we avoid putting all our eggs in one rocket, so to speak. Constellation-X is modeled after the Keck Observatory, twin optical telescopes each 10 meters (33 feet) wide, positioned high atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Both observatories have superior collecting areas, or apertures, for analyzing the components of light. Both Keck and Constellation-X are the complements to the great high-angular-resolution space telescopes: the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory, respectively. No single telescope can do it all. Hubble, along with its many excellent features, provides fantastic images of distant galaxies with unprecedented clarity. The Earth-based Keck supports Hubble, however, by collecting enough light waves to study the gas in those distant galaxies. Likewise, the Chandra Observatory, to be launched by the year 2000, will have the best imaging resolution of any X-ray telescope so far. Scientists will then use the unparalleled data from Constellation-X together with Chandra in analyzing X-ray light and forming a more complete picture of the X-ray Universe. Constellation-X will document these objects and regions with images, and, more importantly, with spectra. Spectra, the soul of Constellation-X, are like the fingerprints of elements in far-away stars and dusty clouds of hot gas. These diagrams of spectral energy patterns can reveal almost every characteristic of a distant gas, solely from the light it emits. With high- resolution X-ray spectroscopy, we can zoom in to within a few kilometers of the border of a black hole, as close to the black hole itself as any observations can theoretically get. Spectra can be used to see how extreme gravity around a black hole affects the composition, pressure, density, temperature and velocity of the gas swirling into it. Spectra of black holes, supernova remnants and galaxy clusters provided by Constellation-X will be the next best thing to reaching out and touching these objects with our hands. Space. Time. Energy. The Constellation X-ray Observatory (or Constellation-X) is a next-generation X-ray telescope satellite that will investigate black holes, Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, galaxy formation, the evolution of the Universe on the largest scales, the recycling of matter and energy, and the nature of “dark matter” Planned as four individual X-ray space telescopes operating together, Constellation-X will help us understand the great mysteries of space, time and energy. Constellation-X's large X-ray collecting area and superior resolution, or clarity, will provide the most detailed, quantitative observations of the region surrounding a black hole. Data from current telescopes can take us near a black hole, but Constellation-X will take us to within a few miles of its edge. It will be able to measure the mass and spin of a black hole, two of its defining characteristics. Such measurements will enable scientists to begin to answer the many questions that remain about the formation and evolution of black holes, and about how the laws of physics behave in extreme environments. University of California at Berkeley Circinius Galaxy. Hubble. Courtesy of NASA University of Illinois Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Space Telescope Science Institute - The Truth about Black Holes (lesson plan)

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When Europeans first arrived in North America, they faced a cold new world. The average global temperature had dropped to lows unseen in millennia, and its effects were stark and unpredictable: blizzards and deep freezes, droughts and famines, and winters when even the Rio Grande froze. This period of climate change has come to be known as the Little Ice Age, and it played a decisive role in Europe’s encounter with the lands and peoples of North America. In A Cold Welcome, Sam White tells the story of this crucial period in world history, from Europe’s earliest expeditions in an unfamiliar landscape to the perilous first winters at Santa Fe, Quebec, and Jamestown. Weaving together evidence from climatology, archaeology, and the written historical record, White describes how the severity and volatility of the Little Ice Age climate threatened to freeze and starve out the Europeans’ precarious new settlements. Lacking basic provisions and wholly unprepared to fend for themselves under such harsh conditions, Europeans suffered life-threatening privation, and their desperation precipitated violent conflict with Native Americans. In the twenty-first century, as we confront an uncertain future from global warming, A Cold Welcome reminds us of the risks of a changing and unfamiliar climate.

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Mark was a first year student, when I was a third year student. The final year of law school, I was then President of the Student Bar Association. I, along with other SBA members, gave a presentation to the incoming class. In the audience was none other than the infamous Mark Small. I got to know Mark during that final year. One of my final acts on behalf of the student body was talking him into taking over as Editor of the Dictum, the law school newspaper. H e still holds a grudge about my getting him involved in the newspaper which did consume a lot of time while offering few rewards. |Mark Small (appropriately to the left) on Civil Discourse Now| I taught introductory classes at the University of Indianapolis and IUPUI for over 20 years. One of the things I taught was the basic structure of federalism. Basically it works like this. The Constitution contains a listing of powers that Congress has in Article I, Section 8. In order for the national government to pass a law, it has to be tied specifically to a power listed in Article I, Section 8. States on the other hand operate in the exact opposite way. States do not have specific delegations of power, but can pass laws unless there is a specific prohibition in the Constitution prohibiting states from passing those laws. These powers exercised by states are often called reserve powers. Both the national government and state government have autonomy in their respective areas. But if you draw a chart of the power of the national government and of the state, you will note there is an area of overlapping powers. In that area, when both the state and national government can legislate and choose to do so, the national law wins out due to Article VI's Supremacy Clause. For over 220 years our federal structure has remained the same. The only major change came with the ratification of the 14th Amendment in 1868 that was interpreted, on a case-by-case basis, as applying the protections in the Bill of Rights to the States. The concept of Federalism is actually quite simple. But for Mark Small, whose brain synapses have been firing only sporadically since that fateful year of 1975, Federalism exists no longer. First, Mark does not believe there are any limits whatsoever on the power of the national government under our Constitution. Let's forget the specific listing of national power in Article I, Section 8, Mark doesn't care if something Congress wants to do is not on that list. Mark believes Congress' power is limitless as long as it doesn't violate someone constitutional right as interpreted by the Court. (More on his view of the "evolving" Constitution later.) When it comes to States, Mark does not believe states have independent power in the Constitution. Rather he believes States are merely subunits of the Federal Government, purely administrative bodies with no actual independent legal authority beyond what the national government allows states to do. Our government began as a confederation under our first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, and became a federal one under our current constitution. Since our current Constitution has barely changed since it was adopted in 1789, how then does Mark conclude that our government has made a dramatic shift from being federal in nature to being a unitary system? It's hard to tell given when you talk to Mark about the Constitution you get a sense of a man trying to clear a room of fog by waving a broom around wildly. The fog goes where it wants to go despite the best efforts of the man. But as best I can tell Mark believes the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause and the already existing Supremacy Clause combined somehow to create a magic potion that transformed our federal system to being unitary in nature. Of course there are no actual court decisions that repealed our federal system and to this day Congress is still required to specify its authority to pass laws when it does act. Mark doesn't let facts get in the way of his view of how the state and national governments relate. When you move away from the topic of Federalism to the more general topic of how to interpret the Constitution in general, Mark's views get even more wacky. The actual words of the Constitution and history behind it have no meaning, according to Mark, because the document "evolves" over time. Take the 8th Amendment's prohibition on "cruel and unusual punishment" for example. In three places, the Constitution mentions "capital punishment," i.e. the death penalty. It is obvious that the Founding Fathers, who Mark likes to call the "Framers," did not intend to do away with the death penalty. Mark though doesn't care about the actual words of the Constitution or the history behind those words. To Mark, society has "evolved" and therefore the interpretation of the 8th Amendment should be changed by judges to ban the death penalty. Of course state legislatures already have the power to ban the death penalty and several have. Eighteen states don't have the death penalty, with Maryland being the most recent to prohibit capital punishment this year/ The elected legislators in those states apparently concluded that the death penalty is barbaric, not a deterrent, and/or is too expensive, and decided not to have it in their states. Bully for them. But for Mark leaving the decision of when society has "evolved" and the law should be changed in the hands of elected representatives of the people is wrong. Mark believes that judges are not only to interpret the constitution and laws, they should be free to enact policies that are good, even if it means twisting and ignoring the actual words of the Constitution. In Mark's world of jurisprudence, the actual words of the Constitution and its history are meaningless. Judges can enact whatever polices they feel is best with the only check being a higher court that might disagree on what those policies should be. With all due respect to my misguided friend, Mark Small, his view is elitist. He looks down on the notion of people governing themselves by electing representatives. He views elected legislators as not being very bright and the voters who put them in office as even dumber. Federal judges...now they are smart ones. Let them enact the laws, Mark says. Okay, he doesn't say that directly, but that is exactly the result of his philosophy of jurisprudence. In response to his view of the Constitution as "evolving" Mark will undoubtedly point to the change in technology which our Founding Fathers could never have envisioned. He will also point to the very difficult process of amending the Constitution to effect the changes that judges can make more easily by twisting words and ignoring history. But the problem with this argument is that it seeks to prove too much. By suggesting that the Constitution "evolves" and the document is "living" to be changed at a whim by judges, the position renders the document meaningless...a mere tool to be manipulated by smart judges who want the cloak of legitimacy when they by judicial fiat adopt "good" policies that the elected representatives are just too stupid to enact. Yeah, I don't buy that is the way our system works or should work.

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During the restoration of the Pretoria Railway Station in the early 2000s, a swastika was found in the plasterwork above the clocktower. In the article below, originally published on the Brand South Africa website on 19 March 2002, Lucille Davie unpacks some of the theories behind the Swastika. She also takes an in depth look at the restoration process. Click here to view more of Davie's work. Renowned British architect Herbert Baker, when designing the Pretoria Station 92 years ago, had a swastika inserted into the plasterwork above the clock in the tower, erected in the centre of the roof of the gracious building. This building was completed in 1910, but most of us associate the swastika with Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, so what’s this all about? There are conflicting views as to how Baker’s swastika – albeit a straight-up swastika instead of a tilted Nazi swastika - ended up above the clock in the building. One view says that Baker was fascinated by symbols, but they appeared more in his writings than in his buildings. Another says that what was originally intended for the building - a tableaux of a man, woman, elderly woman and child – didn't make it to the building, with a suggestion that money or time constraints led to the swastika replacing this symbol. Instead this tableaux ended up on Baker’s Union Buildings in Pretoria instead, completed in 1913. Still another view says that the four arms of the swastika were chosen to represent the four colonies, as a symbol of unification in the celebrations when South Africa became a union in 1910. Pretoria Station Swastika We’ll never know which opinion is correct, but what we do know is that the symbol has been around since 3000 BC, found in images in Europe and Asia. Furthermore, the word swastika is Indian and is a symbol of prosperity and good fortune. It originally represented the revolving sun, fire or life. It was widely used in Mesopotamian coins, and in early Christian and Byzantium art, as well as South and Central American art. It is also believed to have been used by the Navajo Indians in North America. It is still used today in Buddhism and Hinduism. Last February the Station burnt down, or at least most of its roof burnt down, including the elegant clock tower. When the restoration process started last June, one of the first jobs was to restore the clock tower and its weathervane, and in the process the swastika was discovered. The red copper weathervane fell off in 1983 and was never found. It had a charming locomotive on its apex, and at a cost of R10 000, the weathervane and the locomotive now sit again at the very top of the building. The clock face, originally made of cast iron and 1.5 metres in diameter, has now been replaced. While the workers were up in the sky, the beautiful copper copula was cleaned and polished, for the first time in 92 years. The restored clocktower (The Heritage Portal) The fire started last February as an indirect result of a signalling problem down the line from Pretoria. Commuters on the station became more and more impatient, and by 6.30pm, 6 000 commuters had been waiting for their connections for over an hour. It is believed that a small group – 12 have been charged with arson and vandalism – began attacking station property and staff. This group, after throwing bins onto the tracks, stones and fire extinguishers through windows, entered the waiting room and set fire to the curtains, carpets and chairs. While the crowds managed to leave the area via different exits, the fire quickly spread, moving up through two skylight wells on either side of the waiting room. It reached the roof and spread very quickly along the old eaves, destroying almost 100% of the roof, an area of 1 800 square metres. It took firemen with 14 fire engines until 4am to put out the fire, and although most of the building was not damaged, the walls and floors were thoroughly drenched. Pretoria Railway Station after the fire (Intersite Property Management Services) In June contractors were appointed to restore the buildings, through a selection process based on previous work on fire damage, restoration of historical buildings and black empowerment credentials. “The first step in the restoration process was intensive research of what the building was and is at the moment,” says architect José Ferreira, of RFB Consulting Architects, one of the contractors. Baker’s initial drawings were found. Over the years the South African Railways had added internal structures and replaced the wooden parquet tiles in the entrance hall with klompie brick tiles. These had to be replaced, but Ferreira says it took quite a bit of research on Baker’s other buildings to establish his preferred patterns and shapes for the replacement tiles. These replacement quarry tiles are now in place, emulating the patterns of the parquet and completing the splendour of the tall, arched entrance hall. The magnificent arched entrance hall (The Heritage Portal) It was hoped that the restoration would be complete by December 2001 but this was delayed by several factors. Plaster on the walls and ceilings had fallen off and the porous bricks had to be given time to dry out. But in October and November Pretoria experienced heavy rains which meant the bricks needed longer to dry out. But even once the bricks were dry, re-applying the plaster proved difficult. The bricks are old and made from lime mortar, and modern cement plaster is not compatible with them. Experiments were done to establish the correct mix to make the bricks and plaster compatible. This was not the only problem. Over the years the upper part of the beautiful sandstone façade had been painted a pale sand colour to blend with the lower rough stone colour. Once restoration started, it was suggested that the paint be stripped and the original façade be restored, instead of another coat of paint being applied. Old photo of the Pretoria Railway Station (South African Builder Magazine) The investigation revealed that in order to make the paint adhere to the stone, the painters had sealed the sandstone with an industrial sealant. This had subsequently seeped into the stone, causing the sand particles to separate. Furthermore, the sealant was of a non-breathing variety and prevented the natural process of evaporation of water. This water accumulates and over time causes deterioration of the stone, leading to a further separation of the stone particles. As a result, it was impossible to consider removing the paint and risking further deterioration. It was decided to renew the paint, this time using a breathable system which allows for moisture evaporation. Reconstruction of roof The reconstruction of the roof posed special problems, relating to Baker’s original design of the roof. The timber used for the original roof was Baltic deal or Scandinavian pine, and while efforts were made to replace the trusses with this timber, cost and time considerations made this impossible. Instead, local high-quality laminated pine was used. At the back of the building the roof curves. This meant that almost every truss inside the roof on the curved section had to be individually measured and cut to fit its particular place. Where possible, every effort was made to re-use the original roof timber. The roof tiles were also a challenge. A mould for them and a specialised cutting machine were imported from Italy, and the tiles had to be purpose-made. “Baker had skilled craftsmen to do this work, but we have had to study his drawings carefully and brief the builders and manufacturers precisely,” says Ferreira. A brickmaker from Italy was brought in to assist with the details. Several runs of the rounded red tiles were made before the correct colour was obtained, and now, says Ferreira, when the new tiles are compared with a section of tiles at the back that survived, “no one can tell the difference”. And now, with completion a mere two weeks away, has the restoration been successful? “Yes, we are very happy with what has been done, it looks stunning,” says Annette Lindeque, acting regional manager at Intersite Northern Gauteng. Intersite is the company that manages and develops all metropolitan railway stations on behalf of owners the South African Rail Commuter Corporation. “We were shocked and stunned when it happened but it has sparked the restoration process, which was necessary – the fire has provided opportunity,” adds Lindeque. The restored Pretoria Railway Station (The Heritage Portal) The area opposite the station is also to be revamped. At present it is an attractive garden but will be re-designed, and is to be declared a maximum control area, which means that hawkers will not be allowed use the garden for trading. They are to be moved to another area and supplied with water, and lights and stalls. The road between the station and the garden is to be closed off and raised to enhance pedestrian safety. Parking will be constructed to the east of the garden, and land and buildings around the station will be developed, some for informal traders. A budget of R18-million has been carefully used for this restoration and although compromises had at times to be made, “the quality is great”, says Ferreira. Part of that budget was spent on a fire detention system that links directly to the city’s emergency systems, says Lindeque. The signalling systems down the line are to be upgraded as well. The Pretoria Station was the first public building Baker designed and built in South Africa - mostly he’d built houses and churches - and is believed to be a try-out for the techniques he used in designing and building the grand and gracious Union Buildings several kilometres from the Station. Old photo of the Union Buildings via ARRA When South Africa was on the brink of becoming a union in 1910, it was decided to use excess funds that the Transvaal government had, instead of surrendering them to the new central government. A competition was held to find an architect for the Station. When none of the entries were approved, the competition was abandoned, and Baker, who was one of the competition judges, was awarded the commission. Baker began his sketches on 17 March 1909 and completed the drawings five months later, on 11 August. The Station replaced the old station which was built to receive the first steam trains into Pretoria, in 1893. A plaque commemorating the opening of the building (The Heritage Portal) The Station has some 70 000 passengers pass through its entrances every day, most to catch a train to work, some to take a coach out of town, some to board the luxurious Blue Train to Cape Town, many, it is hoped, to take the controversial R7-billion high-speed Gautrain when it’s completed in 2006. [the Gautrain eventually cost R26-billion, and hit the tracks in 2010] Commuters will shortly walk on beautiful quarry tiles through brand-new teak doorways, and station workers will open polished teak doors with brass knobs, and enjoy the high arches and shiny, new marble columns. They can enjoy coffee at the new coffee shop or buy a fresh croissant at Butterfields Bakery on the concourse. Plaque commemorating the restoration of the Pretoria Railway Station (The Heritage Portal) Lucille Davie has for many years written about Jozi people and places, as well as the city's history and heritage. Take a look at lucilledavie.co.za.

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Read more about Eye Allergies 1. Seasonal and Chronic Eye Allergies Millions of Americans face symptoms associated with eye allergies: itchy, red, watery eyes. Eye allergies can cause discomfort and disrupt your daily activities. An experienced Chicago optometrist can help you explore treatment options to alleviate the symptoms so that you can find relief during allergy season. 2. Causes of Eye Allergies Why are you experiencing these symptoms? The body is responding to an allergen in the environment. These allergens are present both indoors and outdoors. Common substances that cause allergic responses include pollen, grass, pet dander, and dust. If you have an allergic reaction, then the body responds by releasing histamines and other chemicals to protect your eyes. This chemical reaction causes the eyes to become itchy and watery to flush the allergens. Additionally, the blood vessels often swell, resulting in red eyes. 3. Types of Eye Allergies There are two common types of eye allergies: seasonal and perennial. - Seasonal Eye Allergies: The most common type of allergy, affecting people during certain seasons of the year. For example, allergy symptoms are often experienced during the spring and summer months when the trees and flowers are in full bloom. - Perennial Eye Allergies: If you experience allergies regardless of the seasonal changes in Chicago, then you likely have a perennial condition. Often, these eye allergies are caused by compounds that are present year-round, such as pet dander, dust, air pollution, cigarette smoke, and strong odors. 4. Symptoms of Eye Allergies Even though there are two types of eye allergies, the symptoms are often similar. Common symptoms include itching, watery eyes, swelling, burning, redness, blurry vision, and increase eye mucous production. These symptoms will continue until the allergen has been removed or treatment is used to manage the histamine response. The causes of allergy symptoms vary for each person. You can pay attention to the times when your allergies are triggered to identify the compounds that are causing the reaction. Medical tests, such as a pin pricking allergy test, can be done to determine the allergy levels for each compound. 5. Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Allergies An optometrist in Chicago can usually complete an allergy diagnosis based on the symptoms of the patient. Confirmation of this diagnosis might be done with a slit lamp to determine dilation of the blood vessels and swelling of the eye tissues. The most effective treatment is minimizing exposure to an allergen. Your doctor might suggest that you stay inside during the times when the pollen count is high to minimize exposure to the eyes. Additionally, wearing sunglasses can reduce the risk of pollen entering the eyes. At home, allergens should be reduced by removing pets from the home and using thorough cleaning techniques to remove the dust and dander in the house. If you wear contact lenses, then it is best to discontinue the use of these lenses while the symptoms are flaring. Also, it can be helpful to use either over-the-counter or prescription medications. Antihistamines, decongestants, and/or artificial tears can offer relief for the symptoms. Your optometrist will help you identify the best treatment for your situation.

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Few aspects of land ownership and usage are more contentious than the complex legislation relating to footpaths and rights of way. As Saskia Arthur, a partner in City lawyers Boodle Hatfield, explains, there are a number of different ways in which members of the public, or others, may have rights over your land. The title to your property (if it’s registered with the Land Registry) will record any private rights of way, which are generally restricted to a specific group of people such as neighbouring property owners, and are not meant for the public at large. These will usually specify whether the right may be exercised on foot, with or without vehicles, and possibly with or without animals or machinery. However, it’s worth noting that in one recent dispute over a specific right of way relating to a very remote piece of land, the court decided that the drafting of the right of way gave the user a right to park— although in different circumstances, the interpretation might be different. Public rights of way give the general public a right to use a designated part of your land as a highway at any time, and these are shown on ‘definitive maps’, which show the rights that exist at the time the map was drawn. Sometimes, however, the maps are not so definitive, as not all rights are recorded,a situation that can lead to protracted and costly disagreements. Based on the presumption of ‘once a highway, always a highway’, Natural England and other organisations have been keen to identify lost ways and have them recorded, but now Government funding for such projects has been abandoned. Four types of public right of way are recorded on definitive maps, which can be checked with your local authority: 1. Footpaths—may be used on foot only 2. Bridleways—may be used on foot, on horseback, while leading a horse or riding a pedal cycle 3. Restricted byways—may be used on foot, on horseback, while leading a horse or using a vehicle that is not mechanically propelled 4. Byways open to all traffic (BOATs) — may be used on foot, on horseback and with or without motorised or other vehicles. Some public rights of way remain in force until they’re closed or diverted, which may require action by the local authority, a court or Government department, or even an Act of Parliament. This can be lengthy and expensive, with no guarantee of the eventual outcome.

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Deduplication technology is essential to every company’s data backup process, especially when it comes to managing big data. It is designed to eliminate redundant data in a storage system, and reduce the amount of data that must be stored as a backup. When it comes to data security, deduplication is the fastest way to generate a return on investment because it enables an organization to decrease the amount of storage to buy and maintain. Data deduplication also enables an organization to: - increase network bandwidth with the reduction of copies needing to be transmitted over the network - perform faster recoveries, and avoid as much interruption to operations and productivity as possible - preserve the ability to comply with legal and corporate storage requirements without needing to purchase additional storage Can source dedupe or target dedupe from your backup application meet your needs? That will depend on your organization’s backup environment. Check out the descriptions of each type of deduplication below to decide which function is best suited for your organization. As the name suggests, source deduplication occurs at the source or at the server or application layer. This type of deduplication is best suited to use at remote offices for backup to a central data centre or the cloud. It is also an ideal backup solution for environments with a low daily data change rate. Source deduplication is considered the slower of the two functions because it creates additional workload for the client device. Benefits of source deduplication include: - Source deduplication reduces the amount of data transferred over a network to a target storage location by 10 to 20 times - It eliminates a potential transmission bottleneck, particularly in scenarios where existing networks are already running at near capacity or where you are carrying out remote office backups over limited-bandwidth communications lines - Source deduplication can be effective for all types of stored data whether they are application-aware or not Target deduplication takes place after the source has been backed up, at the target storage location. Since target deduplication provides faster performance for large data sets, it is typically used by large companies and fewer bandwidth constraints. Unlike source deduplication, target deduplication does is usually carried out with a hardware appliance. Benefits of target deduplication include: - Target deduplication is a great way to enhance existing tape based backup infrastructures due to its simple integration with existing backup applications. - The initial backup at the source can be completed more quickly by moving CPU-intensive deduplication off the source machine, shortening the backup window. - It provides an easy starting point for organizations interested in reducing backup windows, enhance data protection, and increase productivity in the data center without making significant alterations to their backup environment. If your company is not already utilizing data de-duplication in your backup and recovery process, now is the time to consult a vendor that offers it as feature within their appliance. The new NetBackup Intelligent Deduplication architecture in NetBackup 7.6 delivers faster, more resource-efficient, and more reliable deduplication performance. Included in the update is a self-healing architecture that further extends and maintains data integrity. If you are interested in learning more about Symantec NBU 7.6, and its other great capabilities, click the button below to request a consultation with Dewpoint. Tags: Backup and Recovery

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If you think that your application may be used internationally, it has to work with any choice of Windows Regional Setting, on any language version of Windows, and with any language choice for the Excel user interface. If you are very lucky, all your potential users will have exactly the same settings as your development machine and you won't need to worry about international issues. However, a more likely scenario is that you will not even know who all your users are going to be, let alone where in the world they will live or the settings they will use. Any bugs in your application that arise from the disregarding or ignoring of international issues will not occur on your development machine unless you explicitly test for them. However, they will be found immediately by your clients. The combination of Regional Settings and Excel language is called the user's locale, and the aim of this chapter is to show you how to write locale-independent VBA applications. To do this, we include an explanation of the features in Excel that deal with locale-related issues, and highlight areas within Excel where locale support is absent or limited. Workarounds are provided for most of these limitations, but some are so problematic that the only solution is to not use the feature at all. The rules provided in this chapter should be included in your coding standards and used by you and your colleagues. It is easy to write locale-independent code from scratch; it is much ...

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Since the children start to learn the cello from the age of 3 - 4 years at The Cello Corner when they typically don't read or write yet, they also don't read music yet. At a later stage, however, when they are halfway through the first book, they do start reading music. Later, once the child starts to play in other positions than just the first position we use 'Position Pieces' by Rick Mooney. The children enjoy playing this book as it contains quizzes which helps them understand and memorize the geography on the cello and the duos for two cellos can be sight read, every chapter concentrating on one new position. Musicianship is part of the group lessons as it makes learning new pieces easier and makes the whole concept of music clearer. Material used is 'Hey Presto! Music Theory for Cellists'. For the younger children (4-5 years old) we use Theory Made Easy For Little Children. Aural training is considered very important. It starts of course right at the beginning. You can find where to buy the books here.

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Shooting lasers at the sky can make the germ of a rain cloud, a new study shows. In an experiment that smacks of science fiction, scientists used a high-powered laser to squeeze water from air, both indoors and out. Although the technique is unlikely to be an instant rainmaker anytime soon, it could plant the seeds for more eco-friendly cloud manipulation. "This is the first time that a laser was used to condense water from both laboratory experiments and from the atmosphere," says Jérôme Kasparian of the University of Geneva, a coauthor of the study. The work appeared in the May 2 Nature Photonics. Atmospheric scientists have been trying to build artificial clouds since the 1940s, with mixed success. The most popular method, shooting particles of silver iodide into the sky, relied on the fact that raindrops need something to condense around. "It's just like when you take a shower with hot water – it's very humid in your bathroom, but it's not raining,” Kasparian says. Water droplets need a surface to condense on, like a mirror in a bathroom or a speck of dust or pollen in the atmosphere. Previous experimenters hoped droplets would form around flakes of silver, salt or other materials just like on a bathroom mirror. "The idea is, you provide more condensation nuclei, you get more condensation," Kasparian says. "It seems obvious, but in practice no one could really prove that it works." Kasparian and colleagues took inspiration from a mist-making apparatus that was invented in 1911 to detect cosmic rays, highly energetic subatomic particles that come from deep space. A physicist named Charles Wilson noticed that when cosmic rays strike a sealed container filled with water vapor, they leave a visible trail of water droplets behind them. This works because the cosmic rays knock electrons off the water molecules, leaving behind charged particles that act like specks of dust for water to congeal around. "Our idea was to mimic what happens in a Wilson chamber," Kasparian says. "If you get some condensation with cosmic rays, we should get even more condensation with a laser." Kasparian and his colleagues tested this idea by shooting a high-powered infrared laser into a cloud chamber. The laser shot extremely short pulses of intense light, which each carrying several terawatts – or a trillion watts – of energy. The view fogged up immediately. Droplets about 50 micrometers in diameter formed first, and grew to about 80 micrometers in diameter over the next three seconds. "The effect in the cloud chamber was very spectacular and visible by bare eye," Kasparian says. "We expected an effect, definitely. But that magnitude was pretty much a surprise." Next, the researchers took the laser out in the backyard to try it on the sky. They rolled the laser, called "Teramobile" for its terawatt power and its mobility, onto the lawn behind the physics building at the Free University of Berlin on several nights in the fall of 2008. The clouds, if they formed, would be too distant to see with the naked eye, so the team used a second laser to confirm the cloudy view. "It also worked quite well in the free atmosphere," Kasparian says. "That was quite surprising, and a very good surprise." Kasparian thinks lasers could provide a more reliable and environmentally friendly way to build clouds. "If you can seed clouds and get some control or at least modulation on the weather, the implications are huge for agriculture, many other economic sectors, many aspects of human life," Kasparian says. "There are potentially huge consequences." "It is a clever technique," says John Latham of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. But he's skeptical that laser-built clouds could actually make it rain on demand. "Rainfall production requires many conditions to be met," he cautions. Image: Jean-Pierre Wolf/University of Geneva

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space-station-safety-networkOur solution is to install a sensor network on board space stations that would help in detection of space debris and environment fluctuations as well as aid in damage inspection. In case of space debris, the sensor network would also send direct commands to the crew to avoid on coming objects. This project is solving the Sensor Yourself challenge. Description General Network Workings -A sensor network that provides full surface coverage is installed on the space station -Each node contains a cluster of useful sensors 1. Temperature sensor 2. Atomic oxygen sensor 3. Pressure sensor 4. Ultrasonic sensor 5. Speed sensor 6. IR camera 7. Visible light camera 8. Humidity sensor other sensors can also be added -Data collected from these sensors is constantly analyzed and compared against default readings -When a deviation is detected the sensors at the area of interest are sampled at a higher frequency in order to help quickly determine the danger and/or damage. This also produces a more accurate and insightful event report. -Cameras located closest to the area of interest can be used to further inspect any damage. Space Debris in Depth -Because space debris can cause a lot of considerable damage and require speedy action, we have decided to directly send alert signals to the crew whenever an ultrasonic and/or a speed sensor detect motion. These alert signals will include the object’s velocity and distance, time of impact, as well as appropriate commands (e.g. “Move Right”). -The crew can use the cameras in order to see and learn more about any oncoming object. Furthermore, Cameras are also wired to start automatically recording whenever motion is detected. -We hope that the installation of our safety network would aid in decreasing environment related disasters in space. We modeled our solution around a space station, but the same network can also be installed on board satellites, probes, or any space shuttle. License: GNU Affero General Public License 3.0 (AGPL-3.0)"

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We use many different chemicals in the workplace. We need them to produce our products and do our jobs. But often these materials can be hazardous to health and safety unless we take proper precautions when handling them. This session will discuss the steps you can take to safely handle the materials you work with so that you can prevent accidents, injuries, and illness. Why “Safe Chemical Handling” Matters: Recognizing hazards associated with the materials you use reduces the risk of accidents. Knowing how to find health and safety information about these materials lets you know what to do in case of a chemical emergency. Understanding the required precautions for handling hazardous chemicals ensures that you’re handling chemicals legally and safely. Knowing what to do in a chemical emergency. - Most materials can be hazardous in some way. - You can avoid injuries and illness if you know how to safely handle all materials. - Always wear required personal protective equipment (PPE) and follow established safety procedures. - Know what to do in the event of an emergency involving the hazardous/reactive materials.

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Leeanna McLean | The Weather Network Every year as summer comes to a close in the Northern Hemisphere, the September full moon rises and because it occurs closer to the autumnal equinox than the October full moon, it’s called the Harvest Moon. Here are 7 fun facts about this week’s Harvest Moon. - Full moons have names corresponding to calendar months or seasons of the year, which dates back to early Native American tradition. Distinctive names were given to each recurring full moon so tribes were able to keep track of the seasons. As a result, the September full moon is also called the “Full Corn Moon,” because it marks when corn was supposed to be harvested. - Depending on the year, the Harvest Moon can come anywhere from two weeks before or two weeks after the autumn equinox. - On average, the moon rises 50 minutes later each day. However, for several days before and after the full Harvest Moon, it rises 25 to 30 minutes later across the U.S., and only 10 to 20 minutes later for much of Canada and Europe, according to the Farmer’s Almanac. - Friday’s spectacle will also be a supermoon, that is, when the moon is full, it is within 90 per cent of its closest distance to Earth for the month. However, this isn’t the closest full moon of 2016. That doesn’t occur until Nov. 14. - While people may say Friday’s Harvest Moon will look bigger than usual, that is certainly not the case. When the moon is seen low on the horizon, the human eye and brain combine to create an optical illusion known as the moon illusion, whereby the moon viewed close to the horizon seems larger than when seen overhead. Cover the moon with a dime at arm’s length and you will see there is no difference. - This year’s Harvest Moon is special because it will also be a penumbral lunar eclipse as it passes through the outer edge of the Earth’s shadow. This means, we won’t see the glorious crimson of a total lunar eclipse. However, it will be visible to varying degrees anywhere in eastern Europe, eastern Africa, most of Asia and western Australia. - The last time the Harvest Moon perfectly coincided with the autumnal equinox was in 2010 and this won’t happen again until 2029. The 2016 Strawberry Moon was the first to coincide with the June solstice in decades, and the first to be visible in all of Canada since 1948. This must-see will fill the sky on Sept. 16. Photo Credit – Courtesy: Thomas Goray — September 26, 2015 — Ladywood, Manitoba

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Bible: We use The Beginner's Bible curriculum for this portion of our day, alternating from year to year between Old Testament and New Testament. This year we will be studying the Old Testament. We began the year working on the ideas of Who Is God? and What Is The Bible? Now we are moving fully into the OT curriculum, beginning with creation. Grace and Courtesy: We have spent much time this first month working on habits that are gracious and courteous and that help keep the classroom running smoothly. The children have been learning to respond quickly to the bell, giving the teacher their full attention in order to receive instructions. The bell is our primary classroom management tool, as it is quick and easy, as well as being portable for field trips and for play time at the park. The students have been mastering other practical and polite skills such as being careful with our books, walking in the classroom, pushing in their chairs and walking around a friend's activity, rather than through or over it. In addition, we have worked on other courteous manners such as shaking hands, greeting the teachers with good eye contact and a "big" voice, standing when an adult enters the classroom to visit, and answering the teachers with "Yes, Mrs. _______" rather than "yeah." We are so impressed with how all of the children are doing in this area! Literacy: Our days have been full of books and songs as we strive to enrich the children's emerging vocabulary and grasp of the complex English language. We are enjoying clapping the rhythm of our names and objects in the classroom. At this point, it is just a fun game, but it is actually training the children's ears to hear distinct syllables in the language. We have started our formal introduction of the letter names and sounds, and will continue working our way through the alphabet. We use a phonics-based method of instruction, so much emphasis is placed on learning the sound each letter makes, not only its name. We use primarily lower case writing in the classroom since this is how most of English is written. Please keep in mind that this is an introduction, only. In no way are we expecting that our 3- and 4-year-olds are mastering this skill. In keeping with the Montessori philosophy, the information is offered and available, but we wait on the child to show his or her readiness. And when it comes to reading, the span of readiness is huge! Some children come to us reading at age 3, and some children are ready to read around age 5 or 6. There is no rush right now! September was Shel Silverstein's birthday, so we have enjoyed some of his books as well, especially The Giving Tree and The Missing Piece. Our Kindergarten students have begun independent writing in their personal journals. This is a fun way to see each child's progress through the year! Math: This particular group of students has a fairly firm math foundation in place already, so we are just moving right along. The children are in various stages of learning numeral recognition, producing accurate quantities, mastering written numerals, grasping the idea of place value as well as understanding concepts of addition and subtraction. This is an enormous range of skills because we have a wide range of ages and abilities. Please don't worry if your child isn't doing any or all of these activities yet. We also are working on "non-numeral" math skills such as shape recognition, pattern recognition and categorizing. These are vital to future math success and can be introduced in fun ways with this age group. Science: This year's science curriculum will focus on the vertebrate family in the animal kingdom: mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians and birds. We will finish the year with some time on invertebrates. Right now we are learning about mammals and learning specifically about squirrels; bats will be up next. Our look at these animals will also tie in to our study of the changing seasons and hibernation. Is your child able to tell you something that makes an animal a mammal? (Has fur/hair, has a backbone, is warm-blooded, mother's body makes milk for babies, babies are born live-except the platypus and echidna). We learned that a squirrel home is called a drey and that it has two rooms, one of which is a nursery for the babies! The Kindergarten group will be kicking off their science lessons soon with a look at gravity. Social Studies: Social studies is highly integrated into our entire curriculum, from Bible to science, as we look at cultures, geography and animals from around the world. We began with a brief introduction to globes and maps, and we are working on learning the names of the seven continents. We do not believe that children at this age require "diversity" instruction; the integrated nature of this area of study just naturally teaches children about many different regions and cultures and peoples. In keeping with our Bible curriculum, we are learning that all of God's creation is valuable and precious. Music: In addition to enjoying many songs in class as we prepare for our harvest performance, we are working on the idea of rhythm as a "sound pattern," and we are learning how to use our classroom set of bells. The bells allow the child to create beautiful music, while developing a strong pincer grasp and good self-control. Eventually the bells are used to introduce the names of the notes in the C Major scale and to train the child's ear to hear matching tones. Along with all of this joyful noise, we are also teaching the children the importance of "finding silence." We do some brief deep breathing to calm our bodies and then just enjoy a few moments of silence in the classroom. In our noisy, overwhelming world, this is a valuable skill for all of us to learn and practice on a regular basis. THINGS WE THINK: This section will be used each month in a variety of ways, such as to highlight a particular area of our curriculum, to answer common parent questions or to provide developmentally appropriate parenting tips. Please comment or email if you have any particular topics you'd like to see addressed! We will begin this month with a look at our Bible curriculum and our approach to Biblical instruction for this age group. As you well know, it is an awesome privilege and responsibility to deliver God's Word to a child. At Little Lambs we use The Beginner's Bible curriculum that is designed to offer a scripture verse each week, highlighting a certain character trait as illustrated form a story in the Bible. We read the story on Monday and begin practicing the verse. On Tuesday and Wednesday we have more stories that highlight Monday's lesson, as well as more practice on the week's memory verse. On Thursday, the students have a chance to recite the verse in front of the class, and then they have a picture to color and take home. This year we are studying the Old Testament (with a brief journey into the New Testament at Christmas and again at Easter). The OT allows us to delve into the character of God as powerful, strong, loving and eternal, and it lays a foundation for children and adults to learn what God expects of us. However, the OT also includes many of the stories that can be overwhelming or frightening to a child. Stories such as Joseph being sold by his brothers, and the plagues on Egypt are confusing, at best, for this age group. Fortunately, most of our students have been shielded from the true ugliness that is in the world...it is baggage that is too heavy for a child to bear. Some of these stories can raise questions to which the children are not yet developmentally ready to hear the answers. Our goal during our Bible instruction is always to deliver God's Word in an age-appropriate manner that first and foremost exposes the child to God's loving and eternal nature. Although we do focus on God's expectations and rules for us, and we do discuss the very real presence of sin and its consequences, we want God's love and forgiveness to be front and center in the students' minds so they can grow in a confident, loving relationship with God, one that allows them to unwrap and understand more and more of His Word as they grow and mature.

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Even for the avid horticulturalist, having a glass greenhouse can be difficult to maintain. Not to mention, whenever you need to transport plants to a show or festival, the shelter can’t go with you. One option to still have a high-quality greenhouse that is easily transported is to set up a portable greenhouse. Much like any portable shelter, portable greenhouses are made of a galvanized steel frame that supports a polyethylene canopy. The polyethylene tarp, in this case, is partially transparent, allowing some light to pass through the surface. If you’re a budding horticulturalist, one of these structures can be beneficial, as well, and can evolve your gardening from only a seasonal endeavor to one that lasts all year round. What about adjusting temperature? One of the benefits of owning a greenhouse is that plants can be grown all year long. With glass greenhouses, the inside can be heated naturally and, to alleviate some of the heat, vents are added. This same design is added to many portable greenhouses. Two possible portable greenhouse designs include polycarbonate and polyethylene panels. When completely closed, these structures retain heat inside but, in warmer months, to cool off the plants, vents are added to the roofs. With the temperature outside, the vents can be adjusted to the plants’ needs. As with all types of portable shelters, portable greenhouses come in a number of shapes and sizes. Rounded and peaked roofs are two designs used across all portable shelters, and these, too, are applied to greenhouses in large and small sizes. For your personal garden, smaller portable greenhouses can be put together. But, if you need an industrial-size greenhouse for growing vegetables or plants in the winter month, rounded roof industrial-size portable greenhouses can be installed to cover a large area of up to 20 feet by 26 feet.

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1. Type of technology 2. Contaminants which can be removed Dusts and water soluble substances after checking the concentrations. 3. Emission limits possible As regards removal of dusts, collection efficiencies over 96% can be achieved without difficulty. Efficiencies concerning removal of water soluble substances are generally modest. 4. Description of the equipment and/or process Venturi scrubbers are based on the principle of atomization of the scrubbing liquid from the same gaseous flow containing the contaminant to be removed, which is forced to flow through one or more annular orifices, thus increasing its face velocity at that point by n times, and entraining the atomized water in virtue of the well known Venturi effect. During this phase there is the interaction between gas and liquid which causes the “capture” of the solid particles. This type of wet collector is horizontal in arrangement, therefore it takes up very more less space compared to the classic scrubbing tower. With due consideration for all the intrinsic limits of such system, it represents, however, the optimum solution and a good compromise between quality/price in all those cases where there is limited space available and when the gaseous flow contains a large quantity of solid particles, better if of high specific gravity. The scrubber consists of a series of standard elements, identical to each other, and each able to handle an air flow rate of 2500 m3/h. Hence it is a modular structure which can consists of a variable number of elements, from one up to twenty venturis (or more). The level of water used remains constant thanks to the use of an automatic level control. In order to ensure that residual emission values fall within the regulatory limits, also for this type of plant it is vitally important to observe certain design parameters on upstream side, such as: - air flow rate - velocity of the flow at the air/water interaction point (which normally exceeds 60 mt x s-1) - correct shape of the Venturi - water level - height of the bell housing with respect to the baffle, which, in all models, should be vertically adjustable in order to achieve maximum performance in contaminant removal. Plants of this type have the advantage of a decidedly more favourable price compared to scrubbing towers but, owing to the high pressure drops, they require more energy. Generally speaking plants are available ranging from a minimum of 2500 m3/h (one Venturi) and a maximum of 50000 m3/h (20 Venturis). However provision can be made for higher flow rate on Request. Depending on the contaminant to be removed (if in dust-form or acidic) the construction can be of carbon steel sheet with double coat of epoxy paint or else of stainless steel likewise with protective polyester coating. When the gas flow to be handled contains solid particulate, also of minimum particle size, the adoption of a sludge decanter is always recommended. Obviously also the type of plant requires subsequent treatment of the saturated water collected in the tank below. As stated previously, with respect to the vertical version, higher pressure drops are involved (owing to the Venturi effect) and normally for the same air flow rate, an increase in motor power rating of 30% - 50% is applied. Actually, thanks to the straightforward design of the scrubber, investment and running costs are rather reduced; likewise for the maintenance costs.

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A recent article on plant chemical behavior has received press attention because the researchers have shown that plant cells can effectively carry out basic arithmetic calculations. The article–by Scialdone et al., in press in the journal e-Life–describes experimental results confirming what researchers have theoretically expected, based on mathematical calculations about biochemical behavior. Basically, it appears that after a few hundred millions of years of terrestrial plant evolution, genes in the cells of leaves produce different proteins that keep track of how much starch photosynthesis has produced in each cell during the day AND how long it’s recently been dark at night over the past few days. Starch catabolism is key for the plant at night, since energy from the starch fuels the organism’s physiological maintenance and growth. And the pace of starch degradation and mobilization appears to be critical. Plants appear to have the capacity to use available starch during the nighttime, so that starch runs out almost exactly at dawn. Regardless of how plants achieve this, the authors note, “[i]n the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana this phenomenon is essential for productivity: mutants with defects in either the accumulation or the degradation of starch have reduced productivity and exhibit symptoms of starvation.” Scialdone et al. (in press) combine formal mathematical models with laboratory experiments in which they control Arabidopsis plants’ day-night cycles. The result is that plants are able to update circadian clock information about changes in night-time duration, while using up starch at a rate so that–as long as the laboratory scientists don’t drastically change the duration of nightime from day to day–their energy source runs out right around dawn. The neat chemical trick is that some proteins are sensitive to the amount of starch, carrying out reactions in the cells at a rate directly proportional to starch granule availability, day and night; other proteins are sensitive to the duration of daylight and nighttime. The enzymes that directly facilitate starch degradation interact with circadian rhythm enzymes, so that starch degredation enzyme concentration is influenced by current starch quantity, but also limited by the circadian-rhythm enzymes, whose concentrations relate to time to dawn. This is an analog way of carrying out a continuously updated division problem: starch is consumed at a rate that equals current starch availability level divided by how much time is expected to be left until dawn. Consumption = Starch Amount ÷ Time Left Till Dawn. The authors state, “Our analysis here has underlined the utility of analog chemical kinetics in performing arithmetic computations in biology. Importantly, we have for the first time provided a concrete example of a biological system where such a computation is of fundamental importance.” It is very likely the case that activity in networks of neurons are maintained and modulated by similar analog biochemical systems. Thus, many cognition researchers would agree that the way we store information in our brains about what’s happened in the past, so that it can modify bodily responses in the future, involves chemical feedback systems that are shaped by–and thus represent–environmental stimulus patterns from the recent past (see Chemero 2009). In fact, chemical concentrations of different kinds of biomolecules–from neurotransmitters to hormones to a range of other cellular enzymes and DNA transcription factors–can mutually influence each other in our bodies, thus storing information that is distributed not just in our central nervous system but throughout our bodies. No one would argue that plants are intentionally carrying out division problems. And in fact, we’d be much worse than plants if we had to measure our own food-levels consciously and constantly, and also measure information about how long that food will have to last in the near future, so that we could slowly but constantly sip away at that food until we can reasonably expect to get more. Natural selection on DNA over a huge time period has favored a robust chemical system in plants, adapting their metabolic cycle to day-night rhythms in the environment. But the demonstration of how chemical concentration feedback systems can store and apply information in Arabidopsis plants gives us a tantalizing hint about the more complex web of cellularly, physiologically, and anatomically structured biochemical feedback systems underlying embodied human thought and consciousness. Thus, the difference between human consciousness and plant starch utilization is not entirely night-and-day. Chemero, A. (2009). Radical embodied cognitive science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Scialdone, A., Mugford, S. T., Feike, D., Skeffington, A., Borrill, P., Graf, A., … Howard, M. (2013). Arabidopsis plants perform arithmetic division to prevent starvation at night. eLife, 2. doi:10.7554/eLife.00669

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With Easter coming up, I thought I would take another look into James Mooney’s 1889 paper “The Holiday Customs of Ireland”. With his theme that Catholic holiday traditions were often with ancient traditions and mythology he suggested that Shrove Tuesday may be a descendant of the Bacchanalia and Lupercalia. He also says that it may have taken some traditions free ancient Feast of Beinid, which he says was the Irish Pagan equivalent to the Feast of Minerva which in Roman tradition took place in March. It was a time for public amusements and a popular time for weddings that seems to have continued to more modern time. For while the Catholic church generally prohibited weddings during Lent he quotes another author who wrote that “in the Irish-speaking districts more marriages take place at this season (before Lent) than at any other period during the year.” Mooney goes on to explain that so marriageable couples were expected to tie the knot before Lent that there were high jinx that might happen on Shrove Tuesday to eligible young ladies who were found at large on the street: “on this, the last day of grace, the young men in Cork, Waterford and other towns of the south, were formerly accustomd to go through the streets in bands, carrying ropes, with which they caught any unlucky girl who had “mist her chance,” and pulld her a few rods along the road, after which she was releast. This was called taking her to Skellig to get married, the allusion being to the Skellig rocks on the coast of Kerry, formerly a noted place of pilgrimage.” This was milder form of hazing that had replaced a tradition from some 50 years earlier. “This “taking to Skellig ” has supplanted an older and rougher pastime, practiced in the south about fifty years ago and known as “drawing the log.” Any unmarried young folks of either sex who were so unfortunate as to be caught on the streets on this day were compeld to drag a heavy timber at the end of a rope, followd by crowds of men and boys amid with shillelaghs and shouting, “Come draw the log, come draw the log,” while keeping step to the music of a piper in attendance.” With this kind of social pressure for getting married in season, there’s no surprise that it led to a certain amount of depression for those who “mist her chance”. “In Clare, it is said that all the disappointed young women — and, for that matter, the disappointed young men as well — are in a bad humor on Shrove Tuesday night, and their soreness continues to increase all week, so that by Sunday they can be distinguisht by the “puss” on their countenances. Hence, the first Sunday in Lent is there known as “Puss Sunday,” and mischievous boys delight in marking the backs of the unfortunate ones with flour or chalk so as point them out to the whole congregation.” But in Kerry they are offered some kind of ritual relief from their disappointment. On the night of Shrove Tuesday “All the disappointed lovers of both sexes shoulder their burden of wasted hopes and blighted affections under the form of a bundle of gads or rods.” They are said to have taken this symbolic bundle of woes and throw them into a local river perhaps in the hope of better luck in the coming year. Holidays were often a time for fortune telling traditions, and the night of Shrove Tuesday was no different. “In the evening, the young folks — and the old ones as well — gather round the turf fire to learn, by ” tossing the pancake,” what is to be the result of their future marriage ventures. A crock of batter having been prepared, a part is pourd out on the pan to form the first cake, which is consignd to the care of the oldest unmarried daughter. At the proper time, she turns the cake with a dextrous toss up the chimney, and if it comes down smoothly on the other side in the pan, she can have her choice of a husband whenever she likes. If, on the other hand, it falls into the ashes or comes down with a corner doubled over, she cannot marry for at least a year.” When Good Friday finally came it was a day of prayer and strict fasting. “in some parts of the country even infants are not allowd the breast unless they cry three times“. It had also been a tradition in some areas for women to go barefoot, and with disheveled hair in imitation of Christ’s sorrowful journey to Calvary. Also cutting hair of Good Friday was done to cut away the sins of the past year and superstition claimed that eggs laid, or bread baked on Good Friday will stay fresh for the whole year. As for Easter, it was said that “If any one who has kept the Lent well will rise early on Easter morning, he will be able to see the sun dance in the sky for joy at the resurrection, altho some persons assert that the sun gives but three leaps on this occasion. A favorit method is to observe the reflection in a well or stream of water.” Even by the 1889 writing of Mooney’s article Easter was a holiday with colored eggs, and eggs and bacon were the principal Easter fare. In some districts they were prepared the night before an not touched until the rooster crowed and “the company then clapt hands with shouts of “Out with the Lent!” In some parts a cake was also made and people met near the local ale house to “dance for the cake” (The cake sometimes provide by the ale-wife). The cake was placed on a board which was on top of a pole or post about 10 feet high and the post decorated with garlands. The dancers form a ring around the post, or “bush” as it was called and the piper begins to play as they dance around it. Who ever holds out the longest in the dance would win the cake.

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Literary Essay Writing Guide Literary essays are not easy to write. Some of them are focused on one play, work, or poem, while others should cover the entire works of an author. The most challenging literary assignments are focused on the comparison of two or more works, based on character development, scenes, themes, and messages. We would also recommend you to take a look at 500-word essay guide https://BuyEssaySafe.com/500-word-essay/, as you will find some useful tips there as well. In addition, having problems with the word count required for you literary essay? BuyEssaySafe.com is always here for you to assist with any academic assignment as we have relevant experts in any field or discipline. We have been helping our clients with literary essays since 2008 and have completed thousands of them with very high satisfaction rate. Therefore, when it comes to essay writing we can proudly say that we provide the best service in the industry. Over the years we have developed a personal approach to every client, which helps us understand your needs and accommodate them immediately. Opportunity of buying essays online made the life way easier and productive at the same time and we are happy to be a part of it. The main reason why it is hard to write a perfect literary essay is that there are so many theories related to the message of each poem, book, or novel. Comparing and contrasting different views of the main message, themes, and author intention will require a lot of research. Apart from reading the primary source, students also need to consult scholars’ publications and take notes to develop the paper on. Most students make a mistake of not taking notes while reading the primary source. For a literary essay, a different type of reading is needed. One needs to have a critical approach, and have their eyes open for recurring themes, words, and events. This will help develop a strong thesis when starting to write the paper on classical or contemporary literature. Sticking to one secondary source and not critiquing the author’s opinion on the literary work is another common mistake made by literary studies students. Most instructors are looking for original thoughts and ideas related to the analyzed work, and they would consider the completed paper plagiarized or of poor quality if not, enough sources are used. Other professors will encourage students to develop their own ideas without using outside sources. Useful tips in writing literary essay: - Know your audience – It is vital that when you write literary essay, you have to consider the people who will read it. This surely includes your professor and colleagues. In this way, you can format your essay to suit their interest and academic level. Aside from writing a compelling literary essay, it should be intellectual as well. This means that it showcases your critical thinking and analytical skills. - Choose a literary piece close to your heart – Writing becomes easy and smooth when you write something you are interested in. You have to choose a literary piece, which you like or a piece that you connect with or have a lasting impact on you. In this way, you will have more information to write about and you will not struggle with writing. The least you know about your topic, the more difficult it is to complete your paper. - Know your literary piece – It is important that you read very well the literary piece you have chosen; you also have to do some research about it to find out its background and the author’s influences. These pieces of information will help you understand your literary piece. It will also help you conduct an in-depth analysis of your piece and make it easier for your audience to comprehend the topic. If you are not sure you can complete the perfect literary paper for your next class, you should ask for expert help. BuyEssaySafe.com has experienced graduate writers who are happy to assist you. Call us now and see, how we can assist you in all your writing needs.

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Activities for Introductory GeoscienceHere you will find a wide range of activities for teaching introductory geoscience courses. you can refine your search by selecting the topic or resource type, or by typing in search terms into the search box in the box below. Please share your own activities and we will add them to this collection. Earth System Topics Results 1 - 20 of 882 matches Introduction to Google Earth part of Activities Students utilize a variety of tools in Google Earth to answer questions Learning Assessment #7 - Maps & Structures part of Activities An in-class activity that tests students' understanding of geological maps and structures (faults and folds). Learning About Marine Sediments Using Real Data part of Activities This exercise set explores marine sediments using real core photos and composition data from the scientific ocean drilling programs DSDP, ODP, and IODP in an inquiry-based approach. Learning Assessment #5 - Geologic Time (2011) part of Activities An in-class activity that tests students' understanding of the principles of relative age, absolute age and numerical age bracketing. Learning Assessment #3 - Igneous & Sedimentary Rocks (2011) part of Activities An in-class activity that tests students' understanding of igneous and sedimentary rocks and processes. Learning Assessment #1 - Plate Tectonics part of Activities An in-class activity that tests students' understanding of the basic concepts of plate tectonics. Florida River Project: Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks lab part of Activities This fairly traditional rocks-in-boxes lab has been incorporated into a semester-long project. At the end of the lab, students apply their rock-identification skills to rocks from their study area. Emergent Models in Google Earth part of Activities This is one sample of a set of emergent models we are developing for use with Google Earth. Students use the Google Earth time-slider to lift 3D models of the subsurface into view. They can substitute their own ... Who Polluted Surface and Groundwater in This Place? part of Activities Students use water-well data and geology to determine which site caused groundwater and surface-water contamination. Heat Transport in the Climate System part of Activities This is an introductory activity designed for small groups in a single 50 minute class period. The exercise stresses interpretation of data from a simple graph, and helps students to integrate information on heat ... Analyzing your Hometown Stream using On-line USGS NWIS Data part of Activities Students analyze discharge records of streams or rivers of interest to them using on-line USGS NWIS data. Volcanoes Writing Assignment part of Activities Students write an original work of fiction pertaining to the geology of stratovolcanoes and their eruptive hazards. Downloading Earthquake Data from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Site for Anywhere in the World and Studying it Using ArcGIS part of Activities Students download earthquake data from the USGS Earthquake Hazards website and plot and anlyze the earthquakes using ArcMap and ArcScene. Using ArcGIS to Study the New Lakes in the Toshka Basin in Egypt and Evaluate Egypt's New Valley Project part of Activities In this assignment, students use ArcGIS to analyze the new lakes that have formed in the Toshka Depression, Egypt as a result of overflow from Lake Nasser and use their analyses to evaluate the wisdom of the plan ... Computerized Field Trip Preview of the Berkshire Mountains part of Activities This is a computer (Windows, Macintosh) based exercise designed to take about two hours. Students use a 5 page short-answer study sheet with the Berkshire Field Trip Map, Guidebook and associated images of the ... Topographic Maps part of Activities This exercise is a lab exercise to introduce elevation, landforms, and topographic maps to Introductory-level students. It is used to convey the principles of land variability and the processes that shape the ... Take A Hike Assignment part of Activities Students are assigned to take a hike in a location of their choice and write a concise summary of their observations of Earth Science features and processes. This assignment is used near the end of an Earth Systems ... Relative Age-dating -- Discovery of Important Stratigraphic Principles part of Activities Students don't have to be passively taught the important principles geologists use to do relative age-dating of rocks and geologic events. By careful analysis and critical thinking about photos and ... Hot Topics in Global Warming part of Activities Students locate and write about current climate change research using the 2007 IPCC report. This information literacy project is designed to help students learn how to find, read, and explain peer-reviewed ... Lost At Sea part of Activities Students work as teams to "sail" around the North Atlantic using their knowledge of latitude, longitude, time, winds, and ocean currents to complete the voyage.

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You might have lived a situation like the one below when speaking Portuguese. You are leaving the restaurant when you bump into your Brazilian friend. She asks: “Do you come here often?” You want to say that you eat there once in a while, but you are not sure how to say that in Portuguese. Your brain then turns to your native language, and you try to translate the expression to Portuguese. This method, however, frequently fails because the literal translation often isn’t the correct way to say it. Today’s video lesson will be short and easy: I will show you how to say Once in a while in Portuguese, so you don’t find yourself in the situation above. Once in a while = De vez em quando Here are two examples using the expression in context: Janete: Você vem sempre a esse restaurante? Diogo: Só de vez em quando porque não é muito perto da minha casa. Janete: Do you come frequently to this restaurant? Diogo: Only once in a while because it’s not very close to my place. Janete: Como você mantém contato com sua rede de relacionamentos? Diogo: De vez em quando eu envio uma mensagem rápida para as pessoas com quem não tenho contato frequente. Janete: How do you keep in touch with your network? Diogo: Once in a while I send a quick message to the people with whom I don’t have frequent contact. I hope this helps you communicate better in Portuguese. Learning one expression at a time is a powerful, stress-free way to increase your vocabulary in Portuguese so you can use the right expression at the right time to communicate with confidence. To advance your Portuguese and gain confidence much faster, book lessons with one of our professional instructors. Start by booking a Trial Lesson here.

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New discovery could lead to effective repair therapies for those suffering peripheral nerve damage and offers hope to millions of people with diabetes. Research published today (01/30/2017) in the Journal of Cell Biology, has for the first time identified how a bodily protein allows nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to repair following injury. The findings, discovered by research neuroscientists at Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry and funded by the Medical Research Council, could lead to effective repair therapies for those who have suffered peripheral nerve damage in trauma cases or perhaps via battlefield injuries. There is also hope for those who are experiencing peripheral nerve damage as the result of Types 1 and 2 diabetes. Diabetic patients experience ongoing damage which explains why they frequently burn and damage their feet and hands due to lack of sensation. In most of these cases the damage is permanent with, currently, little or no therapeutic relief Continue Reading Below ↓↓↓ Key to the discovery is a protein called Merlin, which plays a role in suppressing tumours of the nervous system. The research team have already identified how deficient levels of Merlin contribute to the development of brain tumours and other tumours of the nervous system. In this research they have, for the first time, found that Merlin is also vital to the process by which nerves can repair themselves. The study identifies completely new roles for the Merlin protein in the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) using a mouse model. Schwann cells wrap and insulate the nerve cell projections that carry information in and out of the spinal cord and brain. Schwann cells possess almost unique regenerative properties following injury, and this study identifies a crucial role for the Merlin protein in directing this repair following damage to the PNS. Key to the failure of nerve repair is activation of another protein, YAP, in Schwann cells lacking Merlin. The identification of this new pathway in regulating the repair of the PNS may open new potential therapies in cases of trauma and in the age-related decline in PNS repair in human patients. The study was led by Professor David Parkinson, Professor of Neuroscience at Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry. He said: “Peripheral nerve damage has limited treatment options and has a detrimental effect on the lives of those who have sustained it. We are very excited by our findings because they identify, for the first time, the mechanisms by which nerve damage repair happens. By understanding the mechanism we can develop effective therapies to produce nerve repair in situations where that might not have been an option before.” Citation: DOI 10.1083/jcb.201606052 Merlin controls the repair capacity of Schwann cells after injury by regulating Hippo/YAP activity Continue Reading Below ↓↓↓

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What do these areas contain which makes them so important that they need to be protected? There is a vast amount of vegetation ... ... middle of paper ... ...or countries which fish the reserve but have no laws for seasonal catches or size limitations. The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System is a place filled with wonderful plant, bird, and marine life. Its crystal clear waters and sugar sand beaches are something everyone should have the experience of seeing in their lifetime. Thanks to a highly dedicated group of government officials, scientists and volunteers, laws have been passed over the years to help protect this wonder of nature. Unfortunately, do to its vastness in size, not every area can be monitored and even with laws in place, there are some who would still do harm to this amazing area for their own profit. I urge everyone to make contact through any of the websites listed under references to find out what you can do to help play a part in the protection of the reserve. (www.newworldencyclopedia.org) Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - The Great Barrier Reef is extremely old and has been home to an enormous amount of living things. The Reef, being in a cycle composed of living coral growing on to dead coral proves the fact that has the Reef dating back perhaps as much as twenty million years. Due to human intervention and human pollution of our Earth, one of the seven natural wonders of the world is starting to die and disappear. Our pollution has lead to certain effects on the Reef; effects like rising ocean temperatures and acidification, physical pollution, overfishing, shipping and boating pollution, as well as indirectly increasing the amount of the Reef’s natural predator, the Crown of Thorns Starfish.... [tags: Coral reef, Coral, Great Barrier Reef] 1424 words (4.1 pages) - A natural wonder, the Great Barrier Reef is home to an abundance of marine life. It is a breeding area for humpback whales, migrating from the Antarctic, and is the domain for endangered species including the Dugong and large Green Sea Turtle (The Great Barrier Reef, par. 1). This natural beauty is a complex structure built mainly out of calcium skeletons that are laid down by hard corals (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, par. 3). However, it is close to extinction. Brain Clark Howard, in his article titled “Corals are Dying on the Great Barrier Reef,” published by National Geographic reports, “scientists have discovered an unprecedented die-off in the world’s largest reef, the Grea... [tags: Coral reef, Coral, Great Barrier Reef, Ocean] 1108 words (3.2 pages) - On a June evening in 1770, British explorer, Captain James Cook heard the irritable screeching of wood against stone. Little did he know, he had just discovered the Great Barrier Reef. Off the coast of Queensland, Australia in the Coral Sea, the GBR is the world's largest reef system, it can even be seen from space. It is approximately 35 million hectares, which equals about 70 million football fields. The GBR hosts an extremely diverse array of marine life from mollusks to fish to sea and shore birds.... [tags: British Explorer, Captain James Cook, Reef] 902 words (2.6 pages) - Humans are one of the biggest threats to coral reefs around the world. Coral reefs house a diverse mixture of underwater species like sea turtles, hundreds of different fish species and over a thousand species of mollusks. They are home to an incredible amount of wildlife as well as protecting the coastline from ocean storms. Corals make up the coral reef, but some people don 't realize that corals are living organisms. They are not rock or pretty stone, but are related to anemones and jellyfish.... [tags: Coral reef, Fish, Coral, Great Barrier Reef] 712 words (2 pages) - ... Another major pollutant is runoff from mining and farming where minerals that gets in the ocean (Human Impact on the Great Barrier Reef). These nutrients cause massive algae growth that leads to depletion of oxygen available for other creatures and decreasing the biodiversity in those affected areas. As the Great Barrier Reef also plays a great deal in the economy of Australia, as much of the income comes from tourism, which is based in and around the reef area, such as with hotels and restaurants.... [tags: austrailia, tourists, ecosystem] 1107 words (3.2 pages) - ... There is a clearer understanding of the impact tourism now has on the Great Barrier Reef. 3.1 Option B: The Great Barrier Reef 3.2.1 Environmental Impacts: Positive & Negative, Short & Long Term Environmental threats to the coral reef include: Crown-of-thornes starfish, coral bleaching ( refer to image three), tourists, over fishing, shipping accidents, water quality and temperature. A major factor to this problem is the negative impacts of tourism, such as reef walking, dropping anchors and pollution which all damage the fragile coral reefs.... [tags: natural earth, tourism] 2384 words (6.8 pages) - The Great Barrier Reef is one of the wonders of the natural world. It was declared a World Heritage area in 1981 and added to the National Heritage List in 2007. Unfortunately, the Great Barrier Reef faces many threats. Pollution caused by direct or indirect human activities are major threats to Australian reefs. (source 1). Two million tourists visit the coral reef every year. This is great for the economy; however it can have huge negative impacts on the coral reef. The tourists are carried around the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) by over 500 commercial vessels which drop fuel, anchors and other forms of pollution that damage the reef.... [tags: World Heritage Area] 1261 words (3.6 pages) - The Great Barrier Reef is known as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is believed to be one of the most incredible places on this earth. This reef is the largest living organism on this planet and the only living thing on earth visible from space (2011). The warm waters of the southwest Pacific Ocean are the perfect environments to create the world's largest system of coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef is in such pristine condition that it was listed by the World Heritage Trust as a protected site and is therefore, managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that its beauty is maintained for many travelers and sightseers (Edgar 2010).... [tags: Wonders of the World, Australia] 1556 words (4.4 pages) - The history of Belize dates back thousands of years. The official name of the territory was changed from British Honduras to Belize in June 1973. “The current government of Belize took form when they declared their independence in 1981. This government is headed by the Queen of the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth II, who is acting head of state. The Queen is represented by a Governor General due to her having to reside in Great Britain. The Governor General is the true authority in power; however, he does not officially run the government that is led by the Prime Minister and his cabinet.... [tags: Belize] 1317 words (3.8 pages) - Belize is a small country, on the Caribbean Sea, between Mexico and Guatemala. With a total land area of about 8,800 square miles, Belize is slightly smaller than Massachusetts.1 Belize is subject to frequent hurricanes and coastal flooding. The country has one of the higher population growth rates of Central America at 2.154%, and a total population of 307,899. 2 Belize is composed of mostly flat, swampy coastal plains, with some low mountainous regions in the south. The climate is tropical, characterized by very hot and humid alternating rain and dry seasons.... [tags: International Politics] 992 words (2.8 pages) - Omni Recording and Marketing Services - Comparison of AMT Implementation Levels in 2010 with Levels in 2001 - Conclusions and Discussion - Advanced Manufacturing Technology Adoption in India - Drugs and its Offenders - John Wesley and the Methodist Church- Analysis of “Methodism and the Christian Heritage in England”

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When it comes to compressed air, all of us can occasionally have double standards. A compressor is a big investment that most companies make every 7-10 years. Considering the fact that as much as 11% of industrial energy consumption in the UK can be attributed to the production of compressed air, the drive towards more energy efficient equipment is understandable. But an energy efficient compressed air installation needs more than just an energy efficient air compressor. Did you know, for example, that lowering your compressed air system's operating pressure by only 1 bar would result in overall energy savings of 7 per cent? The ancillary equipment that comes with your air compressor is more important than you may think. Everyone knows that a broken down compressor usually means a complete halt to production. But a supply of poor quality compressed air can be just as bad, progressively damaging your equipment and threatening the quality of your end product. For instance, an air compressor installation without a dryer will push moist air through your pipework, resulting in rusted compressed air pipework and tools damaged by moisture and rust particles. Furthermore, over time, the accumulation of rust in your pipework will choke the supply of compressed air to your process, increasing the overall cost of producing the same amount of air that your tools require. On a tank-mounted compressor, the impact is even bigger, because the moist air collects inside your air receiver and temporarily reduces the amount of air you can store in the first instance. Then, on a more permanent basis, rust begins to form and take away from the available space for storage and can become a safety hazard in your factory. You can read more about why dryers are needed in compressed air installations in this article. Similarly, neglecting to add appropriate filtration also has an impact. An oil-injected compressor powering a nitrogen generator without the right in-line filters will see to the prompt destruction of nitrogen filtering media, resulting in an expensive replacement, many times more costly than the filters that would have prevented it. And that is just one example. A good compressed air installation is designed with the air quality requirements of the production line in mind. Hence, compressed air experts will often ask whether there is an ISO 8573-1 standard specified for the tools that depend on the compressed air supply. A consultant worth their salt will be able to advise on the appropriate standard that a compressed air installation should achieve, even when all they know is the tools that will work with it. But, as a consumer, it is always wise to be aware of your system's requirements as well as choosing a compressed air partner that is knowledgeable on the subject. There is much to be said about compressed air leaks, primarily in the cost to your business from retaining and allowing them to grow over time. The image to the right provides a brief overview of the rule of thumb on costs associated with compressed air leaks. An article by Chris Dee, a former executive director of the British Compressed Air Society, looks deeper into the matter of compressed air leaks and the benefits that can come from appropriately fixing them. Similarly, a US-based article featured on Efficient Plant Magazine's website goes into depth on the facts and myths concerning compressed air leaks. Leaks aside, anyone who expects compressed air pipework to be a "clean and cut" matter is in for a big surprise. Much like with compressor types, and compressed air quality standards above, there is more to compressed air pipework than one might imagine. For a start, there are multiple types of pipework that you may choose to use for your installation and it is advised to research your what is best for your business rather than allow an installer to lead the way simply because of their preference. Another element to bear in mind when it comes to compressed air pipe is planning. An air distribution system expanded haphazardly to keep up with a growing business can cost you money in the long term, in the form of uneven pressure at point of use or a poorer flow.

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Pathogens and transmission Hepatitis A is an infectious liver inflammation that is triggered by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is eliminated through the intestine. Transmission is faecal-oral, i.e. via pathogens absorbed into the body through direct or indirect contact with faecal matter. This occurs most frequently through contaminated food products or water as well as frequently used items or in the context of close personal contact (e.g. in kindergarten or a common household), through sexual contact (mainly in men who have sex with men) or through foods, drinking water or articles of daily use that are contaminated with faeces. Transmission through blood or blood products (including the use of shared injection equipment among drug users) is possible but extremely rare. Hepatitis A is an acute disease characterised by fever, discomfort, jaundice, loss of appetite and nausea. The incubation period is 15-50 days (generally 25-30 days). Only 30% of infected children under six years of age show any symptoms. Symptoms do appear in most infected older children and adults, which in 70% of cases include jaundice. The illness usually lasts several weeks (up to six months), and in most cases there is a spontaneous recovery. The infection is never chronic and leads to lifelong immunity. Frequency and distribution The virus exists worldwide but is prevalent in regions with poor hygienic conditions. Up to 60 cases of hepatitis A are recorded in Switzerland every year, most of which appear after trips into a high-risk region. Young and old alike are equally affected, as are both genders. Vaccination can prevent an infection. It is recommended, among others, for travellers before a trip to a high-risk region (a region with medium to high prevalence of hepatitis A in the population) and for men who have sex with men. Beyond vaccination, the most important measures for preventing transmission of hepatitis A include the observation of the basic rules of hygiene such as hand washing, especially after using the lavatory, before preparing food and before eating. In high-risk regions, it also includes avoiding unboiled water, heating only sufficiently heated dishes and mussels, and peeling one's own fruit.

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Skip to 0 minutes and 9 secondsMy name's Ian Milligan. I'm a senior lecturer in the School of Social Work at Strathclyde University here. And I'm also the International Officer for CELSIS. So today I'm going to talk about caring for children in a risk-averse environment, which is a big problem in child care today. And by child care, I mean really any kind of setting where adults look after children, the children's home, the foster home, could be the nursery school, the after-school activity. The problem seems to particularly effect the UK and other Anglophone countries, such as Canada and Australia, but perhaps elsewhere as well. The problem is caused by the imposition of kind of tick box or paper-based approaches to child protection or health and safety. Skip to 0 minutes and 57 secondsAnd the intention, the aim, is to ensure that children are safe and well looked after. But it's one of these situations where managements feel they have to be sure that children are being looked after and the workers are not really trusted to do it unless they can show evidence that they've carried out risk assessments and suchlike things. It's having therefore unintended negative consequences. It's negatively impacting child care in ways that I'll shortly explain. And this is part of a bigger problem. It's not just in social work or childcare. Many writers have noticed that we're living in a very risk-averse environment. Skip to 1 minute and 36 secondsUlrich Beck called it the risk society, a result that's come about as a result of anxieties that populations have about various threats, and that governments have got to be seen to be doing something about it. And in terms of social work, this is having a big impact. Kemshall, a writer, has written about this. And she has said that even welfare agencies, people who are supposed to be looking after vulnerable people, somehow become more concerned with quote, "the avoidance of harms rather than the pursuit of the collective good." Skip to 2 minutes and 14 secondsAnd this makes it very difficult if your job is to provide homely care, a normal environment for children who have got problems but you're trying to give them an experience of care or play or whatever it is. And yet this is the kind of backdrop. Cree and Wallace, who are social work writers, also say that this is a genuine problem, that workers become afraid to show creativity and initiative and become procedure-driven and overly concerned with self-protection. And that's one of the themes here that we'll see that actually all this paperwork and all these procedures often when we discuss them, we seem to feel that it's really protecting the agency against being seen to make a mistake. Skip to 3 minutes and 0 secondsIt's not really so much about children, which of course is not what it's supposed to be. Now I should say that here in Scotland, the government has recognised that there is a problem here, that you can get over-protection. And in our national care standards for children's homes, you find this phrase. Children and young people quote, "should enjoy safety but not be over-protected." So that was done in 2005. And the intention is quite clear, because these national care standards say likewise quote, "your daily life in the care home should be as similar as possible to that of other children and young people." So people realise there is a problem here. Skip to 3 minutes and 39 secondsBut perhaps some of you won't know what I mean by risk-averse practice. And I'm going to quickly list some examples. A recent one, a young man who's in a children's home was attending an arts group, playing keyboards, electric keyboards. And he wrote some beautiful words to a piece of music. The artist musician was delighted, praised the young man, and said, this is marvellous. We'll save that-- it was all digital-- and we'll email it to your home. And you can show it to the others and you can play it yourself. Unh-uh. Not that simple. And this place, it said, oh no. You can't send attachments in the email. That's blocked by the system. Skip to 4 minutes and 17 secondsSo the arts worker said, well, it's all right. I'll put it on a data stick. You can take it with you and put it into the-- No. No. We're not allowed to use data sticks. Well, how are we going to get this music to your home? Don't know. And that's where it was left. The worker was so disempowered and so driven by procedures that they just said it can't be done. So a child's music cannot be played in their own home in this instance. Something quite different, sometimes workers think they have to do a risk assessment before a child can go out and play on a bicycle. Skip to 4 minutes and 52 secondsDifferent again, sometimes people feel you have to get a birth parent's consent if a child's going on a school trip, even if they're in foster care. So sometimes even though the parent has not got the daily care of the child, a social worker will be sent to try and find a parent, who may not be easily available if the child's been in care for years, and get them to sign the form. It's a misunderstanding. But it's a kind of practice that's felt to be somehow this right. Another example that's given is trips to the beach are now very difficult. You've got to do a risk assessment of the beach. Yes. Workers have been told this. Skip to 5 minutes and 29 secondsYou have to walk around and look for dangerous objects. And even after you've completed that and written it up, the children are only allowed to paddle up to their knees unless one of the staff has a current lifeguard certificate. So these are the kinds of examples that come up. Now actually, some of these are not actual policies or practices. They're kind of myths. And this is one of the things about a risk-averse environment, that workers believe that there are policies or procedures or that you need signatures from certain people even when they don't. But there's a feeling that these do exist. Someone's heard about it somewhere or a practice is started even though it is very negative. Skip to 6 minutes and 13 secondsSo what are the negative impacts of all this risk-averse practice? And again, perhaps you would understand this very easily and I don't need to dwell on it. But I'm going to just run through how significant it is for those of us with a responsibility for child care. First off, for children it means that their carers aren't spontaneous and fun. It makes life a lot duller. But it has a serious impact on child development. Children develop naturally when they get new experiences, when they learn what small risks are. When they learn what it's like to fall off a bike, they learn turn the corner more slowly and they don't get a grazed knee, et cetera, et cetera. Skip to 6 minutes and 52 secondsThis is natural experience and necessary to learning to make good judgments. And some people have talked about children becoming cotton wool kids, that they're so protected, that play spaces are so safe now, or parents are so risk-averse that children actually don't get the normal developmental opportunities. There are other problems about this in the care system. This kind of climate means that the creative, energetic worker is disempowered, is discouraged, whereas the lazy worker, we have a field day. It's great. Oh no, we can't do that. Oh, I think you've got to get permission. Oh, I don't think we're allowed to do that. No, no. You'll need to ask the social worker if that's all right. Skip to 7 minutes and 41 secondsAnd people can pass out responsibility to others and keep the worker nice and safe. They don't have to take the risk, so say. And when we sit down and discuss this-- and many people realise it's a problem-- we often find that we're saying what I said at the beginning, that why are these procedures brought in? They seem more concerned about keeping the organisation safe or the worker safe. These are focused ultimately on saying, we did the right thing. Here's the evidence. I can open a drawer, take out a piece of paper that says we did a risk assessment. Therefore, no matter what's happened, I've done my part. And it's a kind of abandonment of professional responsibility, in my view. Skip to 8 minutes and 25 secondsSo what's to be done about it? And let me be clear, absolutely, that I care about real risks. I am not advocating careless or reckless practice, definitely not. I want children to be safe. That's what child care workers are paid to do, to do things with children but to keep them very safe. And because they're not our children, normally we are very careful with them. We're thinking about what their needs are, what their challenges are, and how to best look after them. Skip to 8 minutes and 57 secondsAnd indeed, there may be a few occasions when a written risk assessment is required, in the more serious circumstances, maybe a group of children around-- a group of adults around a child who's got really high-risk needs or problems. We may decide to sit down and identify difficult situations or trigger situations and write down a plan of how we'll deal with that. But not for daily routine activities. One response suggested by Gabriel Eichsteller, of ThemPra, Theory Meets practice, one of our NGOs, he suggests that we should make one of our priorities to develop children's risk competence. So don't worry about risk-averseness, but develop their risk skills. Skip to 9 minutes and 40 secondsAnd that's, as I already mentioned, what parents do all the time without thinking, giving children age and stage-appropriate experience of taking sensible little risks, climbing a climbing frame or the low branches of a tree. And depending on their age and stage, we observe them closely if they're young children. We're physically close to them. As they get older, we observe from a distance. And as they got older still, we don't observe them. But we keep them in mind. We know where they are or where we think they are, we hope they are. We look out for them. We wait for their return. So I'm in no way advocating that we stop caring. Skip to 10 minutes and 17 secondsIn fact, I think we should care fully for these children. But we need to do it in ways that really pay attention to their needs and their rights. And finishing up, and I just want to tell people that actually this problem seems to be much worse in the UK than in many other European countries. We've had visits from people from other countries, Denmark and Germany come to mind, people trained as social pedagogues, trained child care workers. And when they come and work in children's homes here, and other settings, they're astonished to find that people say, oh, you'll need to ask about that before you take the child on the bike or go to a park or go to a beach. Skip to 10 minutes and 58 secondsThey're amazed that they can't make that decision, because that's what they're trained to do. And so it's quite clear that these countries also experience the risk society. They've got similar social issues and social problems as we have. They've got duties to protect children from risk. And yet they seem to manage to do it without this excessively regulatory or disempowered kind of way of doing things. So I just want it to finish by saying to you that I think we need to challenge this. As workers, it's difficult. But we've got to question if we're asked to do things that are unhealthy or hindering good child care. Skip to 11 minutes and 39 secondsWe've got to be prepared to challenge and to question this as in many other things. That in my view is what it means to be truly professional and truly human, which is what these children need and deserve. Thank you very much. Care for children in a risk averse context This talk is presented by a guest speaker, Dr Ian Milligan. Ian is the International Project Lead with CELCIS, the Centre for Excellence for Looked After Children in Scotland, at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. In this talk we begin to consider the challenge of caring for children in a risk averse context. Ian outlines how as a society we have become increasingly risk averse, a theme touched on in previous weeks, and outlines how this has in turn translated to social work, social welfare and child care practice. Many different settings where vulnerable children and young people will be cared for find themselves impacted on by this and struggle to engage with children in a way that fully meets all of their needs. Ian uses some specific examples from residential child care and foster care to illustrate difficulties that can arise, all justified by required, or believed to be required, risk assessment procedures. Ian argues that those caring for vulnerable children need to be able to be spontaneous and fun, and that the priority should not be about keeping the worker or the agency safe. Instead, the focus should be on helping children to develop risk competence, paying attention to their needs and rights, and helping them to grow and develop via the management of appropriate risks. Ian finishes by observing that this issue of risk averse practice appears to be a particular issue in the UK but not in other countries where different traditions and philosophies of caring for vulnerable children exist. © University of Strathclyde

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SS Yushio Class The SS 573 Yushio class represents an enlargement and improvement of the Uzushio (Whirlpools) class tear drop model submarines. A total of ten were built starting in 1975, and was the largest class of submarines built for the Maritime Self Defense Force. It is called a tear drop model submarine of the 2nd generation, but because the peripheral technology progressed over the decade during which they were under construction, the earliest unit and the latter units were almost different types of ships. The 5th and later units are improved in order to fire to be able to discharge the Harpoon USM (the underwater launched anti-ship missile) from the torpedo tube, and the displacement was increased somewhat. Improvements included the ability to launch the Harpoon missile, and in later units the control navigation system was improved. The NS80 steel was adopted to the pressure-resistant boat hull, which permitted operations at a depth that was presumed to be approximately 400-450 meters. A propeller of seven blades was adopted for the screw, which meant that the submarine became quieter. The computer and information processing ability was improved. The result of the increase of cruising power and periscope depth range and the large-sized computer conversion of the direction device, resulted in a displacement increase of about approximately 400 tons relative to the earlier Uzushio class. The construction budget of the first unit was 23,724,000,000 Yen, but with the final unit it had reached 31,950,000,000 Yen. The Yushio class has been retrofitted with TASS (type not announced but most likely ZQR-1A). Yushio utilized the active portion only of the original AN/SQS-36. The Japanse policy is to keep a constant number of submarines -- 16 in total -- in commission. But, in order to maintain submarine construction technology at fixed level, it was decided that it was necessary to build one new submarine every year. Thus the time in commission of the submarines was extremely short, and four became auxiliary vessels less than two decades after being commissioned. On 01 August 1996 SS 573 Yushio became ATSS-8006. The Japanese Maritime Self- Defense Force (JMSDF) continued a steady modernization as it reduced the size of its submarine components through attrition without replacement. With the transfer of the second Yuushio-class diesel attack submarine, the Mochishio, to training duties as ATSS 8007 on 8 August 1997, the submarine force dropped to its new level of 15 first-line boats. On 10 March 1999 SS 575 Setoshio became a training submarine [ATSS-8008], and was redesignated TSS-3602 on 09 March 2000. When the Setoshio was decomissioned, SS 576 Okishio became TSS-3603 on 29 March 2001. These ships typically served as training submarines for two or three years before being finally decommissioned. |Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|

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1. Types of cookies Cookies are small text files sent to the user’s browser by visited websites; they are stored in the user's terminal to be then re-transmitted to the websites on the user's subsequent visits to those websites. When navigating a website, a user may happen to receive cookies from other websites or web servers (the "Third Parties”). This happens because the visited website may contain items such as images, maps, sound files, links to individual web pages on different domains that are located on servers other than the one where the page being visited is stored. Therefore, cookie may be classified into two main categories: “technical” cookies and “profiling” cookies. A. Technical Cookies. Technical cookies are those cookies used to consent navigation through a website or to provide a service to the user. They are not used for further purposes and are usually installed directly by the website manager or owner. They can be grouped into (i) browsing or session cookies, that allow users to navigate and use a website; and (ii) analytics cookies, to be considered similar to technical cookies in case they are used directly by the website manager to collect aggregate information on the number of visitors and the pattern of visits to the website; and (iii) functional cookies, allowing user’s navigation based on certain pre-determined criteria so as to improve the quality of service and navigation. B. Profiling cookies Profiling cookies are aimed at creating profiles relating to the users. They are used to send advertising in line with the preferences shown by the user during his navigation. 2. Cookies in the Website A. Technical Cookies The Website contains technical session cookies, whose use is strictly limited to the transmission of session identifications necessary to allow the safe and efficient exploration of the Website and to allow its normal operations. In particular, we use the following: (i) session or navigation cookies to enable the Website navigation and use; (ii) analytics cookies, similar to technical cookies, where used to collect aggregate and statistics information, on number of users accessing the Website and the pages more visited; (iii) functionality cookies, that enhance users’ navigation through a series of technical parameters. B. Third Parties’ Cookies Third parties’ cookies are installed on the Website. 3. How to disable cookies Cookies may be limited, disabled or modified by changing each user’s brower preferences. In order for the Website user to disable, block or change the cookies, he shall verify his browser functioning. The following links contains instructions for each browser: In case of use of more devices (such as mobile phone, tablet, laptop, etc.) the user must check each device browser settings, in order to manage cookies.

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The different forging processes used to produce near net shapes At its most basic level, forging is the process of forming and shaping metals through the use of hammering, pressing or rolling. The process begins with a cast ingot, which is heated to its plastic deformation temperature, then forged between dies to the desired shape and size. During this hot forging process, the cast, coarse grain structure is broken up and replaced by finer grains, achieved through the size reduction of the ingot. This produces a sound central region to the forged product and gives excellent overall structural integrity. Mechanical properties are therefore improved through the elimination of the cast structure, resulting in enhanced density and improved homogeneity. Forging also provides a means for aligning the grain flow to obtain the best desired directional strengths. The two main processes in open die forging are press forging and hammer forging. Both involve the shaping of heated metal parts between a top die attached to a ram and a bottom die attached to a hammer anvil or press bed. Some key differences between the processes are discussed below: 1. Size -Hammer forging is limited by size. Weights of 500-650kg are commonly seen as the upper limit for this process. Above this size the advantages of press forging take over, this being due to the almost unlimited amount of power that can be generated from hydraulics. 2. Material Properties – Hammer forging involves hitting the material at high velocities, resulting in finer grain structures and better mechanical properties than achieved though the slower press forging process. However the increased deformation and control achieved though press forging will give the material better through working and consistency of properties. 3. Tolerances – Hammer forging can work to nearer net shape with smaller forging allowance, therefore on high cost or difficult to machine alloys there can be significant advantages in the hammer forging process. Depending upon the alloy type and size, bars will be produced by forging from individually cast ingots (with further extrusion or hot rolling possible if required). Bar stock is a convenient form to hold product in, allowing immediate availability of many grades in a range of diameters, without a prohibitive lead time. It is well-suited for applications where there will be subsequent machining, as that also provides some flexibility on the exact bar diameter and length needed. However, for some components, forging is an attractive process to achieve improved properties in a part this is closer to the final shape. Near-Net Shape Forging Forging to near net shape not only provides savings in material usage but can also dramatically improve structural integrity through the control of product grain flow. 1. Rough forging a heated billet between flat dies to the maximum diameter dimension. 2. A “Knife” tool marks the starting locations. 3. Drawing down the first step to size. 4. The second step is drawn down to size 5. Swaging the rough forging for a smoother surface finish and to keep allowance to a minimum. Forging produces predictable and uniform products with: – Refined grain size and flow characteristics through mechanical hot deformation – Superior metallurgical and mechanical qualities, together with increased directional strength – A higher degree of structural integrity Shaped Forging – directional alignment of the microstructure has been achieved through deliberately orienting the forging process in the direction requiring maximum strength. This also yields higher ductility and greater resistance to impact and fatigue compared with a forged bar that is subsequently machined. Open Die Forging 1. Starting stock cut to size by weight is first rounded, then upset to achieve structural integrity and directional grain flow. 2. Work piece is punched, then pierced to achieve starting “doughnut” shape needed for ring rolling process. 3. Completed preform ready for ring production. 4. A “pin” or mandrel is placed through the preform allowing the ring to be opened out. This process is sometimes called “Becking out”. 5. The rings thickness is controlled by forging under a flat die and bed intermittently with the Becking process. Ring Rolling This process is often used in the production of seamless forged rings. Seamless rings can be produced in configurations ranging from flat, washer-like parts to tall, cylindrical shapes. The simplest, and most commonly used shape is a rectangular cross-section ring, but shaped tooling can be used to produce seamless rolled rings in complex, custom shapes with contours on the inside and/or outside diameters. 1. The process starts with a circular pre-form of metal that has been previously upset forged to give structural integrity and directional grain flow, then pierced to form a hollow ring. The pre-form is then placed over the mandrel roll. 2. Ring rolling process begins with the idler roll applying pressure to the preform against the drive roll. 3. This idler roll then moves under pressure toward a drive roll that continuously rotates to reduce the wall thickness, thereby increasing the diameters (I.D. and O.D.) of the resulting ring. The axial rolls control the height of the ring as it is being rolled. The process continues until the desired size is achieved. 4. The process continues until the desired size is achieved.

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JDOLLAR(J$v.2) IS said to be less interactive , advanced programming language used for constructing OS , compilers and mostly used in cloud computing and mobile cloud computing. And JDollar(J$v.2) is the World NO:1 technology. It contains 10 modules focused on cloud computing and mobile cloud computing. It is invented by wilmix jemin j at C/C++ Technology in year 2015. [Expansion of JDollar => J-> JEMIN and Dollar => MONEY] It uses Remote cloud sever to compile the J$ Programs. WDBAJ$v.1 is invented in JDOLLAR Technology at year 2014 by wilmix jemin j. WDBAJ$v.1 is used in cloud computing. It is a remote database to connect to any program or J$ program or saucer , etc. It is a NOSQL database.(ie, no need to type sql). We can perform insertion , deletion, updation, deletion, encryption, and deencryption by using it. NJDollar is a Most Advanced Technology. NJDOLLAR is otherwise known as JAS JAS is the Technology invented in JDollar(J$) by wilmix jemin j at nov 2015. WEB is the Most Standard Technology for WEB invented by wilmix jemin j in JDollar atOCT 2015 to develop a webpage. Web is used instead of today internet tools which is not fast.Expansion of WEB is "Wilmix Encryption for Business". W stands for wilmix hence it is invented by wilmix. To make the name attractive we name it "WEB". GCLOUD v.1 (WGALAXY) is an operating system based on the unix architecture and implemented in CHDollar Technology and C/C++. It is invented by wilmix jemin j IN CHDOLLAR and C/C++ Technology at 2016 for WSIT Professionals , clinet companies, etc It is ranked as A type OS due to 12 different kinds of Advanced desktop with cloud computing. We also use JAVA Technology to construct utilities . It is designed and developed mainly for companies, Industries,clients,Professionals, and WSIT/JAVA /

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- TIPS FOR HELPING CHILDREN WITH WRITING AND SPELLING - Write messages to your child and encourage him or her to write replies. Talk about words, letters and spaces as you write. - Encourage your child to write about experiences – trips and holidays for a scrapbook; match reports, festivals or competitions your child has taken part in. - Use a family message board and encourage children to write their own messages. - Provide your child with writing materials – paper, pencils, pens, envelopes, forms. - Talk about the purpose for which you use writing – telephone messages, shopping lists etc. - Have a written conversation with your child. - Encourage children to write rather than type since it builds up muscles in the hand for pencil grip. Questions about early writing - Does it matter that my child does not write from left to right? Very young children will experiment with writing which will not go from left to right. When you are sharing a book, occasionally run your finger from left to right along the line of print to model which way we write text in English. - Should my child only write in pencil? Should my child only write on lined paper? In school, children will be taught how to hold a pencil correctly and how to orientate the letters relative to the line, but at home it’s fine for children to experiment and enjoy writing with chalks on boards and pens on paper and fingers on screens! - Capital letters or lower case letters? Which should I use? Always demonstrate writing in lower case using capital letters for names and the beginning of sentences. - How much does spelling matter? Spelling does matter but it is a developmental skill and children will acquire correct spelling over a number of years so it is important that it doesn’t become a barrier to their enthusiasm for writing. You should appreciate all their efforts and talk about what they written (rather than point out spelling errors). - Write a word like ‘went’ or ‘take’ or ‘kick’. - Write some consonants like: b, d, l, m, n, p. - How many words can your child write that rhyme with ‘went’ (bent, dent, lent, rent, sent, tent). - They score a point for every word they can write. - Write a four letter word like ‘went’. - Challenge your child to write a word below it that just changes one letter (e.g. sent or west or want). - Take it in turns. Changing one letter at a time. (e.g. send or best or wand) how many words can you make? - Remember they must all be real words and no repetitions! - Write a word of the week on a piece of paper e.g. ‘important’. Everybody in the family is on the look-out for words that either start with ‘im’ or end ‘ant’ or have three syllables. Stick the paper on the fridge door. Everyone writes in a different colour pen so you know who added what. Who will find the most words? - Write spellings out in sand or shaving foam. - Use alphabet stamps and ink to print words and names on card. - Use magnetic letters on a fridge to play with words and spelling – places, people, colours, animals and so on. - Use technology to rehearse spellings: Phoneme pronunciation guide: www.global.oup.com; Collins Book Cat series of book-apps; Mr Thornes Phonics Safari; Pocket Phonics; Storybook Maker; Nosy Crow

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The ending of the story “Rules of The Game” shows, Waverly just 9 years old, wants independence from her mother. Waverly shows this when she states. “I imagined my mother, first walking briskly down one street or another looking for me, then giving up and returning home to await my arrival. After two hours, I stood on creaking legs and slowly walked home.” This shows she ran away from home, to get away from her mother, but she came back. Waverly did not resign herself to lose, so she tried to get independence in different way. The other example is, when Waverly became a “chess star”, there is a big divergence between her and her mother. “I wish you don’t telling everybody I’m your daughter.” My mother stopped walking. This shows she wanted her keeps silence and does not t tell anyone. But her mother Lindo did agree with her, and ostentatious to everyone. Waverly was angry with her mother, so that makes Waverly wants independence from her mother. The last example is, in Waverly’s mind that sometimes her mother’s action disturbed her when she practise chess. “My mother had a habit of standing over me while I plotted out my games. I think she thought of herself as my protective ally. ‘Ma, I can’t practice when you stand here like that.’ One day I said.” This shows Waverly don’t want her mother always stood around her. She want her own area, so that made she wants independence from her mother. I learned how to use and read number on micrometer. I think how to read is more important than use. If you are facing to a number like the picture above, you should pay attention to the number above the number line of sleeve. In this picture, we just can see “4”, so write it down. Then we look at the number under the number line, we got 3 more hundredths, so it is (3*0.25). At last, the number of thimble is “8”, thousandths of an inch given by thimble, so we got”0.08″. At last is compute, 4+(3*0.25)+0.08=4.83 Waverly Place Jong lived in San Francisco’s Chinatown with her parents. Her mother Lindo taught her many Chinese rules. The most important rule for this fiction is “The strongest wind cannot be seen”. When Waverly was six-year-old, she was shopping with her mother, she thirsted for some salted plums, but her mother refused to buy them. The next day, Waverly keeps quiet, and her mother reward her some plum. Waverly sets a psychological ambush for Lindo. She asked that Chinese tortures, and her mother answered: “Chinese people do many things. Chinese people do business, do medical, do painting.” And she adds: “We do tortures, best torture.” In a Christmas party, Lindo received a gift on party, which is a used chess set. Waverly became intrigued by the rules of the game. She didn’t understand these American rules, but she researches them in library, learning moves and powers of each piece. Then she defeated her brothers easily. An old Chinese man who named Lau Po taught her more rules and tactics. She won the local tournament repeatedly. At nine years old, Waverly became a national chess champion. Lindo announced to everyone that her daughter is a chess champion. Lindo thinks Waverly’s success is her family’s success. Waverly just want silent, so that led miscommunication between them, and Waverly is ashamed of her mother, her family and her race. When Waverly wants less requests and more silence form Lindo, Lindo called this stupid. Waverly indignant runs away from home for half day. At the last, she remember her mother’s words: Strongest wind cannot be seen. Then she understood that she must to assert her individuality but to do so, cannot without isolating herself from her family. The rule of game is the next move always be dilemma. This video helped me to know how to use power law and discriminate multiplication law and division law. This video helped me how to finished cube roots. Sometimes I don’t know how to count a large cube number. Now Ican remember that 11 cube equal to 1331, 12 cube equal to 1728 and 13 cube equal to 2197. This video helps me to learned how to convert mixed radicals to entire radicals.

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Reducing class size is often suggested as a way of improving pupil performance. However evidence from a new Campbell systematic review suggests that reducing class size has at best only a very small effect. The review summarises findings from relevant studies that measured the effects of class size on academic achievement. A total of 127 studies were analysed, including 45 studies that used data from the US Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) programme that reduced class sizes substantially in kindergarten to grade 3 (Years 1 to Year 4). However only ten studies, including four of the STAR programme, could be included in the meta-analysis. Their analysis focused on effects on maths and reading and found a small positive effect of reducing class size on pupils’ reading achievement and a negative, but statistically insignificant, effect on maths. For reading, the weighted average effect size was +0.11, and the weighted average effect size for maths was -0.03. For the four studies using data from the STAR programme, the researchers found a positive effect of smaller class sizes for both reading and maths. However, the average effect sizes were still very small and do not change the overall finding. Source: Small class sizes for improving student achievement in primary and secondary schools: a systematic review (October 2018), Campbell Systematic Reviews 2018:10

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On the run? Running from something? Need to be able to run fast? Wearing shoes? The latest research shows that running barefoot, and practicing running barefoot strengthens different muscles and is better for you. Scientists have found that those who run barefoot, or in minimal footwear, tend to avoid “heel-striking,” and instead land on the ball of the foot or the middle of the foot. In so doing, these runners use the architecture of the foot and leg and some clever Newtonian physics to avoid hurtful and potentially damaging impacts, equivalent to two to three times body weight, that shod heel-strikers repeatedly experience.

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Albrecht Dürer and others, The Triumphal Arch, c. 1515, woodcut printed from 192 individual blocks, 357 x 295 cm, Germany © Trustees of the British Museum. By Dr. Sally Hickson, Dr. Bonnie J. Noble, and The British Museum / 02.28.2017 Hickson: SOFAM Director, Associate Professor of Art History, University of Guelph Noble: Associate Professor of Art History, University of North Carolina, Charlotte By The British Museum Albrecht Dürer was born in Nuremburg and apprenticed to the painter Michel Wolgemut. He travelled widely from 1492 to 1494, visiting Schongauer, the leading German painter and engraver at the time, in his workshop in Colmar. From 1494-5 he visited northern Italy, where the works of artists such as Mantegna and Giovanni Bellini had a powerful influence on him. A painter, printmaker and theorist In 1495 Dürer set up his own workshop in Nuremberg, specializing in the production of paintings and innovative, high quality prints, such as the Apocalypse series of 1498. From 1505 to 1507 he revisited Venice, where he painted the Feast of the Garlands for the German merchants (National Gallery, Prague). Dürer’s revitalization of print-making techniques attracted the attention of many Nuremberg scholars and patrons. They informed Dürer about the intellectual studies of the Italian Renaissance and advised him on subjects for his art. He later published his ideas on art theory. His woodcuts inspired the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, to use the medium for colossal commemorative projects, in which Dürer played a leading part. Dürer excelled at a variety of drawing, painting and printing techniques. His Europe-wide fame rested on his graphic art. The Renaissance scholar and writer, Erasmus (1469-1536), called him “the Apelles of black lines,” a reference to the most famous ancient Greek artist. The British Museum’s collection of Dürer’s prints and drawings is one of the world’s finest and is representative of his entire career. The Museum also houses some of the blocks for his woodcuts. The Triumphal Arch The Triumphal Arch (top of page) is one of the largest prints ever produced. It was commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1459-1519). The program was devised by the court historian and mathematician, Johann Stabius, who explains underneath that it was constructed after the model of ‘the ancient triumphal arches of the Roman Emperors’. Figure of Sicambria—Maximilian’s genealogical tree is traced back to the first King of France, Clovis I, and the three female representations of the nations of Troy, Sicambia (in the lower Rhine) and Francia), detail, Albrecht Dürer and others, The Triumphal Arch, c. 1515, woodcut printed from 192 individual blocks, 357 x 295 cm, Germany © Trustees of the British Museum. Above the central arch, entitled “Honor and Might,” is a genealogy of Maximilian in the form of a family tree (above). Above the left arch, “Praise,” and the right arch, “Nobility,” are represented events from his life. These are flanked by busts of emperors and kings on the left (image, left), and a column of Maximilian’s ancestors on the right. The outermost towers on either side show scenes from the private life of Maximilian. Rudolf I (1217-1291) was the first Habsburg to be crowned King of the Romans. He played a key role in raising the status of the Habsburg family among the German feudal dynasties of central Europe (detail), Albrecht Dürer and others, The Triumphal Arch, c. 1515, woodcut printed from 192 individual blocks, 357 x 295 cm, Germany © Trustees of the British Museum (detail), Albrecht Dürer and others, The Triumphal Arch, c. 1515, woodcut printed from 192 individual blocks, 357 x 295 cm, Germany © Trustees of the British Museum. The architect and painter Jörg Kölderer designed the overall appearance of the structure, and Dürer designed the individual scenes and architectural elements, some of which he sub-contracted to his pupils Hans Springinklee and Wolf Traut, and Albrecht Altdorfer of Regensburg. The date 1515, which appears on the Arch, refers to the completion of the designs; the blocks were cut by Hieronymus Andreae of Nuremberg between 1515 and 1517. This impression belongs to the first edition of 1517-18 when about seven hundred sets were printed, but they are today very rare. It is undecorated apart from the word Halt in the German Halt Mass (“Keep to moderation”) which is gilded. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse By Dr. Sally Hickson Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498, woodcut, 15-1/4 x 11-7/16″ / 38.8 x 29.1 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Albrecht Dürer’s woodcut, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, always reminds me of my lifelong love of Hollywood cowboy movies. American westerns are almost all predicated on Christian themes, and riddled with simple symbolic numbers. Maybe you are familiar with the 1960 Western The Magnificent Seven and their connection to the Seven Virtues? And in terms of the Seven Vices, in the 2007 remake of 3.10 to Yuma, the ‘villain,’ Ben Wade, is trailed by six members of his outfit who try to free him from his captors—his release would restore their numbers to seven (and need I point out that ten minus three—the 3.10 of the title— is seven?). In the original poster for High Noon, Gary Cooper confronts four villains. This is why, for me, Durer’s Four Horsemen, drawn from the Book of Revelation (the last book of the New Testament which tells of the end of the world and the coming of the kingdom of God), have always been the sinister apocalyptic cowboys of world-ending destruction; Conquest, War, Pestilence (or Famine) and Death itself. Of course, that’s not at all what Dürer intended. The image was made as one of a series of fifteen illustrations for a 1498 edition of the Apocalypse, a subject of popular interest at the brink of any new millennium. In 1511, after the world had failed to end, the plates were republished and further cemented Dürer’s enduring fame as a print-maker. Detail, Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498 In the text of Revelation, the main distinguishing feature of the four horses is their color; white for conquest, red for war, black for pestilence and/or famine, and pale (from ‘pallor’) for death (Clint Eastwood, Pale Rider, anyone?). The riders each arrive armed with a rather obvious attribute; conquest with a bow, war with a sword, and a set of balances for pestilence/famine. Dürer’s pale rider carries a sort of pitchfork or trident, despite the fact that he’s given no weapon in the Biblical account; he simply unleashes hell. Here’s the text from Revelation, chapter 6: The First Seal—Rider on White Horse Then I saw when the Lamb broke one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures saying as with a voice of thunder, “Come.” I looked, and behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer. The Second Seal—War When He broke the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, “Come.” And another, a red horse, went out; and to him who sat on it, it was granted to take peace from the earth, and that men would slay one another; and a great sword was given to him. The Third Seal—Famine When He broke the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying, “Come.” I looked, and behold, a black horse; and he who sat on it had a pair of scales in his hand…” The Fourth Seal—Death When the Lamb broke the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature saying, “Come.” I looked, and behold, an ashen horse; and he who sat on it had the name Death; and Hades was following with him. Authority was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by the wild beasts of the earth. The quality of Dürer’s woodcut is breathtaking; one hears and feels the furor of the clattering hooves and the details, shading and purity of form are astonishing. Dürer’s unique genius as a woodcut artist was his ability to conceive such complex and finely detailed images in the negative—woodcut is a relief process in which one must cut away the substance of the design to preserve the outlines. Before Dürer it was often a rather crude affair. No one could draw woodblocks with the finesse of Dürer (much of the cutting was done by skilled craftsmen following Dürer’s complex outlines). The images are astonishingly detailed and textural, as finely tuned as drawings. So influential was Dürer’s graphic output, in both woodcut and engraving, that his prints became popular models for succeeding generations of painters. He was no mean painter himself, producing a varied and articulate array of self-portraits, as well as religious works, and turning his mind and his hand to the production of an influential book on perspective. He was a humanist, painter, print-maker, theorist and keen observer of nature and is therefore often referred to in popular discourse as the ‘Leonardo of the North’—although his actual output was considerably greater than that Italian Renaissance master. Detail, Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498 Dürer’s particular genius here is the translation of the distinctive colors of the horses into a black-and-white medium, which he achieves by very distinctly drawing their various weapons and by placing them in order from background to foreground, slightly overlapping, so that they ride across the composition in the same order as they appear in the text. This places the apparition of Death, a skeletal monster on a skeletal horse, in the foreground, trampling the figures in his path. Detail, Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498 Adam and Eve By Dr. Bonnie J. Noble Is there anything left to say about Adam and Eve, quite literally the oldest story in the book? The engraving of Adam and Eve of 1504 by the German renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer recasts this familiar story with nuances of meaning and artistic innovation. In the picture, Adam and Eve stand together in a dense, dark forest. Far from the garden evoked in Genesis, this forest is distinctly German, the dark woods of the devils and spooks of Grimm’s fairy tales. Foreign and unexpected motifs intrude into this German wood. Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504, engraving (fourth state), 25.1 x 20 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Tropical bird and sign announcing artist’s name (detail), Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504, engraving (fourth state), 25.1 x 20 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Despite the chill of the forest, the two human figures appear nude. Their bodies are frontal, and they stand in a classical contrapposto, or counterpoise, where the weight of the body is shifted onto one foot. The corresponding shift in hips and shoulders creating a convincing illusion of a body capable of movement but temporarily at rest. Despite this apparent naturalism, their heads are turned to the side as they gaze at one another. This twisting configuration of head and body is distinctly artificial. The naturalizing contrapposto clashing with the artificiality of the rest of the pose establishes a pattern of contradictions that run throughout the picture. A seemingly astutely observed tree becomes distinctly odd, as we recognize that Eve is plucking an apple from a tree with fig leaves. A parrot, a tropical bird, perches on a branch to the viewer’s left. Six other animals stroll disinterestedly through or stand about—an elk, ox, cat, rabbit, mouse, and goat. Graphic identifying the placement of animals (detail), Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504, engraving (fourth state), 25.1 x 20 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) The cartelino or small sign hanging from branch Adam grasps contains its own contradiction. It proudly identifies the artist as a citizen of the Franconian city of Nuremberg (Noricus), but does so in Latin, the language of the Mediterranean, of the Roman Empire and of the Italian Renaissance. How does this curious blend of motifs further the story of Adam and Eve? A departure from Genesis The answer is that the picture tells us primarily about the Renaissance, about Germany, and about Dürer himself rather than the text of Genesis, from which it departs most strikingly. The poses of the two human figures are contrived to show off this German artist’s knowledge of classical (Greco-Roman) proportions. Based on the ideals of the Roman architect Vitruvius, the proportions of the face—for instance the distance from forehead to chin—determine the ideal proportions of the rest of the body. Dürer sacrifices naturalism to showcase his mastery of Vitruvian ideals. Colorful, tropical parrots were collectors items in Germany, and they were also symbols in art. The call of the parrot was believed to sound like “Eva-Ave” —Eve and Ave Maria (“Hail Mary”—the name of a prayer in honor of the Virgin Mary). This word play underpins the Christian interpretation of the story of the Fall of Humanity by characterizing the Virgin Mary, mother of Christ, as the antidote for Eve’s sin in the Garden of Eden. The other animals bear other symbolic meanings. The elk, ox, rabbit, and cat exemplify the four humors or human personality types, all of which correlate with specific fluids in the body. - Melancholic: elk, black bile - Phlegmatic: ox, phlegm - Sanguine: rabbit, blood - Choleric: cat, yellow bile Only Adam and Eve are in perfect balance internally. After the Fall, one humor predominates in everyone, throwing our temperaments into imbalance. Dürer’s placid animals signify that in this moment of perfection in the garden, the human figures are still in a state of equilibrium. The cat does not yet chase the mouse, and the goat (a reference to the scapegoat of the bible) is still standing on his mountain perch. A German enthralled by the classical tradition The print allows Dürer to express his personal and cultural concerns. Proud of his German identity (Albert Dvrer Noricvs or “Albert Dürer of Nuremberg”), the artist is nonetheless enthralled by Italian and classical tradition. The German forest is ennobled by classically proportioned figures who actually reference Greek sculptures of Venus and Apollo, and anchored in tradition with the symbolism of the humors. In Renaissance fashion, the perfect physical proportions of the body correlate with the interior harmony of the humors. The advent of mechanically reproducible media, both woodcuts and intaglio prints, was a revelation for Dürer and his entire world. Into a world where each image was handmade, one of a kind, and destined for one location, mechanical reproducibility offered something entirely different. Pictures made in multiples, such as the Adam and Eve engraving, meant that the ideas and designs of a German artist could be known in other regions and countries by large numbers of people. German artists could learn about classical art without traveling to Italy. More kinds of people could afford more pictures, because prints are easier to produce and typically less expensive than paintings. The traditional, direct contract between artist and patron, where one object was hand-produced for one patron and one place, gave way to a situation where multiple images could be seen by unknown viewers under an infinite variety of circumstances. A scientific mind Like his older contemporary Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer had a curious intellect and scientific mind in addition to being an artist. Also like Leonardo, Dürer’s surpassing skill and inspiration made him a leading artist of the Renaissance. After his trips to Venice and his encounter with the Italian Renaissance, Dürer embraced the ideals of the Renaissance that he experienced first hand while continuing to celebrate his German heritage. Dürer was to master painting and surpass all others in printmaking, both relief and intaglio. Ultimately he would rely on his prints for profit and recognition. Dürer not only experienced the transformation from Gothic to Renaissance, he was an agent of that change. By Dr. Bonnie J. Noble Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I, 1514, engraving, 24 x 18.5 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Sunken in despair This personification of melancholy is strong and capable yet immobile, chin in hand, the figure appears sunken in despair. Building tools are scattered about—compass, saw, nails, plane—yet the figure leaves them there untouched. The figure is androgynous; the female pronoun is used here in keeping with the gender of the word melancholia, but some art historians believe the figure to be male. Her strong, muscular, substantial body and delicate wings epitomize her dilemma. She aspires to flight, yet is too heavy for her tiny wings to lift. Perhaps this is an allegory of hubris—the dangerous conceit that a mere human may become like a god. Flight is only for gods—as the unfortunate Icarus learned when he flew too close to the sun and the wax in his self-fashioned wings melted. The limits of mass and volume, of being a person in the world, prevent Melencolia’s flight—physical or creative. In a more prosaic fashion, this situation is familiar to anyone facing a demanding project. The desk is clear, the computer is on, books are in arm’s reach…and nothing happens. Personification of Melacholy (detail), Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I, 1514, engraving, 24 x 18.5 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Melencolia’s inertia has created chaos and neglect. Her creative frustration renders her unable to accomplish the simplest of tasks, such as feeding the malnourished dog who has grown thin from neglect. The image exudes physical and intellectual vertigo. Like the artist, we cannot quite figure out what to do, or where to look, or where we are. Are we indoors or out? Where does the ladder start? And where does it stop? If we compare the Melencolia to another of Dürer ’s master engravings, Saint Jerome in his Study, the chaos of Melancholy’s predicament comes into high relief. Albrecht Dürer, Saint Jerome in His Study, 1514, engraving, 24.6 x 18.9 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Jerome’s well appointed study glows with light, peace and calm. The saint works in the pleasant warmth of his study on his translation of the Bible from the original languages into Latin. Objects are orderly, though not rigidly so. The saint’s work is meditative rather than burdensome. He is unhurried—indeed the skull and hourglass, reminders of death and the passage of time—create no urgency or fear. Jerome has come to accept mortality and without fuss or worry, and he occupies himself exclusively with the matter at hand. Jerome (detail), Albrecht Dürer, Saint Jerome in His Study, 1514, engraving, 24.6 x 18.9 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Order and confusion Polyhedron (detail), Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I,1514, engraving, 24 x 18.5 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Compare the order of Jerome’s study to the scattered tools and scattered mind of Melencolia. Space itself is thrown into confusion. The polyhedron in the center of the composition turns the picture into a parody of a neatly organized Renaissance picture constructed according to the laws of one-point linear perspective. The polyhedron conceals the horizon, the starting point for linear perspective, a subject Dürer wrote about and used with aplomb. Rather than tidy orthogonals converging in vanishing point, the lines implied by the edges of the polyhedron zoom in all directions like scattering mercury. Melancholy and artists Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle, 1493, 56 x 44 cm (Louvre) Melencolia I is a flagship picture for Renaissance melancholy, a temperament that was increasingly tied to creativity and the construction of the artistic personality. During this period, Melancholy was divided up into three types; the Roman number I in this print likely refers to the category associated with artists. While melancholy was seen purely as illness in the Middle Ages, the result of too much black bile, Renaissance thinkers began to see it as a badge of honor—the mark and burden of genius. This evolving notion of melancholy and its implications for the “artistic temperament” are evident in Dürer’s growth as an artist. His early self-portrait of 1494 (left) bears the inscription “My affairs must go as ordained on high” (“1493 (D.H.); MIN SACH DIE, GAT ALS ES OBEN SCHTAT”—top center). This phrase, emphasizing fate and duty, perfectly expresses the late Gothic mentality of fulfilling divine and parental obligations rather than seeking fulfillment as an individual person. Individuality becomes particularly poignant for Dürer after his encounter with the Italian Renaissance in Italy. Dürer’s diaries tell of his fascination not only with Italian art but with the status of the Italian artist. Italian artists were conceded expressive identities and rewarded with status and regard as intellectuals, while in Germany artists often remained respectable but anonymous artisans. Such a diminutive social niche could not contain Dürer’s accomplishments or expectations. Additional Resources and Suggested Reading G. Bartrum (ed.), Albrecht Dürer and his legacy (London and N.J., The British Museum Press and Princeton University Press, 2002). E. Panofsky, The life and art of Albrecht Dürer (Princeton University Press, 1945, 1971). G. Bartrum, German Renaissance prints (London, The British Museum Press, 1995).

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The process of IP Address Spoofing has the sole purpose of hiding a user’s own IP address and identity or even impersonating another device/address. The actual process changes the IP protocol header data - This header data contains important information, and more specifically, the senders IP address. To show a different IP address, this header information will be changed so the receiving party thinks the data is coming from another source. One important thing to note is that when data is received from a spoofed IP address, a response from the server for example will usually be sent back to that spoof address, therefore, people using IP spoofing should not care about receiving a response. Owing to this fact, IP spoofing is generally used for illegitimate reasons such as DoS attacks. Join over 650 million users already enjoying absolute Internet Freedom around the world by downloading Hotspot Shield VPN. We don't store or share your IP address

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In the historical context of the Genesis story there are 48 verses that deal with the consequences of the first temptation and the exodus from Eden which St. Augustine refers as “The Original Sin”. The questions I raise in a novel are the implications of such a story whereby my protagonist is “Human Reasoning”. What is Satan’s Greatest Lie? – You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out your father’s desire. He was a murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of all lies.” “Don’t lie to each other.” (Colossians 3:9) Christians are in warfare against Satan. While it is true that Jesus defeated Satan on the cross, it is also true that Satan never ceases his attack on God’s People. In this warfare, let us look at five of Satan’s greatest lies he uses against people. GREATEST LIE #1 – GOD WITHHOLDS GOOD THINGS FROM US - A. Genesis 3:4-5 –“‘You will not surely die, the serpent said to the woman. ‘For God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.’” - B. Satan tempts us to believe God’s goodness obligates Him to gratify our desires immediately, and when that does not happen, it is a sign that God does not care about us. - C. God’s plans are always for out best over the long haul, and not just for the immediate short-term. GREATEST LIE #2 – TRUST IN THE DEITY OF SELF - A. Psalm 20:7– “Some trust in chariots and some in horses, but we trust in the name of the Lord our God.” - B. Satan always provides a list of alternatives to choose from in place of choosing to trust in God. - Materialism . . . Things . . . Stuff - Denominational-ism . . . Religious beliefs and organizations that did not come from God. - Numbers . . . Satan tempts us to trust in numbers and not God’s provision. 1 Chronicles 21:1 – “Satan rose up against Israel and incited David to take a census of Israel.” 5. Self . . . Self-reliance. a. Satan wants us to fall victim to the lie of self-reliance. –“And my God will meet all your needs according to his glorious riches in Christ Jesus.” b. God-reliance . . . Not self-reliance. GREATEST LIE #3 – GOD’S PEOPLE WILL NEVER SUFFER - A. Matthew 16:22-23– “Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him. ‘Never, Lord!’ he said. ‘This shall never happen to you!’Jesus turned and said to Peter, ‘Get behind me, Satan! You are a stumbling block to me; you do not have in mind the things of God, but the things of men.’” B. Satan tempts us to believe nothing bad will ever happen to us as Christians. And, if something bad does happen, it is just a further sign that God is not all we believe Him to be.” Satan would have us believe that. - C. Satan’s lie sows self-pity that blooms into bitterness of heart. 1. How thankful we should be for the Book of Job. 2. Romans 8:28 – “And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose.” GREATEST LIE #4 – MONEY BRINGS HAPPINESS - A. Matthew 4:8-9– “Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their splendor. ‘All this I will give you,” he said, “if you will bow down and worship me.’” - B. Greed will take our eyes off God. - C. Listening to Satan will short-circuit God’s plan for us. 1. Malachi 3:10 – “Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. Test me in this,” says the LORD Almighty, “and see if I will not throw open the floodgates of heaven and pour out so much blessing that you will not have room enough for it. 2. God will provide things for us . . . But things will not provide God for us! GREATEST LIE #5 – FORGIVENESS IS IMPOSSIBLE - A. Corinthians 2:7, 11– “Now instead, you ought to forgive and comfort him, so that he will not be overwhelmed by excessive sorrow.In order that Satan might not outwit us. For we are not unaware of his schemes. - B. Refusal to forgive invites bitterness into our hearts. - C. Unable to forgive divides people and kills fellowship. - D. The road to forgiveness begins with remembering how much we’ve been forgiven. - E. In order to reach Heaven, not only must we be forgiven by God . . . But we must also forgive others. – “I tell you, whatever you ask for in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours. And when you stand praying, if you hold anything against anyone, forgive him, so that your Father in heaven may forgive you your sins.” – “Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.” resources to ponder: The Trial of Human Reason 3:6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. Temptation in the garden The seductive lies that are told Forever turning us away Now forever wearing the blindfold How can it be? We turned away and now rely on what is fallible Breaking the covenant To trust on oneself, is truth now intangible? The serpent’s deception A fools path for amity Free will determines our fate A masterstroke for calamity If you were to believe Evil does not exist Another problem to consider Another problem to dismiss What do we value? Philosophy and logic? Are they our absolution? Are they anagogic? The argument for freedom Comes in many different shades Can we lay down a trump card? Can we lay down our ace of spades? Consider the reasons we argue? Consider why we fight? The need to know? The need to be right? Understanding is fundamental Understanding is our largest drive Where do we turn for answers? Is it truth or is it contrived? The trial of human reason Forever in debate Is this our undoing? Is this our checkmate?

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Perry nuclear power plant refueling - 10 The reactor core at the Perry nuclear power plant glows in different colors as crews earlier this month removed all of the core's 748 fuel rod assemblies and put them in a cooling pool in preparation to replace about a third of them with a newly designed fuel rod that contains slightly more enriched uranium. This refueling is the 15th since Perry began operating in 1986. (FirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co. ) NORTH PERRY, Ohio -- FirstEnergy's decision to begin a change-over to a new, hotter fuel rod at its Perry nuclear reactor is OK with federal regulators. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has approved an amendment to Perry's operating license that recalculates heat limit ratios in the reactor core. The ratios are based on where the new fuel will be placed in the core. Though the fuel rods are new, amendments to the calculations contained in operating licenses are not new, and in fact are fairly common, say both FirstEnergy and the NRC. Perry has been shut down since March 9, not only for refueling but also for replacement of a major transformer, some other equipment, general plant-wide maintenance and a full inspection of the reactor vessel itself. The company has not begun reloading the reactor core with fuel, said a spokeswoman Wednesday, as reactor vessel inspections continue. The newly designed rods are manufactured by Global Nuclear Fuel, or GNF, a joint venture of GE, Toshiba and Hitachi. Perry had been using rods manufactured by GE. GNF claims the new design not only increases energy output but that its use ultimately will allow a reactor operator to use fuel rods with lower levels of enriched uranium and to use fewer of them. The new fuel rods are about the same size as the older assemblies, though their metal walls are slightly thinner, according to documents FirstEnergy submitted to the NRC. That is a characteristic of the new fuel that anti-nuclear groups cite as a potential problem during the centuries that fuel rods must be stored after they are removed from a reactor core. Critics have argued before the NRC in written testimony that the thinner walls mean that after decades of heat and radiation in storage casks they will weaken and fail -- making it very difficult to move them if necessary. The NRC is currently conducting tests on used fuel rods in an effort to determine whether the metal's ductility has been compromised. As customary, FirstEnergy will replace about one-third of the reactor core's 748 fuel rod assemblies. Fuel rods are typically left in a reactor for three two-year operating cycles. The advantage of the GNF fuel assemblies is that when the next refueling occurs in two years, crews will not have to remove as many older fuel rods, said the company. That will reduce refueling costs. And over time that could mean the plant will not accumulate as many "spent" or used fuel rods. U.S. reactor operators must store spent fuel rods in an on-site cooling pool for five years before placing them in concrete and steel dry storage casks that are also stored on-site indefinitely until a national storage repository is agreed on or the industry is permitted to recycle and re-use the uranium in the old rods, which remain radioactive.

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A record number of public comments have flooded the U.S. Federal Communications Commission on its proposed new 'net neutrality' rules. Continue Reading Below The regulations would determine whether or how Internet service providers (ISPs) could charge content companies for faster and more reliable delivery of their traffic to users. Below are some details about the concept of 'net neutrality' and the FCC's work to regulate Internet traffic. WHAT IS NET NEUTRALITY? Net neutrality is the principle that ISPs should treat all traffic on their networks equally. That means companies such as Comcast Corp or Verizon Communications Inc should not block or slow access to any website or content on the Web to, for instance, benefit their own services over those of competitors. HOW IS NET NEUTRALITY REGULATED? The FCC, which regulates U.S. cable and other companies that provide broadband services, has several times adopted rules to ensure that ISPs abide by the net neutrality principle. In 2010, the FCC passed an order that prohibited ISPs from blocking traffic. It allowed "commercially reasonable" discrimination of traffic, but rejected potential "pay-for-priority" deals that might have allowed content companies to pay for faster delivery of their traffic. However, a U.S. appeals court ruled against the FCC in January in a case brought by Verizon, effectively striking down the agency's net neutrality regulations. Comcast is the only ISP that has to abide by the older set of rules until 2018 as a condition of its acquisition of NBC Universal. All the other major ISPs have said they support an open Internet. WHY DID THE COURT REJECT THE RULES? In setting the rules in 2010, the FCC treated ISPs as utilities similar to telephone companies, which are more heavily regulated. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that policy was improper because ISPs were actually classified as less-regulated information service providers. WHAT IS THE FCC'S NEW PLAN? The court did affirm the FCC's authority to regulate broadband, indicating the agency could use another section of the communications law to restore some of the rules. Based on that guidance, the FCC has proposed rules that would ban ISPs from blocking users' access to websites or applications, and would require them to disclose exactly how they manage traffic on their networks. FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler has proposed that some "commercially reasonable" pay-for-priority deals be allowed, although the FCC has sought comments on whether "some or all" such deals should be presumed illegal. The proposal also asks questions about potentially reclassifying broadband providers, and how the FCC might address so-called "interconnection" deals that are currently outside the scope of net neutrality rules. These deals were in the spotlight during Netflix Corp's recent spat with Comcast and Verizon. WHY ARE CONSUMER ADVOCATES OPPOSED? Consumer advocates say Wheeler's proposal would create "fast lanes" for companies willing to pay, while leaving startups and others behind, potentially harming competition. Large technology companies such as Google Inc, Facebook Inc and Amazon.com Inc have warned of a "grave threat to the Internet." However, consumer advocates are pushing for reclassification of ISPs as public utilities, while technology companies have not specifically supported reclassification. WHAT DO OPPONENTS OF REGULATION SAY? ISPs say stricter net neutrality rules could discourage investment in the expensive network infrastructure. Verizon, in its case against the FCC, argued that the rules amounted to government overreach into business dealings. Past efforts to regulate ISPs like telephone companies caused a backlash from the cable and wireless industries and Republican lawmakers. Companies argued that reclassification would create prolonged regulatory uncertainty without preventing pay-for-priority deals. (Reporting by Alina Selyukh; editing by Andrew Hay, Cynthia Osterman and Andre Grenon)

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|Punch cartoon (1907); illustrates the unpopularity amongst Punch readers of a proposed 1907 income tax by the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)| THE SIXTEENTH OR INCOME-TAX AMENDMENT, HAVING OPERATED IN VIOLENCE TO AMERICAN PRINCIPLES RESPECTING PROPERTY AND JUSTICE, SHOULD BE REPEALED As the panic of 1893 and the failures of crops which contributed to the insolvency of railroads and the closing of banks brought upon the theatre of government alien-minded philosophers advocating the imported Initiative, the Referendum, and the Recall as panaceas for whatever it was that was ailing them, so, after the panic of 1907, out came another group of politicians and "universitaires" and demanded an income tax to cure the sickness of the Nation. For a time the panic of 1907 was worse than that of 1893, as in parts of the country the circulating medium disappeared and cities and various bodies issued "scrip" to be used as money. The platform of 1908 of the National Socialistic Party, speaking of that panic, demanded a "graduated" income 52tax and a graduated inheritance tax as a means of distributing wealth. It also called for nearly all of the "uplifts" brought into play a quarter of a century later and unctuously baptized as the "New Deal" -- employment by the United States for the unemployed, help from the Federal Treasury for the needy, public improvements to provide work, nationalization of utilities and some industries, "development" of many fields not before thought to be within the competence of government, insurance for health, accident, old age, death, and other things insurable, and practically anything else that anybody wanted. 1. Socialists have been charged with disagreement as to what they really stand for. From the platform of the National Socialist Party of 1908, following the very severe panic of the year before, a definition may be drawn. The writers of the platform betrayed a most comprehensive misunderstanding of the powers and obligations of our National Government. They called for: 1. Relief works through building schools and canals, by reforesting, by reclamation, and by extending all other public works; 2. Loans of money by the United States to States, municipalities, and for public works; 3. Ownership by the United States of railroads, telegraph and telephone lines, steamships, all land, and all industries; 4. Extension of the public domain to take over mines, quarries, oil wells, forests, and water power; 5. Extension of the graduated income tax and inheritance tax; 6. Abolition of the power of the Supreme Court to hold an act of Congress unconstitutional; 7. Creation of a Department of Health and a Department of Education; 8. Insurance against unemployment, illness, accident, invalidism, old age, and death; 9. Funds for the unemployed. Some of those matters are within the police power of the States, but none lies within the jurisdiction of the Nation. The proposed taking over of property by taxation and by seizure is Communistic. The reader should be profited by considering carefully how far we have already gone into that unconstitutionalism. How much of the "New Deal" and the "Fair Deal" comes from that -- from the junk piles of futile expedients with which wretched governments have strewn the highway of history? 53The fallacies of the "New Deal" were old even when Karl Marx demanded in 1848 "progressive," or graduated, income taxes -- together with the abolition of the right to pass estates at death -- to enable confiscation of private property and the rise thereby of the proletariat to political control. For they were employed by the several experimenters who tried to mitigate the conditions which brought on the French Revolution of 1789. And in the 300s the Roman Emperor Diocletian, in the interest of his soldiers, fixed maximum prices for provisions and other articles of commerce and set maximum rates of wages, with severe penalties for disregard of the edict. For the purposes of this regulation he issued a special copper coin of the value of one oyster. In 1950, the "New Deal" is operating in the United States without even that much for a standard of money. After the close of the war in 1945 a new government in England undertook the acquisition of private property by what it termed "nationalization." "New Deal" a very ancient failure The "New Deal" is a very ancient subterfuge for statecraft. Knowing the type very well, the historians who wrote the Constitution gave nothing that is in the "New Deal" any recognition whatever. Life, liberty, and property they left with men, to whom they belong, and for whom and by whom the Constitution was conceived for self-protection. The "New Deal" is thoroughly unconstitutional. Yet the persistence through the centuries of the idea that Government can do the business of man better than 54he can, which showed up in this land of liberty in 1933 with the effrontery of a Stuart king or a Bourbon, is a fact that must keep Americans on guard. States deposed themselves from constitutional sovereignty The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States wrought an unintelligent relinquishment by the States of the first power of governmental sovereignty -- that of raising revenue for self-maintenance. Hamilton failed to foresee that in time the States, instead of defending their sovereignty in local affairs, would, through their representatives in Congress, undermine themselves (The Federalist, No. 28): "State governments will, in all possible contingencies, offer complete security against invasions of the public liberty by the National authority." Plain income tax not objectionable There is no objection to an income tax when legally laid -- when not made confiscatory by graduation -- but it should be levied by the States for use at home -- not gathered by the Nation and then redistributed as doles or donatives toward the weakening of the States and the enlargement of the central power.It should probably not be laid on the income of manufacture or production. Since graduation was contrary to constitutional principle, it should have been foreseen by statesmen that the Income Tax Amendment as applied by Congress would work badly. It enabled the central Government, like an 55octopus, to thrust a tentacle into the revenue supply of each State and drain it, leaving the State partially helpless to perform its essential functions and making it a beggar at the Capital for a share of its own money. Nation given worst form of power It put in the hands of the National Government a power of money -- in every hand the worst power there is -- never seen in the world before, in comparison with which that employed by the Imperial City for the plunder of the Roman provinces was an evil of small consequence. Money in excess at Washington has covered the country with a thoroughly disreputable organization of politics -- the begging States having been to a degree forced to aid in carrying out, as baronies, the "objectives" of the superior authority from which they now hold their place on earth and to which they render most humble fealty. Roosevelt totally lacking in knowledge of taxation In the President's message to Congress and the country on April 27,1942, the first and most important of his seven specifics for keeping the costs of living from "spiraling upward" and for winning the war was "to tax heavily, and in that process keep personal and corporate profits at a reasonable rate." "Through tax processes," he said, excess profits can be kept down, and at the same time "further large sums" can be raised for the financing of the war. The plain import of that language is that "tax processes" may be employed -- as they certainly have been illegally 56for nearly three decades -- for other purposes than the raising of necessary revenue for the support of strictly governmental functions. When law was scientific, care was exercised to levy no more taxes than would meet the needs of government economically administered. President Coolidge said that taxation beyond that need is "legalized larceny." President Cleveland denounced almost as severely the taking by taxation of revenue not required. Those two understood clearly the American meaning of the word "tax," as applied for upwards of 300 years. Neither to them nor to those before them was a tax a weapon. It was not an instrument for taking from those with possessions and bestowing, either directly or indirectly, upon those without. President Roosevelt for the confiscation of Communism The use of "tax processes" for transferring the property of the individual to the Government is the fundamental doctrine in the Communist Manifesto of 1848, promulgated by Karl Marx. By the "graduated" income tax, plus the abolition of the rights of inheritance, Marx would seize by government for the proletariat all private property. "They [the proletariat] have nothing of their own to secure and fortify," wrote Marx; "their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurance of, individual property." The instrument to accomplish that destruction would be "a heavy progressive [graduated] income tax." "The abolition of all rights of inheritance" would be 57used by Marx and his followers toward putting an end to private property. Karl Marx elucidates his idea Communism, belief in which has been held by many in our Government, was made clear by Marx as follows: "The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but of the bourgeois [capitalistic] property. But modem bourgeois private property is the final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few. "In this sense the theory of Communism may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property." The "heavy progressive" taxes which he proposed would transfer property from the bourgeoisie to Government, and Government would be in the proletariat. "The immediate aim of Communism is the same as that of all the other proletarian parties: formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, and conquest of political power by the proletariat." 2. Social and Political Doctrines of Contemporary Europe, Oakeshaft, pp. 88 to 101. Perhaps the best way to define Communism is to present an abstract of the Communist Manifesto of 1848: 1. Abolition of property in land, and application of all rents of land to public purposes; 2. A heavy progressive income tax;3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance; (cont. on 58) 58And men teaching and preaching that sedition have been permitted to run for the Presidency of the United States! Communism the first "American way of life" Communism was the first -- and quickly rejected -- American way of life. The Communism expounded by Lenin in The Teachings of Karl Marx had been the earliest experiment in America in living. It was tried in Virginia and in the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. It was a failure in both places, as it failed in several later attempts in the United States when supported by abundant funds and by men and women of the highest learning. Lenin wrote that the worker receives under Communism "a certificate from society" for the amount of work done. He gets in return from the public warehouse "a corresponding quantity of products," after there has been deducted "that proportion of labor which goes to the public fund." In the main that is the method in Soviet Russia today, according to Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, former ambassador to that country, in My Three Years in Moscow. (cont. from 57) 4. Confiscation of property of all emigrants and rebels; 5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the state by means of a national bank with state capital and exclusive monopoly; 6. Centralization in the hands of the state of the means of communication and transport; 7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state; the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan; 8. Equal obligation of all to work. Establishment of industrial units, especially for agriculture; 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries, and gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the population; 10. Free education of all children in public schools, abolition of children's factory labor in its present form, and the combination of education with industrial production. 59Governor Bradford on failure of Communism at Plymouth In A History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606 to 1646, it is related by Governor Bradford (p. 147) that at first the land was tilled and other work done in common and that the product of toil went into general storage. From the warehouse those in charge of the colony made distribution according to service given. The undertaking failed from lack of incentive "even among the best settlers." After grave consideration by the officers of the colony a "parcell" of land was assigned to each family and the members of the family lived together. Immediately "corne" was much more widely planted. "For the young men," wrote Bradford, "that were most able and fitte for labour and service did repine that they should spend time and streignth to worke for other men's wives and children without any recompence. The strong, or men of parts, had no more devission of victails and cloaths than he that was weake and not able to doe a quarter the other could. This was thought injuestice." Of course, it was unjust, an affront to reason, a burden at which human nature rebels. Thus the communal life was rejected at the beginning for American private enterprise. American spirit called "wealth" by Hamilton That spirit of self-reliance was regarded by Alexander Hamilton (The Federalist, No. 11) as a considerable proportion of the capital which would build the United States: "The unequalled spirit of enterprise which signalizes 60the genius of American merchants and navigators, and which is in itself an inexhaustible mine of national wealth." Government has been undermining that self-reliance until a critic has said that the people are more fearful of life than of death. And in 1949, so much had American spirit deteriorated (in places) that the Vice President could say in an address to an association of businessmen: "As much as we wish for the good old simple days, the complexities of our lives have created an interdependence among all of our citizens. This has created a necessity for the guidance of the Government in the problems that beset our people." Most of the worst "problems" have been created by men in Government who had never, before taking public office, exhibited any notable talent in the world of affairs. They have been incompetent "guides." Our constitutional system has been turned by them into a manufactory of problems and emergencies. Those problems cannot be solved by Communism. "Graduated" tax of Communism never proposed by Congress In 1909 President Taft, who succeeded to an empty treasury, asked Congress to propose an amendment to the Constitution authorizing an income -- but not "graduated" -- tax. Congress made the proposal and it became the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, just before President Taft went out. By a tax on corporations he had filled the Treasury, thus demonstrating that the income tax was not needed. The purpose of the proposed Amendment was to take out of the Constitution, as it would affect an income-tax 61law, the provision (section 2 of Article I) on which the Income Tax Act of 1894 foundered, namely: "Direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers." That is, according to population. The Supreme Court had held (157 U. S. 429) the taxes stated to be direct taxes, and that as they had not been apportioned by Congress among the several States, the act was unconstitutional. Hence, the Amendment: "Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration." Hamilton did not dream that the provision for uniformity in taxation which he was extolling would be stricken out (emphasis his): "The abuse of this power of taxation seems to have been provided against with guarded circumspection. In addition to the precaution just mentioned, there is a provision that 'all duties, imposts and excises shall be UNIFORM throughout the United States.'" Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress no power to tax That did not give Congress the power to tax incomes. It had that power before. All the Amendment did was to remove the need for apportionment among the several States. Especially it did not authorize Congress to take leave of the rule and practice of uniformity and equality of treatment which had always governed in every field of taxation 62and employ a method without rule, without reason, for the taking of money of the Americans for other purposes than the actual needs of government economically administered. It did not authorize Congress to confiscate the income of a man until it would not be what President Franklin D. Roosevelt called "too high." It did not empower Congress to drain the States of their resources and subject them to bureaucratic domination. Nor did it give authority to government to enter the fields of production, manufacture, agriculture, world saving and others, and to spend money for purposes not within the only area laid out in the Constitution, that is, "the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States." Lawless government caused by money in excess But those are among the many unconstitutional activities in which Government has been enabled to engage by use of the limitless funds gathered by the confiscatory income tax. Having mismanaged agriculture, manufacture, medicine, charity, and other nongovernmental activities at home, it took up direction of the affairs of the world by the worse than lavish use of money produced by the erroneous application of the Sixteenth Amendment. For if what has been taking place in our land and other lands during the last third of a century had been intended by President Taft when he asked Congress to propose an amendment, he would have made specifications to that effect. He would have asked for a "graduated" tax. "Graduated" tax not proposed by Congress The Amendment proposed and ratified carried nothing on its face but the common tax levied on lands, buildings, 63livestock, machinery, and personal property from the beginning. The constitution of every State commands the legislature to make taxes uniform, or by valuation, or in proportion to value, or by some other method of "equality of treatment." All property of a class must be taxed at the same rate. If one man in a class has ten times as much property as another, he will pay ten times as much tax, the levy for both being on one rate. He cannot be made to pay twelve times as much by the use of a higher rate. Without the clearest specifications in the Sixteenth Amendment for "graduated" rates, showing a purpose to bring about, by radical departure from American method, what we have witnessed with consternation, Congress had no power to pass the act of October 3, 1913, and subsequent income-tax laws levying graduated taxes. People had shown no enthusiasm for income tax As it took the Socialists and Communists fourteen years after the decision of the Supreme Court holding the tax act of 1894 unconstitutional to get the proposal to amend, and four years more to secure its ratification, it is reasonable to assume that had the proposal plainly called for the "graduated" or confiscatory tax of Communism, it never would have been ratified. Indeed, had the people dreamed that the money of the States would be drained away, leaving them mendicants at Washington, the proposal as it was would have been defeated. Article V of the Bill of Bights forbids that "private property be taken for public use without just compensation." When the United States wants the land of an American as the site of a post office, or for any other purpose, it 64must bring a condemnation proceeding in the exercise of its eminent domain, when the need for taking the property will be proved and its value ascertained. That value the United States must pay. Taxpayer entitled to benefit equivalent to tax The law or doctrine of eminent domain applies in principle, and by sound authority, to property "taken for public use" by taxation, as it does to all other takings. The American whose money is thus taken by taxation must receive from government an equivalent value in return. That, he gets in protection to his "life, liberty, and property," for which purpose he established his constitutional system. That principle was laid down as to taxation in a single, clear, short sentence by Judge Cooley in Constitutional Limitations, 2d edition, p. 495 (italics inserted): "As all are alike protected, so all should share the burden, in proportion to the interest secured." A man with an income of $100,000 should pay ten times more in taxes than the one worth $10,000, because he has ten times as much value needing the protection of the government which he established. But he should not, at the caprice of the spirit of Communism, pay fifteen or twenty times as much. Nor does he so pay in any field of taxation except in that where taxes on incomes, and on estates passing at death, are levied. "Graduated" tax not applied to other property In every other field all men have paid one tax rate, which in itself is proof that the "graduated" -- the arbitrary -- tax rate is obnoxious to the "due process of law" (its fair 65play and procedural regularity) and to "the equal protection of the laws," which are the gist of all American constitutions. As the statement of President Roosevelt was the most absolute assertion of an unlimited power in government to take property by taxation for other purposes than revenue, a belief which has for years been expressed in unscholarly seats of learning, in sections of the Press, and elsewhere, it is plain that at last we have "entered a boundless field of power," to use Jefferson's warning language, "no longer susceptible of any definition." President Roosevelt for Marxist confiscation In his radio address on September 7, 1942, President Roosevelt expressed this wholly unsound theory of the governmental power of taxation, which has been let pass without critical examination: "Taxation is the only practical way of preventing the incomes and profits of individuals and corporations from getting too high. I have told the Congress once more that all net individual incomes, after payment of all taxes, should be limited effectively by further taxation to a maximum net income of $25,000 a year." That idea of the President, that he or his Government could limit the income of an American, is one phase of a fatuous belief which the schools have made common, namely, that rights to property are conferred upon him by law. Whereas, the Declaration of Independence says that he set up this Government himself "to secure these rights" which come to him from the Creator, "among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," that pursuit 66including the acquisition of property. Necessarily his rights and property preceded the Government which he set up for the purpose of protecting them. Tax must be for revenue, not punishment In Commentaries on the Constitution (page 329), Justice Story of the Supreme Court wrote that a tax for neither of the purposes stated in the Constitution -- "to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States" -- would be "an excess of legislative authority." When members of Congress returned to Washington from their homes after the election in November, 1946, and undertook to draw a tax bill to meet the wishes of the country for a 20-per-cent reduction of the levies on incomes, they were astonished to find that it is the small incomes that are supporting the extravagances and illegal spendings of the Government, and that the cut indicated would leave the Treasury without sufficient funds. The big boys, who were to be "soaked" when the Sixteenth Amendment was proposed, by levies on vast properties hitherto untaxed, are paying comparatively little. How the tax load was divided Taxpayers receiving a net income under $2,500 (small money now), who numbered 35,625,683 persons, paid $4,693,000,000 in income taxes in 1946. Those with net incomes from $2,500 to $5,000 (also small money), numbering 15,157,265 persons, paid $5,444,000,000. In the group from $5,000 to $10,000 net income 67there were only 1,314,457 taxpayers, and they contributed $1,509,000,000. The group having from $10,000 to $25,000 numbered only 551,267, and they contributed in taxes $2,181,000,000. There were only 143,725 taxpayers with incomes from $25,000 to $100,000 and they paid $2,673,000,000. In the group with incomes above $100,000 there were only 9,599 taxpayers, who took a burden of $1,100,000,000. Low incomes carry big load of government The two low-income groups paid $10,000,000,000 and the four higher-income groups paid $7,000,000,000. The foregoing figures are from the United States News of February 14, 1947, page 30, which commented that "in trying to give the big break to the little taxpayer, Congress runs up against those facts," and that "taxing the rich is not enough," although 86 per cent is taken from the income of those in "the highest income levels." The report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1946 shows receipts of more than 30 billion from "income taxes," but that amount includes "profit taxes" on transactions in business, as distinguished from wages, salaries, and other forms of personal income. Who really got "soaked" when Congress passed a "graduated" income-tax bill which was not authorized by the Sixteenth Amendment of 1913, and which was therefore unconstitutional? 3. Whatever talk there may have been in the streets about "soaking the rich" by a graduated tax, or whatever may have been said by some in Congress on that point, the rule of interpretation is that the enactment must be taken at its face value. A radical change in the existing order -- like the introduction of a form of taxation not used against any other kind of property -- can be accepted only on a purpose most clearly (cont. on 68) 68The very rich forsook the risks of industry and trade, forgot the troubles with employees over wages and working conditions, and retired to the velvet comforts of that most stupendous American business, the National Debt, largely tax exempt. By beginning in time of peace (1913) the borrowing of money from the people of the country and securing, through the enticement of exemption from taxation, a high price in the market for its bonds issued therefor, Congress gathered away from taxable enterprises millions which rose to billions and are in 1950 headed for trillions -- all cleared of the taxes which had before gone to the support of government. Necessarily those not owning bonds had to take a larger load of taxes to compensate for the exemption. How much will the depletion thus caused of this country's powers of production and transportation, which won both wars, imperil the future of the United States? How much did the corroding debt of England, attended by widespread poverty, for 125 years before World War I contribute to the debilitation of industry resulting in its "nationalization"? (Note 3 cont.) expressed. The amendment proposed by Congress and ratified by the legislatures did not use "graduated" to describe the tax. Therefore, a graduated tax was not proposed. "Where the language of an enactment is clear," said the Supreme Court of the United States (278 U.S. 269) ". . . . the words employed are to be taken as the final expression of the meaning intended. And in such cases legislative history may not be used to support a construction that adds to or takes from the significance of the words employed." That is to say, authority "to lay and collect taxes on incomes" was authority to lay taxes as they are laid on all other kinds of property -- one rate on all property of the same kind, money in the case of incomes. In going beyond that, Congress violated the Constitution. The talk about soaking the rich might have related to the fact that the big incomes (along with the little) never had paid any tax at all. It was quite proper to tax them -- but only constitutionally. 69Courts of States had denounced "graduated" tax Before the Government at Washington entered upon this coup d'état, the supreme courts of several States had put legislatures right on the principles here under discussion. In 1882 the Supreme Court of New Hampshire held a "graduated" tax on estates void for conflict with the command of the Constitution of the State, that taxes be proportional and reasonable." In 1889 the Supreme Court of Minnesota held likewise. In 1894 the Supreme Court of Ohio said: "The rate per cent must be the same on all estates. There can be no discrimination in favor of the rich or poor. All stand on an equality under the provisions of the Constitution, and it is this equality that is the pride and safeguard of us all." In 1898 the Supreme Court of Missouri, eighteen years before the Supreme Court of the United States sanctioned the graduated or confiscatory tax, expressed (143 Mo. 287) the like view, saying that it was "without rhyme or reason." The next year the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held (191 Pa. 1) that classification of different amounts of money as different kinds of property, and therefore subject to different rates of tax, is a fallacy and "necessarily unjust, arbitrary and illegal." In short, the graduated tax is Communistic. Congress quickly repealed Civil War Income Tax While in the income-tax laws of the Civil War there had been both graduations and exemptions, the levies 70were so light and the graduations so undiscriminative that the legislation could not be taken as a precedent to support what the people have been bearing since the Act of 1913 in violation of the Income Tax Amendment. The Act of 1861 levied 5 per cent flat on incomes over $800.Of the five levies, two were "graduated" and three were flat. The Act of 1862 levied 3 per cent on $600 to $10,000; 5 per cent above $10,000. The Act of 1864 levied 5 per cent on $600 to $5,000; 7½ per cent on $5,000 to $10,000; 10 per cent on more than $10,000. The Act of 1867 levied 5 per cent flat on more than $10,000. The Act of 1870 levied 2½ per cent flat for 1870 and 1871, "and no longer," quoting the words of the law. Congress recognized that such taxes could be justified only by the peril of war and through the exertion of the war powers, and it wiped them away as soon as it could. It never returned to nonuniform taxes until the doctrine of Communism had been taken up by our "intellectuals." In 1864 Congress called for the prayers of the country "to implore Him as the Supreme Ruler of the world not to destroy us as a people, nor suffer us to be destroyed by the hostility or connivance of other nations" -- referring to the unneutral conduct in our Civil War of England and France. In such circumstances of national alarm no American would question in a lawsuit the validity of taxes of whatsoever sort. 71Income tax thus adjudged war measure Congress itself, by repealing the Civil War taxes, declared in effect such levies to be unjustifiable in time of peace. The most striking example of the fatuous condition of affairs in our country is in the call of States for an amendment to prevent their representatives in Congress from weakening them by the income tax and the estate tax of more than 25 per cent. Article V authorizes the States to apply to Congress "to call a Convention for proposing Amendments," and during 1949 many States made the application. First, as a practical matter, the action is objectionable, because if Congress should get authority to take 25 per cent of incomes and estates, it will do so forever -- whereas, our history for 130 years demonstrated that Congress can get along without either of those taxes. Second, the needed amendment -- if the States fear (as they may have reason to) that their representatives in Congress will not refrain from exhausting them by taxation -- is one forbidding income and estate taxes by Congress except in time of war. As elsewhere shown herein, the Civil War income tax was promptly rejected by Congress as a tax justifiable in time of peace. That definition of the tax should stand forever. But the spectacle of citizens petitioning for protection from the men they elect to Congress! Can you believe it? Exemptions as unconstitutional as graduation And the exemptions granted in connection with the income tax and bonds, and in other relations, are just as 72obnoxious to the Constitution as is the graduation. The Supreme Courts of the States just cited condemned exemptions along with graduations. During a housing and building shortage caused by World War I the legislature of New Jersey, to encourage construction, enacted a law exempting from taxation for five years all new structures. It was held (116 Atlantic 328) void for disregard of the command of the Constitution of the State for uniformity of taxation upon all. Cooley, the great authority of his time, said in his work Taxation (2d ed., p. 215) that "it is difficult to conceive of a justifiable exemption law which would select single individuals or corporations, or single articles of property, and, taking them out of the class to which they belong, make them the subject of capricious legislative favor. . . . It would lack the semblance of legitimate legislation." Exemptions prime cause of French Revolution When Louis XVI convoked (1789) the States General it appeared that the troubles of the country which resulted finally in the Revolution sprang from exempting government officials and the favored classes from taxation. The Income Tax Law of 1894 exempted all incomes below $4,000. Although the law was held void for failing to "apportion" the burden among the States according to 4. The constitutions of the States generally authorize the exemption from taxation of church property, of school property, of public property and buildings, and of other property not used for profit. Such properties are not in competition with those employed in providing a livelihood for men, who secure through taxes the protection of government in their endeavors. Further, by teaching and other work they give service to society equal to or above a yield in taxes. They are not really "properties" within the class for taxation. 73population, as directed by the Constitution, Justice Field took occasion to denounce the exemption of all incomes below $4,000. "The present assault upon capital is but the beginning," he wrote. "Unless the rule of the Constitution governs, a majority may fix the limitation at such a rate as will not include any of their number." American officials like exemptions Yet Congress, being ignorant of or indifferent to these fundamentals, has been tossing tax-free salaries to favored persons with unrestrained prodigality. In 1947 it so favored officers of the World Bank, making the $22,500 salary of the vice president equal to $38,000, the salary of the executive director of $17,500 equal to $26,000; and two employees of the State Department who had been working for $10,000 were given exempt salaries of $17,500, equal to $26,000. Frequently since then the dispatches from Washington have told of similar favors to those specially beloved. 5. Section 1 of Article II of the Constitution commands that the "compensation" of the President "shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected." In January, 1949, just before the President entered upon the term for which he was elected in November, 1948, Congress increased his salary from $75,000 a year to $100,000. In January, 1949, Congress granted to the President $50,000 a year to cover his expenses, which theretofore had been carried in the budget in support of the White House. This grant was made exempt from the income tax. If it was for expenses, it was not taxable as salary, and the exemption was superfluous. If it was in truth salary -- for the usual report on expenses was waived -- then it could not be legally exempted. And, more important still, it could not be enjoyed by a President before the next term, beginning in January, 1953. It may interest the taxpayer to study those cards as played. The whole White House force of 225 (53 under Roosevelt and 87 under Hoover) received increases from the taxpayers. (Cont. on 74) 74Colossal properties illegally exempted from taxation In 1931, before the saving of mankind from want and fear by Government became known to Government as the first of its expanding duties, there were outstanding $22,536,000,000 of bonds wholly exempt from (1) the property tax, from (2) the normal tax, and from (3) the surtax of the United States, as shown by the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1932, page 439. That property, paying no taxes as property and not taxable on its income, was greater than the aggregate value of Class I railroads in the United States (95 per cent of mileage and 97 per cent of total earnings) as found by the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1945, namely, $19,571,000,000. The railroads paid over a billion in taxes that year. Enormity of prejudice to overburdened taxpayers What would the average man say if word were to be given out that Government (National and State) had determined to exempt the railroads from that burden and put the billion load on other taxpayers! While at first the common man was to be very kindly treated under income-tax laws as Government would pro- (Note 5 cont.) Special counsel was advanced from $12,000 to $20,000 a year. President's aide (labor) from $15,000 to $20,000 a year. 3 secretaries, each from $10,830 to $18,000 a year. 5 administrative assistants from $10,330 to $15,000 a year. 10 Cabinet members from $15,000 to $22,000 a year. A number of lesser functionaries were favored with increases of pay, 900,000 classified workers receiving advances aggregating $130,000,000 yearly. 75ceed with the new weapon to "soak the rich," it has come to pass that a person with an income of $600 a year (which takes in practically all wage earners) must report his earnings. Yet banks, many of them living largely on the Public (National and State) Debt, trust companies holding vast estates resting on exempt bonds, universities and other institutions with exempt bonds a considerable part of their endowments, are released from support of Government to the extent of their property in bonds and on the income of some of them. Wrong should be righted by guilty States The States, by proposal in Congress or by action of their legislatures under Article V, should amend the Constitution again by repealing the Sixteenth Amendment and resuming police Jurisdiction of the wealth of their people, as they repealed the Eighteenth Amendment after becoming convinced that they had made a mistake in giving to the Nation a burden of police which it was not -- and could not be -- organized to carry. Congress would then still have power to tax incomes, as it had before the Amendment, but it would be obliged to do so Justly -- for revenue only, not for the distribution of property, for leveling down possessions, for punitive purposes, or for stripping Americans for the help of Europeans who are antagonistic to our Government and our beliefs. And it would be unable to bleed the States to financial helplessness, where the Supreme Court thought them to be when it gave sanction to the Social Security Law chiefly on that error. For if the representatives of the people of the States in Congress at that critical juncture had repealed the Income Tax Law, as they should have 76done, the States would have the money properly belonging to them and far more than enough to meet the needs of the people. Washington preferred to treat the States as bankrupt, and execute a coup d'état. The police power thus exercised by Congress over the "health, safety, morals, education and general well-being of the people" was withheld from it by the Constitution and -- for double security -- denied to it by the Tenth Amendment. Its conduct was twice wrongful. The States must return to the Constitution and resume control of their Union, their property, and their prerogatives. The fallacious idea of the Supreme Court The fallacy on which "graduated" (or what Karl Marx named "progressive") or discriminative -- and therefore unconstitutional -- taxes are based was expressed by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1898 in a case (170 U. S. 283) arising under a law of Illinois and involving estate or inheritance taxes. Probably the success of that litigation for the tax gatherer induced Congress -- which had failed with its Income Tax Law of 1894 -- to step in and enact (1898) a Federal Estate Tax Law with a "graduated" scale and thereby get some funds of a new sort. In 1900 that Act of Congress was upheld (178 U. S. 41) on the "principle" laid down in the case from Illinois, to be quoted presently. Then came the Income Tax Amendment of 1913, which made no mention of "graduation." Congress immediately enacted, in October of that year, a "graduated" tax levy, which was upheld (240 U. S. 1) by the Supreme Court 77in 1916 on the "principle" of the two preceding decisions respecting estates passing at death. Justice Brewer dissented from the doctrine established because "equality in right, equality in protection, and equality in burden is the thought which runs through the life of this Nation and its constitutional enactments from the Declaration of Independence to the present hour." State Supreme Courts understood subject clearly Before those decisions, half a dozen of the Supreme Courts of the States had held, as previously shown, graduation to be repugnant to protective clauses in all American constitutions, and especially to the clause commanding "equal protection." The Supreme Court of the United States made no reference to those decisions. The "philosophy" enunciated by the Supreme Court in 1898 and repeated in 1900 and 1916 was in this language, practically a copy of the erroneous holding of the Supreme Court of Illinois: "The right to take property by devise [will] or descent [by statute in absence of will] is the creature of the law, and not a natural right -- a privilege, and, therefore, the authority which confers it may impose conditions upon it." That is, the law may say to the transmitter or the taker (or to both as it has come to pass) that this property will not descend unless you accept a graduated scale of taxation on the "privilege" which a gracious government extends to you. Some history on property rights That is at once historically erroneous and contrary to the first fundamental of American Government, as stated 78by Justice Brewer. The Americans set up Government "to secure" (the Declaration of Independence says) preexisting rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness -- the pursuit being largely the pursuit of property and the comforts and cultures which it brings. And as his Constitution twice puts property in the class with liberty and life, how can it be contended that law (which he writes himself) gives to him his property any more than it gives him his life? In the earliest of English charters (1101) we find recognition by King Henry I of the preexisting right of a subject to dispose of property at death. By that charter, which Henry was compelled to sign as a condition of being crowned, he was restoring to the people rights which had been usurped by William the Conqueror (1066) and his son, William II. Section 7 of the charter reads: "If any of my barons or feudal dependents shall fall sick, according as he shall give away his money, I concede that it shall be given. But if, prevented by unlikely chance of physical infirmities, he shall not give away his money or arrange to give it, his wife and children or relations and lawful heirs shall divide it up for the good of his soul as shall seem best to them." Government not to take property at death That is, in no circumstances could the King any longer take the property of a subject at his death. When an Englishman "arranged" to give away his money, that was a will (which need not have been in writing); when he failed to arrange, his property went by custom (now in the United States by his own Statute of Descent) to his widow and other heirs. 79Of that right, which did not come from the King of England (and does not come from Government or "law" in the United States), Blackstone wrote in 2Commentaries, page 491: "With us in England this power of bequeathing is coeval with the first rudiments of the law: for we have no trace or memorials of a time when it did not exist." That is, the right to distribute property at death is a natural right. Feudalism in England denied it for a time. A recent English writer on the law says that the estate tax is a recrudescence of Feudalism. Hallam, the constitutional historian, tells us (Middle Ages, p. 445) that, in early England, man passed lands and other property at death by his own right, not by governmental permission, but by the custom of which he was, of course, the maker: "The descent of lands before the Conquest was according to the custom of gavilkind, or equal partition among the children." 6. On December 23, 1949, the Associated Press reported that a 9-million dollar oil company in Pennsylvania had sold its property to a larger company because "the higher and higher inheritance taxes, as well as income taxes, have meant that a business developed by an individual, or by a small group of individuals, cannot be passed on to a second generation." William the Conqueror (1066), who rooted Feudalism in England, and his sons took the estate at death until stopped by the Charter of 1101. So many properties in this country had been unable to marshal the cash to meet the estate tax levied upon the death of an owner or part owner that the practice became common to carry life insurance on the members and thereby with ready money prevent the destruction of the company. In reporting to 1,000 employees the sale of the property first mentioned, the two men owning most of the stock said: "In the event of the death of one of our principals, a sale of the company would be almost inevitable." The history of tyrannical governments does not disclose many cases to beat that, of a common sort in our land of supposedly independent men. 80Thus, the history of the law is that the English-speaking man does not get from government the "privilege" of transmitting property at death, or of taking it by bequest or inheritance upon the death of another. Supreme Court decision rested on sand The foundation of the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States upholding the "graduated" -- capricious and confiscatory -- tax of Communism was laid in sand. From that developed the most cruel fleecing by taxation of a great people by the Government which they established to protect them and their property that the world has known. From the money, almost beyond measurement, came the intoxication of Government with power. The theory applied by the Supreme Court in the case of the "graduated" inheritance law of Illinois, namely, that as transmission of property is by permission of government, conditions can be added, should not have been employed to justify "graduated" taxes on incomes. For certainly the living man does not require permission of government to engage in income-yielding activities! Historically and legally untenable as the first decision was, the last was worse. Where are we "at" with this money? Where have we been brought with the money yielded by the unconstitutional application of the Income Tax Amendment? In 1949, the National Government spent $6 for every $5 collected. For 15 weeks of the fiscal year beginning July 1, expenditures were 12 billion and collections were 10 81billion. That proportion for the full year would bring a deficit of more than 7 billion. And at the close of the first session of the 81st Congress in October, 1949, it was announced that higher taxes would be levied at the next session! The Truman administration spends yearly 45 billion The Roosevelt administration spent (including War) 81 billion The Hoover administration spent 3.8 billion The Coolidge Administration spent 3 billion The Harding administration spent 3.8 billion The Wilson administration spent (including War) 5.8 billion (Figures from Washington Bureau, Chicago Tribune) Where the point of peril is As remarked elsewhere in another relation, and as has been learned by the dwellers along the rivers of the country, it is the first trickle of the water over the levee that must be prevented. The Constitution is a levee to prevent power in Government from breaking into a boundless field "no longer susceptible of any definition." It is the obligation of the schools, colleges, and universities to make the American competent to see what is coming before it strikes him down. The Americans who founded the Republic had such education. In a speech in the House of Commons in 1775 defending them, Edmund Burke remarked on this, saying 82that "they anticipate the evil, and judge of the pressure of the grievance by the badness of the principle." That is where latter-day education has failed the American. http://www.barefootsworld.net/nortonuc04.html Thanks to the folks over at Barefoot's World.

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Telomeres structures are short, repetitive sequences of DNA that cap the ends of chromosomes to protect chromosomal DNA sequencing during cellular division. If this process is not happening as it should it contributes to ageing. As the aging process progresses, telomeres become shortened to the point that cell division ceases and apoptosis, or cell death, occurs. In other words, "telomeric length" is a predictor for aging at the cellular level. There's also data that shows that the telomeric enzyme, called telomerase (which restores the aging markers' length in immature cells only), is activated in cancer cells and renders them immortal. Living a long, healthy life is of utmost importance, and an Eco genetic diet is the answer to achieving it. Fortunately, for all of us, good health begins with making the right kinds of choices about food. Nine steps to help prevent premature aging: - Eat miso, tofu, and tempeh. Soy is one of the most touted anti-aging foods and has been shown to decrease inflammation and promote healthy sex hormones levels, all on an Eco genetic level. I recommend both men and women include miso, tofu, and tempeh in their diet. - Add olive oil into your diet in a big way. Many studies show that olive oil has a huge impact on maintaining good health. A staple in the Mediterranean diet, olive oil has been shown to have protective effects against diseases such as cancer. Olive oil decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in humans, which partially explains why there is a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, dementia, and cancer among people living in Mediterranean countries for whom olive oil is the main source of dietary fat. Remember, however: Olive oil is sensitive to heat that changes the beneficial compounds in it, so don't use it for cooking. It's best on salads or in dips. - Put thyme oil in your anti-aging pantry. Thyme oil can certainly help give you more time. A 2010 Japanese study showed that carvacrol found in thyme oil is a potent inhibitor of COX-2, an enzyme implicated in inflammation and aging. - Get some frankincense, or boswellia. Boswellia, an ayurvedic herb with anti-inflammatory properties, is essential to any anti-aging regimen. Two large randomized studies have shown boswellia improves joint function, pain, and stiffness in knee osteoarthritis. Boswellia has also been reported to decrease symptoms of asthma by improving lung function and inflammatory bowel disease by decreasing inflammation of the gut. It should be a key ingredient for anyone with premature aging. Talk to your health care provider about the best way to take boswellia. - Know that bee pollen, royal jelly, and bee propolis contain some of nature's best anti-aging nutrients. The Queen honeybee lives 40 times as long as other bees in the hive, yet she is genetically identical to her bee family members. The only difference is the queen alone eats the royal jelly, which is used to feed larvae. Scientists have found that micronutrients in the royal jelly can cause genes associated with longevity to be activated. - Support your mitochondria with the right nutrients.The mitochondrion is a structure found within cells that serve as the "powerhouse" for producing the energy (ATP) that allows your organs to work. But, as the mitochondria produce ATP, they also generate oxidants, which expose the mitochondria to free radical damage over time. While ALCAR increased specific aspects of mitochondrial functioning, it did not decrease oxidant production within mitochondrial cells. By adding another supplement called N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenyl-nitrone (PBN) to ALCAR, researchers noted an improvement in function as well as a decrease in free radical formation in the mitochondria.Talk to your health care practitioner about which supplements could be a fit for you. - Add plant sterols (found in pumpkinseed oil and chia seeds) to your diet. Plant sterols are plant cholesterols (sterols and sterolins) that have been shown in minute amounts to maintain a good balance of T cells (killer cells), and enhance cellular immunity. - Consume nutrients that support joints and hair. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is an organic compound that contains sulphur and is found in a variety of foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. MSM has been shown to improve joint function and to help maintain normal joint cartilage because joints require sulphur and cysteine for healthy function. - Eat grapes. Polyphenolic substances contained in foods such as grapes have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that protect brain health. The key to preventing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's is controlling inflammation. One study, for example, showed that grape juice helps to reduce dementia and improve cognition in older adults. Concord grape juice has been shown to contain a polyphenolic substance known as anthocyanin’s. Studies have shown that anthocyanin’s can cross over into brain tissue (the blood-brain barrier is semi-permeable and only allow selective materials access through), and is found in areas of the brain associated with regulating cognition. Scientists also found that resveratrol,foundin wine and grapes, helps to lwer the risk of cognitive declinein mice. Resveratrol appeared to increase insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which is involved in the production of new blood vessels and nerve cells in the hippocampus — a part of the brain that controls the formation of memories, particularly long-term memory.

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Students Turn Smartphone Cases Into Lifesaving Medical Devices Have an allergy that requires you to carry epinephrine? Maybe you have asthma and need to tote around an inhaler? What about that birth control pill you were supposed to take before you left the house, but forgot? No need to worry. Three Kent State University students have you covered, along with your smartphone. Together, with the help of LaunchNET Kent State, the three created Case.MD. Ariella Yager, entrepreneur major in the College of Business Administration; Samuel Graska, cell and molecular biology major in the College of Arts and Sciences; and Justin Gleason, graduate student in the College of Architecture and Environmental Design spent more than a year planning, inventing, designing and 3-D printing smartphone cases that contain vital medication. Wherever your smartphone goes, so does the medication. “It’s only common sense to pair it to a device we are all glued to, and one that kids are growing up glued to as well,” Yager says. The ideas started flowing when Graska began working on a midterm project. He looked down at the pen he was clicking, over and over, in his hand. Graska noticed how the spring-loaded cap ejected the pen’s point. He had an idea. Would the same mechanics administer a dose of epinephrine, and better yet, would it work with a vial inside a smartphone case? Graska ran the idea by Yager, who then came up with more ideas for smartphone cases. Together, they brainstormed two main cases and invited Gleason on board to bring the concepts to life using a 3-D printer. “I like to dream big and push people to their limits because I think together people can be absolutely amazing," Graska says. "I see this company growing exponentially.” Case.MD started by designing the Epi-case, a case that holds two vials of epinephrine and a smartphone. It is slightly thicker, with both ends covered by safety caps. When someone is having a life-threatening allergic reaction, the caps are removed. The case is then placed against the person’s leg. With the push of a button on top, the needle is ejected from the bottom, administering the medication. As an alternative to the EpiPen®, Case.MD says their invention is smaller, costs $400 less and most importantly, users always have it with their smartphone. The idea just won $20,000 in the Youngstown Business Incubator’s and the Burton D. Morgan Foundation AMPED competition. The second case that the students created is called the Alula. This case discretely holds, protects and dispenses women’s birth control pills so women can always have the medication with them and take them at the proper time. The back of the case contains a dial that, when turned to the appropriate day, dispenses the medication out the side of the phone case. “We are going to integrate it with an app as well so you can track and be reminded when to take the pill,” Yager said. Case.MD is launching a Kickstarter for Alula in the spring. The money that Case.MD won will be used to pursue intellectual-property protection and more additive manufacturing options for its products. The students say they are optimistic about the future and plan to continue growing the company when they graduate in May. “I don’t know which one of us said it first,” Gleason said. “We are striving to be the next Apple. I guess I walked into the right room and the right time.”

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In the NetClean Report 2018 we looked at a relatively new technology called Deepfakes; AI technology, which is used to swap one face for another in moving imagery. Here, Christian Berg, founder of NetClean, elaborates on challenges that this technology presents, and what might prevent it from being widely used in the production of child sexual abuse material. Last week I was invited as a member of the Working Group for Child Online Safety, to attend the ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development annual Spring meeting in Silicon Valley. In our experience it is extremely rare that child sexual abuse material is sold on the internet. Offenders either search for the readily available free material, or they trade images and films with each other. In this series of blogs, we discuss tools that aid investigators and online service providers, Unlike the tools we have previously covered, AI has the potential to identify new and previously unclassified child sexual abuse material. In a recent interview conducted at the #skillnadpåriktigt conference, Björn Sellström from INTERPOL mentioned that only six countries comprehensively address online child sexual abuse. Throughout the year we will be sharing insights from our NetClean Report 2018. First out is the introduction penned by Dr. Victoria Baines who reflects on the fight against child sexual abuse as it enters its third decade. Read about how technological development has far outstripped our expectations, and how collaboration and knowledge is setting the agenda in the fight against child sexual abuse. Using crawling and hashing technologies to find child sexual abuse material – The Internet Watch Foundation In our series on technologies that are used to stop child sexual abuse, we have written about how they work and what they are used for. Following our blogs on web crawlers and hash matching, this post looks at how the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) uses these technologies. New index makes it possible to measure responses to SDG 16.2 – but detection of child sexual abuse material is missing This new benchmarking index, developed by The Economist’s Intelligence Unit, scores 40 different countries across the world. Find out what hashing is, and how this technology, which is frequently used by forensic investigators, is vital to the fight against child sexual abuse crime.

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Yoga: The Legacy of the Sages Find out how a comprehensive yoga practice draws you into an ever-deepening realm of clarity and joy. Yoga comes from a rich tradition, one whose origins are lost in the mists of time. It is at once a philosophy and a practice. As a philosophy, yoga is the voice of the sages telling us clearly who we are, where we come from, and where we are going. As a practice, yoga is a technique developed by the sages to help us awaken our dormant abilities, to strengthen our body, to focus our mind, and to unlock our limitless potential to become anything we wish to become. Yoga is the embodiment of the collective experiences of thousands of adepts and aspirants. Yoga is the embodiment of the collective experiences of thousands of adepts and aspirants over a span of centuries. Born in the East, it made its way to the New World in increments, taking almost a century to fully manifest here in the West. Yoga made its official entrance into the New World in 1893, when a great Indian yogi, Swami Vivekananda, addressed the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago. Although Swami Vivekananda made no explicit mention of yoga in his address, what he taught is now popularly known as jnana yoga, the yoga of knowledge. The next major figure to appear on these shores was Swami Rama Tirtha, who taught a purely Vedantic approach to jnana yoga, an approach which affords no room for anything other than inner freedom. Next, Yogananda Paramahansa introduced his own unique form of yoga—a combination of hatha yoga, jnana yoga, bhakti yoga, and karma yoga, with a moderate dash of Christianity. Then Yogi Ramacharaka emphasized pranayama, the yogic breathing exercises, while Maharishi Mahesh Yogi introduced yoga as meditation, with an emphasis on levitation. Later, Swami Prabhupada introduced bhakti yoga, emphasizing an exclusive love for Lord Krishna. By the late 1960s, a “yoga rush” was under way. Some of the newly arrived teachers branded their approaches, giving us Integral Yoga, Siddha Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Dhyana Yoga, Ashtanga Yoga, and so on. Some emphasized the transmission of spiritual energy from guru to student, which led to the idea that yoga is a guru-centered mystical path. Others downplayed the spiritual component of yoga, which led to the perception that yoga is a system of asana practice. Still others taught yoga as a religion. At the same time these various approaches to yoga were making their way to the United States, Eastern spiritual and philosophical texts were being translated into English. The Harvard Oriental Series, Oxford University’s 50-volume Sacred Books of the East, and the work of illustrious scholars such as W. Norman Brown, A.K. Coomaraswamy, Surendranath Dasgupta, Mircea Eliade, Stella Kramrish, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and Sir John Woodroffe kindled a growing awareness of the richness of Eastern philosophy and spiritual practices. People were drawing their own conclusions: yoga developed in a predominately Hindu country, but is not a Hindu religious sect; yoga includes asana, but encompasses much more than physical postures. By the time the 1960s were drawing to a close, interest was growing in the deeper dimensions of yoga—the philosophy, psychology, metaphysics, and the physical, spiritual, and esoteric practices. At this juncture, Swami Rama, the founder of the Himalayan Institute, arrived in the United States. Swami Rama is a unique blend of all the teachers and scholars mentioned above—and much more. Raised in the cave monasteries of the Himalayas, mostly by wandering sadhus, he assimilated both Eastern and Western views and values in the course of his studies at Indian and British Universities. At the age of 24, he was anointed Shankaracharya of Karvirpitham, the highest religious position in Hinduism, giving him a firsthand view of the influence—both positive and negative—that religion exerts on society. Later, as a married man, he was involved in worldly affairs. Soon after renouncing his worldly life, Swami Rama came to the United States. In his best-known book, Living with the Himalayan Masters, Swami Rama writes that, before coming to the West, he told his master that the lifestyle, habits, and cultural values of the people in the East and the West are quite different and asked, “How can I deliver the message of the sages of ancient India to the people of the West?” His master replied, “Though these cultures live in the same world with the same purpose of life, they are each extreme. Both East and West are still doing experiments on the right way of living. Extremes will not help humanity to attain the higher step of civilization for which we are striving. Inner strength, cheerfulness, and selfless service are the basic principles of life. A human being should be a human being first. A real human being is a member of the cosmos. Freedom from all fears is the first message of the Himalayan sages. The second message is to be aware of the reality within. All spiritual practices should be verified scientifically, if science has the capacity to do so.” Science and Beyond In the beginning, Swami Rama worked as a yogi grounded in science. While living at the Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas, he conducted a series of evidence-based scientific experiments to show the direct relationship between the mind and body and between the heart and brain. For example, he demonstrated his yogic ability to exert voluntary control over what are usually perceived to be involuntary functions of the body and nervous system: he stopped his heart from pumping blood for 17 seconds; he produced alpha, theta, and delta brain waves at will, remaining fully aware of what was going on in the room around him, even during periods of sleep; and he fixed his gaze (trataka) on a metal knitting needle placed five feet away from him, causing it to rotate through 10 degrees of arc. Swami Rama also demonstrated yogic abilities of an even more subtle nature during his stay at Menninger. In the presence of a group of scientists and researchers, he created and dissolved a tumor in his body. He caused blisters on his assistant’s hands to heal within a matter of seconds. Through these and other feats, he demonstrated there is a higher reality, a higher power, present in human experience. Science has the capacity to verify only a portion of that power—the rest remains a mystery. Although a large proportion of this higher power lies dormant, it can be awakened through systematic practice. Swami Rama participated in the experiments at Menninger to help people realize there is a higher reality within all of us and, further, that this higher reality is us. Upon realizing this reality, all fears vanish. The crux of the message of the Himalayan sages, which Swami Rama brought to the West, is that freedom from all fear is the birthright of every individual, as well as of humanity as a whole. Despite its numerous approaches to practice, yoga has one underlying purpose: to remove suffering and infuse life with joy and fearlessness. Swami Rama established the Himalayan Institute to deliver the wisdom of the sages to the modern world. In the process, he made it clear that yoga does not constitute the total body of this ancient wisdom. Similarly, neither an approach to yoga that promotes guru worship nor one that completely eliminates the function of a guru reflects the essence of yoga. Jnana yoga, bhakti yoga, karma yoga, hatha yoga, kundalini yoga, tantra yoga, swara yoga, nada yoga, laya yoga, and mantra yoga do not in themselves represent the total tradition of yoga. The yoga so popular today and the brand names associated with it are centered around asana practice and represent an even smaller slice of the yoga tradition. Despite its numerous approaches to practice, yoga has one underlying purpose: removing suffering and infusing life with joy and fearlessness. Yoga’s fundamental premise is that to be born as a human is a blessing. Human birth is an opportunity to attain the freedom and fulfillment that our soul inherently seeks. The door to freedom and fulfillment opens when we come to know who we are; where we come from; what our intrinsic qualities, attributes, strengths, and weaknesses are; and where the road we have chosen will lead. Mastering the Mind Twenty-two hundred years ago, a great master, Patanjali, made a conclusive discovery: a confused mind is not fit to follow any path. His great work, the Yoga Sutra, tells us that the practice of yoga entails attaining mastery over the mind. The mind is often run by uncontrolled and aimless thoughts, feelings, and desires. It is influenced by preconceived notions, prejudices, and preoccupations, and is driven by the demands of our ego and the cravings of the senses. As a result, the mind continually drifts from one state to another—from disturbance to distraction to stupefaction and back again, becoming depleted in the process. The mind’s clarity and sharpness become veiled. Its capacity to understand the difference between right and wrong, healthy and unhealthy, is compromised, and it loses its ability to rule over matter. Consequently, the body’s natural wisdom, flowing as it does from the domain of the mind, declines. As this happens, we become more and more dependent on outside sources to guide us, and on outside forces to heal and nourish us. According to Patanjali, therefore, inner healing and positive change, both within and without, are dependent on having mastery over our mind. The essence of yoga lies in gaining this mastery. Patanjali's great work, the Yoga Sutra, tells us that the practice of yoga entails attaining mastery over the mind. Patanjali is the founder of the yoga taught by the Himalayan Institute. Thus, attaining mastery over the mind is our goal. The mind has the ability to achieve anything it wishes. Its power is limitless, yet it has fallen victim to its own ignorance regarding its powers and privileges. It is full of fear and doubt. Anger, hatred, jealousy, greed, attachment, and desire have made it restless. It is caught between wanting and not wanting. It has split itself in two and is warring from both sides. It is confused. Such a mind is its own worst enemy. Freeing the mind from this enemy is the first and foremost step in the practice of yoga. Connecting Body and Mind The body is the gateway to experiencing the fulfillment inherent in worldly objects and in our senses. It is also a gateway to attaining freedom from all cravings. The body and mind work together. They nurture each other and support each other’s functions. Unity of body and mind and their collaborative effort to achieve a common goal—fulfillment and freedom (bhoga and moksha)—is the foundation of life. Our problems begin when we lose sight of this fundamental unity. This is the beginning of all suffering and the root of all disease. A vast range of physical distress, mental anguish, and spiritual affliction has its source in the disjointed functions of the body and mind. Restoring this fundamental unity is the essence of yoga practice. Yoga means “union.” The practices that connect our body with our mind and vice versa are yoga. Asana that ignores the mental component is not yoga. Meditation that ignores the physical component is not yoga. Just as we die when the body and mind are separated, yoga dies when asana and meditation are separated. To bring about balance and harmony in our body and mind, the yoga we practice has to be a perfect blend of asana and meditation. Breath plays a key role in yoga as practiced at the Himalayan Institute. According to the yoga tradition, breath is the link between body and mind. The quality of our mental and physical functions is heavily influenced by the quality of our breathing. Similarly, breath is the link between asana and meditation. It is through pranayama (the breathing practices) that asana and meditation lead us to the goal of yoga: the experience of fulfillment and freedom. The quality of our practice of asana and meditation is heavily dependent on how we breathe. The subtle force that manifests as breathing is called prana. Another name for prana is prachara, “that which moves and upon its movement makes everything (in this context, body and mind) move.” This force is present in every cell of our body, manifesting as cellular respiration. It is present in our heart muscles, manifesting as our heartbeat. It is present in our hypothalamus and pituitary glands, manifesting as the body’s innate ability to regulate our endocrine system. It is present in our mind, manifesting as thoughts, feelings, and discernment. It is as pervasive as our consciousness itself. That is why it is called sutra atma, the thread of the soul connecting every nook and cranny of our body, mind, and consciousness. Through its presence, this force brings the body and mind to life, just as the practice of pranayama brings yoga to life. Finally, through our yoga practice we aim at experiencing our essential union with the divinity within us. In yogic literature, this is known as samadhi. The systematic process of yoga in our school is divided into eight steps, culminating in samadhi. The first two steps, known as yama and niyama, help us connect ourselves with the world we live in and the people we interact with. These two components of yoga help us emerge as fully mature humans—kind, loving, unselfish. The practice of yama and niyama helps us create a peaceful environment that is the ground for healthy and happy living. This practice also helps us adjust to others, and others to adjust to us. The practice of asana is the third component of yoga. Asana allows us to discover the unique gifts of our body—its agility, beauty, vitality, strength, stamina. It helps boost our immune system and infuses our body with a unique ability to withstand the pair of opposites—pleasure and pain. We become strong and remain unperturbed during internal and external turmoil. The practice of pranayama, the fourth step, lifts the veil that covers the brilliance of the body and mind. As we become more sensitive to the pranic force, we begin to see what is happening in our body and mind and why. We develop the capacity for intuitive diagnosis, as well as the ability to repair and heal the damage that has already occurred in our body and mind. Pranayama also enables us to selectively withdraw our mind from thoughts, feelings, and concerns that drain our vitality. Thus, the practice of pranayama naturally takes us to the fifth rung of yoga practice, pratyahara (sense withdrawal). Pratyahara trains the mind to let go of what does not need to be in the forefront and to pay attention to itself—its essential nature and its relationship with prana. In the practice of pratyahara, the mind is employed to explore the pools of nourishment within the body. Because it is free from troubling thoughts, it regains its natural ability to relax the body, allowing the nourishing and healing power to flow freely. As this healing and nurturing power awakens, the senses lose their cravings. They begin to taste a greater joy within, and thus find no reason to run after sense objects. An environment of contentment arises spontaneously. This creates the ground for the remaining three components of yoga: dharana, dhyana, and samadhi. Dharana is loosely translated as “concentration.” But dharana is more than concentration on an object. According to Patanjali, dharana means training the mind to stay in one place. The longer it stays in one place, the greater the opportunity it has to attend to details. If the place where it is guided to stay is infused with the healing and illuminating power of prana, the mind begins to comprehend the true nature of healing and enlightenment. Then the natural process of inner healing unfolds. The key to the practice of dharana lies in bringing the mind to the space within our body that is naturally filled with the pranic force. This makes the mind healthy, strong, clear, and energetic. It becomes filled with courage and enthusiasm. Dharana matures into dhyana, loosely translated as “meditation.” In meditation, the mind is crystal clear. It has the ability to see both itself and everything in its proximity. Figuratively speaking, the mind stands between body and soul, between matter and consciousness. In the state of meditation, the mind is fully aware of both physical and spiritual realities, and yet remains undisturbed. It is still. This is what Swami Rama demonstrated when he produced delta brain waves while his mind was registering the events in the room around him. This is what yogis mean when they speak of living in the world and yet remaining above it. Dhyana matures into samadhi. This is a state of such deep meditation that the object of awareness and the mind have blended into each other. In the state of samadhi, the mind becomes the soul and the soul becomes the mind. The sense of duality is swallowed by a state of unity. This state is pervaded by the experience of oneness. For the sake of simplicity, therefore, samadhi is translated as “the state of spiritual absorption.” Unveiling the Mystery of Life Yoga is about connecting, healing, and becoming aware of the higher reality within all of us. It reinforces the body’s connection with the mind. It balances the relationship between our sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It reestablishes and strengthens the relationship between the physical and emotional parts of ourselves. It creates an internal environment in which the body and mind begin to love, care for, and support each other. This body-mind integration engendered by the practice of yoga enables us to discover and awaken our dormant potentials. As we become aware of deeper dimensions of reality, we realize life is truly a mystery. Unveiling this mystery is the reason we are born. As we become aware of deeper dimensions of reality, we realize life is truly a mystery. Unveiling this mystery is the reason we are born. The layers of this mystery are numerous. Our fulfillment and freedom depend on how many layers of this mystery we unveil. Yoga’s higher practices are the means of unveiling these deeper layers. The yoga system of Patanjali lays the groundwork for the higher practices in our tradition. These higher practices, including Sri Vidya, bindu bhedana, and shaktipata, constitute the esoteric—or purely spiritual—part of our tradition. In our tradition, yoga as a spiritual path begins with a formal initiation. This always takes place in a private setting. Only a lamp that is already lit can light another lamp. Therefore, the tradition demands that the initiator undergo strict discipline and training. There are several levels of initiations. The first level is mantra initiation. Asana practice, breath awareness, and meditation on a mantra are part of this initiation. The second level of initiation, shakti sadhana, consists of meditation on the inner light, our own core being. In our tradition, the inner light is known as the Divine Mother, Sri Vidya. Depending on the student’s physical capacity, emotional maturity, and intellectual comprehension, he or she will begin with meditation either at the navel center or at the center between the eyebrows. This level of practice matures into meditation at the lotus of the heart. Bindu bhedana (“piercing the pearl of wisdom”) is an important step in this second level of initiation and is done through the combined effort of teacher and student. The third level of initiation is shaktipata, the transmission of spiritual energy. Shaktipata enables kundalini shakti, the dormant energy within us, to awaken, and causes it to rise to the thousand-petaled lotus, known as the sahasrara chakra. This level of initiation is a spontaneous inner awakening propelled by divine grace; human effort plays an insignificant role. The inner teacher confers this third initiation spontaneously only after the student has successfully completed the practice associated with the second level of initiation. In the light of this spontaneous experience we know the truth in its fullness. The darkness of duality disappears. Avidya (ignorance regarding our true nature), asmita (distorted sense of self-identity), raga (attachment), dvesha (hatred), and abhinivesha (fear of loss) lose their grip on our mind and consciousness. This leads us to experience ourselves as we are in our very essence (tat tvam asi—Thou are That). The veil of duality that separates us from inner divinity is lifted. The individual soul and the Supreme Being merge into one another. These three levels of initiation and the practices that accompany them lead us to the highest level of realization, which culminates in the experience of nondual truth (advaita). From this experience, the values that guide and govern our thought, speech, and action evolve: loving all and hating none, embracing all and excluding none. This is the ground for inner healing and lasting change.

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According to the 1935 census, there were 93 thousand Jews living in Latvia of which almost one half, 40 thousand, lived in Riga. At the start of the German occupation, 75 thousand Jews had remained in Latvia, whereas after the war their number had shrunk to 7-8 thousand. More than fifty of them were saved by Žanis Lipke, who put his own and his family's safety on the line saving each and every person. Different sources mention 55 to 60 people, but the exact number is unknown because in postwar Latvian SSR it was not easy to talk about these events. Neither Žanis, nor the others involved tried to make lists – only later was it done by David Silberman and other history buffs, surreptitiously recording the testimonies of the rescued. Nowadays, the Lipkes are widely recognized as saviors of the Jews but there is much less information about the others he helped. In her interview, Johanna Lipke talks about the brothers Rozenbergs, Soviet parachutists who were hiding in the Lipke garden. There is also information about Latvian legionnaires, deserters from the German army, whom Lipke allegedly helped get out of the Courland Pocket, the Soviet-encircled territory in western Latvia. This information, however, is yet to be confirmed. First rescued was Chaim Smolyanski who was a close friend of the family. A few others were somehow related to Smolyanski and were saved at his request. For the most part, however, the rescued people did not know Lipke and were in no way related to him. They either found Lipke themselves, after having heard his name mentioned, or Lipke found them. There was no particular reason for choosing this or that person: Žanis simply saw someone whose life was in danger and offered his help. The nationality, social position or political affiliation of the person was not of any importance to him. The Lipkes saved a man nicknamed Motke Ganef – which means a thief in Yiddish. There were people who felt that Žanis Lipke's plans were too risky. It seemed safer to remain in the ghetto rather than risk being caught and shot, so some refused Lipke's help. When Lipke offered his help to Professor Vladimir Mintz, the famous Riga surgeon, he answered: "Thank you, my friend. I will never forget it, but how can I abandon my patients in the ghetto? They need me here, they will perish without me. As far as I am concerned, I decided a long time ago: I will share whatever happens to my people." Many years after the end of the war, Lipke was full of regret that he did not plan things carefully enough and did not save many more people. Žanis Lipke did not like talking about his activities during the war. The Soviet regime did nothing to acknowledge his accomplishments; on the contrary, the KGB several times searched his house for Jewish gold and subjected him to interrogations on the belief that his actions could not have been selfless. For many years, the Soviet regime condoned more or less open anti-Semitism. Interest in Jewish history and collecting testimony from Holocaust survivors could even earn a person a prison sentence. For a long period after the war, the survivors feared provocations and were unwilling to discuss their past. Despite Soviet censorship, a group of people in the 1960s turned to researching the Second World War and Holocaust. They started to take care of the place in Rumbula forest where Jews were murdered and put up a monument there. An active participant was Samuil Bubi Tseitlin – while he was not in any direct way related to the people saved by Lipke, he did much to help the Lipke family. This group was led by Max Michelson, a former inmate of the Riga ghetto. It was him who suggested to two young activists, David Silberman and Harry Levi, to meet with the people rescued by Lipke and record their memories. The two met with all those among the rescued who were still living in Riga. They recorded the stories, copied them and secretly disseminated. Later it became possible to publish these testimonies in Silberman's book "Like a Star in the Darkness". The exhibits in this museum are, to a large extent, based on these testimonies. Those sheltered by Lipke did not forget about him after the war. The ones remaining in Riga helped whichever way they could and twice a year, at Christmas and Midsummer's Night, they gathered at the Lipke house. Those who had left Latvia tried to help the Lipke family who lived in very modest circumstances. Things were sent from abroad that could be sold if the family could not use them. he aforementioned Jewish activists sold the coffee or household appliances, which was rather dangerous in Soviet times, as it was considered speculation and could be punished. These packages were a real support to the Lipkes in the postwar years. Žanis could not have saved so many people alone. He had his family's support, of course, but it was clear that all possible help was needed so that the people rescued from the ghetto and the labor camps could be hidden and supplied with food and clothing. In time, Lipke formed a network of rescuers involving twenty-five people, Žanis's friends, acquaintances and co-workers. These people were as different as those Žanis rescued: among them, were ordinary workers and peasants, doctors and even the head of a municipality. One would think that they had nothing in common, but they were linked by Žanis Lipke and the desire to help those who were facing imprisonment and death. The first to come to Žanis's assistance were his friends and acquaintances who helped him to find and set up hiding places in their flats or workshops and to bring people out of the ghetto and labor camps. Žanis's friend, Jānis Briedis, who lived by the Biķernieki Forest, had seen mass murders that took place there and could not stand aside. Briedis was a driver for the meat packing plant and he participated in the very first rescue operation, helping to bring the group of Jews from the ghetto to the warehouses of the consumer society "Vienība” across the street from "Lāčplēsis” cinema. It was Briedis's truck, that was used to transfer people from Riga to Dobele more than once. Other friends of Žanis's, among them, Edgars Zande, Barnets Rozenbergs and Kārlis Jankovičs hid Jews in their apartments, offices and cellars. Janitor Andrejs Graubiņš, with whom Žanis had worked at the consumer society "Vienība”, hid them in a small workshop, which Žanis had rented at 75 Avotu Street. Graubiņš was caught by the Germans and tortured, yet he did not betray anything or anyone. Graubiņš was sent to the Dachau concentration camp in Germany and died there. Fricis and Žanis Rozentāls and their friend Jānis Undulis became Lipke's trusted helpers in Dobele. The family of Fricis Rozentāls welcomed the rescued people in their farm called Miltiņi. One of the rescued, Izak Drizin, says about the Rozentāls that it had been a very nice and helpful family. Drizin emphasizes that Žanis seemed to possess a special talent to find such people in the endless desert of humanity. Soon Žanis met the local municipal head, Vilis Bīnenfelds, who helped him to set up two hiding places in Dobele, in the farms Mežamaki and Rešņi, and supplied the rescued people with food. Despite his participation in the rescue mission, Bīnenfelds was arrested after the war, charged with high treason and deported to Siberia. Having learned of his fate, the rescued people decided to act and, after many attempts, managed to secure Bīnenfelds's release. Aleksandra Dagarova (the wife of the rescued Jew Epstein) and Marija Kellere with her sons Arnolds and Henrijs moved to the Rešņi farm. During the German retreat, Arnolds was killed by a stray shell. The Mežamaki farm was hit by a bomb and burnt down, with the owners inside. Of course, not everyone could or dared to offer shelter to the people who had escaped from the ghetto or labor camps. Yet they helped in other ways. Fisherman Alfrēds Ludvigs Krauklis lived not far from the Lipke family. His wife Aneta and her daughter used to bring fish to the Lipke house in a suitcase to feed to the people hiding in the bunker. At the time when fear and struggle for survival were the rule, twenty-five people were ready to put their own lives and those of their loved ones on the line to help people in grave peril without betraying anyone.

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Lynch syndrome breast cancer. Because these studies did not attempt to correct for the family history ascertainment in their statistical analyses, the estimates of breast cancer risk are likely to be upwardly sperm life span outside [ 68 ] if any of the family members attended the clinics because of a family history of breast cancer. In addition, further assessment of MMR deficiency in breast tumors may provide more information with which to evaluate the link between MMR genes and breast cancer. In other cases, cancers that run in families can be caused by an abnormal gene that is passed from generation to generation. Genetic counseling and testing People with a strong family history of cancer may want to learn their genetic makeup. Along with the American Cancer Society, other sources of information and support include: Based on the incidence of cancer in the study population, the researchers calculate that big tits porn vids 31 percent to 38 percent of women with cancer-causing MSH6 and PMS2 variants will develop breast cancer, compared to around 15 percent of women in the general population. Honor a loved one's life by helping to save others. So I took myself off to my GP who arranged for me to see a genetic councillor.

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Can We Save The Reef? 1 x 60' Off Australia's northeast coast lies a wonder of the world; a living structure so big it can be seen from space... more intricate and complex than any city... and so diverse it hosts a third of all fish species in Australia. This is the Great Barrier Reef; 2,600km of coral reefs, lagoons, islands and deep channels – a living fortress that meets the relentless power of the sea head-on, and protects Australia’s coast. A name recognised by most, but understood by only a handful of intrepid people. The Great Barrier Reef as we know it – 8,000 years old and home to over 2,000 marine species – is dying in our lifetime. Can We Save the Reef? This is the epic story of scientists who are racing to understand our greatest natural wonder, and employing bold new science in an attempt to save it.

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Lessons from Martin Luther King Jr. I am guilty of using national holidays as an excuse to run errands, do an extra yoga class and lounge. However, now that I have a daughter (who is just about to turn EIGHT, by the way! How is that possible?), I am motivated to teach her the valuable life lessons & values that come with these national holidays, including today, Martin Luther King Jr. day. Below is a beautiful piece that illuminates some poignant ideas about the impact & legacy of MLK. These lessons will make for inspiring dinner conversation in our home! What Dr. King’s Words Teach Us About Our Humanity: Ten Lessons from Penina Rybak - “Life’s most persistent and urgent question is: What are you doing for others?” Our humanity thrives on instilling a sense of purpose into all that we do. - “The function of education is to teach one to think intensely and to think critically.” Our humanity thrives on learning about ourselves & about others, for ourselves and for others. - “You don’t have to see the whole staircase. Just take the first step.” Our humanity thrives on clear, concise, and deliberate calls to action. - “Our loyalties must transcend our race, our class…We must develop a world perspective.” Our humanity thrives on collaboration and color-blind civic engagement with others. - “The ultimate measure of a man is where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.” Our humanity thrives on self actualization and embracing change, especially during difficult times. - “Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” Our humanity thrives on continuously changing our mindsets and behavior. - “If you can’t fly, run. If you can’t run, walk. If you can’t walk, crawl. Do whatever you have to to keep moving forward.” Our humanity thrives on breaking down tasks to keep momentum going. - “All labor that uplifts humanity has dignity and importance and should be undertaken with painstaking excellence.” Our humanity thrives on doing the best we can, always. - “The time is always right to do what is right.” Our humanity thrives on harnessing time and doing the right thing, for the greater good. - “The quality, not the longevity of one’s life is what’s important.” Our humanity thrives on balancing Me/We and work/life for a better quality of life and a more meaningful legacy to leave behind.

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Active ingredients: The ingredients contained in any formula that give the desired physiological effect ie. The components in a moisturising cream that improves the moisture content of the skin. Adrenal glands: two organs situated one upon the upper end of each kidney. Stresses of modern life can exhaust the glands. Acidophilus: A friendly bacteria found in the digestive system which combats the activities of invading micro-organisms associated with food poisoning and other infections. Acido Alpha Hydroxyl Ceramides: Extract from sunflowers. A lipid that strengthens the skin’s capacity to retain moisture, thereby supporting and sustaining skin’s youthful smoothness and softness. Acupuncture: A traditional Chinese treatment for relieving ills of the body by inserting needles into meridians. Acupuncture in our Glasgow Clinic Acute: A short sharp crisis of rapid onset. Adaptogen: A substance that helps the body to “adapt” to a new stress or strain by stimulating the body’s own defensive mechanism. Aetiology: a term denoting the cause or origin of a specific disease. Agar-agar: gelling agent made from seaweed. Algae: a seaweed Alginate: Gelatinous substance obtained from seaweed and used as an emulsifier and thickening agent. Alkalis: Substances with a pH above 7. Often used as neutralisers in cosmetics and toiletries. Alkaloids: basic organic substances, usually vegetable in origin and having an alkaline reaction. Like alkalis they combine with acids to form salts. Some are toxic, insoluble in water. Aloe Vera Extract: Effective healing agent and rich emollient. Used to counteract wrinkles, it is soothing and moisturizing. Alteratives: Medicines that alter the process of nutrition, restoring in some unknown way the normal functions of an organ or system. Allergy: Hypersensitivity to a foreign protein which produces a violent reaction eg. Hayfever, asthma, irritable bowel. Allopathy: Conventional medicine. Amenorrhoea: Suppression or normal menstrual flow during the time of life when it should occur. Amino acids: Group of compounds containing both the carboxyl and the amino groups. They are the building blocks of proteins and are essential for the maintenance of the body. Amphoteric: A normaliser “improve apparently contradictory symptoms”. Analgesics, pain relievers, anodynes: Herbs taken orally for relief of mild pain Anaphrodisiac: a herb that reduces excess sexual desire. Antacids: Remedies that correct effects of stomach acid and relieve indigestion. Antigens: substances, usually harmful, that when entering the body stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies. Antibacterial: Any agent or process that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria Antibody: a substance prepared in the body for the purpose of withstanding infection by viruses, bacteria and other organisms. Anti-catarrhals: agents that reduce the production of mucus. Antifungals: herbs that destroy fungi as in the treatment of thrush, candida etc. Antihistamines: agents that arrest production of histamine and which are useful in allergic conditions. Annato: a natural colourant derived from the seeds of a tropical tree. Anthelmintics: Anti parasite. Anthoposophical medicine: Holistic medicine based on the work of Dr Rudolf Steiner. Antilithics: agents used for elimination or dissolution of stone or gravel in bladder or kidney problems. Anti-neoplastics: herbs that prevent formation or destroy tumour cells Anti-pruritics: agents to relieve intense itching. Anti-spasmodics: agents for relief of muscular cramps, spasm or mild pain. Anti-tussives: herbs that reduce cough severity, ease expectoration and clear the lungs. Antioxidants: Substances that prevent the formation of free radicals which cause the oxidative deterioration that causes rancidity in oils or fats and also premature ageing. Natural sources include vitamins A, C and E. Aqueous coating:a natural water and vegetable cellulose coating which can be used as a coating to enhance tablet disintegration and dissolution. Ascorbic acid: The chemical name for vitamin c. Astringents: Products that cause a tightening and contractions of the skin tissues, generally used to tone skin and close pores. Can also arrest heavy bleeding. Avocado Oil: Has excellent penetrating qualities, softens and regenerates skin. This emollient is valued for its high lipid and Vitamin A, D and C components. Ayurveda Medicine: System of sacred medicine originating from Ancient India, dating from 1000 to 3000BC. Barrier cream: cream that provides a protective coating when applied to the skin eg. hands and face. Beeswax: A natural emulsifier and thickener. Beta Carotene: An abundant source of Vitamin A with rich anti-oxidant properties. It is necessary for tissue repair and maintenance and accelerates the formation of healthy new skin cells. 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Castor Oil: A superb conditioner that has been proven to strengthen the hair shaft. Catabolism: An aspect of metabolism which is concerned with the breaking down of complex substances to simpler ones, with the release of energy. Cetyl Alcohol: Derived from coconut and palm oils. This is not a drying alcohol. Used as an emollient and to protect skin from moisture loss. Chlorophyll: stored energy of the sun. Green colouring matter of plants. Cholagogues: A group of agents which increases the secretion of bile and its expulsion from the gall bladder. Choleretic: An agent which reduces cholesterol levels by excreting cholesterol. Citric Acid: Derived from citrus fruit . A natural preservative that helps to adjust the pH of cosmetic products. Clay: Deep-cleansing and highly absorbent. Bentonite and green clay are two types of natural clay. Compresses: External applications to soften tissue, allay inflammation or alleviate pain. Contra-indicated: not indicated, against medical advice, unsuitable for use. Cornstarch: Used as a safe base for our eye shadows, blushers and loose powders. Coumarins: Powerful anti-coagulant plant chemicals. Used to prevent blood clotting. Counter-irritant: An agent which produces vaso-dilation of peripheral blood vessels by stimulating nerve-endings of the skin to generate irritation intended to relieve deep-seated pain. Cramp: Sustained contraction of a muscle. Decoction: A preparation obtained by bringing to the boil and simmering dense herbal materials ie. Bark, root and woody parts for a plant to extract active constituents. Decongestant: Herb which is used to loosen mucus within bronchi and lungs. Demulcent: Anti-irritant. A herb rich in mucilage that is soothing, bland, offering protection to inflamed or irritable mucous surfaces. Depurative: Blood purifier. Alterative. Detoxifiers: Plant medicines that aid removal of a poison or poisonous effect, reducing toxic properties. Diaphoretics: Herbs that induce increased perspiration. Diuretics: Agents that increase the flow of urine from the kidneys and so excrete excess fluid from the body. Douche: A term used to describe the cleansing of certain parts of the body eg. Washing wounds and ulcers, eye douches etc. Eliminative: A herb to disperse and promote excretion from the body. Emetic: A herb to induce vomiting. Given to expel poisons. Emmenagogues: Plant substances which initiate and promote the menstrual flow. Emollient: Any substance that prevents water loss from the skin. Most natural oils perform this function. Emulsifier: A substance that holds oil in water or water in oil. They are necessary in the manufacture of cream and lotions. Emulsion: A mixture of two incompatible substances. Most creams on the cosmetic market are emulsions. Enzyme: A biological catalyst that acts to speed up chemical reactions. Digestive enzymes are necessary for the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates and fats ie.pepsin. Enuresis: Bed wetting. Essential Fatty Acids: A fatty acid that must be supplied in the diet as the body cannot produce it itself. Expectorants: Herbs that increase bronchial mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction of sticky mucous and its expulsion from the body. Fatty Acid: A monobasic acid containing only the chemicals carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Found in vegetable and animal fats, they are important for maintaining a healthy skin and are excellent emollients. Fixed Oil: A fixed oil is chemically the same as a fat, but is generally liquid ie. Almond oil, grapeseed oil. Flavanoids: natural chemicals that prevent the deposit of fatty material in blood vessels. Flaxseed Oil: Rich source of omega 3 essential fatty acids. (Also known as Linseed Oil) Fructose: A natural sugar found in honey and fruits Fumigant: a herb, usually a gum, which when burnt releases mixed gases into the atmosphere to cleanse against air borne infection eg. myrrh or frankincense. Galactagogue: herb to increase flow of breast milk in nursing mothers. Glycerin (vegetable): A humectant and emollient, it absorbs moisture from the air, thereby keeping moisture in your skin. Glycoside: an organic substance which may be broken into two parts, one of which is always sugar. Grain Alcohol: A natural solvent that evaporates easily. Green Tea Extract: Works towards lightening the skin by actively slowing the transport of melanin to the skin’s surface. Has well known antioxidant qualities. Guar Gum: A fibre derived from the guar plant and used as a binder in tablet manufacturing. Haemostatics: agents that arrest bleeding. Hepatic: a herb that assists the liver in its function and promotes the flow of bile. Histamine: A chemical released via the body’s immune system in response to allergens. Hypoallergenic: In the strictest sense means without fragrance, but more broadly refers to products that are unlikely to cause skin irritation. Hyaluronic Acid: Derived from yeast cells, it is extremely hydroscopic. Binds water in the interstitial spaces between skin cells, forming a gel-like substance which holds the cells together. Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil: Source of essential fatty acids. Infusion: The liquid resulting from making a herbal tea. Iron Oxides: Natural mineral derived colour pigments. Kaolin: Clay used to absorb oils. Laxative: agent used for persistant constipation to help expel faecal matter from the bowel. Lecithin: Natural antioxidant and emollient. High in essential fatty acids. A stabiliser and emulsifier from soya beans, corn, peanuts and egg-yolk. Cholesterol reducer. Lymph: a straw coloured fluid which circulates many tissues of the body and serves to lubricate and cleanse them. MLD in the clinic Magnesium Carbonate: Mineral derived from dolomite, it is used in our face powders to achieve the correct shade or tone. Mannitol: A natural sugar substitute derived from the manna plant and seaweed. Menorrhagia: abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding, more than normal flow and longer lasting. Menthol: Nature constituent of peppermint oil. Used for its antiseptic properties. Meridians: The energy channels which run through the body and are used in acupuncture, reflexology and other similar therapies. Metabolism: the reactions involved in the building up and decomposition of chemical substances in living organisms. Metrorrhagia: bleeding from the womb between periods. Mineral Salts: Used for colour pigments in our temporary hair colour. Mucilage: a slimy product formed by the addition of gum to water. Used internally and externally to soothe irritated and inflamed membranes and surfaces. Mucolytics: agents that disperse or dissolve mucus. Natural glycerine: used to stabilise and disperse liquid nutrients inside a capsule. A clear colourless syrupy liquid with a sweet taste derived from natural fats and oil. Nerve restoratives: herbs used to provide support and restoration of the nervous system caused by stress, disease or faulty nutrition. Nutrient: a non-irritating, easily digested agent which provides body nourishment and stimulates metabolic processes. Orexigenic: a herb which increases or stimulates the appetite. Oxytocic: a herb which hastens the process of childbirth by initiating contraction of the uterine muscle. Parabens (parahydroxybenzoic acid esters): a family of neutral, broad-spectrum antibacterials which have been used extensively for many years in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as mild preservatives and have not been tested on animals for a long time. They are found in nature, but the ones used in cosmetics are synthetically produced. They have a long history of relatively safe use. Like all synthetic components they are used minimally and only when necessary. Effective levels are 0.1 – 0.3% concentration in the overall product. Peripheral: refers to the outermost parts of the body. Poultice: poultices are packs of powders, dried or fresh herbs, enclosed in a muslin bag or wrapped in folds of a flannel or linen and soaked in boiling water, then applied to the affected area of the body. Prostaglandins: hormone like messengers in the body responsible for the control of important body functions. Proteinuria: presence of albumin in the urine. Purgative: an agent that encourages evacuation of matter from the bowel. Rice Bran Wax: Derived from rice bran, used as emollient and to protect skin from moisture loss. Reflux: a backward flow of food to the mouth from the gullet or stomach. Refrigerant: a cooling preparation taken orally or applied externally. Resin: a thick-solid, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, exude from trees or plants which are used as antiseptics. Rubefacient: external use. An agent to draw a rich blood supply to the skin, increasing heat to the tissues to aid the body in absorption of properties from creams, lotions etc. Rose Essential Oil: Soothing, harmonizing effect on the skin. Considered the ‘queen’ of all essential oils, its gentle yet powerful nature has the ability to help repair broken capillaries. Salicylates: salts of salicylic acid sometimes used in rheumatism, gout and acid conditions. Saponins: constituents of some plants that produce a soap like frothing effect when agitated in water. Sedatives: herbs that relax the central nervous system. Seasalt Minerals: Thickener and disinfectant in shampoos. Sesame Oil: Rich emollient properties and provides natural sun protection. Sialagogue: herbs that increase production of saliva and assist digestion of starches. Silica (hydrated): A purified mineral, used as an anti-caking agent in the production of vitamin tablets. Sodium Laureth Sulfate: A surfactant detergent derived from coconut oil to make toothpaste, hair care and bath care products foam. Sorbitol: Gives a velvety feel to the skin. Derived from cherries, plums, pears, apples and seaweed. Soybean Oil: A vitamin-rich emollient that absorbs well into the skin. Has a nourishing, softening and moisturizing effect on skin. Stearic Acid: Fatty acid derived from cocoa butter, used as an emollient. Spasmolytic: another name for anti-spasmodic. Stimulants: herbs that spur the circulation, increase energy and physical function. Styptic: a substance that stops bleeding usually by contracting the tissue. Sudorifics: similar to diaphoretics but are used to stimulate more profuse abundant sweating. Systemic: referring to the whole of the body. Tannins: present in tea and coffee and many herbs. Coagulate protein and inhibit the laying down of fatty deposits. Astringent. Urinary antiseptic: a germicidal action of a herb destructive to harmful bacteria in the urine when excreted from the body via the kidneys, bladder and ureters. Urinary demulcent: a soothing anti-irritant used for the protection of sensitive surfaces of the kidney tubules and ureters against friction, irritation. Urinary haemostatics: urinary astringents that arrest bleeding from the kidneys. Vasoconstrictors: agents that constrict blood vessels causing an increase in blood pressure. Vasodilators: herbs that promote dilation of the blood vessels causing a reduction of blood pressure. Vegetable cellulose: Substance derived from various plant fibres and used as a filler and disintegrant in the production of tablets. Vermifuge: a substance that expels or destroys intestinal worms. Vesicant: a blistering agent. Vitamin A: Potent anti-oxidant, used in combination with vitamins E and C as a natural preservative. Necessary for tissue repair and maintenance and accelerates the formation of healthy new skin cells. It benefits the treatment of skin disorders and oxidant, used as a natural preservative. Anti-inflammatory properties, aids in healing. Vitamin E: A powerful natural anti-oxidant, used in combination with vitamins A and C as a natural preservative. It slows signs of aging and the degeneration of skin cells. Vulnerary: a plant whose external application has a cleansing and healing effect on open wounds, cuts and ulcers by promoting cell repair. Wheatgerm Oil: Rich in vitamin E, penetrates well to prevent loss of moisture and benefit cells. Zinc Oxide: A non-chemical natural sun block.

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The internet giant celebrates its 18th birthday this Sunday, but how did it become the company it is today? Google turns 18 this week and, as it steps out of adolescence and into adulthood, can be classed as one of the true success stories of the internet age. Having begun as a University research project in the late 1990s, Google is now a global company, valued at $82.5 billion and ranked at number two on the world’s most valuable brands. But how did we get to this point? How did one company see off competitors and become an internet-age empire? The very beginnings Initially conceived by two computer science PhD students back in 1996, Larry Page and Sergey Brin looked to create a new formula from other search engines. While others ranked their results by the amount of times the search terms were mentioned, Page and Brin invented the ‘PageRank’ system – which looked to rank websites “by counting the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is.” According to Google’s own definition, “The underlying assumption is that more important websites are likely to receive more links from other websites.” From there, Google was born – initially as a Stanford University website feature, before the domain was registered in 1997 and it became an incorporated company in 1998. At this point, the site was operating out of the garage in California, but it would soon begin to grow. Seeing off the competition Despite very nearly selling the company in 1999 due to the strain on their academic pursuits, Page and Brin succeeded in securing a massive funding of $25 million dollars by the end of that year. Over the next few years, Google gradually peeled away from the competition and coined the unofficial corporate slogan: “Don’t be evil.” Charles Arthur, the freelance technology journalist and author of Digital Wars: Apple, Google, Microsoft and the Battle for the Internet puts their toppling of the competition down to their revenue strategy: “Other search engines were either publicly listed or part of venture-funded companies, and got their revenue from display ads. The dot-com bust of 2000-2001 killed a lot of them off because their ad revenue collapsed. Google began experimenting with text ads based on search terms – an idea that Bill Gross first came up with at another search engine and sold to Yahoo. Google paid Yahoo in stock to settle a patent dispute over the use of the technique. Gross never worked for Google but had discussed his ideas with Page and Brin. Google attracted users because it was miles better than anything else out there. So it also sucked away the other source of revenue for rivals – eyeballs.” By 2004, Google was a public company operating at a value of $23 billion dollars. While seeing off the search engine competiton, Google began to expand its interests elsewhere – launching the Gmail in 2004 and Maps in 2005. It was clear that Google saw its future elsewhere, but the idea that search had become secondary is greatly exaggerated according to Arthur: “The business model hasn’t changed. Google overwhelmingly makes its money from search ads for the most part. People think, because they hear about wild projects and businesses like Nest, that it is diversified. It isn’t. Nest is tiny compared to the rest of the Google business. Fiber is tiny. Nexus phones are minimal revenue sources. It’s all search still.” Many companies have been purchased by Google, with none more successful than Californian outfit Android – sold for around £50 million in 2005. The transaction was described by Google executive David Lawee as “the best deal ever”. However, not all companies have benefited from being under Google’s wing as much as Android, as Charles Arthur explains: “Other purchases have done badly and others well. There’s no generalisation. Wikipedia has a long list of Google purchases (that are known of – there are almost surely more). I’d guess it’s about 50-50 succeed-fail, but the successes have been very big at key moments. Not so many recently.” Successes and failures included, Google had moved to their purpose-built Googleplex offices in San Francisco by 2004 and had firmly established themselves as one of the world’s leading companies. The modern era A landmark moment was reached for the company in 2011, when Google surpassed one billion unique visitors in the month of May. It was the first time a website had ever achieved those kinds of numbers. However, some critics have questioned whether the company’s original ‘Don’t be evil’ motto has been lost in the grab for power – citing the tracking users across all platforms and logging of huge amounts of public data, as well as Google’s aims to avoid corporation tax in a number of countries. As of 2015, Google had become an integral part of newly launched parent company Alphabet Inc (with Page and Brewin still at the helm) and is now valued as the world’s second most valuable company, behind fellow US competitor Apple. Could anyone have predicted this rise? Unlikely, explains Arthur: “Not even Page and Brin did. They tried to sell the nascent company to Jerry Yang at Yahoo. They demonstrated how much better their search was than Yahoo’s. Yang said that Yahoo’s revenue came from people clicking through to the next search results page so they could show more adverts – so wasn’t interested. “Anyone could have forecast it. And they’d have been guessing.” As for what will come next, the newly-named Alphabet (with the new company motto ‘Do the right thing’) still has challenges ahead according to Arthur: “As long as Internet use keeps growing, it can keep showing search ads. But so far it hasn’t shown itself to be any good at diversifying away from that high-profit revenue stream. As with any maturing company, the question is how it keeps its corporate culture young and ready to exploit the next big idea.” Main image: Shutterstock

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Democracy Celebrated and Debated The two exhibitions The Birth of Democracy and The Greek Miracle were two public forms of engagement with Athenian democracy and the reforms of Kleisthenes in 1992/93. There were also a number of academic conferences, lecture series and related publications, some of which have been briefly mentioned in the context of the two exhibitions. A number of publications relating to Athenian Democracy and its reception also appeared in the early 1990s, and these were supplemented by interest in the more popular historical press. Conferences marking the ‘anniversary' and related publications The first conference on the anniversary of democracy was The Cradle of Democracy: Athens Then and Now hosted by The Alexander S. Onassis Center for Hellenic Studies at New York University on 21-22 November 1992 (Koumoulides, ed., 1995:1, n.2).The next conference directly related to the 2,500th anniversary of Kleisthenes' reforms in Athens was held in Greece a few weeks later. The international conference The Archaeology of Democracy took place at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in Athens 4-6 December 1992. The conference was held to illustrate: [...] the interplay between archaeology and history and address broadly such questions as, “Did the political organisation of the Athenian city-state in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. affect its physical remains”, “What aspects of the archaeological record are peculiarly democratic”, and “To what extent were the form and content of late archaic and classical art conditioned by the constitution”. (Coulson and Palagia 1994:v.) This conference was the first in a series of events, which included The Birth of Democracy exhibition, held by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens to celebrate the democratic reforms of Kleisthenes as part of the ‘Democracy 2,500' project. The American school was considered the appropriate organiser as ‘the American governmental system was inspired by the Greek democratic ideal'. Papers given at the conference were later published as The Archaeology of Athens and Attica under Democracy. Proceedings of an International Conference Celebrating 2,500 years of Democracy (Athens: 1996) edited by W.D.E. Coulson, O. Palagia, T.L. Shear, H.A. Shapiro, and F.J. Frost. Three of these editors contributed essays to the exhibition catalogues of both The Greek Miracle (Olga Palagia) and The Birth of Democracy (William D.E. Coulson, H.A. Shapiro), illustrating an intellectual connection between the conference and the exhibitions. The conference proceedings included an influential paper on the Parthenon frieze by Robin Osborne, ‘Democracy and Imperialism in the Panathenaic procession: the Parthenon frieze in its context'. John McK. Camp II, who presented ‘Before Democracy: Alkmaionidai and Peisistratidai', was also co-curator of The Birth of Democracy exhibition and was Director of the American excavations on the Agora in Athens (Osborne 1994:143–50). The Greek Miracle held a symposium itself and information is held at the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC. The National Archives, where The Birth of Democracy was exhibited, hosted the opening of a major conference Demokratia. Commemorating the 2,500th Anniversary of the Birth of Democracy in Spring 1993. This conference was also part of the ‘Democracy 2,500' project co-ordinated by Josiah Ober and Charles Hedrick and took place at Georgetown University in Washington DC. The conference was linked to the earlier conference in Athens on archaeology and material remains from democratic Athens, but this time brought together.ancient historians and modern political theorists to speak about issues such as citizenship, freedom, equality, law and education.' (Coulson and Palagia, 1994:v). Academics from within different disciplines with a range of perspectives participated and their papers were published in Demokratia: A conversation on democracy, ancient and modern in 1996. (Ober and Hedrick, eds, 1996) The resulting book was a ‘conversation' as the papers were revised in the light of lively debates at the conference and then on the circulation of drafts among participants. The content of Demokratia: A conversation on democracy, ancient and modern is considered in more detail in analysis of the exhibitions The Birth of Democracy and The Greek Miracle. A lecture series on Athenian Democracy took place at the University of California at Santa Cruz between 21 June and 30 July. A year long lecture series also took place as part of the Greek Studies programme at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. The lectures presented were later published as The Good Idea: Democracy and Ancient Greece. Essays in Celebration of the 2,500th Anniversary of its Birth in Athens edited by John Koumoulides under the auspices of the Speros Basil Vryonis Center for the Study of Hellenism in 1995. The lecture series was designed to: [...] trace the course of democracy from its ancient origins to its modern manifestations, discuss its significance for our own times and understand and appreciate the many contributions of Greece to Western Civilisation. (Koumoulides 1995:3) The speakers included Colin Renfrew on the transformations in Bronze Age and Dark Age Greece, Oswyn Murray on the concept of liberty or eleutheria in ancient Greece, Robert Browning on ‘How Democratic was Ancient Athens?', Robin Lane Fox on the background to the reforms of Kleisthenes and Anthony Kenny on Aristotle. A lecture by David Hunt considered democracy in the modern period, while Eli Sagan spoke on the ethnic, social and religious connotations of citizenship in ancient Greece and Vassos Karageorghis delivered a lecture on ‘The Role of Cyprus'. The published volume was supplemented by a short essay on art in fifth century Athens by John Boardman and Leslie Lipson on ‘Democracy: The First Twenty-Five Centuries'. Lipson's chapter looked at the three major revolutions in the modern world that brought about democratic change (the English Civil War, the American Revolution and the French Revolution). Some of the same scholars who participated in Demokratia: A conversation on democracy, ancient and modern later took part in Democracy 2500? Questions and Challenges, which was held at the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington DC in September 1993. This conference was jointly organised by Ian Morris and Karl A. Raaflaub and appeared to be a response to The Birth of Democracy exhibition and other celebratory commemorations (Morris and Raaflau, 1998:4). The group involved in Democracy 2500? met again in December 1993 to refine their points and exchange ideas. As a result the collection of papers is ‘more argumentative than what classicists usually publish' (ibid.:5). Morris and Raaflaub had themselves presented at the conference linked to The Birth of Democracy exhibition and Josiah Ober and Barry S. Straus, who both spoke at the earlier conference, also took part in Democracy 2500?. Taken together, Demokratia and Democracy 2500? contain full debates around democracy in Athens and America and are good indications of contemporary academic work on democracy ancient and modern. In Britain a conference entitled The History and Archaeology of Athenian Democracy was held at Christ Church College, Oxford on 27-31 July 1993 and had twenty-six speakers and seventy-five participants. The conference was a double celebration of both the reforms of Kleisthenes in 507/8 BCE and the sixty-fifth birthday of the ancient Greek historian David Lewis. Robin Osborne and Simon Hornblower subsequently edited a volume of conference papers, called Ritual, Finance, Politics Democratic Accounts presented to David Lewis, which was published in 1994 (Osborne and Hornblower, eds, 1994). Again this conference involved many of the same scholars. For example, the conference volume included a paper by Mogens Herman Hansen (‘The 2,500th Anniversary of Cleisthenes' Reforms and the Tradition of Athenian Democracy'), who had also spoken at The Birth of Democracy conference in Washington DC. The German scholar Eberhard Ruschenbusch ('Europe and Democracy') gave the only lecture that was specifically on the European tradition and reception of democracy from all the conferences and lecture series considered here. Ruschenbusch considered the rise of representative democracy in the nineteenth century and the fight against totalitarian states in the twentieth century. These two essays and those by Nigel Spivey on Greek vase painting, Simon Goldhill on theatre and Charles Hedrick on documentary writing caused Paul Cartledge, in his review for the Times Higher Education (22 September 1995), to comment: In short, although this is a volume aimed chiefly at specialist scholars in the first instance, its ramifications and implications extend far beyond the sheltered groves of academe. Both The Greek Miracle and The Birth of Democracy exhibitions held a public lecture series, tours and schools programmes (information about these is probably stored in the appropriate museum archives). Public engagement programmes developed alongside exhibitions are important sources for assessment of the nature and extent of the relaitonships between scholarship and popular conceptions of Athenian democracy. The conference journals were usually published a year or more after the conferences were held, but a number of scholarly publications on Athenian democracy and democracy ancient and modern, many of which were also aimed at the ‘general interest' reader, were published in the run up to the anniversary. M. I. Finley's Democracy: Ancient and Modern was republished in 1985, having been first published in 1973. Although this republication was not linked to the anniversary, Finley's aim of making an historical inquiry into the role and meaning of democracy past and present, as well as the fact that it was drawn from a lecture series given at New Brunswick and Newark, had great influence on later publications. J. K. Davies' Democracy and Classical Greece, which was first published in 1977, had a revised second edition published in April 1993 and, like Finley's book, is aimed at non-academic readers as much as the scholarly world. Davies' book traces the ‘Athenian Revolution' in democracy, the rise of Athenian imperialism and its effect on the rest of Greece. In so doing, Davies uses a range of documentary material, from historical texts such as Thucydides and drama as well as material culture such as vase paintings and excavated house plans. Davies also continues into the late fourth century to consider Athenian democracy after the Peloponnesian War and the history of Greek colonists and Ionian Greeks. As co-director of Project Democracy 2,500, Josiah Ober played a strong role in the anniversary events and his contributions to various conferences from the time are recorded in the relevant conference volumes. Mogens Herman Hansen contributed to conferences, including The Birth of Democracy and The History and Archaeology of Athenian Democracy, and also published a significant article on modern democracy ‘The tradition of Athenian Democracy A.D. 1750 – 1990' in Greece and Rome (Hansen 1992). Hansen argues that the subject of Athenian democracy became more prominent in the mid-nineteenth century and of central importance to modern political systems only in the twentieth century. However the main publication on democracy ancient and modern in the run up to the anniversary was Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, 508 BC to AD 1993, which was edited by John Dunn (Professor of Political Theory at the University of Oxford) and published in 1992. Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, 508 BC to AD 1993 begins with the reforms of Kleisthenes in 508/7 BCE and, journeys through the city republics of medieval Italy, the Levellers of seventeenth-century England and various revolutions, to finish with an essay by Dunn himself. Dunn's ‘Conclusion' considers the role of democracy in the formation of the modern nation state, the function of representative democracy, its relation to capitalist economics and the demand for equal rights as citizens by women and ethnic minorities (Dunn 1992). The 1993 September issue of the journal PS: Political Science and Politics published several articles on democracy ancient and modern in a commemorative edition. These included J. Euben's ‘Democracy: Ancient and Modern', B. Groman ‘Lessons of Athenian Democracy: Editor's Introduction', Josiah Ober's ‘Public Speech and the Power of the People in Democratic Athens', S. Wolin's ‘Democracy: Electoral and Athenian' and Arlene Saxonhouse's ‘Athenian Democracy: Modern Mythmakers and Ancient Theorists'. In the next year a volume specifically on American and Athenian democracy was edited by two of the contributors to PS, J. Euben and Josiah Ober with J. Wallach, entitled Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy. In 1994 Jennifer Talbot Roberts, a contributing essayist in Demokratia: A conversation on democracy, ancient and modern, published Athens on Trial. The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought. Athens on Trial explored the critics of democracy ancient and modern and, like M. H. Hansen, argued that the ideal of democracy only gradually became important in the mid-nineteenth century as well as exploring the ramifications of the reception of ancient democracy for those traditionally disenfranchised from voting, such as women and slaves. Arlene Saxonhouse published a fuller version of her essay for PS as a book in 1996. In Athenian Democracy: Modern Mythmakers and Ancient Theorists, Saxonhouse attempts to ‘shake off the encrustations of scholarships that have relied on the romanticized visions of Athenian democracy in order to probe the core of the ancients' interpretations of democracy' (Saxonhouse 1996:29). The academic conferences and journals spawned by the anniversary of democracy in 1992 and 1993 enhanced and generated scholarship on ancient democracy and its modern reception. The anniversary also generated articles in more popular historical magazines and publications. Robin Osborne contributed an article ‘The Birth of Democracy?' which briefly considered the debate around and impact of Kleisthenes' reforms in 508/7 BCE to Omnibus (a magazine aimed at senior school students) in the issue of 23 January 1992. Nigel Spivey considered ideology and art in ‘Art and Democracy' for the arts magazine Apollo in July 1993. The main coverage, however, was in the popular history magazine History Today, which appeared to take account of year 0 and commemorated the anniversary in 1993-94 rather than 1992-93. It generally ran two articles in each edition of the magazine from January to August 1994. Many of the academics already mentioned contributed to History Today. The titles of the articles give an idea of the breadth of topics considered and the connections between academic and more popular publications. History Today in January 1994 had a bust of Pericles on the cover and its opening article in its Democracy series was ‘Kleisthenes and the Icons of Democracy' by Mogens Hansen, which looked at the events in the sixth century that led to the reforms of Kleisthenes and the rehabilitation of democracy in the nineteenth century. This article was followed by one on Demosthenes and oratory in fourth-century Athens in ‘What Democracy Meant to the Athenians' by Josiah Ober (Hansen 1994:14-21; Ober 1994: 22-27). In February 1994 History Today published ‘The City and the Democratic Ideal' by Francis Hartog, which looked at urban living and political theory, and ‘The Athenian Democracy and Its Slaves' by Dimitris Kyrtatas. (Hartog 1994:36-42; Kyratas 1994:43-48). In March 1994 articles on ‘Women and Politics in Democratic Athens' by Susan Cole and ‘Democracy in Rome ' by John North were published. The April issue saw two articles on the reception of ancient Athenian democracy in Britain and America in Paul Cartledge's ‘Ancient Greeks and Modern Britons' and Barry Strauss' ‘American Democracy Through Ancient Greek Eyes' respectively (Cartledge 1994:27-31; Strauss 1994:32-37). Cartledge was also consultant editor for the series. Robin Jeffrey considered the development of democracy in India and other countries in a post-colonial context in ‘Democracy in South Asia ' and Ellen Meiksens Wood analysed the relationship between liberal democracy and capitalism in the 1990s in ‘A Tale of Two Democracies' in the May issue (Jeffrey 1994:42-49; Wood 1994:50-55). The July edition of History Today contained Edith Hall's essay on communication, propaganda and democracy ‘Splitting Images. Communication in Classical Athens', as well as Edward Ranson ‘A “Snarling Roughhouse” – The Democratic Constitution of 1924' and Bill Wallace on ‘The Democratic Development of the former Soviet Union ' (Hall 1994:41-46; Wallace 1994:46-53; Ranson 1994:27-33). The series finished in August 1994 with Lesley Beaumont on ‘Child's Play in Ancient Athens' and Benjamin Barber on ‘Theory and Practice: Democracy and the Philosophers' (Beaumont 1994:30-35; Barber 1994:44-49). This series in History Today covered a range of issues in democracy ancient and modern and considered the practice of democracy in a more global context than the debates at academic conferences. In 1994 Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of Athenian Democracy, edited by J. Peter Euben, John Wallach and Josiah Ober, was published and can be read as an answer to some of the criticisms made by Cartledge (and others) of the tenuous coverage of those excluded from the democratic process in The Birth of Democracy exhibition. The last three essays, on the ‘melting pot' of Athens and metics, women and slaves, addressed issues of exclusion. It had a polemic tone arguing for the importance and relevance of Athenian democracy in contemporary America, both in its domestic political practice and its international position. As we have seen, the editors of this volume had already published articles and played a part in the project ‘Democracy 2,500', of which The Birth of Democracy exhibition had been a part. Articles in the Athenian Political Thought included people who had already taken part in the various conferences and publications around Athenian democracy in 1992 to 1993, such as Barry S. Strauss on the diverse nature of Athenian society and those excluded from democracy and Kurt A. Raaflaub on the links between empire and democracy in Athenian democracy (Strauss 1994; Raaflaub 1994). Peppered throughout with references to contemporary events and interpretation of democracy, from Sheldon S. Wolin's description of ‘Desert Storm' as ‘postmodern democracy's “Persian War”' to (on the following page) Margaret Thatcher's speech celebrating the anniversary of the 1688 ‘Glorious Revolution', the volume self-consciously engaged with contemporary political practice and wide ranging issues (Wolin 1994:58; Wood 1994:59 respectively). Euben, Wallach and Ober argued for the utility of Athenian political practice and philosophical theory for political education in contemporary America, particularly in the aftermath of the end of the Cold War and the dominance of liberal democracy globally (Euben, Wallach and Ober 1994). They recognised that Athenian democracy is a ‘politically contested idea as well as a historically defined entity' and that contemporary political debates influence the construction of the classical past, citing the controversy over Martin Bernal's arguments in Black Athena as an example. Arguing that the question of political identity in the US has a particular urgency in 1994, due to the rise of ‘identity politics', the renewed debate about citizenship ushered in by Clinton's presidency and the end of the cold war, they argued that answers to this question can be assisted by reflection on the debates and actions of Athenians 2,500 years ago: Thinking about and with the democratic polis, along with its ancient and modern critics, will not ipso facto supply us with solutions to contemporary dilemmas. But it may help us to re-educate ourselves as citizens who recognise a responsibility to perform and reconstitute a democratic culture. As citizens of a participatory, self-critical, revisable democratic culture, we might have a better chance of finding our way through the troublesome times in which we live. (Euben, Wallach and Ober 1994:26) Many of the contributors to the academic conferences held in 1992 and 1993 also contributed to more popular reading of democracy ancient and modern during the years around the anniversary. Publications of monographs as well as conference papers have enhanced academic and general knowledge about Athenian democracy and its reception in the modern world. Interestingly, however, of all the publications considered here only History Today looked at ‘democracy' in a more broad international context and considered recent developments in the former Soviet Union and South Asia, as well as Britain and America. The reflections on the reception of democracy in publications and conferences were almost entirely focused on America and the American political system, with some references to the English Civil War and the French Revolution. Even Britain and other European examples rarely figured in this engagement with ancient democracy and its function. There are several reasons for this. America is the first modern nation state to have a democratic constitution enshrined in law at its formation and to continually follow that constitution for two hundred years. Most of these publications are by American academics and were published in the US. At the time America was adapting to being the only remaining global superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War while new democracies were being installed in Europe. John A. Koumoulides commented in the introduction to The Good Idea: The anniversary of the birth of democracy comes at a crucial point in time. In the closing decade of the twentieth century, against a background of earth-shaking events in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and plans for European unity, after decades of conflict, the ancient word demokratia is invoked again and again as the ideal solution to all the complex problems of our complex modern world. Indeed, the 2,500th anniversary of democracy offers us a unique opportunity to throw open the question of the importance and relevance of democracy to today's world and to our lives. Koumoulides here does comment on Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, but as examples of the new importance of democracy rather than on their engagement with Athenian democracy. The American centric thinking is obvious when placed in the historical and cultural context of the time. Yet, reading this fifteen years later, there seem to be profound gaps in the consideration of the practice of democracy in the modern world. There is no mention, for example, of South Africa and the fall of the Apartheid system, which is surprising given that the events in that country were developing very quickly in the early 1990s and culminated in the first fully democratic election in May 1994. There was also no consideration of India and references were made to China only in the context of the 1989 demonstrations on Tiananmen Square. Neither was there any mention of the Middle East or theocracies. This focus on the western world, whether consciously or not, shares its vision with Fukuyama 's ‘The End of History?', though even he considered South East Asia in more detail. Barber, B. 1994. ‘Theory and Practice: Democracy and the Philosophers', 44/7: 44-49. Beaumont, L. 1994. ‘Child's Play in Ancient Athens', History Today, 44/8. Cartledge, P. 1994. ‘Ancient Greeks and Modern Britons' History Today, 44/4: 27-31. Cartledge, P. 1995. ‘Cries from the cradle of democracy', Times Higher Education, 22 September, http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=161489§ioncode=22 [lastaccessed 16/06/2008 Coulson, W.D.E. and O. Palagia. 1994. ‘Foreword', in Coulson, et al (eds). 1994: v -vi. Coulson, W.D.E., et al., (eds). 1994. The Archaeology of Athens and Attica under the Democracy: Proceedings of an International Conference Celebrating 2500 Years since the Birth of Democracy in Greece, Oxford: Oxbow Books. Dunn, J. 1992. ‘Chapter 13: Conclusion', in Dunn (ed.) 1992:239-66. Dunn, J. (ed.) 1992. Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, 508 BC to AD 1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Euben, J. P., J.R. Wallach, and J. Ober (eds). 1994. Athenian Political Thought. London: Cornell University Press. Euben, J. 1993. ‘Democracy: Ancient and Modern' PS: Political Science and Politics, 26/3: 478-81. Groman, B. 1993. ‘Lessons of Athenian Democracy: Editor's Introduction', PS: Political Science and Politics, 26/3: 471-74. Hall, E. 1994. ‘Splitting Images. Communication and Classical Athens ', History Today, July, 44/7: 41-46. Hansen, M.H. 1992. ‘The tradition of Athenian Democracy A.D. 1750–1990' Greece and Rome, 39:14-30. Hansen, M. 1994. ‘Kleisthenes and the Icons of Democracy', History Today, 44/1: 14-21 Hartog, F. 1994. ‘The City and the Democratic Ideal', History Today, 44/2: 36-42. Jeffrey, R. 1994. 'Democracy in South Asia ', History Today, 44/5:42-49. Koumoulides, J. A.(ed.) 1995. The Good Idea: Democracy and Ancient Greece. Essays in Celebration of the 2,500th Anniversary of its Birth in Athens. New York: Aristide D. Caratzas. Kyratas, D. 1994. ‘The Athenian Democracy and Its Slaves', History Today, 44/2: 43-48. Ober, J. 1993. ‘Public Speech and the Power of the People in Democratic Athens ', PS: Political Science and Politics, 26/3: 481-86. Ober, J. 1994. ‘What Democracy Meant to the Athenians', History Today, 44/1: 22-27. Ober, J. and C. Hedrick (eds). 1996. Demokratia: A conversation on democracy, ancient and modern (Princeton: Princeton University Press. Osbourne, R. and S. Hornblower (eds). 1994. Ritual, Finance, Politics, Democratic Accounts presented to David Lewis. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Osbourne, R. 1994. ‘Democracy and Imperialism in the Panathenaic procession: the Parthenon frieze in its context', in Coulson, et al (eds), 143–50 Raaflaub, K. A. 1994. ‘Democracy, Power and Imperialism in Fifth-Century Athens ', in Euben, Wallach and Ober (eds), 103-46. Ranson, E. 1994. ‘A “Snarling Roughhouse” – The Democratic Convention of 1924', History Today, 44/7: 27-33. Saxonhouse, A. S. 1996. Athenian Democracy: Modern Mythmakers and Ancient Theorists. London: University of Notre Dame Press. Saxonhouse, A. 1993. ‘Athenian Democracy: Modern Mythmakers and Ancient Theorists', PS: Political Science and Politics, 26/3:486-90. Strauss, B. S. 1994. 'The Melting Pot, the Mosaic, and the Agora', in Euben, Wallach and Ober (eds), 1994:252-64. Strauss, B.1994. ‘American Democracy Through Ancient Greek Eyes', History Today, 44/4: 32-37. Wallace, B. 1994. ‘The Democratic Development of the Former Soviet Union ', History Today, 44/7:46-53 Wolin, S. 1993. ‘Democracy: Electoral and Athenian', PS: Political Science and Politics, 26/3: 475-77. Wolin, S. S. 1994. ‘Norm and Form: The Constitutionalizing of Democracy', Euben, Wallach and Ober (eds), 1994:29-58. Wood, E.M. 1994. A Tale of Two Democracies', History Today, 44/5:50-55. Wood, E.M. 1994. ‘Democracy: An Idea of Ambiguous Ancestry', in Euben, Wallach and Ober (eds), 1994:59-80. Euben 1993:478-8; Groman 1993:471-74; Ober 1993:481-86; Saxonhouse 1993:486-90; Wolin 1993:475-77.

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When it comes to aquarium filtration, you can categorize the different filtration processes and components into three categories: Chemical filtration refers to many of the adsorbent filter medias that remove dissolved particulates from aquarium water. Filter media such as carbon, GFO and Chemi-Pure are all considered chemical filtration methods. Biological filtration refers to the bacteria and biological processes that naturally take place in your aquarium that break down waste. Bio-balls, wet-dry filters and an assortment of other media are great ways to help boost the biological filtration processes in your aquarium. Mechanical filtration is the most common and effective type of aquarium filtration. This refers to the sponges, filter pads and filter socks that physically remove solids from the water that passes through them without altering water chemistry. Today we are going to discuss the different types of mechanical filtration, show you some great tips for getting the most out of your filters and help you decide which mechanical filtration methods will work for your system. The main purpose of mechanical filtration is to remove solid particulates. This includes organic sludge, fish waste, leftover fish food and various other particles suspended in your aquarium water that have not been dissolved. By removing these particulates via mechanical filtration, you will keep your water crystal clear and also improve water quality by getting rid of waste before it is broken down via the nitrogen cycle. Filter pads are probably the easiest option for mechanical filtration. They can be cut-to-size to use in canister filters, wet/dry systems and sumps. Filter pads are available with a variety of different porosity levels. Fine-grade pads, such as AquaMaxx Micron Filter Pads, will filter out even the smallest particles of debris down to 50 microns. They are great for polishing your water and keeping it crystal clear. Coarser grade filter pads, such as AquaticLife Bonded Filter Pads, are designed to filter out larger particles of debris. They are great for heavily stocked aquariums with large fish or as a pre-filter before a micron filter pad. There are also filter pads that are coated with chemical media, such as Rio Filter Pads and Polyfilters. These types of filter pads are great because they can provide both mechanical and chemical filtration at the same time. Filter socks do an amazing job of polishing your water because 100% of the water from your aquarium drains though the sock before entering your sump. The micron rating refers to the pore size of the filter socks. This is important to understand because 200 micron socks have bigger pores which may allow more particulates to pass through, but will not clog as quickly. The 100 micron socks have much smaller pores and will trap just about everything. The only downside is they will clog much quicker and require more frequent maintenance. Most sump systems (such as Trigger Systems and Berlin Sumps) have brackets built-in to hold filter socks. If you are custom building your own sump at home, we have several pre-fabricated filter sock holders available on our website. With all of the recent advancements in all-in-one style tanks, manufacturers are catching on to the effectiveness of filter socks. Innovative Marine, for example, has just come out with a nifty filter sock add-on that has an integrated bracket that adapts perfectly to their Nuvo and Fusion aquariums lines. Filter socks can be cleaned and reused quite a few times. You can clean them with a garden hose or even throw them in your washing machine with a small amount of bleach and no detergent. Just be sure to run them through a second rinse cycle without any bleach to ensure they are thoroughly rinsed and let them air dry completely before using in your aquarium again. An alternative to the felt-type filter socks are nylon filter socks. Instead of a thick felt material, a thin nylon mesh is used to filter out particulates. The benefit with nylon filter socks is they are much easier to clean and will last 2-3 times longer than a felt filter sock. The downside is they will allow for much more particulate to pass through. Plastic filter sponges are probably one of the most overlooked types of mechanical filters. While they will not polish your water like a filter sock or fine micron filter pad, they are very easy to place in your sump or filter and can be rinsed and reused for a long time which makes them a very economical option. When used in a sump, you can squeeze the sponge in between baffles to trap bubbles and prevent snails or other small creatures from getting into your pumps. With all of the mechanical filtration options available, it is easy to find a performance and maintenance combination that works best for your filtration set-up. If you don’t mind cleaning or changing the filter frequently, filter socks will give you the best performance. If you are looking for something that requires less maintenance, coarse filter pads or sponges will work out great. If you found this blog post and the accompanying video helpful, please like and share them to help other hobbyists. Don’t forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel to see more informational content just like this! Thank you for giving us the opportunity to share our knowledge with you. Until next time, take care and happy reefkeeping. 4Shop for Mechanical Filter Media in our online store 4Check out our Filter Media Guide to Carbon, GFO and BioPellets 4Learn about all the great benefits sumps have to offer

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Budget data is notoriously difficult to analyze. The volume of data can be high, the long tables are unwieldy, and the structures are almost always multilayered, making it difficult to visualize. But with some of the advanced interactive visualization tools we use at DAI, we can analyze and present even complex data more clearly. In this example, we use a public data set from USAID’S 2017 budget request and we visualize it in a sunburst: An interactive sunburst visualization of budget data The budget data came from the PDF files on USAID’s website. Specifically the data source is Table 13: Global Health Initiative-FY2017 Request on page 35 of the Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Assistance for FY2017. Compare the interactive visualization with this table spread across four pages in a .pdf. Which is easier to understand? One of four pages from the USAID 2017 Global Health Initiative Budget Justification Other common methods for hierarchical data visualizations are dendograms and treemaps. You can read our previous post on dendograms [here]. Data, especially large and hierarchical data sets, are notoriously difficult to understand, and often elicit either a disengaged or overly detailed reaction. Let’s hope that visualizations like these can help improve our understanding of complex data, and in turn, increase transparency and efficiency.

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Accepting New Patients What is a tooth extraction? A tooth extraction is a procedure where a tooth is removed through the use of dental instruments. Why do I need my tooth extracted? Your dentist will evaluate your tooth in order to determine if it can be saved or not. Teeth are often extracted due to dental decay, severe fracture, malpositioned teeth, or crowding. One common reason for a tooth to need to be extracted is that if dental decay is left untreated for too long of a time, there may not be enough tooth structure left to repair. What are the risks of extracting a tooth? - Nerve damage - Jaw stiffness - Dry socket What is the procedure like? Tooth extractions are typically completed in one visit unless there are multiple teeth involved. Dr. Lukic will evaluate your teeth and will discuss the best treatment plan for you. Extractions are completed under local anesthetic where the tooth is anesthetized by dental anesthetic so that you don't feel any discomfort. Next, dental instruments are used to extract the tooth from the socket. You may feel some pressure during the procedure. After the tooth is extracted, a piece of gauze will be placed on the extraction site and you will be instructed to bite down on the gauze for up to 45 mintues. By doing this, it will help to create a blood clot. Ice packs should be used to reduce inflammation the day of and the day after surgery. Avoid chewy, sticky, hard or crunchy foods near the extraction site since these foods may irritate your extraction site. You will need to abstain from smoking for 1 week after the procedure to avoid risk of developing dry socket and to avoid dealying the healing period. Do not use a straw and do not swish your mouth vigously for 24 hours as doing these can prevent a blood clot from forming. It can take at least 2 weeks for an extraction site to heal. What is dry socket? Dry socket (alveolar osteitis) can occur after an extraction and occurs when a blood clot breaks down or is dislodged, causing the bone or nerves to be exposed. When this occurs, it can cause severe pain. The first 5 days after surgery are the most important and it is during the time in which dry socket can occur. If you think you have dry socket please call our office right away. Treatment for dry socket Dr. Lukic will rinse the socket and remove any debris. Next a medicated dressing will be placed into the socket to protect the area and relieve pain. Dry socket usually heals within 7-10 days. Please book an appointment today if you think you need a tooth extracted.

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Newsmap. Monday, March 15, 1943 : week of March 5 to March 12, 183rd week of the war, 65th week of U.S. participation Description: Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Air offensive, Unrest (France, Belgium, Norway), Southwest Pacific, Tunisia. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Inset maps show Russia, Tunisia. Includes photographs: Convoy to Russia; American tank in Russia; Joint Assignment; Airborne engineers; Shower bath - desert style. Back: Learn to recognize these vehicles (half-track vehicles). Labelled illustrations of American, Canadian and German vehicles with a quick guide to features for comparison. Date: March 15, 1943 Creator: [United States.] Army Orientation Course. Item Type: Refine your search to only Poster Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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In the previous parts of our study, we have clearly observed that peace is a work of justice and a fruit of charity. It results from the practice of what is good, which is taught by the natural and divine law and accomplished with the help of grace. We now arrive at the point where we might ask – especially considering the declarations of Francis that we are analyzing: Is peace possible in Islam without the concept of an objective good or the natural law and above all without the indispensable aid of supernatural grace? As we have seen in another study (On whether Allah is the same as God), in Islam goodness and the law are absolutely conditioned to Allah’s will – and he may change as he pleases, or even contradict himself! Neither is it possible to speak of an objective and immutable Natural Law that is accepted by Muslims; and, consequently, even less of an objective good or justice. The licit (halal) or the illicit (be it detestable, makruh, or emphatically prohibited, haram) depend upon the – often unreasonable – will of Allah, the Legislator, who is so transcendante that he is above all human categories (even what humans consider the most basic logic or morality): ‘Allah orders what He desires’. (Koran 5.2) ‘(High is He) above what they attribute to Him’ (Koran 21.22)! Further, Muslims do not take into account what we call ‘human nature’ as a point of reference, nor even a rational good. Rather, man and his goodness are according to the teachings of the Koran, and depend on the caprice of Allah. And, as he taught that the unfaithful, ‘the idolaters are nothing but unclean’ (Koran 9. 28), ‘the vilest animals in Allah’s sight’ (Koran 8.55; 98. 6), as animals they ‘have no sense’ (Koran 8.22) – there is no way of considering humans as beings in Allah’s likeness. Most importantly, as Muslims do not possess grace, they are incapable of steadily practicing justice or charity – and consequently, they do not have true peace. Read on…

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Using Sports To Close The Accessibility GapJeff Miller | Associate Professor of Educational Psychology, CSU Dominguez Hills I was asked the question, “how do athletics programs increase accessibility to higher education?” It made me both contemplative and reflective. As someone that had the hopes and dreams of playing collegiate athletics (dream unfulfilled), and who has a child in the throes of recruiting, and having worked as an academic counselor for student athletes at a community college… I do have a perspective on this. Recently, the Kentucky Wildcats won the NCAA Men’s Basketball Championship. They did this with a number of freshman (including the Player of the Year Anthony Davis) who are all expected to declare for the NBA draft, get a nice hefty paycheck, and move on to the rest of their lives. There are a large number of juniors that play NCAA football that count the days down to go to the NFL draft and then there are the enormous numbers of student athletes that can’t stay academically eligible and drift away out of the spotlight into a different light than that which was promised to them. The debates rage on regarding whether college athletes should be paid, or how long should they stay in school… but the question I was asked was much simpler- it was about access. Specifically, does college athletics increase the golden ticket to college, fraternity parties, all night study sessions… my answer is a resounding…maybe? Looking directly at the question, the answer is, of course, yes. Title IX increased access for women to collegiate sports and the notion of a college scholarship is a tremendous lure. My daughter is a high school volleyball player and I would love for her to get a college athletic scholarship much like many parents out there wish for their children. But my reasons are, I suspect, a little different. I want my daughter to get a college scholarship because most schools get priority enrollment for classes (preventing the 6 year undergraduate experience), have a cadre of intelligent tutors at the ready, have study areas that have computers and support and… there are people assigned to ensure my child doesn’t slip through the cracks. My daughter plays volleyball. Unless there is a monumental shift in sporting interest, I don’t expect she will rely on volleyball as her source of income. So, parents of kids (or kids) looking for tuition support of kids that play volleyball, swimming, soccer, softball, crew and other non-revenue generating sports…the idea of a college scholarship is a great add-on. But this question I was asked has a socio-economic undertone. It hints at the great question of race in sports and in college. When we look at the big dogs in the kennel, Men’s Basketball and Football…access is a different question. Superstar basketball players need to stay eligible until March…six months…one semester…and they can move on and try for their shot in the NBA or overseas. Judging on the number of “one and done” kids that stay one year and leave, I would argue that athletics does not increase accessibility to higher education. It is solely another hoop to jump through. A lot of people blame the Kentucky coach, John Calipari for taking advantage of this rule…for recruiting kids that he knows will only be there for one year and leave. HE, they say, is exploiting kids from underrepresented backgrounds. What HE is doing, is playing by the rules and winning. I am a huge supporter of college athletics. But the problem doesn’t reside in college sports programs solely. People like to blame Pete Carroll and John Calipari but forget that there are companies that rank 8th graders in basketball (I have heard there is a national ranking of 4th graders for basketball but haven’t found it). There are high school teachers that cower to the pressure from the high school coaches… “GET THIS KID ELIGIBLE…” they hear. I have spoken to countless high school teachers that get pressure and are told that the teachers are standing in the way of the dreams. Many teachers stand their ground but enough change their perspective, change the grade, pass the student and send another unprepared kid to college…to fail. When I was recruited to run the academic side of the Athletic Department at a community college, I told the Athletic Director that I would do it if I had full support. EVERY kid got tested academically and had to follow my plan. I understood that as long as I kept students unit count to under 12 units per semester, their eligibility clock wouldn’t start. I can’t tell you, because I don’t have the records, but the vast majority of kids that came to the community college because of academic eligibility issues tested at about a 6th grade education in both Math and English. You see, the problem with access for student athletes isn’t simple. The problem is that there are sociological and psychological…cognitive and emotional barriers out there. The problem is that we can get kids in to college but our concern shouldn’t be getting them in to college. Our concern should be ensuring they have the skills to complete college. Food for thought- at your high school, did they have a map each Spring displayed that showed flags signifying college acceptance? Most schools do. I have argued for years, and hopefully this medium will get some more buy-in, that we need to have those maps but right below it, or next to it, should be the map showing the class 4 years earlier…who graduated from college? THAT is impressive to me. Author Perspective: Educator

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In addition to candidates, the Internet played a larger role in the election and how voters participated. Millions of more people had Internet access during the 2008 election than they had in 2004. As the candidates and parties wrestled with how to use the new tool most effectively, voters benefitted from more information. All voters were able to find more information about the candidates and candidates were able to make direct contact with voters. Both candidates consistently messaged to the base voters, communicating policy positions, new leadership plans, or asking for donations. During the 2002 election, 80,295,249 voters participated in the election. The 80M represent 27.7% of the total US resident population. In that same year, 167,196,688 Americans were actively using the Internet. This correlates to 58% of the total US population. By the time the 2004 presidential election took place, 68.8% of the US resident population were Internet users. That election saw 60.7% of eligible voters turnout to the polls, but represented only 42% of the resident population. 2006 saw 41.6% voter turnout while approximately 69% of Americans had Intent access. 2008 represented a presidential election where 62% of eligible Americans voted and 72.5% had online access. The most recent (2010) national election, a mid-term, saw 41.7% of the eligible population vote on Election Day, while 77.3% of the national population were Internet users. Although the increases have been small in turnout percentage, the last decade has shown more voters turning out at the polls and greater Internet access each year. More people are voting during the mid-term elections than the year prior and more voters are weighing in during the presidential elections than in the previous election. The Internet provides a mechanism to sidestep old ways of disenfranchising voters and practices that make it difficult for voters to participate in an election. Internet usage has surpassed 90% in the US since the last election, and its effects on voting or a correlation between turnout and such a high degree of access is yet to be seen. Having such a large number of Americans using the Internet without a portal for democratic participation is striking. In the next segment: Many barriers to voting are premised on the assumption that voter fraud is an issue in the United States that must be dealt with or we will be putting our democracy at risk. In 2008, 220,141,969 Americans had Internet access, compared to 201,661,159 in 2004.

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