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World Bulletin / News Desk A large science satellite that mapped Earth's gravity likely re-entered the atmosphere where most of it incinerated on Sunday, about three weeks after running out of fuel and beginning to lose altitude, officials said. Ground tracking stations' last contact with Europe's Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer, or GOCE, was at 5:42 p.m. (2242 GMT) as it passed 75 miles (121 km) above Antarctica,Heiner Klinkrad, head of the European Space Agency's space debris office, wrote in a status report posted on the European Space Agency's website. The official designation of space is the Karman line, 62 miles (100 km) above Earth. About 25 percent of the car-sized satellite was expected to have survived re-entry, with debris most likely falling into the ocean, European Space Agency officials said. "By the time you read this, the spacecraft's amazing flight will, most likely, have come to an end," space agency spokesman Daniel Scuka wrote in an update posted around 6:45 p.m. There was no immediate word on where and when any debris may have landed. GOCE was launched in 2009 to map variations in Earth's gravity. Scientists assembled the data into the first detailed global maps of the boundary between the planet's crust and mantle, among other projects. The satellite ran out of fuel on Oct. 21 and had been steadily losing altitude since, tugged by Earth's gravity. The 1.2-ton (1,100-kg) GOCE satellite is small in comparison to other spacecraft that recently crashed back into the atmosphere. In January 2012, Russia's failed 14-ton (12,700-kg) Phobos-Grunt Mars probe returned. In 2011, NASA's 6.5-ton (5,900-kg) Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and Germany's 2.4-ton (2,177-kg) X-ray ROSAT telescope re-entered the atmosphere.Güncelleme Tarihi: 11 Kasım 2013, 13:06

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The below information explains how we encourage children to enjoy the sun safely at school. Sun Cream - please apply sunscreen to your child before they come to school. This will ensure children are protected at break and lunch time when playing in the sunshine. Sun Hats - child should have a wide brimmed hat to protect their face, neck and ears. Sun Glasses - children with medical needs can wear sunglasses to school. Please report these medical needs to the school office so we can help children look after their glasses. Shade - we are lucky in having shade in all our outside areas. On particularly hot and sunny days children are supervised in the shaded areas of the playground. Water - children are encouraged to drink plenty of water throughout the day. Please provide children with water bottles so they can stay hydrated in class. Water fountains are located through out school for use at break and lunch time.

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Oregon Moves To Ban Trapping Of The Rare Humboldt Marten Oregon officials have voted to ban the trapping of the rare Humboldt marten along the southern coast. “We applaud the fish and wildlife commission for following recommendations in the published science and helping these little carnivores have a fighting chance at surviving for future generations,” Cascadia Wildlands Legal Director Nick Cady said. Last year the state rejected a petition from conservation groups seeking state Endangered Species Act protection for the Humboldt martens— as fewer than 200 survive in the state’s coastal forests. “Not only are we not trapping Humboldt martens specifically but that in their extant population, that we are ensuring that other mammal trapping is limited so that they are not intentionally caught in a trap,” Wildlife Program Coordinator for Oregon Wild Danielle Moser said. The Humboldt martens were once common in the coastal mountains but logging of old-growth forest and fur trapping has drastically reduced their numbers. They are also threatened by vehicle mortalities on Highway 101 and severe wildfires. The Humboldt marten is about the size of a kitten and is related to the mink. It was thought to be extinct until a remote camera snapped a picture in the redwoods in 1996. Moser said the species is so rare that two incidents of human caught mortalities can wipe them out. “Even though marten trapping might be low, it’s about trying to mitigate that risk because the chance of them going instinct is so high with even just a few instances of human caused mortality,” Moser said. The Coastal martens are currently under consideration for listing as threatened under the federal Endangered Species act, with a final listing expected to be released in October. Copyright 2019 Oregon Public Broadcasting

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The home hearth, be it a fireplace or stove, is an indispensable corner for those who want a warm and welcoming atmosphere: it warms the house and at the same time furnishes, with its color and its warmth. Wood or pellet stoves are both biomass heating systems, they use natural fuels, each with its own characteristics, suitable for satisfying different heating needs. Wood heating has a very long tradition and for some it turns out to be a ritual. A common saying has it that wood heats 3 times: when you cut it, to get the pieces to burn, when you load it, in the stove or to store it and move it, and when you burn it, the most awaited moment. - The stove can be lighted without electricity; - Wood can be available in abundance, and with considerable savings, for example in mountain and countryside areas; - The cost of wood is advantageous compared to pellets; - The wood stove is able to create a more comfortable atmosphere, the flame is more alive and natural; - The wood stove generates heat for a long time even after combustion has ended; - The level of maintenance required is very low. On the other hand, wood requires more attention in purchasing, knowledge of suppliers and space for storage. It also cannot be programmed. However, ignition is easy, it requires small wood and synthetic or natural based igniters. Pellet heating is based on the combustion of a material made with wood waste from sawmills or forestry companies. These materials are crushed, dried and pressed together, without the aid of any binder. Pellet is a fuel with a high thermal efficiency and calorific value, superior to those of wood. Pellet stoves are equipped with an electronic board that governs their entire operation, from ignition to shutdown. - Pellets are a very efficient fuel; - Pellet stoves have an electronic board that allows you to control the operation: ignition, temperature, programming etc; - The combustion material is sold in bags, on average 15 kg, and is therefore easier to manage in terms of procurement and storage; - Pellets require less space and can be purchased as needed or in a minimal quantity compared to wood. The pellet stove is a heating system that requires electricity and is therefore unusable in the event of a power failure. In the pellet combustion system, reaching full capacity after ignition is faster but, at the same time, once turned off, the irradiation period is shorter than that of a wood stove. Having many electronic components inside them, pellet stoves have higher maintenance costs than wood stoves: they also require more frequent cleaning. Finally, although convenient compared to gas, pellets still have higher prices than wood. There is therefore no single answer since there are many parameters to consider: personal tastes, design constraints, costs, methods of use, characteristics of the premises, etc. If you have any doubts, please contact us. We will be happy to help you!

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What is it? Metatarsalgia is a term used to describe pain in the ball of the foot. It may involve a small area or most of the width of your foot. It can affect both feet at the same time. The pain of metatarsalgia can be described as a burning or aching sensation, a sharp shooting pain or the feeling that you are walking on pebbles. The pain tends to be worse when you are standing, walking or running. A number of different conditions can cause metatarsalgia. For example a bunion or arthritis of the big toe can put extra pressure on the ball of the foot. This can also happen after an operation on the big toe such as bunion correction surgery. Being overweight, wearing high-heels or shoes with thin poor quality soles, high impact sports such as running or having high arched feet can all increase the pressure on the ball of the foot. Having tight calf muscles and Achilles tendons can causes more pressure on the front of the foot. Metatarsalgia can also be complicated by other toe deformities, such as hammer toe or claw toe. How to manage it The first step to treating Metatarsalgia is identifying things that are contributing to the pain. There are simple things that can be done to help with your symptoms. These are: Losing weight will reduce the amount of pressure generally through the feet A changed in footwear is often a good way to improve symptoms. Wearing flatter shoes, wearing wider shoes that have plenty of room for your feet or wearing well-padded shoes will reduce the pressure through the balls of your feet Insoles or Orthotics There are a number of different insoles available, online or in shops, to provide support and comfort. Insoles are inserted into the shoe. An insole with a metatarsal dome shaped pad can help to reduce the pressure under the ball of your foot. Here is an example of an insole with a metatarsal dome built in to the insole. These insoles are widely available online and in a number of shops, please speak with a health care professional if you need any advice. Avoid activities that make your pain worse as much as you can. Try low impact activities such as cycling and swimming instead of higher impact activities such as running It is important to remember that rest can be a key part of your treatment. For example, putting your feet up after periods of prolonged standing or walking can help to reduce your pain and ease your recovery Regular stretching exercises for your calves will help to reduce the pressure on the front of your foot. Stand in a walking position with the leg to be stretched straight behind you and the other leg bent in front of you. Take support from a wall or chair. Lean your body forwards and down until you feel the stretching in the calf of the straight leg. Hold approx. 30 secs. relax. Stretch the other leg. Repeat 3 times. Stand in a walking position with the leg to be stretched behind you. Hold on to a support. Bend the leg to be stretched and let the weight of your body stretch your calf without lifting the heel off the floor. Hold approx. 30 secs. – relax. Repeat 3 times. It is important to do both these exercises. Usually a combination of improving your muscle flexibility and wearing orthotics in your shoes considerably reduces your pain. If symptoms are not manageable please discuss your GP for further advice. Page last updated:

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Parkinson’s Disease: An intestinal hypothesis Could the cause of Parkinson’s Disease possibly lie in the intestines? A recent study on mice provides more information concerning this hypothesis. It shows how proteins travel from the intestines and are deposited in the brain. According to a recent study, Parkinson’s is caused by proteins in the intestines. This hypothesis has been discussed for 15 years and has yet to be confirmed. Current experiments, however, provide new insights. Proteins take the path of the vagus nerve Neurologists and scientists at the Institute for Cell Engineering at the John Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore injected recombinant Alpha-Synuclein into the walls of the stomach and duodenum of mice. Several months later, the researchers were able to find the protein in the mice’s brains. The injection also caused a Parkinson-like disease. The scientists suspected that the proteins reached the brain via the vagus nerve. When the researchers severed the nerve, no deposits were found in the brains and the mice remained free of the disease. Deposits of this protein are a part of so-called Lewy-Bodies, which can be found in the brains of affected patients. As a result, we can assume that Alpha-Synuclein plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s. So the study shows that Alpha-Synuclein can travel from the gut into the brain, however, it is not yet confirmed as the cause of Parkinson’s disease. Older studies show that the protein can also go the other way – i.e., from the brain to the intestines. The next step is to find out how this process is even set in motion.

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Fecal transplant helps man survive gut infection C. difficile resists antibiotics and often causes deadly diarrhea April 02, 2015 Michael Moeller had suffered for 10 months with debilitating diarrhea. Finally, after only one dose and one day, he knew he was over it. The treatment was not a new or stronger or different combination of antibiotics, but a fecal microbiota transplant, or FMT, which involves placing the stool of a healthy donor into a sick person’s intestine. FMT, which UCI Health is testing in a clinical trial, is showing remarkable results as an effective treatment for Clostridium difficile, a diarrhea that is one of the most deadly, hard-to-eradicate and common infections. “I physically felt better the very next day,” Moeller said. “I could tell that it was finally gone and that I was on the road to recovery.” In April 2014, Moeller had been prescribed antibiotics to treat a sinus and an intestinal infection. The sinus infection cleared up, but the intestinal infection continued to intensify until Moeller was forced to take a leave of absence from work. “I couldn’t leave my home because the diarrhea was that bad,” Moeller said. “I couldn’t go to work. My roommate and friends did my grocery shopping. I even had to cancel doctors’ appointments because I would have a bout of diarrhea during the drive. I was ready to try anything.” During the many weeks of physical inactivity, Moeller lost 34 pound as his muscles atrophied, his stamina faded and his energy level plummeted. He fell twice, resulting in head injuries that required stitches – as many as 23 for a nasty gash on his head. After the fourth round of antibiotics in January 2015 failed to cure his diarrhea, Moeller was tested for C. diff. The positive test explained the reason his condition was deteriorating instead of improving. Antibiotics are ineffective for treatment, as they kill off the naturally occurring intestinal bacteria that normally keep C. diff in check, while the microbiomes in healthy donor stool help to restore proper bacterial balance and eliminate the infection. Such infections are no laughing matter. According the latest CDC data published recently in The New England Journal of Medicine, C. diff caused 500,000 illness and 29,000 deaths in 2011, higher than any previous year. Currently classified as an experimental drug, UC Irvine has received FDA authorization to administer FMT as an experimental treatment. Moeller was referred to gastroenterologist Dr. William Karnes, who perform the procedure via endoscope at the H.H. Chao Comprehensive Digestive Disease Center. The first step was to find a suitable donor. “Asking someone to be your donor for FMT is an interesting proposition to make,” Moeller said. “It has to be someone you absolutely trust. I was lucky. I have a friend I’ve known for 30 years. Although she and her husband knew what I had been going through, when I told them about the new cure and what I needed her to do, they were a bit taken aback. I am happy to say that they agreed, and I cannot believe how quickly it worked and what a relief it is to get my life back.” Moeller has worked at Disney for 39 years. In late February, he was able to return to his job as an office coordinator for the scheduling department. “I am now the happiest man at the happiest place on earth!” he said with a smile. — Pat Harriman, UCI Health Communications

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DNA-based molecular tagging system Potential to replace Printed Barcodes Posted On November 11, 2020 The radio frequency identification technology has become a basis not just in retail but also in logistics manufacturing, health care, transportation, and more. Other tagging systems include the QR code and scannable barcode. The recent advancements in DNA-based data storage and computation provide new potential for creating a tagging system that is lighter and smaller than traditional methods. The University of Washington and Microsoft researchers have introduced a new molecular tagging system known as Porcupine. These tags can be programmed and read within seconds by utilizing a portable nanopore device. The team explained how dehydrated strands of synthetic DNA could take the place of enormous plastic or printed barcodes. Building on recent developments in DNA sequencing technologies and raw signal processing tools, the team's reasonably priced and user-friendly design renounce the need for access to specialized equipment and labs. Molecular tagging is not a novel idea, but available methods are still complicated and require access to a lab, which rejects many real-world scenarios. It is the first end-to-end and portable molecular tagging system that allows quick, on-demand decoding and encoding at scale. Also, it is easier to get to as compared to existing molecular tagging methods. The Porcupine tagging system relies on a set of distinct DNA strands called molecular bits, or "molbits" that include highly separable nanopore signals to simplify later on the readout. Each molbit comprises one of 96 unique barcode sequences joint with a longer DNA fragment preferred from a set of predetermined sequence lengths. Porcupine can produce approximately 4.2 billion unique tags employing necessary laboratory equipment with no reliability compromise upon readout. Though DNA is expensive to read and write, Porcupine gets around this by prefabricating the DNA fragments. In addition to lowering the cost, this approach has the added benefit of allowing users to arbitrarily blend existing strands to rapidly and effortlessly create new tags. This method protects against contamination from other DNA present in the environment while concurrently dipping readout time later. The other significant benefit of the Porcupine system is that molbits are very tiny and measure only a few hundred nanometers in length. This makes them perfect for keeping tabs on small items or flexible surfaces that aren't suitable for conservative tagging methods. DNA tags can't be detected by touch or sight. This makes them idyllic for tracking high-value items and sorting out legitimate goods from forgeries. A system like Porcupine could also be used to track essential documents. For example, for monitoring voters' ballots and prevent corruption in future elections. In a Porcupine tag, one can read the data by rehydrating the tag and running it through a portable nanopore device. As advancements in nanopore technologies make them more and more affordable, it believes that molecular tagging has the potential to become a progressively more smart option in a range of real-world settings. Porcupine is one more exhilarating example of a hybrid molecular-electronic system, combining new sensing technology, molecular engineering, and machine learning to facilitate new applications. Global RFID Market Report

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My tech-loving son has set an ambitious goal for his sixth-grade “passion project” at school: to build his own PC. While he tries to get creative with sourcing parts on an 11-year-old’s budget, we decided to visit the Living Computer Museum in Sodo for an educational tour of the history of computers. What makes the exhibits “living” is that all the museum’s machines are fully functional. Much to my son’s enjoyment, you can just plop down and use them. We made punch cards on an IBM machine from the 1950s, played Pac-Man on an Atari 400, which was introduced in 1979, and typed on a vintage Apple Macintosh just like the one I wrote papers on in college. The friendly museum staff gives regularly scheduled tours. Matt Miguel, our guide, knew how to put things in a context that kids would understand. “All of this machine fits in the size of an Oreo cookie today,” Miguel said, waving to an old computer that was as big as a room. “Imagine how computers will be 50 years from now.” For information about the museum’s collection and hours, you may visit www.livingcomputermuseum.org. This illustrated column was originally published in The Seattle Times on Feb. 27, 2015.

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Whether you have an original clay chiminea, like the one invented in Mexico in the 17th Century, or a modern iron chiminea, there are many great recipes you can cook with it. However, before we look at the cooking technique, let’s discuss the danger of eating burned food which has been said to potentially cause cancer, so we are careful to avoid burning our food in our chiminea. The Danger of Burned Food: Acrylamide This morning you burned your toast. Should you eat it or not? Is there a danger in ingesting charred bread? The question as arisen in the scientific community after animal testing revealed that high levels of chemical acrylamide caused them to have cancer. Acrylamide can form itself during high-temperature cooking when frying, roasting, baking or toasting. This is particularly frequent with grains and starches. It is a reaction from the sugars and amino acid that can be found in these foods, which happens when they are cooked at a very high temperature. The study shows that the level of acrylamide that were fed to the animals were a lot higher than the one we consume by eating a burned toast or potatoes. Researchers also indicate that it should not change our habits of eating starches and grains daily since removing them from our meals would not change greatly our intake of acrylamide and they are part of a healthy diet. How to Reduce Our Intake of Acrylamide When you eat toasts in the morning, make sure they remain light brown. Dark parts should be removed and thrown away. In regards to potatoes, they should not be kept in the refrigerator but in a dark pantry. Keeping them in the cold can increase acrylamide once we cook them. Frozen French fries should be removed from the oil once they reach a gold colouring, before they turn to brown. Reducing frying will also help reduce our intake of acrylamide as it is the cooking method which increases it the most. If you do fry your food, make sure not to eat the parts overcooked, heavily crisped or burned. The same goes for the chiminea cooking where you may find some of the bread or meat coloured all the way to black. Do not ingest these parts as they are not good for your health. What is a Chiminea? Invented in the 17th Century in Mexico, the chimineas adopted the shape of pumpkins. Made of clay, they were mostly used to bake bread. Overtop you would find a 3-foot chimney to let the smoke out, which is where the name comes from. To cook, you would heat coals inside it and place the food directly on them. Although the process is the same, today most chiminea are made of cast iron and come with a grill, making it easier to slide the food inside and out. Lighting the Fire To cook in a chiminea, you will need either wood or charcoal briquettes. If you are starting, using the latter might be the easiest choice. Never use any type of accelerant to light the fire inside or it could cause an explosion. Once you have prepared your food, you should light your fire about 20 minutes before starting to cook. When the chiminea was invented, people would mostly bake bread inside them. Today, we use it to cook anything we want from pizza to sausages. The key to ensure perfect distribution of cooking in your food is to cut all your meat the closest size and thickness possible so that they cook at the same rate. If you make a pizza, distribute all meat and vegetables equally around it. When cooking sausages, you should prick them with a knife before sliding them in so the juice can come out. The second most important thing in chiminea cooking is choosing how we want to cook our food. We can fix it on skewers, linking vegetables and meat together on a stick or wrap it in foil pockets which we will place on the grill. We can even place the food directly on the grill if we prefer. The choice of method will change the final taste, so up to us to try them all and keep the ones we like. To insert the food inside the chiminea, we use a pair of long barbecue tongs. The foil packets can be placed directly on the coals or on the grill. Skewers can be positioned directly on the grill but some prefer to angle them above the coals and keep rotating them while they cook. Chimineas cook faster than a regular oven so we should check our food often. In this method, the heat surrounds the food so we have to stay close if we don’t want our food to burn and then have to throw it away! Meat will be ready when the juice coming out is clear. Foil packets will cook slower but that is not a reason not to check on them regularly, at least the first few times.

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- Takes note that the Islamic Republic of Iran has nominated Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār (No. 01492) for inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity: The traditional skills of crafting and playing the Dotār are one of the most prominent social and cultural components of the folkloric music among the ethnic groups and communities of the Dotār regions. Bearers and practitioners are mostly farmers, including male crafters and players and female players. The Dotār is a folkloric plucked musical instrument with a pear-shaped bow crafted with dried wood or mulberry tree, a neck made of apricot or walnut wood, and two strings. Some believe one string is male and functions as the accord, while the other is female, playing the main melody. Performers play the Dotār on important social and cultural occasions such as weddings, parties, celebrations and ritual ceremonies. In recent decades, it has also been played in local, regional, national and international festivals. While playing, the players recount epic, historical, lyric, moral and gnostic narrations that are central to their ethnic history, pride and identity. Traditional knowledge relating to crafting and playing the Dotār is passed on informally through the master-student method, and the element is also present in local oral and written literature, which reflects the history and background of the bearers. The element fosters peaceful co-existence, mutual respect and understanding both among different communities and with neighbouring countries. - Considers that, from the information included in the file, the nomination satisfies the following criteria for inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity: R.1: Linked to the local history, art and literature of the regions concerned, the traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār are recognized as one of the main elements of the cultural and social identity of the regions where they are practised. The element is a powerful reference point for collective memory and serves important symbolic functions among the communities concerned. It has a dynamic and inclusive nature. R.2: The inscription of the traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār would promote the visibility of intangible cultural heritage at the local and national levels, raising greater awareness among ethnic groups, communities and individuals. It would also raise awareness among Iranians generally, who would acquire a greater appreciation of their fellow citizens’ creativity. This would foster friendship, closeness, peace, joy and dialogue with other communities, groups and individuals. R.3: The element has been safeguarded mostly through informal measures but there has been a development of professional institutions in recent years. The proposed safeguarding measures are viable and concrete. They include documentary work, research projects, promotion through the internet and the media and musical festivals. The State Party will support these measures by providing funding and facilities and by establishing safeguarding institutions. R.4: Dotār crafters and players, local researchers and a large number of bearers, practitioners, communities and groups actively participated in all stages of the preparation of the nomination. They shared their ideas, experiences, concerns and suggestions, as reflected in the proposed safeguarding measures. R.5: Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār was included in the National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2017. The Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization is the body responsible for maintaining and updating the inventory with the active participation of the local communities, groups and individuals concerned. - Decides to inscribe Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity; - Commends the State Party for its monitoring system and looks forward to hearing the results of this system in its next periodic report.

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Himalayan salt has been considered the best source of natural salt for many centuries. It's extremely high quality makes it ideal for industrial and commercial applications. Although salt is a natural product, Himalayan salt can be harvested with the same care as sea salt or even laboratory-grade sodium chloride, without creating dangerous byproducts. This is possible because Himalayan salt deposits are formed in high-pressure areas where other sources of salt are not available. Pink Himalayan salt comes from the Himalayan salt Pans which is formed by a process that is similar to how rock salt was formed on Earth thousands of years ago. Salt pans form naturally in mountain ranges around the world, and many have the appearance of seashells. Salt pans come in different shades and hues from pink to red to purple, depending on the mineral composition of the ore. Pink Himalayan salt has a distinctive pink tint because of mineral impurities, but also because the rock itself has many layers of different minerals. Because it contains several minerals that are not found in most table salt, it is used mostly in culinary applications, as table salt, or in spa treatments. Although salt pans are commonly used in the industrial setting, Himalayan rock salt is also very useful for heating water or industrial processes where a high temperature is needed for melting metals or other substances. The rock formed on Earth millions of years ago is extremely hard and can be shaped into flakes and crystals, much like the salt crystals we use every day. When mined from mountains around the world, this rock, also called brine or salt pans, is refined into pink Himalayan salt. A wide range of industries uses this rock as a base for various products including industrial oven cleaners, industrial paint pigments and floor paints, industrial floor cleaners and deodorizers, and industrial degreasers, among other things. You might be surprised at how pink Himalayan is formed and exactly how it came to be mined by man. While the name Himalayan comes from the word "Himalaya," which means "highest mountain" in Sanskrit, the term refers to the place where the salt pans are formed. The Himalayan area is located in India and Pakistan, on the edge of the Pamir Mountains. The area is well known for its mineral wealth and high-grade salt pans. Pink Himalayan salt, because of its color, has become a popular ingredient in some health supplements and weight loss products. In fact, Himalayan pink salt has been used to enhance energy, stimulate the immune system, and promote healing in Asian medicine. But Himalayan rock salt wasn't always used to boost energy and heal. Today, it is widely used to treat a wide range of ailments, including hypertension, arthritis, high blood pressure, heart disease, arthritis, digestive disorders, and urinary tract infections. Pink Himalayan is often used in the medical industry for making products such as skin and scalp lotions and shampoos. The pink color comes from trace minerals found in the rock's fine grains. Other health benefits include promoting healthy gums, teeth whitening, hair care, and anti-aging. It is also sometimes used in the cosmetic industry as an enhancer for the skin, hair, and nails. In addition to being used in cosmetics, Himalayan pink salt has proven to boost the immune system. It may surprise you to learn that Himalayan salt has been used to treat certain illnesses since ancient times. One of these uses is to treat high blood pressure, a condition that afflicts thousands each year. Research shows that Himalayan pink salt has helped to reduce the amount of plaque in arteries and increase blood flow. When used in conjunction with medications, it can even help reduce the risks of heart attack and stroke.

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4. Importance of Industrial Psychology. It is concluded that organizational psychology is important in organization, and it has many important roles. Good Workplace Relationships. Psychology - with the help of methods taught during the study of this specialization - focuses heavily on how to think critically. At its core, organizational behavior analyzes the effect of social and environmental factors that affect the way employees In this paper, we offer evidence-based guidance on the benefits of increasing I-O is a scientific study of human behavior in the workplace. Using 73,397,870 text data scraped and Human Engineering 3. The importance of studying organizational behavior. I/O Psychology Provides Workplace Solutions. The discipline of psychology is largely concerned with interpretation and analysis of human behavior. StudentShare. Many firms have recently emphasized the importance of ESG. The main areas of organizational psychology are: 1. This theory is applicable to the area work life balance in an interesting way. As a leader, you have to look out for any instances of conflict. Social psychology plays a crucial role in human behavior in organizational settings. Therefore, investing in effective Sports Psychology can help with all areas of life Sports psychology helps athletes to balance both in-game stresses and stresses outside ofathletics. This is the third and deepest level: cultural change. Identity: An organizations culture defines its identity. We need motivation in order to reach our goals. Many organizations dedicated to learning and teaching in the field of psychology struggle with diversifying and widening international representation. Rise By Org May 21, 2022 Updated: May 24, 2022 No Comments 3 Mins Read. The subject lies at the intersection of applied, educational, and theoretical science. The Importance Of Organizational Psychology Literature Review On Leadership Development. Importance of organization. Organizational psychology is an area of psychology that is primarily concerned with aligning the interests of the company and the needs of its employees.It aims to improve the quality of life and conditions of employees to achieve greater performance and efficiency. Organization development is an important field within Industrial and organizational psychology. The application of emotional intelligence in workplace management Organizational Psychology The organizational psychology, developed from the human relations movement in the organizations, shows more interest in the employee than the industrial psychology, which focuses on understanding the behavior and the welfare of employees. Organizational psychology is a branch of Psychology focused on the study and structuring of the behavior of professionals in a company . The main aspects that this branch of psychology studies about organizations are: structure, climate, culture, social systems and processes. This article reviews the main characteristics of organizational psychology. Facebook Twitter Instagram. Organizational Organizational psychologists study the behaviors of employees and help improve efficiency. The Importance of Organizational Psychology Traditionally used as a means for self-improvement and nurturing mental health, the science of psychology is now being recognized Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologists study and assess individual, group and organizational dynamics in the workplace. It also refers to the application of the knowledge, which can be used to understand events, treat mental health issues, and improve education, employment, and relationships. I/O psychology seeks to focus on human behavior specifically in the workplace setting. With this kind of professional insight, a psychologist can help people improve their decision making, stress management and behavior based on understanding past behavior to better predict future behavior. Industrial and Organizational Psychology involves overseeing and evaluating Organizational Structure, of which job design is an element. Psychology is the study of people's behavior, performance, and mental operations. THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY The Importance of Study Resources Industrial-organizational psychology uses psychological sciences, principles, and research tactics to solve workplace and business problems and improve workers - Organizational psychology is the study of how individuals are employed, selected and get in into organizations; how they are rewarded and motivated; how It is important in all the different aspects of the organization. The paper "The Importance and Significance of Understanding Organizational Psychology" describes and analyzes the case of the organization where the manager created an. The drive for diversification of membership and leadership occurs as such groups increasingly prioritize diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Psychology determines human behavior and that is very critical in the organisational behavior context to achieve better and enhanced organisational performance. To understand the concept lying behind it, organizational psychology blends in Positive organizational psychology is the scientific study of positive subjective experiences and traits in the workplace and positive organizations, and its application to We are educated and work in organizations. Learn what A person considering a degree or career in psychology may wonder, Why is industrial-organizational psychology important? While other specialties of psychology The role of psychology in organizational behavior is related to its value in the determination of the relationship between the mental health and general wellbeing of Organizational behavior (OB) is a broad field of business study that examines how people behave in an organization and how managers can influence them to act in specific ways that Researchers have highlighted that commitment has a great impact on the successful performance of an organization. She has a Master's degree in History. Organizational psychologists work with people within an organization to improve both the productivity of employees and business results. Learn what organizational psychology is and explore the two areas it covers, including working with employees and helping organizations to grow. Industrial and organizational psychology is related to organizational behavior and human capital . It focuses on an individuals well-being and effectiveness along with the organization. We spend a great deal of our free time in playing and praying in organizations. organizational psychology will lead to tw o important outcomes ones attitude and behavior at the wor kplace. the workplace, including the structur e of organiza-. psychology that applies psychological principles to. Industrial-organizational psychology (also known as IO psychology) is a specialized branch of psychology focused on, the scientific study of human behavior in The importance of industrial psychology is largely rooted in these practitioners ability to: quickly assess a company. Critical thinking is one of the most important methods of thinking at all. This can take many forms. Industrial/organizational psychology has been more concerned with the empirical microlevel question of perceived justice than with explicating normative standards of distributive social justice. Organizations are at the core of changing lifestyles which reflect on the modern civilization of the average people. Understanding Human Relations 2. Being a good conversationalist, reading social cues, and being able to relate to Lesley Chapel. Industrialorganizational (IO) psychologists need to come to a better understanding of the nature of this problem and the potential solutions. The way people interact, communicate, and collaborate is key to an organizations success. ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the importance of studying industrial psychology are as follows: 1. Recruitment. It focuses on assessing individual, group and Organizational dynamics and using that research to identify The overarching goal of industrial and organizational psychologists is to ensure the employees within a workplace are happy and healthy while simultaneously achieving maximum The role of psychology in organizational behavior is related to its value in the determination of the relationship between the mental health and general wellbeing of individuals in relation to their behavior at work. For example, they may study workplace productivity and find ways to remove As a leader, you have to look out for any Importance of human psychology as employee. View The Importance of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.docx from PSY 317 at North Carolina Wesleyan College. Research and statistics play a crucial role in organizational psychology. 4. "Organizational psychology is the field of applied psychology focusing on human behavior in the workplace, as well as the behavior of organizations" (Organizational Psychology, 2015, The Importance of Studying Organizational Sociology. Ascertaining what topics are being discussed around ESG and how they change over time will contribute significantly to gaining insight into ESG. Define organizational psychology. From finding the right Finding the right employees for an organization can be challenging. It is hard to build meaningful workplace relationships. 8:008:30: Arrive at work, meet with As data scientists we need to understand the psychology of our data sets in order to work with data effectively. Recruitment, Selection and Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. The paper "Importance of Organizational Psychology" highlights that the current job at Opening Minds requires that the applicant is able to support and be supported by. Yes, its about improving organisations or, more specifically, organisational effectiveness performance, productivity, profitability but its the people within an organisation that ultimately 3. An applied science, IO psychology is represented by Division 14 of the American Psychological Association, known formally as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). 3. This theory also proposes that behavioral outcomes are tied to job design and job satisfaction. The importance of studying organizational behavior. Good Workplace Relationships. Organizational psychology is the second major branch of study and practice within the discipline of industrial and organizational psychology. Or situations that can hamper employee relationships. OB is important to understand the employee behavior and organization in the better positive way. Importance of organizational psychology in organizations. The organizations in which individuals work have an effect on their - Organizational psychology science is a new. So when that Organizational psychology is a unique branch of psychology that studies the behavior of the persons who are. The latter is important for the organization because downsizing events affect the retained employees intent to quit, organizational commitment, and job insecurity (Ugboro, 2006). At its core, organizational behavior analyzes the effect of social and environmental factors that affect the way employees or teams work. The importance of organizational psychology lies in the fact that overall job satisfaction can impact other areas of our lives. In this sense, the role of this area of psychology is to assess the well From Organizational psychology represents an important theoretical and practical field of contemporary psychological science that studies mental and behavioral phenomena that take place in individuals and groups belonging to social organizations.From a historical point of view, the roots of this specialty can be traced to the psychological approaches to the world of Why is organizational psychology important? Organizational behavior, organization, and activity has been a major area of study for psychologists, economists, and sociologists for over a century, with a growth in interest and concentration in the past fifty years. Industrial psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to understanding and managing employment and organizational Organizational psychology plays a crucial role in many areas of the organization and has many functions that benefit both the company and the workers. Why is organizational psychology important? Industrial-organizational psychology roles tend to be people oriented. Its a small field, but there are a number of reasons why you should care about organisational psychology. Organisational psychology helps people. Knowing why this branch of psychology is important could facilitate the choice of specialty when earning a psychology degree or choosing a job. Industrial-organizational psychology is the study of individual, group and organizational dynamics in a place of work. Those dynamics can be different in different workplaces. It is hard to build meaningful workplace relationships. Social psychology can be seen as the mother of organizational psychology in the definition of certain attitudes and behavior (Spector, 2008). An important topic was participation of workers in job design (J. R. P. French). As founded that Organization psychology helps to improve the productivity With this, it can be said that it is about the psychology that is used to guide people management to promote quality of life and good relationships in the work environment. Organizational psychologists study topics such as leadership styles, group dynamics, motivation, and conflict resolution all of which are important for any data scientist Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) is an indicator that measures a companys non-financial performance. The one presented by Joel Lefkowitz is in the context of industrial/organizational psychology. StudentShare. Organizational psychology main areas. Many of these techniques discussed in sports can help playersmanage the stresses of relationships, schoolwork, and promote healthier lifestyles that includebetter eating and sleeping. Importance of Organizational Behavior 1. In the field of psychology, statistics is important for the following reasons: Reason 1: Descriptive statistics allow psychologists to summarize data related to human performance, Social Science. Organizational psychology is a unique branch of psychology that studies the behavior of the persons who are. For this reason, organizational Let us take a look at the reasons why Industry/Organizational psychology is helping employees across the world to build better relationships and boost productivity-. Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done. The focal article represents an important first step in this process, but we believe that there are some areas of neglect in the model presented. Importance of Organizational Behavior 1. Interventions of organizational psychology . So many management actions such as direction, motivation, coordination and control help ion organizing function. Its identity essentially describes the Social Skills. So, you are on the right boat provided you have stayed true to your trade and have brushed up on the statistical skills - for as the world becomes more and more big data and analytics based, it's Organisational psychologists help in building an employee-focused and customer-centric workplace. It also helps to manage the business firm with proper management actions. The importance of motivation is obvious. It has numerous applications in the business world and can successfully help bring about effective change for the better to any organization, large or small. identify barriers to productivity and efficiency. The objective of organizational psychology is to improve the overall efficiency and the effectiveness of a business organization while applying the principles in the The Importance Of Organizational Commitment. Organizational psychology is an area of psychology that is primarily concerned with aligning the interests of the company and the needs of its employees.It aims to improve the quality of life and conditions of employees to achieve greater performance and efficiency. Wondering how to define organizational psychology? Organizational psychologists study topics such as leadership styles, group dynamics, motivation, and conflict resolution all of which are important for any data scientist looking to build successful teams or lead others. As an illustration of a finding of cross-cultural industrial psychology, French and others found that in the United A person considering a degree or career in psychology may wonder, Why is industrial-organizational psychology important? While other specialties of psychology delve into a particular persons personality and mental health issues that they are facing, industrial and organizational psychology (IO) takes a somewhat different approach. The key is perception. Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done. Mechanism for management in action:- organization is not only a chart. 1. 2. Literature It is a mechanism for management in action. In the field of psychology, statistics is important for the following reasons: Reason 1: Descriptive statistics allow psychologists to summarize data related to human performance, happiness, and other metrics.. Reason 2: Regression models allow psychologists One of the most important roles of the organizational psychologist is helping companies define their culture 1. It takes tremendous effort and time to successfully do it. Social psychology plays a crucial role in human behavior in organizational settings. A leader must do thorough organizational behavior research to bring the best in their people. Answer (1 of 2): Industrial Organizational Psychology is the wave of the future. SIOP.org Update: As evidenced by Objective 2.4 of our Strategic Plan, we understand the importance and value of our website as a communication tool and member resource.While we are always working to create an informative, user-friendly website, in early 2021, the Website Subcommittee was formed to amplify and In fact, it is one of the most important and driving factors for us to reach our goals. Psychology helps build critical thinking skills. On the same note, organizational psychology also seeks to offer in-depth understanding of how organizations are affected by the available human resource. The Magic Touch of I-O Psychology. Essentially, psychology helps people in large part because it can explain why people act the way they do. Our employers,olleagues,Subordinates and imideate bosses they are also human being we also also have to copup with them in our daily business. The only difference between anthropology and organizational psychology is the fact that the latter is multidisciplinary. It basically focuses on. The field of statistics is concerned with collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.. Organizations are at the core of changing lifestyles which reflect on the modern civilization of the average people. develop a plan to remedy Organizational psychologists apply psychology in the workplace. The Importance of Organizational Development by Arnold Anderson, Demand Media. The study of organizational behaviour scrutinizes the various types of employees in all kinds of diverse circumstances. The Importance of Stereotype Threat Mechanisms in Workplace Outcomes In the focal article the authors raise the question of whether stereotype threat is The psychosocial variables that influence the functioning of an organization are many and varied. Organizational psychology is important to ensure a harmonious working environment , avoiding situations that harm employees and the company itself. Achieving Company Goals. Industrial-organizational psychology uses psychological sciences, principles, and research tactics to solve workplace and business problems and improve workers experiences. But here are some of the tasks from a day in the life of an I/O in talent management and organizational development. 3. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Engineering Psychology (Ergonomics and Human Factors) Submitted to fulfill a course assignment in Industrial and Organizational Psychology Arranged by: Putri Dwi Cahyani (6020210111) Faculty of Psychology Pancasila University 2021 What Is Engineering Psychology? Different Many prospective organizational psychology students dont realize just how vital their skillsets are to the livelihood and growth of companies of all sizes and across all industries. Earning a bachelor's in organizational psychology qualifies you for entry-level tions, the ways its members work together, and how. 1- Psychology. A full understanding of. Importance of organizational psychology in the workplace. organizational psychology synonyms, organizational psychology pronunciation, organizational psychology translation, English dictionary definition of organizational psychology. It is important to the success of a business to find the right people and once hired, retain them. Employee turnover can be very show more content Particularly, organizational psychology is very important because it contributes to improving the health and the potential of employees by creating See full answer below. Importance of organizational psychology in organizations. 1. In such cases, CEOs will likely turn for help to psychology. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management. Organizational psychology deals with job satisfaction, work motivation, health, safety, and well-being of employees. the organization IO psychology Organizational psychology help the human resources department develop the hiring and personnel selection processes, including job advertisements, the definition of essential qualifications, and the development of selection evaluations. Organizational psychology seeks to improve job work conditions which Since the collective culture of an organization, strictly speaking, is an aggregate of what is common to all of its group and individual mind-sets, such a transformation entails changing the minds of hundreds or thousands of people. What is organizational psychology. The study seeks to benefit those in managerial and supervisory positions in a number of ways. They apply Organizational psychologists work with people within an organization to improve both the productivity of employees and business results. - big part of us live in organizations. - Cal State East Bay Address To Send Transcripts - Support Itouchwearables - Gabriel Fnaf Blueycapsules - 205 Maverick Street East Boston - Powerpoint Autofit Not Working - Giving Monsters Class Levels 5e - Peace Hill Pacific Palisades - Ny Giants Roster 2022 Depth Chart - Millennium - A New Hope Secret Rooms - Metal American Flag Wall Decor - Pluralsight Firestick - Stormtrooper Armor Material

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"Hearing Aids" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure, which enables searching at various levels of specificity. Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999) - Hearing Aids - Aid, Hearing - Aids, Hearing - Hearing Aid - Ear Molds - Ear Mold - Mold, Ear - Molds, Ear Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Hearing Aids". Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Hearing Aids". This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Hearing Aids" by people in this website by year, and whether "Hearing Aids" was a major or minor topic of these publications. To see the data from this visualization as text, click here.

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Eta Carinae - ISO tells the true story 2 December 1999In 1843 the stellar system Eta Carinae suffered a violent explosion which caused it to become, in just a few decades, an amazingly beautiful nebula with two huge round blobs of material symmetrically distributed. For years astronomers have been looking for the cause of the explosion, and to explain the strange hourglass shape. A team of astronomers using ESA's infrared space telescope, ISO, have now succeeded, putting the blame firmly on a previously undetected very massive 'donut' of dust which squeezes the nebula at its centre. They publish their discovery in the current issue of the journal Nature (2 December). "Everything seems to fit more clearly now. We certainly can explain the double-lobe shape of the system, and we may also have a good idea of the cause of the explosion itself", says main author Pat Morris, of the University of Amsterdam. Eta Carinae, in the constellation of the same name in the southern hemisphere, has puzzled scientists ever since the famous nineteenth-century British astronomer William Herschel noticed the enormous change in the object's brightness, marking the explosion. It could not have been a supernova explosion - which happens when a very massive star ends its life - because the exploding star survived. (In fact, Eta Carinae is still unique in this respect because no other stellar object, apart from a final supernova explosion, has been known to lose so much mass so quickly and violently). Modern astronomers have constructed several hypotheses to explain the event. One of these theories involved the presence of a disk of dust squeezing the exploded star like a tight belt, and thus pushing the expelled material into the two famous lateral blobs now seen in Eta Carinae. However, the problem was that no telescope could find this disk. Until now. ESA's infrared space telescope, ISO, has done just that. Eta Carinae is the brightest object in the infrared - outside the Solar System - and the Amsterdam team used both spectrometers on board ISO (called SWS and LWS) to observe it. They clearly found a huge amount of mass that had gone undetected before. Then, to find how this mass was distributed, they turned to a ground-based infrared telescope at the La Silla observatory (Chile, European Southern Observatory). These additional observations confirmed their suspicions: the material was concentrated in a central torus, like a 'donut'. The mass of the huge central torus seen by ISO is equivalent to 15 solar masses and its radius is about 1/5 light-year. The Amsterdam group, led by Rens Waters, also analysed the torus' chemical composition and compared it with that of the symmetric blobs. Now they can reconstruct the true story of Eta Carinae, as Morris explains: "First of all, there is recent evidence that the object at the centre of the Eta Carina nebula is actually two stars. These two stars now have very elliptical orbits and they might have come close to each other at a time when one or the other was changing its size due to changes in nuclear fuel in its core. Because of the gravitational forces between them, one of the stars probably lost a huge amount of material, which then formed the torus. That event is likely to have caused the explosion seen by Herschel last century. It is as if the star got quite upset about its lost material". It comes as a surprise that, if this explanation is true, the explosion in Eta Carinae had its real roots two millennia ago, since that's when the formation of the massive torus must have taken place. That's what the group of Amsterdam estimates, and this is supported by the data about the torus' chemical composition: it is made of material coming from the outer layers of the star, while the material in the two symmetric blobs comes from the central layers and must therefore have been expelled afterwards. Footnote about ISO The European Space Agency's infrared space observatory, ISO, operated from November 1995 to May 1998, almost a year longer than expected. An unprecedented observatory for infrared astronomy, able to examine cool and hidden places in the Universe, ISO made nearly 30 000 scientific observations. Martin F. Kessler (ISO Project Scientist): Tel: +34 91 813 1254 University of Amsterdam Tel: +31 (0) 20 5925126

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History of Audiences: New Media, New Audiences In this class we will focus on two parallel moments in media audience history: - Early movie going and exhibition–with focus on developing modes of audience interaction and audience engagement, theories of film spectatorship, and questions of movie exhibition and movie going in cultural contexts. - Development of digital media technologies and online networks–interrogating theories of the active audience, collective intelligence, fan engagement, the restrictions of technology and interface, the web as authorship tool, and the audience turned author. By the conclusion of this course, you will be able to - Assess and analyze the cultural formations that framed cinema as a new medium and early movie exhibition and movie going experience - Interrogate and engage with theories of media spectatorship - Engage with theories and histories of new media, the impact of new media on audience engagement, the development of blogs, the impact of technology and interface on user experience - Produce nuanced analyses of media representations of audience engagement–both of early cinema and of new media technologies - Analyze contemporary audience engagement on the web and with various new media technologies - Draw parallels, connections, and distinctions between the “new” media of early cinema and the “new media” of the Internet, mobile technologies, and videogames, etc.

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Over the years, the debate on the significance of the medium of communication versus the message delivered has dominated the discipline of communication. When exemplifying both ends of the debate, most scholars often mention Marshall McLuhan and Raymond Williams. The media has become increasingly important in the 21st century. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the distinction between the medium and the content using the position of both theorists. The Viewpoints of the Theories Technological determinism is the main viewpoint of McLuhan’s theory. The concept contends that media technologies shape peoples and thus revolutionize culture and society (Smith & Marx, 1994). Based on the medium is the message stance; the community is affected by the characteristic of the medium used to convey the content (Strate, 2017). Accordingly, technological determinism argues that the means of communication is more important than the information and thus tramples the message and elevates the medium. Moreover, McLuhan uses the hot and cold viewpoint to describe media and its effect on the audience (Hart, 2006). For instance, a movie is hot because it only enhances visions and does not require much effort from the audience in terms of filling the details of a movie image. TV, on the other hand, is cool because it needs the audience to exert more effort to decipher the meaning of the content that the medium conveys. Furthermore, besides being a communication technology media includes all human innovations and inventions (Hart, 2006). In general, the communication media as outlined through technological determinism is a global village that constitutes several components including clothing, clock, the automobile, weapons, and the spoken word, among others. Raymond’s model derives its concepts on social constructivism. The perspective contends that the impacts of communication technologies are culturally and socially constructed based on how they are used (Jones, 1998). Social constructivism holds that society shapes technology by determining its usefulness or uselessness (Freedman, 2002). Willian, also contends that society shapes technologies through the political economy of the institutions involved in developing the medium (Jones, 1998). Thus, the development and use of technology is a matter of political and social choice. In turn, instead of media shaping society and culture, it is the social choices that determine the communication tools. Through the Marxist viewpoint, Raymond examines the power relations inherent within communication technologies and how the forms of mediation promote social relationship and support the formation of dominant ideological positions (Freedman, 2002). Overall, the development of technology is a process that is shaped by the behavior of real people in a specific historical situation. Similarities between the Theories McLuhan and William agree communication technology changes the world. For instance, McLuhan states that the invention of television has changed all preceding entertainment and news media as well as social interactions (Laing, 1991). Therefore, the emergence of new technologies alters the way people understand and perceive the world. William also agrees with the sentiment and states that regardless of the technology, the new communication medium will still change the world (Freedman, 2002). Notably, despite being a natural outcome of social change, Williams agrees that new communication systems alter the world by changing social communication and relationships, expanding knowledge and increasing mobility. Rather than define the media as an exclusive domain, both McLuhan and Raymond agree that it is a platform for the intermingling of culture, politics, and commerce. Notably, McLuhan contends that the media is a source of political, cultural and economic revolution because it determines the actions and thoughts of people and society (Durham & Kellner, 2009). For example, during the second world, the Nazis in Germany used media to brainwash youths in the country. Equally, instead of confining the press to a technological dimension, William places the tool in the broader economic and social-cultural perspective. In particular, William states that politicians and business persons often use the media to perpetuate personal goals that result in the exploitation of people and society (Freedman, 2002). In turn, just like McLuhan, William anticipated the detrimental the unsavory effects of technological media from a political, cultural and economic perspective. Differences between the Theories One of the differences between the two theorists is the argument that the medium is the message rather than the content. For McLuhan, technologies rather than content is an extension of people’s capacities and thus play a critical role in shaping society and culture (Strate, 2017). On the contrary, Raymond contends that message cancels all attention to established and developing social institutions (Durham & Kellner, 2009). The medium, therefore, does not run itself but is controlled by powerful individuals that send subliminal messages to the audience (Durham & Kellner, 2009). The message portrayed in the medium creates an understanding and responses to various political, environmental and economic issues (Freedman, 2002). Since the technology is not the primary message, Raymond differs with McLuhan by contending that differences in content conveyed on different medium determines public opinions on social issues such as whether climate change is anthropogenic or caused by natural factors. For McLuhan, technological development is an autonomous process that unravels predictably and alters the world where it is born. Thus, historical patterns can be used to determine and predict the emergence of communication medium (Strate, 2017). For example, the enlightenment age was preceded by the discovery of the printing press while the information age succeeded the internet revolution. On the contrary, William’s states that technological development does not occur in isolation; instead they are a series of complex inventions happening in different fields (Laing, 1991). In particular, the development of television was a combination of past and emerging creations in the 20th century including Caray’s electric and the multistage amplifier (Durham & Kellner, 2009). Equally, new social norms such as industrialization create needs that require the intervention of communications systems. After the Second World War, the self-sufficient home concept emerged prompting the development of radio and television (Laing, 1991). Rather than occur in isolation as proposed by McLuhan, communication media develops in current social structures and processes and thus maintains existing power relations and reproduces existing patterns of use. Link between the Theories and Response to Technological Change in Modern Organizations In the context of digital media and internet, McLuhan’s and William’s frameworks generate insight on adoption and use of communication technologies. Contemporary organizations operate in an environment characterized by extensive use of the internet and in particular digital media (Strate, 2017). Customer behavior, for instance, has evolved rapidly as most clients prefer purchasing products online rather than in physical stores. Therefore, organizational policies must focus on developing structures that facilitate interactions with customers using modern technology. William position that society shapes technology is highly applicable in such an environment. The concept focuses on the decisions made in the adoption and development of existing and emerging media technologies (Laing, 1991). Thus, people and organizations can choose media technologies and determine feasible alternative uses for the adopted tools. Equally, McLuhan’s view that the medium is the message is factual. In the current business environment dominated by increased use of digital media, a medium is a powerful tool than the content it holds (Durham & Kellner, 2009). For instance, without mediums such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram among others, contemporary organizations will be unable to broadcast marketing information. Regardless of the content organizations can make intelligent decision to use a medium such as Facebook which has over 1 billion users to interact with a global audience. The contemporary understanding of communication media and its effect on culture and society emanates from the theories developed by McLuhan and Raymond. McLuhan’s approach is based on technological determinism while social constructivism is the foundation of Raymond’s framework. Based on technological determinism technologies are an extension of people’s capacities and thus play a critical role in shaping human culture. On the contrary, social constructivism contends that society shapes technology. Besides acknowledging the communication technology alters the world, both theorists agree that media is a platform for intermingling social, cultural and economic issues. However, McLuhan and William differ in terms of the medium and message. While McLuhan contends that the medium is more important than the content, Raymond states that the information determines the understanding and responses of the audience. In the digital age, both theories define the communication technologies that organizations adopt and the tools they use. Overall, methods of communication, and by extension human culture depend on popular technological forms; therefore, the medium and the media influences both how and what people think. Durham, M. G., & Kellner, D. M. (Eds.). (2009). Media and cultural studies: Keywords. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Freedman, D. (2002). A’Technological Idiot’? Raymond Williams and Communications Technology. Information, Communication & Society, 5(3), 425-442. Hart, A. (2006). Understanding the media: A practical guide. London: Routledge. Jones, P. (1998). Technology is not the Cultural Form?: Raymond Williams’s Sociological Critique of Marshall McLuhan. Canadian Journal of Communication, 23(4). Laing, S. (1991). Raymond Williams and the cultural analysis of television. Media, Culture & Society, 13(2), 153-169. Smith, M. R., & Marx, L. (Eds.). (1994). Does technology drive history?: The dilemma of technological determinism. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

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Wing Chun is a concept-based traditional Southern Chinese Kung fu (wushu) style and a form of self-defence, also known as “beautiful springtime”, that requires quick arm movements and strong legs to defeat opponents. Softness (via relaxation) and performance of techniques in a relaxed manner is fundamental to Wing Chun. According to legend, it was created by Ng Mui, an abbess who taught it to her student Yim Wing-chun as a means to defend herself against unwanted advances. The martial art is named after her. According to Ip Man, “Chi Sau in Wing Chun is to maintain one’s flexibility and softness, all the while keeping in the strength to fight back, much like the flexible nature of bamboo”. Notable practitioners of Wing Chun include Bruce Lee, Brandon Lee, Jackie Chan and Robert Downey Jr.

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The Irish National War Memorial Gardens are of National Significance and the Office of Public Works has been responsible for their management and maintenance, since they were built in the 1930’s. The gardens are a place of quiet serenity, reflection, and remembrance. In excess of 400,000 members of the public visit the gardens on an annual basis. Following a visual inspection by the Park Manager at Irish National War Memorial Gardens, who had raised concerns with regard to the safety of the trees on the entrance avenue, an independent Arborist was commissioned to undertake a full technical survey of the trees. This survey was reviewed on site by the Chief Park Superintendent, who agreed with the finding of the consultant arborist. Twelve trees, mainly Norway and Silver Maples along the entrance avenue were identified for felling, due to decay caused by fungal infections such as Ganoderma and also due to their weakened structural crowns. Unfortunately, these trees pose an unacceptable risk to public safety, on this very busy pedestrian and vehicular avenue and for this reason, the tree felling is essential. The Office of Public Works will plant a new avenue of 18 trees, Acer x fremanii ‘Autumn Blaze’ over the coming season on the entrance road to the gardens, in addition to a new footpath. This new avenue will replace those trees lost over the last number of years and the current dangerous trees. The single species avenue will provide a formal approach to the gardens as was the original design intention. The species selected is fast growing, has great autumn colour, will add to the biodiversity and at maturity will be 40-50 ft. tall. OPW has a Tree Safety Management Policy for National Historic Properties including the Irish National War Memorial Gardens, which balances the need for safety with the conservation of the trees on a risk assessment basis, at all their sites. Whether trees are managed for their cultural, amenity, heritage or environmental benefits, their management must be balanced and proportionate to the actual risks from trees. Trees naturally lose branches or may fall over a period of time. OPW only fells trees when absolutely necessary and in the public interest. The new avenue of trees will be a significant improvement to the setting of the Irish National War Memorial Gardens, while improving public safety and universal access.

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In recent years, several municipal governments in Canada have passed bylaws to ban smoking in public places. The push to be smoke-free has significantly eliminated the amount of exposure people have to second-hand smoke, as people no longer have to breathe it in at the local restaurant or bar. This is particularly true for individuals who work in the hospitality industry. These tips can help you find other ways to breathe better by avoiding second-hand smoke. - Smoke-free home. Whether it's a family member or a visitor, you have the option of telling whomever is in your home that they cannot smoke inside. - Ban it from the car. The small, enclosed environment of a car means smoke doesn't have anywhere to go. You breathe in more of it and the odour tends to linger. Ban smokers from lighting up in your car and you'll be breathing easier when on the road. - Smoke talk. Educating people about the dangers of second-hand smoke can be effective. What you say can influence others, so pointing out (without being judgmental) how dangerous smoking is for everyone around them may just be the push a smoker needs to butt out. All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2022. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/healthfeature/gethealthfeature/Stop-Smoking

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As one of the original 13 colonies, New Hampshire is the fifth-smallest state in the country. It’s known for skiing and other winter sports, fall foliage and summer cottages. New Hampshire is home to Dartmouth College and the first primary in the presidential election cycle. Daniel Webster represented New Hampshire in the Senate before and after serving as secretary of state. Franklin Pierce, the 14th president was born in New Hampshire. The people of New Hampshire are less likely to attend religious service than most Americans. In fact, only 54 percent of residents believe that they are certain there is a God. Nationally, that figure is 71 percent. Still, the state has some beautiful and historic churches that will help you understand how religion was such an important part of the early colonists’ lives. North Church, Portsmouth This church has over 300 years of history. The congregation began as a Congregational Church in 1641 but wasn’t formally organized until 1671. The current building was constructed in 1854 and renovated in 1978. Its steeple is visible to most of the city. The architecture is classical with an Italianate edifice. Daniel Webster was one of its more prominent members. Today, it’s a member of the United Church of Christ denomination, but it’s still a landmark in the town. Mary Baker Eddy Historic Houses Eddy is the founder of Christian Science. She spent many years in New Hampshire. The homes where she lived are historic sites where you can learn more about her life. She spent five years in a small cottage in North Groton. Her son had been sent to North Groton to live with a family because Eddy’s health was precarious. She moved to a cottage to be close to him, but the family he was living with moved to the West. She was told that the boy wandered off and was lost. It was here that she had her “first discovery of the Science of Mind.” Eddy and her husband moved to Rumney after living in North Groton. It was 1860. The Civil War had completely divided the country, but Eddy’s son was alive in the Union army. He sent her a letter and they reconnected. Unfortunately, her second husband was captured and imprisoned by the Confederate army when he was carrying funds to Union sympathizers. He escaped and returned to her. The home Eddy lived in during these two short years has been renovated to reflect her life. Eddy spent many years in Massachusetts after the war, but in 1889, she rented a house in Concord for her and her staff. She was almost 70 but was now renowned as the leader of Christian Science. The home is designed in the style of Greek Revival. It was renovated by the Longyear Museum to appear as Eddy might have known it. Canterbury Shaker Village This site is a National Historic Landmark. It was established in 1792 by the Shakers. In 1992, the last Shaker sister in residence passed away. At one time, in the mid-1800s, over 300 people lived, worked and practiced their religion here. The group was formally known as the United Society of Believers. Many of the people in the society were Quakers. They became known as Shakers because they danced in worship. Ste. Marie Church, Manchester Concord might be the capital of New Hampshire, but Manchester is its largest city. One of the most prominent churches is Ste. Marie, with its steeple that can be seen around the city. The church was founded to serve French Catholic immigrants in the community. Its Gothic Revival style is a focal point in the neighborhood. The church was founded in 1880 and is still going strong today.

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The moon knows every language in the world. Across time and space, it can connect people in every corner in the world and share their emotions through the tender light. produced by: Akira Wang This 3D projection mapping project is a work that features the imagery of the moon. It intends to demonstrate a balanced computational aesthetic by variations of multiple elements with regard to the moon, which represents the moon phases in different forms of manifestations. Concept and background research & Technical It has been a long time since I would like to create a project featuring the moon. I always believe that moonlight can create the gentlest atmosphere and can connect people from different places in the world together as they share the same moonlight. Thus I designed and developed three scenes to express the feeling of echo, wave and transition. The model is formed by two 20cm width cubes with one 15cm cube. I use the middle cube to place the full moon and the side cubes to represent people in two different locations. With projection mapping on the model to demonstrate my concepts. It is a projection-mapped generative art piece by creative coding in OpenFrameworks (C++). Concept explanations and technical details of the three scenes are as follows. Chapter 1 - Echo This part consists of two stages: Breath and Ripple. First, there’re two shapes in the corner making the sense of breathing, and then when the moon comes up in the middle it begins to send out its light and gets echoed by the two lonely souls, which forms an aesthetic graph looks like the ripple of the water. The shade effect was achieved by drawing many low-alpha circles with different radius. The lines of echo were stored in a deque in order to remove the initial ones when they have expanded over the screen. Chapter 2 - Wave In this scene, the basic element was inspired by the open processing work from Vamoss. It simulates the moon phase and the motion is fluid with the application of the function: y = 4*pow(t[i]-0.5,3)+0.5. I made some extension and variations and connect the different elements using the line of the combination of sin wave forming an effect of electric wave, or can also be seen as the heartbeat. Chapter 3 - Transition This scene is created to show the change of sky color from daytime to nighttime and moon from wane to wax. I would like to demonstrate a smooth transition, thus I used the linear transformation of ofColor and different speed of circle moving to form the shape of the moon. I randomly put dots in the sky when the “night falls” and it will gradually disappear when the “daytime comes”, which was implemented by the vector. For further development, I would like to explore more on the detailed variations of the moon and make the story-line more rich and engaging. The story inspiring me with the concept wrote that: The moon is a metaphor, a rhetoric, a wave function that collapses, an error that is too late to fold, a line of poems written on the water, and a handful of sad seeds. I was amazed by these describing and would like to visualize the concepts with connected and coherent generatIve art performance. I completed this project with my knowledge of basic understanding of creative coding and techniques in object-oriented programming using the language of C++ in the openFrameworks. It’s a project that I would like to try for a long time and I’m glad that I finally successfully expressed what I would like to convey to the audience. Due to the time constrains and limited materials and workplace, the project was actually not finished with that much perfection. I used the projector in my home and shoot the video with my phone. It’s not stable and with low resolution, but I think it creates an accidental coincidence with the feeling I would like to express. So I personally like it much, and hope I would get the change to improve it better. Works by Vamoss on OpenProcessing: https://www.openprocessing.org/user/65884 Visual story - The moon knows every language in the world: https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404302747959736956 Pictures from HD Wallpaper: https://hdwallpaperim.com/moon-13/ the mOon - video mapping project - live footage: https://vimeo.com/104859422

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You must gather your strength for the journey. He convened a meeting of all the managers. Synonyms for gather in Free Thesaurus. to draw (fabric) into small folds or tucks. 2‘the gathering of data for a future book’, , meeting, meet, convention, rally, turnout, congress, convocation, conclave, council, synod, symposium, forum, muster, tweetup, , collection, company, congregation, audience, crowd, throng, mass, multitude, group, party, band, knot, flock, mob, horde, pack, ‘the gathering of data for a future book’, , collection, garnering, amassing, accumulation, accrual, cumulation, assembly, assembling, These Foreign Words And Phrases Are Now Used In English. I gather his report is highly critical of the project. People are stockpiling food for the coming winter. Confab: a chat, discussion, or meeting (informal usage) 8. There was nowhere for students to assemble before classes. gathering - WordReference thesaurus: synonyms, discussion and more. gather synonyms and antonyms in the English synonyms dictionary, see also 'gathering',gate',gangster',grate', definition. Storm clouds were gathering in the distance. Two young girls were collecting firewood. plans to enlarge the park into a 30,000 all-seater stadium. Read our series of blogs to find out more. All rights reserved. to prepare oneself for a task or challenge by collecting one's thoughts, strength, or courage. They mustered in the open, well wrapped and saying little. We concluded that he was telling the truth. They allowed me to develop their original idea. We couldn't even summon up the energy to open the envelope. Synonyms for information-gathering include fieldwork, examination, exploration, fact-finding, investigation, observation, research, census, count and tally. Colloquy: a serious, important meeting (also, a synonym for conversation and dialogue) 6. Portugal and Spain had vast empires which waxed and waned. In the evenings, we gathered round the fire and talked. How do you use gathering in a sentence? large baggy trousers, pleated at the front. Create an account and sign in to access this FREE content. We didn't enquire as to how she had amassed her fortune. Synonyms for gathering include assembly, meeting, congress, congregation, convention, convocation, company, rally, crowd and assemblage. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. It is a mistake to assume that the two are similar. Antonyms for gather. The term 'Gathering' in classic thesaurus. Penelope came forward and embraced her sister. Copyright © 2016 by HarperCollins Publishers. They hugged each other like a couple of lost children. Meter is denoted as a sequence of x and / symbols, where x represents an unstressed syllable and / … A calendar is a chart or device which displays the date and the day of the week , and often the whole of a particular year divided up into months , weeks, and days. We want to encourage them to group together as one big purchaser. He rallied his own supporters for a fight. Are You Learning English? to remember giving you very precise instructions. Shortly after the announcement, police began to mass at the shipyard. The general had mustered his troops north of the border. The Crossword Solver found 200 answers to the gathering crossword clue. to gather together in an increasing quantity. They learned of his military service from archive records. Here Are Our Top English Tips, The Best Articles To Improve Your English Language Usage, The Most Common English Language Questions. People were already beginning to congregate outside the cinema. What are synonyms for gathering? to increase gradually in (pace, speed, or momentum). The assembled multitude cheered as the leaders arrived. I inferred from what she said that you have not been well. She hoped he hadn't deduced the reason for her visit. The commission met four times between 1988 and 1991. Search gathering of ideas and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. Does English Have More Words Than Any Other Language? At present, we're gleaning information from all sources. Another word for gather: congregate, assemble, get together, collect, group | Collins English Thesaurus They collected donations for a fund to help the earthquake victims. As they flow south, the five rivers converge. a group of peasants reaping a harvest of fruit and vegetables. Pin and tuck back pieces together with right sides facing. There are many diverse influences on the way that English is used across the world today. The crowd cheered as they caught sight of their. Conclave: a private or secret meeting, especially that of Roman Catholic cardinals convened to select a new pope, or any gathering of an organization. She puckered her lips at the sour taste of lemon. She surmised that they had discovered one of the illegal streets. Many farmers are refusing to harvest the sugar cane. The government marshalled its economic resources. What is the meaning of gathering? An assembly or meeting, especially one held for a specific purpose, “Electronic surveillance has allowed for the, The assembled spectators or listeners at a public event such as a play, film, concert, or meeting, The act or process of becoming larger in quantity, An untidy collection of objects placed haphazardly on top of each other, A cavity caused by tissue destruction, usually because of infection, filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue, A large open area inside or in front of a public building, The action of obtaining something from a source or origin, The process or period of gathering in crops, The way in which something is placed or arranged, especially in relation to other things, A sum collected as a supplement to an existing subscription, A point where two or more things are joined, Present participle for to bring together and take in from scattered places or sources, Present participle for to gather or meet in a common location, Present participle for to bring together or amass as a single group or collection, Present participle for to learn from information given, “Sixteen people would be brought to an uninhabited island and left there to survive on the food they could, Present participle for to grow larger or more numerous, Present participle for to come or bring together, Present participle for to attract the interest of, especially of a group, “The movie, with its implicit connotations, would soon, Present participle for to pull (someone) into one's arms, Present participle for to collect for food, Present participle for to add pleats or folds to a piece of cloth, normally to reduce its width. 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Recent natural disasters and civil unrest overseas have resulted in evacuation warnings to U.S. citizens from the U.S. State Department. But many don’t know just how much assistance they can expect from the government when they are trying to leave a country in crisis. According to the official website, the State Department offers assistance based on the nature of the crisis. Their responsibilities range from providing information on the current conditions in a country to, in more serious situations, providing departure assistance if the resources are available. For example, the U.S. government recently issued an evacuation warning to U.S. citizens in Japan as the nuclear crisis escalated, and sent chartered planes to take U.S. citizens out of the country or relocate them to safe areas. For further details on what U.S. citizens can expect from the State Department during a crisis in another country, click here.

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As the United States grappled with the aftermath of the death of George Floyd in June 2020, US Space Force Chief of Operations General John Raymond wrote to those serving under him: “We must build diversity and inclusion into our ‘cultural DNA’—make it one of the bedrock strengths of our Service.” Since then, the nascent branch has taken small steps in the right direction. However, the Space Force—and the space and defense communities at large—must still take a giant leap to fully recognize gender equality, diversity, and inclusion as strategic imperatives to maintain US military leadership abroad. The Space Force was born in a vastly different atmosphere than its sister services. It is the first American military branch to be established since the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin. Its leadership is now rewriting traditional talent recruitment and retention strategies to match twenty-first century values and new requirements. Officials across the Space Force, including female leadership up to the three-star level, are pushing for increased female and minority recruits. The Space Force has established several strategic partnerships with universities across the nation to recruit and educate a space workforce. The diversity of the student populace is a factor in the choice of partner schools. Furthermore, the Department of the Air Force (where the Space Force is nested) has implemented changes to foster inclusion among service members and those on track to join the military, including through scholarships to cadets attending historically black colleges and universities. Diversity, equity, and unconscious bias training are required. The Space Force is also rethinking many of the stringent health, education, and lifestyle requirements that disqualify 70 percent of young Americans from military service, instead investigating qualities most relevant to specific positions without sacrificing job performance. But the newest branch has also inherited many of the same systemic problems seen across the US military. And while the Air Force was notably the first service to allow women to join all career tracks and outperforms its counterparts in female representation, the department still has a long way to go: Women are underrepresented at senior levels, feel their life balance is unequally and adversely impacted by work, face sexual harassment, sense a negative stigma around pregnancy and maternity leave, and as a result do not trust their chain of command to address inappropriate behavior. Moreover, the challenge of ensuring diversity in the space domain is bigger than just the Space Force. Gender disparity in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) is widespread across the globe, with female CEOs representing only 19 percent of leaders in the aerospace and defense industry. Of the more than 560 people who have traveled to space, fewer than 70 have been women—and even fewer have represented minority groups. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sparked controversy in 2019 after changing course on what would have been the International Space Station’s first all-female spacewalk due to a wardrobe mishap: One female astronaut needed a smaller spacesuit, but the agency replaced the astronaut to avoid costly suit production. The incident reinforced the assumption that the prototype astronaut is a man. One giant leap Recruiting diverse talent and maintaining a culture of inclusion aren’t just the right things to do; they are mission critical. A unit’s ability to operate a diverse yet cohesive team underlines military readiness (the ability to provide adequate forces to meet national-security priorities) and helps to combat groupthink. In effect, diversity offers a strategic asset at a low cost compared to exquisite weapon systems. Because outer space is ripe for innovation (which benefits from diversity), whichever countries pioneer technological advancements today will become leaders among spacefaring nations tomorrow. Yet change will only come through signals from the top. While the 2018 National Defense Strategy (NDS) mentions the need for “a motivated, diverse, and highly skilled civilian workforce,” the document fails to comprehensively call for diversity and inclusion across the Department of Defense (DoD). The 2022 NDS must recognize the need to reevaluate practices hampering the recruitment and retention of diverse service members. The Biden administration’s Space Priorities Framework could be a good launching point, as it emphasizes investment in next-generation leaders in order to reflect a diverse society. Following the release of the forthcoming NDS, the DoD should go a step further and task the Office for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion under specific deadlines to ensure that this critical effort is realized. Sufficient resources are vital too: The presidential budget request for NASA provides an exemplary start, designating $150 million to broaden STEM participation to diverse and underserved populations. The DoD’s budget could include a similar line item. It’s important to remember that space rests at the confluence of national and global values and interests. US space programs, including the Space Force and NASA, provide opportunities to showcase American values on the world stage. Canada is notable in this regard: In a 2021 United Nations (UN) General Assembly report on international security in outer space, Canada was the only nation to cite “diversity as a strength,” encouraging the equal participation of women and men in discussions on space security. The United States, alongside Canada and other like-minded nations, should lead the dialogue on women and minority inclusion in space development. The Space4Women project under the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs promotes women’s empowerment in space and could be a good launching point for such global efforts. The United States could implant members of Space4Women’s network of global space professionals into ongoing domestic and international conversations related to the sector to ensure that diverse perspectives are included and valued in charting the future of this domain. All of humankind is fascinated by outer space. Outer space should likewise be a domain for all of humankind. Julia Siegel is a program assistant in the Forward Defense practice of the Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security.

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In Critical Literacy Eugene F. Provenzo Jr. challenges E. D. Hirsch's assumptions about culture and education. Calling for a broader and more democratic vision than Hirsch, Provenzo critiques Hirsch's legacy up through the current conservative educational agenda for education which, he argues, denies, not only the United States' diversity, but its democratic traditions of democratic participation. His book shows why critical faculties and skills of students are essential not only to the success of individual students but to their participation in a healthy democracy. Provenzo offers a list of 5,000 things every educated American ought to know-- none of them the same items as those included on Hirsch's list in Cultural Literacy. Critical Literacy is essential reading for those concerned with our schools and the future of our children. - 2007 Routledge Choosing a Book Format EPUB is the standard publishing format used by many e-book readers including iBooks, Easy Reader, VoiceDream Reader, etc. This is the most popular and widely used format. DAISY format is used by GoRead, Read2Go and most Kurzweil devices. Audio (MP3) format is used by audio only devices, such as iPod. Braille format is used by Braille output devices. DAISY Audio format works on DAISY compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream. Accessible Word format can be unzipped and opened in any tool that supports .docx files.

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How To Install And Use a Power Inverter? The materials and methods you use to install a DC to AC power inverter will determine the success. Power inverters that use low DC input voltage need high DC input current. In this article, we guide you on how to install and use an inverter. How to Install a Power Inverter You must first begin by choosing your power inverter, battery, and alternator. Power Inverter Installation Compartment A power inverter is an electronic device, so it is sensitive to external elements. Extreme temperature changes, humidity, and air contamination which will enter the compartment whenever the cooling fans are running can shorten the life of the inverter. You should not house the inverter under-the-hood, on the surface above the exhaust system, or in closed places where moisture can condense. The best place to mount your power inverter must be clean, dry, cool and have some ventilation. It is essential to note that the inverter cannot be placed where there are combustible fuel vapors or corrosive battery fumes because these are potential fire hazards. Mounting Process for Power Inverter Bolt your power inverter properly on a platform or bulkhead. Leave some space (at least 1 inch) around and above the cabinet to allow free flow of warm air. The front and the side where huge DC wires enter the inverter must be visible and accessible to allow for easy wiring, testing of ground fault interrupter and monitoring of status lights. Installation of Fuse Holder All cables leading from a battery should be protected with appropriate fuses. Fuses and fuse holders must be placed within some 18 inches of the cell. Extra fuse holders might be needed if the power inverter is connected to the battery of the engine rather than the alternator, or if the under-the-hood wires have been upgraded. An auxiliary battery fuse is used to guard the cables to the inverter and the cables to the alternator. An additional fuse holder should be mounted at the battery of the engine if there’s a direct connection. The auxiliary battery fuse holders should not be mounted in an airtight battery housing because this may cause an explosion. Place the fuse holders in a convenient area within some 18inches of the battery and mark the fuse rating next to its holder. Don't mount the fuses into their fuse holders until you have finished all the wiring. Installation Compartment for the Battery The battery housing needs to be vapor tight to the inside of the car and vented directly to the outside. There is a presumption that the battery is continually producing hydrogen gas. Being lighter than air, this gas will escape very quickly via the openings at the top of the housing. Openings at the lower part of the battery housing will allow fresh air in. Install a number of vent-plugs at the top and bottom part of this compartment. It is crucial to remark that you shouldn't place your battery in the same air-tight place with flammable items like the power inverter or fuses which may ignite the hydrogen gas being produced. Mounting the Battery You can use hold-downs, trays or battery boxes to mount the battery. Secure it to a level and clean surface. Battery boxes should have vents to allow free flow of air. Leave some space around the battery particularly above it to allow good ventilation, inspection, and maintenance. Installing a Small-load Inverter For small current loads of at most 150 watts, you can easily connect your inverter using a cigarette lighter adapter. This method is suitable if you plan to use the power inverter occasionally and will not use any large equipment. Installing a Heavy-load Inverter For high powering loads of at least 150 watts, you need to connect the power inverter directly to the vehicle’s battery. Here, you will need a 4-gauge power cable that draws power from the positive terminal of the battery. You need to connect a circuit breaker (usually 80amp) near the battery. If you fail to, a sudden short circuit is a fire hazard that can damage your inverter or your car. Power rings can ease the connection of the wires to the power source. Spot the nut securing the positive battery terminal to the battery post and unscrew it Carefully slip the power lead end over the bolt securing the terminal of the battery to the battery post. Afterward, replace the nut. You should never connect the power lead terminal to the battery post directly. Now, let's talk about it's use: How to use a Power Inverter? A power inverter that runs off a battery works by transforming DC to AC power. You can use inverters to power devices like microwaves, TVs, computers or power equipment. Inverters provide power in places where normally there is no access to the standard 115-120V AC from the power grid. All you got to do is attach the inverter to a 12V battery and plug in your device to the power inverter. Using an inverter to produce power from a battery may be an invaluable resource for any person who is not near an AC power source. The length of run-time provided by the battery is dependent on the sort of device you’re running. If the appliance requires a steady power supply for long, this can put a heavy load on your battery. This is why it is not wise to use your vehicle battery in such a case. Wrapping up, that is it for today. Let me know your feedbacks if it helped or not in the comments section below.

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A Bolt As A Gadget That Guards Assets To Things Which Need Securing A bolt can hold things out (shielding homes from gatecrashers and banks from hoodlums) or keep them in (holding culprits in prison or creatures in zoos). Prior to the advanced age, locks were completely mechanical and in light of mind-boggling instruments produced using levers, wheels, apparatuses, and cams. Amid the mid-twentieth century, locks turned out to be more advanced and computerized and began to fuse electrical and electronic systems. Most mechanical locks are fitted to things like entryways and cabinets and have two physically isolate parts. One section is fitted to the casing (the static piece of the entryway) and is basically a durable, metal fortification for a gap cut into the entryway itself (to keep the bolted entryway from being opened with animal power). The other piece of the bolt fits into a rectangular gap in the entryway (known as a mortise) and comprises of a metal component that moves an overwhelming jolt into or out from the fortified opening. The jolt (now and again called a deadbolt) slides from side to side when you turn a key clockwise or anticlockwise, so it must be worked by an instrument that can change over rotational movement (the turning key) into responding movement (the sliding jolt)— something like a cam or wrench. On the off chance that that was everything that a bolt comprised of, each key would have the capacity to open each bolt. So the other basic piece of a bolt’s system is an arrangement of settled or moving metal pieces (wards or tumblers) that draw in with openings cut into the key, guaranteeing just a single key can pivot, turn the cam, slide the jolt, and open the entryway. Assault By Manipulation This covers any bolt opening system that does not make harm the bolt itself. When we previously began as locksmiths, we felt that this sort of assault was very uncommon. Sadly, nowadays of the internet, it has never been less demanding for hoodlums to acquire the fundamental devices and data to sidestep many bolts composes. There are numerous sites that will offer bolt opening devices to any individual who needs them and for the most part reasonably as well. We locate this extremely stressing in fact! Thus, it is not any more sheltered to expect that criminals will just ever crush a way to pick up a passage. They may well be preferred prepared over you anticipate. Fortunately, bolt makers have reacted with perpetually secure items, to upset these dangers, however, there are a lot of helpless entryways out there. This strategy can be utilized on both barrel and lever compose locks. In the two cases, the picker looks to reproduce the key by lifting the individual levers or sticks to their right positions. Bolt Bumping. As of late the subject of bolt knocking has turned out to be very notable, (despite the fact that locksmiths have known about it for a few years), and has been featured by the media on TV and in the papers. Not at all like picking, knocking requires significantly less expertise to achieve. An effective opening may just take a couple of moments! Picking up section utilizing this strategy requires an arrangement of “knock keys”. These are currently, tragically, promptly accessible on the web. Since a wide range of brands of the bolt has various molded key gaps, a robber may require a few distinct sets, be that as it may, as they cost practically nothing, it is very simple to acquire an exhaustive set. This assault technique presumably speaks to one of the more serious dangers to your security, and, therefore it might be worth redesigning your locks in like manner. A few makers presently deliver locks with against knock assurance, these are well worth determining. Cite this Essay To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below

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FL - Stringy algae floods Brevard County beaches This summer, some say things look a bit — and smell a bit — worse than usual. That's because the shoreline seems mostly awash in weeds, from Cocoa Beach to Sebastian Inlet and beyond. There's the usual Sargassum, which the Caribbean Sea delivers seasonally to the Gulf Stream and then Central Florida's beaches. But some "filamentous" algae has been dominating the surf zone this summer, to the bane of fishers, surfers and all others who prefer weed-free wading, scientists at Florida Atlantic University say. Oceanographers expect Sargassum seaweed and other macroalgae to thicken on our beaches every year. It comes from the eastern Caribbean and spreads throughout Florida's east coast and elsewhere. Winds dictate when these stringy weeds lap up on our shore. Seasonal seaweed strikes back: Tons of seaweed washes up on the Space Coast For centuries, pelagic Sargassum, floating brown seaweed, have grown in low nutrient waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, supported by natural nutrient sources such as fish and invertebrates excretions and ocean upwelling. But as fertilizers, wastewater and other human source have increased the nitrogen and phosphorus into rivers, that seaweed as well — as the filamentous kind we're seeing so much of now — has been growing out of control over the past decade. Florida Atlantic University researchers have for years shown seasonal Sargassum here and elsewhere in the tropical Atlantic has grown worse in recent years because of increasing nitrogen and phosphorus from discharges from the Congo, Amazon and Mississippi rivers, atmospheric deposition from Saharan dust, and biomass burning of vegetation in central and South Africa. This summer's Sargassum already has set a record. Combined, the total amount of the weed increased from 18.8 million tons in May 2022 to 24.2 million tons in June 2022, setting a new historical record, according to the University of South Florida scientists July 2 bulletin on the algae.

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The High Court The High Court is at the apex of both the Commonwealth and state court systems. Its administrative and ceremonial head is the Chief Justice and it has six other judges. Unlike other courts, all seven judges generally sit on High Court cases because of the importance of its decisions. The High Court’s decisions must be followed by all other Australian courts and tribunals. The court’s key role is deciding constitutional cases. However, the bulk of its workload consists of appeals from decisions of state and territory Supreme Courts, the Federal and Family Courts. The right of appeal to the High Court in non-constitutional cases is not automatic. ‘Leave to appeal’ must usually be granted and this will only be done where a matter is of sufficient public importance and there is a reasonable chance of success.

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Valley Talks, a series of free historical lectures, continues on Sunday, Feb. 10, 1:30pm, at the Museum of Work & Culture. Baseball enthusiast and vintage ballist Jon Henson will present “The Outward and Visible Expression”: A Brief History of Baseball in the 19th Century. Henson will survey the rise of the beloved game in the 19th century, from its early forms of “invigorating exercise” through its power to create important social bonds amid the tensions of the age, its entrance on the collegiate scene, and its push toward professionalism. The talk – presented as part of the RIHS’s 2019 programming theme Rah-Rah Rhody – will explore the evolution of the rules of the game and highlight many of the personalities and anecdotes that tell the colorful history of the National Pastime. Seating is limited to 75 and is first come, first served. Henson’s love of history and baseball found expression when he became a regular player for the Providence Grays vintage base ball club in 2012, traveling around the Northeast each year from April through October to bring the old game to life as it was played in the mid- to late 1800s. He develops curriculum and trains instructors for the elevator industry’s educational program and teaches writing at Roger Williams University’s Providence campus. Other Valley Talks will include: February 24: Rhode Island Reds Heritage Society President Buster Clegg screens “When the Reds Ruled the Roost,” a brief documentary on the state’s onetime professional hockey team. March 10: Writer and historical reenactor Paul Bourget on why the battles fought in 1864 were pivotal to the outcome of the American Civil War.

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The aim at every incident is to integrate communications and decision-making between the incident commander, operational personnel and fire control rooms. Effective communication is fundamental to achieving successful and safe resolution of incidents. It provides the incident commander with knowledge about the situation and progress of tasks. Obtaining accurate and timely information is crucial to underpin situational awareness and subsequent decision-making. It helps the incident commander perform the role in a confident and determined manner and thereby assert their leadership and authority. Communication also plays a vital role in co-ordinating activities, completing tasks and handover of command. Sharing accurate and timely information is also critical for helping others to have a common understanding of the situation, what is happening and what needs to happen next. Even the most effective plans will only work if the people putting them into practice understand them. As well as exchanging information, good communication helps to build relationships between people. These relationships are important so that people are effective when they carry out their tasks to resolve the incident. Incident commanders should be aware that effective communication is essential for good leadership and makes it easier for people to follow instructions, understand briefings and have confidence in what is being stated. Effective communication should: - Provide information that is: - Relevant and concise - Be easily understood - Be delivered confidently - Include active listening - Ensure verbal and non-verbal communications are aligned - Ensure assumptions are questioned Key principles should be considered when establishing an effective communication strategy to ensure: - The communication structure and strategy is appropriate for the size, type and location of the incident - Communications will be effective and resilient - That information received in support of the incident is accurate, appropriate and timely - That information is obtained from a reliable and credible source, or if not that it is checked and verified - That appropriate methods of communicating information are used if there are security implications, or the need to relay sensitive or distressing information - The appropriate recipients are provided with relevant information, via an appropriate method - The relevance of the information A good flow of information is one of the most important assets for an incident. An incident commander should ensure they: - Gather information, issue orders and receive situation reports - Issue orders to personnel - Receive situation reports from all areas, including sector commanders - Assess and provide for the needs of other agencies, and plan to meet with them - Carry out a risk assessment and add this to the briefing on arrival - Brief personnel about the tasks they need to perform and the hazards and risks they face - Thoroughly brief personnel to share any safety critical information A structured method, such as using an IIMARCH (Information, Intent, Method, Administration, Risk assessment, Communications and Humanitarian issues) template, may help incident commanders when preparing a brief. Further information on this approach, and a Word version of the IIMARCH template, can be found on the JESIP website. The JESIP Mobile App includes a prompt for use of the IIMARCH briefing tool, with the ability to share. For multi-agency incidents the M/ETHANE message protocol can be used to exchange information about the incident with other responders via the fire control room and other agencies’ control rooms. Incident commanders may also hold briefings on the way to an incident. The extent of the briefing will depend on the type and scale of the incident. If personnel have little experience of the incident type, or there is high risk, a comprehensive briefing should be provided. It will be necessary to organise safety briefings. As the incident develops, or if the risk of injury increases, those briefings may need to be more comprehensive. Incident commanders should also establish suitable arrangements for communications. This is usually the role of command support under the guidance of the incident commander, and may include: - Establishing communication links with fire control rooms - Ensuring they correctly assign radio channels and call signs - Establishing communications with other agencies - The use of talk groups - Requesting the support of a communications tactical adviser - Establishing communications with sector commanders and other command support functions to receive regular situation reports - Ensuring sector commanders can communicate between themselves - Using local systems; some new and complex buildings and structures, including those extending underground, have communication systems installed for use by emergency services Ensuring there is an effective handover between commanders is a crucial step in the handing over of command. It is an important stage in the formation of the new commander’s situational awareness, which will be partially based on the situational awareness of the current commander and will be further developed from the range of information that will be gathered. Failure to conduct an effective handover can lead to poor situational awareness and can result in inappropriate or ineffective decisions being made. Handovers should be conducted in a systematic way. There are a range of methods for handing over, which should include: - Information on the incident - Information on the risks - Information on the resources - The plan, including: - Tactical priorities - Operational tactics - The incident command structure and communication lines - Key decisions, using the decision controls to articulate for each: - What the goals were - What they expected to happen - How the benefits justified the risks Further information may be found in Incident command: Knowledge, skills and competence: Interpersonal communication.

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Lollingite, or as it is alternatively spelled loellingite, is an uncommon mineral, but is found with other arsenides and thus it is included with them when mined for arsenic. It is often associated with FeAsS, and this is unfortunate as it is difficult to distinguish between the two. Their crystal forms, color, luster, streak and fracture are all very similar. Lollingite is at least somewhat softer and denser. Lollingite's composition is never exactly FeAs2, because it usually contains significant percentages of cobalt and nickel and sometimes sulfur. Lollingite gives its name to a group of minerals of which the mineral lollingite is one of the more common members. Members of the Lollingite Group have a simple formula, namely: AX2. Where the metal ion, A, is either cobalt, nickel and/or iron and the X can be either arsenic and/or antimony with some members having some sulfur. All members of the group have lollingite's basic structure. They are all orthorhombic in symmetry and are very uncommon to rare in occurrence. Some classification schemes place Lollingite Group members in the These are the members of the Lollingite Group: (Cobalt Antimonide Sulfide) - Lollingite (Iron Arsenide) (Cobalt Iron Arsenide) (Iron Nickel Antimonide Arsenide) - Color is silver white to gray (tarnishes to a darker color). - Luster is metallic. - Transparency: Crystals are opaque. - Crystal System is Orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m - Crystal Habits include prismatic to stubby crystals with a chisel-like domal termination. A crystal's cross-section will be diamond-shaped with rounded oblique angles. Elongated wedge shaped crystals are seen when the domal termination becomes dominant. Also compact, massive and disseminated in veins fillings. Twins are seen as star shaped trillings. - Cleavage is indistinct (basal). - Fracture: Uneven. - Hardness is 5 - 5.5 - Specific Gravity is approximately 7.1 - 7.5 (well above average for metallic minerals) - Streak is a gray black. - Other Characteristics: Crystals are commonly striated lengthwise. - Associated Minerals include - Notable Occurrences include Lolling (hence the name), Huttenburg, Carinthia, Austria; Harz, Germany; Franklin, New Jersey; Cobalt, Connecticut; Gunnison Co., Colorado; Alexander Co., North Carolina and Ontario, Canada; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Czech Republic; Poland and Brazil. - Best Field Indicators are crystal habits, color, associations, streak, hardness, striations and density.

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With more than 51,000 acres burned and evacuations mounting, California is battling its worst wildfire this year and chaotic weather is threatening to make matters worse. McKinney Fire, which started in the northern Siskiyou County on Friday, spreads rapidly in the north of the state after it has already burnt 21,000 hectares prompting the evacuation of at least 2,000 residents as well as around 60 trekkers on the Pacific Crest hiking trail. According to the forest service, the Pacific Crest Trail runs from the Mexican border through California, Oregon, and Washington to Canada. Many homes in the area have been destroyed while hundreds of firefighters are battling the largest wildfire to spread in California so far this year, but the emergency service’s latest report said it was 0% contained as of Sunday. State governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency in Siskiyou County on Saturday, saying the blaze has threatened critical infrastructure and noting that it was spread and intensified by dry fuels, extreme drought conditions, high temperatures, erratic and extremely strong winds causing the fire to spread in any direction, and lightning storms. Newsom’s office informed of the evacuation warnings of another more than 200 residents after two other fires burning in Siskiyou County – the China 2 and Evans – merged and together burned more than 300 acres. According to the US Census Bureau, Siskiyou County has a population of just about 44,000. The US Forest Service also warned that possible thunderstorms could result in more fires in the coming days, developing conditions that could be extremely dangerous for firefighters. However, meteorologist Brad Schaaf says that smoke from the McKinney blaze could lower temperatures and possibly counteract some of the dangerous thunderstorm ingredients. McKinney blaze is the second major blaze to hit California in recent days after the Oak Fire – near Yosemite National Park – which is still roaring after eight days. The fire department Cal Fire said that it has been 67% contained.

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PEGASUS-2: Personalized Genomics for Prenatal Abnormalities Screening Using Maternal The discovery that fetal DNA is present in the mother’s blood during pregnancy has led to the development of a genomics-based maternal blood test called NIPS (non-invasive prenatal screening), which is a very reliable test for Down syndrome. In part due to its cost, NIPS is currently only used as a second-tier test, after a mother has tested positive on less costly and less accurate tests, to confirm the finding prior to resorting to amniocentesis. Making NIPS the entry-level test for Down syndrome could benefit women by more accurately detecting an affected pregnancy with less chance of a false positive result and by providing that result several weeks earlier in the pregnancy. As well, because NIPS can detect other chromosomal abnormalities, its use could enable screening for more conditions. The PEGASUS-2 project’s goal is to provide high-quality evidence to support the use of NIPS instead of traditional screening tests by comparing its use as a first-tier and second-tier test in a large cohort of pregnant women. The project will also study the cost effectiveness of expanding screening to other conditions and the ethical, social and legal implications of doing so. It will also provide strategies to promote shared decision-making between couples and health-care professionals. Finally, it will further develop the NIPS technology to reduce its costs by 50 percent and expand its ability to detect other anomalies, as well as ensuring quality control for clinical NIPS testing in Canada and worldwide. PEGASUS-2 will enable publicly funded access to a promising genomics technology for all interested pregnant women, while ensuring that couples have access to web-based tools to help their decision-making and that all health-care professionals are trained in shared decision-making for prenatal screening.

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Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center have found that indoor air cleaners can greatly reduce household air pollution and lower the rates of daytime asthma symptoms to those achieved with certain anti-inflammatory asthma drugs in children who have asthma and live with smokers. Although the air cleaners improved the overall air quality in homes, they did not reduce air nicotine levels and did not counter all ill effects of second-hand smoke, according to the study which appears in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. Despite the findings, the researchers counsel parents to implement a total ban on indoor smoking and use air cleaners only as a temporary tool as they work to achieve a smoke-free household. For 6 months, the researchers followed 115 children, ages 6 to 12 years, who lived in homes where one or more caregivers smoked. Each one of the 41 households received two free-standing air cleaners plugged into the bedroom and living room. Another one-third of the homes got air cleaners plus at-home health education by a nurse on the dangers of second-hand smoke, and the other third got neither but were given air cleaners at the end of the study. The researchers measured air nicotine levels and air particulate matter—microscopic bits of smoke, soil, pollen, dust, and spores usually floating around in the air before air cleaner installation and 6 months later. They also compared asthma symptoms and cotinine—the biological marker of nicotine found in the urine—between children living in homes with and without air cleaners. The overall air quality in homes with air cleaners showed a nearly 50% drop in levels of particulate matter, although the air never reached the quality of smoke-free homes. Homes that received both air cleaners and visits by health coaches did not achieve better air quality than homes that got air cleaners alone. The levels of air nicotine and urine cotinine remained the similar in all children, regardless of air cleaner use in the home. The study also found that children living in homes with air cleaners had considerably more days without coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing compared with children living in homes without air cleaners. Based on the rate of symptom reduction observed in the study, the researchers estimate that a child with asthma living in a home with indoor filtration would, on average, have 33 more symptom-free days per year compared with a child living in a smoking household without indoor filtration. The number of symptom-free days made possible by the air cleaners, according to the researchers, was nearly the same as the number achieved with the use of a type of anti-inflammatory asthma drug in another study. Because smoking is a main contributor to indoor air pollution, the researchers recommend the use of air cleaners even in smoke-free homes if they are part of a multi-family dwelling in which second-hand smoke can easily seep in from surrounding units. Source: Johns Hopkins Medicine

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https://rtmagazine.com/disorders-diseases/chronic-pulmonary-disorders/asthma/indoor-air-cleaners-reduce-household-air-pollution-ease-asthma-symptoms-in-children/

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(c) Erik Hollnagel, 2020 Safety-I and Safety-II represent two completely different views of what safety is: The same word ('safety') thus means two completely different things. Safety is therefore in this context a homonym. A homonym is a word that has different meanings, but which is in each case has the same spelling and the same pronounciation. This is clearly neither desirable nor practical. It can also easily lead to confusion in discussions, since it may be difficult to know whether someone who uses the term 'safety' refers to the Safety-I interpretation or the Safety-II interpretation. The easiest way out of this problem would be to find a different word to represent what Safety-II stands for. The use of the terms Safety-I and Safety-II, however, has considerable rhetorical value because it makes clear that the traditional understanding of safety is not the only one. Yet in the long term it becomes cumbersome to use a term and then immediately add that it is actually used with a completely different meaning. There is another reason why it may be a good idea to find a different term. That is that a reference to safety (in the Safety-I sense) distances it, or separates it, from other perspectives on work, such as quality, efficiency, reliability, productivity, etc. Focusing on the things that may go wrong clearly singles out one aspect of work - namely the unwanted outcomes. Focusing on, e.g., quality singles out another aspect of work. The same goes for productivity, and so on. While there may have been some reason for doing so in the past, beginning in the first decades of the 20th Century, and even some reasonableness in doing it, that is no longer the case. In most kinds of work activities (or functions) are now so tighly coupled with each other, that it may be counterproductive to focus on one aspect at a time and leave out the others.

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https://safetysynthesis.com/safetysynthesis-facets/safety-as-a-homonym

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What we’ll cover in this white paper - What is memcached? - Scaling applications using MySQL and memcached - memcached driver for NDB - Integrating memcached with ClusterControl MySQL+memcached is one of the most widely used setup to store data for high-scale applications. MySQL is sharded at the application layer to increase write throughput and objects are cached in memcached to handle high read loads. Caching data in memory reduces the amount of interaction with the database, thus increasing performance and decreasing server load. Because of its simplicity and availability for most popular programming languages (C/C++, PHP, Java, Python, Ruby, C#, etc.), memcached is very widely adopted today, specially by the heavy websites. Some of the larger users include Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Wikipedia, Flickr, Craigslist, etc. 2. What is memcached? memcached is a high performance, distributed memory object caching system. It is an in-memory key-value store for small chunks of arbitrary data (strings, objects) from results of database or API calls. Items are made up of a key, expiration time, optional flags and raw data. It does not understand data structures: you must upload data that is pre-serialized. memcached is made up of: - client software, which is given a list of available memcached servers - a client-based hashing algorithm, which chooses the server based on the key - server software, which stores keys and values into an internal hash table. Servers are unaware of each other; there is no synchronization - server algorithms, which determine when to expire and evict old data Most applications benefits from caching, unless the application is very write heavy (thus the cache is invalidated all the time). 3. Scaling applications using MySQL and memcached Memcached provides low-latency access to in-memory data, and isolates MySQL from the application. This reduces the load on the database. The flow can be described by the following: - the application tries to read an object from memcached - if the object is found, the application uses it - if it is not found in memcached, the application fetches it from the database and also writes it into the cache - the next time the application tries to fetch the same object, it will be read from the cache (unless the object has been expired or evicted from the cache) In the case of an update, the application would remove the data from the memcached instance, then write the data to the database and memcached at the same time to make sure the cache is up to date. With the memcached implementation for NDB, it is now possible to compress the database and cache layers into a single data tier. This eliminates the need for cache synchronization by the application. 4. memcached driver for NDB Starting version 7.2.1, the memcached interface is directly integrated in MySQL Cluster. Using the memcached API, an application sends reads and writes to the memcached process, which in turn invokes an NDB driver. The driver uses the NDB API to bypass the SQL layer and directly access data in Data Nodes. The memcached process can be collocated with the data nodes, the applications, or on separate VMs. By default, key-value data is written to the same table with each key-value pair written in a single row. It is also possible to configure access to existing data in NDB by defining a key prefix so that each value is linked to a pre-defined column in a specific table. 4.1 How to add memcached API to a MySQL Cluster? Severalnines has created deployment scripts for memcached. The scripts work with a MySQL Cluster that has been deployed using the Severalnines Configurator. You will find them in the install directory of the deployment package on the ClusterControl server. ./install-memcache.sh <hostname> <clusterid> E.g., the following installs memcached on 10.176.131.76 and attaches cluster with id '1' and installs ndb_memcache_metadata.sql in the cluster (VERIFY THIS): ./install-memcache.sh 10.176.131.76 1 4.2 How to map memcached requests on existing NDB tables? Data can be cached within the memcached server and can also be persisted within NDB. This is configurable through tables in MySQL Cluster, on a key prefix basis as shown in the diagram below. For further information on how to do this, we recommend this blog post by Andrew Morgan. 5. Integration with ClusterControl Once installed, the memcached instance is integrated within ClusterControl, so it is possible to view its status from the ClusterControl GUI, as seen in the below screenshot. It is also possible to drill down into memcached stats and graphs. The memcached process will be managed by ClusterControl, and is automatically restarted if it fails.

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https://severalnines.com/resources/whitepapers/memcached-access-to-mysql-cluster/

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At Adroita Center for Clinical Psychiatric Neuroscience, we also provide consultation to help you understand the role of genetic testing in psychiatry, to help you understand it’s advantages and limitations. If you are interested to get your gene tested, we can help you get it don or if you have already taken a gene test we can explain the meaning of the test results related to your condition. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup. Many patients suffer from psychiatric disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, OCD and ADHD. Unfortunately, not every treatment works for everyone. Because of the differences in age, lifestyle, health history, and genetics, one medication may work for one individual but not for another. Because of this, treatment for common conditions often results in a high rate of failure or adverse side effects. Historically, the only way to test a medication was to try it and wait to see its response. This is still an accepted standard of care. This approach can sometimes be frustrating and difficult while waiting for a positive response or having to go through multiple trials of medication. Today, there are more than 30 FDA approved medications used in Psychiatry. Any tool that helps a clinician to minimize side effects and maximize positive response is extremely valuable. One such tool is Pharmacogenomics, a new approach towards Personalized Medicine. A New Movement Towards Personalized Medicine Personalized medicine is geared towards customization of healthcare needs for an individual patient. One area where we are already seeing change is choosing medication based on genetic make-up and experts call this area of science as Pharmacogenomics. Through Pharmacogenomics, experts can identify clues to how you will respond to a medication even before you try it by just analyzing your DNA. Genetic Testing in Psychiatry A simple genetic testing in psychiatry allows us to choose medication and help us to understand how well you would respond to the medication. The most common genetic test is a cytochrome P450 gene test (CYP450). This is a very simple and painless test which requires only a blood sample or cheek swab or saliva sample. This simple test helps us determine how your body processes a drug, and how a specific medication may affect you. This helps to avoid unwanted side effects while improving effectiveness of medication. By checking your DNA for certain gene variations, this test can also provide clues as to why previous medications have not been effective.

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https://www.adroitahealth.com/our-services/genetic-testing-in-psychiatry/

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On the orders of the Emperor, the Chinese method of construction in wood was set down in a detailed handbook (Yingzao fashi). These characteristic wooden construction methods have been handed down from generation to generation until the present day, thanks to that handbook and the system’s great adaptability. It is unique in architectural history for the structure of building to enjoy such longevity. In the 20th century, teaching models of great precision were made to document the most important Buddhist temples and palaces. All the details are reproduced exactly in the large-format models, in order to enable study and reconstruction of the historical buildings. These models evidence the unique beauty and technique of wooden construction methods and thus offer fascinating insights into the tradition of Chinese architecture.

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https://www.jovis.de/en/books/contemporary-art/die-kunst-der-holzkonstruktion.html

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Oppositional defiant disorder refers to the persistent display of irrationally rebellious behavior and anger at authority figures over an extended period. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) typically occurs in children, but it can also be present in early adolescence. Children can often be disobedient and argumentative, but consistent patterns of these behaviors could indicate an underlying disorder. This article will discuss what ODD is, how to recognize it, and methods of treating the disorder. Fast facts on ODD: - ODD is a type of conduct disorder that more commonly occurs in younger children. - Those with ODD are easily annoyed and frequently disobey rules. - The most common form of treatment is psychotherapy. Children and teenagers can display aggressive behavior as a result of many environmental and developmental factors. Research into how the brain develops throughout childhood and adolescence suggests such behavior may not necessarily be the product of any identified structural disorder. In fact, a greater understanding of how social factors affect a person’s behavior means that some disobedient or argumentative behaviors is now perceived as normal or expected — not a conduct disorder. What classifies as a disorder? Conduct disorders describe a group of mental and behavioral disorders characterized by persistent patterns of behavior considered to be irritable, argumentative, aggressive, or disobedient. To be classified as having a conduct disorder, a person must display these behaviors to a much greater extent than their peers. Examples of behaviors that can result from a conduct disorder include: - frequent lying - aggressive and violent behavior - persistent theft - alcohol or drug use Conduct disorders are relatively common in young people and can have an adverse impact on their social, educational, and home-life. Children and young people with ODD characteristically display ongoing patterns of defiant, vindictive, angry, and argumentative behavior toward authority figures. For a trained mental health professional to diagnose ODD, these patterns of behavior must continue for at least 6 months and significantly impair a person’s daily functioning. Compared to other conduct disorders, ODD tends to present as disobedience or arguing with authority figures, such as teachers or parents, rather than antisocial behavior. It is a formally recognized disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). ODD is not the same as autism spectrum disorders, despite sharing some behavioral similarities. The symptoms of ODD often emerge when a child is 6 to 8 years old. It is also possible for some residual symptoms of ODD to be present in adults, who display very similar symptoms to children and adolescents. For example, an adult with ODD may display feelings of anger towards their manager at work, as opposed to a teacher or parent. The cause of ODD is unknown, but it is likely to be a product of multiple environmental, developmental, and genetic factors. For example, a combination of environmental risk factors, such as childhood trauma or poverty and genetic factors, such as a predisposition for aggressive behavior, could cause ODD to develop. Identifying the symptoms of ODD or any conduct disorder is challenging. All behaviors associated with ODD can occur in a child or teenager with varying degrees of frequency. In most cases, this is not a cause for concern. However, behaviors that carry on for at least 6 months and have a serious impact on a child’s daily life may indicate ODD. These behaviors must be demonstrably more severe and more frequent than that of their peers. In attempting to identify whether a person has ODD, it is essential to be sure how often they behave in a certain way. If a person regularly displays the same behavior in a particular situation, an individual who suspects them of having ODD may then assume that this behavior happens more frequently than it does — this is because they expect the behavior to occur. To help identify ODD, it can help to consult with others who regularly come into contact with the individual. If a pattern of symptoms cannot be reliably established, the behavior is unlikely to be the product of a conduct disorder. In such situations, it is best to avoid talking to the person about having a conduct disorder, or insisting they seek unnecessary medical attention, as this could cause them to feel alienated or resentful, possibly creating further problems. All conduct disorders are diagnosed by a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist. They will use diagnostic questions and follow the guidance set out in the DSM-5 to assess whether a person has ODD. Criteria for diagnosing ODD according to DSM-5 include: - A pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, or vindictiveness over a period of at least 6 months, expressed through interacting with an individual who is not a sibling. - Behavior causes significant disruption to social, educational, occupational, or home functioning. - Behavior is not caused by a different mental health problem, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ODD can vary in severity: - Mild: symptoms are expressed in specific contexts, such as at school or home. - Moderate: symptoms are expressed in at least two contexts. - Severe: symptoms are expressed in three or more contexts. To help them make an assessment, a psychiatrist may require reports from those who regularly interact with the individual. They will examine the person’s medical and psychiatric history and may recommend further psychiatric testing if they suspect that another condition is causing the symptoms. The symptoms of ODD can often overlap with different disorders, such as ADHD or bipolar disorder, which must first be ruled out. Treating ODD is challenging because the causes of such behavior can be complex. Each person is assessed individually, and treatment will differ from person-to-person. Psychotherapy is a popular treatment option, but the specific type of psychotherapy will depend on the individual; the primary goal is to help the person find new ways of coping with stress, dealing with authority figures, and expressing emotion. Other forms of treatment may be recommended to treat any underlying conditions that may be contributing to symptoms. For example, family therapy may be helpful if a problematic home-life is influencing the disorder. Medication is not used to treat ODD but may be administered to treat a different underlying condition, such as ADHD. ODD is often highly disruptive to daily functioning and can have some serious consequences, including substance abuse or incarceration. However, if diagnosed early enough, ODD can be successfully managed. However, it is important that individuals who witness aggressive or unruly behavior be cautious about labeling it as a conduct disorder.

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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320490?utm_source=ReadNext

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an umbrella term for the wearable products designed to protect wearers from injury, infection, and illness. The types available range from clothing (e.g., coveralls and gloves) to headgear (e.g., face shields, goggles, and helmets) to equipment (e.g., respirators). Industry professionals employ PPE for many different purposes. The design of the equipment employed varies depending on the intended use case. For example, in infectious disease control (IDC) applications, PPE is designed and constructed as a barrier between the infectious material—both viral and bacterial—and the wearer’s eyes, mouth, nose, and skin. When worn and used properly, it is effective at preventing the spread of infectious diseases and illness. At Paulson Manufacturing, we specialize in manufacturing protective gear for industry professionals. Our IDC PPE products meet the highest standards for quality and reliability, ensuring that medical practitioners to first responders can rely on them when the time comes. Why Use PPE in the Healthcare Work Environment? In workplaces where exposure to infectious material through inhalation or skin absorption is expected, such as medical offices and facilities, the use of proper personal protective equipment is critical. In addition to preventing the wearer from contracting an illness or disease due to unprotected exposure in the first place, PPE—when worn properly—reduces the risk of it spreading from one person to another. While it may not be 100% effective at preventing contraction or spread, it can mitigate the chance of either occurring. Beyond infectious substances, PPE also protects workers from breathing or touching other potentially hazardous materials, such as cleaning chemicals and solvents. Similar to bacteria and viruses, these substances can cause adverse short-term and long-term health effects, depending on the exact composition. Industrial Applications of PPE Across industry, employees are subjected to conditions that, without the proper protective gear, can cause injury, illness, and, in the most severe cases, death. Employing the right PPE reduces the chance of any of these occurring. Personal protection equipment finds application in a wide range of industries, including the following: - Food and beverage - Healthcare and medical - Oil and gas - Power and energy - Other Government services Among healthcare and medical industry workers, infectious disease control PPE products are the most commonly employed. These products include goggles and face shields, both of which are specifically designed and constructed to protect facial orifices against droplets, splashes, and sprays produced through bodily functions when in close contact with potentially sick patients. Infectious Disease Control PPE Solutions From Paulson Manufacturing At Paulson Manufacturing, our infectious disease control personal protective equipment product offerings are: - Disposable face shields. These disposable face shields are designed to mitigate the risk of contamination from exposure to bodily fluids. They feature brow pads and universal elastic bands for comfort adjustments. If needed, they can be rolled up to fit into small spaces for easy access. - Disposable goggles. These goggles are lightweight and designed to be disposed of after use in splash protection applications. They feature anti-fogging interiors and foam face pads and universal elastic straps for comfort adjustments. If needed, they can be rolled up to fit into small spaces for easy access. - Reusable face shields. Our IDC Snap System can be easily assembled within seconds, can be washed and sanitized and offers a 90% cost savings when compared to disposables. Contact us today to learn more about our IDC PPE products or place an order today.

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Conscious consumerism, where buying decisions are driven by having a positive socio-economic, environmental impact, is on the rise and it’s challenging traditional business models, writes Maeve Dorman, senior vice-president at PayPal. PayPal’s Think Forward: Conscious Commerce report shows how over half (56%) of Europeans consider themselves conscious consumers and 67 per cent bought products that were better for the environment, despite a higher price tag. This trend resonates strongly in Ireland. Research found that Irish consumers were increasingly moving towards shopping online, with the top drivers cited as supporting local businesses (44%) and less environmental impact (24%). A conscious consumer is someone who looks beyond the brand or the label. They want to know more about the company they are buying from, whether it drives positive impact in society, and if it has values that align with those of the consumer. “The conscious consumer is aware of global issues like minimum wages in poorer countries, is concerned about fast fashion and its impact on landfills, and favours businesses that follow green practices because they value sustainability” The conscious consumer is aware of the impact of where and how they shop, as well as the products they buy. Millennials are more socially conscious than any other group, however every age group rates sustainability and environmental factors as being important in their buying decisions. The pandemic has helped cement these socially conscious behaviours as people are increasingly becoming aware of mindless consumption and seeking to minimise it. Irish brands and businesses must understand and adapt to meet these expectations, otherwise they will miss out on the opportunity to enhance the consumer experience, attract new customers, and – most importantly – build trust and loyalty. Consume mindfully is the new mantra Mindful consumption isn’t just about reducing plastic waste. The conscious consumer is aware of global issues like minimum wages in poorer countries, is concerned about fast fashion and its impact on landfills, and favours businesses that follow green practices because they value sustainability. “Irish businesses should be proud of their sustainable practices and showcase them to customers” They avoid ‘mindless consumption’ and seek out greener products with longevity, taking the extra time to check out where product ingredients come from and how they’re processed before clicking ‘buy’. Brands and businesses with an interesting backstory, and companies affiliated with social justice and causes will capture their attention – whether that’s making a donation for each sale, supporting an environmental cause or helping an underserved community. Irish businesses should be proud of their sustainable practices and showcase them to customers. This information should be available online, on social and marketing channels, and at every step in the purchase cycle. By doing so, brands can strengthen and expand their customer base, whilst reinforcing trust and credibility. This is ever more crucial for Irish businesses, with 56 per cent of Irish consumers revealing they are more likely to purchase from a brand that shares their values. More tellingly, some 21 per cent stopped buying from a brand because it didn’t match their values2. In terms of what builds trust in a brand among consumers in Ireland, while good service (69%) and product offering (40%) were the top two reasons, they were followed by ethical practices (38%) and sustainable operations (31%). Being caring and authentic matters: How Irish businesses can evolve There are many opportunities for Irish brands to meet the demands of the conscious consumer – from using raw materials and cutting back on packaging to producing greener products, donating a portion of their sales to community efforts and employees volunteering in their communities. “There are a multitude of ways that Irish businesses can make an impact, and it doesn’t have to be all-or-nothing” Changing consumer habits is only one side of the coin. Real change will only come when all Irish businesses step up to the plate, but every action is a small step towards achieving a more sustainable future. With this in mind, Irish businesses need to evaluate their vision, mission, operations, products, services, and even legal and vendor contracts, from start to finish. In order to create the most value, sustainability must be grounded in what consumers want and need. Businesses should lead, not follow. Rather than focusing on what consumers care about today, they need to dust off the crystal ball and ask: what will consumers care about in five years, or in the next ten? We don’t have to dream up a utopia to imagine what will drive purchases in the not-too-distant future. It’s about bringing all the actions that businesses are taking now, together. Just look at trainers, for example. Today, people don’t just choose new trainers because of style, functionality and fit – they choose brands which make their products ethically and stand for something other than profit. At PayPal, we live by these principles too. We recently released our 2021 Global Impact Report, our fifth annual report, that looks at how we create a positive impact among the global community and help to deliver a more inclusive, affordable, and efficient financial system for all. This includes driving economic empowerment in underserved communities with grants and investments, mitigating our impact on the planet with science-based targets to help us reach net-zero emissions, and empowering people – employees and customers – by investing in wellness and enabling generosity via donations and volunteering time. There are a multitude of ways that Irish businesses can make an impact, and it doesn’t have to be all-or-nothing. Every action, no matter how big or small, will be a step towards addressing the needs of the conscious consumer, whilst working towards a sustainable future.

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Archived. HOWEVER rain water dissolves calcium carbonate, as in the formation of caves in limestone [ a form of CaCO3]. Thus, AgCl, PbBr2, and Hg2Cl2 are all insoluble. Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is insoluble in water. Question: ID a reagent used in this experiment to distinguish CaCl2 from CaCO3. Posted by 4 years ago. Most silver salts are insoluble. CaCO3 ( Calcium carbonate ) is Insoluble in water I'll tell you the Soluble or Insoluble bond list below. AgNO3 and Ag(C2H3O2) are common soluble salts of silver; virtually anything else is insoluble. But all carbonates are readily decomposed by acids into soluble salts with the evolution of CO2. As a matter of fact, lithium carbonate is not terribly soluble in water, and is less soluble in water than Na_2CO_3, K_2CO_3; and interestingly, Li_2CO_3 is LESS soluble in hot water. Salts containing Cl -, Br -, I - are generally soluble. CaCl2 vs CaCO3 soluble/insoluble. All carbonates are insoluble except for those of the alkali metals...That's the general rule. This is due to carbon dioxide from air dissolved in the rain water. but co2 mix in water befuor the mix in caco3 . 5. There is a good reason for this, and if you are an undergrad you will be able to give the reason. CaCl2 vs CaCO3 soluble/insoluble. its density is high so caco3 is not soluble in water. 4. NH3 – Soluble in water. Start studying Soluble/Insoluble. But to all extent and puropses, we say these things are insoluble. What is the distinguishing observation. AgCl-Slightly soluble in water i.e.520 μg/100 g at 50 °C (it is nsoluble in water ) KI – Soluble in water. 0.00015 mol/L or 0.015 g/L(25°C. I just wanted to check my answer on a chem question, was having a bit of difficulty. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. so caco3 is soluble after mixing the co2 . Important exceptions to this rule are halide salts of Ag+, Pb2+, and (Hg2)2+. AgNO3 – Soluble. Close. 3. LiBr – Soluble in water. caco3 is solid form. That is why a white precipitate is formed when carbon dioxide is passed into lime water. hydroxides OH-are insoluble except the slightly soluble Ca(OH) 2, and the soluble salts of Group 1 metals and ammonium, and Sr and Ba from Group 2 ; most phosphates PO 4 3-and carbonates - CO 3 2-are insoluble except salts of Group 1 metals and ammonium, NH 4 + all oxides are insoluble except those of Group IA metals. CaSO4 –Soluble in water. If you want to quickly find the word you want to search, use Ctrl + F, then type the word you want to search. ZnPO4 – Insoluble in water. NaSO4-Soluble. CaCO3 – Slightly soluble in water i.e. 1.

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America’s legacy of racism and racial injustice has been and continues to be a fundamental obstacle to workers’ efforts to act together to build better lives for all of us. Racism has always been a key tactic of employers seeking to divide us. But we also have an ugly history of racism in our own movement. Yet at the same time the labor movement has a proud history of standing for racial and economic justice. When we have embraced our better selves we have always emerged stronger in every sense. And whenever we have succumbed to the temptation to see some working people as better than others, we have always ended up weaker. Today, in the face of dramatically increasing economic inequality, decreasing union density and growing instability for the majority of Americans, the need for all workers to strengthen common interests in achieving economic justice is clear. At the same time our different experiences organized around race, gender identity, ethnicity, disability and sexual orientation often challenge and complicate this shared experience. If we are to succeed as a movement, the full range of working peoples’ voices must be heard in the internal processes of our movement. To be able to stand together we have to understand where all of us are coming from. To understand how important this is, consider the issue of jobs. We fight for full employment. White unemployment is 4.9%—which is not good enough. But black unemployment is 10.3%, higher than it ever got for whites in the entire economic crisis. To stand together on jobs, we have to hear from each other about the different experiences we live. Or consider the criminal justice system. The growing movement for racial justice around these issues is greater than anything we’ve seen since the Civil Rights era. It is a movement responding to facts—African Americans make up 13% of our population, but 38% of the incarcerated. We incarcerate a greater percentage of our people than any other developed country. Young black males are 21 times more likely to be killed by law enforcement than young white males. Those who suffer are our members and our members’ children. The labor movement must respond. How can we do so unless the experience of all union members is heard in the conversation? The demand for racial justice cannot be divorced from the fight for economic justice, and the fight for economic justice cannot be pursued without considering educational equity. It is no secret that communities of color continue to face higher unemployment rates, lower wages, job discrimination and more economic insecurity—one consequences of which is more encounters with the criminal justice system. Negative encounters with our criminal justice system have long-lasting impacts on families and their surrounding communities, and they harm our efforts to create shared prosperity for all. Movements like #BlackLivesMatters, Not1More, Fight for $15 and Not Your Model Minority have shown tremendous courage in tackling these issues, which many in this country want to ignore. We in the labor movement should stand with them as partners, allies and fellow community members. Their fight is our fight. We still live in a world divided in many ways by color lines. At the same time working people share a common experience of falling wages and rising economic insecurity. To build a different, better economy we need power that can only come from unity and unity has to begin with having all our voices be heard, on all sides of those color lines. We have to start by acknowledging our own shortcomings and honestly addressing issues that are faced by the communities in which our members live—both the problems and the solutions. We have to find a way to see with each other’s eyes, and address the facts and realities. The fight against racism is about whom we choose to be. And it is about whether working people will be able stand together and raise wages in the America of the 21st century. To that end, it is time for a frank and thoughtful discussion on racial inequality and its economic impact—starting first in the house of labor. Over the next year, the AFL-CIO will launch a Labor Commission on Racial and Economic Justice, comprising members of the AFL-CIO’s Executive Council, which will facilitate a broad conversation with local labor leaders around racial and economic disparities and institutional biases, and identify ways to become more inclusive as the new entrants to the labor force diversify. Over the next year, the Labor Commission will engage in six to eight labor discussions around the country, addressing racial and economic issues impacting the labor movement and offering recommendations for change. Participants in the process will include local labor leaders, constituency groups and young workers. The commission will be assisted by an advisory council made up of experts. The commission will attempt to create a safe, structured and constructive opportunity for local union leaders to discuss issues pertaining to the persistence of racial injustice today in the workforce and in their communities, and to ensure that the voices of all working people in the labor movement are heard. The results of the commission will lead to reports and tools to transform how we think about racial justice issues, and to providing the tools to support these discussions at the city and state levels.

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How often have you encountered Calibri and Times New Roman in Microsoft Word documents? Most users do not go beyond their default format when writing Word documents. This is a shame since an array of fonts will fit the document’s style. This article will explore your questions on how to set default font in word. Similar to this error, you could also come across errors where your Windows menu is not starting and some more errors like these. Changing the font regularly can be quite a hassle if you own an existing font you frequently use. This lets you use the same font for each new Microsoft Word document you create. This is what you’ll need to do to alter the default font in Word. We have forgotten to acknowledge that the Microsoft Word should open and respond properly to change the default font. Hence fix the error- Microsoft Word Doesn’t Respond, then change the default font. What Are The Different Fonts? The fonts that make up the font families. Fonts are the complete set of characters—that is, letters, numbers, and symbols or icons—within a typeface, which is the design of the characters. For instance, Arial is the typeface; Arial Bold, Italic Narrow, (Wide), Black, and so on.MS Word needs specific permissions to access and edit the fonts required by Microsoft products. If these permissions are not provided, it may lead to operating problems. Each typeface falls into one of five classifications: - Serif (Times Roman, Bookman Old Style, Cambria, Garamond, etc.) - Arial, Helvetica, Humanistic, Calibri, and other fonts) - Script (Calligraphy styles, Black Letter styles, Zapf Chancery, English Adagio, etc.) - decorative typeface. - Icon/Symbol, which are images sized to be measured in points (1/72 inches), pixels, and millimeters (such as Wing Dings, Bullets, Ornaments, Christmas Fonts, etc.). - The sixth category (handwriting) has emerged since the creation of font design software. The typefaces listed can be classified into earlier classifications, so long as they’re “handwritten.” Download: Microsoft Word Modifying The Default Font Of Microsoft Word You must first open the Word document and the font dialogue box to alter your default font. There are two ways to accomplish this. How Do You Change The Default Word Font? Sometimes, due to some error in the Windows, your mail also might not open up, which could also give rise to these issues. Just follow the below written steps to change the default word font easily: - To begin, open the document, right-click inside the body of your text, then click on the Font option. - You can also click the Font Dialog window launcher. To do that, choose your home tab from the menu bar, and then click the small arrow on the right-hand side of the bottom of the Font section. - After the dialogue box opens, you can select the font you would like to choose. Along with altering the font’s appearance, you can also change the font’s style, size, as well as the color that your font appears. - After you’ve completed your edits, Once you’ve done that, select the Set as default button. This will change your chosen font as the default font in subsequent documents. Click on all documents that are based on these normal templates. - Select “OK” to confirm your selection. Once you’ve verified your choice, the font will appear as the new document’s newly created default font. Editing or Deleting the Word Template File If you have tried changing your default Word font and it doesn’t work, it’s possible that you aren’t authorized to modify this normal. dotm template file. It’s the format Word utilizes to make new Word documents with the standard formatting preferences. This file is restrictable in certain work settings to protect your personal information. You may need to gain access to edit or delete the document. By deleting the template file, you will reset the standard Word format settings if you want to change them. How Do You Delete The Word Template File? Follow these steps to delete the word template file. - Shut down all open Word documents and begin to work. - Start an entirely brand new File Explorer window and type Normal. dotm into the search bar. - Give the time needed for Windows to find the file. To permit adjustments to be made to the Word templates, click on the normal file and then press properties. - Within the normal properties window, ensure that you select the general tab and check it. Please uncheck the Read-only checkbox under the attributes section to allow modifications in the data file. - Click Save to save your settings. It is now possible to modify the standard Word setting for formatting. If you’re not able to alter these settings, ask your IT administrator to gain access How Do You Reset Your Word Template File? You can remove your Word template document if you wish to restore it completely. This will cause Word to create its Normal.dotm template document using its default settings, including the default font option. - To restore the Word templates, open a new File Explorer window. - Use the search bar on the upper-right corner to find your Normal. dotm file. - Once Windows detects the file, right-click on it and choose the delete option to eliminate it. Once the file is removed, open Microsoft Word again to regenerate the template and then restore the default settings. See Also: HDMI Sound Not Working Error Also, there can be several issues like the windows 10 menu does not startup, windows is showing some error, windows does not start up correctly, or fails to connect to a windows service. All these can easily be solved. In this article, I have provided information regarding how to set the default font in Microsoft Word. I have also talked about resetting and removing the Word template files. This is the news. Hoping that you have learned how to set default font in word. Marshall is a professional writer with a degree in Business and Fine Arts. He is a hardcore tech geek and gamer at heart. Marshall, an API/Software Technical Writer, is currently based in Tokyo, Japan. When he’s not working, he spends most of his free time building VGKAMI and ITEnterpriser, tinkering with his RAID calculator, learning Japanese, or hiking the mountains of Japan.

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Where does virulence evolve? Just about everywhere we look, we see pathogens evolving towards attenuation. Pathogens evolve to be less deadly because the ones that quickly kill their hosts don’t get far, and don’t spread as well as the ones that only sicken their hosts. So why then does virulence evolve? Why do some pathogens evolve “backwards” towards virulence and deadliness? The simple answer is that the virulence is not for the pathogen’s host, but for the predators of the host. In other words, virulence evolves as a sort of infectious venom that helps protect creatures from predators. Here in this protective role, the more deadly the pathogen, the more it is rewarded by nature. And this is why some pathogens evolve “backwards” towards virulence and deadliness. The flight-based disease-network of bats 70% of the world’s 1,240 bat species are insectivores. Every night, these bats fly out over a wide area and eat insects that often have fresh mammal blood on them. Then every day, the bats come home to a sleeping-huddle (the opposite of social distancing) and share the diseases they picked up. Some days later, bats from the colony go out infected, across their territory. Then some of the frail bats get grabbed and eaten while on the ground. Then perhaps their blood infects, or they bite back, or hiss, and complete an infection cycle. Then these bats become an inter-species disease vector for blood and airway diseases. So one bat eats one bloody corpse insect—then some days later, many of the bats in the huddle go out infected across the bat territory. And this can be an area over 100-km in radius — because this is how far bats sometimes range. It is a huge area of up to 31,400 sq. km. But it doesn’t stop there, because bat territories overlap. So on top of rapidly dispersing diseases in their own territory, bats also help diseases to hop between territories. And this occurs at a speed that approaches 200-km divided by the disease’s incubation period. So, huddling bats create a flight-based network for greatly accelerating the spread of mammalian blood and respiratory diseases. Here above are two illustrations of “leap networks”, the blue lines, the “local links” schematically represents the way diseases would spread without bats. The green lines, the “leap links” schematically represent how flying bats help diseases rapidly leap ahead to new areas. Bats are notably unique in this leap network role for mammal diseases. Why bats are vector #1 for mammalian diseases Canine packs contact lots of animal blood, but how many individuals are there in a wolf pack compared with a cave bat colony of 20-million bats like in the Bracken Cave? And wolf packs only roam about 30km a day. So the bat colony covers about 1,000 times the area of the wolf pack. What about a rat colony? With rats, there are lots of individuals, but the territory is only about 100-meters in radius. And while birds do cover a large territory, they have substantially different metabolisms. So birds don’t work well as a vector between mammals. So for zoonotic diseases jumping between mammals: Bats (the only flying mammals) seem to be responsible for nearly all of it. And particularly, bats that huddle closely in great numbers — because these have the greatest network effect in spreading and evolving diseases. NIH list of 200 diseases carried by bats If you scroll down the list, you will find: Hantavirus, MERS, SARS, COVID Marburg, Ebola, West Nile, Yellow fever, Hepatitis B and C, Herpesvirus, Cytomegalovirus, Influenza virus A, Papillomavirus, Rubulavirus, Mumps, Pneumovirus, Rabies, chikungunya virus, and all 4 coronavirus common cold viruses. Link Discover magazine article “Bats are the source of more dangerous viruses than any other mammal. …Ebola, SARS, Marburg, Nipah and more have been traced to the world’s only mammal capable of sustained flight… bats harbor a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders” Link NIH Article on bat diseases “a daily cycle that elevates metabolism and body temperature analogous to the febrile [fever] response in other mammals.” NIH Article on bat diseases Bat body temperature in flight get up to 108°F (42.1°C) Link “During flight, bats rev up their metabolic rate 15 times to 16 times higher than non-flying bats. That raises their body temperature to between 100 degrees and nearly 106 degrees Fahrenheit, the equivalent of a pretty high fever in humans.” Link Bats run a fever of up to 106°F on-and-off all day The animals that operate the mammalian disease spreading network run daily fevers of 41.1°C and higher. And these sometimes get up to 108°F (42.2°C). Fast bat metabolisms Due to the energy needs of flight, bat metabolisms are already running fast. So from the start, it appears that bats were able to “outrun” most pathogens. These never affected the high metabolism bats as much as slower metabolism animals that don’t fly. So it appears that bats are mostly immune to the diseases that sicken the other mammals. Why bats huddle It is widely thought that bats huddle to conserve heat. But then why then do bats huddle in so many tropical places? Why is it normal for bats to huddle in shallow equatorial caves if they huddle to conserve heat? It seems that bats huddle because it helps them share protective diseases — protective for the bats and harmful for all the other mammals. And because these diseases were beneficial to the bats, nature favored the bats that huddled and clustered close to better share their protective diseases. So when one bat brought back a new pathogen, all the bats in that cave did better. Rabies: It’s got what bats need Rabies is always deadly because this is exactly the sort of “venom” that fragile bats need for protection from the much stronger animals that might grab them on the ground. In other words, the diseases that best protect bats from predators are the best venom for bats. So evolution favored deadly diseases for bat predators. And this why Rabies is so deadly. The “normal” course of disease evolution is to attenuate and become less virulent — in order to spread for longer and infect more of a population. But for counter-attenuating prey-protecting predator diseases, the process works in reverse, because the diseases are not for their true host, but for the predators and competitors of their true host. So the giant huddling bat networks of up to 20-million bats are actually working in reverse, and evolving diseases towards virulence. And there are simply no other mammalian networks anywhere near the scale of the cave bat colonies. So huddling bats appear to be the main source of counter-attenuation (virulence) in mammal diseases. Bats giving diseases back 1/ Which bat species will never bite another animal even when it is dying of hunger? 2/ What if the bat is attacked, which species never bit back? 3/ What if the bat has rabies and is acting like a mad dog? Which species never bit back? 4/ What happens to animals that eat a rabid bat? What happens to the animal that the bat sneezes next to, due to its lingering coronavirus “cold”? Surely many species of bat will bite. And if the bat has Rabies, the animal bitten by the rabid bat will also probably get rabies and die, which is exactly what the bats need. What happens to animals that eat a rabid bat? What happens to the animal that the bat sneezes-next-to or hisses-at due to its lingering coronavirus “cold”? Cats, raccoons, foxes, and skunks These are the four animals (in the US) most likely to be rabid. All are nocturnal and might grab a bat. Stressed vampire bats bite each other Here is a study where a reduction in food caused a population of vampire bats to all bite each other. In fact, they bit each other so much that they lost much of the hair from their heads and shoulders. The inference is that when vampire bats get hungry, they stop merely carrying blood infections themselves. Instead, they seem to all bite each other and pool whatever infections have arisen from their stress response. Notably, they bite each other repeatedly, assuring that the diseases are all spread around well. Is this behavior unique to vampire bats, or can we induce it in other bat species under extreme food stress. The flu is “flugacious” or fugacious=fleeting, sometimes returning once in decades. So the inference is that we have probably not found all the diseases carried by bats. Link Pathogens keep trying keys And the bats are flying them around All pathogens are constantly trying their keys on all the doors of all the animals they contact. The more doors they knock on, the more likely it is that they eventually evolve a new key that gets them in. The pathogens have their own agenda After enough inter-species introductions thanks to their bat vectors, the pathogens eventually evolve to spread among a new species. Then once they start spreading, they start re-attenuating to spread better in their new host species. So pathogens evolve one way (towards virulence) among bats, and then they evolve the other way (away from virulence and towards attenuation) among most other “normal” hosts. The counter-attenuation, re-attenuation cycle The diseases become more virulent in bats and they become less virulent and more attenuated when they are out among the other mammals. This repeated cycle might be responsible for most evolution in mammalian pathogens. Bats, famine and drought In droughts, it isn’t just the output of human crops and livestock that suffers. In drought years, there is also less overall plant, animal, and insect life. So the insect and blood eating bats tend to be hungrier. Then their infections tend to re-surface due to the hunger stress. Also, bats crazed with hunger are probably more fearless and irregular about what they will try to eat/bite. And with many animals gone, the remaining animals get bitten more by the bats, which are also more virulent. And all this is on top of the reduced immune response in malnourished animals/people. Bat, pangolin, civet cat, or what? If a disease exists in several species including bats, the bats are probably the main interspecies vector — the hub vector. Bats after all, are quite adapted for that role due their huddling and nightly contact with blood. How to stop any insect-borne epidemic In Asia, people have consumed Chrysanthemum for over 3,500-years, so it appears to be relatively safe. Chrysanthemum contains natural pyrethroids, a powerful insect neurotoxin. And because insects have different organs and metabolisms, what is “nerve gas” to insects can be relatively harmless to vertebrates. So if people take a small and mostly harmless amount of Chrysanthemum flower, their blood can be made deadly to the insects biting them. And if all the animals of a community takes this natural insecticide, it will stop the mosquito epidemic in one mosquito life cycle (4-5 weeks). Today millions of people take micro-doses of deadly botulism toxin (botox) for vanity. Perhaps our infectious disease arsenal should also include micro-doses of insect poison to stop raging insect-borne epidemics. The pesticides are much less deadly than the insect diseases Insect-born diseases kill and sicken huge numbers of people. Malaria alone kills 400,000 people a year. On the other hand, we never hear of any agricultural-worker pesticide exposure syndrome. Surely the people applying the pesticides have thousands of times higher exposure. If pesticides are so dangerous, why don’t we see a syndrome among agricultural workers? Clearly the insect diseases are a much greater health risk than the pesticides. Insecticide prophylaxis risk What difference does it make how we stop malaria from killing 400,000 people a year? And if we can accept a negative outcome ratio for a COVID vaccine, then surely we can accept the same negative outcome ratio for taking micro-doses of insecticide. Get blood — mate — find water — lay eggs Where mosquitos have access to both blood and water, they become intolerable. Denying them water to lay their eggs completely halts their reproduction in many dryer places. However, there are still wetter places where this will not work. In these places, we can use chrysanthemum extract or a synthetic pyrethroid to interfere with the mosquito’s ability to survive its meals and reproduce. Why are insect-borne epidemics getting worse? • Why are cases increasing? • Why are territories expanding? Aside from global warming, nobody has a good reason for why this is happening. Here’s a reason: It is due to the natural food movement, and how now farmers are: 1/ Often not using insecticides. 2/ Using insecticides that break down quickly, before people can eat them. 3/ Using less insecticide because it is the “right” thing to do. So today we all have lower levels of insecticide residue in our blood than in recent decades. Now more of the insects biting us are living to lay more infected eggs. Pesticide residue as protector Improved drainage & sewers get most of the credit for totally protecting the rich nations from insect-born diseases. But even the famously clean and organized city-state of Singapore — a mere 31 x 17 miles in size — has mosquitos nearly everywhere. So how do we get total disease protection from partial mosquito control? Maybe we don’t. Maybe it is not improved sanitation that has protected the modern world from mosquito disease. Maybe it is the pesticide residue in our blood that is protecting us. Maybe the simplest thing we can do to reduce malaria deaths is to use pesticides that don’t break down so fast. Thus everyone has pesticides in their blood. Either that, or people take measured milligram doses of pesticides by pill if everyone will take them. Get 400 volunteers. For a weeks, expose them as follows: 1/ Give 100 of them fresh vegetables that were normally sprayed in the fields with the old pesticides. 2/ Give another 100 of them fresh vegetables that were normally sprayed in the fields with new pesticides. 3/ Give 100 of them a cup of chrysanthemum tea daily. 4/ Give 100 of them nothing as control group. At the end of 3, 7, and 14-days, expose all 100 to three hungry mosquitoes each. Take the visibly full mosquitoes and house them in their own individual jars, with water for laying eggs. Which mosquitos die before they can lay viable eggs? How much chrysanthemum and other pesticides are needed to kill 100% of the mosquitoes? Bug poison as anti-epidemic treatement If we can harmlessly keep a tiny residue amount of insecticide in our blood for some months, and the alternative is to suffer a multi-year insect-vectored plague, why not take a little relatively harmless bug poison? At least we should have the tool in our arsenal for when people are dying in great numbers from one of the many insect borne diseases. It is the lowest dose where 100% the mosquitos biting people die. Any less than this and we lose protection from blood sucking insects. We also breed insecticide resistance. Any more than this and we suffer unnecessary chemical exposure. Pesticides as drugs People take lots of toxic chemicals as drugs, for example: chemotherapy drugs for cancer, and toxic antibiotics for MRSA. We take these strong and sometimes deadly chemicals because experience shows that they are less harmful than the thing killing us. The same mental model should be used for insecticides — especially the insecticides that protect us from the diseases of blood sucking insects that kill over 400,000 people every year. Many people think: “The less insecticide the better”. Yet it is worth repeating, there is no widespread syndrome associated with contact with pesticide residue. This in sharp contrast to the great and well documented harm that insect borne pathogens bring us, for example: Malaria, Dengue, Lyme, Zika, Bubonic plague. The mosquitos that die after biting people It is simple to test for toxicity to blood eating insects. All you need are people willing to get bitten: 1/ Are there people that kill most of the mosquitos biting them and others that do not kill them? 2/ What percent of the people kill the mosquitoes biting them in the various parts of the world? Why is this happening? What pesticide residues are causing this. Ancient Greek chrys•anthemum = golden•flower Pesticides in wild animals Is it such a bad thing that we expose the world’s animals to trace amounts of these relatively harmless chemicals that help prevent illness from the blood sucking insects that so often afflict them? Large numbers of grazing animals are already eating chrysanthemum flowers. What is the harm if we feed them each a handful of harvested flowers to kill the mosquitos biting them? The animals around us We might also put the Chrysanthemum or another less harmful insecticide in “summer” pet food, deer corn, squirrel bait, and bird seed. We might also have it in watering troughs near our communities, so wild animals consume it. This will reduce mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice. Near our cities, we might also drone-disperse fresh “wet” super-aromatic animal pellets that most animals find irresistibly delicious and can smell from some distance away. These have some Chrysanthemum, or maybe some other pesticides and anti-parasite drugs. Thus all the animals that eat these kill all the fleas, ticks and mosquitos that bite them. We imagine a ring of treated animals (wild and domesticated) around each community. Thus the community can substantially keep new mosquitoes out with this ring of animals protecting it. Blood-insect energy efficiency What happens to tick populations when 4 out of 5 ticks die before laying eggs due to insecticide in the blood they are consuming? Certainly cutting reproductive efficiency by 80% will cause ticks to die out entirely in many areas. Chrysanthemum is a fruit The flower is essentially a drug fruit like marijuana, coffee, and opium. And like with these other drug plants, the animal-luring-fruit is not sweet and bio-energy expensive for the plant to produce. Instead, the plant offers milligrams of an energy “cheap” drug to benefit the creatures that disperse the plant’s seeds. Also, Chrysanthemum may have other valuable drugs in the background, like how Marijuana also has THC and CBD. The salivary glands of blood insects Malaria migrates to the salivary glands of mosquitoes. We should look hard for other nasty pathogens here, in the salivary glands of the various blood sucking creatures. Where to look for undiscovered plant drugs 1/ With marijuana, we see how evolution has caused a plants to evolve numerous animal drugs: THC, CBD and CBN among others. 2/ With tobacco, we see largely the same thing, although the tobacco family of drugs mostly seem to be poisons that have all adapted to addict and then kill tobacco symbiots for their fertilizer value. 3/ The same evolutionary pressures and paths that cause a plant to evolve one drug often cause the evolution of other similar drugs — as well as perhaps opposite or cancelling drugs. 4/ The best place to look for new drugs may not be deep in the Amazon jungle, but deep in the genomes of plants that already produce other drugs. 5/ There might be a good opioid-addiction drug in the poppy genome, as a sort of cancelling drug to the main opioid drug of the poppy. Ancient Greek chrys•anthemum = golden•flower Given the number of carcinogens (malignant drugs) that have evolved in tobacco, it is hard to believe that anyone would be so dumb as to use ANY part of the tobacco genome in food plants. Yet it was widely done. What about the Chrysanthemum genome? That appears to be both more effective against insects and less toxic to mammals. What if we developed corn that had very low levels of pyrethroids in its leaves and husks, and perhaps none its seeds? How do the bugs get in to the seeds? It works on all insect born disease Ingesting small amounts of insecticide works on all insect-borne diseases like Malaria, Yellow Fever, Dengue, Zika, Bubonic Plague, Lyme, etc. If Malarial people take chrysanthemum… It kills all the mosquitoes that bite them and then nobody else gets Malaria from them. Is Chrysanthemum safe? Here we have a plant that has this symbiotic trick for the animals that eat it. It knocks down the herd following blood sucking bugs when the herds eat it. Then these herds prosper and the Chrysanthemum develops herds of seed dispersing symbiots to spread its seeds. Certainly Chrysanthemum started out being safer than unchecked outdoor bugs in a marshy summer. But subsequently it should have evolved to be both deadlier to insects and safer to the plant’s mammal symbiots. And especially the latter. Chrysanthemum has been optimized and re-optimized for countless migratory mammal species over many millions of years. So it would not be surprising if natural Chrysanthemum had one of the greatest differences between insect toxicity and mammal harmlessness of all the 1,000+ pyrethroids. Lyme disease insecticide prophylaxis Lyme disease can’t burden its tiny baby tick host very much, so it exists in utterly tiny quantities in the tick’s gut. Then it takes some days for the Lyme disease to grow a load in the tick’s gut, and to migrate to the tick’s salivary glands. If the new host’s blood is poisonous to the tick, and kills the tick in a day or two, then it should be very unlikely that there will be Lyme disease transmission. What about the other tick-born diseases? Pathogens that surf species Infected host populations do die out, so pathogens that can move between species have a big advantage. Inter-species infections = the new world A pathogen’s survival imperative is to spread and infect as many individuals as possible. Every time a new species is infected, it is a hugely important event for the pathogen, an event akin to the human discovery of new continents. Species surfing pathogens It seems that there are pathogens that specialize in being versatile and being able to jump from one species to another. That is their magic trick, and that is what has made them successful. Also, it would appear that most of these diseases (when mammalian) are heavily dependent on huddling bats to get between species. Diversification and why pathogens kill In general, pathogens don’t spread as well when they kill their hosts. A host walking around normally spreads/disperses the pathogen much better than a stationary dead animal. However, a bit of a diversified strategy might also sometimes be beneficial in small amounts. This is apparently why many diseases kill a sliver fraction of the individuals they infect. If say 1% of infections die and are consumed by carnivores, scavengers, and then insectivores eating blood-filled corpse-insects — Then these blood eating mammals will frequently carry the pathogen off to a fresh new species to infect. So pathogens do often benefit greatly from killing a sliver fraction of their host species. Why zoonotic diseases kill When pathogen kill, it is not normally to help the pathogen spread among the same species. Attenuation is normally how a pathogen spreads among the same species. Pathogens kill to spread to other species — mostly via the carnivores, scavengers, and insectivores that consume the blood of the dead host. In other words, Occasionally killing their hosts tends to lead to the zoonotic (zoo•nautical) jumps to metaphorical “new continents”. The genomes of pathogens (like every other living thing) are always trying out their ancient and once useful tricks that have become recessive and occasionally expressed. So when pathogens jump to a new species, or infect a new population — over time they tend to try out all the old and once successful traits that have evolved to become occasionally expressed recessive variations. And most pathogens have a whole basket of these recessive traits to try out occasionally… because occasionally expressing these golden oldies in new combinations tends to lead to success in a new evolutionary niche much more than random mutation. One old favorite trick of pathogens is to kill a few individuals in one of the many old and proven ways that have proven to be occasionally beneficial to the survival of the pathogen. And if this killing works better than not killing, the pathogen individuals with the killing trait become more of the species, the pathogen’s species. Symbiots vs. parasites When the pathogen graduates from parasite to symbiot, it can make its host produce vastly more copies of itself. In fact, the pathogen can turn its host-now-symbiot into a pathogen shedding and spreading/dispersing factory in direct proportion to the benefit that the pathogen gives to its host and symbiot. And this might boost reproductive output for the pathogen by several orders of magnitude. So achieving symbiosis is another sort of a new continent sort of thing for parasites. Counter-attenuated predator diseases Komodo dragons (the big lizards of Indonesia) have a pathogen in their saliva that is always fatal if it enters the blood. This apparently helps the big slow low-metabolism reptile to prey on fast moving mammals. Now what if a pathogen killed it’s true host’s predators (instead of its prey) and thus helped its true host to survive? Wouldn’t this pathogen tend to evolve towards being always fatal? So for secondary hosts that are the predators, or competitors of a primary host, the natural pressure towards attenuation can work backwards. And here is the main reason why nature evolves diseases that kill. This sort of relationship favors strains that are super-virulent to the other species — when this helps the pathogen’s true host to survive. So Bubonic plague was selected for virulence because it helped its true host (the marmots) to survive predators. And the same with Rabies, Ebola, etc. CAP diseases = Counter-attenuated predator diseases Always fatal blood diseases Rabies, Ebola, Hepatitis, HIV, and TB all eventually kill their hosts, and all attenuation only delays death. Komodo dragon saliva pathogen Maybe we should survey the salivary glands of the entire animal kingdom for pathogens. I bet we find salivary gland pathogen DNA in many forms of cancer. Our salivary “symbiots” According to Scientific American, Fuso•bacterium nucleatum, lives “harmlessly” in the gums of humans until sometimes it seems to have a role in helping some cancers to become metastatic. So this pathogen does two things that make it look like an attenuated CAP disease: A/ it lives in the mouth, and B/ it kills. Predator diseases migrate to the biting teeth Like with Rabies, many predator diseases tend to “migrate” to the salivary glands, mouth, and periodontal area. Basically they have evolved to go where they are most likely to be dispersed properly. Where to find CAP disease Many seem to “migrate” to the salivary glands where they can infect new hosts with minimal burden to their current host. Migration to the salivary glands More accurately, the pathogen goes everywhere and the immune system kills it… everywhere except the one place it helps the host to survive. So the bat lines that kept the protective pathogen infection in their mouths tended to thrive more than those that did not. Rabies is someone’s symbiot That Rabies both kills and spread via bites strongly suggests that it is some animal’s symbiot. Which species is that? Which mammal species benefits most from rabies? A good compass Which bats are most immune to rabies? Which bats are most immune to the other various diseases that plague people? Collect some of each species. Infect a couple. Lock them up for a time. What percent of the other bats get infected after X days? This is such an easy compass, and it gives hard numbers and a topography that points right to the most problematic species. Rabies madness and biting Rabies spread via saliva and blood. It also apparently spreads best when the host animal is walking around infected and “mad” for a while. First this is with no symptom, letting the animal do as usual for some time. Then after a while, rabies typically causes the host animal to change its behavior and go “mad” and act with bizarre aggressive, or fear. This way, the host animal bites lots of different animals in many species. All these infected animals eventually die. In cats, this can be up to a year — a year of biting mice that often get away. Then the host become food for predators, scavengers, and corpse insectivores. And any one of these animals might bring the disease back to its kind and infect many of them. So there are clearly some diseases like Rabies & Ebola that don’t attenuate like “normal” because this impairs how well they spread as predator/ corpse/ blood diseases. Why so many diseases hardly ever kill Dogs can follow individual people and prey animals by the faint residual smell they leave in the surroundings. Dogs can also sniff out particular diseases. They can also discern the healthy from the sick, and the sick from the dying. So dogs can probably also remember the smell of a pathogen on an animal that died of an infection. And after exposure to this particular smell, the dogs might carefully avoid this smell in the future. And doubtless many animals are a bit like this. This seems to be why so many diseases hardly ever kill. If many animals come across dead bodies, then they start to avoid living animals that smell anything like that way. Then the pathogen can’t spread. Fruit bat also carry deadly diseases 1/ Marburg virus has been isolated in fruit bats. 2/ Nipah virus is spread when fruit bats lick and urinate on date palm sap. Humans become infected when they consume the raw infected date palm sap. Nipah kills 70% of its victims. So here with Nipah virus is an example of a CAP disease carried by fruit bats. Does bird flue come from bats? Bird flue is what bats need, it eliminates bat competitors and predators. Why kill the old pt. 1? Maybe it is not simply that the old are weaker and die easier. Maybe it is also that the old have more varied smells. Maybe pathogens have been conditioned by their environment to kill the old because it is harder to discern the smell of the pathogen. Thus the pathogen can kill more without causing animals to avoid its smell. Why kill the old pt. 2? 1/ Old animals have already reproduced, and their death does not matter as much from the standpoint of a parasite not-burdening its hosts. 2/ Killing the old animals may be symbiotic, especially if they are old, or male. This appears to be part of why males die 18.6% younger than females in many mammals, and 8% younger in humans. Fusobacterium nucleatum and cancer This “harmless” mouth bacteria sometimes becomes part of tumor cells in the colon. Perhaps when it kills in this way, other animals can’t fix on the infection’s smell. In fact, the prey animal probably smells like it died of cancer and is thus perfectly safe to eat. So the predator/scavenger eats and becomes infected, instead of avoiding the infected meal. Pathogens that cause cancer 2/ Human Papilloma virus 3/ Helicobacter pylori 4/ Hepatitis B 5/ Hepatitis C 6/ HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus-1) 7/ Human Herpes virus-8 8/ Merkel cell Polyoma virus 9/ Simian virus-40 10/ Chlamydia Trachomatis 11/ Epstein Bar Virus. 12/ Fusobacterium nucleatum Here we see 12 examples of CAP diseases that have attenuated to the point that they cause a fatal type of cancer later in life. Attenuation vs. counter attenuation 1/ Counter attenuation only occurs in the bodies and evolutionary reality of prey species. Once the disease starts spreading among a new host species that is not a prey animal, normal attenuation takes over. 2/ There are two sorts of reality for CAP diseases. One reality is in the prey species reality, where the disease benefits a bit from killing the predators of its reservoir host. The other reality, is where the disease never wants to kill its hosts in a way that smells like the disease. 3/ This back and forth is where many pathogens evolved to kill late life in a way that smelled like natural causes. Are viruses nocturnal like bats? Even indirect sunlight is deadly to micro-organisms. Maybe the bats are nocturnal because their protection diseases are not as contagious in the daylight. Clearly the vapors droplets dry up faster in the day and also the sunlight kills the pathogens inside the water. Maybe flu season is from this. And maybe all crowded covered public places with less than 6-foot distancing should maintain daylight-like levels of UV light as a sanitation measure. The pathogen-cancer DNA search-engine project We sequence all the bat viruses, bacteria and fungi for all the bats and then we look for DNA matches in all the various sorts of cancer, vascular tissue, Alzheimer’s brain tissue, etc. Maybe we should also take samples of various sorts of clogged-up arteries and aneurisms from cadavers and look for bat pathogen DNA matches there too. Cancer: hereditary, toxin, or pathogenic? The toxin cancers from tobacco and asbestos were easy to spot. And there are probably more. The hereditary cancers are also also easily spotted. We don’t seem to have come nearly so far with pathogenic cancers. How HIV kills by stealth 1/ That HIV kills by cancers, cardio vascular disease and secondary infections are olfactory cloaking devices that allow the disease to kill and not smell like an infection death. 2/ That HIV kills in so many different ways make it is harder to detect by smell. 3/ HIV is a very old and very highly evolved pathogen that has evolved many ways to do the same thing. Why does it need so many ways to kill? So it can’t be easily identified by smell. 4/ We should make a graph where all the known diseases are given an increment in a bar graph for all the known ways they kill. The one’s that kill in the most ways are probably oldest. Blood diseases must be stealth killers So the scavenger is sniffing the dead corpse. Many can tell when animals died of infectious diseases, and it knows to stay away from this smell and not to eat it. So what do the blood diseases do? They kill by stealth, by cancer, or any indirect way they can evolve. So the blood diseases as a class look like they are probably causing many late life problems in humans. A dog and rat experiment Take some rats and kill them with an infection that is deadly to dogs: 1/ Do hungry doges eat the infected rats, or can they smell the disease? 2/ If the dogs don’t eat the rats, do they avoid eating still living rats afterwards that are infected and smell of the disease that killed the other rats? 3/ Is the dog behavior any different than the dogs encountering still living rats that smell of disease without encountering the dead ones? Bone marrow and blood cell diseases 1/ That HIV gets into the bone marrow is the pathogen diversifying into the bone eater niche — a 4th class of corpse eating mammal. Bone eaters give valuable longevity to the pathogen’s kills. So getting into the marrow is a big thing for these diseases that kill. 2/ Brain and nerve diseases also look like diseases for bone eaters. 3/ The image of hyenas breaking the bones of an infected animal needs to be on the office wall of everyone studying bone marrow and blood diseases as well as nervous system diseases. This reality is probably key to understanding where these disease come from, and what they are doing. 4/ We might find for bone diseases and antibodies in “hyena” saliva, as well as canine saliva. Maybe we should put extra attention into matching canine saliva diseases to cancers. Emphysema = wearing your lungs out disease Like every other part of your body, you lung tissues can only re-generate so many times. Emphysema is when a person has caused their lung tissues to regenerate excessively and many of the cell lines have died. Pathogenic lung cancer 1/ There seem to be pathogens of the respiratory tract that live “outside the body” on its airway surfaces. Some go into hiding and repeatedly pop up. Thus they repeatedly cause inflammation of the lungs, probably where they landed first. 2/ This repeated inflammation causes the cells to age, a process that is inherently carcinogenic. 3/ The pathogens that caused greater aging, to the point of lung cancer manage to kill while hiding their smell. These got eaten more by the predator, scavengers, bone eaters, and insectivores, and these individuals became more of the pathogen species. 4/ The viral cancer process seems similar to that of asbestosis. In both cases we seem to have this foreign irritant causing cells to die quicker and age faster, until they make a mistake in replicating and become a cancer. Allergy or lingering infection? Maybe the people who get pneumonia and then develop asthma have not developed an auto-immune problem, but are instead still suffering from the pathogen that caused the pneumonia. Maybe the asthma is the pathogen reactivating in what we call an asthma attack. Maybe some forms of asthma are from lingering infections. The pathogens that evolved to wake up when there was lots of pollen in the air might have out-survived the ones that did not: This pollen irritation would help them get in better after all. Also, perhaps we contract the hay fever pathogen by going out when the pathogens that spread on pollen are active. Perhaps the hay fever allergies are from the same hitch-hiking pathogen(s). For all these respiratory allergies, maybe it isn’t your body that is reacting. Maybe the pathogen is waking up and getting your body to help with its agenda of spreading. Maybe that is why you sometimes notice the Gerd before you notice the smell of the thing that triggered it. Why do some sorts of cells age faster in some people? Perhaps it is from pathogen infections killing certain types of cells faster than the others. And this is exactly what we expect from pathogens that want to kill in a whole bunch of different and natural smelling ways. Many diseases have tended to evolve to target one type of cells or another. And these tend to be the cells they live in and burn up. So we should especially look for pathogen DNA in these faulty tissues. What traces do we find using our pathogen DNA search engine? Why DNA spirals Is it because the spiraling makes the DNA less vulnerable to breakage by stretching, like the spiral wire on an old-style telephone receiver cord. Loss of taste/smell in COVID patients 1/ This gets many host animals eating things they should not eat and dying as a result. And they die in a way that has no smell of COVID. Thus their blood tends to get eaten more by predators, scavengers, and insectivores. Thus the pathogen perhaps makes it into a new species. 2/ This is/was probably deadly to species that are heavily reliant on smell, species like bats and dogs. 3/ Nasal congestion accomplishes the same thing and is a common way pathogens take aways the senses of smell and taste to kill a few host individuals by stealth. HIV looks like an attenuated CAP disease HIV is always fatal, and it is most effectively transmitted by the blood. So it looks like it started as a CAP disease, and then evolved to be a primate mounting disease like SIV. But it appear to have been symbiotic in how it helped eliminate the non-reproductive males (low-status mounted ape males), so there could be more reproductive females given fixed food inputs. Here we note that ape mounting behavior make little sense without HIV/SIV, but it make perfect sense with it. The mounting tended to be the eventual kiss of death for the recipients, death by hepatitis and HIV and other gay men’s diseases. Let’s graph the number of offspring for each male chimpanzee in a troop. Let’s also graph the number of times each male was mounted in prior years. The mounted males should not be producing many offspring. And this is the niche that SIV and HIV exploit—getting rid of the non-alpha mounted ape males that didn’t produce many children. Animals hiss, spit and bark partly because it causes infected “saliva” droplets to go airborne. This helps infect predators with whatever infections the prey animal has — like say a CAP diseases perhaps. Thus hissing individuals survive better and become more and more of the species. At first, animals evolved to hiss because the predators that didn’t get frightened-off, tended to get sick and die out. Then some predators evolved to fear hissing. Then other animals started hissing because it scared predators away. Now it seems to be a mix of everything. Bat cave colds All the human coughing and sneezing and nasal itching, the discomfort, the snot, and the lung mucus. All of it helps the bats diseases spread in bat cave cave huddles. This is what all this stuff evolved for — to help pathogens spread better in a dark bat cave, among sleeping bats, when the cool daytime bat metabolism is good for incubating diseases. Sicker when you go to bed This is another thing that comes from the bat cave. This gave the bats a higher viral load of protective diseases when they huddled to sleep together. Why do predators have such strong immune systems? 1/ This is needed to deal with the diseases they catch from their raw meat diet. 2/ The hard part of being a meat eater is not only catching the prey, but also having a strong enough immune system to cope with blood diseases. People should be more careful about eating a/ Under-cooked meat, particularly jerky b/ Wild meat, particularly wild varmints (from vermins). We all should have an illness reporting app on our phones. Got a fever, headache, sore throat, runny nose, etc.? Report it. Then the “CDC” can make these real-time maps of infectious illnesses. This gives faster data than waiting for people to go to a clinic. Let’s say you could have a pig pen next to your bed. There is a dryer hose and some little fans that take the air from right next to the pig at its snout, and pumps the air right above your pillow while you sleep. This is a completely awful idea right? You are going to catch something… right? The point I am trying to make is that eating rare meat is probably a greater health risk. Eating undercooked wild “bush” or varmint meat is dangerous for all mankind, not just you. Bubonic Plague seems to comes from squirrels more than rats The Black Death apparently comes from the fleas of marmots, which belong to the squirrel (sciuridae) family. And in the US at least, many primary plague infections seem to come from contact with squirrels. So with plague, we are perhaps wrong to worry mostly about the filthy rats. Instead we should perhaps worry more about the cute little squirrels. We really should do some research about the true proportion. Knowing this proportion might save a great many lives one day. How fast diseases march 1/ Perhaps the “fast marching diseases” like plague, diseases moving inexplicably fast are vectored by bats. 2/ There is probably a formula where march speed = bat range over incubation period. Why did the rodent get big again? Rodents are all about being small, low cost, plentiful and expendable. How come some rodent species have abandoned the small and low cost tactic and grown large again? (for example Marmots)… Isn’t this like how on islands, many species grow big when they have no predators? Apparently Marmots are on this virtual island as a species—and they don’t have to worry much about predators. This apparently is due to the bubonic plague they carry, and perhaps other diseases. What other rodent species have gotten big and fearless due to their germ weapon(s)? Fearlessness is a symptom of CAP diseases Apparently marmots come right up to people. Apparently their species has no need to fear other animals. Thus they can infect and cause no harm themselves. This seems to be another sign of species that harbors a killer disease. Maybe we should trap and sample the blood of fearless creaturess—for what if 1/10,000th of them has a nasty plague. The strong smell of rodents This is like the poisonous snakes with the bright coloring. The rodents are shouting: “stay away from our kind”. They are associating their smell with their diseases. They don’t care if predators can detect them more easily. Better all the other animals learn to stay far away from their kind. Just don’t eat MY kind It is actually better if the predator is still around eating your competitor species, but not your species. So perhaps GERD and other upper digestive ailments are the result of a pathogen like Helicobacter pylori that puts predators off eating certain prey animals. Which species harbor Helicobacter? The bark of this tree Maybe it is more important that the blood of all the various mammals of the world be scanned for infectious diseases. This preventative medicine is perhaps more valuable than the botany of treatments — for here we stop the problem at its source. Plague breeding species Where is the next super-bug is going to come from? Probably where past super bugs came from. Non-transmissible between humans Think about how bird flu has been caught by humans, but does not seem to transmit between humans. There are two possible reasons for this: A/ The disease (which can already reproduce inside single humans) needs to mutate so that its copies can infect others. –– OR –– B/ Bird flu is like HIV and Hepatitis-C. It is hard to transmit. It needs blood-to-blood, or ingestion of blood, or inhalation of dry bird feces, or some precise set of conditions to spread. Here we note how “everyone” touches and occasionally eats raw bird flesh, but few people come in direct contact with human blood or flesh. Apparently only 3% of people diagnosed with Hepatitis-C pass it on to their long term sex partners. It is one of the most important things in medicine to know how diseases spread, and which practices lead to the transmission of which diseases. The red “Plasma virus load” line in the above graph is the viral load for HIV. Note how the viral load is in the thousands except in the initial 12 weeks and in the late stages of the disease. Also note that the viral load can be in the millions for these periods. Now considering that Hep-C swims in the same animal blood ponds as HIV: Maybe we should use the HIV viral load curve as our mental model for the viral load of Hepatitis and many other diseases. And maybe, some of these have a late life pick-up, and some just taper-off. And maybe with Hep-C, the initial short spike in viral load and infectiousness is only a few days, and these are both many times what they are afterwards during the long tail. Perhaps the 3% number is due to timing and a disease that is only contagious for a short while. Then, after this the disease is seldom passed between people. We must do it Blood-to-blood exposure is the touchstone for seeing if inter-species transmission is possible. We need to know all the zoological niches for all blood-to-blood transmission of all diseases. And injecting animals in this way is going to bring an early death to a few old/weak/particularly vulnerable individuals in each species. But we will use this knowledge to bring eternally greater health to both ourselves and to all animals. Central Asia Marmots If these are the main bubonic plague reservoir species: 1/ The same forces that cause them to develop one disease will also cause them to develop others. So they might carry other nasty diseases. We should first have multiple teams looking for these diseases for some years before culling. 2/ We may want to have a few walled marmot reserves and eliminate the marmots from most of their habitat. Here is a counter attenuated predator disease that always kills. And in the process of killing it causes victims to cough up blood clots that are full of infectious TB germs. Each must smell quite a bit like a bleeding animal or a kill. Thus the TB chunks get carefully sniffed by predators going along that game trail. And it is a little blood here, and some weeks later, a little blood there, exactly what the pathogen needs to spread best. We should probably view TB transmission in the context of a coughed-up blood clot being carefully sniffed by a predator. This would explain why TB is so hard to pass on between humans. We are not generally sniffing the blood other people cough up. Although we might be near while someone coughing up a TB blood clot. We should probably tell all once TB positive people that if they have to cough, then they must try to social distance. It seems that there is little bacteria squandered anywhere but in the area and time that a clot is being expelled. And TB is otherwise “1-in-a-million” contagious. Perhaps hepatitis C and many other hard-to-contract diseases follows this model. Now the half-life of untreated TB patients is about 5-years. Half die every 5-years. So TB is a blood disease, and one that re-attenuated to turn the victims into multi-year blood-spitting spreading-platforms. Which diseases can bats network and pass along? Can bat colonies be made into vector networks for spreading TB? Why don’t we feed some TB infected blood to some hunger stressed and immunosuppressed bats without enough food. Do the other bats get TB? What about all the other diseases we know they carry? Also, TB looks just like a bat-borne blood illness. Gay men’s diseases Aside from HIV and Hepatitis, which diseases (including late life diseases) are more common among gay men? It should be easy to find these diseases, and catalogue them, and generate statistics so people will know the true risks. Pathogens don’t normally evolve towards virulence Pretty much all pathogens find it hard to spread among modern humans with their medical knowledge and adaptive responses. And the deadlier the pathogen, the more we respond with counter measures. So we should expect that nearly all pathogens, nearly always rapidly attenuate in humans as a result. Also we should expect that when pathogens “mutate” and become deadlier in humans, it is probably from re-introduction rather than actual mutation. After all, the original zoological sources are the only evolutionary route that is driving evolution “backwards” towards virulence. Human epidemics and time If virulence only evolves in prey species, then the longer the pathogen exists in human hosts, the more it should re-attenuate. Limited pathogen resources 1/ The pathogen’s resources are typically limited given the demands of blind dispersion. So the pathogens evolve to focus their efforts and put their offspring where they will be able to reproduce best and survive. 2/ Pathogens evolved to infect the blood so predator, scavengers, and insectivore will consume the pathogen in the first place. 3/ Pathogens also evolved to infect the nasal and respiratory tracts, urine and feces, so the disease will get blown around in the bat cave, and between other social animals like dogs and rats. It is also so hissing animals will pass the infection. A highly varied appearance… to the immune system Pathogens are all masters of disguise when it comes to immune systems. After all, aren’t they just burglars sneaking around and re-purposing our bodies—until our immune system can recognize them and eliminate them? So maybe the evolution of pathogens is more about cloaking and disguises than anything else. The pathogen’s objectives 1/ Produce lots of offspring. 2/ Get offspring dispersed well. 3/ Go undetected by current host’s immune system. 4/ Go undetected by new host’s sense of smell. It isn’t mutation really Most pathogens are not truly mutating very much. Mostly, they are expressing some old and already well refined recessive traits long in their genomes. What happens when bats regularly drink livestock blood with antibiotics in it? Does their 20-million cell disease-breeding-network then breed pathogens that are resistant to the new obstacle in their objective of virulence? Are bats the main source of anti-biotic resistance? 1/ Bats are known to carry Staphylococcus. 2/ MRSA is not only a thing of hospitals. It also affects farms among other places. Is it camouflaged? Evolution frequently causes parasites to camouflage and hide themselves. Think of how hard it is to spot flesh-colored tick blood sacks on a dog’s belly. Symbiots don’t have to camouflage. The rewards of their helpful symbiosis is enough to keep the relationship going by itself. Why the pathogen makes us feel bad Think about the flu. Incapacity from sickness must turn many animals into prey, and scavenger pickings, thus they will tend to infect other animal species. But they don’t stink like they died of the flu. Yet they tend to become prey and scavenger pickings. That is why you have body aches. Pathogen dispersal trumps all Just as seeds dispersal is all-critical to plants, infection dispersal is all-critical to pathogens. So we need to realize that infectiousness is the main objective/ benefit to a pathogen. And little else really matters in comparison. Whatever works survives and becomes the species. Pigeons fly out over a large area scavenging food and dead animals from our cities. Then they roost together rather like bats. They may not be mammals (like bats) with similar metabolisms, but on the other hand they live much closer to us, and in great numbers. So they spread fewer diseases, but they are still a vector network. For example histoplasmosis fungus is spread by dry dust from both bat and bird droppings. Cryptococcosis and psittacosis are two other less deadly bird dropping diseases that we know of because they produce immediate symptoms. There may very well be other attenuated bird dropping diseases that only produce problems later in life. If we are going to “drain the swamp” and get rid of the worst disease vectors, urban pigeons should be on the list. All creatures that transmit human diseases are vermin when they come to live with us. All should be eliminated from every human community on earth as best we can. 4/ Rodents (including squirrels) Nobody cried for small pox Nobody cried when we made smallpox go extinct in the wild because it is a “criminal species” in the “society of living things”. Likewise, nobody can rightfully object to killing all the ticks or rodents or pigeons infesting a city. Do mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas benefit the ecosystem in any way at all? What about bats? I bet we eventually realize: 1/ That removing insectivore bats does not increase insect populations by a detectable amount. 2/ That the disease spreading bats are more of a problem than the insects they eat. Species that harm other species, their habitat, or people, and especially if they harm people — these species should be thought of as criminal. Criminal species may be brought into captivity, and made extinct in the wild. This will greatly reduce disease — all disease — including a lot of late life diseases that people take for natural aging. Eliminate from the wild? It might greatly benefit mankind and the other mammals if we took some germ-warfare, or plague-carrying species into captivity, and eliminated the rest from the wild: 1/ Vampire bats and certain other types of huddling bats that eat corpse insects for example. 2/ Certain oversized rodents. 3/ Wild pigs. Places without a certain animal What late life diseases are less common where there are no bats? What about where there are no dogs, squirrels, pigeons, or pigs? What about people bitten by certain animals, what late life diseases do they suffer more from? Staying away from wild animals There needs to be more public information about this. And people need to understand that the risk is not that one individual will get sick and die, but that a new disease like COVID will be unleashed upon mankind. This is why people should avoid contact with wild animals. Many animal species mixing at the zoo Zoos are a terrible idea from an epidemiological standpoint. And “the world famous San Diego Zoo” is perhaps the worst. This is because the San Diego zoo is right by the airport of a huge tourist attraction city. And landing in San Diego, you fly right over the beautiful zoo and interesting-looking Balboa Park. (Quite Beautiful and interesting from the air.) So people from all over the world arrive, and many go straight to see the “World famous San Diego Zoo” before doing anything else. Thus, one of the world’s largest animal collections is constantly exposed to fresh diseases from all parts of the world. And many other people visit the zoo on the way out. These people get exposed to the world’s largest animal collection right before heading-out to all parts of the world. And many people bring their kids, which crawl around and touch everything, and then put their hands in their mouths, or rub their noses, or eyes. The alternative is to put all our zoos far away from big cities, and more spread out, or behind glass. This is sold by the roadside in so many places around the world—and few people have any concept of the dangers. There really should be a worldwide campaign about how dangerous it is to eat wild varmint jerky—and also to butcher varmints. We need to explain how it is not enough to dry meat and prevent it from spoiling. There are other pathogens and parasites in the meat that are not killed in the drying process. And again, it’s not just the jerky eater’s health that is at risk. Eating under-cooked jerky puts everyone’s health in danger. So selling under-cooked meat, particularly under-cooked wild meat should be illegal worldwide. Stop the varmint hunting Hunting varmints for food: 1/ Occasionally causes terrible plagues. 2/ Causes much late life disease. 3/ Is bad for species conservation. 4/ Is inefficient and wastes a great deal of time. 5/ Is not a significant source of food. Varmints in cages Varmints in cages are certainly more infectious than dead varmints. The trade in live wild animals for food or pets should be entirely halted worldwide on the grounds that it may lead to plagues. Rodent to pet to human The double jump from rodent to pet to human is unlikely, especially considering the strong immune systems that cats and dogs have. It is better to have the pet kill/ eat/ reduce the numbers of rodents than to leave the rodents around to infect humans. Separating from the animals I bet we eventually realize 3-things about disease: 1/ Most new and nasty varieties of diseases come from other animals. 2/ Most late life disease comes from attenuated pathogen infections decades earlier. 3/ People should be staying away from wild animals, and never butchering them, or getting their blood in their mouth or eyes. Russian roulette for all mankind It is Russian roulette for all mankind when people to eat many species of wild animal, or uncooked jerky, or meat. And keeping wild animals as pets is a similar sort of risk. A stay away from wild animals campaign If all the new varieties of diseases are coming from other animals, then maybe we should have a worldwide campaign against eating and interacting with wild animals except perhaps those with hooves. Better isolation from a few creatures is how to stop most disease. Wild animal walls What if we walled all the human communities worldwide? What if we put a 6-foot block or precast concrete wall around all the world’s communities. This separates all the wild animals and crawling insects from the human community. What if we put a 10-foot flying insect fence/screen above our 6-foot animal wall? This fence is perhaps made of chain link panels, with standardized bug screening panels that clip in. The screening is regularly sprayed with insecticide. As most flying bugs stay close to the ground, most land on the screen and die soon after. 1/ The non-flying insects can be more or less permanently eradicated inside the zone with a single application of pesticides. Also, most of the flying insects are prevented from entering. 2/ Due to the ring of animals on pyrethroids, and the screening, perhaps very few mosquitos will be able to make it into the community. 3/ There are no mice or snake bites, or insects, or road kill. 4/ Six-foot cinder block wall (on 2-foot footings) costs about $120/ lineal foot, or ~$650,000/mile. Then we add maybe $350,000 for fencing and screening/ mile. So a 20-mile x 20-mile square fenced area (with an 80-mile permitter) might have a one time cost of $80-million for a city of say 3 million to share. That is a one time cost build cost of $28 per person. (although tilt-up panels are probably better and cheaper.) 5/ Given the per person cost of building a wall like this, the fences might be 3 stories tall in many cities, so they are more effective at keeping the flying bugs out. 6/ If we spray the inside area with insecticide once, then we have 400 square miles of land where we can live mostly pest free without any additional pesticides. And maybe this pesticide breaks down in a few weeks, and long before human use of the land. 7/ We also imagine fields that are made free of insects by a single initial application to the ground, and then kept mostly free of insects by a grid of insecticide screen walls every so many miles apart. Thus only the walls need regular spraying, not the fields. Fluoridated waterInsecticided water Fluoride is terribly toxic stuff, but we only put a tiny amount of it in the water. What if we did this with the pyrethrin in the tap water across Africa’s bug zone? What if people were supposed to water their livestock and there were artificial watering holes for wild animals. Then many animals would be made poisonous to mosquitoes. Maybe the aid water will be insecticided, so it will both be safe to drink and also it will significantly reduce new malaria infections among other mosquito diseases. We all should have an illness reporting app on our phones. Got a fever, headache, sore throat, runny nose, rash, etc.? Report it. Then the we can generate real-time maps of infectious illnesses. Rat dogs in action They don’t normally draw blood from the rats. Instead, they grab the rodent by the middle (away from both infectious openings) and instantly shake vigorously. It is hard to say what exactly is going on without slow-motion, but this motion probably sloshes the brain of the rodent causing instant disorientation and anesthesia. And once the dog gets going, it develops this towel snap motion that breaks the rodent’s neck. The dogs that did not consume much blood, or end-fluids out-survived the ones that killed by biting. That is why they bite in the middle. Jerboas and monkey pox This looks like another CAP disease. River animals and infectious disease Think of the mammals living in runoff water contaminated with the feces, and corpses of other animals. These must already have a high resistance to disease. Which muck rooter is going to survive best?… The animal that carries lots of diseases to plague predators and competitor animals: or the animal that doesn’t carry any disease? Here is why so many diseases come from, or via pigs. Here is why all the world’s hog populations should be separated and quarantined. The stink of pig manure Is the pungent odor of the pig pen like the distinct smell of mice? Is it an infectious animal teaching would-be predators a lesson with that smell? The pigs also perhaps roll in their manure as a 2nd line of defense, another line of germ warfare for predators. China and pigs The Chinese character for the word FAMILY is essentially a pig under a roof. And even today, about 20% of Chinese pigs come from small holdings where the pig lives in the same building as the humans. The old Chinese way is that the pigs lives in the not-so-well-sealed-off crawl space under the house. It is these small pigs-in-the-house families that are thought by many to be the world’s main source of swine flu epidemics. So this practice should be stopped. Wiping out swine flu Mandatory pig-farm separation and quarantine might add a tiny bit to the price of pork. But it will greatly curb the many swine flu varieties and the late life diseases they cause. So let’s change the rules of pig farming worldwide and put a complete halt to pig diseases. New international rules of pig farms Pig farming minus the human diseases 1/ No hogs may be kept in the same building that people live in or work in. 2/ We want our pig populations fully isolated from each other, from other animals, and from people. Then pig meat will be clean for mankind and good to eat. 3/ There should be a licensing process that make it unprofitable for people to keep less than say 500 pigs. And this should be so for the entire world. 4/ All pig factories must be a safe, and odor-free distance from all communities. 5/ All pig factories should be 100% sealed with regard to contact with land animals, bats, birds and even flying and walking insects. If there are any doors, openings, or skylights, they must be both netted and screened. 6/ As few people as possible should come in contact with live pigs. We should push all hog faming worldwide into robotic factory farms that have mandatory entry and exit quarantines for the few on-site workers. There are robots or shock collars that drive the pigs along, and for their meals, exercise, and a robotic “car-wash. When the pigs are out of their sleeping bowls, their bowl is washed out, and the waste sent down the drain by an overhead robot on overhead rails. So there is no mud or filth in the pig’s life. It is a place of skylights and indoor laps on concrete. 7/ This is a big part of how we “cure the common cold” and eliminate most pig-borne colds and flus. It is also how we eliminate a great many attenuated, late life diseases that “colds and flus” tend to give rise to. 8/ All the feral hog populations need to be considered vermin and either relocated to islands or exterminated. Bats and pigs If we get serious about eliminating vectors, we probably should keep bats and pigs totally apart. It is not hard to imagine diseases cycling through one network into the other and back again. How much do bats accelerate time for pathogens? 2-fold? 20-fold? 200-fold? Doubtless it depends on the pathogen and bats. Bat diseases & Metcalfe’s law Metcalfe’s law restated for biology says that: Evolutionary speed = population squared. So linear increases to the breeding population: 2X, 3X, 4X, 5X, etc. have an exponential effect on evolutionary speed 4X, 9X, 16X, 25X, etc. So if a hypothetical Coronavirus is living in 11 equal sized animal populations connected only by bats, removing the bats will cut evolutionary speed for the Coronavirus by 11-squared, or 121-fold. In other words, getting rid of the bats will cut the speed of evolution and adaptation by over 99%. Metcalfe’s law and evolution Metcalfe’s law (posited by George Gilder) was intended for computer networks, but it also applies to the adaptive speed of biological breeding networks. Metcalfe’s law states basically that a network’s “value” equal to the square of the number of nodes the network has. With biological networks it might read: The adaptation rate of a breeding network is an exponent (a square) of the breeding population. So when two equal sized breeding networks are combined, evolution doesn’t just happen 2X as fast, it happens 4X as fast. And when we divide a breeding network into two equally sized populations, evolution happens 4X slower. So if we eliminate bats from a disease’s breeding population, we might divide that family into 20 different populations that seldom interact. From here we imagine that eliminating cave bats might cut the adaptive speed of many diseases like those of the Coronavirus family by 20×20 = 400, or 99.75%. The Bracken cave This cave in central Texas is home to 20 million Mexican free-tailed bats [Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Molossidae)]. On one hand it can be called “the largest warm-blooded non-human vertebrate colony in the world”, and on the other hand it might be called “the world’s largest network for evolving fresh and super-virulent bat vectored zoonotic pathogens”. Immunologically, we are fighting an evolutionary war with a number of bat vectored diseases. If we find that we must keep the bats, then we might close the largest caves and drive the bats into nearby “bat-coops” man-made apartments that can be slowly spread over a great area a few meters a day. Thus the largest caves are “broken up” into smaller disease breeding networks. This presuming the bats don’t fly between coops too much. Otherwise, we have a huge evolutionary network that is working towards counter-attenuating mammal diseases and making them much more virulent. Also, if we are going to do any intervention, we would be wise to start with the biggest bat metropolises because this is where most of the counter-attenuating evolution is occurring. This is where evolutionary time is running fastest. Bats might not be important In that particular ecosystem 1/ What seeds do bats spread that birds do not? (Capture some birds and bats and keep them and feed them until they empty out. Then let them go. Who is passing what seeds?) 2/ Do bats really make that much of a difference in the insect populations? Let’s conduct tests. We will eliminate the bats from a test area and see how much insect populations rise. 3/ Do bats swallow seeds, or do they spit them out. Which plants are completely dependent on bats for pollination or seed dispersal? How to slash bat disease without killing all the bats 1/ Regularly test bat populations and cull the sick. 2/ Break up the large caves. Maybe we have these styrofoam sandwich mini bat caves: mini-igloos, fiberglass covered and can be carried in on a litter by 2 or 4 men. They also probably have a human door and a human window. Maybe we put lots of these in front of the bat caves before we net-over the cave entrance at 2:00am. Then when the bats return, they go to an igloo to roost. Then we spread the igloos around.3/ Use two-part “key-lated” (chelated) poison in live bait animals to only kill the vampire bats and remove these 3 species from the wild. Dark goats on even days, light goats on odd days. Bait animals unharmed, blood sucking mammals dead. Bats feed in 8 different ways 1/ Fruit eaters. 2/ Flower feeders. 3/ Flying insect insectivores. 4/ Ground insectivores. 5/ Vertebrate carnivores. 6/ Fish eaters. 7/ Blood feeders. How many human diseases does each type of feeder carry on average? We should have numbers on which species are the most problematic. We should also study what happens when we remove the bats from the wild in isolated areas. Because of their disease network, bats are actually one of the most important animals to know about, especially for health care people. Let’s not kill them all before we have a chance to study them. Bats are running so fast Apparently bats run a fever of up to 108°F (42.1°C) when they fly. So bats may not need much of an immune system. They might be simply outrunning most pathogens. Also bats seem to have evolved to help their protective pathogens, to keep them alive. So bat immune systems should get more attention. Also worth considering is bat longevity in relation to their high metabolisms. Bats don’t get cancer much 1/ Perhaps their metabolism and immune system protects them from the pathogens that have attenuated into causing a late life cancer. B/ Perhaps it is that their immune system can be more sensitive to cancer because it doesn’t have other threats. X/ I think it is probably only A, but I would not rule out that B is also happening. Bat network functions 1/ Counter-attenuate powerful mammal pathogens to protect the bats from predators like cats, raccoons, foxes, and skunks. 2/ Rapidly spread diseases between and among mammal species. This is another form of counter-attenuation. The bats at the center of the huddle There is often a concentric element to bat huddles. Let’s use super-accurate infrared thermometers to monitor the body temperatures of the bats in huddles. Are there a few super-hot infected bats in the centers of the huddles that feel good to be next to? Are all the bats the same temperature? Are the bats at the edge colder? Is there an economy of fever going on here? Will bats huddle around an electric heating element? How much higher are bat disease loads in the morning? Summoning the pathogenic demons Bats with their small guts and high metabolisms can get desperately hungry after only one night. Perhaps their immune systems then start “summoning the demons”, the pathogens, by helping the pathogens to surface. Bat diseases as memetic programming Did bats evolve to exchange diseases the way humans evolved to exchange ideas? Consider the saying knowledge is power — Knowing many ideas makes you powerful. For bats that saying might translate as: Diseases are power — Carrying lots of diseases makes you powerful. The right way to find bat diseases How to monitor bat populations for diseases The correct way to to monitor bat populations for diseases is to get the bats from the bigger colonies, feed them well for three days with no activity in a cool place. From day 2, they also get immunosuppressants. On the fourth day they get no food. On the fifth day they get a blood draw and euthanized, then we swab their openings and cut off one lower incisors, including some gum tissue. The bats must be destroyed after this because they have been “germ-weaponized” and are too dangerous to release. Collecting bat samples correctly When we look for new bat pathogens around bat teeth, we might want to try and simulate, or exceed the force of a bite so the stuff inside the tooth socket will come out. Beware, there may be very nasty pathogens here. Also maybe we concentrate on bats with particularly red gums prior to giving immune-suppressants. Bats as creatures of chronic infections Bats are already out-running pretty much all the mammalian diseases due to their fast metabolisms. If they are carrying an infection, it is probably a symbiot like the one in the always-deadly-pathogen in Komodo dragon saliva — a symbiot that the dragon lizards support and definitely benefit from. Bats are known to carry a great many such symbiotic pathogens that kill the animals they come in contact with, in various ways. A dog’s sense of smell The canine sense of smell seems to have primarily evolved to track prey animals by their scents. But there were also certainly evolutionary pressures for the dogs to tell one disease or health condition from another, helping the dogs to: 1/ Avoid infections that might sicken them. 2/ Discern the truly weak from the somewhat weak. Enabling the canines to become symbiots — by culling the unfit, rather than being indiscriminate predators. Thus more predation could occur and canine populations could increase. Dogs learn negative associations with illness smells very fast Let’s fill a district with lots of pre-diabetics mixed in with healthy people. Many people bring their dogs here each day for a while to see if the dog takes to the training. Everyone in this community has an identical dog treat for each dog that comes near, and the dogs are all conditioned to be hungry at this time of day. And while everyone has a treat, the dog is only given food from the normal people. From the pre-diabetics and diabetics, the dog gets a mild bark collar shock before he can get the food. After a short while, the dogs will run from people who are pre-diabetic. 1/ We can perhaps do this with schizophrenia and other diseases where we are clueless about their etiology. Finding asymptomatic people that most schizophrenia dogs take for schizophrenic might help us understand the disease better. 2/ A corps of detector dogs will be the easiest and best method of early detection in many diseases. 3/ We can train thousands of dogs at a time to do this, for almost no money, and on an informal basis. 4/ We can train thousands of dogs at a time to do this, for almost no money, and on an informal basis. Dog bites are so common Each year, 800,000 Americans seek medical care for a dog bite. These people are at risk of rabies, pasteurella, staph, strep, and capnocytophaga. Surely there are other undiscovered late-life “detective diseases” that dogs tend to carry. Why have no symptoms at all? Why not a tiny viral load and more shedding? It may be because dogs and other animals can then smell the COVID and learn to avoid it. Train dogs to detect COVID …and you’ve got it made. Fast killing pathogens probably stink They might have evolved to stink as a means of protecting their hosts. If so we can easily train dogs to detect these diseases. That cold may give you cancer in 30-years There are a great many late-life diseases that seem to come from pathogens that merely sickened us decades earlier. COVID & high blood pressure The COVID virus enters the body through the ACE2 receptors that regulate blood pressure. And high blood pressure does help blood pathogens spread. So high blood pressure looks like it might be from an infectious agent like COVID. We should figure out which viruses attach here, or to the ACE1 receptors, because there’s a reasonable chance that one or more of these pathogens are the main source of late life high blood pressure. Is high blood pressure from a pathogen? If a pathogen elevates blood pressure, the individual becomes more stressed and aggressive and likely to attack and infect other animals with the blood disease. It is rather like how Rabies makes dogs “mad”. But with high blood pressure, this goes on for many years. So pathogens definitely would have benefitted from causing high blood pressure. Does stress activate high blood pressure like it activates Herpes? Stress is known to “activate” Herpes and cause outbreaks in a person. Perhaps stress also causes high blood pressure “outbreaks” in people infected with a high blood pressure. Perhaps stress in infected people raises blood pressure, which raises stress in a feedback manner. It is not hard to imagine that predator diseases might have evolved to amplify the stress that is is already present in host animals. This way, the attenuated pathogen was only stressing the host a bit, and was hard to detect by smell. Thus these pathogen individuals survived and became the species. Clotting diseases of late life COVID definitely causes clotting issues. When it eventually attenuates, it might cause clotting much later, perhaps decades later in life. So here we imagine a route for a delayed onset clotting disease dispersed/ spread by a pathogen much earlier in life. Another way to look at it is that many young people that had mild COVID symptoms today, may in their old age suffer severe symptoms from COVID in the form of high blood pressure. Also, blood clotting proteins are linked to arthritis. So perhaps some types of arthritis are from an attenuated blood disease. COVID and people with high blood pressure According to the CDC, around half of COVID hospitalizations are/were people with high blood pressure. Perhaps a different pathogen caused that high blood pressure by damaging the ACE receptors. Now perhaps a second coronavirus infection is causing even more damage to this system, fatal damage. COVID mortality by BP graph It is widely known that high blood pressure greatly increases COVID mortality. A little statistical granularity is easy to put together, and it might be very useful. On the X axis we have the last recorded BP prior to the COVID infection. And on the Y axis we have the mortality from COVID. There are two super-imposed lines, one for prior systolic and the other for prior diastolic BP. COVID & stroke COVID definitely attacks the inside of blood vessels, and this produces strokes in some patients. Perhaps some elder strokes are caused by similar blood pathogens that have attenuated to the point where they are only causing aneurisms and strokes decades later. Viruses & cancer The way viruses damage the genetic material of cells is known to be a big source of cellular malfunctions. Apparently the viral gene splicing produces errors, and frequently the same errors, the same sorts of cancer. So we should expect that some of today’s viruses will tend to cause cancers in later decades. Harmless bug, or late onset fatal Perhaps a “harmless” cold in our youth will kill us 30 years later. Sometimes it is a virus introducing a mutation that will much later develop into cancer, or perhaps the infection will cause heart disease, or vascular disease, or stroke decades later. The pathogens that strike quickly are easy to see. The attenuated late life pathogens are much harder to recognize. High blood pressure and shingles Maybe these are both end-of-life return-outbreaks of attenuated diseases. Maybe we can treat high blood with a vaccine the way we treat shingles How does antibiotic resistance occur? Is it mostly a matter of increased dormancy on the part of the bacteria? Given the way bacteria go dormant, chronic infections might be better treated by a course of antibiotics followed by one prophylactic dose every other days to keep the infection from returning while at the same time outlasting the dormant pathogen individuals. Lure ’em out with immuno-suppressants and then kill ‘em Are some hard to reach chronic conditions like herpes and HIV better treated (over the long term) with a combination of immunosuppressants followed by a blocker enzyme some time later. Turning infections on and off It is well known that bacteria go dormant when faced with stress. We need to figure out how the bacteria know to go dormant. If we know this, then we may be able to: 1/ Trigger dormancy with some harmless drug. 2/ Turn-off dormancy so our anti-bacterial drugs work better. 3/ Maybe we can use immune suppressants combined with antibiotics to lure the chronic bacterial infections out and kill them once and for all. 4/ Do sulfur sponging drugs increase the effectiveness of antibiotics. Excessive stress response It seems that the body’s excess stress response can wear out like its excess sugar response. So perhaps our stress response should be viewed as another aspect of the body that can wears out. Perhaps ACE-2 pathogens help our stress response to wear out faster. High blood pressure kills by stealth Here is a pathogen killing some of its host in a way that probably doesn’t smell like an infection. In fact, it may smell just like a very stressed prey animal dying of old age. Addicts, old gay men, and virgins The late-life illness statistics for these groups should be studied closely because every departure from the norm points to a contagious disease or lack-thereof. Is there a higher or lower rate of any late life disease in any of these groups? What late life conditions are virgins free of? What about remote people who have never been around a large group of people? What about New York subway passengers? What about people who let lots of dogs lick them on the mouth. What polyps, aneurism, and stroke are Some pathogens infections only cause localized inflammation. The inflammation causes the inner layers of cells growing faster than the outer layers. When this happens a polyp forms. With blood vessels, the polyp is called an aneurism. The cholesterol deposits that supposedly cause aneurisms If aneurisms are caused by pathogens, then the arterial plaque deposits look like the pathogen armoring itself against the immune system with a shell of calcium and cholesterol from the blood. So the plaque doesn’t actually cause the aneurism per se. Instead it acts like a limpet or abalone shell, keeping the immune system out and allowing the pathogen to thrive at that site. Then this local thriving pathogen community will often cause a polyp. True “bulb” polyps are apparently even better at keeping the blood and immune system out. Once these have developed, the pathogen can reactivate, and the immune system simply can’t easily reach it. 1/ If polyps and aneurisms are pathogenic in origin, we may be able to use a test to detect the bacterial proteins in the blood. 2/ Maybe we can use an angioscope to focus UV/ laser/ heat/ microwave/ cold or antivirals to kill local vascular infection if the plaque/ polyp is not too advanced. 3/ If the plaque is advanced, then perhaps we can use a mild acid squirts interspersed within a suction nozzle to remove the plaque. This like we do with the lemons and electric kettle build-up. But this seems unlikely except under suction due to the risk of break-away plaque in the bloodstream. This looks like a pathogen that embeds in the gut wall, but apparently cannot use the circulatory system. Once embedded, the pathogen either irritates or kills the cells where it embeds. If the pathogen merely irritates, this eventually causes a polyp to form. The pathogen also seems to have evolved to use sugar to rapidly form gas, before it can be digested. This results in gas which causes the polyp to pop out into the peritoneum where it creates a cul-de-sac for itself that is safer from the immune system. Eventually the pathogen goes into kill mode, causing the gut to perforate, killing the host after many years. Then the host is eaten and the disease spread. Gut flora transplants Sprinkling crop seeds in the middle of a forest doesn’t work. The trees must be cut down before the seeds are planted. Otherwise the trees will get all the light and the seeds will not grow. Perhaps in a similar way, the surface of the gut must be cleared of existing bacteria before the new bacteria can be expected to take hold. Maybe we need to use a water spray or UV kill off the existing flora in a few spots, so the new healthy transplanted flora we apply can take root. Blood pathogens and vascular disease When the blood pathogen gets into another animal, it is racing against time and being recognized by its new host’s immune system. So for many blood pathogens, it makes sense to attacks what they come to first: vascular linings. Here is where the pathogen gets a first toehold, perhaps its biggest toehold — before the immune system responds. Here is where the pathogen can establish a citadel for itself and change into slow vascular sabotage mode. First it builds up arterial plaque as a shield. Then it ramps up irritation of the blood vessel, eventually producing an aneurism pocket to use for hiding its offspring. Then the aneurism ruptures and kills the animal, “100% naturally”, with not a hint of disease odor. Bats connect periodontal & vascular disease The blood pathogen migrates to the bat’s teeth and makes them bleed. Painful teeth are a symptom Wherever we see infectious disease accompanied by painful teeth, we should note the symptom as this implicates a blood disease. Also, the salivary glands and nearby periodontal areas are another good place to look for otherwise undetectable predator diseases. The under the tongue salivary gland (a squirting gland) should tend to have other diseases still, hissing diseases perhaps. Bats with bleeding gums If nature favors bats that spread diseases best, then perhaps the bats that occasionally bite mammals have evolved to support an infection that causes chronic oozing periodontal bleeding. So when the bat bites, its blood mingles better (in two directions) with the blood of the victim. Thus diseases can transit via the blood of the bat directly into or out-of the blood of other mammals. We really should be culturing bat oral pathogens and looking for the same thing in human oral cultures. Also, maybe we should do some studies about what percentage of bats transmit diseases with one bite. A close up on vampire bats biting victims 1/ We imagine infected bat fangs that are not needed for chewing because the bat is wholly focused on blood drinking. These teeth are only needed for one bite in 24-hours, mostly. So these teeth don’t have to be very strong. So we imagine the bat’s tooth sockets as being perhaps spongy and chronically abscessed and full of infected blood. This starts oozing out when the bat bites and applies pressure to its teeth. 2/ When the bat’s infected and bleeding teeth bottom-out in skin of the victim, the bat keeps biting. Thus the bat’s blood is pressed out of the tooth socket and directly into into the wound of the victim. 3/ We imagine that the bat blood has evolved antibodies or some other means of coagulating its blood and bonding on contact with the victim’s open tissue. This is perhaps accomplished by a bat symbiot microorganism. Also, perhaps this blood binding pathogen is the cause of the clotting issues that COVID and some other blood pathogens cause. 4/ The exact mechanics of vampire bat biting should be studied under high speed video, especially with infected teeth. 5/ A great many otherwise hard to spread diseases seem to regularly flow into this species and that one thanks to the global bat disease network. Vampire bat teeth The small fangs close together in the front seem to be for thin skin. The longer teeth in the back seem to be for thicker skins like cow hide. There are only a few teeth because vampire bats have chronically bleeding gums to facilitate disease transfer in both directions. The energy burden of chronically bleeding teeth is reduced by eliminating unnecessary teeth. Also, when bat species evolved to have missing teeth, it suggests chronically bleeding gums… which evolved to better transfer biting diseases in both directions. Perhaps we will realize that these species need to be culled in the wild because they are a key factor in transmitting diseases. What bats pathogens need for spreading 1/ Mouth ulcers have what bat diseases need. 2/ Cold sores have what bat diseases need. 3/ Chapped lips have what bat diseases need. 4/ Nose bleeds have what bat diseases need.5/ Bleeding gum disease and tooth decay have what bats diseases need. 6/ Coughing asthma, and damaged airways have what bat diseases need. 7/ Sneezing and nasal sneeze allergies have what bat diseases need. 8/ Urinary tract diseases have what bats need especially when they cause infected urine to spray and get airborne more easily. 9/ Frequent urination has what bats need when it causes urination during the night and infection of the other bats when they are gathered. 10/ Sleep disorders have what bats diseases need. This gets the bats up and active at night when the other bats are gathered around. 11/ Night time acid reflux burps have what bat diseases need… body fluids airborne. 12/ Farts have what bat diseases need… body fluids airborne. 13/ Diarrheal illness has what bat diseases need. 14/ Rashes have what bad diseases need. 15/ Dry eyes and indeed all eye diseases have what bat diseases need.16/ Bed wetting has what bat pathogens need. Maybe this is from an infection. What if there is this pathogen that infects young bats and makes them incontinent for life, but only while they sleep. But it only expresses in 1-in-500 bats because it also spreads other diseases and burdens the bats quite a bit. The pathogen should be present in the urine. Is there any extra pathogen in the urine of bed wetters? What about urinary tract nerve tissue? How is this tissue damaged by pathogens? Does this teach us anything about other parts of the nervous system damaged by pathogens. The correlation between dry eyes and corneal detachment does not seem to be studied enough. Perhaps dry eyes are from a hit and run infection that sheds almost no copies so as to kill the host in totally natural smelling way. Gout, big toes and hooves The otherwise puzzling way gout attacks the big toe makes more sense when we realize that hooves are a homologous organ with big toes. In other words, gout looks like a transgenic pathogen that attacks the “big toe” joints of animals with hooves. So perhaps gout comes from contact with certain hooved animals. Furthermore, the similarities between gout and arthritis also implicate arthritis (and indeed much auto-immune disease) as possibly having a pathogenic source. Many cattle diseases like this one will mostly be conquered if the cows are constantly moving as a front by an electronic herding device. That is to say, if they are not eating each other’s waste. Giant stores that sell everything Think of how Walmart, Target, Cosco, and others seem to sell everything. Maybe through conjugation, and bats sustaining multiple protective pathogens, the various bat diseases tend to have more of a general store approach to the way they attack the body. Why Vampire bats are particularly dangerous 1/They drink the blood of animals, and this mingles with the blood from their bleeding gums. Then they often drink each other’s blood, mingling blood, forming a blood mingling network. Then when they bite the next animal to draw blood to eat, they mingle blood from their bleeding gums. So vampire bats create a blood-to-blood network for spreading hard to transmit blood diseases like HIV. In fact, HIV’s difficulty of transmission points in no other direction better than it points towards blood drinking bats. 2/ Many pathogens may start out in the bloody periodontal areas of vampire bats, where they don’t need to travel anywhere to infect the animals. Then they evolve to make the jump from burdensome bloody teeth, to nearby salivary ducts. Then they evolve to infect the sinus, lungs, and gut. Which bats carry which fleas? Can bubonic plague fleas be carries on bats? Which fleas, lice and other blood sucking insects live on bats? The cost of isolating the pigs, bats, insects and other vermin is a tiny fraction of the short-term health benefits this will bring. And that is to say nothing about the later life health benefits. Stop the infections Reducing the number of lifetime pathogen infections is probably the biggest and easiest thing we can do to reduce late-life disease. Teaching the immune system Maybe this isn’t necessary. Maybe we eventually realize that: 1/ Most old age diseases come from a few germ-warfare species like bats, pigs, and oversized rodents. 2/ People should avoid these animals when they have not been farmed properly. 3/ There should be punishments for people who take risks with all mankind to taste some rare animal’s flesh… flesh that tastes a lot like other meats. How pathogens accelerate aging Many pathogens are never completely eliminated. These go on, each slowly killing cells in various parts of the body, which get replaced more often than normal, thus the pathogens accelerate the aging process in a focused way. Nervous system pathogens These pathogens can slow down, but only to a point. And nerve tissue doesn’t really grow back. so this leads to degenerative diseases that effectively kill off a creatures nerve cells. Alzheimers and Herpes Herpes infects the nervous system. Herpes is also found in higher levels in the brains of people with advanced Alzheimer’s disease. Perhaps it is one of a few attenuated nerve diseases that cause peripheral nerve disease or Alzheimers. Glaucoma & herpes Not only is glaucoma a disease of the nerves, but those with herpes infections are more likely to get glaucoma. Maybe this occurs where the virus first infects the eyes. Or maybe it is from another pathogen that comes from the same place as herpes. The most common way that deadly pathogens attenuate is by down-clocking and killing in decades instead of days or weeks. So if we started with a Rabies-like disease that ate up the nervous system and produced madness in weeks and months: What would that look like if it attenuated to a decades time scale? It would look a lot like senile dementia, wouldn’t it? Senile dementia / Alzheimers Maybe this is 4 brain and nervous system pathogens that have all attenuated and produce vaguely similar mental decline symptoms via different mechanisms. The pathogen has been playing Jenga with the mind for decades. And now that the tower is wobbling you want a cure? The time to prevent Rabies is in the early stages of the infection. Peripheral nerve damage = Playing jenga with the nervous system Nerve cells don’t recover from infections well. So nervous system pathogens tend to be degenerative. The only question is how fast?… And which nerve cells get killed first? Some nervous-system pathogens have evolved to kill peripheral nerve cells first, and to kill them slowly. Either that or they mostly go for the unused cells, unless they are all gone. But this killing of the peripheral nerve cells is how the pathogen keeps its host alive the longest — the pathogen’s shedding/spreading/ dispersal platform. Once a pathogen starts playing Jenga with a host’s brain, it ruins the mind (as in Alzheimers) and the host dies soon after. However, before Alzheimers, there may be a measurable loss of nerve sensitivity in this or that place that serves as a herald of Alzheimers. Antibiotics causing peripheral nerve damage Is the antibiotic causing the peripheral nerve damage, or is the recovering bacteria? What is senile dementia Look at it from a zoological standpoint to really understand what is going on. We have this “dry rot” of peripheral (or non-essential) nerve activity. This is a disease long attenuated to the point of symbiosis. Connecting sleep apnea and Alzheimer’s They both look like different aspects of a bat disease. Sleep apnea probably helps spread the respiratory disease among huddled bats. The Alzheimers is the disease destroying nerve tissue as slowly as possible so as to stay alive and infectious as long as possible. Eventually the Jenga tower collapses and the person becomes demented or dysfunctional from Alzheimers. Then after decades of being a pathogen spreading platform, the host dies of what smells just like natural causes, so the scavenger train does not avoid the kill. Make the host act boldly Consider the aggressiveness and boldness of some animals when they are desperately hungry — then port it to flying bats. So bat feeding probably at times has an element of aggressiveness, boldness, or randomness. And this would help spread bat diseases. Rabies and boldness Consider the way rabies makes dogs act with bite other animals. Does rabies do the same thing with infected bats that normally do not bite? Did rabies evolve to make normally non-biting bats more likely to bite? Are there other diseases that evolved to make non-biting bats more likely to bite? Is this the source of some forms of severe mental illness? The two sorts of Super-spreader Most epidemics will have a short “spike” in patients, followed by a long tailing-off Like in the previous HIV graph. It is important to realize that both the short spike and the long tail have their own sort of super-spreader/ super-disperser. The super spreader of the short spike sheds lots of pathogen. The super-spreader of the long tail has a lingering infection that keeps the pathogen in the environment for a long time. Addressing both sorts of super-spreader is key to controlling a disease. Viruses humidity & exercise Dry air kills viruses faster, but it can also cause people to develop chapped airways, which makes them more susceptible. Humid environments sustain the virus longer but do not cause people to develop airway chaffing. The worst of both occurs when someone is: A/ Getting winded and chapped in dry air, such as a run in Phoenix, or skiing in thin dry mountain air, and then… B/ Going somewhere moist and crowded right afterwards like a crowded ski lodge. Winter sports and lodges The ski resorts of Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and Bergamo were all COVID hotspots before they were shut down. Look at the lifestyle. Days are spent getting winded, internally chapped and hypothermic in cold dry thin air. Then nights spent in a stuffy ski lodge bar with people from all over the world. 1/ It shouldn’t be too hard to figure out if getting winded and then going to a crowded place increases one’s chances of getting a cold. Let’s correlate breathing rate for 10-minutes with increased changes of getting some disease, and let’s study how long people must wait for things to return to normal 2/ We might need to close down all the bars and crowded restaurants in our ski areas as public health nuisances. 3/ If it is dangerous to winded and chapped in dry air and then go into a crowded place, then everyone should know this. The PE class run How many schools require that the kids go for runs in the cold dry winter air? How many kids get hypothermic noses from this? Then 30-minutes later, the kid is in a poorly heated classroom that is kept stuffy so it stays warm enough. How much of flu season is this causing? 1/ Kids should probably exercise after school, so the micro-lacerations can seal up overnight. 2/ We should have better temperature, humidity, and air-circulation guidelines for our schools. Cold buildings are a symptom of management theft Many building managers stubbornly and absurdly resist reasonable calls to set the thermostat temperature down in summer and up in winter. If the manager is making this decision, the reason is normally that there is more money to siphon off. In other words, poor conditioning of buildings is a symptom of property manager theft. Plagues taking the old and sick We have had it so good for so long that we have forgotten how it was normal for an epidemic to take the old and ill. Taking the old was normal. What happened less frequently was a plague that took many of the young as well as the old. Asymptomatic kids in school It isn’t only with COVID where kids can have a pathogen infection and frequently show no symptoms. This is the way things normally work with contagious diseases. Kids frequently get the disease and don’t know it. Then due to the school classroom huddling, they become super-spreaders in the community. The football huddle 1/ Get out of breath in dry fall-winter. 2/ Huddle closely to plan. 3/ Repeat many times. What is cold and flu season from? 1/ Is it from indoor air circulating less in winter? 2/ Is it from people getting chapped in dry winter air and then going into crowded places? 3/ Is it from a colder and lower energy winter-Earth stressing cave bats and causing them to share their diseases more? 4/ Is it from a lower immune response in colder cave bats? 5/ Is it from less UV light?None of these things would be hard to get answers on. What a valuable thing it would be to know which of these is responsible, and which are not. For then we might be able to stop cold and flue season entirely by focusing our energies where they will produce results. .The main cause of these seems to be the sharp edges on one’s adjacent teeth. The dentist can round these edges off in about 2 minutes without anesthesia. Also, having open cold sores probably makes one more vulnerable to a variety of other diseases. More fever cameras In Asia they have many more thermal video cameras in public buildings. We should probably require these in the US at schools, airports, subway stations, and other crowded places. Coughing or a runny nose Even if you know it is from allergies, you are supposed to wear a mask in public, just like in Asia. High school biology How much less reactive and less infectious are the various pathogens after they dry out for 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes? Quarantines help attenuate pathogens Quarantines are not only a tool for halting outbreaks, they also accelerate attenuation through natural selection. Step-1: Find a few people infected with a super-mild version of the pathogen. Step-2: Infect 40 death row inmates with this version. Steps-3 on: We find the mildest cases and repeat step-2. Eventually we have an attenuated version of the pathogen which we use to infect people. This is something that we should have started doing with COVID in January of 2020. So some months later, people could have opted for controlled infection by an attenuated version of COVID. Asexual reproduction leaks, or… 1:10,000 conjugation rates are all fast breeding bacteria need for “infinite” adaptability. A great many asexual reproducers seem to engage in genetic material exchange through conjugation at rates of up to around 1:10,000. This seems to be all that is needed for adaptation. This is because 2 to the 10th power = 1,024, and 2 to the 20th power = 1,048,576, and so forth. So for say streptococcus (with a 40 minute reproduction under ideal conditions), the survivors proliferate quite quickly. They can make up to: 1-thousand copies in ~7 hours, (0.1 exchanges) 1-million copies in ~14 hours, (100 exchanges) 1-billion copies in 21 hours. (100-thousand exchanges) 1-trillion copies in 28 hours, etc. (100-million exchanges) So there is no true asexual reproduction. It is only mostly asexual reproduction, and the small amount of sexual reproduction through conjugation is all that is needed to achieve “infinite” adaptability. If mid-day sunlight kills half of pathogens in a couple minutes, then even reflected and ambient UV probably creates an untenable habitat for those micro-organisms. Perhaps we can actually smell/sense this lack of micro-organisms in brighter places, vs dim places. Survivors caring for the sick There should be videos where the recovered and immune can be taught to help care for the still sick. Hot air high oxygen ventilation People don’t burn their lungs in 45° weather, maybe oxygen-rich hot moist air ventilation will harmlessly slow some respiratory infections. I imagine these CPAP-like machines that output hot respiration air at a very precise temperature and humidity and also high oxygen levels for the purposes of treating the membranes of our airways. And maybe they add zinc or anitibiotics, or anti-virals. Ridiculous Coronavirus names Let’s stop using 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 for Coronavirus names. Instead let’s reduce our mental overhead, and call them as Corona-1 to Corona-7. So Corona-1 to Corona-4 are common cold viruses, Corona-5 is SARS, Corona-6 is MERS, and Corona-7 is COVID. Let’s stop calling rubbing alcohol as alcohol. Let’s drop the alcohol part from the packaging and just call it isopropyl. Avoid unproductive coughing We should teach kids to try not to cough except when it brings something up, as this damages the airway tissues. Liquor vapor cough suppressant hack When I don’t have a cough suppressant, or can’t wait for it to take effect, I sometimes use inhaled liquor vapors to anesthetize my lungs. I put a teaspoon of hard liquor on my tongue, tilt my head a bit forward of level. Then almost totally close my mouth and inhale very slowly so as to bubble or “bong” the air through the alcohol. This draws thick anesthetic alcohol vapors into the airways. I repeat a couple times until the urge to cough passes. Then I spit out the alcohol. Antibiotic inhalers please Most antibiotics are water soluble. So one can rub a tablet into some water in the palm and create a liquid like skim milk diluted with water. I wish something like this liquid was properly studied and dosed as an inhaler. Also, these will certainly cause problems as do all drugs. It is just that they look like they might be a miracle cure for some people with chronic bronchitis or repeated sinus infections. Antibiotic delivery to the lung surface Inhalers seem the way to go for infections of the airway’s surfaces. Perhaps we will bind the drugs to a large clunky molecules that cannot enter the body like with Rifaximin. Thus the drug can be more toxic, and more effective. Does it help respiratory infections to inhale zinc mist? Better inhaler sprays For better distribution, the spray needs to occur over 2-3 seconds. Making viruses deadly to study them This is a dumb idea. It seems to mostly be a bad excuse for developing bio-weapons. The risk of a superbug getting out is extreme. The reward seems almost far fetched. People should never be allowed to make pathogens more virulent. It should be outlawed by international agreement. Immune system elasticity and age Immune systems seem to start out strong like so many of the body’s systems. Then, as people age, the immune system become “in-elastic” as with the other organs and tissues. Perhaps some old people die of infections because their immune system has recently become too “inelastic” to deal with a major challenge. Weak links, strong links, and Small world networks The names “local-links”, “leap-links” and, “leap-networks” convey much more sense of the subject than the current vague terms. These terms are much more user-friendly for this important area of science. They will lower mental overhead, and make everyone smarter. Pathogen, auto-immune, or other As a rule of thumb, if a disease is more common towards the equator, it looks infectious. And if a disease is more common at higher latitudes where people “hibernate”, it look auto-immune. Also, females tend towards less activity than males, so they tend to get auto-immune problems more. If a disease is more common among females it also looks auto-immune. MS is both more common at higher latitudes and more common among women. It seems to be a hibernation disease, a condition caused by a synergy between winter break and awful stay-at-home weather. The kids emerge from some weeks of hibernation and exert themselves without enough warm-up and they get an auto-immune syndrome as a result. Auto-immune diseases that strike women more Females seem to have stronger immune responses. And this is thought to be due to the bearing of offspring. But maybe it is about activity level in youth. Also, the connection between low levels of Vitamin D and MS could be explained by how girls tend to stay home more than boys when it is cold. Which other diseases are both more common in higher latitudes and among people who “hibernated” or otherwise got torpid for a long time in their youth? Perhaps one day some doctors will sign a petition saying: “We ask that the rules of soccer be changed so that it is not allowed to hit the ball with one’s head. We think that this is probably harmful, and it is so easy to simply change the rules of the game and make it truly football, instead of a brain-damage version of football.” Let’s officially change the name of tobacco to cancer weed 1:7 road deaths 1:700 road miles Year Overall Motorcycles 2015 35,486 5,026 2016 37,806 5,337 2017 37,473 5,229 2018 36,835 5,038 2019 36,096 5,014 Regarding the road miles you see, you might want to double it for time of year and double it again for time of the day. The main starting points of COVID 1/ It lands in the lungs and causes lung problems first. 2/ It is swallowed and causes gut problems first. 3/ It lands in the nose and causes nasal problems & loss of smell first. There seems to be 3 main avenues for the infection to enter the body. Is one of these avenues less deadly than the others? Is there another route that is less deadly than these three. The 7-headed Coronavirus family The highly successful Coronavirus virus disease family has 7 varieties plaguing many species of genuine life. COVID is a fresh cold virus It looks like CV-5 to CV-7 are fresh new common cold viruses like CV-1 to CV-4 — diseases that probably killed a larger portion of the population when they first appeared. China’s #1 Bio-weapons lab Wuhan is located at the biggest fork on China’s biggest river. Wuhan is on one of China’s main transport hubs. This is a really dumb place for a bio-weapons lab. Is this: a) Stupidity, or b) An excuse? China COVID statistics China: 1,400,000,000 people, 4,636 COVID deaths. USA 330,000,000 people, 602,000 deaths. In China, the poor crowded epicenter of the COVID epidemic we have 1-in-301,948 people dead from COVID. In the rich spread-out US, far from the epidemic epicenter we have 1-in-548 people dead from COVID. (Covid numbers here as of June 21, 2021) 301,948 ÷ 548 = 551. So the people in the rich and spread-out adversary nation at the other side of the world have been 551 times more likely to die than in the poor crowded nation at the epicenter of the outbreak. China: 1,400,000,000 people, 91,629 COVID cases. USA 330,000,000 people, 33,500,000 cases. In China, the poor and crowded epicenter of the COVID epidemic we have 1-in-15,279 people contracting COVID. In the rich and spread-out US, far from the crowded epicenter we have 1-in-9.8 people contracting COVID. 15,279 ÷ 9.8 = 1559. Thus people in the rich and spread-out adversary nation on the other side of the world are 1559 times more likely to get COVID than at the poor crowded epicenter of the outbreak. Was China Immunized? The COVID fire burns everywhere but in China. Maybe China isn’t under-reporting. Maybe China’s isolation tactics are not winning. Maybe a COVID vaccine was quietly added to their other immunizations and China was immunized. Visitors from the PRC Are PRC visitors significantly under-represented in US statistics for COVID patients? If so, then China would appear to have been vaccinated. Diabetes and sugar disease 1/ Diabetes is 1/7 of healthcare spending. 2/ There are 34 million Americans with diabetes (10%). 3/ There are 88 million Americans that are pre-diabetic (27%). 4/ See the staggering cost of diabetes at diabetes.org Diabetes is up 2-3 fold in 30-years In the past 30 years, the number of cases of diabetes in the world is more than doubled to 366 million. In the Arab world the diabetes rate has nearly tripled. Given that 10% of Americans now have diabetes, and this results in immense public healthcare costs, perhaps we should tax the sugar content of the things we eat and drink. Is diabetes from fructose? Fructose is metabolized by the liver and not the gut. When the liver metabolizes fructose, it is turned mostly into glucose, the bane of diabetics. Older people commonly have damaged livers gone “fatty” from years of abuse drinking and eating fructose and other toxins. These livers become unable to function properly and are not able to break down fructose rapidly. As a result, glucose trickles out into the bloodstream over many hours, and even over night. This results in a steady demand for insulin that seems to wear out a person’s insulin producing cells, resulting in diabetes. 1/ It would appear that some people can perhaps metabolize 4-tons of fructose in their lifetime, while others can only handle half a ton before their insulin cells die. 2/ Some people binge on fructose and alcohol all day until they ruin their livers. 126 grams a day of sugar This is 4.5oz, the average US sugar intake. 10KG baby vs. 80kg Adult 1- yolk = 8-yolks 10-grapes = 80 grapes 2 strip of bacon = 16 strips Small kids won’t even burp from this, because they are still young and this sort of stuff doesn’t bother them yet. But how many grapes are there in a jar of grape baby food? And what is the adult equivalent for a jar of baby apple sauce? Many mothers seem to be under the impression that they should feed their babies fruit to relieve colic/constipation. Therefore many mothers give their babies a daily does of fruit — so much fruit (by body weight) that it has a laxative effect. Here the baby is given so much fructose, that its liver is overloaded and parasitic bacteria overgrow and eat the fructose instead. This leads to inflammation and fluid which softens the stool. So, yes, if you overload a baby’s liver with sugar at every meal, they will get loose stool, meaning liver overload and also perhaps their insulin system is being damaged. Also, the reason why apples in particular have such a famously great laxative effect for babies is that along with grapes, they have more fructose than other fruits. The easiest thing for liver health Don’t consume so much fructose or alcohol that you get farts, bloating or loose stool. These symptoms mean that you are overloading and damaging your liver by making it work at maximum output. The bloating itself is harmless. But the bloating is caused by sugar not being metabolized, and that is a problem. These nutrients remain in the digestive tract for some time, and are consumed by bacteria which produce the gas. How to recognize “sugar bloating” Do you wake up trim and then become bloated later in the day, all day? Does this bloating not appear if you eat only meat and eggs? This means you are consuming too much sugar and you are already on the path to diabetes. Break-fast and diabetes One thing that is important for preventing diabetes is that you don’t break your daily fast, and that you only put sugars in your gut for part of each day — say lunch to dinner. Apparently the thing that is important about breakfast (if you are pre-diabetic at least) is that you not eat it, or that you have no sugars at breakfast, only meats, oils and fats. Even a big portion of carbs will result in sugar. How much of the day do you fast? Do you break your fast in the morning, with a sweet break•fast meal of sweet yogurt and cereal that is 1/3 sugar by weight… or do you do the right thing and wait until mid-day to begin eating sugars? The most important meal of the day People often say that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Maybe it is most important that you not eat in the morning and BREAK YOUR FAST with a BREAK•FAST meal. Breakfast apparently IS the most important meal of the day. But it is important that you not have it if you need to slow the onset of diabetes. For pre-diabetics, lengthening the daily fast should give insulin producing cells much needed time to recover. The old dietary ways Traditionally people had an evening meal and did not snack after this. In America this was around the time the father came home at maybe 6:00pm. Then traditionally, they had a breakfast of meat, fat, some carbs and little sugar. So traditionally (when the world had much less of a problem with diabetes) people really didn’t have much sugar or carbs between say 7:00pm and noon the next day. Harmfully rich diets When the ancients spoke of rich diets, they weren’t talking so much about creamy or fatty things. Those things were never so scarce as sweetness was. References to rich things were about honeyed nuts, dried fruit, fresh fruit, fruit juices, beer and wine. That was a rich diet prior to modern times. So the harmful richness of the ancients was about fructose and alcohol mostly. Cloyed = overloaded If you are eating so much sugar that you feel cloyed, then that is a binge. That is a sugar overload. The two forms of fructose There are a few types of fructose. Is there any difference between how these are metabolized? Is there any difference in how hard these are on the liver? How does fructose metabolism fail? What point does fructose metabolism normally fail? Is it with fructokinase, triokinase, or with one of the other enzymes? Where does fructose metabolism slows with age? Everyone thinks the insulin state is normal All around the world, people are now consuming so much dietary sugar that they think this is the normal state. Normal is actually something like “ketosis”. This is the traditional diet around the world. Desserts and after dinner snacks were always the stuff of special occasions, treats, and were not a daily thing. That is how people ate before we all started getting fat and getting diabetes. This is another thing that is surely contributing to obesity. Maybe we should have closed kitchens in our homes, with time locks that prevent on-site mindless snacking. It is not hard to imagine that some people have insulin cells that can only work for say 307,000 hours in their lifetime. (12-hrs of insulin daily for 70 years = 307,000 hours.) So once their liver is damaged, they often start using their insulin cells 24 hours a day. So maybe their first 20 years are 12 hours a day insulin and the next 25 years are at 24 hours a day. Then their insulin cells wear out completely and they are diabetic at 45 years old. Chemical machines with a fixed lifespan Google says tires last about 60-75,000 miles. But how many years is that? Well it all depends on how much you drive your car and how many sharp turns you take. It is much the same with alcohol and sugar binges in humans. They are like sharp turns to your tires. It should be common knowledge that being an Alcohol “lightweight” can be an indication of a damaged liver. Don’t snack all day long If you eat all day, then your insulin level is raised all day… And your body may only be coded to have 300,000 hours of insulin in your lifetime. Or maybe it is 500,000 hours… or maybe only 80,000 hours. Why sugar causes weight gain 1/ Insulin is the hormone that tells your cells to eat. Snacking all day causes your body to release insulin all day. Thus all day long, your cells have their eat switch on. 2/ Insulin tells your muscles, fat, and liver cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. It basically tells your cells to eat or don’t eat, in an on/off way. So let’s say your liver is damaged and is no longer able to metabolize fructose well. Then the liver starts getting these backlogs of un-metabolized fructose… and glucose trickles out of the liver for many hours, and the body handles this by turning on insulin levels for many hours. In effect, these people have their cellular eat switch turned on for more of the day and that is why they gain weight. Obesity & Diabetes both are from excess sugar Obesity: Because your insulin is on all day, your cells are being told to eat all day, so they eat and get fat. And because they are being told to eat all day, you also get hungry all day. Diabetes: Because your insulin producing cells are on all day, they age faster and then wear out and stop producing insulin. Then you become diabetic. Insulin stimulates appetite for several hours Your blood sugar and insulin levels may be back to normal after 2 hours, but the insulin’s hunger effects on your cells seems to last for some time longer. So it takes more than a couple hours for insulin’s hunger effect to subside. Why exercise helps with Diabetes Exercise creates pre-demand for sugar that will absorb some dietary sugar before one’s insulin comes on. So if you are trying to keep your insulin off, exercise is key. This is the easiest insulin cheat. Insulin cheating breakfast Stop eating at 6pm. Consume nothing but water after 6pm. For breakfast, have only eggs, meat, oils, fats, and sugar free greens. No sugars, fruits, or grains. If you want a cup of rice or buckwheat (low sugar grains) you must exercise first. Try to exercise before eating any sugar or carbs as this will create pre-demand for sugar that will help keep your insulin off. Under this diet, your insulin is off from 8pm until noon, for around 16 hours a day. Sugar is not a good thing We can see from the body’s response to even small amounts of blood sugar, that sugar is a thing that the body tries to rapidly clear from the bloodstream because it is mildly harmful. So are we wise to have the “sweet life”? Are we wise to dump huge volumes of sugar into our bodies? Sugar can be easily metabolized like alcohol, and like alcohol, one can obtain sustenance from it. But both are hard foods for the body to live on. Both wear the body out in their own ways — rather like Tobacco, asbestos, sunlight, and a host of other things. Least hungry in the morning? If you find it is easiest to delay your first meal despite it being so long since you have eaten, this is because your insulin is off. Or rather, this is because your body’s eat hormone is off. If you are trying to eat less, stretch out this morning period where you insulin is off. Do this by not eating any sugar in the morning. And if you do eat a tiny bit of sugar with your breakfast (say from rice or buckwheat or other low sugar grains, try to exercise first and create a sugar deficit so your insulin does not come on from the tiny amount of sugar you had for breakfast. Also, if you are going to have a time to exercise and you are pre-diabetic, you should exercise before your ultra-low-sugar breakfast, so it succeeds, and your insulin can stay off for more of the day. This is also not-coincidentally a very good way keep your hunger/ eat hormone off for more of the day. Why intermittent fasting works It works because it takes hours for the insulin to wear off, and for your cells to stop trying to get more sugar. After this time period, you are no longer “insulin hungry”. High protein diets and weight loss Maybe it isn’t the added protein, but the reduced sugar and insulin that curbs your appetite. This is where you exercise and eat no sugars, no alcohol, and limited carbohydrates. It is basically a no-sugar, low-carb diet, but as a way to slow the onset of diabetes, and even perhaps a way for some diabetics to live without injecting synthetic insulin. Alcohol and sugar binges There are lots of drugs that people can easily tolerate as 90 doses a month — but if someone takes all 90 doses at once, they will overdose… right? Better you have 3 drinks a day than all 21 on Saturday nights. And surely the same goes for sugar binges. “Alcohol & sugar binges” Feel 30 when you’re 40, Feel 50 when you’re 40.” Don’t eat all you can. Eat only what you need. You’ll live longer, and feel and look better. “You don’t need that snack” “You don’t need that drink” 1/ This is exactly the opposite of what the ads all the metro ads say today. They say “Kit-Kit”, or “Kaylu-ahhh” candy alcohol. They say “aren’t you hungry”, and “it’s swiller time”. 2/ Maybe we should ban food and beverage advertising because it is unhealthful and contributes to obesity. All potential toxins should be listed in grams or milligrams per kilo: fructose, sucrose, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, caffein, other stimulants, alcohol, artificial sweeteners. And this includes both natural and artificial toxins. Caffeine binds to the adenosine receptors and fills them up. Thus adenosine (which is an inhibitory or relation neurotransmitter) can’t bind and doesn’t work. Thus our nervous system operates without its chemical “brakes” or slowing mechanism. 1/ A typical single espresso has about 30-40mg of caffeine, while an 8oz. drip coffee has about 80mg. So a 1oz espresso is equal to about 3oz. or 4oz. of drip coffee. The espresso is 4-times as concentrated, but a smaller dosage, which is sort of confusing. 2/ It today’s modern world, it is quite hard to get a precise dose of caffeine that is not excessive. The beverages tend to have variable caffeine content. And the pills are too highly dosed. After all, even if we break 200mg caffeine pills into quarters, it is still ~50mg. 3/ The caffeine pills should be sold in 10mg and 40mg tablets instead of 200mg, with 40mg tablets intuitively equaling one espresso, or half a “normal” 4oz. drip coffee. This is because it really doesn’t matter if people have to take 5 one-cent pills to get 200mg. 4/ To help caffeine addicts dial their dosage down we will also have 10 mg pills. And both the 40 mg and the 10mg pills have grooves to make them easy to break into quarters. This is so caffeine pills can be used to dial-down one’s caffeine intake. 5/ We should probably regulate caffeine content in our bottled beverages so this is more of a precise and stated amount in milligrams. 6/ All beverages and foods with caffeine or other stimulants should state their caffeine content in big letters on their front label. How many hundreds of millions of people have learned the hard way that Mountain Dupe and their favorite fizzy cola or iced tea have quite a bit of caffeine in them? By what right do these companies hide their caffeine content and harm people with stimulant drugs in this way? Maybe we should tax sugars so that sugar is no longer the cheapest part of the food. If we did that, then commercial food production will stop being about adding as much sugar as tolerable, and instead it will be about subtracting as much sugar as tolerable. No trademark protection for tobacco Why do we give trademark protection to tobacco products if they kill 480,000 Americans a year? Why do we spend taxpayer money to reduce the counterfeiting of tobacco products? Why not do nothing to help and slope the economy against tobacco. People are changing all sorts of words and pronouns for little reason today. So let’s do this: Let’s officially change the name of tobacco and start calling it “Cancer Leaf”. Let’s make this the official name of tobacco from now on. So the stores that sell tobacco must call themselves “Cancer Leaf shops”. And the Packages must say “Cancer Leaf” instead of tobacco. Free diabetes testing The public would be financially wise to offer nearly free urine testing for changes in serum amylase (or lipase/proenzyme) levels. Then we can tell people that they need to cut back on sugar or there is a 50/50 chance they will develop diabetes. Then we can save billions on the fraction of people who change their lifestyle in advance. The insulin cartel 1/ Insulin prices are up 10-fold in the past 25-years. 2/ Synthetic insulin is almost 40-years old and for this reason, no longer deserves intellectual property protection. 3/ The “big-3” insulin makers have gr own fantastically rich exploiting their aged and now baseless cartel, and no longer deserve intellectual property protection. Preventable healthcare cost in the US Cost of tobacco healthcare ~$300 billion Cost of diabetic healthcare ~$400 billion Given a US GDP of 21 trillion, the cost of these two preventable healthcare problems is 3-1/3% of US GDP. On average Americans each pay $909 on tobacco healthcare, and $1,212 on diabetes healthcare. SISOP = sugar induced symbiot overgrowth pathologies When our symbiots to get too much sugar, they tend to overgrow and cause problems. Now, because there are lots of people eating just about all the sugar their body can handle—all day long—there seems to be many people suffering from excess sugar simbiot pathologies like: 1/ Chronic acid reflux from sugar distorted esophageal flora. 2/ Chronic bloating and diarrhea from sugar distorted colon flora. 3/ Sinusitis from sugary and bacterially nutritious nasal mucus. 4/ Tinea and fungal infections from skin that has a bit too much nutritious sugar on it. 5/ Vaginosis, prostatitis, and perhaps bronchitis from sugary and nutritious body fluids. Also, excess sugar may lower vaginal PH, which reduces sperm lifespans and fertility with women who eat too much sugar. Undigested gut sugar Syndrome The presence of excess sugars in the gut causes bacterial overgrowth, inflammation and gas. In the top of the gut, a bubbling froth of these gas bubbles seems to be what drives acid reflex up. In the bottom half of the gut, the bacterial overgrowth causes gas, bloating intestinal irritation and diarrheal illness. A sugar and fertility experiment Since the time of ancient Athens, people have commented on how a rich life reduces fertility. Is there a sugar component to this? Here is an easy, cheap experiment. Locate a few thousand healthy couples that are trying to conceive and both are between say age 20 and 33. Does a totally sugar-free keto-diet in both increase the fertility rate for their age cohort? Fertility and salt Let’s do the above experiment where the male takes salt. How much salt should a man take if he is trying to impregnate? Sugar & infections 1/ Feeding the pathogens we are trying to eliminate isn’t really important when the treatment works immediately. It becomes more of an issue when the treatments take a long time to work. Here with these long-term treatments that only barely work, the relationship between the pathogen’s reproduction rate and host’s elimination rate is a critical factor. So even if not eating sugar only slows the pathogen’s growth rate by 3%, this is still important for long-term infection treatments. 2/ It should be common knowledge that “Sugar Fasting” is good to do when you notice an infection. This can help the body eliminate many infections. Not eating any sugar for a few days should be in everyone’s home remedy toolbox. 3/ Our bodies are full of genuinely helpful symbiots, quasi-symbiots and pathogens hiding in stealth mode. Sugar fasting often helps our bodies to regain control of many sorts of “symbiot uprising”. Sugar, symbiots, and aging When the natural symbiots in our bodies overgrow, they start acting more like pathogens, and less like symbiots. In other words, they tend to harm our cells more. Thus they cause more inflammation and cellular aging. So consuming too much sugar causes symbiot overgrowth, which leads to inflammation and faster aging of cells. And regeneration is limited for every living creature. Bio-mechanisms can only heal so many times before the recovered tissue starts to become aged and distorted… like a photocopy of a photocopy of a photocopy. This is why sugar is harmful. As the small intestine ages or perhaps ages faster due to inflammation, its crenelations shrink and so does its surface area, and its ability to absorb nutrients. When fruit or alcohol has a laxative or gas effect This means that your body is overloaded and unable to metabolize all the fructose or alcohol in your gut. So this nutrition continues down to where it does not belong and the excess nutrition causes lower intestinal bacteria to overgrown, which causes inflammation and fluid and loosening of the stool. The laxative effect is a symptom that you are consuming too much sugar or alcohol and are overloading your body. Chimp livers and fructose metabolism The differences should help us understand diabetes. That which ages us 1/ Poisons like those in tobacco, heavy metals, and alcohol. 2/ Radiation like that in sunlight which kills our cells and causes them to regenerate. 3/ Pathogens that remain living in our cells, feeding off our cells. Pathogens like the ones that eventually cause dementia, high blood pressure, aneurism, and many other late life diseases. 4/ Excess activity or fuel consumption. The machine that is your body ages like a car. Many parts like the tires will fail due to age after a few decades, even if you seldom drive the car. They will also fail if you don’t use your car enough. 5/ Sugars that tends to make symbiots overgrow. 6/ Fructose that wears out our livers. What health problems does each sport suffer from? We should make a matrix with the percent that go on to suffer each of many conditions. For example, among those who played high school football, what percentage over normal suffer back pain, or knee pain at age 60? The Iron-men and ultra-athletes will be very interesting to study — particularly in the metabolic areas where they are worn-out after some decades. These guys will help us determine an upper range for what constitutes a healthy activity level. Fatty liver + low hormones? The liver makes all the Cholesterol you need… but this is of course, only when it’s healthy. Unhealthy “fatty” livers sometimes do not make enough cholesterol. Then the body can’t produce enough hormones: Because Cholesterol is an essential ingredient in the production of dozens of hormones including Serotonin, Dopamine, Estrogens, Progesterones, “Testosterones”, and Insulin. So, if a hormone replacement patient has a damaged liver, and the patient has low overall Cholesterol levels, and the condition is not urgent, perhaps it is wise to first try increasing dietary cholesterol to see if the low hormone levels are actually a Cholesterol nutrient issue. These people all might want try eating a 2 or 3 eggs a day to see if their hormone deficiency is from Cholesterol malnutrition. Maybe their problem will go away with with something as simple as having eggs with breakfast. Damaged livers drive towards diabetes in two ways On one hand, our damaged livers harm our insulin producing cells by trickling-out glucose all day — that is to say, glucose metabolized from the fructose we eat. On the other hand, our damaged livers don’t produce enough cholesterol, and this starves our insulin producing cells of something they need to function. Cholesterol is a nutrient like vitamin D Fructose is a toxin, like alcohol Eggs for breakfast, then 1 or 2 meals One egg has 190 mg of cholesterol . What happens when pre-diabetics eat 2-eggs a day, in the morning, maybe 3-to-5-hours before the insulin is needed for their big lunch meal? Does having a big supply of cholesterol improve insulin levels? Does this slow the onset of diabetes? Does it help if the insulin cells are well nourished with cholesterol when they must come on? How much lead time is optimal? It would be such an easy thing to study. Eggs for your first meal Perhaps in some people, morning cholesterol is needed to help the body to make hormones that help metabolize the other food and also to get through the day. Diseases associated with low cholesterol Which health conditions are associated with low cholesterol? What percent of these conditions are helped by increasing dietary cholesterol? All day sugar / all-day cholesterol? If all-day sugar causes to produce insulin all-day — does all-day insulin tend to be a cause of all-day high cholesterol? Cholesterol and calcium These are the two main ingredients in arterial plaque. Are we absolutely sure that cholesterol alone is the main cause? Maybe both are needed. Or maybe both are layered up by a third thing, namely a mindless bat-borne blood virus that evolved to build immune system shields for itself. Eggs are eaten early in the day in most parts of the worldIn most parts of the world, people seem to benefit from this. It was either chosen by preference, or it evolved through natural selection. Either way we should take a good look at the ideal dosage and timing of our supplemental cholesterol. It would seem that some liver damaged people could benefit from a small amount of dietary cholesterol in their diet. Medical science should know how much is ideal. Cholesterol: another harmful nutrient It is quite easy to overdose on most vitamins and nutrients. Surely the human body can only metabolize so many milligrams of supplemental dietary cholesterol per hour. How much dietary cholesterol doesn’t raise blood cholesterol in a bad way? How much dietary cholesterol can the body metabolize before the nutrient starts causing trouble, like say building up in the arteries? Medical science really should study supplemental cholesterol dosage in healthy and liver damaged people. One egg has 190 mg of cholesterol Chicken broth has 7mg of cholesterol In some places, lard and eggs are a folk remedy for keeping people a bit warmer when it is very cold. But cholesterol also seems to help people with fevers to maintain body temperature a bit better and deal a bit better with the stresses of infectious disease. Breeding the fructose down Nearly all fruiting plants offer a mix of fructose and glucose. So it should not be very difficult to breed higher glucose, and lower fructose fruits if we select for this. Basically the plant evolves towards more glucose when the plant must be entirely beneficial to it’s symbiot animals. The plant evolves towards more fructose when the plant benefits from slowly poisoning the animals that eat too much its fruit. The fructose makes the greediest fruit-eaters fat, slow, and torpid, like we see with so many humans. Then they get eaten and then their fat carcass often becomes valuable fertilizer for the plant. This is similar to how many fruiting plants evolved to support fruit that naturally ferments. This leads to drunken, and later severely hung-over prey animals… impaired to the point they often become prey and fertilizer. Don’t eat too much of one thing Evolution always greatly rewarded plants that got animals to eat only a little bit of their fruit and seeds. But evolution also tended to punish plants that let themselves be taken advantage of by their symbiots. So many fruits are fine in small amounts, but if you live off of them it will be bad for your health over the long term. Vitamin A and light sensitivity Is light sensitivity the flip-side of night blindness? Is the same deficiency causing our pupil to become inflexible, or non-responsive in both directions? Tobacco, alcohol, fructose, & sunlight These are the four big toxins in our lives today, perhaps in order of how much harm they do to us. Fatty liver is a bad term 1/ Fatty liver is an anesthetic term that hides what a bad thing it is to have a damaged liver. Better to say “liver damage” or “damaged liver”. 2/ The fact that so many people have a fatty liver in the modern world also is an anesthetic. This should not be considered normal, but a huge submerged problem. 3/ Kids should be taught the many health problems that follow from a worn liver. Informing people of liver damage As a matter of public health in helping people to take care of themselves, a fatty liver diagnoses from the ultrasound techs should come with some numbers: 1/ The percentage of liver damage estimated. 2/ The life expectancy is estimated based on the percent of liver damage, assuming clean living in the future. 3/ The life expectancy is estimated based on the percent of liver damage, assuming more of the same lifestyle with regard to alcohol, fructose, and drug consumption. 4/ All this is automated and all the tech does is enter a two digit number estimating liver damage to areas in percent. Pain meds and alcohol There should to be more public awareness of the liver damage caused by taking over the counter pain meds with alcohol. Your “acid valve” needs time to heal If you burn the valve between your esophagus and your stomach (you LESV “lower esophageal sphincter valve”)… if you burn this with stomach acid, it may take 3 to 10 days to heal and grow leakproof again. That is if things have not degenerated too far already. Whenever people get acid reflux, they need to stop the burn right away to stop the damage—which will only cause more scarring and more leaking and more burning. So: 1/ Take some sort of fast acting antacid to neutralize the acid and stop the burning. 2/ Avoid whatever it is that you ate that is giving you acid reflux.3/ Reduce your sugar, carb and alcohol intake. 4/ Stop drinking fizzy drinks including beer. 5/ Don’t lie down on a full stomach.6/ Try to start sleeping on you left side if you can. Your gut is not symmetric and sleeping on your left side will keep your LESV more at the top of your gut. Acid reflux is degenerative Another thing that needs more public awareness is how acid reflux is degenerative. People should know that every time they burn their LESV, it grows back a bit more scarred, distorted and leaky. Then in a great many people their “acid valve” gets so scarred that it eventually stops working and acid leaks when they lie down. Currently there are 15-million Americans that suffer from daily acid reflux. That is about 4.5% of the population. Don’t start acid reflux with baby feeding Babies should be fed left breast, right breast. This is so that the baby’s acid valve (LESV) is at the top of its stomach when its belly is full. Babies should finish feeding on the right breast, and on the baby’s left side, and at a slope for a time so the milk can exit their esophagus. Just remember the army chant: “Left-right, left-right, left-right”. How long do pyrethroids last in your blood? 1/ Pyrethrum binds with cloth and stays toxic to mosquitos for 6 weeks. So it seem like Chrysanthemum evolved to bind-with and stay in the body for a long time. 2/ We should study how the pyrethroids bond to the body, if it does that. If we understand this, we might be able to use much lower doses of “blood insecticides”. 3/ It seems like the Chrysanthemum pyrethroids bind with blood cells. Do they do this? 4/ What other cells do Chrysanthemum pyrethroids bind with? Can we use them as a spray-on binding agent for say a wound antibiotic, or an inhaled lung antibiotic. Or perhaps they are good for chemotherapy drugs that can be injected, or painted on tumor margins. 5/ Does taking Chrysanthemum repel insects, or keep people from being bitten? Insect repellant X-prize 1/ The world could use a more effective, longer-lasting insect repellant that doesn’t stink like deet (diethyltoluamide). 2/ Everyone knows diethyltoluamide by its trademarked name deet. So deet can no longer have a valid trademark as it has become the generic term for diethyltoluamide. 1/ The plant was under pressure to evolve maximum insect protection with minimum harm and dosage. 2/ It was under pressure for its insecticide protection to bind and last as long as possible. What Chrysanthemum will breed If people start using it, mosquitos, fleas and ticks will start to avoid our species and any other species that uses it. Drug education videos 1/ The CDC should make user videos for all prescription and non-prescription drugs and treatments. 2/ Everyone has to watch the appropriate video before they can buy the drug. So the education part of dispensing drugs is automated and much faster and easier. It can also be made as effective as necessary through repetition and testing 3/ Because all patients are well informed, more drugs can be made available over the counter. 4/ This is exactly what is needed for over the counter pain killers. There needs to be more public awareness of the liver damage caused by taking too many over the counter pain meds and particularly taking them with alcohol. 5/ When people want to buy certain medicinal herbs, they should be required to take the drug user’s tutorial and pass the test. Just like with pharmacy drugs. National prescription database There should be a national database where everyone’s pharmaceutical records are kept and tracked. This is to flag “overlapping” prescriptions, and prescription drug abusers, as well as adverse reaction trends. At least we should be doing this for older patients and drugs prone to abuse or misuse.CDC opt-in email newsletters This is where a doctor signs you up for CDC updates for whatever conditions you have. Then you get the CDC newsletter which is free of ads and bias. This has updates on all the new and in progress drugs and treatment changes for whatever condition the person has. With this system, we can totally eliminate all costly drug advertising and save piles of money. CDC opt-in email newsletters This is where a doctor signs you up for CDC updates for whatever conditions you have. Then you get the CDC newsletter which is free of ads and bias. This has updates on all the new and in progress drugs and treatment changes for whatever condition the person has. With this system, we can totally eliminate all costly drug advertising and save piles of money. The Elizabeth Holmes machine Go look at someone using a home insulin tester, and pay attention to the remarkably small amount of blood needed for this. Then tell me that we will not be able to use 8 such tests on a single capillary-action line. Then tell me we will not be able to have up to 8 capillary-action lines for up to 64 tests from a single drop of blood. That doesn’t seem so hard to do. The world needs exactly the machine that Holmes was working on. This technology looks like a good thing for improving public health. Imagine if people could run inexpensive panels for themselves. Then people will be able to detect their diseases earlier, and get treated earlier. Telemedicine seems like it is becoming mostly a thing of patient empowerment, and patent DIY through things like cheap and easy blood screening. The convenience of self-testing will surely get many people testing themselves more often and sooner. People should not own their lucky immunity If someone’s body has the magic antibodies, or cells that the whole world needs, these should belong to everyone. The person should get a generous payment, but there should be no zillion dollar payments to them. Pulse wave velocity Maybe PWV gets faster with age because the hose gets softer. Do pulses move faster through softer or harder latex hoses filled with water? Also, perhaps the inelastic blood vessels wind up a bit stretched and this speeds up the flow. Anti-biotic delivery to the prostate Is this improved by a drip to the inferior vesical artery? Low flow toilets tend to be unsanitary We’ve all seen someone else’s brownish water. How often is there water that only looks clear? And of course, there is “splash-back”… The most important part of the toilet design is it’s sanitary-ness. Does any part of the waste of one person contact another? Having a little more water in our sewage system is utterly unimportant in comparison. Regularized healthcare pricing This is where government sets standard prices for all procedures, then each facility offers its services as a percentage of this rate across the board. So some providers might be -17%, while others might be +39%, meaning that one is 17% less than and the other is 39% over standard pricing across the board on all procedures. After this, there are no discounts, no negotiations, no surprises, and much less price gouging. Everyone pays the same amount for the same procedure at the same hospital or clinic. The price is the standard procedure price adjusted only by the facility multiplier. Let’s “ubiquitize” all the HIV drugs The amount of money the drug companies are making from HIV drugs is pretty constant. What if the rich countries of the world got together and assigned a realistic sale value to these drugs and bought the patents out for fair value. Then we cancel the patents and let any drug company make these otherwise expensive drugs as generics with no intellectual property rights payments. The result of this is that for the same cost, everyone with HIV gets drugs instead of only the people that can afford the expensive drugs. And because we are talking about an infectious disease, and the untreated are constantly causing new patients, the current system is super dumb. A healthcare time allocation system Let’s list the universe of medical procedures and prioritize them in terms of bang for buck — This in consideration of the age and condition of the patient, as well as the measurable health improvements that result. Let’s charge luxury tax on small-bang procedures, and use the money to provide a basic level of large-bang basic healthcare for free.

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In 1961, Stanley Milgram, a psychologist determined that we are connected to anyone on earth by just six degrees by conducting several experiments to examine the average path length for the (non-virtual) social networks of people in the United States. The project was coined the “small-world experiment.” In the experiment, Milgram sent letters to 300 randomly selected people in Nebraska and Kansas to one target person, a stockbroker in Boston. The letters could not be directly sent to the target, but had to be sent through someone they knew on a first-name basis who might know the stockbroker. Only 30% of the letters reached their target, but the research discovered that there were about six people connecting each participant to the target. Think of the concept as meeting a stranger and discovering you have a friend in common. As of today, the world has gotten smaller by nearly 2.5 degrees. A smaller world means your dream boss is that much more accessible, and your next job is that much closer, IF you use your network to find your next job. Later social experiments revealed that you are much more likely to land a job through random acquaintances than through your close friends. You and your close friends all know the same people and share the same information. However, it is through random acquaintances that you can connect with people very far from your social circles. This is the principle in which LinkedIn was founded. It is why the introduction request feature was invented and what makes LinkedIn such an effective job search tool. The degrees of separation have become smaller Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist who has dedicated his career to improving America’s scientific literacy, stated that because of social networks like Facebook, separation is down to less than five degrees. In 2011 Facebook found that 92% of their users were just connected through five steps and the number has been decreasing. According to the newest research released by Facebook in 2016, the degrees of separation are just 3.57. (This number only applies to active Facebook users which total about 1.59 billion people.) We are all closely linked and four (or less) handshakes could connect us to anyone on the planet. Hence why networking is the number one activity to dedicate yourself to when you want to accomplish something, especially job searching. We have constantly repeated T. Harv Eker’s famous quote: “Your net worth is your network.” We believe Eker’s words are worth repeating, because while he is talking about opportunity in general, networking has proven time and time again not just to be the best way to land a job, but to land the job you want. Your next job is closer than you think A connection at the employers you want to work for may be only a few degrees of separation away through a social network such as Facebook. In fact, it is possible to use Facebook and Twitter to quickly land your next job. Think about it: If you can potentially meet anyone on the planet through fewer than 3.6 degrees of separation, it is possible to make the connections that will help you land faster. These facts are kind of mind-blowing– the world’s population has increased by hundreds of millions, but the world has gotten almost 50% smaller thanks to technology! Nurture your networks Your connections consist of family, friends, acquaintances, friends of friends, and even strangers where you may have a common interest. They are your network and by tapping into those existing relationships and nurturing them, your network will grow– much like a garden. If you are building your network online, create a relationship with the people you wish to network with by engaging them. The ultimate goal is to move your conversation offline in order to establish a meaningful relationship. Through these relationships, the introductions that will lead you to a desirable job are made. Take opportunities to build your network by networking in person at job events, industry groups, and even industry events. Go further faster by focusing on the QUALITY of your networks, as opposed to the quantity. Quality networks are built with the people with whom you share an interest. Interests consist of a hobby, a political view, a mission, or a value. We do not want to imply that if you simply shake enough hands (without a common interest), you will land a job. You could shake that many hands and eliminate that many opportunities with the wrong impression. Networking is really about adding value to others and enriching your own life. The benefits or detriments you derive from networking are a byproduct of your approach. Like a garden you nurture, you reap or harvest what you sow. In the early 20th century various scientists proved that the world is small and that we are all connected by just a few degrees. In the 21st century, the world has gotten even smaller thanks to the massive explosion of communication technology. Instead of being connected by six degrees, we are connected by 3.6. Many people tend shy away from networking, but the employers you want to work for are just a few handshakes away. A mere 3.6 degrees are all that separate you from the job you have always wanted. By taking advantage of a rapidly shrinking world, you can expand your network, connect with anyone, and land your dream job.

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25 February 2021 AGU press contact: Lauren Lipuma, +1 (202) 777-7396, [email protected] (GMT-5) USGS press contact: Paul Laustsen, +1 (650) 847-8522, [email protected] (GMT-8) Contact information for the researchers: Jason Kean, U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] (GMT-7) WASHINGTON—Southern California can now expect to see post-wildfire landslides occurring almost every year, with major events expected roughly every ten years, a new study finds. The results show Californians are now facing a double whammy of increased wildfire and landslide risk caused by climate change-induced shifts in the state’s wet and dry seasons, according to researchers who mapped landslide vulnerability in the southern half of the state. “This is our attempt to get people thinking about where these hazards are going to be before there’s even a fire,” said Jason Kean, a hydrologist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver and lead author of the new study in Earth’s Future, AGU’s journal for interdisciplinary research on the past, present and future of our planet and its inhabitants. “By proactively thinking about hazards, you can start to develop more detailed response plans for their inevitability.” Wildfires make the landscape more susceptible to landslides when rainstorms pass through, as the water liquefies unstable, dry soil and burned vegetation. Geologists routinely conduct landslide hazard assessments after wildfires occur, but there is often not enough time between a fire and a rainstorm to implement an effective emergency response plan, Kean said. In the new study, Kean and his colleague combined historical fire, rainfall and landslide data with computer simulations to forecast where post-wildfire landslides are likely to occur in southern California, how big those landslides might be and how often they can be expected to happen. Their goal was to map which regions of the state are most vulnerable to landslides before they happen, in a manner similar to how geologists map earthquake hazards. Their results show small landslides can now be expected to occur almost every year in southern California. Major landslides capable of damaging 40 or more structures can be expected every 10 to 13 years – about as frequently as magnitude 6.7 earthquakes occur in California, according to the study. The results also suggest more intense rainfall, which is likely to happen in the coming decades, could make landslides much more frequent. Combined with recent research showing California’s wildfire season is getting longer and the rainy season is getting shorter and more intense, the new findings suggest Californians face a higher risk of wildfires and post-wildfire landslides that can damage property and endanger people’s lives. “We’re going to have a longer season to burn and then when it does rain, it’s going to come down harder. And that’s a bad recipe for these post-fire debris flows,” Kean said. “The reason you can expect one just about every year is because it doesn’t take very much rain to cause one. The rainstorms that can trigger debris flows – they’re kind of garden-variety storms.” California’s central coast has already seen a significant landslide this year. A portion of Highway 1 near Big Sur was washed out in a landslide in late January after a severe rainstorm. Kean hopes the new study’s results can help emergency managers plan out evacuation zones for landslides before they happen. “We’ll still always do hazard assessments after fires because we really want to know the details of the actual fire, but these wildfires scenarios and storm scenarios are useful because we can start looking ahead and have the luxury of time to make a better plan,” he said. AGU (www.agu.org) supports 130,000 enthusiasts to experts worldwide in Earth and space sciences. Through broad and inclusive partnerships, we advance discovery and solution science that accelerate knowledge and create solutions that are ethical, unbiased and respectful of communities and their values. Our programs include serving as a scholarly publisher, convening virtual and in-person events and providing career support. We live our values in everything we do, such as our net zero energy renovated building in Washington, D.C. and our Ethics and Equity Center, which fosters a diverse and inclusive geoscience community to ensure responsible conduct. Notes for Journalists This research study is open access. Download a PDF copy of the paper here. Neither the paper nor this press release is under embargo. “Forecasting the frequency and magnitude of postfire debris flows across southern California” Jason W. Kean, Dennis M. Staley: U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, United States.

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Knowing more than one language is a useful and beneficial skill to have. Anyone who owns a smart phone has access to hundreds of thousands of applications, many of which feature tools for teaching themselves languages. The following apps provide basic techniques to help set the foundation for speaking a foreign language. Apps to Help you Speak a New Language Duolingo is a great application that’s free for its users. The app works in levels. It provides interactive lessons in a quiz-like format. Lessons include reading translations, writing them, and even speaking. Every lesson that you pass opens up a new and more difficult lesson, but you only have three chances. Getting more than three questions wrong will force you to re-try the lesson. You’ll have to keep trying again until you pass and unlock the next category. There are categories that range from animals, food and phrases to conjunctions, prepositions and time. At the end, the app even delves into politics and religion. Duolingo currently offers courses in English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese and Italian. You’ll know a lot more of the language you want to learn by the time you finish all of the levels! Price: First 20 Courses Free (Additional courses cost extra) Busuu provides you the opportunity to continue your education by choosing your competency level. If you already have the basic knowledge of a language, you can skip the beginner courses and move onto something more advanced. However, you do have to pay for the more advanced courses if this is the case. The app provides numerous tools for learning the language. It has vocabulary and audio-visual material, for example. Busuu currently offers its courses in Spanish, French, English, Italian, German, Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, Chinese, Polish and Turkish. Memrise gives its users a fun and engaging way to teach themselves a new language. You can create “mems,” which are like flashcards that have images on them to help learn new words. You can also see mems created by other users as a way to help learn the vocab words. The courses are effective because you are creating the images that help you remember what the words or phrases mean. Memrise offers courses in dozens of languages, including various African, Slavic and Native American languages. Price: First Level Free (Additional 50 levels cost $5 per language) Mindsnacks moves away from the flashcard method to provide a unique and engaging learning experience. This app features interactive games that feature pictures and audio clips, allowing users to see and hear the words. Each level has six games in it and you cannot progress to the next level until all the games are completed. While each game takes a while to complete, you can pause the game at any time and start up again in the same spot. Mindsnacks offers French, German, Italian, Chinese, Portuguese and Spanish apps for English speakers. 5. Google Translate While Google Translate doesn’t necessarily teach you a new language, it does offer the means to translate phrases or individual words immediately. You can type the phrase that you would like translated, or even speak it out loud, and choose the language. Google Translate offers over 30 different languages, including Japanese, Polish, Spanish and Chinese. Each of these apps lets you take part in fun and engaging activities to learn new languages. Because many of the apps are free, there’s nothing to stop you from taking the first steps to learning a foreign language. As long as you have your smartphone in hand, you have access to a world full of languages. Adrienne is a freelance writer who loves to cover technology, social media, and design.

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The Green Island Cement Company and the growth of the cement industry in Hong Kong, 1932 IDJ has sent the following newspaper article which mainly focuses on the Green Island Cement Company in Hong Kong and outlines its production of cement in 1932. HF: I have retyped the article to improve clarity and searches on the website. Thanks to SCT for proofreading the retyped version of the original article. The Green Island Cement Company first started the manufacture of cement in 1889, and increased its capacity ten years later by the installation of kilns and machinery at Hok Un in Kowloon. In 1905 the earliest type of Rotary kilns were installed at Hok Un, and, since that date, cement has been manufactured in these Rotary kilns on the dry process. In 1931, however, the Green Island Cement Co.’s factory was completely remodelled by the introduction of new machinery for grinding and burning on the wet process. The new factory is up-to-date in every respect, and is equipped with the most modern plant of its kind in the world. The chief raw materials for the manufacture of Portland cement are limestone and clay. Limestone is obtained from a number of sources and landed in junks at the works’ wharf. Here it is transferred to an aerial ropeway, which, in turn, deposits the stone upon the storage ground. The clay or mud used is dug locally and landed at the works in the Company’s clay barges. A 2½ ton grab capacity limestone digger, working on a caterpillar track, loads the limestone from the storage piles into trucks, which are, in turn, hauled to the crushers. The limestone is crushed from pieces as large as 2 feet cube down to ¾ inch size and under by means of these crushers. The crushed limestone and clay are fed together into what is known as a compound hull and tube mill, 40 feet long by 6 feet 6 inches in diameter. These mills are about half full of steel balls and revolve at the rate of 25 revolutions per minute. There are three of these grinding mills coupled to 375 h.p. motors. The resulting raw material comes out in the form of slurry, which should contain approximately 76½ per cent of calcium carbonate. The exact determination of the quantity of calcium carbonate in the slurry and its fine adjustment is carried out by the works’ Chemist. When the slurry contains the proper proportion of materials, it is pumped to the feed end of two Rotary kilns. These kilns are each 254 feet long and slowly revolve at a speed of about 1 revolution per minute. They are set on a slope, and, at the bottom end, powdered coal is blown in, which ignites in the firing zone. The hot gases travelling up the kiln, as they meet the down coming slurry, drive off the water and carbon dioxide, and finally sinter the calcarious and argillacceous materials into cement clinker. The temperature at which this operation takes place is 2,700° fahr. Making the Cement All that now remains is the storage of this clinker and its grinding into cement. For this purpose a large clinker store is furnished, together with the necessary feeding and extracting conveyors, and the clinker is taken to the cement mill house. In this house are three 36 feet by 6 feet 6 inches diameter compound ball and tube mills, as before about half full of steel balls, and revolving at the rate of 23 revolutions per minute. Into these mills the clinker is fed, together with a small portion of gypsum. The gypsum is required to regulate the setting time of the cement, which, without its addition, would be too rapid to work. The cement for ordinary purposes is ground in these mills to such a fineness that 95 per cent of the cement passes through a sieve having 32,400 holes to the square inch. Storage and Bagging Finally the cement is stored in eight reinforced concrete silos about 95 feet high, which contains 2,000 tons of cement each. From the silos it is extracted by means of conveyors and transported to the bagging plant. Here automatic bag filling and barrel filling machinery is installed and cement is delivered from the packing house to the godown or direct for export. The Dust Problem Throughout the works the greatest care has been taken with the elimination of dust. Elaborate dust collecting plants are installed in the cement mill and packing plant, where, otherwise, a quantity of dust would be dissipated into the atmosphere. Ordinarily speaking, the gases from the kilns contain a percentage of dust. In order to prevent this reaching the atmosphere, an electrical dust precipitation plant has been installed, which deposits approximately 97 per cent of the dust which is contained in the gases. When it is realised that the total dust contained in these gases only amounts to approximately 5 per cent of the weight of raw material used, it will be observed that when the gases have passed through the precipitator, and 97 per cent of this 5 per cent has been deposited, very little dust escapes into the atmosphere. The machinery installed in the new plant is entirely British, and is, in the main, manufactured by Vickers Armstrongs Ltd., of Barrow-in-Furness. Vickers Armstrongs’ representative responsible for the proper working of the machinery is Mr. W.G.A. Turner, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. who has been present throughout the erection. The Consulting Engineer, who designed the plant, and its arrangements on site, is Mr. Henry Pooley Jun., B.Sc., Assoc.M.Inst.C,E., A.M.I.Mech.E., M.I.Struct.E.,F.G.S. 160,000 Tons Annually The cement manufactured by the Company is of the highest quality and equal to any cement produced in Great Britain or elsewhere. The cement is largely used locally and exported to the Straits Settlements and elsewhere. At the present time cement is being manufactured at Hok Un at the rate of something in the neighbourhood of 160,000 tons per annum. Source: Hong Kong Sunday Herald 10th January 1932. This article was first posted on 22nd January 2022. Related Indhhk articles: - Green Island Cement Company – stunning photos - The Green Island Cement Company – Conflagration – March 1906 - Green Island Cement Company during World War Two - Green Island Cement Company – aerial ropeway - Noel Croucher – philanthropist and director of Green Island Cement and Hong Kong and China Gas - Robert Gordon Shewan – CLP, Green Island Cement and HK Rope Manufacturing - Robert Taylor – Manager of Green Island Cement – interned and badly injured in Stanley Camp during the Japanese occupation - Ling Hang Quarry – supplier to Green Island Cement Company - Green Island Cement Company – photographs c1900 - Green Island Cement – manager late 1920s to 1949 indentified + photos of earlier manager’s house? - Green Island Cement Company photographs – Set 1 -1930s - Green Island Cement Company photographs – Set 2 – late 1940s - Green Island Cement Company photographs – Set 3 – Exterior – human scarecrows, brandy and hens…

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Epidemiological theory suggests that pathogens will not cause host extinctions because agents of disease should fade out when the host population is driven below a threshold density. Nevertheless, infectious diseases have threatened species with extinction on local scales by maintaining high incidence and the ability to spread efficiently even as host populations decline. Intertidal black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), but not other abalone species, went extinct locally throughout much of southern California following the emergence of a Rickettsiales-like pathogen in the mid-1980s. The rickettsial disease, a condition known as withering syndrome (WS), and associated mortality occur at elevated water temperatures. We measured abalone body temperatures in the field and experimentally manipulated intertidal environmental conditions in the laboratory, testing the influence of mean temperature and daily temperature variability on key epizootiological processes of WS. Daily temperature variability increased the susceptibility of black abalone to infection, but disease expression occurred only at warm water temperatures and was independent of temperature variability. These results imply that high thermal variation of the marine intertidal zone allows the pathogen to readily infect black abalone, but infected individuals remain asymptomatic until water temperatures periodically exceed thresholds modulating WS. Mass mortalities can therefore occur before pathogen transmission is limited by density-dependent factors.

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Sumatran rhinos are the smallest and furriest of all rhino species. They live in the dense, tropical forests of Indonesia and are Asia’s only two-horned rhino. If we don’t act now, the Sumatran rhino could be extinct in our lifetime. Despite protection, the species has decreased to no more than 80 individuals total. Because most Sumatran rhinos now live only in tiny, isolated sub-populations, they can’t find each other to breed. You can symbolically adopt Bina the Sumatran rhino either in your own name, or as a gift for a relative or friend who supports wildlife conservation. FOR EACH ADOPTION YOU WILL RECEIVE: - A digital certificate to print - A digital photo of your adopted rhino to share on social media - A bio on your adopted rhino - An exclusive rhino adoption sticker By adopting Bina today, you’ll help save Sumatran rhinos from extinction. Your donation will fund: - Care for Bina and the other rhinos at the sanctuary - Continued research and breeding efforts - Protection for wild Sumatran rhinos and their habitat At 39 years old, Bina, is now the oldest living captive Sumatran rhino. She was one of the last Sumatran rhinos to be captured and relocated within Indonesia as part of an international effort to rescue isolated rhinos some 30 years ago. She was one the the first rhino residents to come to the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) in Way Kambas, Indonesia. The SRS in Way Kambas is home to seven rhinos that are part of an intensively-managed research and breeding program aimed at increasing Sumatra’s wild rhino population. At the sanctuary, the rhinos reside in large, open areas where they can experience a natural rainforest habitat while still receiving state-of-the-art veterinary care and nutrition. The future of this species may very well depend on the success of the conservation breeding program at the SRS.

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Beginning March 15, 2011 only dogs are recognized as Service animals under titles 2 and 3 of the ADA. The definition of a Service Animal is a dog that is individually TRAINED to do work or perform tasks for a person with a disability. This definition does not affect or limit the broader definition of “Assistance Animal” under the Fair Housing Act or the broader definition of “Service Animal” under the Air Carrier Access Act. There are no certifications, licenses, or permits required for service animals. Certifications by reputable companies are completely voluntary by the Service animal’s handler. No entity may ask for proof that a service animal is in fact a service animal. However, to obtain accessibility one may be asked if the animal is required because of a disability and what work or task has the animal been trained to perform. Staff of any facility CANNOT ask about the person’s disability, require medical documentation, require a special identification card or training documentation for the animal OR ask that the animal demonstrate it’s ability to perform the work or task. A Service Animal is not and should not be confused with a Therapy Animal or Companion Animal. A Service Animal IS NOT a PET A Therapy Animal is an animal that is TRAINED to provide comfort and affection to people in long term care, hospitals, retirement homes, schools, mental health institutions and other stressful situations to include disaster areas. They provide people with comforting animal contact whether they have a disability or not. Therapy Animals and their handlers/owners DO NOT have the same accessibility rights as a Service animal and it’s handler. It is important to remember that it is the disabled person who is protected under the ADA and not the Service animal. A Companion Animal is any PET that provides health benefits to a person. They may help to relieve stress, but their main function is to provide company, amusement and psychological help to their humans. NO TRAINING is required, and any species of animal may be considered a Companion animal. Entities may require a doctors note stating that a person requires the company of an animal for health benefits. Companion animals and their owners have No rights under the ADA. States may make laws or ordinances that afford their residents certain rights for Therapy and Companion animals that the ADA doesn’t cover. To find out if your state has any regulations about Therapy or Companion animals check with your local and state ordinances. As the title of Deziz World states, Dezi and Lexi are Service Cats, altho’ not recognized by the ADA. They have been Individually TRAINED to do work and perform tasks related to my disability. Examples of such work or tasks include alerting before a Syncope episode (passing out), Driving an electric wheelchair, Dialing 911 for emergency assistance, Calming me during a PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) anxiety attack, Massaging to alleviate debillitating migraines and warm muscles do to neuropathy/fibromyalgia among other duties. That being said, I love the girls more than life itself and aside from their duties as service animals I could not go on without their love and affection. You can read more about the ADA’s rules here: http://www.ada.gov/service_animals_2010.htm This page is not meant to be all inclusive but merely an itroduction to the 3 different classes of “working animals”. It is not meant to start a great debate or argument. It merely states the facts. We will inlcude some training stories and posts under a subheading here. These stories are not meant to be complete training manuals but merely for your reading pleasure. Hours and months and in some cases, years have gone into training some tasks the girls perform and there’s no way we can cover all that in our posts. If you have specific questions you may contact us via our contact page at any time and we will do our best to answer your questions or give you advice or help if we are able. Thank you for following Deziz World and reading our posts and commenting. We value each of you and think of you as family. We do hope you enjoy our posts. It is our desire to make you feel at home and a part of our family through interaction. We hope to entertain you; make you laugh, sometimes cry and to give you educational posts on occasion to help inform you broaden your knowledge base about the wonderful world of felines. They are all special in their own way.

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If you get involved in online debates about economic history, it won’t be long before someone tells you that the West is rich because it stole the resources of the regions it colonised. This stolen-wealth theory is cited as the reason the UK and France are rich today, while Ethiopia and Burundi are poor. It also is sometimes used to argue that global capitalism is inherently unjust and that wealth must be radically redistributed between nations as compensation. The problem is, the stolen-wealth theory is wrong. Oh, it’s absolutely true that colonial powers stole natural resources from the lands they conquered. No one disputes that. And at the time, this definitely made the colonised regions a lot poorer. The UK, for example, caused repeated famines in India by raising taxes on farmers and by encouraging the cultivation of cash crops instead of subsistence crops. That is a pretty stark example of destructive resource extraction. It’s also probably true that this stolen wealth helped much of the West get rich. Of course, Western countries didn’t simply consume the resources they plundered -- the global economy isn't just a lump of wealth that gets divvied up, but rather relies on the productive efforts of individuals, companies and governments. The UK, for example, was able to industrialise not by consuming spices confiscated from India, but because its citizens invented power looms and steam engines and other technologies, and because its people worked very hard at factories and plants that used those technologies. But steam engines and power looms and other industrial machinery required raw materials like coal and rubber as inputs. When those materials became less expensive, it became cheaper to substitute machines for human labour. That means that some of the resources stolen from colonies probably did give Britain and France part of the boost they needed to jump-start the industrialisation that eventually made them wealthy. So if the West did steal resources from colonised nations, and if this theft did help them get rich, why do I say that the stolen-wealth theory is wrong? I say that because the theory doesn’t explain the global distribution of income today. It is no longer a significant reason why rich countries are rich and poor countries are poor. The easiest way to see this is to observe all the rich countries that never had the chance to plunder colonies. Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark and Japan had colonial empires for only the very briefest of moments, and their greatest eras of development came before and after those colonial episodes. Switzerland, Finland, and Austria never had colonies. And South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong were themselves colonies of other powers. Yet today they are very rich. They did it not by theft, but by working hard, being creative, and having good institutions. Meanwhile, poor countries have long since taken control of their natural resources. State-controlled oil companies in countries such as Venezuela and Russia own far more of the world’s oil than do giant Western corporations like Exxon or BP. African countries control their own mines, and Latin American countries their own crop land. The era of resource theft by rich countries is over and done. Yet still, somehow, these countries are not very rich. Only a small handful of tiny nations whose economies are based on natural resources -- Brunei, Kuwait and Qatar among others -- are actually rich. Most are poor, despite controlling all of their own wealth. This sad fact is known as the resource curse. So it’s unlikely that resource-rich countries would have become industrialised but for the depredations of colonialism. And it seems quite possible that colonial nations such as France and the UK would have got rich without their resource plunder, as did Germany, South Korea, Switzerland and Taiwan. Does that mean colonialism was a benign institution? Definitely not. At a bare minimum, the tens of millions killed by colonial conquests and famines leave an indelible stain on the West. And while colonialism had benefits in some places, in many others it left a nasty legacy that is felt to this day. Many economic studies show that regions where colonizers focused on extracting resources were later cursed with pernicious political institutions. Those regions, even today, exhibit poor economic performance. So colonialising nations did steal resources, and it did hurt colonies by doing it. But the real tragedy is how unnecessary that all was. The UK and France would have got rich without plundering Africa, India and Southeast Asia. All of that violence and conquest was probably for nothing. - Bloomberg View

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Breast cancer is a malignant tumour (a collection of cancer cells) arising from the cells of the breast.According to expert projections, there will be more than 2,50,000 cases of breast cancer in India by 2015. Indian women between 40 and 50 years of age are more prone to the breast cancer, compared to those in the West where some females in their 30s have also been diagnosed with breast cancer, which mostly happens in case of females with family history of breast cancer. The main reasons for the incidence of cancer in Indian women at an advanced age of 35 or 40 years are - Delay in child birth as a result of delay in marriage. - Most of the females in urban India breast-feed their children for maximum two months after delivery. This is also being cited as a major cause of breast cancer. - Increasing obesity, especially among those who have long working hours and lead high-stressed lives. When the nature of jobs is mostly sedentary, it leads to morbid obesity. - Early menses and late menopause increase the chances of breast cancer. - It is clear that breast cancer in India is becoming more of a lifestyle disease, rather than an age- related ailment. Breast cancer symptoms and signs The most common sign of breast cancer is a new lump or mass in the breast. In addition, the following are possible signs of breast cancer: - Discharge from nipple or redness - Pain in breasts or nipples - Swelling of part of the breast or dimpling This is an initiative by WSL to raise an awareness about breast cancer. In our next post we will tell you the types of breast cancer and diagnosis to fight against this.

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Other available formats: Looking for an examination copy? If you are interested in the title for your course we can consider offering an examination copy. To register your interest please contact email@example.com providing details of the course you are teaching. It is often assumed that we can never know how the earliest audiences responded to the plays and playbooks of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and other Renaissance dramatists. In this study, old compilations of early modern dramatic allusions provide the surprising key to understanding pre-1660 reception. Whether or not it begins with powerful emotion, that reception creatively applies and appropriates the copious resources of drama for diverse purposes, lessons, and interests. Informed also by critical theory and historical research, this understanding reveals the significance of response to Tamburlaine and Falstaff as well as the importance of drama to Edmund Spenser, John Donne, John Milton, and many others. It makes possible the study of particular responses of women and of workers and contributes to the history of subjectivity, reading, civil society, and aesthetics, and demands a fresh view of dramatic production.Read more - Focuses on the pre-1660 response to Renaissance drama, with the main example being Shakespeare; other primary texts under discussion include Tamburlaine and Dr Faustus - Develops accounts of the responses of women and of workers to particular dramatic material, extending literary and cultural history into areas of vital importance - Offers in-depth analyses of the role of theatre in the lives of individuals - Winner of the 2008 Elizabeth Dietz Memorial Prize from Studies in English Literature for the best book in Early Modern Studies Reviews & endorsements "We have good reason to put a high value on the few newly-issued books that succeed in pushing out the boundaries of our knowledge. Charles Whitney has produced one such. A remarkably wide-ranging work, packed with contextual information, it deals with real people's responses to the widest contexts of playgoing, and how they record their specific experiences in the theatre." Andrew Gurr, Ben Jonson JournalSee more reviews "The brilliance of Whitney's book lies not only in the examples of response he collects, but in his analysis of the character of that response. It is, in short, a work that no one concerned with the effects of early modern theater before 1660 can afford to neglect." - Michael O'Connell, University of California, Santa Barbara "One of the best books of the year, Charles Whitney’s Early Responses to Renaissance Drama refuses to be daunted by the seeming lack of evidence for the effect of early modern English plays on their first audiences...[a] wonderful book." -Peter G. Platt, Studies in English Literature Not yet reviewed Be the first to review Review was not posted due to profanity× - Date Published: October 2006 - format: Hardback - isbn: 9780521858434 - length: 354 pages - dimensions: 235 x 158 x 27 mm - weight: 0.69kg - contains: 8 b/w illus. - availability: Available Table of Contents List of illustrations Part I. Tamburlaine, Sir John, and the Formation of Early Modern Reception: 1. Tamburlaine intervenes 2. Versions of Sir John Part II. Audiences Entertaining Plays: 3. Playgoers in the Theatrum Mundi to 1617 4. Common understanders 5. Playgoing and play-reading gentlewomen 6. Jonson and Shakespeare: living monuments and public spheres Sorry, this resource is locked Please register or sign in to request access. If you are having problems accessing these resources please email firstname.lastname@example.org Sign in You are now leaving the Cambridge University Press website. Your eBook purchase and download will be completed by our partner www.ebooks.com. Please see the permission section of the www.ebooks.com catalogue page for details of the print & copy limits on our eBooks.Continue × Are you sure you want to delete your account? This cannot be undone. Thank you for your feedback which will help us improve our service. If you requested a response, we will make sure to get back to you shortly.×

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What Is the Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index (MCSI)? The Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index (MCSI) is a monthly survey of consumer confidence levels in the United States conducted by the University of Michigan. The survey is based on telephone interviews that gather information on consumer expectations for the economy. Consumer sentiment is a statistical measurement of the overall health of the economy as determined by consumer opinion. It takes into account people's feelings toward their current financial health, the health of the economy in the short term, and the prospects for longer-term economic growth, and is widely considered to be a useful economic indicator. - The Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index (MCSI) is a monthly survey of how consumers feel about the economy, personal finances, business conditions, and buying conditions. - The University of Michigan conducts the telephone survey. It releases a preliminary report mid-month and a final report at the end of the month. - The MCSI is seen as an important leading economic indicator, as consumer spending accounts for about 68.5% of the U.S. economy. Understanding the Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index (MCSI) The Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index was created in the 1940s by Professor George Katona at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research. His efforts ultimately led to a national telephone survey conducted and published monthly by the university. The survey queries consumers on their views of their own personal finances, as well as the short-term and long-term state of the U.S. economy. The preliminary report is generally released during the middle of the month and covers survey responses collected in the first two weeks of the month. The final report is released at the end of the month and covers the full month. It is designed to capture the mood of American consumers. Whether the sentiment is optimistic, pessimistic, or neutral, the survey signals information about near-term consumer spending plans. Because consumer spending accounts for about 68.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the U.S., the MCSI is regarded as one of many important economic indicators followed by businesses, policymakers, and participants in the investment community. MCSI Basic Design Each month, the university conducts a minimum of 500 phone interviews across the continental U.S. The survey asks 50 core questions and covers three areas: personal finances, business conditions, and buying conditions. The answers to these questions form the basis of the index. Consumers are asked questions such as: - Would you say that at the present time business conditions are better or worse than they were a year ago? - Would you say that you (and your family living there) are better off or worse off financially than you were a year ago? - Do you think that a year from now you (and your family living there) will be better off financially, or worse off, or just about the same as now? - What do you think will happen to interest rates for borrowing money during the next 12 months—will they go up, stay the same, or go down? - During the next 12 months, do you think that prices, in general, will go up, or go down, or stay where they are now? About 60% of each monthly survey consists of new responses, and the remaining 40% is drawn from repeat surveys. The repeat surveys help reveal the changes in consumer sentiment over time and provide a more accurate measure of consumer confidence. According to the University of Michigan, the surveys "have proven to be an accurate indicator of the future course of the national economy." Surveys have demonstrated their ability to accurately anticipate changes in interest rates, unemployment rates, inflation rates, GDP growth, housing, car demand, and other key economic measures. The Index of Consumer Expectations (ICE) was created as a subsidiary survey of the MCSI. It has come to be included in the larger index of Leading Composite Indicators published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) through the Department of Commerce.

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According to the Census of 1851, it appears that there were 570, 338 tenants farmers in Ireland who accounted for over half of the rural population. This census also shows that 10, 000 landlords owned most of the land. These numbers show an unfair domination of the land by landlords. And between these two we find an amount of middlemen. We know that the landlords, middlemen and tenants had ties together simply because of their relationship with the land. It leads us to the question: What was the respective cultural and social significance of the landlord, middlemen and tenant in Irish life in the period 1780 – 1914? Firstly, I will deal with the decline of the landlords through the years. Then we will focus on the role of the middlemen and their eradication. Finally, we will emphasize on the living conditions of the tenants and its evolution. The landlord owned the land for which he did not pay any rent. The landlords were considered as “the nobles” and there were several ranks of nobles, their rank depending on how much land they owned. Thus, this allows us to say that the landlord was a member of high society. This is also reflected by the fact that the “landlords houses and demesnes were grandly impressive, estates were concentrated in great territorial blocks” . Consequently, it was ascertained that the landlords in the eighteenth century had been the “undisputed economic and legal centres of their localities” . [...] So, as we have seen the relationship between landlord, middleman and tenant yield much information on the cultural and social significance of each as we see that each relates greatly to the other. Bibliography Moody, T.W., and Vaughan, W.E., (eds) A new history of Ireland: iv, Eighteenth century Ireland (1691-1800) (Oxford, 1986) Vaughan, W.E., (ed.) A new history of Ireland: Ireland under the union, i (1801-1870) (Oxford, 1989) Vaughan, W.E., (ed.) A new history of Ireland: VI, Ireland under the union, ii (1870-1921) (Oxford, 1996) Vaughan, W.E., Landlords and tenants in Ireland 1884-1904 (Dublin, 1884) Donnelly, James S., Landlord and tenant in nineteenth century Ireland (Dublin, 1973) World Wide Web P.W. [...] [...] We have seen that numerous events of the nineteenth century, most significantly the Famine and its many consequences, gave rise to the landlord's declining position towards the early 1900's and as a consequence his social and cultural significance in the social structure of the time was greatly affected. The middlemen underwent a different kind of decline, in that the landlord helped to eradicate their numbers, so that by 1914 the number of middlemen in Ireland was poor, if any remained at all in certain areas. [...] [...] Consequently all the power they had in the eighteenth century disappeared more suddenly than gradually because of how they managed their money, for instance, banks, railways and shops were potential sources of power that landlords failed to exploit. By the 1870's they were considered as being on the fringes of rural society, but nevertheless they managed to extract large amounts of money thanks to the Encumbered Estates Act of 1848 which aimed to help landlords. However, there remained landlords who were able to bear the situation. [...] [...] These sorts of tenants were harshly treated by landlords and middlemen, which again shows their unpleasant situation, living at the bottom of the social structure that existed between landlords, middlemen and tenants. However the law gave them some protection, for instance the ‘Land Law Act' of 1881 and the ‘Land Law Amendment Act' of 1887 universalised right of tenant to sell tenancy, provided for conversion of ordinary tenancies to fixed tenancies and conceded three Fs' which meant fair rent, free sale and fixity of tenure. [...] [...] He characterised legally by the enjoyment of a written claim to tenure, and economically by the ownership of farm, animals, carts and other equipment and by savings reflected in the size of the dowries he was able to provide”. The individual ownership of a plough and a team of horses was in contemporary eyes itself a criterion of modest comfort. The working conditions were not the same in the whole country, some regions were less favoured than others like the poorer regions that were remote from markets which points towards a difficulty to selling the crops and there was also the problem of poor soils in these places. [...] Online readingwith our online reader Content validatedby our reading committee

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The European Mars orbiter, the Express, has failed to contact the British-built Beagle 2 lander, compounding fears the probe, which was to land on Mars last month, is lost. The Mars Express mother ship is now in the perfect orbit to pick up any signal from the unmanned Beagle 2 probe, but hopes were dashed Wednesday when no transmission was received. The Express has a built-in system designed specifically to communicate with Beagle 2. The gloom surrounding the European space project contrasts with the thrill at NASA, whose robot, Spirit, has been sending spectacular pictures of Mars since it landed a few days ago. The British-built European probe was to land on Mars on Christmas Day. Lead scientist Professor Colin Pillinger in north London acknowledged that time is running out, but said he will not give up, yet. "I think the only thing I can say to the whole team at this stage is play to the final whistle, it only takes a fraction of a second to score a goal," he said. "That is the way we will have to look at this and not give up at this time although I think it really is the moment when we have to start looking at the future as well." Over the next few days, the Express, which is on Mars's polar orbit, will continue to scan for a signal. On Friday, the orbiter is scheduled to use its onboard camera to search for signs of the Beagle's airbags and parachute. The Express also has a spectrometer that may be used to try to detect traces of ammonia in the atmosphere around the projected landing site. Ammonia was present in the Beagle's airbags. Beagle 2 is equipped with scientific instruments designed to analyze samples from the Martian surface.

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The Mad Scientist Learn the basics of the scientific method. Water Cycle Bingo Test your understanding of terms associated with the water cycle (hydrologic cycle). The Planets: Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. Water Cycle Game its about the water cycle and how a raindrop changes form. Wisconsin's Fox River Clean-Up The Fox River Cleanup Project is designed to reduce risk to human health and the environment due to the presence of PCBs in Fox River sediment. Hangmoon: Weathering, Erosion, Deposition Definitions and examples of each term 5th Grade Earth and Space Science Review 5th Grade Earth and Space Review The Atmosphere & Global Wind Patterns Review structure of the atmosphere & how it moves around the earth in this game, whilst also hunting squids. Lyon Weather Band This game reviews the concepts of weather. WMS Unit 3 Universe Review-Parrett Review of the universe

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In this – the most glorious hot, dry summer we’ve been enjoying in the UK – it might be timely to recall that 10 years ago, we saw the most significant piece of environmental law enacted in the UK for many years. The Climate Change Act was made law in 2008, led through Parliament by the former Labour leader Ed Miliband, when he was Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change. Yes, back then we had a Cabinet minister tasked with leading action on Climate Change. How things change. The Act required that administration and all subsequent Governments to take the necessary actions to achieve an 80% reduction in climate change emissions, from 1990 levels, by 2050. Ten years later, the Committee on Climate Change – that lean but effective organisation created to keep the Government’s feet to the fire on climate action – is not happy. It has just released a report warning the Government that is it falling behind in its actions. Although overall emissions are down 43% since 1990, the Committee, chaired by former Conservative Environment Secretary John Gummer (now Lord Deben) notes that actions have stalled, especially over the last five years. Perhaps this is not so surprising, given his successors included Owen Paterson, who was not convinced climate change was even happening, or – if it was, it wasn’t a problem. Since leaving the Government, Paterson has been involved with a post-Brexit project called Clexit, which aims to get the UK to withdraw from taking action on Climate Change, including revoking the Climate Change Act. One action the Committee has identified as needing urgent action, is to first identify emissions of greenhouse gases from UK peatlands; and then decide what actions that need to be taken to reduce these emissions. There is a lot of peatland in the UK – mainly in the form of blanket bog which covers the upland landscapes of all four UK countries. Peat forms our largest Carbon resource – far bigger than carbon stored in forests, for example. Our peatlands need to be protected, otherwise they degrade and, as they slowly decompose, release carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. Degraded blanket bogs are found across much of our uplands, which have been damaged by centuries of industrial pollution, acid rain, as well as overgrazing and drainage for agriculture. It is, to me, astonishing that we still do not know the extent of greenhouse-gas emissions from UK peatlands, though the Government has committed to completing this analysis by 2022. Probably the single most effective way of reducing emissions from peatlands is to restore their hydrology, that is the way water flows through the peat. Peat forms when Sphagnum moss (or less often certain grasses and sedges) grows and dies. The dead plant material does not break down (because oxygen is not available), but rather is converted into peat. This peat is then covered by a new layer of plants, and the cycle continues. The peat underneath the live vegetation is protected by its ‘skin’ of plants, and retains water like a sponge. And over centuries, or even millennia, peat can develop to a depth of many metres. But when it is damaged by pollution or agriculture, the vegetation dies. The peat is exposed, starts to dry out and then breaks down, once in contact with air. A damaged, dried out peatland is vulnerable to fire. And this is exactly what happened on Saddleworth Moor (historically in Yorkshire, but now part of Greater Manchester) last week. It’s not entirely clear what caused the fire to start, though there have been suggestions that it was caused by some trespassers, either deliberately or by accident. Either way, the exceptionally hot and dry weather, and a vast area of damaged dried-out peat, created the ideal conditions for a large moorland fire which, at the time of writing, has already covered around 1000ha of moorland. Some have claimed that the Saddleworth fire started on RSPB-managed land nearby, owned by United Utilities. The RSPB have studiously avoided using fire to manage this particular upland site, where they have been working to restore the blanket bog, and point out in this blog that the fire started elsewhere but spread on to their site. What has also been noted is that the area where the fire spread was an area of moorland being “restored” to Grouse Moor. Grouse Moor management involves deliberately setting fire to areas of moorland to encourage the growth of new heather, which Red Grouse, (whose numbers are artificially boosted for shooting), like to feed on. Many thousands of hectares of Moorland are burned for Grouse Moor management every year. In a 2015 report the Climate Change Committee noted “the damaging practice of burning peat to increase Grouse yields continues.” I don’t think it’s too surprising that the Saddleworth Moor fire has become a microcosm for a wider debate about the future of our uplands. While such a large area is still managed for Grouse shooting – Moor burning is also used more widely to encourage grass growth for sheep farming. Those in the shooting community claim they have evidence on their side that controlled burning is environmentally beneficial – even “natural”. A few academics support this position, notably Prof Rob Marrs. But Marrs is also President of the Heather Trust, a charity which is closely aligned with and run by the Grouse Shooting industry. Then there’s the Countryside Alliance, who never miss the opportunity to capitalise on a story and attack their opponents – this is no exception, though we were treated to CA’s head Tim Bonner claiming that there had never been trees on the upland peaks, despite all the evidence to the contrary. Perhaps one of the more interesting suggestions coming forward as a solution is the reintroduction of Beavers to upland sites, to speed up re-wetting of damaged, dried out blanket bog. Beavers do not necessarily need trees to survive, and there is plentiful vegetation on a blanket bog (especially one that hasn’t been burnt.) It’s definitely worth someone doing a trial, given the great expense of mechanically filling in peat drains. As the impacts of climate change become more severe in the UK, we can expect to see more hot, dry summers which will make our peatlands ever more vulnerable to fire yet, as the Climate Change Committee notes, we are already lagging behind on our actions to tackle climate change by reducing emissions. The Saddleworth Moor fire shows that we also urgently need to take action to restore the hydrology of our degraded peatlands, both for their wildlife (and archaeology), their bleak beauty, and because they are our biggest Carbon store. And we need to ask ourselves whether managing Moorlands intensively to create Grouse for shooting, can possibly be compatible with this? Protecting the Carbon resource must come above every other priority. this is an updated version of an article which first appeared on the Lush Times.

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Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage The projects that comprise ARPA-E's GRIDS program, short for "Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage," are developing storage technologies that can store renewable energy for use at any location on the grid at an investment cost less than $100 per kilowatt hour. Flexible, large-scale storage would create a stronger and more robust electric grid by enabling renewables to contribute to reliable power generation. Our national electric grid is not always well-equipped to handle energy from renewable sources. Today's network, which delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers, is dependent on fossil fuels, with over 70% of electricity generation coming from coal or natural gas. The grid has limited ability to store excess energy, so electricity must constantly be generated to perfectly match demand. Though wind and solar power are promising clean alternatives to fossil fuels, their natural unpredictability and intermittency present major challenges to delivery of the consistent power that is necessary to operate today's grid. The energy storage facilities that exist today use pumped hydropower, which is only available in a handful of locations. New, more flexible, large-scale energy storage technologies would allow energy to be efficiently stored and sent to any location in the country. This ability to reliably store and utilize energy will enable the widespread use of renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. Cost-effective grid-scale energy storage is critical for increasing the use of renewable alternatives and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the electric energy sector. If successful, the development of advanced energy storage technologies would store vast amounts of electric energy at low cost, which would enable widespread use of wind and solar energy to power the grid. Investing in these technologies will position the U.S. as the leader in the emerging global market for energy storage infrastructure. A more efficient and reliable grid would be more resilient to potential disruptions. Electricity generation accounts for over 40% of U.S. carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Enabling large-scale contributions of wind and solar power for our electricity generation would result in a substantial decrease in CO2 emissions. Increases in the availability of wind and solar power would reduce fossil fuel demand, resulting in reduced fuel prices and more stable electricity rates.

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In 2000, Governor Gray Davis signed Senate Bill 2148 into law, thus transforming industrial loan companies into a new class of financial institutions termed “industrial banks.” These banks differ from commercial banks in that they may not accept demand deposits and, thus, their parent companies are exempt from the Bank Holding Company Act. Otherwise, industrial banks are subject to the same laws, regulations, and examinations as commercial banks. A commercial bank is a type of financial institution that accepts deposits, while offering checking account services, loans, and offers basic financial products such as certificates of deposit (CDs) and savings accounts for individuals and small businesses. Most Californians do their banking at a commercial bank. Commercial banks turn profits in the form of interest income from the interest-bearing loans that they offer customers. These loans typically include mortgage loans, automobile loans, personal loans, and business loans. Some commercial banks specialize in only a few types of loans. Commercial banks derive capital from customer deposits through checking, savings, money market accounts, and certificates of deposit. Customers are paid interest for providing banks with the working capital necessary to make loans. Of course, the interest rate paid by banks on money borrowed from customers is less than the interest rate charged on money loaned to customers. An industrial bank is a type of financial institution that offers only a limited range of services. Industrial banks accept customer deposits and sell certificates, also known as investment shares. Industrial banks then use the proceeds to make installment loans for consumers and small businesses. Industrial banks do not offer checking accounts. Examples of industrial banks include the Industrial Bank of China, Industrial Bank of Iraq, and Industrial Bank of Korea. IN the U.S, industrial banks only exist in a few states, with the most presently in the state of Utah. In 2017, there were 29 industrial banks with combined assets of more than $120 billion in Utah. |Commercial Banks||Industrial Banks| |Commercial Banks provide financial facilities for commercial activities.||Industrial Banks provide financial facilities for industrial or productive activities.| |Commercial Banks provide short-term loans to meet working capital needs.||Industrial Banks provide long-term loans to meet fixed capital needs.| |Commercial Banks provide financing for repayment periods of short duration.||Industrial Banks provide financing for longer repayment periods such as 15 or 20 years.| |Commercial Banks provide agency and general utility services to their clients.||Industrial Banks provide underwriting, promotional, and consultancy services to their clients.| The attorneys at Glass & Goldberg in California provide high quality, cost-effective legal services and advice for clients in all aspects of commercial compliance, business litigation, and transactional law. Call us at (818) 888-2220, send an email inquiry to email@example.com or visit us online at glassgoldberg.com to learn more about the firm and to sign up for future newsletters.

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Web design is made up of many core disciplines, including - Graphic Design The graphic designer makes decisions regarding everything you see on the web page: graphics, type, colors, layout, etc. - Information Design Information Designers (also called “information architects”) deal with flow charts and diagrams and may never touch a graphic file. - Interface Design Interface design focuses on how the page works. The interface of a web site includes the methods for doing things on a site: buttons, links, navigation devices, etc. as well as the functional organization of the page. - HTML, style sheet, and graphic production The process of writing HTML and style sheet document is commonly referred to as authoring. - Scripting and Programming

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Wild About Texas: Cactus wrens found throughout the Southwest Anyone who has heard the tale of the Three Little Pigs knows that the little pig who built his house on rock was the most successful at keeping away a certain canine predator. There just so happens to be a bird that resides in this great state, which has taken that concept to a whole new level, and that species is the aptly-named cactus wren. The cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillas) is one of 9 species of wrens that call Texas home. Being a non-migratory bird, it can be observed on a regular basis throughout the southwestern and southern portions of the state — west of an imaginary line extending from Lubbock to Houston — throughout the year. It is in these regions that this large species of wren finds its preferred habitats; grasslands, semiarid pastureland and open desert. The cactus wren is the largest species of wren in Texas, with adults attaining a body length of 8.5 inches. The wingspan is proportionately larger, with a length of nearly 11 inches across. From afar, the most noticeable coloration is white stripe that extends from the back of the long, downward-curved bill, over the eye, to the back of the brown-capped head. Upon closer inspection, however, the overall rust-brown upper parts are exquisitely adorned with white and black streaks. The underparts are tan to buff, and are marked with random black spotting, and there is a large black patch under the chin. The tail is long, and the underside has black-and-white barring that is best seen when this bird is in flight. The flight pattern is straight, and the tail is either partially or fully spread while in flight. This lively species, like most other wrens, has a largely carnivorous diet, as it feeds upon a wide variety of primarily “bugs” — such as beetles, flying insects, and spiders — although larger creatures, such as small lizards and frogs, may also be consumed. Noteworthy however, is the fact that up to 20 percent of its diet consists of fruit — more than other wren species — particularly cactus tuna. Although it will sporadically be found living in small groups of family members, cactus wrens generally live in pairs. These pairs are monogamous, and will usually produce 2-3 broods annually. A solitary nest builder, the desert succulents they like to call home give this wren species its common name. The preferred place for nest construction is within the safe confines of the Cholla cactus, and when that spiny plant species is unavailable, then the more common prickly-pear cactus plant is utilized. The domed nest is constructed by the male, and is made up primarily of grasses, twigs, animal fur and feathers. There are 2-7 pink eggs, speckled with brown spots, that are laid in this enclosed nest. The female will incubate these eggs for about two weeks, and then both parents will take care of the young for an additional three weeks until they can depart the nest. Once the young leave the nest, it is frequently used by the adults for roosting, and many pairs will recycle the same nest year after year. Studies have shown that population densities are fairly stable, although it may be susceptible to habitat fragmentation from suburban developments. Outside of Texas, this species can be observed in southern New Mexico, Arizona, and California. From there, it can be seen in the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental, as well as the central plateau of Mexico. The cactus wren is the state bird of Arizona. Michael Price is owner of Wild About Texas, an educational company that specializes in venomous animal safety training, environmental consultations and ecotourism. Contact him at email@example.com.

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Top 10 Most Common Sports Injuries Participating in sports is an excellent way to keep yourself healthy and live an active lifestyle. Sports are good for your heart, respiration, building muscular strength, and keeping you fit. Although there are some ways sports can go wrong and hurt you. The risk of sports injury should definitely not stop you from playing, instead by being careful and aware of the injuries you can minimize the risk. Here are the top 10 most common sports injuries that can be prevented with appropriate measures. 1. ACL Injury The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a tissue that is mostly responsible for your knee’s stabilization. ACL connects the thighbone to the shinbone. Sudden changes in movement or direction can strain the ligament. If the impact is severe then you may tear the ligament. ACL injuries mostly occur while playing certain sports such as basketball, football, tennis, and skiing. The injury can take up to months to heal and may require surgery as well as rehabilitation. The physiotherapy suggests proper warm-up, stretching exercises, and a good posture to avoid possible injuries. Essential padding and bracing should also be used when playing sports. A concussion is a brain injury caused by a sudden impact on the head, affecting the brain activity and damaging it. It’s a pretty common injury in sports. Concussions can be mild to severe depending on your case. The symptoms can be dizziness, sleepiness, temporary loss of memory, etc. Wear protective headgear to avoid chances of sustaining a head injury. Visit a specialist when you get injured. Although the concussion goes away after a week or so. Sprains are the most common sports injuries. Ligaments are tissues that connect bone to bone. Basically, it is a stretch or tear of ligaments near a joint. An ankle sprain is one such sprain that athletes often experience, along with knee sprains, elbow sprains, and wrist sprains. Pain, swelling, and bruising are symptoms of a sprain. Sometimes to heal the injury properly you’ll be required to immobilize to avoid any further injuries. Sprain makes ligaments weak and likely to sustain future sprains. If you’re always prone to sprains then using a brace to support yourself while playing is recommended. Fractures are caused by high impact and contact sports. Fractures can be excruciatingly painful, mostly in the arms, legs, and feet. Fractures take weeks to heal and all that time you’re immobilized. In various cases, surgery is required to correct the deformity. If you play strenuous sports then you are highly exposed to the fracture risk. However, you can avoid it by being more careful, wearing appropriate padding, working out to keep muscles strong & flexible, warming up, practicing good techniques, not playing in pain, discomfort, and not leaving any injuries untreated, even minor ones. 5. Back injuries Your back and spinal column undergo some level of stress with almost every sports activity. Over time, this stress may accumulate into inflammation around the vertebrae and back muscles, sometimes causing injuries to the discs and frequently causing upper or lower back pain. Sometimes a sudden jarring impact may also cause an acute injury to the back. Back treatments vary widely depending on the condition, ranging from rest to physical therapy to surgery. The best way to reduce your risk of back pain and injury is to keep your back muscles strong and flexible with regular low-impact activities, warmups, and even a good diet. 6. Rotator cuff injury The rotator cuff is an inside part of your shoulder, allowing you to freely move and keep the shoulder stable. Athletes are at a greater risk of sustaining rotator cuff injuries because of repeated continuous shoulder movements. Swollen shoulder, pain when you lift your arm, pain when you reach behind your back, etc are rotator cuff injury symptoms. Those who practice sports such as swimming, weightlifting, tennis, basketball, volleyball, etc usually face rotator cuff injuries. Physiotherapy helps treat such injuries and trains the patient on how they can be more careful and avoid recurrence. 7. Tennis elbow & Golfer's elbow Tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow are both painful conditions, usually caused by overuse and repetitive activity. The pain is the result of torn ligaments of the elbow, and the tendons are inflamed. If you play tennis or golf then you’re definitely at risk of suffering from this. You will feel pain on the inside as well as outside of the elbow. Weakness when trying to grab some object is also a symptom. Tennis elbow physiotherapy and some stretching exercise is the treatment for Tennis elbow/Golfer’s elbow. An athlete can avoid suffering from it by taking needed breaks between activities and warming up before playing. 8. Plantar fasciitis Plantar Fasciitis is an inflammation of a group of tissues of a tendon in the arch of the foot. This causes sharp pain with each step. Plantar Fasciitis is common in runners, joggers, soccer, basketball player, and more. Pain near the heel is one of the several symptoms. Proper stretching and required rest can help you prevent it. Physiotherapy, pain relievers, steroid injections, surgery, stretching exercises, shoe inserts, etc are available treatments for Plantar Fasciitis. People often confuse dislocation with broken bones. Dislocation is when the ends or joints of your bones are forced out of their normal position. Dislocations are common if you play sports such as soccer, football, basketball, cricket, and so on. You may dislocate knees, shoulders, hips, jaw, elbows, and ankles. You may also dislocate fingers or toe joints. If you dislocate any of your joints you’ll experience pain, and it will get swollen. A dislocated joint is a serious injury, you may not be able to move it, therefore seek medical attention earliest. Treatment totally depends on the severity of the injury. Although the treatment includes medicine, a splint or sling, and rehabilitation. It’ll probably take you a few weeks to heal and function again. 10. Swollen Muscles Fatigue, overuse, or improper use of muscles results in swollen muscles. Your muscle gets overstretched or torn. Any muscle can get swollen, although it is most common in your lower back, shoulder, hamstring, and neck. Swollen muscles cause pain and limit your movement. It can be mild to severe and can be treated at home using heat, ice, and anti-inflammatory medications. If the muscle strain is severe then you might have to seek medical treatment or physical therapy. Sports like tennis, golf, baseball, and rowing can cause swollen muscles. Poor posture, holding your neck in an awkward position, jumping, running etc can also be reasons for swollen muscles. Author - Denish Tamakuwala Denish Tamakuwala is a Physiotherapist and Clinic Director at Innova Physio. He is a Registered Physiotherapist with a Bachelor's degree in Physical Therapy from the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science. He obtained a Diploma degree (honours) in Fitness & Health Promotion from Humber College. He possesses extensive knowledge and practical experience in therapy and rehabilitation treatment. Apart from assisting his patients through physiotherapy, he loves to compose informational articles to educate the mass.

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If you use vape thinking that traditional cigarettes have more harmful effects, then you need to reconsider it as a new study indicates that e-cigarettes disrupt the gut barrier and trigger inflammation in the body, potentially leading to a variety of health concerns. According to the researchers, including Indian-origin, chemicals used for vaping break down zipper-like junctions between cells in the gut, leading to chronic inflammation and potential for other health concerns. Follow NewsGram on Facebook to stay updated. "This is the first study that demonstrates how chronic exposure to e-cigarettes increases the gut's susceptibility to bacterial infections, leading to chronic inflammation and other health concerns," said the researcher, Soumita Das, Associate Professor, University of California, San Diego. "Given the importance of the gut barrier in the maintenance of the body's immune homeostasis, the findings offer valuable insight into the potential long-term harmful effects chronic use of e-cigarettes on our health," Das added. The study reveals that E-cigarettes trigger inflammation in the gut. Pixabay For the study, published in the journal iScience, the team used 3D models of human intestinal tracts generated from patient cells and simulated what happens when e-cigarette vapors enter the gut lining. To produce the 3D gut organoids, the researchers collected stem cells from patients' biopsies during colonoscopies and grew them in vitro. The stem cells differentiated into the four different cell types that make up the gut lining. The team then exposed the organoids to e-cigarette liquid-vapor, mimicking the frequency of a chronic vaper. They noted that epithelial tight conjunction markers, which are zipper-like proteins that form the gut's first physical barrier, began to break or loosen, causing pathogens from the vapor to seep into the surrounding immune system, wreaking havoc on protective epithelial cells that lie just beneath. Such cells act as a defense against infection by clearing pathogenic microbes and initiating certain immune responses in the body. When exposed to the e-cigarette liquid, the cells were quickly overwhelmed, unable to effectively clear pathogens, resulting in gut inflammation. "Anything we eat or drink, our lifestyle choices, in other words, has the ability to impact our gut microbes, the gut barrier, and overall health. Now we know that what we smoke, such as e-cigarettes, negatively impacts it as well," a researcher said. (IANS)

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Scaffolding the teaching of multisyllabic words – simple to complex Many teachers are focused on teaching kids how to sound out graphemes (spellings) and to blend sounds together into words. They will even be teaching kids how to manipulate phonemes in phonemic awareness activities. These are all essential underlying skills necessary for learning to read. These activities are based on one syllable words and we often assume that kids can transfer these skills to longer words, but this is not the case. Multisyllabic words put a greater strain on working memory, therefore, we need to teach kids how to read and spell them explicitly. If we think of working memory as a post-it note that must be secured in long-term memory, we can see the need for explicit instruction and plenty of practice. The reader must be able to move quickly from sounding out each sound in the syllable to recognizing the syllable at speed and blending it with the other syllables in the word. If the pupil is stuck on sounding out each sound within each syllable, working memory will not be able to hold on to all this information. From simple to complex: which words to start with? In the same way that there is a scaffolding of teaching phonics for one syllable words, there is also a scaffolding for teaching multisyllabic words. A good place to start is 2-syllable CVC/CVC compound words. In these words each syllable has meaning, e.g. ‘lap-top’. Compound words help beginner readers recognize where syllables end. The student can then progress to syllables that don’t have meaning on their own. e.g. ‘cos-mic’. Once the student has some practice, he/she will not expect syllables to have meaning until the whole word is read. We have created some free resources for teachers that offer a sequence of teaching from simple syllable structured to the more complex ones. What is the hierarchy of difficulty of multisyllabic words? 1. Words with CVC syllables Start with CVC/CVC compound words (lap-top) and words that are not compound words (cac-tus). See the list below. 2. Words with CVCC syllables Next is a list of words that have at least one syllable with CVCC structure. Note the the highlighted syllable has the CVCC syllable in the word. 3. Words with CCVC syllables Here is our list for words that have at least one syllable with CCVC structure. Here the highlighted syllable has the CCVC structure. 4. Words with CCVCC syllables. Here the highlighted syllable has CCVC or CCCVC structure. To download these FREE word lists and words with 3, 4 and 5 syllables go to: For teachers wanting to introduce multisyllabic words to their students, our Dandelion Launchers Series, Stages 16-20 are a great introduction for beginner readers to two syllable words within a simple sentence structure. #teachphonics #teachreading #readingintervention #readingtutor #strugglingreaders #teachspelling #howtoteachreading #syllabletypes

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Take your writing skills to the next level. This course follows on from The Write Stuff: Telling the Story so you can pick up from where you left off, or even start a new project if you prefer. It’s time to get your writing groove back! Continue your writer's journey and build on your skills with each assignment to publish and share your family history. Work at your own pace. There are no set start or end dates. Course materials are available to you immediately. Receive constructive and helpful feedback to find your voice and improve with each assignment. Private Facebook group available. By taking this course today, you will advance your writing skills and produce a shareable family history. We’ll teach you how to continue your writing project by working through plot and structure, incorporating citations, implementing creative nonfiction writing techniques and revising your existing prose. We'll provide helpful tips, checklists, and worksheets to help keep you on track. Through instructional videos, weekly assignments, and collaboration with other participants, you will polish your prose for writing success. Here's the breakdown week by week: Week 2: Writing Fabulous Family History Scenes Week 3: Using Creative Nonfiction Writing Techniques Week 4: Handling Citations Week 5: Revising Your Existing Prose Week 6: Bonus Lesson: Print and Electronic Options for Sharing and Publishing Click the button to get the Write Stuff II course now and continue your writer's journey today! Learn the skills polish your prose for publication.

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Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Type: summer or cool-season annual broadleaf grain Roles: quick soil cover, weed suppressor, nectar for pollinators and beneficial insects, topsoil loosener, rejuvenator for low-fertility soils Mix with: sorghum-sudangrass hybrids, sunn hemp See charts, pp. 66 to 72, for ranking and management summary. Buckwheat is the speedy short-season cover crop. It establishes, blooms and reaches maturity in just 70 to 90 days and its residue breaks down quickly. Buckwheat cover crops suppress weeds and attract beneficial insects and pollinators with its abundant blossoms. It is easy to kill, and reportedly extracts soil phosphorus from soil better than most grain-type cover crops. Buckwheat thrives in cool, moist conditions but it is not frost tolerant. Even in the South, it is not grown as a winter annual. Buckwheat is not particularly drought tolerant, and readily wilts under hot, dry conditions. Its short growing season may allow it to avoid droughts, however. Benefits of Buckwheat Cover Crops Quick cover. Few cover crops establish as rapidly and as easily as buckwheat. Its rounded pyramid- shaped seeds germinate in just three to five days. Leaves up to 3 inches wide can develop within two weeks to create a relatively dense, soil shading canopy. Buckwheat typically produces only 2 to 3 tons of dry matter per acre, but it does so quickly—in just six to eight weeks (257). Buckwheat residue also decomposes quickly, releasing nutrients to the next crop. Weed suppressor. Buckwheat’s strong weed suppressing ability makes it ideal for smothering warm-season annual weeds. It’s also planted after intensive, weed-weakening tillage to crowd out perennials. A mix of tillage and successive dense seedings of buckwheat can effectively suppress Canada thistle, sowthistle, creeping jenny, leafy spurge, Russian knapweed and perennial peppergrass (257). While living buckwheat may have an allelopathic weed-suppressing effect (351), its primary impact on weeds is through shading and competition. Phosphorus scavenger. Buckwheat takes up phosphorus and some minor nutrients (possibly including calcium) that are otherwise unavailable to crops, then releasing these nutrients to later crops as the residue breaks down. The roots of the plants produce mild acids that release nutrients from the soil. These acids also activate slow-releasing organic fertilizers, such as rock phosphate. Buckwheat’s dense, fibrous roots cluster in the top 10 inches of soil, providing an extensive root surface area for nutrient uptake. Thrives in poor soils. Buckwheat performs better than cereal grains on low-fertility soils and soils with high levels of decaying organic matter. That’s why it was often the first crop planted on cleared land during the settlement of woodland areas and is still a good first crop for rejuvenating over-farmed soils. However, buckwheat does not do well in compacted, droughty or excessively wet soils. Quick regrowth. Buckwheat will regrow after mowing if cut before it reaches 25 percent bloom. It also can be lightly tilled after the midpoint of its long flowering period to reseed a second crop. Some growers bring new land into production by raising three successive buckwheat crops this way. Soil conditioner. Buckwheat’s abundant, fine roots leave topsoil loose and friable after only minimal tillage, making it a great mid-summer soil conditioner preceding fall crops in temperate areas. Nectar source. Buckwheat’s shallow white blossoms attract beneficial insects that attack or parasitize aphids, mites and other pests. These beneficials include hover flies (Syrphidae), predatory wasps, minute pirate bugs, insidious flower bugs, tachinid flies and lady beetles. Flowering may start within three weeks of planting and continue for up to 10 weeks. Nurse crop. Due to its quick, aggressive start, buckwheat is rarely used as a nurse crop, although it can be used anytime you want quick cover. It is sometimes used to protect late-fall plantings of slow-starting, winter-hardy legumes wherever freezing temperatures are sure to kill the buckwheat. Buckwheat prefers light to medium, well-drained soils—sandy loams, loams, and silt loams. It performs poorly on heavy, wet soils or soils with high levels of limestone. Buckwheat grows best in cool, moist conditions, but is not frost-tolerant. It is also not drought tolerant. Extreme afternoon heat will cause wilting, but plants bounce back overnight. Plant buckwheat after all danger of frost. In untilled, minimally tilled or clean-tilled soils, drill 50 to 60 lb./A at 1/2 to 11/2 inches deep in 6 to 8 inch rows. Use heavier rates for quicker canopy development. For a fast smother crop, broadcast up to 96 lb./A (2 bu./A) onto a firm seedbed and incorporate with a harrow, tine weeder, disk or field cultivator. Overall vigor is usually better in drilled seedings. As a nurse-crop for slow growing, winter annual legumes planted in late summer or fall, seed at one-quarter to one-third of the normal rate. Buckwheat compensates for lower seeding rates by developing more branches per plant and more seeds per blossom. However, skimping too much on seed makes stands more vulnerable to early weed competition until the canopy fills in. Using cleaned, bin-run or even birdseed-grade seed can lower establishment costs, but increases the risk of weeds. As denser stands mature, stalks become spindly and are more likely to lodge from wind or heavy rain. Buckwheat is used most commonly as a mid-summer cover crop to suppress weeds and replace bare fallow. In the Northeast and Midwest, it is often planted after harvest of early vegetable crops, then followed by a fall vegetable, winter grain, or cool-season cover crop. Planted later, winterkilled residue provides decent soil cover and is easy to no-till into. In many areas, it can be planted following harvest of winter wheat or canola. In parts of California, buckwheat grows and flowers between the killing of winter annual legume cover crops in spring and their re-establishment in fall. Some California vineyard managers seed 3-foot strips of buckwheat in row middles, alternating it and another summer cover crop, such as sorghum-sudangrass. Buckwheat is sensitive to herbicide residues from previous crops, especially in no-till seedbeds. Residue from trifluralin and from triazine and sulfonylurea herbicides have damaged or killed buckwheat seedlings (79). When in doubt, sow and water a small test plot of the fast germinating seed to detect stunting or mortality. Few pests or diseases bother buckwheat. Its most serious weed competitors are often small grains from preceding crops, which only add to the cover crop biomass. Other grass weeds can be a problem, especially in thin stands. Weeds also can increase after seed set and leaf drop. Diseases include a leaf spot caused by the fungus Ramularia and Rhizoctonia root rot. Plant buckwheat as an emergency cover crop to protect soil and suppress weeds when your main crop fails or cannot be planted in time due to unfavorable conditions. To assure its role as habitat for beneficial insects, allow buckwheat to flower for at least 20 days—the time needed for minute pirate bugs to produce another generation. Buckwheat can be double cropped for grain after harvesting early crops if planted by mid-July in northern states or by early August in the South. It requires a two-month period of relatively cool, moist conditions to prevent blasting of the blossoms. There is modest demand for organic and specially raised food-grade buckwheat in domestic and overseas markets. Exporters usually specify variety, so investigate before planting buckwheat for grain. Buckwheat can become a weed. Kill within 7 to 10 days after flowering begins, before the first seeds begin to harden and turn brown. Earliest maturing seed can shatter before plants finish blooming. Some seed may overwinter in milder regions. Buckwheat can harbor insect pests including Lygus bugs, tarnished plant bugs and Pratylynchus penetrans root lesion nematodes (256). - Buckwheat has only about half the root mass as a percent of total biomass as small grains (355). Its succulent stems break down quickly, leaving soils loose and vulnerable to erosion, particularly after tillage. Plant a soil-holding crop as soon as possible. - Buckwheat is nearly three times as effective as barley in extracting phosphorus, and more than 10 times more effective than rye—the poorest P scavenger of the cereal grains (355). - As a cash crop, buckwheat uses only half as much soil moisture as soybeans (299).

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World Wide “Reds” The Spread of Communism in Asia, Middle East and Latin America Review of Communism • Explain one reason why the United States and USSR clashed after WWII. • What is the “Iron Curtain?” • Why were Capitalist powers worried about the “Iron Curtain” and “Satellite States”? • What was NATO? Korea • Korea was split after WWII • Soviets controlled North, Capitalist the south • The North Koreans wanted to unify • Their unification move was thought to be an attack by MacArthur. • MacArthur invaded North Korea and up to China • Forces pushed back, MacArthur wants to drop atomic bomb on China • Truman refused to drop A-bomb • MacArthur speaks out against Truman and fired for insubordination. Vietnam • French controlled Vietnam • Leader Ho Chi Minh pushed for freedom • The Democratic Republic of Vietnam began to fight the French • Americans began to help to prevent the spread of communism • Vietnam split at the 17thParralell. North was communist and south was capitalist • Eisenhower stated the domino theory. Middle East • Capitalist countries left Middle East. Soviets did not. • USSR invades Iran and United States demands them to remove themselves • The UN Divided Palestine into a Jewish and Arab states. • Many European Jews moved to Palestine • Palestine then invaded Iran, and lost. Latin America • The United States tried to keep communism from getting close to home. • American businesses had cooperation's in Latin America • There was a close scare with support of communism in Guatemala. • CIA helped overthrow the leader of the radical group • At the same time, Fidel Castro became the communist leader of Cuba.

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Drinking water has been contaminated in Texas and Pennsylvania as a result of shale gas drilling, and the cause was faulty gas wells, a new study has found. Scientists from Duke University, Ohio State, Stanford, Dartmouth, and the University of Rochester found eight clusters of drinking-water wells that were contaminated as a result of gas well integrity problems including poor casing and cementing. One of the contaminated clusters was in Texas and seven were in Pennsylvania, “People’s water has been harmed by drilling,” said Robert B. Jackson, professor of environmental and earth sciences at Stanford and Duke. “In Texas, we even saw two homes go from clean to contaminated after our sampling began.” The peer-reviewed study, titled “Nobles gases identify the mechanisms of fugitive gas contamination in drinking-water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales,” was published Sept. 15 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The scientists analyzed the gas content of more than 130 drinking water wells using noble gas and hydrocarbon tracers. Casing is steel tubing set inside the drilled well to protect the wellstream; it’s been likened to the bones of the spine protecting the spinal cord. The small space between the casing and the sides of the drilled well is then filled with cement to set the casing in place. In four of the affected clusters, the researchers found that methane from drill sites escaped into drinking water wells through faulty or insufficient rings of cement surrounding a gas well’s shaft. In three clusters, tests indicates the methane leaked through faulty well casings. In one cluster, the contamination was linked to an underground well failure. They authors say that most of the problems they found could be avoided by improving well integrity. But their study also points out that the fracking process could be affecting the integrity of the gas wells. “Future work should evaluate whether the large volumes of water and high pressures required for horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing influence well integrity,” the study states.

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Ethical Relativism Reflection Essay Example How people evaluate right and wrong is a widely opinionated topic in human society. It varies between cultures, societies, religions, heritage, and levels of education. The theory of ethical relativism argues that there are no universal ethical standards and that all ethics are contextually relative. Ethical relativism describes the view that different groups of people will have different ethical standards for evaluating an act as right or wrong and that their different beliefs are genuine in their respective societies. The theory also promotes that these different beliefs are not instances of a universal moral principle. According to ethical relativism, there are no objective moral values, no objective right or wrong, and no universally valid moral claims independent of what the individual happens to believe. Ethical relativism should be critiqued because, in some situations, it cannot lead to a clear answer and denies that any universal moral principles exist. To properly critique ethical relativism, one must be familiar with the absolutist whose values are opposed to those of an ethical relativist. An absolutist believes that there is one set of moral guidelines that dictate determining right or wrong that everyone should follow. Let’s say we have an absolutist, Jim, and a relativist, Jackson. Jim believes it is wrong to punch someone no matter the circumstance because it is immoral to inflict pain on another person. On the other hand, Jackson thinks that it is not sinful to punch someone under the right circumstance (self-defense). Ethical relativism would tell the two parties that they must tolerate each other’s individual opinions. How does ethical relativism resolve the conflict between different beliefs if one must tolerate the other person’s opinion? If ethical relativism is true, then Jim wouldn’t even bother to listen to Jackson because Jackson’s beliefs cannot be better or more correct than Jim’s. Paul Taylor provides deeper insight by saying, “A person who denies relativism and claims that moral standards validly apply to all men everywhere and in every age may accept the scientific evidence of the contradictions among honest opinions of different cultures. He simply says some opinions are genuine and others are false” (Taylor, 33). Taylor is illustrating how there can be good reasons to support something and how there can also be equally good reasons to justify against something. A society that embraces the notion that there is no ultimate right or wrong loses the ability to make any rational judgment at all. In today’s society, people intuitively know that some moral principles are universal and knowable through exercising human reason. No matter the context, a universal moral compass would be “Do not murder.” In analyzing Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative, Reath has this to say, “Rational conduct is motivated by the recognition of an action as good in some respect, where the goodness of the action consists in the fact that it follows from a general normative principle, or is justified by reasons whose force can be recognized by others” (Reath, 394). Reath’s analysis here supports the claim that a general normative principle exists for all people, which is something that ethical relativism denies. In conclusion, ethical relativism, the thesis that moral principles derive their validity from societal or individual context, seems plausible at first glance, but on close examination presents some severe issues. The conventionalist approach leaves the questions of how do we determine what a society is and how is reform possible within a conventionalist system? The second subjectivism approach presents the problem of morality having no meaning and that no interpersonal criticism is possible. Ethical relativism is a complex theory that needs to be critiqued because it leaves some questions unanswered and denies any such universal moral principle exists.

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What is life? Scientists still can’t agree on an answer. Many suggest that life requires metabolism, genetic material, and the ability to self-replicate, but there the possibility of broad agreement ends. Are viruses alive? What about a storm or a flame? Worse still, the driving force that leads to the emergence of life still eludes us. Since the time of Darwin, scientists have struggled to reconcile the evolution of biological forms in a universe determined by fixed laws. These laws underlie the origin of life, evolution, human culture and technology, as defined by the boundary conditions of the universe. However, these laws cannot predict the emergence of these things. The theory of evolution works in the opposite direction, showing how selection can explain why some things exist and other things don’t. To understand how open shapes can emerge in an advanced process of physics that does not include their design, a new approach to understanding the transition from non-biological to biological is needed. A unique property of living systems is the existence of complex architectures that cannot form by chance. These architectures can exist for billions of years, resisting environmental degradation. How is this achieved? Selection is the answer: it is the force that creates life in the universe through the emergence of evolutionary systems. Selection preceded evolution. Imagine you are a rock climber scaling a vertical rock face with a ladder, building it up one rung at a time. The raw material for the ladder parts is randomly “produced” and thrown at you. If the materials come too fast, you can’t catch them and you’ll end up dying. If the materials come in too slowly, you won’t be able to reach the top, and again you will die. If the materials arrive at the right rate, however, the “production” time and the “discovery” time of the parts will be balanced so that the selection can take place. Subscribe for a weekly email with ideas that inspire a life well lived. The formation of these scales must occur at the molecular level for selection to occur, but causation is not accepted by physics as a fundamentally occurring process. On the contrary, causality emerges in complex systems. But where do these complex systems come from to help the emergence of causality? The “assembly theory” and the mark of life A few years ago we realized that it was possible to tell the difference between complex molecules and simple molecules by the number of steps required to build the molecule from a line of parts. The greater the number of parts required, the more complex the molecule. We call the shortest way to assemble a molecule its “assembly index”. The Assembly Index literally tells us the minimum amount of memory the universe needs to have to remember how to create this object as quickly and simply as possible. We then realized that this observation led to a much deeper framework that we call ‘assembly theory’, which, in simple terms, helps explain why something exists. Indeed, the assembly index makes it possible to order in time, which explains why certain objects exist before others: it is due to constraints in the path which leads to the object in question. In other words, if A is simpler than B and B is simpler than C, A and B must exist before C exists. How does this translate into a clear idea of how to find life? Assembly theory allows us to identify objects that are both complex (i.e. with a high assembly index) and that form in such abundance that they cannot be formed than by life. The greater the abundance of objects with a high assembly index, the more unlikely it is that the objects could be produced without a highly directed process requiring evolution. Therefore, assemblage theory explains the underlying mechanism or framework from which selection results in the emergence of life itself. Universal Life Detector The quest to discover the precise origin of life on Earth has been a great challenge for several reasons. The first is that it is not possible to map the exact processes that gave rise to life at the level of atoms and molecules. Another is that the emergence of the specific life we find on Earth appears to be entirely dependent on Earth’s history, which cannot be fully replicated in the laboratory. However, that doesn’t mean the pursuit will forever elude science. I am optimistic that we will be able to detect the origin of life in laboratory experiments on Earth, as well as find life elsewhere in the universe. We’re hoping the plethora of exoplanets out there means that life is still going to emerge somewhere in the universe – the same way stars are constantly dying and being born. If we can shift our thinking to look for selection-producing collections of objects (like ladder-building climber-like molecules) with high assembly indices as a clear precursor to life, then our approach to finding the life in the universe is expanding dramatically. The goal now is to find complex objects with a common causal history. We call this a “shared assembly space”, and it will help map interactions throughout the universe. Another way to search for life in the universe is to design experiments that allow us to search for the emergence of life in the laboratory. How could we do this? If life emerged over 100 million years using the entire planet as a test tube or a small hot pond, then how could we recreate such a massive experiment, and how would we know if we were successful? You have to start with the Universal Life Detector (ULD). The ULD will detect objects, systems and trajectories that have high assembly indices and, therefore, are the products of selection. “Chemputation” and search for chemical space To answer the big scientific questions, you have to ask the right questions. I have long thought that the question of the origin of life should be framed as a research problem in “chemical space”. This means that a large number of chemical reactions, from a set of single input chemicals, must be explored over many cycles and reaction environments for the process of selection and causation to emerge over time. . For example, if a molecule is generated in a random soup and that molecule can catalyze or cause its own formation, then the soup will be transformed from a collection of random molecules into a highly specific collection of molecules with multiple copies of each molecule. At the molecular level, the emergence of the self-replicating molecule can be seen as the simplest example of the emergence of “causal power” and is one of the mechanisms that allows selection to occur in the universe. How can we explore chemical space in a way that goes far beyond what computer simulations can accomplish? To do this, we need to build a series of modular robots that understand and can perform chemistry. (A major challenge is that the physical architecture to do this does not yet exist, and most chemists believe that programmable control of chemical synthesis and reactions is impossible. However, I believe it is possible. But to suggest this idea is to suggest the Internet before computers existed.) About ten years ago, we asked if it was possible to build a universal chemical robot capable of manufacturing any molecule. This seemed like an insurmountable problem, because the chemistry is very messy and complex, and the instructions used to make molecules are often ambiguous or incomplete. By analogy, compare this to the generalized abstraction of computation, in which the Turing machine can be used to run any computer program. Could a universal abstraction for chemistry be constructed – a type of chemical Turing machine? To achieve this, we need to consider the minimal chemputing architecture required to make any molecule. This is the key abstraction that allowed the concept of chemputation – the process of making any molecule from code in a chemputer – to come into being. And the first working programmable chimputer was built in 2018. Initially, chimputers were used to publicize molecules, develop better synthetic routes, and discover new molecules. We aim to design and build networks of chemputers, or a “chemputer-mesh”, dedicated to the search for the origin of life in my laboratory and throughout the world. All chimputers in the mesh will use the same universal chemical programming language and aim to search the chemical space for evidence of selection from very simple molecules. By designing an “assembly detector”, according to the same principles as for the ULD but adapted to the laboratory, we aim to capture the engine responsible for the origin of life in the act. Compare that to the large detectors at the Large Hadron Collider built to find the high-energy Higgs boson. Our assembly detector will look for complex molecules that have a high assembly index and are produced in large numbers from a soup of simple molecules. The next step will be to set up the chemputer-mesh to explore the chemical universe to find the conditions from which life can emerge. If this is successful and we can demonstrate how simply these conditions can emerge on Earth, we will be able to follow how evolution can start from the inorganic world – not just on our planet, but on all exoplanets in the universe.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: ■ Understand the definition of land ■ Understand the nature of trespass ■ Understand who can be a party to an action in trespass ■ Understand the available defences ■ Understand the different remedies ■ Critically analyse the tort ■ Apply the law to factual situations and reach conclusions as to liability Student Mentor Tip ‘Note the differences between trespass to land and to the person and do not mix them up!’ Pelena, University of Surrey ‘Trespassers will be prosecuted’ is a phrase which appears on notices throughout England. Most people do not realise that it is rarely possible to prosecute. Originally trespass to land was a crime as well as a civil offence. This is generally no longer the case, the only remedy being available through the civil courts. Trespass to land is one of the oldest torts originating from the old action for trespass (see Chapter 1). English common law has always gone to great lengths to protect interests in land. In the early days, a landowner was entitled to place mantraps or other devices on his land and would not be liable for any injury caused. This is no longer the case. People are entitled to say who can come on to their land and to take steps to keep unwanted visitors (trespassers) out, but the steps must be not be likely to cause injury. As has been seen, in Chapter 7, in certain circumstances landowners can be liable for injuries caused to unlawful visitors resulting from a danger on the land (Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984). The tort retains some original characteristics. It is actionable per se, so that no actual damage need be caused. It is enough that the trespasser has crossed the boundary intentionally for liability to arise. Trespass will occur when even a small part of the trespasser’s anatomy has crossed the boundary. Thus in Franklin v Jeffries, The Times, 11 March 1985 there was a trespass when an unwanted arm came through an open window. Obviously the level of compensation where no actual damage has occurred will in most cases be limited. It will be seen, however, that it is not unusual for the remedy of choice to be an injunction, preventing a repeat of the tort. The interference with the owner’s rights must be direct and intentional. Indirect interference may give rise to a cause of action in nuisance (see Chapter 9). The issue of intention can cause some problems. The action itself must be deliberate but there is no requirement that there should be any intention to trespass. A drunkard who staggers up the path to what he mistakenly believes to be his own front door intentionally trespasses on the neighbour’s land. They intended to go along that path although they did not intend to trespass. In Conway v George Wimpey & Co Ltd 2 KB 266 it was held that it was irrelevant that the person was unaware that they were trespassing or even honestly believed that the land was theirs. Conversely, a parachutist who gets blown on to land by the wind does not commit trespass as the entry was not intended. In Smith v Stone Style 65 a person who was pushed on to land by someone else was not liable for trespass. It is sometimes argued that the tort protects a right of privacy. As will be seen, this is unlikely to happen in most cases. Photographs taken with a long lens may infringe privacy and be actionable as breach of confidentiality or nuisance, but without the crossing of the boundary there is no trespass. A simple definition is: a direct physical and unlawful interference with land which is in the possession of another person. Trespass to land can occur in a number of ways, the most common being by way of entry on to land. It can also occur by remaining on land having been asked to leave and after a reasonable time has been allowed for that purpose. Robson v Hallett 2 All ER 407 A police officer was invited into a house to pursue enquiries. The consent to him being there was withdrawn and he tried to leave. Before he could do so he was assaulted. The issue was whether or not at the time of the assault he was a lawful or unlawful visitor. Once permission is withdrawn a reasonable time must be allowed for the visitor to leave and Lord Diplock stated: ‘provided he did so with reasonable expedition, he would not be a trespasser while he was doing so’. Placing an object on or against land will also amount to trespass. This can extend to the placing of a human being on land. In Smith v Stone it was held: ‘that it is the trespasse of the party that carryed the defendant upon the land, and not the trespasses of the defendant: as he that drives my cattel into another man’s land is the trespassor against him, and not I who am the owner of the cattel’. More usually cases are concerned with objects. An example of the more usual case is found in Westripp v Baldock 2 All ER 799 when it was held that a ladder leaning against the claimant’s wall was a trespass. The word ‘land’ sounds simple – we all know what it means but for legal purposes it can mean vastly more than the soil itself. The term includes the surface of the soil, any buildings erected on it, the airspace above it and the subsoil beneath it. In theory therefore ‘land’ includes airspace out to infinity and the subsoil through to Australia! Clearly in the modern world this is nonsense. Limits have to be drawn. In Bernstein v Skyviews and General Ltd 2 All ER 902 Mr Justice Griffiths said that he could find ‘no support in authority for the view that a landowner’s rights in the air space above his property extend to an unlimited height’. As the Judge observed, this would mean that every time an aircraft or a satellite passed over the land a trespass would be committed. In trying to balance the rights of the landowner with those of the general public to take advantage of modern technology, the Judge concluded: ‘The balance is in my judgment best struck in our present society by restricting the rights of an owner in the air space … to such height as is necessary for the ordinary use and enjoyment of his land and the structures on it, and declaring that above that height he has no greater rights in the air space than any other member of the public.’ Bernstein v Skyviews and General Ltd 2 All ER 902 The defendants’ business was taking aerial photographs of premises which were then sold to the owners of the premises. They took pictures of the claimant’s house. He claimed that the defendants were liable for trespass. Mr Justice Griffiths found that the defendants had flown over the land without permission but, in the light of the reasoning set out above, held that there had been no trespass. Bernstein is in reality more concerned with the issue of privacy. The position of commercial airlines has been dealt with by the Civil Aviation Act 1982 which provides: ‘s76(1) No action shall lie in respect of trespass … by reason of the flight of an aircraft over any property at a height … which, having regard to wind, weather and all the circumstances of the case is reasonable, or the ordinary incidents of such flight.’ S76(2) identifies that ‘damages in respect of the loss or damage shall be recoverable without proof of negligence or intention’ – so this is strict liability. An owner’s rights in relation to the subsoil are restricted in various ways but the fact that ownership vests in him has been used to advantage in the context of problems arising from the use of the highway (see section 8.5.2). So far, the person whose rights have allegedly been infringed has been referred to as the owner of the land. This implies that ownership is necessary to maintain an action for trespass. This is not in fact the case. As a general rule, the person in possession of land has the right to sue, thus proving that there is some truth in the saying that ‘possession is nine-tenths of the law’. Rejecting the proposition that legal title is necessary before an action can be brought, Lord Kenyon CJ in Graham v Peat 1 East 244 said ‘Any possession is a legal possession against a wrongdoer’. As a consequence, even a squatter has enforceable rights against anyone who enters that land other than a person with a better legal title. In contrast an action attempted against a party with superior rights of occupation is bound to fail. Delaney v T P Smith & Co KB 393 The claimant and the defendant had reached an oral agreement under which the claimant would acquire a tenancy of the defendant’s property. However, the claimant then secretly entered the property before the lease was actually executed. When the defendant then ejected the claimant he sued in trespass but failed. The agreement on the lease had not been put in writing as required, as a result of which the defendant still had superior rights of occupation and was entitled to eject the claimant. It would also of course be possible for a tenant to bring an action in trespass against the freehold owner of the property because a leaseholder has rights of exclusive possession. However, it would not be possible for a lodger to sue in trespass against a landlord because a lodger only has a licence. White v Bayley 142 ER 438 The claimant was paid £75 a year for managing and living in premises rented by his employers. When the defendants gave the claimant notice to quit and took possession the claimant forcibly re-entered. The defendants sought an injunction. The claimant then brought a counter claim in trespass but failed. As the court identified he was entitled to ‘the use but not the occupation of the premises’. The general and obvious rule is that the person who commits a trespass will be liable for it. This simple statement is modified in some ways. A person with a better legal title is able to enter land and eject the trespasser from it without being liable in their turn for trespass. It should be noted that where there is an issue of residential occupancy, even a better legal title will not protect the person from liability under the Protection from Eviction Act 1977 which requires that a court order for possession be obtained prior to any eviction. It will be seen that certain defences will protect someone who clearly enters land without authority to do so in order to deal with an emergency (see section 8.6.3). The various ways in which a trespass may occur have already been discussed but it is useful to consider the principles which have emerged from case law in order to ‘put flesh on the bones’ of the basic rules. It has already been seen that claimants are only entitled to limited protection against infringement of the airspace above their land (Bernstein v Skyways and General Ltd). Protection will be given by the courts against something which occurs at a lower level and has a more immediate impact than an over-flying aircraft. In Kelson v Imperial Tobacco Co 2 QB 334 it was held that an advertising sign which overhung the claimant’s land amounted to a trespass. The construction industry is particularly vulnerable in this regard as the use of very tall cranes is common. Such cranes have wide booms which are likely to travel through another’s airspace. In Woolerton & Wilson v Richard Costain Ltd 1 WLR 411 the defendants’ crane swung over the claimant’s land. The defendants were liable for trespass. More recently, in Anchor Brewhouse Developments Ltd and Others v Berkley House (Docklands Developments) Ltd 38 BLR 82 the matter was further considered. Anchor Brewhouse Developments Ltd and Others v Berkley House (Docklands Developments) Ltd 38 BLR 82 A site was being developed which involved the use of very tall cranes. When the cranes were not being used they were left so that the booms were free to swing with the wind to avoid them being blown over. As they swung, the cranes travelled over adjoining property. The over-swinging cranes amounted to a trespass. Drawing a distinction with over-flying aircraft Mr Justice Scott rejected the concept of the balancing of rights propounded in Bernstein

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The Word on College Reading and Writing by Babin, Burnell, and Pesznecker Frameworks for Academic Writing by Steve Poulter Writing Spaces: Volume 2, edited by Charles Lowe and Pavel Zemliansky Methods of Discovery by Pavel Zemliansky Writing in College: From Competence to Excellence by Amy Guptill UNC Writing Center – “Evaluating Print Sources” Handout UNC Writing Center – “Understanding Assignments” Handout UNC Writing Center – “Understanding Assignments” Video Purdue OWL – “The Rhetorical Situation” Purdue OWL – “Developing Strong Thesis Statements” Purdue OWL – “Stasis Introduction” Critical Thinking: Course Map & Recommended Resources How to Use This Guide This document is intended to highlight resources that can be used to address the topic of Critical Thinking in a First-Year Writing Course. All resources are Open Access and can be downloaded or added to a Course Management System via hyperlink. Introduction & Learning Objectives Critical Thinking is one of the five main learning outcomes for the Ohio Transfer Module’s Ohio guidelines for first-year writing. The Department of Higher Education states that by the end of the course, students should be able to: - Use reading and writing for inquiry, learning, thinking, and communicating. - Locate and evaluate secondary research materials, including visual texts such as photographs, videos, or other materials. - Analyze relationships among writer, text, and audience in various kinds of texts. - Use various critical thinking strategies to analyze texts. Critical Thinking is not something that can be covered in a single lesson. Rather, it forms the backbone of the writing course as students engage with their own writing and the writings of others. Critical thinking is best learned by doing. Many of the textbooks below provide reading and writing assignments within the chapters. The supplemental materials provide much of the same information without the readings or assignments, which can allow for easy integration with other course material or writing assignments. The materials below range from introductory lessons to more in-depth and detailed explanations for the various processes in critical thinking. The materials are available as single lessons that can be used to supplement other course material and readings, or as standalone sections that can provide weeks of information and activities that can align with other writing assignments. This module is designed to address the following learning objectives: Understand and define critical thinking skills, strategies, and practices Employ critical reading strategies Identify and understand claims Identify and understand support; Personal Experience and Research including: Inference, deduction, and reasoning, Secondary and Primary Identify the rhetorical situations - Practice critical writing by producing work - Analyze and evaluate the ideas and writings of others - Synthesize the ideas of others - Respond to the claims or ideas of others - Assess one's own ideas, biases, support, implications, and conclusions The resources included here are intended to address the above listed learning objectives. They will cover each aspect of the critical-thinking process, although there are resources that may overlap. These resources can be used as standalone chapters, or in combination with other suggested resources from other chapters. - Written by five college reading and writing instructors, this interactive, multimedia text draws from decades of experience teaching students who are entering the college reading and writing environment for the very first time. It includes examples, exercises, and definitions for just about every reading – and writing – related topic students will encounter in their college courses. “Part 1: Working With Texts” provides in-depth content to read closely and develop critical thinking skills for reading and responding to the writing of others. - This is a downloadable PDF textbook written by a writing instructor. It contains an in-depth section on “Critical Analysis” starting on page 149. This section explains many steps and processes in critical or literary analysis: close reading, reader analysis, text analysis, author analysis, context analysis, and writing conclusions. At nearly fifty pages, this section provides similar information to The Word with additional exercises and practice sheets. - This book provides an introduction and explanation to Bloom’s Taxonomy, an introduction to logical fallacies, examples of different types of thinking, and exercises to sharpen critical thinking and reasoning skills. Chapter 3 titled, “Thinking About Thought,” is divided into four sections: 3.1 “Types of Thinking,” 3.2 “It’s Critical,” 3.3 “Searching for ‘Aha!’” and 3.4 “Problem Solving and Decision Making.” There are many exercises throughout the chapter followed by section 3.5, which is a review. - Volume 2 includes an essay, “Critical Thinking in College Writing: From the Personal to the Academic,” written by Gita DasBender. This essay seeks to explain critical thinking as used in the composition classroom to read and analyze a text. It refers to an essay by Annie Dillard, “Living Like Weasels,” and uses this essay to explore criticism and analysis. This chapter concludes with an annotated sample essay of a writing assignment that critiques the Dillard essay. - This is an online writing guide focused on rhetoric and argument. Chapter 3, “Research and Critical Reading,” focuses on critical reading as a gateway to writing. It contains four sections: “Introduction,” “Key Features of Critical Reading,” “From Reading to Writing,” and “Strategies for Connecting Reading to Writing,” as well as activities throughout the sections and at the end of the chapter. - Chapter 2, “What Does the Professor Want? Understanding the Assignment,” breaks down the writing assignment to help students understand the goal of what they are being asked to do. It also deciphers the academic language of the tasks. This is beneficial for critical writing. UNC Writing Center Handouts – The University of North Carolina Writing Center publishes a great array of handouts for writing and research, all of which are CC licensed. Among the handouts pertinent to this set of learning objects are The Purdue OWL For information about the Purdue Online Writing Lab and their mission statement, use this link: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html# Textbook Class Activities College Success has many activities throughout chapter 3, “Thinking About Thought,” that can be used in class to introduce students to the basics of critical thinking. There are self tests, reflections on how students have used different types of thinking, terminology reviews, analysis activities, and a chapter review quiz (Learning Objectives 1 and 2). The Word on College Reading and Writing has many activities throughout “Part 1: Working with Texts.” The chapter “Using Pre-Reading Strategies” contains a link to an essay and several questions to help with understanding what to expect from an essay, while the chapter “Annotate and Take Notes” directs students to another essay, asking them to identify the thesis and support for the essay. The chapter “Reflect” includes a link to an essay and asks students to respond to it. These readings could also be used to check student understanding of other concepts in the section, such as analysis, reflection, and synthesis. The chapters can provide several weeks worth of lessons, activities, and discussion (Learning Objective 3). Frameworks for Academic Writing has many writing prompts throughout the section on “Critical Analysis.” Each chapter provides focused writing prompts that help students analyze the writings of others, as well as their own writing, and to create their own claims. These chapters will be helpful when working on reader responses, when analyzing texts, or when drafting critical works of writing. It is similar to The Word, but does not refer to outside works. All examples are within the section (Learning Objective 3). Additional Class Activities In addition to the activities from the textbooks, below are several other activities to help students develop their critical thinking skills. Reading Responses: Students will write or discuss their reaction to an assigned reading. The response can be guided by a series of questions that relate to other learning objectives from the course, such as identifying the rhetorical situation, summarizing the source, agreeing/disagreeing with the author, writing a letter to the author, writing a letter to grandma that explains (summarizes) the reading, and explaining whether the student liked or disliked the piece. Typically, these are short writing assignments done in class. Reading Log: Students will conduct reading outside of class and keep a log or journal of what they have read. In the log, students should explain what they read and what they think it means. It might help for students to connect the piece to their personal lives. For instance, if a student reads a news article about immigration enforcement, that student might want to reflect on his/her own ancestry or whether his/her appearance makes him/her more or less likely to be scrutinized by law enforcement. Students can also share their reading logs with the class. Media Analysis: Whether as a longer paper or as a class assignment, students can select a form of media (website, television show, movie, magazine, app, etc.) to analyze for its rhetorical situations (purpose, context, audience, topic, genre, stance). Students can gain practice by analyzing short commercials through YouTube or examining print advertisements. Analyzing the advertisements for your college could yield some interesting conclusions. Music Video Criticism: As a class, students will create a list of what makes music videos good. Write this list on the board. Then, play a notoriously bad music video for the class, such as “Friday” by Rebecca Black. Point out where the video meets criteria for being “good,” then discuss why the video still is not “good.” Discuss what criteria was left out. Restaurant Review: Similar to the music video, students will create a list of what they expect, experience, and observe when they go to a restaurant. It might be good to differentiate between a fast food restaurant and a sit-down/fancy restaurant. By establishing the criteria for each type of restaurant, students are applying their understanding of rhetorical situations.

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The media never shies away from a story about teenagers ‘up to no good’. And while it’s become a bit of a cliché to say that teens and older children are ‘misunderstood’, for some, a lack of understanding from the agencies who work with them can be an issue. Older children are sometimes taken at face value, without real consideration of why they behave in the way they do. I’m talking in particular about older children who are suffering from neglect at home. Our report published today, ‘Growing up neglected: a multi-agency response to older children’, shows that this is an issue that often goes ‘unseen’ by local agencies. It calls for a far greater understanding of issues facing neglected older children, as well as a more co-ordinated approach across all local partners to address all the risks to and needs of these children. The findings are from our latest set of thematic Joint Targeted Area Inspections (JTAI), carried out alongside fellow inspectorates - the Care Quality Commission (CQC), HMI Constabulary, Fire and Rescue Services (HMICFRS), and HMI Probation. The inspections looked at services for children in six local authority areas, including children’s services departments, police, youth offending services, education, health, and probation services, and how they were working together to prevent and tackle neglect. We know that neglected children tend to present with a whole host of serious and complex problems. Unfortunately, the report shows that it is often this behaviour that is the focus of agencies working with them, while the underlying causes – like neglectful parenting - are sometimes missed, or not properly dealt with. There are so many lenses through which we could look at older children’s experiences. Sadly, sometimes the last one we look through is neglect. Some of the older children we saw had been neglected by their parents over many years. These are incredibly vulnerable children, who can seem ‘resilient’ and appear to be making ’lifestyle choices’, when they are in fact finding unsafe ways of coping, like getting involved in gangs or misusing drugs and alcohol. Signs of neglect in older children ‘Neglect’ isn’t something that’s commonly associated with older children and teenagers. It is often easier to spot the signs of neglect in younger children, such as delayed speech or failure to gain weight. But when it comes to older children, this is less straightforward. What does a neglected older child actually look like? What are the signs? What are the indicators that should cause professionals to sit up and take notice? The report does show that there is good practice going on. Some agencies were considering all risks to children, including neglect. In these places, the children were supported and parents challenged, where appropriate. Professionals understood the impact of neglect on the child, including how neglectful parenting increases vulnerability to abuse outside of the home. But this was not the case everywhere. Often, parents are trying their best, but face their own complex problems, which means they simply cannot support their children properly. Our report shows that adult services, including probation and adult health services, have a vital role to play here in recognising neglectful parenting. But we found that, in many cases, adult services don’t consider the whole family or the impact of adults’ behaviour on children. The report calls for: - a ‘whole system’ approach to identifying and preventing neglect, including from adult services working with parents - better training for professionals in identifying the signs of neglect in older children - a more coordinated, strategic approach across all agencies working with children and parents - the behaviour of older children to be understood and responded to in the context of the trauma they have experienced. Some older neglected children face a great deal of risk in their lives, both in and outside the home. But ultimately, they are still children and they need our care and affection as much as very young children and babies. And it goes without saying that parents have a crucial role to play in providing clear boundaries and support in their journey to adulthood. I’m not for a moment suggesting that poor behaviour shouldn’t be dealt with. But, as the report sets out, local agencies must consider the role of neglectful parenting on children’s behaviour, and take action to address it, as well as supporting children in a way that recognises the impact of their traumatic childhood. If they don’t, how can children hope to have a successful future? We recognise that this is a difficult, complex area, and that many local agencies are working hard to support neglected older children. I really hope that our report helps to galvanise a more joined-up approach to this issue, so that we can improve the response to this extremely vulnerable group of children.

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This week's Children's Message is titled "Laying up treasures in heaven". It is from the book of Luke, chapter 12, verses 32-40. Have you ever tried saving money? It can be difficult, but one idea is to save 1 penny on the first day of the month, 2 pennies on the second day, 3 pennies on the third day, and so on. By the end of the month, such as August which has 31 days, do you know how much money you would have saved? Now if you did this same thing every month for a year, figure out how much money you would have!Saving money is important for unexpected emergencies or when we want to do something special. But we have to be careful that saving money doesn't become the most important thing in our life. In the Bible, Jesus warned His friends and the people who followed Him about making money the most important thing to them. He said, “Don’t worry too much about building up treasures on earth.” He meant, don’t worry too much about money and things but instead, spend your time building up treasures in heaven. What might be treasures in heaven? Heavenly treasures are doing things for others, helping others. Here are a few ideas: All these things can be "treasures in heaven." They may not seem like much, but if we do something for someone each and every day, it is amazing how quickly they add up. Let us pray: God, we may never have much money or very many things, but help us to be faithful each day in building up treasures in heaven. In Jesus’ name, amen. 0 to 2 years: Nursery - currently not staffed Nursery Room - Main Floor/Education Wing FALL FUN FAITH FORMATION for children 3 years through 6th grade begins September 18th. Please Join Us!!! We will meet in the courtyard on the 2nd floor of the education wing every Sunday at 9:30am, concurrent with the 9:30am indoor worship service. We will focus on a different Bible story every four weeks while rotating through crafts, games, songs, and theater activities designed to reinforce the principal concepts of the story. We will finish in time to bring the children down to the sanctuary to commune with their family and participate in the conclusion of the service. Once a month we will also share a musical offering with the congregation at this time. If you would like to assist with Rotation Faith Formation either as the required 2nd adult present (no planning or participation required) or by leading a rotation, please sign up for the Sunday of your choice on the volunteer bulletin board by the office or contact Gretchen Walter (email@example.com). Grades 7 through 12 not yet Confirmed: Youth Room - Lower level of our Education Wing Youth in 7th and 8th grade study the basics of the Christian faith as well as what it means to be Lutheran in preparation for Rite of Confirmation. The class meets on Sunday immediately following the 9:30 am worship service. Any girl in grades K–12 can join the fun at Girl Scouts. Whether you want to be part of a troop , sign up for exciting series or events, explore the outdoors, or travel the world, each age level has something for you. Monday evenings at 6:30 pm - September through May The Boy Scouts of America is one of the nation's largest and most prominent values-based youth development organizations. The BSA provides a program for young people that builds character, trains them in the responsibilities of participating citizenship, and develops personal fitness. Thursday evenings at 7:00 pm Cub Scouts Thursday evenings at 6:30 pm - September through May An Early Childhood Music Enrichment program for 0 through 12 years.

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Otoplasty surgery involves the reshaping and resizing of the ears. It is recommended for people who have disproportionately prominent ears. In most cases, the surgery can be performed at the adolescent age itself. This is because the ears attain their full growth very early, and thereafter it is better to get the surgery done to improve the patient’s facial profile. Boys and girls can get teased at school or outside by their peer group if they carry on without corrective surgery. Otoplasty surgery is fairly simple and it involves stitching back a portion of the ears to make them appear less prominent. The actual duration of the surgery ranges between 30 to 60 minutes for each ear, which means a total of about an hour and a half to do both ears. However, more than the actual surgery time, the real time-consuming tasks include a thorough examination and evaluation of the patient’s condition. It is most important to determine the proper shape of the ear. If maximum time is invested in evaluation, assessment and preparation prior to the surgery, the actual surgery time will be reduced. The surgery goes smoothly in such a case and the most desirable results can be expected. The time involved in surgery also depends on the skills and experience of the operating surgeon. A new or inexperienced surgeon is likely to proceed very slowly with the procedure. But a surgeon who has performed a number of otoplasty procedures is likely to accomplish the procedure in much less time and more conservatively. Patients can enjoy the best results if they have a prior understanding of the surgical procedure and have realistic expectations. The surgeon should spend sufficient time explaining the procedure and the expected results so that the patient’s best cooperation is achieved.

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Phono Words: pneumatophony to xylophonist, Part 5 of 5 Words that include: phono-, phon-, -phone, -phonia, -phonic, -phonetic, -phonous, -phonically, -phonetically, (Greek: sound, voice, speech) The supposed utterance of articulate sounds by disembodied spirits. 1. A large kind of musical box, driven by clockwork or by hand, and capable of playing any tune when the corresponding perforated disk is inserted. 2. A written character having more than one phonetic value; a letter or other symbol which stands for different sounds. Composed or arranged for several voices or parts, each having a melody of its own; consisting of a number of melodies combined; contrapuntal; of or pertaining to polyphonic music. 1. The simultaneous combination of a number of parts, each forming an individual melody, and harmonizing with each other; the style of composition in which the parts are so combined; polyphonic composition; counterpoint. 2. The symbolization of different vocal sounds by the same letter or character; the fact or quality of being polyphonic. quadraphonic, quadriphonic, quadraphonics, quadraphony: Using a four-channel system to record and reproduce sound. The four separate signals may be fed to individual loudspeakers placed in the corners of a room. 1. An instrument for the production of sound by intermittent radiant energy, such as light or heat; the photophone and thermophone are special forms. 2. Radiophone may also be a radio-telephone. Pertaining to or designating synthetic sound produced by electronic means and the use of tape recorders, usually for use in broadcasting in conjunction with conventional material. Telephony in which the signal is transmitted by radio over part of the route; wireless telephony. Altered speech due to some abnormality of nasal structures; rhinolalia. A brass instrument of the oboe class, played with a double reed. A metal wind instrument with keys and a reed that comes in several sizes and registers, the alto and tenor saxophones being the most popular. It is particularly associated with jazz. Named for the Belgian instrument makers Charles Joseph Sax (1791-1865), who invented these instruments, and his son Antoine Joseph Sax (1814-94) (known as Adolphe, who improved them. A term for an electrical device for detecting a bit of iron in the eyeball, its presence causing the instrument to sound. A large brass instrument with a flaring bell, resembling a tuba. It is used in military marching bands. Named for its inventor, John Philip Sousa. An instrument by which pulsations are rendered audible. An electrical device for reproducing sounds, especially the human voice, with increased intensity. Giving the impression of a spatial distribution in reproduced sound; specifically, employing two or more channels of transmission and reproduction so that the sound may seem to reach the listener from any of a range of directions. Stereophonic reproduction; stereophonic sound. 1. Of, pertaining to, or having the form or character of a symphony. 2. Possibly also applied to a shorthand sign denoting more than one sound. A composer of symphonies . 1. Music in parts, sung or played by a number of performers with pleasing effect; concerted or harmonious music. 2. An elaborate orchestral composition in three or more movements, originally developed from the operative overture, similar in form to a sonata, but usually of grander dimensions and broader style. A thin, weak voice that results from tension of the vocal muscles. Repeating the same sound. Repetition of the same (vocal) sound. A specially constructed stethoscope by means of which heart sounds can be heard by listeners at a distance from the patient. An apparatus for reproducing sound, especially that of the voice, at a great distance, by means of electricity; consisting, like the electric telegraph, of transmitting and receiving instruments connected by a line or wire which conveys the electric current. Transmitting, or relating to the transmission of, sound to a distance. A heart murmur assumed to be due to an abnormal condition of the chordae tendineae; tendophony. Auscultation of the heart sounds at the sternal notch. The hollow voice sound heard in auscultating over the trachea. Also: bronchophony. Roughness of the voice. A peculiar broken quality of the voice sounds; such as, the bleating of a goat, heard about the upper level of the fluid in cases of pleurisy with effusion; egophony. A sensation of ringing in the ears. Producing only one kind of sound. One of two or more sounds used interchangeably by the same speaker in the same phonetic context. A percussion instrument consisting of a series of metal bars, arranged as in a xylophone, and characterized by the vibrato that can be given to the notes, an effect produced either by electrically rotated vanes in the tube resonators under the bars or electronically. A telephone incorporating a television screen on which the other person may be seen. An early process of sound film recording in which the sound track is recorded on discs and played in synchronization with the projection of the film; also, sound films made by this method. It is now no longer used. A strange speech defect marked by an alteration in accent and intonation. A musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of flat wooden bars, played by striking with a small hammer or by rubbing with rosined gloves. One who plays a xylophone.

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Lithium was first released during World War ll and was, therefore, the first commercialized production of lithium compounds. The substance is a mixture of oil and soap. The soap that gets dispersed into the oil will create this grease. The added additives will create different types of grease that could be used for different types of applications. Let’s look at some of the uses of this grease. Lithium is used for many purposes, either in your home as well as in the automotive industry. It’s water-resistant and tolerant of high pressures which makes it great to use on vehicles. It can be used on the following car parts to prevent steel-on-steel friction and to help with the longevity of the vehicle: - Door hinges and locks - Seat tracks and latches - Lubricating gears and strike plates - Distributor cams and battery terminals - Windshield wipers to prevent sticking - Radio antenna aerials - CV joints - Chassis and wheel bearings - Non-disc brake wheel bearings or drums Industrial Uses and Agricultural Uses It can be used for certain machinery that mass produces products that are in high demand. In agriculture, trucks and equipment may work in harsh weather conditions, and lithium will certainly relieve the damage done to this machinery. In Your Home and on Appliances That Make Squealing Sounds It’s great to get rid of those squealing sounds that metal appliances make because of age. A kitchen trash compactor when not properly greased can make a loud squeaking sound. You can find the same annoying squeaking sound just about anywhere on metal appliances like garage doors or when you ride your bicycle or motorcycle, which occurs when the shocks get too dry. Marina or Offshore Industries You can also use it in the marina. There’s always a chance that your boat may need it. It’s great to prevent corrosion on surfaces which you’ll certainly need since marinas are known for their corrosion. Boat trailers and wheel bearings will require water-resistant grease. Especially in situations where your machinery may be exposed to shock, pressure or heavy loads. This water-resistant grease with its pressure additives will work charmingly. Lithium grease is the grease for lubrication. White lithium will help you on many surfaces whether it’s a small appliance in your home or a heavy-duty appliance in the marine or industrial, agricultural, or automotive industries. There are no two ways about it, lithium is multi-purpose as it remains strong no matter what conditions we throw at it. You can use it in high temperatures, in water, on vertical surfaces on a hot day, or on a cold day. It doesn’t matter, lithium will prevail and ensure anti-corrosion, friction plus it will take away that annoying squeaky sound some metal appliances make with age. Bisley International is a leading supplier of Lithium Grease & Lubricant Additives.

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On an ongoing basis, the members of your discussion team run the course discussion by adding posts and responses, marking answers as correct, and guiding learner messages into pertinent threads. The information and suggested techniques in this section can help you to make discussions in your course successful. Learners and the course team use course discussions to share ideas, exchange views, consider different viewpoints, and ask questions. In course discussions there are three hierarchical levels of interaction. A post is the first level of interaction. A post opens a new subject. Posts can be made as questions, to solicit a concrete answer, or as discussions, to start a conversation. When participants add a post, they must choose an existing topic to associate it with, and decide whether to add it as a Question or as a Discussion. A response is the second level of interaction. A response is a reply made directly to a post to provide a solution or continue the conversation. A comment is the third level of interaction. A comment is often a clarification or side note made to a specific response, rather than to the post as a whole. The dialog created by a post, its responses, and the comments on those responses is sometimes called a thread. Discussion threads are saved as part of the course history. For information about participating in discussions, see the Participating in Course Discussions section in the Open edX Learner’s Guide. Consider referring learners in your courses to that section, which describes the structure and features of course discussions, and provides useful information to help learners make the most of their participation in course discussions. To identify certain types of messages and make them easier to find, you can define a set of standard tags to include in the subject of a post or in the body of a response or comment. Examples follow. Use “[OFFICIAL]” at the start of announcements about course details or changes. Provide information about corrections in course assignments with a subject that begins “[CORRECTION]” or “[ERRORS]”. Ask learners to use “[STAFF]” in the subject of each post that needs the attention of a course team member. Both the discussion team and your learners can use tags like these to search the discussions more effectively. When a post is created its type must be selected: either “question” or “discussion”. Members of the discussion team should be thoughtful when selecting the type for their posts, and encourage learners to do the same. For more information, see Find Questions and Discussions. To help learners learn how to get the most out of course discussions, and find the best discussion topic to use for their questions and conversations, you can seed discussion topics in course-wide discussion topics before the course starts. Some examples follow. In the “General” topic (which is included in every course by default), add an [INTRO] post to initiate a thread for learner and course team introductions. For each course-wide discussion topic that you create, add an initial post to describe the way you intend that discussion to be used. In addition to providing guidance, these initial messages can act as models for learners to follow when they create their own posts. EdX strongly recommends that you do not create seed posts in content-specific discussion topics before the course starts or before the containing unit is released. The category and subcategory names for content-specific discussion topics are subject to the release visibility of their containing unit, and are not visible until the unit is released. For more details, see Understanding When Learners Can See Discussion Topics. To encourage longer, threaded discussions rather than many similar, separate posts, the discussion team can use the following techniques. However, be aware that very long threads (with more than 200 responses and comments) can be difficult to read, and might result in an unsatisfactory experience in the discussion. You can only pin or close posts and mark questions as answered when you work in a web browser. You cannot complete these activities when you work in the edX mobile app. Pin posts. Pinning a post makes it appear at the top of the list of posts in the discussion navigation pane on the Discussion page. As a result, it is more likely that learners will see and respond to pinned posts. You can write your own post and then pin it, or pin a post by any author. Select the “More” icon and then Pin. Mark responses as answered or endorsed. Depending on whether a post is a question or a discussion, you use the same option to mark a response either as the answer to the posted question, or to endorse a response. Marking a question as answered makes it easier for learners to find answers to already asked questions, rather than ask the same question again. Endorsing a response confirms that it adds value to a discussion. To mark a response as answered or endorsed, select the “check mark” icon. You cannot mark your own responses as answers or as endorsed. Vote for posts or responses. Learners can sort discussions by posts with the most votes, so posts and responses with many votes are more likely to be read and responded to. Select the “plus” icon for the response. You cannot vote for your own posts. Close posts. You can respond to a redundant post by (optionally) pasting in a link to the post that you prefer learners to contribute to, and prevent further interaction by closing the post. Select the “More” icon and then Close. Provide post/response/comment guidelines. In a pinned course-wide topic, you can provide learners with guidelines for participating in discussions, including when to start a new thread by adding a post instead of responding to an existing post, or commenting on a response. You can close the discussions for your course so that learners cannot add messages to topics. Course discussions can be closed temporarily, such as during an exam period, or permanently, such as when a course ends. When you close discussions, make sure you communicate with learners in your course to let them know why they cannot contribute to discussions, and the dates that discussions are affected. You can post a course update to the Course page as well as add a pinned information post to a course-wide discussion topic. When you close the discussions for a course, all discussion topics in course units and all course-wide topics are affected. Existing discussion contributions remain viewable. Learners cannot add posts, respond to posts, or comment on responses. However, learners can continue to vote on existing threads, follow threads, or report messages for misuse. Course team members who have any of the Staff, Admin, Discussion Admin, Discussion Moderator, Community TA, or Group Community TA roles are not affected when you close the discussions for a course. Users with these roles can continue to add to discussions. You can only close discussions when you work in a web browser. You cannot close discussions when you work in an edX mobile app. To define when discussions are closed to new contributions and when they reopen, follow these steps. Open your course in Studio. Select Settings, and then select Advanced Settings. Locate the Discussion Blackout Dates field. If the Discussion Blackout Dates field is empty, place your cursor between the brackets If the field already contains one or more blackout dates, place your cursor before the final bracket Enter a pair of start and end dates for the time period during which you want discussions to be closed, in the following format. To close the course discussions permanently, specify an end date and time far in the future. Within each date-time value, separate the date from the time with an uppercase letter “T”. Enclose each date-time value in double quotation marks. Separate the start date-time from end date-time with a comma and a space. Enclose each pair of start and end dates in square brackets. For example, to close course discussions temporarily for a final exam period from July 22, 2017 to July 25, 2017, you enter this pair of start and end dates. To close course discussions permanently on August 9, 2017 after the temporary exam period closure, you add an additional pair of start and end dates. ["2017-07-22T08:00", "2017-07-25T18:00"], ["2017-08-09T00:00", "2099-08-09T00:00"] You enter these values between an additional pair of square brackets which are supplied for you in Studio. Select Save Changes. Studio checks the syntax of your entry and reformats your entry to add line feeds and indentation. A message lets you know whether your changes were saved successfully. For examples of email messages that you can send to let learners know when the course discussions are closed (or open), see Example Messages to Learners. The dates and times that you enter are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), not in your local time zone. You might want to verify that you have specified the times that you intend by using a time zone converter.

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Universal Hydrogen, based in Los Angeles and directed by Paul Eremenko, a former chief technology officer and leading visionary for clean energy at both Airbus and United Technologies, is developing technology to convert mid-sized turboprop aircraft to hydrogen operation. A bold new project there intends to convert small regional turboprop aircraft to hydrogen fuel, test and certify them for passenger transport, and perhaps provide a long-term answer to aviation’s carbon emissions by establishing that hydrogen aviation is economically viable. AeroTEC of Seattle, MagniX of Everett, and Plug Power of New York, which operates a hydrogen fuel cell facility in Spokane, are partnering with Universal Hydrogen. The first turboprop to be retrofitted is the De Havilland Canada DHC-8, most popularly referred as as the Dash 8. The type that will be converted is not the larger model that Alaska Airlines now operates locally, but a smaller one that seats approximately 50 passengers. The company intends to remove ten seats to fit the enormous hydrogen capsules that will serve as the plane’s fuel, lowering the plane’s capacity to roughly 40 passengers. Later in the project’s life, the ATR 72 turboprop will undergo the similar alteration, with seating lowered to around 58 passengers following conversion. The required technology is complicated and will require innovation. Universal Hydrogen plans to establish a robust logistical infrastructure to transport twin packs of 7-foot-long, 3-foot-diameter hydrogen capsules to airports that can be quickly loaded and unloaded. Plug Power, which already manufactures ground-based hydrogen fuel cells capable of generating energy from hydrogen, will need to design significantly lighter fuel cells that meet aviation safety regulations. MagniX will construct the motors that will turn the propellers. It has already developed similar motors for prototype battery-powered electric airplanes. Universal Hydrogen must incorporate all auxiliary equipment surrounding the fuel cell and electric motor, including the electronic control algorithms for the entire system, as well as compressors, humidifiers, and cooling systems for the fuel cell and motor. Batteries will be included as a backup power source. Meanwhile, AeroTEC’s engineers will need to alter the airframe — creating a new cargo door for loading the hydrogen capsules and mounting brackets for all of the equipment — and then guide the completed aircraft through the FAA certification procedure.

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Home / Daily / Out-of-season bushfires ‘fuelled by climate change’ 11 September 2019 Out-of-season bushfires tearing through NSW and Queensland reveal the “inescapable truth” of the impact of climate change, IAG says. Hundreds of fires have been reported and the Insurance Council of Australia (ICA) declared a catastrophe with losses already at $13.5 million. Conditions eased today, however dozens of fires are still burning across the two states. IAG Executive Manager Natural Perils Mark Leplastrier says natural disasters in Australia are increasing in frequency and severity, and warns the bushfire threat is worsening as the climate changes. “With rising temperatures, it’s likely that bushfire seasons will be prolonged and more severe as we head towards summer in ongoing drought conditions,” he said. “Bushfires increasingly are occurring outside of the traditional bushfire season which normally starts at the end of September. “We saw this in August 2018 with bushfires in Tathra and with the current bushfires in Queensland and northern NSW. “The increasing number of unseasonal or record extreme weather [events] is telling us an inescapable truth, that climate change is happening and that it will continue to impact our communities financially and socially.” ICA says about 100 claims have so far been received but more are expected. IAG says it has received 39 claims for motor and property damage but says it is “still early in the recovery process”. “We will assess property damage once we have permission from the authorities to enter affected areas,” a spokesman said.

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Members of the State Board of Education adopted statewide social studies standards in May 2017 following an Iowa-led writing and review process. Social Studies on EducateIowa.gov Tools to design instruction that supports all students to meet Iowa Core expectations in social studies. Understanding and Implementing the Standards Planning for Delivery and Implementation Applying Skills and Content Tools to engage in assessment for learning and assessment of learning the Iowa Core in social studies. Best Practices in Social Studies Assessment Additional Social Studies Assessment Resources Tools to use in professional development in social studies. Professional Learning Resources Self-Paced Professional Learning Professional Learning Events

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Tennis elbow can be a misnomer since it affects more than just tennis players. Carpenters, musicians, painters, and even gardeners can suffer from tennis elbow. Whatever activity you engage in that involves repetitive elbow motion can lead to tennis elbow. If you plan to play tennis this summer, or if you have a job that requires constant elbow motion, here is a guide to help save you from suffering a case of tennis elbow. Defining Tennis Elbow Tennis elbow is pain on the outside of the elbow caused by damaged tendons attached to the elbow. It is usually associated with repeated motions or overuse. In sports it can occur for many reasons with the most common being someone who doesn’t play tennis regularly, or is just beginning to play. It can also occur to those who take up the sport after many years away. Tennis elbow results in a weakened grip and pain in the elbow even when lifting something as light as a coffee cup. Swelling may occur at the affected elbow site and pain can be quite severe when lifting, twisting, or gripping objects. Prevention Tips Specifically for Tennis Players First and foremost it is important to warm up and properly stretch before beginning to play. That’s a universal “non-negotiable” rule for most sports in order to prevent injury. For tennis players there are other situations and components to consider. Check your swing technique and see if adjustments may be needed. Talk to a coach or someone familiar with the sport and be sure you are following all the mechanics necessary for proper form, including: - Exercise to stretch and strengthen the wrist and forearm muscles. - See if the racquet is too big or too heavy which can put extra stress on the elbow. - Find the proper grip size and tension. - Always use two hands for a backhand swing. - Use the shoulder and upper arm muscles to relieve stress on the elbow. - Wear a splint or brace. Simple Exercises for Preventing Tennis Elbow - Touch your fingers to your thumb and use a rubber band to keep them together. - Then stretch your fingers and thumb and slowly open all the way. - Do this 25 times, 3 times a day. - Use two rubber bands if it becomes too easy to open. Wrist Extensor Flex - Raise the arm straight out in front of the body. - With the palm facing down, slowly bend the wrist upwards. - Using the other hand, gently pull the fingers back towards the body. - Hold this position for 15 to 30 seconds. - Straighten the wrist again. - Repeat twice. - Do two or more sets of 3 repetitions. At the First Signs of Tennis Elbow If you begin to feel the slow pain of tennis elbow, you can often achieve a bit of relief by applying ice for 20 minutes three times per day, using a compression bandage, and taking OTC anti-inflammatories. Inquire about physical therapy and see Keith Clinic for proper diagnosis of your symptoms persist. A cortisone injection or other treatments may be needed to relieve significant damage to the tendon. Don’t wait for tennis elbow to get worse. See Keith Clinic promptly at the first signs of tennis elbow.

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Guidance Approach for the Encouraging Classroom. This week reading Guidance Approach for the Encouraging Classroom. Based on the assigned readings, create a matrix/chart with the following: Description of the behavioral theories and brain development theories; Relationship of theories to the NAEYC standards; and Implication of theories for early learning and best teaching practices. Are you interested in this answer? Please click on the order button now to have your task completed by professional writers. Your submission will be unique and customized, so that it is totally plagiarism-free.

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CCSA Answers: Credential Needed to Teach Math and Science at a Site-Based Charter School April 21, 2013 Question: Which credential is needed to teach 6th grade math and science at our site-based charter school? Answer: A Single-Subject credentialed teacher can teach any grade, but only the subject on the credential. For instance, a teacher holding a Single-Subject credential in math is only authorized to teach math. A Multiple-Subject credential authorizes a teacher to teach any subject, K-8, as long as the teacher teaches "two or more" subjects to the same students. For example, a 6th grade teacher holding a Multiple-Subject credential could teach math and science to the same students. The instruction could take place to two or three sections of students. A sample schedule might look like this: Group A Math, Group B Math, Group A Science, Group B Science or: Group A Math and Science, Group B Math and Science.

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Sketch of Public Surveys in New Mexico & Arizona to accompany the annual report of the Comission of the General Land Office for 1866 By: General Land Office – U.S. Department of Interior Date: 1866 (dated) New York Dimensions: 21 x 28 inches (53.5 x 71 cm) One of the rarest and most detailed map of the territories of New Mexico and Arizona from the mid-19th century. This fine lithograph map of the New Mexico and Arizona territories was made to accompany the annual report by the General Land Office of the United States in 1866. It shows the two territories divided into large counties with some smaller districts located throughout. The extent of surveyed land is confined to the New Mexico territory, along the Rio Grande and the Road to Fort Smith, Texas. There are also extensive notes regarding Private Land Claims, Indian Land Grants, Wagon Roads, and US Forts etc. Perhaps the most exciting feature the map provides is the location of numerous Gold Silver and Copper mines as well as the early towns and villages that were founded around those claims. Condition: This map is in B+ condition with minor separations along the folds and their intersections that have been professionally repaired on the verso. Such separations are common among GLO maps. 1932 S. Halsted St. #200 Chicago, IL 60608 | P: (312) 496 - 3622

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Interactive Metronome® (IM) is a unique training tool that challenges thinking and movement simultaneously, helping to synchronize the body’s internal clock. Your body and brain’s ability to keep time is fundamental to everything you do, including the way you think, talk, and walk. Timing is critical for the brain’s billions of neural networks to communicate effectively and efficiently. It’s one of the keys to peak performance. When your inner time clock is working correctly, you’re able to stay focused at school or work, remember the names of the people you just met, run without tripping, and read a book easily. When your internal clock is out of sync, it can lead to problems in many areas. INTERACTIVE METRONOME® AND THE BRAIN IM is a way to train your brain to get your inner clock back in sync. Research suggests that IM enhances the brain’s white matter, the myelin sheath that acts as protective insulation for your neurons. The white matter also facilitates and speeds connectivity and communication between the brain’s functional networks. Healthier white matter translates to better brain communication. Experts suggest that IM training specifically improves the white matter in areas of the brain associated with executive functions, intellectual function, attention, judgment, and working memory. With functional neurological assessment of the cerebellum, if there is impairment, client's tend to do well with IM training, as well as with coordination exercises, dancing etc. Why? How? Because these activities boost activity in the cerebellum, which will communicate with the frontal lobes (involved in executive function). WHO CAN BENEFIT? IM can help all ages, with a wide array of problems—whether it is trouble in school, memory problems anxiety, or ptsd. This type of brain training can also help anyone who wants to improve their cognitive or physical performance at school, at work, or on the field. IM training can benefit those with cognitive or neurological challenges: • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) • Concussions and traumatic brain injury (TBI) • Alzheimer’s disease It has also been used in other settings, for people with Parkinson’s disease, stroke, cerebral palsy, visual and auditory processing disorders, dyslexia, sensory processing disorders, multiple sclerosis, developmental disorders, spinal cord injuries, and more. AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT IM has been found to be beneficial in many areas, including: • Academic Performance • Focus and Concentration • Impulse Control • Executive Function • Working Memory • Anger Management • Mental Stamina • Auditory/Visual Processing Speed • Sensory Processing • Fine and Gross Motor Skills • Motor Planning and Sequencing • Balance and Coordination • Reading Comprehension and Speech Fluency The IM training goal is to help you get to a point where the positive neurological changes achieved are hardwired for lasting benefits. Some people prefer to continue IM sessions in order to make further gains toward peak performance. INTERACTIVE METRONOME® AND ADD/ADHD Focus, attention, and concentration rely on timing. IM training enhances the rhythmic communication within the brain’s functional networks to lay the groundwork for you to be able to stay focused. When your internal clock is in sync, it frees up the brain’s networks so they can perform cognitive functions associated with processing, memory, and coordination—without losing focus. The training is also designed in a way that encourages people to maintain focus over a sustained period, which helps you stay focused longer. Because IM is effective in improving both focus and concentration and impulse control, it is seen as a powerful tool for managing symptoms of ADD/ADHD. INTERACTIVE METRONOME® AND CONCUSSIONS/TRAUMATIC BRIAN INJURY (TBI) Each year in the U.S., about 1.7 million people head to the emergency room with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). And many more experience concussions or TBIs that go undiagnosed. Concussions and TBIs can result in a variety of consequences that interfere with healthy brain function and can lead to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems. Common symptoms of concussions and TBI include confusion, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, anxiety, mood swings, and more. By strengthening the white matter that helps the brain’s functional systems communicate, IM training can help people who have experienced head trauma. INTERACTIVE METRONOME® AND AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) Timing is a foundational requirement for efficient brain processing, attention, and working memory. These all play a role in the way a person behaves and interacts with others, as well as in language development—all areas that may be affected in people with autism. By improving internal timing, it improves neural communications to enhance these areas. WHAT TO EXPECT DURING IM TRAINING During a 30 minute to one-hour session, the IM provider will take you through a series of exercises customized specifically for you. Through headphones, you will hear a slow and steady metronome beat. You will be asked to match the beat (54 times per minute). Through the hand and foot sensors your movements will be measured to 1,000th of a second. With each beat you will instantaneously receive visual and auditory feedback prompting you to slow or quicken your responses. During the training the exercises (within the visit) are gradually increased as is the exercise difficulty level. Auditory and visual distractions are added as appropriate. A pre-, interim-, and post-assessment is conducted to aid in tracking your progress. Being able to see your progress can be very encouraging.

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Release No.: 2018-53 For Release: 10:00 a.m. EST, Nov. 14, 2018 NASA’s Webb Telescope Will Investigate Cosmic “Firehoses” From Young Stars Newswise — The formation of a star sounds like a simple process: a cloud of gas collapses in on itself, growing denser and hotter until nuclear fusion ignites and a star begins to shine. The reality is more complex and dramatic. Swirling gas spins faster and faster, threatening to rip the still-forming star into pieces. Clumps of matter are captured within a tangle of magnetic fields and squirt outward at supersonic speeds. All of it happens within a dusty shroud that blocks visible light. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope will penetrate that dusty veil and reveal new secrets of star birth. As an interstellar gas cloud contracts, it spins more rapidly, just as a twirling ice skater does when she draws in her arms. The only way for the gas to continue moving inward is for some of the spin (known as angular momentum) to be removed. In a process that’s still not fully understood, magnetic fields funnel some of the swirling material into twin jets that shoot outward in opposite directions. These jets travel at speeds of hundreds of miles per second and spread across light-years of space. “Jets are signposts of star formation,” said Tom Ray, an astronomer at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Ray and many other scientists are planning to use Webb to study these jets and stellar outflows. Their goals include learning more about how stars form, and how their jets interact with the surrounding interstellar medium of gas and dust. Shock Waves in Space They will study objects like Herbig-Haro (HH) 212, located about 1,400 light-years away in the constellation Orion. At the center of HH 212 resides a still-forming star or protostar that will eventually grow to become about the mass of our Sun. Jets from the protostar extend across about 5 light-years of space. The material in those jets is traveling at supersonic speeds. When it slams into surrounding material, it creates a shock wave, much like the “sonic boom” of a supersonic aircraft. The shock heats the interstellar gas, causing it to glow at specific wavelengths of light that depend on the conditions within the shock wave itself. “With Webb, we’ll be able to dissect the interactions of the protostar with its surroundings that were previously blurred into a single blob,” said Ewine van Dishoeck of Leiden University. Webb’s exquisite angular resolution will allow it to pick up the tiniest details. This will allow it to see solar-system-scale features at the distance of objects like HH 212. And since the farther along a jet you go from the protostar, the longer the time since the material was ejected, astronomers can probe the history of the star’s matter-gathering or accretion process. “Webb has higher sensitivity and higher angular resolution at long infrared wavelengths than anything we could do previously. Webb will answer questions we can’t answer from the ground,” said Alberto Noriega-Crespo of the Space Telescope Science Institute. Webb also will precisely discern different wavelengths of infrared light. This will allow it to detect infrared light from a variety of chemical elements associated with the shock wave, including iron, neon and sulfur. A New Star Emerges HH 212 is about 100,000 years old. Over the course of the next million years, its protostar will gather a sun’s worth of gas. The remainder of the surrounding material will either condense into planets or get swept away by outflows and other processes. Eventually, a fully formed star will emerge. “By studying HH 212, and objects like it, we want to learn how jets and outflows help the star escape from its cocoon,” said Mark McCaughrean of the European Space Agency. The observations described here will be taken as part of Webb’s Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) program. The GTO program provides dedicated time to the scientists who have worked with NASA to craft the science and instrument capabilities of Webb throughout its development. The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory when it launches in 2021. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency. For more information about Webb, visit www.nasa.gov/webb Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland

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Exploring the morality of AI When do the benefits outweigh the risks? When do the benefits outweigh the risks? With great power comes great responsibility. AI can be a force for good. It can power innovation. But leaders will need to understand the potential risks first. Artificial intelligence (AI) poses a real-life tug-of-war between good and evil. And leaders play a significant role in deciding which side will prevail. “The fundamental challenge with AI is its dual-use – there are good uses and there are poor uses of the technology,” explained Scientia Professor Toby Walsh, UNSW Laureate Fellow and author, during AGSM’s 2022 Professional Forum: Ethical AI in an Accelerating World. “We need to make the right choices, to ensure we use technology in a way that adds economic benefit, and also makes our society more inclusive.” During his keynote address, Machines Behaving Badly, the Morality of AI, Professor Walsh cautioned the leaders attending to consider both sides of AI. While AI allows businesses and governments to dramatically impact the scale, speed, and cost of what they can do, it also poses significant risks. “All technological change is a trade-off. You can cause untold damage as much as untold good,” said Professor Walsh. “And that’s where you come in. With any technology you should ask the question, what are we getting, and what are we giving up? And is it worth it?” Trading life skills for convenience While AI is still in its infancy, we already depend on the technology’s applications in our daily lives. For example, Google Maps, along with other navigation apps built on AI technology, have been helping us find our way from A to B for years. The algorithm can suggest the fastest routes and ways to avoid traffic. But has this modern convenience taken away valuable life skills? “We are likely to be the last generation that knows how to read a map,” said Professor Walsh. “As we continue to outsource these skills to machines, it will change us physically as well as our understanding of the world,” he said, noting the knowledge of how to navigate around the sun’s movements has shaped our culture and society for centuries. Managing an ambiguous process Professor Walsh also urged leaders to consider the unintended future consequences of technology. Short term impact can be relatively easy to predict – such as autonomous trucks reducing the need for drivers. But longer-term effects can be difficult to identify. When the first Boeing 747 took off in 1969, for example, it heralded the jumbo jet age – which quickly made the world smaller and more connected. However, it would be almost impossible to foresee the consequences in 2020, when air travel accelerated the pandemic’s spread globally. Professor Walsh implored leaders stop and consider all possible consequences before rolling out new technology. “Technological change is not an additive, but a vast, exponential and unpredictable process. And while unintended consequences are almost impossible to predict, leaders need ask – is this going to make the world a better place? Will it make our business better for our customers? What could possibly go wrong?” Asking the right questions: why diversity matters There are many examples of organisations that hastily rolled out AI solutions without adequate consideration of potential trade-offs – leading to unintended financial and human consequences. For example, Australia’s Robodebt program developed a data-matching algorithm to identify individuals who had been overpaid social security benefits. However, the algorithm raised debts for many legitimate welfare recipients, ultimately costing the government $1.8 billion in a class action settlement. After a year of remote schooling during the pandemic response, the British government tried using an algorithm to determine end of year results. But the automated model backfired, unfairly downgrading disadvantaged students compared with those from affluent areas and private schools. One reason these setbacks continue to happen is the homogenous group of people building the technologies, said Professor Walsh. “There aren't enough women, people of colour or minorities helping develop these technologies. So, the right questions aren't being asked. We need a diverse set of people to help us think each problem through.” Stela Solar, Director with National Artificial Intelligence Centre CSIRO's Data61, also highlighted the importance of diversity to better balance risks with benefits during her Masterclass panel discussion. “Diversity is an incredibly important element - it serves as a compass. It is those many eyes together that can come up with different ways and different pathways forward and help navigate the risks, blockers and concerns.” When are the benefits worth it? One way to weigh up the benefits and risks – and continue progress – is by categorising them and offering context, said Lee Hickin, CTO at Microsoft Australia, during the Masterclass. “There’s brand damage, and then there's significant damage,” he said. “You could demean someone, or segregate parts of society, or prevent access. It’s easy to get worried because AI does offer these terrible potential scenarios. But you have to also consider that some risks are manageable or can be tolerated in a business decision.” Clearly, a lot of work needs to be done before new technologies can be adopted – from research with diverse user groups to developing robust ethical frameworks. But Stela Solar urged leaders to embrace the challenges and keep pushing forward. “I encourage every leader to steer AI rather than fear it – and help shape the future of AI so it can reach its full potential,” she said. AI will impact everyone’s lives and potentially change the fabric of our society. And today’s leaders need to carefully consider all ethical implications, because they are shaping the future for new generations. “We're at a critical stage of our era, where we're reassessing some of our values,” Professor Walsh said. “And these technologies pose questions that test some of those values. That’s why we need to find ways to build technology that reflects our human values, rather than undermines who we are as a society.” To find out more about AGSM @ UNSW Business School, click here. To learn more about the topic of Ethical AI, listen to AGSM’s Business of Leadership podcast: The Business of AI.

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Two classmates discussion responses with references One: The Importance of Ethical Behavior in Academic Research Academic Research allows researchers the opportunity to prepare and present on topics that are in alignment with their personal and professional endeavors. Ethical Behavior is a choice to relay information at a higher standard and accept the challenge to motivate the readers of the research to test their own intellectual capabilities. It is a true test of integrity when a scholar can inspire someone to think critically based on their research that was done in an ethical manner. It is important to aspire to become better than originally intended when diving into writing and even presenting on specialized topics. Ethical behavior is important because it challenges the researcher, engages the audience, and solidifies the research, ultimately adding greater value to the topic. Every time a researcher sets out to reduce new knowledge it is important that they piece together the facts and make sure they are siding the appropriate references. as outlined in the core values of Saint Leo University, its commitment to be excellent in not only what you say but also in what you do (Saint Leo University, n.d.). When researching a topic, can involve a passionate sense of perspective but can become a challenge especially when you must remove your opinions from the writing and make sure that your statements and supported facts are unbiased. It is important that all references are searched for through trusted resources and indicated in the reference section. This includes in-text citations or within a presentation. All references in research must be credited to the original author and gathered from a trusted resource. In a Doctor of Business Administration program, it is expected that a higher standard of writing is produced and there is room for constant growth. ethical behavior means doing the right thing even when no one is watching. When all the components of a paper or presentation are properly put in place the topic has room to be most impactful to the audience and add additional researchers that may use the content of an assignment to add new knowledge to the field. Being up to date on the university policies and staying connected with professors and other mentors can help a scholar find the best methods to stain true to themselves wow embracing high values such as integrity and beneficence. The Belmont Report educates scholars on the three basic principles of ethical writing. Beneficence to the core value of integrity because it challenges writers and readers to take their efforts to new heights. it is important that through the advancement of research especially when using human participants, no one should be harmed or disrespected for the benefit of advancing a particular topic. Understanding the Belmont report and incorporating the core values of Saint Leo University allows all who learn and read from various levels of students to know they can trust what the author is saying and doing in their research. It is important to understand the topic of beneficence. The Belmont report features material on maximizing the benefits of knowledge while minimizing the harm to participants is vital to the success of the research topic (Office for Human Research Protections, 2021). Understanding how beneficence and integrity work together helps to make the most of future writing and research projects. Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). “The Belmont Report.” HHS.gov, 16 June 2021, https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html#xethical. Saint Leo University. (n.d.). Mission, values, identity. https://www.saintleo.edu/mission-values-identity two: Module 8 Discussion Ethics are important within and outside of research as it not only solidifies the information being provided, but it creates a sense of value, credibility, and justification as well. As we are aware, ethics as morals or principles that a person or organization conducts when participating in an activity, or in this case, research. If our morals are not in place while participating in activities or research, those in which we are looking to present to may not deem us to be a reliable source. In the long run, not being ethical can tarnish one’s persona and reputation. The three Basic Ethical Principles identified in The Belmont Report are the respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Having respect for persons is characterized by two factors which are treating the agent as autonomous and ensuring that the person or agent is protected (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979). According to the Belmont Report, respecting the person entails considering their feelings, opinions, and choices, as well as not withholding information and not being judgmental based on their opinions. The next ethical principle is beneficence. Beneficence is an addition to the respect for persons as it entails not only respecting one’s decisions and protecting them from harm, but it is stated that beneficence makes the efforts to protect ones well-being (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979). The two guidelines of beneficence are to not harm the agent as well as attempt to minimize any possible harms. This ethic is mostly seen within human research subjects and is usually extremely difficult to abide by in the medical research field. Lastly, there is justice. Justice, just as it would be outside of research, is based on fairness and what is “deserved” (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979). Questions that may arise while ensuring justice is being met are: - Is each person receiving an equal share? - Is each person’s individual need being met? - Is each person receiving individual effort? - Is this according to societal contribution? - Is this according to merit? If these questions can be answered and it is obvious that there is no concern of deprivation, the basic ethic of justice is more than likely being met (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979). The ethic value I am choosing to discuss will be respect for persons. I am choosing this ethic as I believe it goes hand in hand with integrity. Integrity is best known as to be morally upright and based on the Belmont Report I would say treating others with fairness, respect, and protecting them is a great example of moral uprightness and the ability to be honest and blatantly show integrity. Again, in order for research to be clear, valuable, and credible, there has to be a sense of integrity and respect for the subject at hand. With these ethics in place, researchers should hold outstanding reputations allowing them to sustain value within academics. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report . Elkridge: National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we\'ll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers. Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper? Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials. We write plagiarism Free Content Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties. Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.

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If you’re looking for information about medical treatments, evidence-based medicine can help. This method uses up-to-date research to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments. This way, doctors can make more informed decisions when it comes to the care of their patients. This article will examine the sources of evidence for evidence-based medicine, the principles it supports, and its critics. After reading this article, you’ll have a better understanding of the concept. Principles of evidence-based medicine Evidence-based medicine is a scientific approach to healthcare. The process involves determining a specific clinical question, searching the appropriate medical literature, critically evaluating and compiling useful findings. A well-designed study should include all of the relevant factors that could influence a patient’s decision. It should be based on a scientific evidence base, with the best available studies chosen. Students are taught to assess the validity of the available studies. The principles of evidence-based medicine are applicable to health care professionals from a variety of backgrounds. These guidelines do not push towards formulaic medicine, but rather encourage clinicians to listen to patients and use their clinical judgement. The ultimate goal of evidence-based medicine is to develop the best possible management plan for the patient, taking into account the latest research. Learning these principles can be beneficial at any stage of a health care career, and can help to inform clinical decisions in many settings. Evidence-based medicine can also be described as “clinical decision making” based on the best available research evidence. A patient’s health is a personal concern and an optimal decision can only be made by using the best available evidence. Despite its complexity, the principles of EBM can guide physicians in assessing the reliability of evidence and deciding if it should be applied to a specific patient. If a clinician believes that there is a conflict of interest in a study, he or she should consult a medical professional who has experience in that field. Principles of evidence-based medicine include a rigorous approach to medical research and the use of evidence to make informed decisions. It incorporates the latest research and clinical expertise with individual patient preferences, circumstances and values. Authors explicitly rate the strength of evidence for key recommendations, to make them more accessible and understandable to readers. These ratings can have a big impact on practice. The EBM Toolkit provides information to help both authors and readers make informed decisions about how best to use evidence-based medicine to make decisions about clinical practice. The principles of evidence-based medicine are crucial for choosing the best treatment for a patient. Evidence is vital in making informed decisions, but clinician experience, patient values, and patient preferences may be more valuable than available evidence. Choosing a treatment depends on a range of factors, including patient preferences and values. However, it is important to remember that the best treatments are often the most effective. And it is not possible to make sound decisions without using evidence-based medicine. Evidence-based medicine also encourages researchers to evaluate the quality of studies. RCTs (randomized controlled trials) are a good example of this type of research. They allow scientists to assess a wide range of potential benefits and risks of a new drug. As a result, they can determine if a particular treatment works and whether it is more effective than another. These clinical studies are then used to determine whether a new drug should be prescribed for a patient. Sources of evidence-based medicine Until the mid-19th century, the primary sources of evidence-based medicine were personal and peer experience. Scientific research tended to be rooted in dualism and reductionism. In addition, randomized controlled trials soon became the norm. Scientists and practitioners alike attempted to understand physiological processes and the psychosocial factors that influenced disease. Thoughts had a significant impact on health, and debates between science and traditional medicine were inevitable. One of the most important principles of evidence-based medicine is that it emphasizes the importance of rigorous, objective research. The quality of clinical research is evaluated critically by examining the methodology used by researchers and identifying those studies that lack essential characteristics. For example, high-quality studies typically follow well-defined eligibility criteria, have minimal missing data, and apply only to a narrow subset of patient populations and contexts. Statistical power is also important. Evidence-based medicine is a systematic, collaborative approach to clinical care based on available evidence. It combines clinical expertise and expert knowledge with individual patient values, preferences, and circumstances. In EBM, authors explicitly rate the strength of the evidence that supports key recommendations. This rating should be understood by readers, because it can have a profound effect on the treatment of a patient. A good EBM toolkit provides information for both authors and readers. Criticisms of evidence-based medicine Critics of evidence-based medicine are often found in a number of places. They can range from academics to clinicians, with each having a different point of view. This article categorises some of the more common criticisms. While evidence-based medicine is a great tool for health care professionals, critics should keep in mind that it cannot replace all other forms of medical practice. The primary criticism of evidence-based medicine is that it fails to take into account the importance of values in medicine. The most common criticism of EBM comes from practitioners who don’t understand how it works. The concept of EBM is twofold: as an epistemological school and an optimal method of clinical practice. Its main flaws lie in its focus on systematic reviews, which are often biased and funded by companies with a vested interest in the outcome of a trial. Moreover, it can’t account for all the variables of patient circumstances.

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A pip is the smallest value change in a currency pair’s exchange rate. In forex trading, since currency prices typically move in tiny increments, they are quoted in a standardized unit called pips. One hundred pips is a “big figure”. Pips are (usually) the smallest amount by which a currency quote can change. When trading currencies, pips are the most basic unit of measure. Just like a unit of measure for liquids is “ounces”, the unit of measure for currency quotes is “pips”. Traders often use pips to reference profits or losses. For example, a forex trader may say “I made 90 pips on the trade!” This means that the trader profited by 90 pips. The actual cash amount this represents depends on the pip value. Even though a pip is a very small unit of measurement, forex traders are usually highly leveraged which means even a single pip move in price can mean huge profit or loss. For instance, if the EUR/USD moves from 1.2250 to 1.2251, that is ONE pip. A pip is usually the last decimal place of a price quote. Most pairs go out to 4 decimal places, but there are some exceptions like Japanese Yen pairs (they go out to two decimal places). For example, for EUR/USD, it is 0.0001, and for USD/JPY, it is 0.01. They are quoting FRACTIONAL PIPS, also called “pipettes.” There are 10 fractional pips to a whole pip. For instance, if GBP/USD moves from 1.30542 to 1.30543, that .00001 USD move higher is ONE PIPETTE. Here’s a pip “map” to help you to learn how to read pips… What does “pip” stand for? Some forex trading platforms say pip stands for “percentage in point“, while others say it stands for “price interest point“. Calculate the Pip Value The value of each pip depends on three factors: - The currency pair being traded. - The size of the trade - The exchange rate. Based on these factors, the fluctuation of even a single pip can have a huge impact on the value of your trade position. A $50,000 trade involving the USD/CAD pair is closed at 1.3050 after gaining 50 pips. To calculate the profit in U.S. dollars, complete the following three steps: 1. Determine the number of the quote currency (CAD) each pip represents. Multiply the amount of the trade by 1 pip: 50,000 x 0.0001 = 5 CAD per pip 2. Calculate the number of base currency (USD) per pip. 5 ÷ 1.3050 = 3.83 USD per pip 3. Determine the total profit or loss of the trade. Multiply the number of pips gained, by the value of each pip in USD (from step 2) to arrive at the total profit/loss for the trade: 50 (pips gained) x 3.83 = $191.50 USD profit If you’re lazy, we have just the tool for you! This tool will help you determine the value per pip in your account currency so that you can better manage your risk per trade. If this article seems useful for your then please click the like button below. You can also share your valuable feedback or ask questions in the below comment section. Also, subscribe to our newsletter for trading-related updates.

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This is the first time that this hemorrhagic fever, as deadly as Ebola, has been recorded in the country. 98 contact cases have been placed in quarantine. Two cases of contamination with the Marburg virus, a hemorrhagic fever as deadly as Ebola, were recorded in Ghana at the beginning of July, health authorities announced on Sunday July 17. The two unrelated patients had various symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, nausea and vomiting, according to the African branch of the World Health Organization (WHO). “This is the first time that Ghana has confirmed [la présence] Marburg virussaid Dr. Patrick Kuma-Aboagye, Director General of the Ghana Health Service in a statement. Both patients died Blood samples were taken from the patients in the district hospital of the Ashanti region (South) on July 8. The samples were then sent to the Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IDP) for confirmation. “Additional testing at the IDP corroborated the resultssaid Dr. Patrick Kuma-Aboagye. If the symptoms of the patients did not worry the doctors at the start, because they were similar to acute gastroenteritis, the state of emergency was declared when the first patient died, followed 48 hours later by the second. No other cases have been detected so far, but 98 people identified as contact cases have been placed in quarantine. “Health authorities reacted quickly, getting a head start in preparing for a possible outbreak. This is a good thing because without immediate and decisive action, the Marburg can easily spiral out of control.said Dr Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa. A highly contagious virus Marburg virus disease is difficult to identify because the symptoms are similar to those of other tropical diseases, such as Ebola or malaria. It usually begins suddenly with high fever, intense headaches and possible malaise. Body aches, diarrhea, and blood in the stool may also be present. The WHO has expressed concern over this highly contagious virus which is transmitted to humans by fruit bats, and is spread to humans by direct contact through bodily fluids such as blood, semen or urine, or via infected surfaces and materials. Case fatality rates range from 24% to 88% during these outbreaks, depending on the virus strain and case management, according to the WHO. Although there are no vaccines or approved antiviral treatments yet to treat the virus, oral or intravenous rehydration and treatment for specific symptoms improves survival rates. A virus already present in Africa This is the second time that this disease has struck the African continent. The WHO announced on September 16, 2021 the end of the first episode of the Marburg virus in West Africa, 42 days after the identification of cases in Guinea. The patient had contracted the virus and died of it in August of the same year. Sporadic outbreaks and cases had in the past been reported elsewhere in Africa, including South Africa, Angola, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The origin of this disease dates back to the 1960s, when it was discovered in Marburg, Germany. Researchers had suddenly fallen ill while working on a vaccine based on monkey cells. They are now considered to be the first infected with the Marburg virus. SEE ALSO – Should we fear an epidemic of the Marburg virus?

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Environmental Remediation: Importance & Benefits With the ever-increasing environmental issues on the planet Earth, the world is becoming more cautious in protecting nature against degradation. People are now aware that caring for the environment can improve their livelihood. And thus, hiring environmental remediation services has become the key to clean not only industrial and manufacturing sites but also landfills. But what exactly is environmental remediation? It’s nothing but a process to remove pollutants from water bodies, soil, and other parts of the environment to protect natural abode and human health. The primary aim of the remediation process is to create a greener and safer environment by implementing chemical & biological remediation systems alongside environmental monitoring. Why environmental remediation is important? The growing competition in the market has led to the establishment of more and more industries. This increase in the setup of industrial and manufacturing sites has further resulted in excessive environmental pollution. Since manufacturing and mining release hazardous contaminants, they degrade the environment drastically. Today, when people became more conscious of the importance of caring for the environment, they have implemented remediation measures to save the environment from further degradation. This process of decontaminating a polluted area significantly helps in removing hazardous pollutants from a manufacturing or mining site, leaving it in a condition suitable for human use. However, it’s important to note that only experts having in-depth knowledge and training in cleaning and restoring natural surfaces can carry out environmental remediation services. What are the benefits of environmental remediation? Environmental remediation offers a myriad of advantages, ranging from reduction in regulatory risk for the land owners to direct impact on the land. Now, without any ado, let’s find out some of the outstanding merits of hiring an environmental remediation provider. - Better Human Health: Excessive release of hazardous pollutants into the soil, air, and water surfaces can lead to land contamination. And this can eventually affect the health of the residents residing in and around the area. However, reducing or removing the contaminants from the natural surfaces with the help of remediation processes can avert a spectrum of illnesses on the site. Remediation measures can greatly help in minimizing the overall rate of birth defects, nausea, asthma, cancer, etc. - Optimal Results: Environmental remediation is a complex process that requires the intervention of skilled, trained, and knowledgeable experts. With a reliable remediation company in place, you can rest assured that the remediation process is handled by experts who possess the necessary certifications and specialization in getting rid of toxic wastes from industrial or manufacturing sites. - Company Reputation: As a business owner, you can build and maintain your company’s reputation by outsourcing reliable remediation services. It’s really important to maintain a good corporate image within the local and business communities as this acts as a powerful tool to attract more clients in the long run. In this modern era, providing high-quality products and services is not just enough for building a good reputation in the market. Keeping the environment clean and green is also an essential part of corporate responsibility. - Stay Compliant: Perhaps you must be aware of the importance of complying with laws, regulations, and business standards. In fact, it’s the primary responsibility of a business owner to uphold and adhere to the environmental laws and regulations imposed by governmental bodies. However, environmental regulations are usually too complex to understand. That’s where hiring a remediation company can help you abide by the environmental law compliance as well as stay updated with the new regulatory impositions. - Improved Productivity: One of the biggest problems faced by most businesses these days is waste disposal. An increased rate of waste generation leads to more expenses for safe disposal. However, hiring a remediation company can help you save on your waste disposal costs as they use advanced and effective remediation methods that are suitable for your site. Besides, environmental remediation experts also provide useful recommendations for the optimal usage of environmental practices. This can ultimately help in increasing your company’s productivity and efficiency. - Reduces Damages: Hiring remediation services enables you to reduce damages to the materials used at your manufacturing or industrial site. Yes, you can actually minimize damages to your buildings, infrastructure, and equipment through effective environmental remediation. By decontaminating hazardous pollutants present in soil and water surfaces, you can prevent the harmful substances from causing damage to your systems and structures. - Refreshed Ecosystem: Remediated land and water surfaces offer extensive benefits to the ecosystem, leading to human welfare as well. Removal or reduction of harmful contaminants results in better hydrological regulation. It further beautifies the environment and allows room for recreational activities. Above all, remediated or refreshed ecosystems can significantly help in increasing the productivity of fresh water, food, and goods. So, if you want your business to achieve optimal environmental standards, consider outsourcing environmental remediation services. You can utilize the services to conduct regulatory reporting, ensure environmental compliance, hazardous waste removal, mold testing, asbestos management, and so on.

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Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Serranidae (Sea basses: groupers and fairy basslets) > Epinephelinae Etymology: Cephalopholis: Greek, kephale = head + Greek, pholis = scale (Ref. 45335). More on author: Forster. Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Marine; reef-associated; depth range 1 - 60 m (Ref. 5222), usually 3 - 15 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 34°N - 30°S, 33°E - 131°W (Ref. 5222) Pacific Ocean: eastward to French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Islands, and to Christmas Isalnd in the Indian Ocean Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age Maturity: Lm ?, range 17 - ? cm Max length : 28.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5222) soft rays: 8 - 9. This species is distinguished by the following characteristics: greatest body depth 2.7-3.1 in standard length; body scales ctenoid except cycloid scales ventrally on abdomen; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins usually not reaching the anus, 1.8-2.2 in head length Colour of body reddish brown anteriorly, dark brown posteriorly; caudal fin with 2 white to bluish white bands that converge posteriorly (Ref. 90102). Adults inhabit clear, shallow waters of outer reef areas, in lagoons, back-reef areas, and on the reef-top. As solitary individuals (Ref. 90102), they prefer healthy coral reef in shallow areas, and are therefore greatly affected by reef degradation (Ref. 89707). They feed on small fishes (68%) and crustaceans. Because of its small size, the darkfin hind is not of much interest as a food fish (except perhaps to subsistence fisheries), but it does well in an aquarium and may find a market as an aquarium fish. They are caught with hook-and-line, gill nets, and in traps (Ref. 39231). Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae Protogyny is unconfirmed for this species (Ref. 103751). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652) Threat to humans Fisheries: subsistence fisheries; aquarium: potential ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion Estimates based on models Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969 ): 25.2 - 29.3, mean 28.4 °C (based on 3224 cells). Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00735 - 0.01966), b=3.04 (2.91 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for species & Genus-BS (Ref. 93245 Trophic level (Ref. 69278 ): 4.0 ±0.69 se; based on food items. Generation time: 0.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies. Resilience (Ref. 120179 ): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.). Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153 ): Low vulnerability (14 of 100) . Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649 ): (0 of 100) . Nutrients (Ref. 124155 ): Calcium = 84.7 [43.9, 166.2] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.957 [0.468, 1.812] mg/100g ; Protein = 18.7 [16.7, 20.6] % ; Omega3 = 0.179 [0.100, 0.312] g/100g ; Selenium = 42.9 [21.8, 80.5] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 76.1 [26.4, 247.6] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.919 [0.596, 1.622] mg/100g (wet weight);

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Behind all the music, there is the industry that generates hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Today, anyone involved in the music industry can make a huge profit. Composers, producers, musicians, record companies… are all actors in the great music industry, which is growing year by year, growing and producing huge sums of money, especially for music licenses used for commercial purposes. What is A Music License? Music license means a written license that allows the transfer of a music song for sale. It is an agreement to use the song for a specific purpose and at a specific time. To know extensive details on music licences, head to https://www.melodyloops.com These agreements provide, inter alia: What you can and cannot do with a music track How to use it properly in the form of a music license Funds will be collected to transfer music marketing rights. The benefits derived from the cost of obtaining this license will go to the publisher Rembrandts with whom he has a contract for the publication of music. Also, in that agreement, the distribution of profits is determined by the corresponding percentage of each, both to the publisher and to the group. Today, licensing is one of the main tools used by artists – copyright holders for their songs – to compensate for the use of their music works. To get a multi-use license. How is music publishing different from applying music license? Perhaps after explaining both of the words, you ask yourself this question. So let’s see how they differ from one another. As mentioned earlier, a music license refers to a contract that allows for the transfer of a song from commercial use. Music publish, on the other hand, deals with contracts made with a music song that will be used for commercial purposes. If you remember, the publisher is responsible for, among other things, for making commercial copyright agreements for commercial use. These agreements, whose features may vary, are known as music licenses. There are many actors behind each musical song: songwriters, producers, editors, composers, singers, recording companies etc. Each of them, if they participate in the development of the track from its creation to its sale, has the right to share the profits made each time the track is sold. And that is why there are so many different types of licenses. They are all different and are required for each use of the song. Also, depending on what song you need, you will need to ask permission from each player.

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