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The benefits of paying people decent wages are abundantly clear. Just as the Union Advantage puts extra money into workers pockets to spend locally, higher minimum wages increase the demand for local goods and services. Unfortunately, in many provinces, minimum wages are set using vague, inconsistent and unaccountable mechanisms. They are left to stagnate for too long, pushing people and families into poverty before pressure builds and governments are forced to take action. A generation ago one full-time minimum wage job was enough to keep someone above the low income line in a large urban area. This has not been the case for some time. But there is a better way. A transparent process, with gradual and predictable increases in the minimum wage is better for everyone. This timely CLC paper reviews the demographics of minimum wage workers in Canada, reviews the methods that provinces use to determine minimum wages, and makes concrete policy recommendations. Check out the introduction below and download the entre PDF for a longer read. One Canadian policy that regularly requires alteration in order to remain relevant is the minimum wage rate. Constantly evolving economic and social factors prevent the minimum wage rate from being set and remaining in place for decades. Instead, the rate must be reevaluated and adjusted to reflect the current financial needs of Canadians. However, deciding what workers are entitled to as a base wage is not easily determined. What standard of living can be achieved, what is economically sustainable for businesses, and many other questions play a significant role in determining what should be viewed as a fair minimum wage. The intention of this paper is to break down the minimum wage debate, so that the benefits of paying workers decent wages become clear. A profile of minimum wage workers will show that the stereotypical teenage employee is not the reality and many individuals are struggling to provide for their families on minimum wage incomes. Common concerns about increases to the minimum wage, such as a rise in unemployment rates, the financial impacts on small business, and alternative policy changes to address poverty will be discussed in order to break down the myth that an increase to the minimum wage will have detrimental economic impacts. This paper also contains a section with a special focus on the main employer of minimum wage workers, large firms. Recent examples of minimum wage job advertisements, as well as academic studies on the impacts of large employers on local economies, will be used to demonstrate the significant role these employers play in keeping wages low. Some communities have already recognized this and their strategies to impose better wages on large firms will be examined. Our end goal is to portray the inadequacy of the minimum wage in Canada, and prove that an increase for these workers is a policy change that helps everyone. Current legislation has demonstrated its incapability to provide Canadians with a decent wage, so alternatives need to be considered. The regulations surrounding setting a minimum wage rate in each province and territory will be compared, to expose the lack of accountability. Together all of this information, leads to the conclusion that our minimum wage system needs serious reform in order for it to serve the real needs of Canadian workers. What is a Minimum Wage? The minimum wage is a provincial and territorial labour standard that ensures all workers receive a base wage. In some provinces and territories it has been in place since as early as 1918. Legislation, usually the province’s Employment Standards Act and Regulation (although the name can vary slightly), establishes a floor wage that must be provided to all covered employees. While an employer may chose to negotiate wages above the minimum they legally may not provide a lesser wage. The purpose of this legislation is to protect Canada’s most vulnerable workers from exploitation and prevent them from receiving dismal wages for their labour. Since the applicable legislation is provincial, all Canadian workers are not entitled to the same minimum wage rate. As of September 2014, the minimum wage ranges from $10.20 per hour in Alberta to $11 an hour in Nunavut. Not all employees are entitled to the minimum wage. Most provinces have provisions in their legislation which exempt specific workers from the protection of a minimum wage, but it varies by area. For example both Saskatchewan and Manitoba allow individuals with disabilities to be paid lower than the minimum wage if a permit has been issued. Other individuals will remain covered but are subject to a different minimum wage specific to their profession or experience level. British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario all have lower minimum wages for employees responsible for serving alcohol. A similar provision occurs in Quebec, although it applies to all workers who regularly receive gratuities in the workplace.

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[For trouble viewing the images/movies on this page, go here] This full-disk image of Jupiter's satellite Io was made from several frames taken by Voyager 1 on March 4, 1979, as the spacecraft neared the satellite. Io is about 862,000 kilometers (500,000 miles) away here. A variety of features can be seen in the photo that appear linked to the intense volcanic activity on Io: the circular, donut-shaped feature in the center has been identified with a known erupting volcano; other, similar features can be seen across the face of the satellite. Io's volcanic activity appears to be of at least two general kinds -- explosive eruptions that spew material into the sky as much as 250 kilometers (160 miles) altitude; and lava that flows from vents across the surface. Io is the first body in the solar system (beyond Earth) where active volcanism has been observed. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.

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At the electrode surface, the redox reaction occurs: . The reaction rates of the forward direction and backward direction depend on the applied potential at the electrode: (in V) is the standard potential of the redox reaction, (in V) is the applied potential, is the gas constant ( is the Faraday constant ( (in K) is the temperature, is the number of electrons transferred, is the standard heterogeneous rate constant (in m/s), and is the transfer coefficient ( in this case). The net current at the electrode is the sum of the currents in the forward (cathodic current) and backward directions (anodic current). ) is the surface area of the electrode, [Ox] and [Red] are the concentrations of the oxidant and reductor, and, replacing , we have This is called the Butler–Volmer equation, the fundamental relationship between current and applied potential. This Demonstration shows that change rapidly when the potential differs significantly from the standard potential . When the standard rate constant is very large, the current changes rapidly near the standard potential and the system is in a reversible state. When is small, the system is in an irreversible state.

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heres another example i tried but looking at answer its not quite right: ((1-2i)/(3+4i)) - ((2+i)/5i) so i first did subtraction of the top and bottom and got: I then performed division and got this: ((-3+3)/(9+1)) + ((-9+1)/(9+1))i which simplifies to this: 0 + (-8/10)i But that isint correct as the answer is -2/5 what am i doing wrong? The question you gave was This is two fractions with different denominators. If you recall your basic addition and subtraction of fractions, you don't subtract top and bottom. You need to make a common denominator first, and then subtract the top Expand that and factorise, and you should get the answer.

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Maria B. C. Sousa is a professor of psychobiology at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil. Sousa, who was not involved in the study, suggests that the hormonal changes in male monkeys are a response to the behavior of females during gestation. "Our studies using captive marmosets have shown that females have preferential access to food when they are pregnant, because of their aggressive behavior toward males," she said. "The hormonal changes in males could be a consequence of the behavior of the females." The latest findings, according to Sousa, "are very interesting when you put the data in the perspective of evolutionary biology. They probably indicate that these animals are adapted to be good fathers." Packing on the Ounces The researchers worked with a group of 29 tamarins and 29 marmosets. Eleven of the tamarins and 14 marmosets had pregnant mates. The group also included most of the animals' mates: 11 pregnant tamarins and 9 pregnant marmosets. As controls, the study used 6 male marmosets and 7 male tamarins without a pregnant mate or any offspring. The animals were weighed monthly. Adult marmosets weigh on average a little under a pound (410 grams). The marmoset dads in the study gained between 2.4 and 20.4 percent of their regular weight over the five months of their mates' pregnancies. The tamarins, starting at an average weight of 1.2 pounds (556 grams) added between 1 and 8 percent of their weight by the end of the study. The control males gained no weight at all. Male tamarins and marmosets need the extra weight, the researchers say. They participate fully in childrearing, carrying the baby around even more than the mother does. For up to two months after birth, by which time the babies are about one-fifth the weight of their parents, the dads carry them practically everywhere they go. When weaning begins, fathers share food with the infants, teaching them which foods are preferred. The cost in energy is high. Although the researchers were unable to measure weight loss because of certain limitations of the experimental setup, Ziegler thinks the extra fat may start to disappear during this period. "In tamarins, it has been reported that males lose weight while they're carrying infants," she said. "So they may be fattening up before the birth for what's going to happen after." The researchers worked with captive monkeys, but Ziegler believes the effect may be even more marked in wild populations. "The weight gain might be more in the wild," she said. "And the weight loss would probably be more, since they have to move around so much more in search of food as well as carrying these infants." Ziegler sees the research as having significance beyond the behavior of monkeys. "I'm interested in what makes a good dad," she said. "What is it that causes some males to have greater responses than others? What is it that motivates some fathers to be good parents and others to be not that involved?" Important questionsfor marmosets, tamarins, and humans. Free Email News Updates Sign up for our Inside National Geographic newsletter. Every two weeks we'll send you our top stories and pictures (see sample). SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

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Louise O’Connor, Contributor Louise shares her thoughts on thyroid triggers and cold weather. When your body’s regulatory systems are working well your body can maintain an ideal core body temperature, even when the outside temperature plummets. However if you are feeling the cold all the time, especially during winter it could mean your body’s thermoregulatory systems are out of balance and your body is finding it much harder to keep warm. What is a normal body temperature? The average normal resting body temperature of an adult is generally accepted as 98.6 Fahrenheit, or 37 degrees Celsius. If you have a thyroid disorder you probably already know you just don’t seem to tolerate the cold as well as those around you. Or you may notice you feel the cold more than normal. Have you checked your resting body temperature? A drop in your body temperature, even by a degree, can make a significant to how you feel. Here are instructions here on how to take your resting basal body temperature. Your Thyroid Helps Regulate Your Body’s Ideal Core Body Temperature As the weather cools your body is forced to work extra hard to maintain your ideal body temperature. If your body is struggling to stay warm you may experience cold intolerance, the term used to describe an abnormal sensitivity to cold temperatures. There are a few reasons why some individuals experience cold intolerance. I list the three main reasons here: - Hypothyroidism. Cold intolerance can be due to hypothyroidism. Your thyroid hormones regulate your core body temperature at a cellular level. When there is a decline in thyroid hormone activity there is a subsequent drop in metabolic activity which means your body produces less heat. A lower than normal body temperature is therefore a strong indicator your thyroid is functioning below par. Low thyroid hormone activity = less heat is produced by your body. - Hyperthyroidism. Cold intolerance can also be a complication of hyperthyroidism. Many people with this thyroid disorder have low body weight. Both body fat and muscle mass keep you warm. - Your hypothalamus is out of sync. The hypothalamus is an important endocrine gland located within your brain. It regulates a range of activities including your core body temperature. Winter Is The Season of Regeneration and Repair As the days get chilly in the northern hemisphere it’s a good time to start thinking about preparing for the colder months with some adjustments to your diet and lifestyle. It’s now the ideal time to incorporate more foods that create warmth within your body. Think nutritious stews, curries, risottos, freshly made soups and stewed fruit for dessert. If you have been following a predominantly raw food diet over summer you definitely want to consider eating less raw foods as they are cooling to the body. Stay Tuned In and Listen to Your Body While you can’t control the weather, you can take steps to keep warm even on even on cold and gloomy days. Keep cosy and layer up with a scarf and warm clothes to prevent the cold from seeping in. When the days get colder and darker it’s even more important to stay balanced to safeguard your thyroid health. Avoid letting yourself get run down and get regular sleep. Rest is vital to maintain your resistance to colds and flu’s. Now is the time strengthen your body’s immune system so you are less susceptible to colds and flu. Here are five natural remedies to help you stay well this winter. 5 Natural Remedies to Help You Stay Well This Winter - Andrographis paniculata (Andrographis) This herb has traditionally been used to help reduce the symptoms associated with the common cold, such as fever, sore throats and coughs. - Echinacea augustifolia (Echinacea) This herb is traditionally used for the symptomatic relief of coughs and colds. If those around you are sick it can also be taken to help prevent infections. - Vitamin C This vitamin is important for healthy immune system function. It may also help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms of the common cold. - Vitamin D3 It’s now well established that this nutrient plays an important role in keeping you well all winter long. Research shows a drop in vitamin D3 levels during the winter months can make you more likely to catch a cold or flu. - Zinc is found in virtually every cell of your body as this mineral supports a range of important biochemical pathways. Zinc is often recommended during winter as it helps maintain healthy immune function. Click here, to read MORE articles from Louise O’Connor. About the Author Louise O’Connor is a leading Australian Naturopath + Wellness Coach who graduated from the Endeavour College of Natural Health, Brisbane Australia in 1995. She is a registered Naturopath with the Australian Traditional Medicine Society (ATMS), the peak association of natural medicine practitioners in Australia. She educates and writes on thyroid health. Louise embraces a holistic approach to thyroid health and advocates seeking out and treating the underlying causes, rather than just addressing the symptoms. Louise is the author of the top selling e-Book: The Natural Thyroid Diet. The 4-Week Plan To Living Well, Living Vibrantly. Be sure to Follow her on Facebook and Twitter. While you’re at it, PLEASE ‘Like’ Thyroid Nation on Facebook and follow us on Twitter, Thyroid Nation RADIO, and Periscope. Questions or anything to ask Louise about cold weather thyroid triggers? We’d love your thoughts in the comments section!

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Just as the first step in learning basketball, tennis, soccer, or indeed any sport is to learn the most fundamental elements of the sport, the first step to learning critical thinking is to learn the most basic elements of thinking. These are the bread and butter of disciplined thinking, for if we cannot accurately analyze the parts of someone's thinking, we are in a poor position to assess it. Analysis of the elements of thought is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition of evaluation. To evaluate requires knowledge of the intellectual standards that highlight the qualities signaling strengths and weaknesses in thinking. For example, it is a strength in reasoning to be clear, a weakness to be unclear; a strength to be accurate, a weakness to be inaccurate. We shall focus on standards such as these in the next chapter, explaining and illustrating how they apply to the elements of thought.

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Below is a list of Frequently Asked Questions regarding the WIA Youth Program: The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 rewrote federal statutes governing programs of job training, adult education and literacy and vocational rehabilitation. The Act was signed by the President in August of 1998 and was the first major reform in the nation's job training programs in fifteen years. What is the Workforce Investment Act (WIA)? In addition to replacing the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), it mandates the use of One-Stop Operating Systems. The Act is designed to streamline services, eliminate duplication of services and empower individuals to obtain the services and the skills they want and need. More flexibility for the Local Workforce Development Boards to operate programs, along with more accountability for their programs, is an essential part of the Act. The goals of the WIA are to improve the quality of the workforce, enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the nation and to reduce welfare dependency. States were given the option to implement WIA early or wait until the mandatory date of July 2000. Florida opted to implement early and started on July 1, 1999. Florida Leaders had already addressed many of the same goals outlined in the Workforce Investment Act with the implementation of the Workforce Florida Act. There are three categories of individuals addressed in Title I of the Workforce Investment Act, Adults, Dislocated Workers and Youth. Youth services participants are individuals from 16 years to 21 years of age, who are low income and face one or more of the specified barriers. Youth who fall between the ages of 18 and 21 years may receive services as a youth or adult or both at the same time. Youth must be ages 16- 21, low income, and meet at least 1 of the 6 specified barriers to employment (see below). There is a 5 percent window for non-low-income youth if they experience one or more specified barriers to school completion or employment. In addition, at least 30% of funds must be expended on out-of-school youth. Barriers for youth are: - Deficient in basic literacy skills - A school drop-out - Homeless, runaway or a foster child - Pregnant or parenting teen - An offender - An individual who requires additional assistance to complete an educational program, or secure and hold employment. Barriers for 5 percent who are not low-income are: - Individuals who are school dropouts. - Individuals who are basic skills deficient. - Individuals with educational attainment that is one or more grade levels below the grade level appropriate to the age of the individuals. - Individuals who are pregnant or parenting. - Individuals with disabilities, including learning disabilities. - Individuals who are homeless or runaway youth. - Individuals who are offenders. - Other eligible youth who face serious barriers to emploment as identified by the local board - Youth programs include an objective assessment of each youth's skill levels and service needs, a service strategy, preparation for postsecondary educational opportunities or unsubsidized employment (as appropriate). They also demonstrate strong linkages between academic and occupational learning and effective connections to intermediaries with strong links to the job market and employers. - The other required elements of youth programs include: - tutoring, study skills training and instruction leading to completion of secondary school, including dropout prevention; - alternative school services; - adult mentoring; - paid and unpaid work experiences, including internships and job shadowing; - occupational skills training; - leadership development opportunities; - supportive services; - follow-up services for not less than 12 months as appropriate; and - comprehensive guidance and counseling. In addition, each program must provide summer employment opportunities that are directly linked to academic and occupational learning, but unlike JTPA law, no separate appropriation is authorized for the summer jobs program. To see a list of eligible training providers, click here.

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Neck Pain is a Real Pain in the Neck Neck pain is, well, a real pain in the neck! Discomfort, soreness and stiffness can make it hard to turn your head and difficult to get comfortable while doing almost anything. You may develop headaches as a result. Pain in the neck is often combined with shoulder pain, jaw pain or back pain. Even minor neck pain can affect your quality of life – but neck pain relief is available… and it doesn’t come from a bottle! Read on to find out more. There are just seven bones in your neck (the cervical spine), and they are some of the most overworked bones in the body. Imagine lugging around a bowling ball all day – you’d be exhausted, even if you were able to switch the ball from arm to arm or carry it in a backpack or sling. Now imagine balancing that ball on your fingertips, and you have some idea of what your neck has to contend with in carrying your head, which weighs about 12 pounds (5.5 kg). Other factors that contribute to neck pain include: - Hunching over your desk or workbench all day - Clenching the steering wheel - Emotional stress, which can cause unconscious tightening of the neck muscles - Disc degeneration Even slight deviations within the structure of the neck can result in nerve irritation, which appears as pain or reduced mobility in the neck, inability to turn the head from side to side, grinding sounds or headaches. Neck and shoulder pain can also result, as can neck and jaw pain. Neck Pain and StressNeck pain causes vary, but it generally stems from stress. There are three types of stress that affect the body: chemical stress, physical stress and emotional stress, all of which can create nerve interferences that result in neck pain. Chemical stress includes things you ingest or inhale. Preservatives in food, medications, alcohol, smoggy air and pollen are just a few samples of chemical stressors that can irritate the nervous system. Physical stress includes repetitive motions, improper posture (such as leaning over your computer keyboard or falling asleep in an awkward position) and traumas such as car accidents or falling. Physical stress can result in muscle tightening or loss of muscle tone, which can contribute to joint and disc problems in the neck, ultimately resulting in the nerve disturbances that cause neck pain and immobility. “Emotional stress is less tangible, but often the bigger problem, especially when it comes to neck pain,” explains this chiropractor in Calgary. Emotional stress includes worrying over finances, grief, anger or frustration that results in tension in the body, particularly in any areas that are already weakened or overworked – like the neck. This tension amounts to tight muscles, which can irritate the nerves and produce the pain in your neck. It may be impossible to completely de-stress your life, but there is safe, effective help for your neck pain! How Serious is It? Although most neck pain does not stem from serious illness, there are still differing causes of neck pain and differing degrees of severity. Minor neck pain is the discomfort, soreness and stiffness you may wake up with when you “sleep funny, ” for example. Major neck pain can be the same symptoms, but they persist for days or weeks or occur frequently or as a result of a blow or injury. If it lasts for several weeks or more, it is considered chronic neck pain. What’s a Person To Do? Most people don’t think too much about their neck pain or what’s causing it – they just reach for the pain relievers. Unfortunately, these do nothing to correct the deviations in the bony structures of the neck that interfere with nerve function and are the underlying cause of most neck pain. Luckily, there is something that corrects these deviations and gets you back in the game – without drugs. Heal Your Neck Pain Naturally… Drugs only temporarily dull the pain in your neck – along with the rest of your body – without doing anything to address the underlying problem. Safely and effectively eliminating your neck pain means getting to the root of the problem and correcting it. Generally this involves finding and resolving misalignments of the bones of the neck and back that have been interfering with nerve pathways or pressing on or pinching the nerves themselves. And that’s exactly what chiropractic does! Chiropractic is a safe, 100% natural, totally medication-free, non-invasive approach to healing nerve disturbances in the body, just like those that cause neck pain. Chiropractic’s success with neck issues is a large part of the reason chiropractic is the most well-respected alternative approach to healing throughout the world. Chiropractic is a legitimate health care modality, recognized by the federal government, covered by major health care providers and licensed by every state – and there’s no reason to be left out, because it’s widely available. In fact, there’s likely to be a ChooseNatural.com chiropractor located close to where you live or work. Just give them a call to schedule an appointment to see how chiropractic can work with the healing abilities of your body to bring about natural neck pain relief. When you visit one of our ChooseNatural.com sponsors, you’ll be visiting a caring health care provider who is highly educated and well-versed in neck pain of all types. Your consultation will begin with pleasant conversation so the doctor can learn more about you and your symptoms. If chiropractic can help, the doctor will let you know. If not, he or she will explain why and recommend someone who may be able to. If chiropractic is a good option for you, the doctor will complete an in-depth examination, then explain the results of the exam as well as the plan of action he or she has in mind for your specific set of circumstances. Ask all the questions you like! Your doctor will be happy to answer them – after all, you have a right to know what’s happening in your own body. Next the doctor will make precise chiropractic adjustments to whatever areas of deviation or instability were discovered in the exam. These gentle adjustments are designed to reduce nerve interference in the neck by restoring correct alignment to the body. “Millions of satisfied patients have found lasting relief from their neck pain, whether minor, major or even chronic,” states this Mandeville chiropractor. Still, no particular outcome can be guaranteed, and some patients require a longer course of care than others. Take the first step towards eliminating your neck pain – without drugs: call a ChooseNatural.com doctor today to schedule an appointment. An Ounce of Prevention Although most neck pain is related to emotional stress like worrying about a deadline, physical stress is also a contributing factor. Help prevent future neck pain by reducing physical stress: |What To Do||Why To Do It| |Rest||Sitting at a computer for hours on end or driving thousands of miles without a break is a good way to get neck pain. Take frequent breaks, try to keep your head aligned with your spine, and relax your jaw.| |Move||Change positions often, stretch your muscles (gently), shrug your shoulders up and down, and pull your shoulder blades together to keep your neck from stiffening.| |Adjust||Your computer should be at eye level and your seat should be set so that your knees are slightly below your hips. Don’t crane your neck to the side to hold the telephone between your ear and shoulder – headsets are best.| |Roll Over||Sleeping on your stomach stresses the neck. Sleeping on your side or back with a pillow that supports the neck can help.|

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Wednesday, January 15, 2014 Excess weight might increase the risk of premature death among people with type 2 diabetes, according to a large new study that could upend earlier research. And the heavier a person is, the greater their risk of dying early. These latest findings call into question previous studies that found an "obesity paradox." Those results suggested that being overweight might actually provide some protection from dying. "We wanted to address the so-called obesity paradox," said the study's lead author, Deirdre Tobias, a research fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health. "It seemed implausible." "In our much larger data set, I think this data supports the conclusion that the obesity paradox is a myth for those with type 2 diabetes," Tobias said. Being overweight or obese is a well-established risk factor for premature death from conditions such as heart disease or cancer, according to background information in the study. But with some chronic conditions, such as heart failure, kidney failure and type 2 diabetes, some studies have suggested that people who are overweight or obese have a lowered risk of death. Previous research, however, often has been done with small sample sizes. These studies haven't been able to control optimally for smoking and for other pre-existing diseases, according to the current study's authors. People with type 2 diabetes don't make enough insulin or don't use the hormone properly to convert the food they eat into energy. As a result, their blood-sugar levels are too high. The current study -- published Jan. 16 in the New England Journal of Medicine -- included more than 11,000 people with type 2 diabetes from the well-known Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. On average, their diabetes diagnoses occurred in their early 60s. During nearly 16 years of follow-up, almost 3,100 people died, the researchers said. When they looked at the whole group, it appeared that being overweight or even slightly obese was less of a risk factor for dying than being normal weight. For example, someone with a body-mass index (BMI) -- a rough estimate of body fat based on height and weight -- between 27.5 and 29.9 was less likely to die than someone with a BMI between 18.5 and 22.4. A normal BMI is between 18.5 and 24.9, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Between 25 and 29.9 is overweight, and over 30 is obese. But when Tobias and her colleagues separated the data by smoking status, the obesity paradox disappeared for people who never smoked. The researchers also looked at the data to see the relationship between BMI just before a diabetes diagnosis and deaths due to heart disease, cancer and other causes. They found that the higher the BMI, the greater the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease in those who never smoked. "Smokers tend to be leaner, and that may attenuate the risk of obesity or even make it look protective," Tobias said. "But when we stratified the data by smoking status, we saw the relationship is truly linear, with mortality risk going up with BMI." The bottom line: Being overweight or obese doesn't confer a survival benefit on people with diabetes, Tobias said. "Weight management still remains an important component of type 2 diabetes management," she said. Dr. Joel Zonszein, director of the clinical diabetes center at Montefiore Medical Center in New York City, agreed that the obesity paradox is a myth. He said one of the reasons for so much conflicting information in studies is that using BMI alone as an indicator of weight status is insufficient. "BMI doesn't tell us how much bad fat a person has," Zonszein said. "People have good fat and bad fat. It's more important to know about the bad fat. You have to look at BMI, along with other cardiovascular disease risk factors [such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol]. That would be much more reliable." Based on current trends, the CDC estimates that by 2050 one in five Americans will have diabetes. Most people with diabetes have type 2, which is associated with being overweight and inactive. Last Updated: 1/16/2014

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11:57 AM - DNS and DNSSEC About ten years ago, dnssec was invented to deal with a problem plaguing the Internet. There is no trust in the DNS system. Many people might have heard the term DNS, but never thought about what it is. DNS, or the Domain Name System, is the process by which a domain name like midnightbsd.org is translated into an IP address 220.127.116.11. Without this system, one would need to type in IP addresses to access websites, send email, or chat online. The system was invented at a simpler time when people trusted each other on the Internet. This was before worms, massive spam, or websites. Today, many people try to impersonate others on the Internet or worse yet, their websites. You could create a DNS poisoning attack so that a user accessing a DNS server to lookup google.com is redirected to a fake site. This site could log information and pass requests to the real google.com through a proxy. The user may never know the difference. Systems like DNSSEC validate DNS queries by a trust relationship. Individuals don't need to do much to use DNSSEC aside from purchasing updated software. Windows 7 had DNSSEC on it's list of new features (not confirmed it was added in final builds). The client (your computer) must be able to understand DNSSEC queries for it to be of any use. Otherwise, it is simply ignored. System administrators must enable DNSSEC on their DNS servers (resolvers) as well as on zones to get the full benefit. You can think of a zone as a domain name. Things can be further divided into sub zones such as .com vs midnightbsd.org. Enabling DNSSEC on BIND 9.4+ resolvers dnssec-lookaside "." trust-anchor "DLV.ISC.ORG";

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Tall Ships, Pirates and Treasure In Nova Scotia (32 pp stitched booklet + cover) Piracy is robbery on the high seas. In North America, the “Great Age of Piracy” is usually considered as the 250 years following Christopher Columbus’s discovery of the New World. During this period, and even well into the 1800’s, pirates often roamed freely in “tall ships” from Newfoundland to South America. Much of the treasure they accumulated is still hidden. The discovery of the New World made Spain very rich. Each year Spain would send convoys of ships to the Caribbean and South America to collect the treasure. The “Spanish Main,” as it was known, describes the routes the ships sailed. Convoys of ships left Spain each year and sailed on the prevailing winds that blow from the northeast to the southwest at latitudes near the equator. The following spring or early summer Spanish ships would meet in Havana for the return trip to Spain. For the return trip the ships traveled up along the coast of North America until they could catch westerly winds, which blow predominantly from west to east. Ships traveling north might go as far as Newfoundland before sailing east, back to Spain. Many however, were intercepted by pirates, or severe Atlantic storms, and the treasure was captured or lost. In the early days, pirates often lived openly, selling their booty in islands such as Jamaica and Tortuga in the Caribbean. [The name “buccaneer is often associated with Tortuga, referring to sailors who cooked meat over a barbeque (a “boucan”).] However, as time passed and populations grew, pirates had to retreat to new havens to conceal their activities and create a new treasure island. Famous pirates are usually the ones that were caught. However, most successful pirates were not caught and consequently we only know of them by rumor or third party accounts. Pirates were successful for many reasons, but a major reason was that their ships tended to be small and fast and could hide where larger boats could not find them. But where could the pirates hide? Along the coast of North America, there was one place that offered the perfect shelter for pirates well into the early 1800’s – Nova Scotia. Treasure Island Map At least two island groups (both have 365 islands) near Nova Scotia are believed to still hide treasure, and many more are documented in old newspapers and archives. There are also many land sites. X on the map marks where one Nova Scotia's treasure island is located,. The treasure is still not found and being hunted today. To find out where the island is you must first solve the puzzle. See page 12. Learn about Nova Scotia's lost and hidden treasures; secrets of Nova Scotia's treasure island; the famous "money pit;" treasure map stories; piece of eight silver dollars; the Jolly Roger; pirates, privateers, buccaneers - Sir Francis Drake, Captain Kidd, Captain Morgan, Blackbeard, Black Bart, and more. There are stories about local pirates and privateers. Different tall ships are illustrated and explained – sloop, schooner, topsail schooner, clipper ship, brig, brigantine, barque (bark), barquentine (barkentine), galleon, and many, many others. Tall ships in the current worldwide tall ship fleet and tall ships native to, or sailing from, Nova Scotia and Atlantic Canada are featured. The Titanic and Atlantic have not been forgotten either, along with the Liverpool Packet (richest privateer) Le Chameau (richest sunk pay ship... so far) and the ships that went down on Sable Island (graveyard of the Atlantic). The Bluenose (illustrated), WD Lawrence (illustrated) and the Hector are mentioned. Also New Brunswick vessels such as the Ship White Star (illustrated) and the Brig Amity (photo) and PEI, Quebec and Ontario ships. Learn about the early history of Acadia (later called Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Maine) Louisbourg, the Scots and the Loyalists from America. Also includes some of the great American tall ships, pirates and privateers. Tall ships, pirates and treasure in Nova Scotia provides a lot of information on Nova Scotia's colorful past that many have not heard before. For example, "Why didn't Nova Scotia (and Canada) join the American Revolution?," "Why are Nova Scotians called 'Bluenosers?," "What is the difference between a bark and a barkentine?," "How much sail do tall ships use?," and "How much of Louisbourg has been rebuilt?" All information on tall ships, pirates and treasure is derived from historical record. The stories are true, but the treasure, in many cases, is yet to be found. However, the secret for getting the treasure from Nova Scotia's famed treasure island is revealed here. It is so simple, it is amazing no one has tried it already!!! Perhaps it will be you? However, to find where the treasure is and how to get it, you must first do the treasure map crossword puzzle (see inside). After that, if you are successful, you can relax, read a few jokes, play some trivia - and think of all the things you will do with your newfound treasure. Tall Ships, Pirates and Treasure in Nova Scotia © is published by Canadian Marine Publications, P.O. Box 34097, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3J 3S1. Illustrations by Canadian Marine Publications Copyright: Robin W. A Rodger, May, 2000. May 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the author. Telephone 902-425-1320, Fax 902-425-1325. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.org. Publisher's Note: Information contained herein is loosely based on historical fact and may also contain speculation and/or folklore. The publisher accepts no liability for misinterpretations, errors or omissions. For volume orders of 2nd edition call 902-425-1320 25 books @$3.00 200 books @ $2.50 1,000 books @ $2.25 We ship larger receipt of a bona fide purchase order or cheque - or request payment by PayPal. There will be a small shipping charge, depending on order size. Tall ship artwork is also available. The Commercial Fisheries of the United States and Canada *Special Student Edition* Rodger and von Zharen (Code: Library Bulk NA) (Code: Library Bulk NA)

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OIL TANKER BREAKS UP Karachi falls environmental hazards By Syed M. Aslam Aug 18 - 24, 2003 For a full 18 days, the Karachi Port Trust, the maintainer and manager of the biggest seaport of the country, and other related agencies tried to downplay the severity of the looming threat that the Greece-registered crude oil tanker Tasman Spirit posed to the environment and public health. Instead of taking measures to contain the spill such as booms, large floating sponge used for soaking up large quantities of liquid including oil, to lessen the impact of the devastation, the officials chose to falsely allay the public fear by resorting to downplay the impact. Finally on August 14, the Independence Day, the authorities announced the stoppage of the 'salvage' operation calling the breakup of the grounded tanker imminent. Warnings were also issued to the public to stay away from the beaches, wear masks and sun-glasses and avoid any contact with the oil. The law-enforcement authorities closed the 14-kilometre coastline to the public and over 1,000 policemen were deployed to close the roads leading to the beaches. The tanker was loaded with over 60,000 tons of crude oil of which, the authorities claimed, over 20,000 tons was emptied. However, no photographs of any such transfer were released to the Press by the authorities. Even if the claim is true, and one should not be held responsible for entertaining suspicion about the claim from the authorities who mislead the people about the looming catastrophe in the first place, the tanker still had enough crude to qualify for one of the major oil spills anywhere in the world. What's even worse is that it would take not months but years to clean-up the mess. Despite the attempts to downplay its severity and the impact, the disaster is feared to rank the top oil spills anywhere in the world. For instance, on March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground in Alaska spilling around 38,800 tons of crude oil into Prince William Sound. The Tasman Spirit is holding the same or even more quantity of the crude oil to match the Exxon Valdez spill which was the worst spill in the US history. The 10.9 million gallons of the crude spilled by Exxon Valdez spilled affected about 1,300 miles of shoreline and took years to clean. What makes the authorities to keep misleading the people that the 40,000 tons spill here would cause minimal threat to environment and human health and would take only weeks to clean? The tall claims look all the more ludicrous as the authorities took no visible measures to contain the spill from the leaking tanker for over 2 weeks to lessen the impact. No oil boom net was used around the grounded tanker to soak the oil. The tendency to down-play the impact of the disaster and a facade of all-is-well attitude was meant to mislead the people about the truth. The important questions that should be asked are: what containment measures did the authorities take, was any assessment was made about the impact and the potential impact zones, were weather conditions and the sensitivity of the region were considered. Karachi definitely qualifies for a sensitive region for a oil spill of such huge quantity because it puts the public health of its 15 million people at grave risks. March 16, off Portsall, France: wrecked supertanker Amoco Cadiz spilled 68 million gallons, causing widespread environmental damage over 100 miles off Brittany coast — world's largest tanker disaster. The breaking up of Tasman Spirit and the feared discharge of the remaining 40,000 tons of crude oil would be a catastrophe by any standard. The world's largest tanker disaster was the wreckage of supertanker Amoco Cadiz on March 16, 1978 spilling 68 million gallons of oil off Portsall, France causing heavy environmental damage over 100 miles. Another major incidents include 13,000 tons of heavy diesel oil by tanker Erika off the coast of Brittany in December 1999 and of some 72,000 tons of crude oil by tanker Sea Empress near the port of Milford Haven in Wales in 1996. In January 1993, Braer grounded south of the Shetland Island, off the north coast of Scotland, spilled 85,000 tons of oil. In December 1992, a ship called the Aegean Sea spilled 80,000 tons of crude near the port of La Coruna in Spain. In May 1991, the ABT Summer leaked oil after an explosion off Angola spilling 260,000 tonnes and The Haven spilled more than 50,000 tons of oil off Genoa in Italy in April 1991. However, it was the disaster caused by spilling of 13,000 tons of heavy diesel oil by Erika led to a change in the laws governing the shipment of oil by tanker. The reality close to home should also necessitates for such laws here in Pakistan to better protect the environment and the public health. The indifference of the authorities to contain the spill has increased the threat even further. The authorities have announced to initiate a cleaning operation and once again have tried to downplay the impact predicting normalcy within weeks. While a variety of techniques can be used to help remove spilled oil from the environment none of them are short, particularly to clean up the massive spill. For instance, in the case of Exxon Valdez the oily beaches were washed with hot water, which is deemed to cause more damage to the natural ecosystems. Other techniques include skimming and vacuuming oil, as well as using chemical dispersants to break it up. As is, the signs of the inherent threats that the spill poses to the public health have become all too evident. There are reports of respiratory and breathing problems and a number of people have already been admitted in the hospital. Talking to PAGE, the former president of Pakistan Medical Association, Dr Tipu Sultan, expressed fears the spread of epidemic in areas closer to the beach and particularly affecting those already suffering from asthma. "If toxic fumes are inhaled it damage the lungs and impair the workings the central nervous system. Prolonged inhalation of the fumes and its absorbtion into the blood vessels would also affect all other vital organs including lever, kidney, cornea, and coronary vessels." He said that the spill would have a long-term impact on human health and token measures such as the wearing of masks and sun-glasses are more token than serious attempts necessary to tackle a disaster. "Most of all those responsible for the disaster should be brought to the book."

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This is the story of the Island of Martha's Vineyard and the 300+year old tradition that followed Martha's Island through 3 name changes, 2 states and a typographical error in a legislative bill. On November 1, 1683 when the first General Assembly of Freeholders established the first 12 counties of New York and created the office of Sheriff in each county, Martha's Vineyard was known as Martin's Vineyard and was in Dukes County in New York. The other original counties were Albany, Cornwall, Dutchess, Kings, New York, Orange, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Ulster and Westchester. The effect of these laws was to combine the separate jurisdiction of the Vineyard and the Island of Nantucket and to add another office or two to the civil list, which was promptly filled by Matthew Mayhew, of Martin's Vineyard, who seemed to feel that nothing was too small for his attention from chief magistrate down to register of deeds. Prior to this, Nantucket had been conducting its own affairs under a local autonomy subject to a certain suzerainty of the Mayhew proprietary government. Martin's Vineyard becomes Mathew's Vineyard at or before a meeting of Dukes County officials meeting at Nantucket on September 21, 1686 to discuss the establishment and timing of when the Court would meet on each of the main islands of the county. On October 7, 1691, by the Charter of William and Mary, Dukes as well as Cornwall County leave New York and become counties in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. However, with the passage to Massachusetts, the good people of Nantucket, after several tries, were finally successful in their attempt to separate from the grip of the Mayhews on what is now (and forevermore) Martha's Vineyard. On May 28, 1695, the General Court (Assembly) of Massachusetts allowed Nantucket to secede from Dukes County, but the enacting legislation permanently changed the name of Dukes to "Dukes County" by inadvertently putting the word "County" after Dukes in the bill. Cornwall County becomes part of Maine when Maine secedes from Massachusetts in 1820. Cornwall County included Pemaquid and its dependencies, comprising what is now a considerable part of the coast Maine, CONTRIBUTED BY WALTER GREENSPAN BACK TO POPULATION SURVEY

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of Persons with Mental Disorders As reviewed in Lesson1 Background of DSM-IV Category, clinical literature has tended to pathologize religiosity in persons with mental disorders. One example is the assertion by Albert Ellis, that: "The less religious [patients] are, the more emotionally healthy they will tend to be" ( p. 637). One study examined 44 psychiatric patients suffering from depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders to see if religious involvement was linked with neurotic behavior. Forty-five psychologically healthy subjects served as a comparison group. Results show that patients who had little or no religious commitment were just as likely to have depression, anxiety or other personality disorders as patients with higher levels of religious commitment. Being highly religious was not a risk factor for psychopathology, as has been often taught in mental health training S, Waelty U Psychopathology and religious commitment--a controlled study. The recent (2001) Handbook of Religion and Health reviewed over 1600 studies, and found that across mental and physical disorders, religion is overwhelmingly associated with positive outcomes. There is evidence that religious practices speed recovery in mental disorders. For example, a recent study found that psychiatric patients who regularly attend church and pray recover more quickly than their nonreligious Religion and spirituality in the lives of people with serious mental illness. Therefore, therapy should consider the spiritual resources and needs of persons Sudies have also found that hospitalized psychiatric patients are as religious as the general population, and they turn more to religion during crises.In religious needs and resources of psychiatric inpatients, Fitchett et al., 1997 found that 88% of the psychiatric patients reported three or more current religious needs. Psychiatric patients had lower spiritual well-being scores and were less likely to have talked with their clergy. The study concluded that religion is important for psychiatric patients, and they may need assistance to find resources to address their religious needs. One example of how religious beliefs can negatively affect health outcome is the belief that sin leads to one's illness. Of 52 psychiatric inpatients, 23% believed that sin-related factors, such as sinful thoughts or acts, cause illness. Such beliefs are associated with negative health outcomes. W, Kroll J Psychiatric patients' belief in general health factors and sin as causes of illness. Am J Psychiatry 1990 Jan;147(1):112-3 At St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C., the Chaplain Program conducts a "Spiritual Needs Assessment" on each inpatient, concluding with a treatment plan that identifies religious/spiritual needs and problems.The program defines the role of pastoral intervention and recommended religious/spiritual activities. (For a lesson on instruments and approaches to assessing spirituality, see the course on Spirituality and Recovery from Mental Disorders.) Axis I Disorders In the DSM-IV, the diagnosis of Religious or Spiritual Problem is an Axis I condition and can be assigned along with a co-existing Axis I disorder. The APA Task Force on Religion and ] reported: "The religious convictions of patients can be used effectively in therapy. Religion can be a usable support system for the patient even when the therapist believes the patient's religious system has no objective value." Explicit and nonjudgmental attention to religious concerns can add significantly to the quality and effectiveness of clinical work. Indeed, struggles of faith are embedded in the life course of many patients in acute treatment. Religious and spiritual problems can be associated with the full range of DSM-IV mental disorders since the integrity of the individual is challenged in all illnesses. Alcohol and Drug Dependence and Abuse Twelve Step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous dominate addiction treatment in mental health settings, and religion/spirituality plays a central role. The first of the 12 steps mentions "A power greater than ourselves." The final step mentions a "spiritual awakening." Five of the 12 steps make a specific reference to God, and the phrase "as we understand Him" appears twice. The founders of A.A. did not ponder whether religious and spiritual factors are important in recovery, but rather if it is possible for alcoholics to recover without the help of a higher power. Jung told Bill W., the co-founder of A.A., that "craving for alcohol was the equivalent, on a low level, of the spiritual thirst of our being for wholeness." Jung maintained that recovery from addiction required a religious experience: "Inasmuch as you attain to the numinous experience, you are released from the curse of pathology." (See History of Early A.A.'s Spiritual Roots.) Similarly, some theorists and clinicians have approached addictions as essentially spiritual crises, not mental disorders The strong relationship between religious/spiritual commitment (e.g., church attendence) and the avoidance of alcohol and illicit drugs is well-established. However, not much is known about the religious/spiritual dimensions of addiciton treatment. Religious/spiritual variables have been neglected in research. Such variables include measures of perceived purpose or meaning in life, changes in values and beliefs, shifts in religious/spiritual practices, clients' religious/spiritual value systems, acceptance of particular treatment goals and strategies, and the impact of religious/spiritually-oriented interventions on treatment outcome. Miller recommended that these variables be considered in research in order to "improve our understanding of the addictive behaviors, and our ability to prevent and treat these enduring It is known that patients in alcohol treatment who bcome involved with a religious community after treatment have lower recidivism rates than those who do not. (See Association of spirituality and sobriety during a behavioral spirituality intervention for Twelve Step (TS) recovery.) In obsessive-compulsive disorder, some individuals present with what they consider scrupulous devoutness, but upon further assessment, the use of religion is a metaphor for the expression of compulsive requirements. Superficially, religious rituals and obsessive-compulsive behaviors share some common features: the prominent role of cleanliness and purity; the need for rituals to be carried out in specific ways and numbers of times; and the fear of performing the rituals incorrectly. Greenberg and Witzum describe an individual whose concern with correctly saying his prayers led him to spend nine hours a day in prayer instead of the usual 40-90 minutes of other ultra-orthodox Jews. Persons in this religious community with obsessive-compulsive disorder became so preocuppied with some detail or area of religious practice that they ignored or violated other tenets of their faith. In these individuals, scrupulous devoutness involved the use of religion to express compulsive needs. (However, the authors also concluded that ultra-orthodox Jews were not at higher risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder.) In such cases, Greenberg and Witzum recommend meeting together with the patient's religious leader present and that "During assessment, the terms and symbols of the religion of strictly religious patients should be used ...[to] enable the patient to feel as comfortable as possible" (p. 557). When these religious factors warrant independent clinical attention and are explicitly addressed in treatment, Religious or Spiritual Problem should be coded along with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Greenberg and Witzum have proposed the following criteria for differentiating obsessive-compulsive behaviors from religious practices: 1. Compulsive behavior goes beyond the letter of the religious law. 2. Compulsive behavior is focused on one specific area and does not reflect an overall concern for religious practice. 3. The choice of focus of obsessive-compulsive behavior is typical of the disorder (e.g., cleanliness and checking, obsessive thoughts of blasphemy toward God or fear of illness). 4. Many important dimensions of religious life are neglected. Co-occurrence of a Religious and Spiritual Problems with psychotic disorders occurs frequently, especially in manic psychosis. One study of hospitalized bipolar patients found religious delusions were present in 25% and their hallucinations were brief, usually grandiose, usually religiou s. Goodwin and Jamison (Manic-Depressive Illness) have also noted the prominence of religious and spiritual concerns in persons with manic-depressive illness.They suggest that there, "have been many mystics who may well have suffered from manic-depressive illness--for example, St. Theresa, St. Francis, St. John" (p. 362). Mystical features can occur along with a psychotic disorder. For such patients, Religious or Spiritual Problem could be coded along with the concomitant Axis I disorder. There is cross-cultural support for the overlap of psychosis and religious experiences. Anthropologists have observed that, highly similar mental and behavioral states may be designated psychiatric disorders in some cultural settings and religious experiences in others...Within cultures that invest these unusual states with meaning and provide the individual experiencing them with institutional support, at least a proportion of them may be contained and channeled into socially valuable roles. (Prince In Ken Wilber's spectrum model of consciousness, psychosis is neither prepersonal (infantile and regressive) nor transpersonal (transcendent and absolute); it is depersonal--an admixture of higher and lower elements: [Psychosis] carries with it cascading fragments of higher structures that have ruinously disintegrated" (p. 64). Thus, psychotic persons "often channel profound spiritual insights. (p. 108) But psychotic persons are incapable of differentiating the transpersonal from the regressive prepersonal at the time of the experience. Afterwards, while in recovery, they are often able to sort thorough their experiences and separate the wheat from the chaff. Psychotherapy can salvage the valid religious/spiritual dimensions of the experience. James Hillman has stated that recovery means recovering the divine from within the disorder, seeing that its contents are authentically Transpersonal psychotherapy can be especially valuable in the postpsychotic period because it promotes the integration of the healthy parts of religious/spiritual experiences in psychosis. (See Lesson 6.2 on Psychotherapy) Jerome Stack, a Catholic Chaplain for 25 years at Metropolitan State Hospital in Norwalk, California, observed that many people with mental disorders do have genuine religious experiences: Many patients over the years have spoken to me of their religious experiences and I have found their stories to be quite genuine, quite believable. Their experience of the divine, the spiritual, is healthy and life-giving. Of course, discernment is important, but it is important not to presume that certain kinds of religious experience or behavior are simply "part of the illness." During manic episodes in particular, people have experiences similar to those of the great mystics. Clay, an advocate and consultant for the Portland Coalition for the Psychiatrically Labeled, has written about the significant role that religious experiences played in her recovery. She had been hospitalized for two years diagnosed with schizophrenia at the Yale-affiliated Hartford Institute of Living (IOL). While there, she had a powerful religious experience which led her to attend religious services. My recovery had nothing to do with the talk therapy, the drugs, or the electroshock treatments I had received; more likely, it happened in spite of these things. My recovery did have something to do with the devotional services I had been attending. At the IOL I attended both Protestant and Catholic services, and if Jewish or Buddhist services had been available, I would have gone to them, too. I was cured instantly--healed if you will--as a direct result of a spiritual experience. Many years later Clay went back to the IOL to review her case records, and found herself described as having "decompensated with grandiose delusions with spiritual preoccupations." She complains that "Not a single aspect of my spiritual experience at the IOL was recognized as legitimate; neither the spiritual difficulties nor the healing that occurred at the Clay is not denying that she had a psychotic disorder at the time, but makes the case that, in addition to the disabling effects she experienced as part of her illness, there was also a profound spiritual component which was ignored. She describes how the lack of sensitivity to the spiritual dimensions of her experience on the part of mental health and religious professionals was detrimental to her recovery. Nevertheless, she has persevered in her belief that, For me, becoming "mentally ill" was always a spiritual crisis, and finding a spiritual model of recovery was a question of life or death. Finally, I could admit openly that my experiences were, and always had been, a spiritual journey--not sick, shameful, The Wounded Prophet by Sally Clay Mental health programs can, through their structures and culture, create environments that promote this spiritual work. New Recovery Center at Boston University is an example of a program that has adopted a recovery model incorporating a spiritual component. Curricular options include such courses as "Connectedness: Some Skills for Spiritual Health," "Hatha Yoga," and a "Recovery Seminar." This guided exploration of personal recovery is the center's flagship course. People recovering from mental disorders have rich opportunities for spiritual growth, along with challenges to its expression and development. They will find much-needed support for the task when they are guided to clinically explore to explore their spiritual For more information on integrating spirituality into recovery, see the Spiritual Competency Resource Center course & Recovery from Mental Disorders 1 Ellis, A. (1980). "Psychotherapy and atheistic values: A response to A, E. Bergin's "Psychotherapy and Religious Issues"." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 48: 635-639. 2 American Psychiatric Association. (1990). "Guidelines regarding possible conflict between psychiatrists' religious commitments and psychiatric practice." American Journal of Psychiatry 147: 542. 4 Grof C (1993) Thirst for wholeness: Attachment, addiction and the spiritual path. San Francisco: oka & J. Morgan (Eds.), Death and spirituality. Amityville, NY: Baywood. 4 Miller, W R (1990) Spirituality: The silent dimension in addiction research. Drug and Alcohol Review 9:259-266. 5 Greenberg, D. and E. Witztum (1991). "Problems in the treatment of religious patients." American Journal of Psychotherapy 6 Prince, R. H. 1992 Religious experience and psychopathology: Cross-cultural perspectives. In J. F. Schumacher (Ed.), Religion and mental health, (pp. 281-290). New York: Oxford 7 Wilber, K. (1993) The pre/trans fallacy. In Walsh, R. Vaughan, F. (Eds.) Paths Beyond Ego. Los Angeles: Tarcher. QUIZ EXERCISE 26: Religious or Spiritual Problem cannot be assigned as an Axis I diagnosis along with an Axis I Disorder. Record your answers for later insertion into the Quiz. QUIZ EXERCISE 27: Hearing voices when no one is present is ... a) a sign of a spiritual emergency b) a symptom of a mental disorder c) potentially a or b Record your answers for later insertion into the Quiz.

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One clear advantage of electric vehicles over conventional cars is the simplicity and longevity of the electric drive system. That’s a big plus for fleet managers in terms of maintenance, repair and replacement costs, and now a research team from Stanford University and the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has extended the savings by engineering a self-healing element into the EV battery itself. Inspired by biomimicry, the team has come up with a new polymer (a form of plastic) that can be coated onto the electrode in a lithium ion battery. As with natural systems like the human body, which rely on self healing to survive, the flexible coating is designed to act autonomously and heal the cracks that develop on electrodes during the battery lifecycle. A biomimicry tweak for EV batteries In one of those happy accidents of science, the immediate motivator for the team’s self-healing battery project was the need to develop a long-lasting, flexible “electronic skin” for robots and prosthetic devices. As it turned out, the polymer coating also tackles a huge problem in lithium ion (Li-ion) energy storage, which is the loss of capacity over time as the battery runs through charging and discharging cycles. The problem is the use of silicon in Li-ion EV batteries. As a non-exotic, relatively low-cost material, silicon is of great interest in EV battery technology. However, while silicon has a tremendous capacity for absorbing and releasing ions, it also swells and shrinks as the battery charges and discharges. Over time, this causes cracks to form and the silicon becomes brittle, putting a big crimp in battery performance. To solve this problem, the biomimicry angle goes to work on a molecular level. Polymers are long molecules formed in chains. Rather than strengthening the bonds that hold the chain together to form a tougher material, the research team weakened some of them. The result was a new polymer that breaks apart easily like human skin, but the ends can quickly find each other and form a new bond. A good beginning for self-healing electrodes As described by Stanford writer Andy Freeberg, when carbon nanoparticles are added to the polymer it conducts electricity, so its application to a battery electrode is an obvious one. In lab tests, the cracks in a polymer-coated electrode healed themselves within a matter of hours, and the battery experienced no significant loss of energy storage capacity after 100 charging cycles. For those of you familiar with EV battery technology, 100 charging cycles is peanuts, but at least it’s a promising start. The results indicate that silicon electrodes last ten times longer when coated with the self healing polymer, and the research team has already set a goal of 3,000 cycles for EV batteries. We built this! If the research team is successful, the result will be EV batteries that promote important lifecycle benefits for vehicle fleets by avoiding the use of expensive and/or toxic materials while reducing replacement costs. Since this is a benefit for individual consumers, fleet owners and EV manufacturers alike, it’s worth noting that all of us taxpayers have chipped in to get the job done. The research team was funded by the Department of Energy through SLAC, a federal laboratory managed by Stanford University for the Energy Office of Science. It conducts foundational cutting edge research that might not involve bottom line benefits in the here and now, but could eventually lead to commercial applications that translate into profitability and economic growth. [Image: Bandages by Keith Ramsey]

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Color guard in a team context is an activity with military origins, for which flags, mock rifles, sabers, and dance movement are used to interpret music from a marching band. Color guard groups can be found in middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities, and as part of independent drum corps groups. Learn the basics of what is involved in color guard so that you can join and perform in this fun combination of sport and music yourself. Learning Basic Flag Positions 1Start with the right shoulder position. Get familiar with the right shoulder position, one of the most common fundamental flag positions you will begin any other movement from. Start in a comfortable stance with feet shoulder width apart. - Hold a right shoulder position by placing your left hand around the tip or stopper of the flag’s pole and hold it at the height of your bellybutton. Place your right hand around the pole at the tape or “tab” where the pole and the silk of the flag meet. - Perform a left shoulder position by switching the placement of your hands, with the right hand at the stopper and your left hand at the tab. 2Do a front and back present position. Build on right shoulder position by moving to front present or back present. Keep your hands in the same placement while you straighten your right or left arm for these positions. - Get in front present position by beginning in right shoulder position. Push your right arm straight out in front of you. The left arm may be bent to bring the stopper slightly further in toward your belly button, while the right arm extends so that the pole tilts away from you at eye level. - Begin in right shoulder position for back present. Push your left hand up and out straight in front of you so that it is parallel to the ground. This will cause your right hand to extend above your head, with the flag above and tilted to the back of you. 3Move to right or left present position. Start in right shoulder position to transition to right present or left present. These positions create a diagonal angle with the pole to the right or left of your body. - Start in right shoulder position and move your right arm out to the right for right present, keeping your left hand over the stopper at your belly button. - Begin in the right shoulder position for left present as well, though this time your right hand will cross over your face and body to the left, with your left hand still at your belly button. Lower your shoulders so you can still see over your arm in this position. 4Perform a right or left slam. Create a slightly more dramatic movement with a slam. Use the same right shoulder position to create a diagonal line in either direction across your body. - Begin in a right shoulder position for a right slam. Pull your right hand down toward your right hip at the same time that you pop your left hand up toward your left shoulder, keeping your hands in the same position on the flag. - For a left slam, start in right shoulder position. Let go of the flag with your left hand and hold that hand face up and cupped at your left hip. Use your right hand to swing the flag down toward your left hip, “catching” your right hand in your cupped left hand. The pole will be tucked up into your right armpit. Learning Flag Movements 1Perform flag carving. Learn to move the flag in front of your body within a 45° plane. The common move goes by a variety of names, including figure eight, hourglass, cone, or witch’s broom. - Start with hands at a right shoulder position on the flag. Move your right hand out into a front present position (point one), then across your body to the left, with the left hand to the right so that the pole creates a diagonal across your body (point two). - Bring your left hand up parallel to the ground into a back present position (point three), then bring the pole down horizontally in front of your eyes (point four). Keep your hands in the same position on the flag to create the reverse of point one, with the stopper in the air and silk toward the ground (point five). - Create the reverse of point two by bringing your right hand across to your left hip and left hand across to the right (point six). Create right slam position, with your right hand down to the right and left hand up to the left (point seven). Finish with the pole horizontal, but with your right hand pushed out so that the pole is at an angle. - Repeat this circuit in one fluid motion to create the shape of a cone or figure eight with your flag. 2Spin the flag. Execute a basic spin with the flag by alternating the hand that turns the flag to complete a full circle. There are a couple of different kinds of spins, but the drop spin is the most common. - Start in right hand position. Let go of the flag with your left hand and swing the flag down with your right so that the silk is now toward the ground and the stopper is in the air (point one). - Meet the flag with your left hand in a cupped position to grab it, then let go with your right hand. Swing the flag upright again so that the silk is facing up (point two). - Repeat this sequence, alternating which hand controls the flag, until you can do it in one fluid motion to create the spin. 3Try a basic J toss. Try a simple toss of the flag, which you can execute by releasing the flag so that it spins once before catching it. You can also do this toss from a drop spin. - Hold the flag in right hand position, then release your left hand and hold it outstretched with the palm upright, which is called a “money hand.” Place the pole of the flag in the crook between the thumb and fingers of this hand to begin the toss. - Let the flag drop down with your right hand at the same time that you push it up with your left hand to release it into the air. The flag should make one full rotation before you catch it upright with your left hand. Learning Rifle Movements 1Learn basic rifle positions. Place your hands correctly on a color guard rifle in preparation for any other movements you will do with it. Right and left flat are the two main positions you will use. - For a right flat, place your right hand underneath the neck of the rifle, which is the skinny part between the butt and barrel. Your palm should be facing up and holding the strap to the rifle, and your thumb should be pressed against the back side of the rifle, not wrapped around. - Place your left hand over the top of the tip of the barrel, with palm facing down. Both of your hands should be holding the barrel parallel to the ground. - For a left flat, reverse the direction of the rifle. Place your right hand over the top of the butt, and your left hand under the middle of the barrel (halfway between the bolt and the screw). 2Do a drop spin. Perform a drop spin with a color guard rifle on either the right or left side. This maneuver is very similar to a drop spin with a flag, but the weight and the shape of a rifle is quite different, of course. - Start in right flat by placing your right hand on the neck of the rifle (skinny part between butt and barrel), face up, and your left hand on the tip, face down. - First push the tip of the rifle down with your left hand to swing downwards. Then release with your right hand to let it swing in the air and make a full rotation before catching it again. - To do a spin on the other side, place your left hand on the middle of the barrel, face up, and your right hand on the butt, face down. 3Try a single toss. Toss the rifle with a similar movement as you use for a drop spin. This is virtually the same movement as a J spin with a flag. - Start in right flat with your right hand under the neck and your left hand over the tip. Push the tip down with your left hand so it drops toward the ground. - Then release with your right hand to allow the rifle to spin once and catch it when it is flat in the opposite direction than you started from. - The difference between this and a J toss with a flag is the timing. Instead of pushing with one hand and releasing with the other at the same time, as you would with a flag, you release just after you push with a rifle. Joining a Color Guard 1Talk to your school’s color guard leader. Ask who teaches color guard at your school. Talk to him or her about how to join the team or what’s involved in the sport. - Ask questions of the director, like what is involved in the audition process, or what the team’s practice schedule is like. - It’s also a good idea to watch color guard practices and performances to see what it’s like, or talk to other people already on the team about their experiences. - Someone leading a color guard may also be called a caption head, or be involved with “auxiliary,” which can refer to all visual elements of a marching band, including color guard as well as dance teams, baton twirlers, etc. 2Audition to join. Look out for posters or announcements regarding auditions for the color guard. Pay attention to the time, date, and what’s required. - Auditions may require you to show off different skills, depending on whether they have a flag line, rifle line, saber line, etc. Ask what you’ll be expected to display, or if you can audition for a certain type of equipment. - Make sure you know if you’re required to bring any of your own equipment or other items so you can come prepared. - Auditions may very often involve an instructor teaching you a new skill that you may not know. Be prepared to listen closely and ask questions so you can pick up the skill. The instructor and any other judges won’t be looking for perfection, just that you are able to take instruction well. 3Practice consistently. Keep up with the new skills you learn from the team or on your own so that you can improve from season to season. You can practice on your own, or get a group together, even when the season isn’t in session. - If you don’t make the cut in an audition, continue to practice basic skills on your own. Seek out instruction videos on the internet, or ask a friend or instructor to give you some tips in their spare time. - Keep practicing your skills throughout the winter to stay sharp for when color guard practice starts up for the next season, unless your school has a winter guard to join to keep practicing and performing. 4Consider joining winter guard. Ask the instructor that leads color guard about winter guard. Check for any information your school distributes about joining this off-season team. - Join winter guard as a way to continue to improve your skills throughout the season, as well as get the chance to perform in competitions dedicated to the sport. - Winter guard may be done with pre-recorded music, or with a live indoor percussion group, instead of a full marching band at outdoor events. Do you have to do conditioning?wikiHow ContributorBeing on a color guard team requires daily or otherwise regular practice, which generally includes warm-up stretches and workouts, drills, and choreography. You can perform similar conditioning if you are planning to join a team; the main thing is to be consistent in training every day if you can. I had tryouts and only made "alternate." I still do all the work but don't actually perform. Do I still get to go on color guard trips?wikiHow ContributorAsk the leader of your color guard, as it will depend on him or her and how the guard's system for alternates works. As an alternate, you might get to perform if someone in the main guard drops out, gets injured, or is sick, either for one performance or for the remainder of the season. This may or may not include out-of-town performances, so check with your instructor. Continue putting in the work and showing up to practices so that you're ready if the time comes for you to perform. - Some guards want you to speak your counts out loud. Don't be embarrassed. It really does help. - If you want an advantage during tryouts, strengthen your calves for marching, and your wrists and core for the flag portion. Having a few dance classes under your belt can also never hurt you. - Even if you mess up during tryouts, smile! Act like the mistake was part of your performance, and recover quickly to the best of your ability. - When learning how to toss equipment, be sure that you have lots of room and everyone around you is aware of what you are trying to do so no one gets hurt accidentally. Sources and Citations - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puPcEKUGsDc - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puPcEKUGsDc - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTqg-bDNrBw - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9n55fzO22A - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhpAVZ8RW90 - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zU7CfA2es8c - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPwFvhpnog - ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPwFvhpnog - ↑ http://colorguardeducator.com/blog/glossary-of-color-guard-terms/ - ↑ http://www.wgi.org/contents/What-is-WGI.html

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TechTip: Lucid, a tool for identifying pests MetadataShow full item record CTA. 2003. TechTip: Lucid, a tool for identifying pests. ICT Update Issue 11. CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands Permanent link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/57619 To identify an insect, an entomologist will first narrow down the range of possibilities by examining the creature´s appearance. To identify an insect, an entomologist will first narrow down the range of possibilities by examining the creature´s appearance. For instance, if it has two wings it will most probably be a species of fly. If it has eight legs, chances are it will be a spider. This process of identification has become a lot simpler and faster with the advent of database and multimedia software. It is now possible to store large amounts of biological data and to access this information through user-friendly, matrix-based directories, or ´keys´. One such multimedia matrix key is Lucid, a comprehensive and powerful tool developed at the Centre for Biological Information Technology (CBIT), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, that is available via the web or on CD-ROM. Anyone, whether a biology professor or a farmer, can use Lucid to identify any insect pest and retrieve the necessary information on how to combat it. Imagine you find a fly in your field, and you want to make sure it´s harmless. To identify it and find out more about it, you simply start up Lucid and select the key on flies. The key will present you with a series of features from which you select those that are true for your particular fly, consequently reducing the list of the species it is likely to be. For instance, you can select the colour of the fly´s body, its size, the geographical location of your field, and so on. As you proceed through the identification, various multimedia modules (images, video, sound) and processing functions will help you reduce the list. Once you have identified the fly species, Lucid offers descriptive notes, illustrations, sound recordings and videos. It also provides links to websites and experts offering more detailed information and advice on what pest management steps you may need to take. To learn more about Lucid, visit www.lucidcentral.com/about/aboutlucid.htm www.lucidcentral.com/about/aboutlucid.htm. The standard application can be downloaded free from www.lucidcentral.com/downloads/download.aspx www.lucidcentral.com/downloads/download.aspx.

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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - adj. Of, relating to, in accordance with, or of the nature of logic. - adj. Based on earlier or otherwise known statements, events, or conditions; reasonable: Rain was a logical expectation, given the time of year. - adj. Reasoning or capable of reasoning in a clear and consistent manner. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - adj. In agreement with the principles of logic. - adj. Reasonable. - adj. Of or pertaining to logic. - adj. Non-physical or conceptual yet underpinned by something physical or actual. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - adj. Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic. - adj. According to the rules of logic - adj. Skilled in logic; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Of or pertaining to logic; used or taught in logic: as, logical subtleties. - According to the principles of logic; so stated or conceived, as an argument, that the form guarantees its validity; unobjectionable from the point of view of logic; consistent: as, logical reasoning; a logical division of a subject; a logical definition. - Skilled in logic; furnished with logic; given to considering the processes of reason as to their forms or genera, and critically as to their validity and cogency: applied especially to an analytical mind or a methodical habit. - The division of a genus into species. - Synonyms Dialectic. - Coherent, consistent. - Analytical, methodical. - n. Used only in the phrase little (small) logicals. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - adj. capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner - adj. based on known statements or events or conditions - adj. marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts - adj. capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning So I decided to study people who had very different strength and different intelligences, people like Einstein, who had what I call logical mathematical intelligence; the painter Picasso, who was spatial intelligence; Gandhi, I had an example of interpersonal intelligence, somebody who understood other people very, very well. It is assumed, I suppose, that contradictions among ideas and beliefs are of various degrees and of various modes besides that specific one which we call logical incompatibility. Classes or series of particulars, collected together on account of some property which makes it convenient to be able to speak of them as wholes, are what I call logical constructions or symbolic fictions. He is entrenched in what he calls a logical system, and he fires off texts as if from a machine-gun. They hid the idols in logical areas so they could have logical clues and Russel had nothing but time to find them. The logical choice—if any choice could be called logical under such conditions—was one of the western corridors rising to an altitude of no more than ten thousand feet. However, since people like Prof. Mercer at least pretend to be interested in logical, measured discussion about this issue, I think we owe it to them to engage them seriously on this issue. Suppose I were to say that I could be convinced that women have the emotional stability to engage in logical reasoning the same as men. Mark, if I were to assert that “women have the emotional stability to engage in logical reasoning the same as men” I would have data to back up that assertion ready to show you. Laura (southernxyl): Mark, if I were to assert that “women have the emotional stability to engage in logical reasoning the same as men” I would have data to back up that assertion ready to show you.

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The Caravan to Hajj A caravan of Muslims was headed towards Mecca. As it arrived in Madina, it rested a few days, and continued on towards Mecca. On their way from Madina to Mecca, a man joined the group. This man noticed one of them who had the appearance of a guided person. He was eagerly busy in service of the passengers. The man recognized him. With much surprise, he asked the pilgrims if they knew this man who was at their service. “No, we don't know him. He joined us in Madina. He is a descent and pious man. We haven't asked him for help. But he has been eager in helping us.” “Obviously you don't know him. For if you did, you would never have allowed a man like him to be at your service.” “Who is this person?” “This is ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn, Zain al-'Abideen.” The group stood with shame and apologized to the Imam (as). Then complaining to him, they said: “Why did you treat us as such? We may have gone beyond our bounds in our ignorance, and would have committed a big sin in being disrespectful to you.” “I intentionally joined your group, for you didn't know me. When I join a group, where people know me, for the sake of the Prophet (S), they are very kind to me. They don't allow me to be of some service. Thus I was eager to join a group where I will be anonymous, so that I may have the honor of being of some service to my brethren.”1 - 1. Bihar, v.1 p.21

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1 Answer | Add Yours Perhaps the most obvious contradiction in the Constitution is the contradiction with regard to slavery. In the Constitution, all Americans are given the right to various liberties. For example, the Fifth Amendment guarantees that "no person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." This idea is clearly contradicted by the existence of slavery. Every slave was deprived of his or her liberty by slavery. Many were deprived of life and none really had any right to property. Of course, slavery is not explicitly made legal in the Constitution, but it is implicitly accepted in such things as the fugitive slave clause and the three-fifths compromise. Thus, the Constitution conlicts with itself by both allowing slavery and guaranteeing personal liberty. We’ve answered 318,914 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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How Much Do Medical Laboratory Technicians Make? – 2/25/2013 February 25, 2013 A medical laboratory technician is someone who works with human specimens in a clinical laboratory setting. This role is not to be confused with a laboratory technologist , who performs tests and is able to analyze results. Technologists can work in an array of clinical settings. Some work in private laboratories while others work in larger scale settings in hospitals and educational platforms. Most technicians work under the supervision of a technologist and help to prepare specimens and tissue for testing and examination. While medical laboratory technicians make less than technologists, they still earn respectable wages in the medical field. A laboratory technician who works in a physician's office is able to pace themselves with their work flow---as it is often times less demanding than a hospital or clinic setting because there are fewer patients. The advantage to working in a physician's office is that the lab is typically in house. This can help speed up test results for patients and physicians . Some offices may still outsource their labs but hire a laboratory technician to gather specimens and prepare them for transport. On average, laboratory technicians in physicians' offices make around $16.63 per hour. A hospital setting is a popular work environment for a medical technician. There is generally a large scale laboratory with equipment on-site so specimens can be analyzed in a timely and effective manner. Generally, more than one technician works in a large-scale hospital lab. Some technicians may even work on-call after hours---in this case; their hourly pay may increase to time and a half. The average wage for first and second shift is around $17.00 per hour. Private laboratories take in specimens from surrounding physicians' offices, clinics and hospitals. Private laboratories are also set up to handle infectious specimens and suspected disease contaminated agents. The technician's educational experience of chemistry, biological sciences and statistics proves beneficial in this work setting. Preparing, measuring, and sorting test specimens is an important work trait in a private laboratory setting. These types of laboratory technicians make around $30,240 per year. Some work environments have medical laboratory technicians work in an educational setting. University hospitals, colleges and professional schools hire instructors who have a medical background or are medical laboratory technicians themselves. They teach students how to perform, analyze and prepare tests in a hands-on setting. According to Payscale.com, on average, medical laboratory Technician Supervisors make $20.17 per hour. This hourly rate may increase with demographic location or additional instructor teaching credentials. Health clinic settings offer employment for technicians who can multi-task and enjoy working in fast paced laboratory environments. Many health clinics see a multitude of patients daily for a variety of different ailments that require testing. In health clinics that have their laboratories on-site---laboratory technicians may work throughout the day and night assisting medical technologists and other medical staff. Laboratory technicians in clinic settings make about $29,560 per year. Explore more allied healthcare career tips . Find more by visiting the allied health career center Related Healthcare Career Articles: 5 In-Demand Healthcare Jobs That Require No Prior Training 5 New Venues for Healthcare Careers Top 10 Challenges Facing Healthcare Workers

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ACCORDING to our account so far, throughout this whole book, either of architecture, painting, or sculpture, it will appear that the earlier eighteenth century represents the foot of a hill whose gradual descent began about 1530. We shall not, however, be entirely just to our subject without remarking that to the simile of decline, which has been used above, we must add one which indicates an ever widening expansion of Italian culture and of the original force and attainments of early modern Italian civilization; an expansion which would justify and explain a gradual loss of original quality and strength as far as exterior and borrowed forms of art are concerned. Such a simile may be found in those expanding circles of waves or ripples which we notice when a stone has been thrown into a pool of water. Corresponding to the suggestions of this simile, we find the civilization of Russia or of Scandinavia beginning to show more modern tendencies in the eighteenth century and that England and Prussia became the most powerful and active factors in its political history, as compared with an earlier political inferiority to the Netherlands, Spain, and France, which in their turn had been the superiors of seventeenth century Italy, although originally borrowers from her greatness. It is undoubtedly from this point of view that we must explain the great perfection of English painting in the eighteenth century; the time of Wilson in landscape, of Gainsborough and Reynolds, Lawrence and Romney in portraits, of Hogarth in caricature, of George Morland in farm scenes and the like, as compared with earlier English obscurity in the matter of great painters (p. 181). So again it is at the close of the eighteenth century that we find the dawning genius of early American painters, like Copley and Gilbert Stuart, again in dependence on an inspiration and style of earlier English origin. The revival of art in England belongs, however, to a time, that of the later eighteenth century, when northern Europe in general was beginning to assert its independence of Italian Renaissance influences in a way which I must now describe. The sketch of the later course of the history of art, after the middle of the eighteenth century, moves properly from the history of Renaissance sculpture as just concluded in my last chapter, because it was in sculpture that the art de-cadence of the early eighteenth century was most clearly visible, and because it was in the study of ancient Greek sculpture as contrasted with this decadence that modern art began its new career. Sculpture had been the art in which decadence was most apparent because the picturesque and sentimental tastes of the later Renaissance were least adapted to its proper conditions of dignity and repose. Architecture was re-strained by its dimensions and serious practical problems from sinning invariably as it did frequently, but we have given examples of its mistakes of profusion of ornament, and of lack of sense for construction (Fig. 51 and pp. 97-102). We have also found that the seventeenth century produced its greatest school of painting in a country (Holland) whose religion, location, and history were most remote to that of Renaissance Italy. Still, Renaissance painting was the art which held to its best for the longest time and which never entirely sacrificed its greatness. Its ascendency and relative perfection as compared with later Renaissance architecture and sculpture are marked, and we should not be far from the heart of the matter in saying that the defects of these arts for the given time were largely due to a pictorial influence and tendency not befitting their necessary dignity. If we should go still deeper in attempting to explain the gradual decline of art, it would be by saying that the intellectual inspiration of the Renaissance had exhausted its subject matter. Italy had risen from the study of Roman history and Latin literature to greatness, but in the middle of the eighteenth century Europe had subsisted on the fruits of Italian thought and energy for at least two hundred years. A new force and a new center of activity, new thoughts and new interests were needed. In the history of governments we see how the system of early modern history had grown decrepit and weak, how the despotic monarchies of the eighteenth century had lost their former hold on popular favor and support. Just as the French Revolution at the close of the eighteenth century was an explosion of protest against a fossil stage of government, so the intellectual thought of Europe had its revival just preceding, which in fact resulted in this political explosion. The turning point in the history of Renaissance and modern art is the revolution in taste caused by the revived study of Greek literature after 1750. We have seen that the Greek men of letters, driven into Italy by the Turkish conquest of the Byzantine Empire in the fifteenth century, spread and cultivated the study of Greek in Italy. But these studies were crippled by the social and political disasters which came to notice in our account of Michael Angelo (p.223) and of the decline of the historic Renaissance (p. 37). The older social aristocracies of Italy which had cultivated these studies were now ruined and dispersed. The Catholic Church Reformation, which accompanied the Protestant reform, took alarm at the pagan and infidel tendencies which the intellectual worship of paganism was supposed to have caused, and it was in the Greek circles of Italy that these tendencies had been manifest. To the changed attitude of the Roman Church was added a still more important cause the natural tastes and predispositions of the mass of Italians in favor of Latin, and the ease with which they could learn it, through its connection with their own tongue. To these various causes we may attribute the decline in the estimation of the Greek authors and the general indifference to them which became the rule throughout Europe. In spite of exceptions and some apparent contradictions, Greek studies were mainly ignored in the seventeenth century and during the first half of the eighteenth century. At this time there was only one university in Germany having a professorship in Greek the University of Göttingen. The father of the Greek Revival, John Winckelmann, who was in early life too poor to buy many books, had not been able up to the time when he was thirty years old even to borrow a copy of Sophocles. No edition of Plato had been published in Europe at this time since the year 1602. No Greek authors had been published in Germany for one hundred and fifty years. No school books for the study of Greek were available when Winckelmann, as schoolmaster at Seehausen, introduced the study of Greek into his school. He was obliged to write out texts for his scholars these manuscripts are still in existence. Leading French critics did not hesitate to ridicule the Greeks. One of them (Pérrault) compared Homer to the ballads of the street singers of Paris, Voltaire declared the AEneid to be superior to all the Greek authors taken together. Such were the general results of the attitude of the later Renaissance and of its enthusiasm for Roman antiquity and Latin literature. The neglect of Greek may possibly be less apparent in England, which country was most exterior to the influence of the later Renaissance and its prejudices, but Macaulay has contributed valuable hints on this matter of English neglect of Greek, in his essay on Addison. All this was changed by the epoch-making life of Winckelmann, who rose from a position of extreme poverty and obscurity to be the leading antiquarian and art critic of Europe. It was not till the year 1755, when he began his residence at Rome that any indication of this distinction became apparent, and he had already reached the age of thirty-eight. In the following thirteen years he did work which revolutionized the taste and art of Europe. It was a time before the foundation of the later museums of the North and when the antique statues were almost exclusively confined to Rome. Here they were supposed to be works representing Roman history and civilization and explaining Latin literature. Strange as it may seem, Winckelmann’ s announcement of the existence of a Greek art as perpetuated by Roman copies was a complete revelation to his age, which was quite ignorant of the originals subsequently brought from Greece to northern Europe like the Parthenon marbles of the British Museum. This announcement was not made suddenly or ostentatiously, but by a series of reversals of interpretations of the ancient statues in Rome, which had been given interpretations based on Latin literature and Roman history. To this reversal of the older Italian interpretations of the statues Winckelmann added a new point of view in their criticism. In the early Renaissance it had been the realistic study of natural form which had interested the Italian. The ancient statues which the Italian especially admired were those few in which the anatomic details were most exaggerated. These were shown by Winckelmann to be works of the Greek decadence. On the other hand, the taste of the eighteenth and seventeenth centuries for exaggerated, ostentatious, and theatrical art had entirely overlooked the virtues of repose and simplicity in the works which Winckelmann now proved to be simply Roman copies of lost Greek originals. Still farther he specified the various historic styles within the limits of Greek art and gave their proper rank to the conceptions of the fifth century before Christ, the period of Phidias. These points were first made known to the world in Winckelmann’s History of Art, published in 1764. The effect of this publication was electrical. In proving the Roman statues to be copies of Greek originals a new conception was involved of the general origin of Roman civilization and Latin literature. It was no longer possible to es-teem the Latin authors above the Greeks when these were seen to have been the models followed by the Romans. Thus the study of ancient sculpture re-acted on the study of ancient literature. The Greek authors suddenly became fashionable. The impulse thus given by Winckelmann was aided by Lessing, who published, in 1766, his ” Essay on Laocoön,” critically establishing the superiority of Homer and lowering the position which had been awarded the French critics and dramatists of the eighteenth century. Now came the influence, first on Germany, and then on all Europe, of the German poets Goethe and Schiller and their followers, who stood on the platform established by Winckelmann and Lessing and owed their own greatness to the inspiration drawn from the Greek literature. The whole of Europe was now permeated by a new antique fever resembling the Renaissance and known as the Greek RevivaI, or Philhellenic movement. The influence on modern art was phenomenal. Even in clocks and furniture no style of design was now tolerated but imitation of the Greeks. The Renaissance style of architecture was combated by another which appealed to the constructional principles of the Greek temples as contrasted with the ornamental and unstructural use of Greek forms borrowed by Italy from the Romans. In practice the two styles were, however, frequently amalgamated, for not all architects were capable of sharing the literary enthusiasms of the new movement. Still a pronounced simplicity in architectural forms was a feature of the Greek Revival, and the Greek porticoes and colonnades were everywhere copied and applied to modern buildings. Many were even made in direct imitation of the shape of the Greek temples, as numerous churches and public buildings still attest. By the last quarter of the eighteenth century the Greek Revival was the most pronounced feature of European history. Even politics showed this influence and the revolutions in both France and America were largely inspired by an ideal of republican institutions drawn from the study of Plutarch’s ” Lives,” which was the most popular book of the time. In ladies’ dress the style now known as that of the “Directory,” and represented by the short-waisted ladies’ dress of the time of the American Revolution, came into vogue as a copy of Greek simplicity. In music the subjects of Gluck’s Operas are a reminder of the same enthusiasms. In statuary the same movement was equally visible. The theatrical and sentimental style of sculpture was abandoned and a new one was founded, based upon an external imitation of Greek art. In this taste the Italian Canova and the Dane Thorwaldsen, long resident at Rome, were the first and most prominent lights, and the imitation of the Greeks in sculpture is only in recent years beginning to yield to a more original and truly modern style. In this recent movement the sculptors of the United States are among the foremost, and taken in mass have probably achieved the best results of modern sculpture. In painting the classical spirit also showed itself, and its first leading light was the Frenchman David, a con-temporary of the French Revolution and of the times of Bonaparte. In this art, however, the first and most obvious result of the Greek Revival was a return of appreciation for the period of Raphael, whose virtues of repose and simplicity were parallel in painting to the same qualities of the Greek sculpture. In other words, the results in painting were more apparent in a changed standard of appreciation toward old Italian art than in a new style of modern painting. ( Originally Published 1894 ) Renaissance And Modern Art:16th Century German And Flemish Painting17th Century Dutch PaintingRenaissance SculptureEarly Renaissance SculptureEarly Renaissance SculptureRenaissance Sculpture – Philosophy Of Its DeclineRenaissance Sculpture – Michael AngeloRenaissance Sculpture – Later Styles And DecadenceThe Greek Revival Of The 18th CenturyArchitecture Of The 19th CenturyRead More Articles About: Renaissance And Modern Art

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‘Dairy cliff’: Milk prices may double in New Year NEW YORK (CNNMoney) — The New Year could push milk prices to $7 a gallon. With Congress spending all its time trying to avert the fiscal cliff, a slew of other legislative matters are going unattended. One of them is the agriculture bill which, if not addressed, could lead to a doubling of the price of milk early next year. It works like this: In order to keep dairy farmers in businesses, the government agrees to buy milk and other products if the price gets too low. The current agriculture bill has a formula that means the government steps in if the price of milk were to drop by roughly half from its current national average of about $3.65 a gallon. Problem is, the current bill expired last summer, and Congress had been unable to agree on a new one. Several protections for farmers have already expired, and several more are set to do so over the next few months. One of them is the dairy subsidy, which expires January 1. But instead of leaving farmers entirely out in the cold, the law states that if a new bill isn’t passed or the current one extended, the formula for calculating the price the government pays for dairy products reverts back to a 1949 statute. Under that formula, the government would be forced to buy milk at twice today’s price — driving up the cost for everyone. “We call it the diary cliff,” said Chris Galen, a spokesman for the National Milk Producers Federation, which represents over 30,000 dairy farmers. Galen uses the ominous term because milk prices at $7 a gallon wouldn’t necessarily be good for dairy farmers. While it might provide a short term boost to profits, there’s a fear that consumers would either cut back on dairy or opt for imported diary products. It could also force food makers to search for alternatives to dairy, like soy. Fortunately, there’s still time for Congress to act. Galen said the government would have to issue a notice saying it was going to pay the increased price for dairy products, then set up a schedule for when purchases would start, a process that could take a few weeks. “It’s not like people would dump blocks of cheese on the USDA’s front lawn January first,” he said. To prevent the price spike, Congress either needs to extend the current bill, pass a new bill, or enact some provision to keep the 1949 law from taking effect. Given the current state of the fiscal cliff talks and Congress’ inability to get things done in general, dairy lovers might want to stock up now.

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By Nick Triggle Health reporter, BBC News Most children are not doing enough physical activity Sedentary lifestyles are making children less fit - even among those who are not obese, a study suggests. Essex University staged fitness tests on 600 10-year-olds a decade apart in an area with low levels of obesity. They found significant falls in fitness levels, concluding the average 10-year-old in 1998 could beat 95% of youngsters in 2008 in running tests. The researchers said the focus on obesity was obscuring the health risks of wider declines in fitness levels. Children are routinely weighed and measured in schools in England as part of the government's drive to tackle rising obesity rates, but there is no equivalent for fitness. The Essex team of sports experts chose to focus on Chelmsford, an affluent town with traditionally low levels of obesity, to illustrate how being a normal weight did not necessarily equate to having good fitness. In 1998, they carried out 20m shuttle run tests - commonly known as the bleep test - on 303 children from six schools. In 2008, the tests were repeated on a similar number of 10-year-olds, the Archives of Disease in Childhood reported. While obesity levels had hardly changed, there was a significant shift in fitness which was "large and worrying". Researchers said similar if not worse findings would be expected in areas with high levels of obesity. Lead researcher Dr Gavin Sandercock said: "The measurement of obesity alone may not be sufficient to keep an eye on children's future health. We need some form of monitoring of fitness. "We have a generation of children who are spending more and more time in front of a screen, whether it is a TV or a computer. "Schools are now trying to do more, but it is the lack of unstructured activity outside that is the problem." Professor Alan Maryon-Davis, president of the Faculty of Public Health, said: "We have been concerned about the sedentary lifestyles of children for some time. "But the focus on obesity is right at the moment because it is more directly linked to chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease." A Department of Health spokesman said promoting physical activity remained a "top priority" and a key part of the obesity drive. She added Change4Life, the government's campaign to promote healthy lifestyles, had "kick-started a lifestyle" revolution since it was launched in January.

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Published on April 25th, 2012 | by Michael Ricciardi2 Space News: 'Strange Objects' Punch Holes in Saturn Ring, Will A Plan to Mine Asteroids Help Earth's Economy? [VIDEO] April 25th, 2012 by Michael Ricciardi Half mile-wide objects that NASA and ESA experts are calling “strange” and “mysterious” have punctured holes in Saturn’s “weirdest” ring, known as the F ring…Ok, that’s three words that mean unusual, so you know that something odd is happening… The objects were observed by the Cassini orbiter probe and took some time and careful hunting by astrophysicists to notice. Photo analysis showed the objects puncturing Saturn’s F ring — the thinnest and outer-most ring of our solar system’s second larest planet. The visual effect is quite compelling; the objects — currently believed to be giant ice or “snow balls” — drag long trails of ice particles with them through the ring, leaving trails of glistening debris (“mini jets”) in their wake. Saturn’s ‘Weirdest’ Ring Saturn’s F ring is called “weird” because of its complexity; it is comprised of “isolated bright clumps, individual strands, braided regions, and kinky (as in knotted-looking) segments”, according to Space.com. The ring is held in check by two of Saturn’s moons — Prometheus and Pandora — known as the “shepherd moons ” for this reason. Thanks to the Cassini probe and its treasure trove of images (amassed since 2004), scientists now have a better understanding of this ring’s “weirdness” and how its features are formed. Where these mystery ice balls hailed from was a bit of a puzzle, originally, but it is now decided that Saturn’s moon Prometheus is responsible for triggering the formation of the large ice objects due to its slightly off-set and faster orbital time (than the ring) and its odd, potato-like shape. Every 68 days, the moon’s orbit disurbs the ring’s orbiting debris field. According to Cassini imaging team member Carl Murray: “Some of these objects will get ripped apart the next time Prometheus whips around. But some escape. Every time they survive an encounter, they can grow and become more and more stable.” Watch this cool Casssini video of the objects punching holes through Saturn’s F ring (article contiunes below): Coming Soon to an Asteroid Belt Near You… As reported earlier here on planetsave and elsewhere, Titanic and Avatar director James Cameron announce his plans yesterday to mine asteroids for minerals, via a collaborative venture company with several Internet billionaires called Planetary Resources. In a rather strange but entertaining press conference, Cameron stated that the venure will ultimately, add “trillions to the world’s GDP” in addition to aiding space travel by providing oxygen and hydrogen fuel from mined ice (this presupposes a system of orbiting “depots” to store the mined elements). The announced ‘big sky’ plan to exploit the enormous mineral riches of near-earth objects (NEOs), or asteroids (NEAs), to improve the world’s gross domestic product, seems to be a shared, childhood dream of this group of high-profile space venturists. The proposed ‘space mining’ venture will most likely use robotic mining technology (this saves on life insurance costs too). Helping the World’s Economy…Maybe There was no mention at the press meeting, though, of the environmental impact of this operation (mineral ores will need to be returned to Earth for refining, assuming that a space-base refinery is out of the question, financially speaking). Further, the assertion that the products of said space mining will benefit humanity by adding “trillions” to the world’s GDP seems to this author to be both bold and problematic. How will these profits benefit the world unless they are taxed and the revenue redistributed to those in need (say, those developing nations struggling to adapt to climate changes caused by advanced/developed nations)? And, such a taxation plan, if unreasonable, could prove to be a disincentive for such an ambitious venture, or subsequent ones. The space venture group also believes that mining asteroids will ultimately reduce the “cost of everything from microelectronics to energy storage…” We’ve heard this claim before about computer technology (which actually added to the cost of doing business). Since the cost of such a venture (with humans or with robots) will be enormous, and the promised “new technologies” will take time and experimentation to develop, cost savings, if they come at all, would be in the distant future. Lacking public subsidizing, massive private investment will be needed for many years before any profit is ever achieved. From the macro-economic view: How will this putative increase in the world’s GDP translate into benefit for the masses? It would seem to be a noble (for a massive capitalist undertaking), if far-off goal, but one lacking in details. Clearly, there’s a lot of explaining (and policy work) to be done. For more in-depth coverage of this proposed, controversial space venture, check out this excellent post on The Daily Beast by my colleague and friend Vivien Marx. And, for two book reviews on the subject of exploiting space resources, check out the links (‘Moonrush’, ‘Space on Earth’) on my website’s book/film review page. Top Photo: This mosaic of images from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft depicts fan-like structures in Saturn’s tenuous F ring. Bright features are also visible near the core of the ring. Such features suggest the existence of additional objects in the F ring. CREDIT: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute. Keep up to date with all the most interesting green news on the planet by subscribing to our (free) Planetsave newsletter.

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The Literature Student's Survival Kit What Every Reader Needs to Know By (author) Ian Littlewood Normal Price: $53.76 Your Price: $48.38 AUD, inc. GST Shipping: $7.95 per order You Save: $5.38! (10% off normal price) Plus...earn $2.42 in Boomerang Bucks Availability: Available, ships in 8-11 days Literature Student's Survival Kit by Ian Littlewood Book DescriptionWho was Jezebel? What was the Wooden Horse? When was the Enlightenment? Who were the Luddites? And what is blank verse? The Literature Student's Survival Kit gives students about to embark on a literature degree all the background information they need to stay afloat. * Designed to help literature students stay afloat in their studies * Brings together the biblical, classical, historical and academic information that literature students need * Provides an overview of the Bible, its books, characters, episodes and places. * Contains a guide to classical mythology * Features timelines that situate literary figures in relation to historical events and key social, cultural and linguistic changes * Presents essential information on individuals, events, movements, and concepts that had an impact on the literature of each period * Includes glossaries of literary and critical terms, and a list of key literary critics * Offers advice on how to write essays and how to avoid common linguistic and stylistic errors * Enables students to approach their studies with self-assurance. Buy Literature Student's Survival Kit book by Ian Littlewood from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books. Book DetailsISBN: 9781405122856 (229mm x 155mm x 18mm) Imprint: Blackwell Publishing Ltd Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd Publish Date: 23-Dec-2005 Country of Publication: United Kingdom Books By Author Ian Littlewood Literature Student's Survival Kit, Hardback (December 2005) Who was Jezebel? What was the Wooden Horse? When was the Enlightenment? Who were the Luddites? And what is blank verse? The Literature Student's Survival Kit gives students about to embark on a literature degree all the background information they need to stay afloat. Sultry Climates, Paperback (March 2003) The shadow history of traveling-for erotic fulfillment: "Sex, history, literature, insight, and laughs. A can't-miss package deal. Are continental breakfasts included?"-Carlin Romano, Philadelphia Inquirer. Pride and Prejudice, Paperback (May 1992) The garrulous and empty-headed Mrs Bennet has only one aim - that of finding a good match for each of her five daughters. In this, she is mocked by her cynical and indolent husband. This is an ironic novel of manners. Mansfield Park, Paperback (May 1992)» View all books by Ian Littlewood Adultery is not a typical Jane Austen theme, but when it disturbs the relatively peaceful household at Mansfield Park, it has quite unexpected results. The heroine, Fanny Price, has to struggle to cope with the results, re-examining her feelings while enduring the amorality, old-fashioned indifference and priggish disapproval of those around her. » Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Literature Student's Survival Kit book by Ian Littlewood and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!) Author Biography - Ian Littlewood Ian Littlewood has taught for many years at the University of Sussex as well as at universities in France, America and Japan. He is the author of a number of books on literature, travel and history, including The Writings of Evelyn Waugh (1983), literary guides to Paris and Venice (1987 and 1991), The Idea of Japan (1996), Sultry Climates (2001) and the Rough Guide History of France (2002). Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-2pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form Address: Boomerang Books, 878 Military Road, Mosman Junction, NSW, 2088 © 2003-2016. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687

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Exercises on abstract syntax trees - Extend the tiny expressions with a modulo operator - Write a better pretty printer that only outputs the minimal number of parentheses required to preserve the semantics of the expression. - Introduce a unary minus operator -x as syntactic sugar for the expression 0-x. This means that unary minus is defined in the grammar, but not in the syntax trees. - Implement a function that simplifies the constant parts of a tiny expression. Include algebraic rules on expressions involving identifiers, if you feel up to it. - Discuss how an LALR(1) parser could avoid building backwards lists. - Study the code for parsing JOOS programs and building and weeding abstract syntax trees.

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- What is the National School Lunch Program? The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is a federally assisted meal program operating in nearly 95,000 public and nonprofit private schools and residential child care institutions. It provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost or free lunches to more than 26 million children each school day. Established under the National School Lunch Act, signed by President Harry Truman in 1946, the program celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1996. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, through its Food and Nutrition Service (formerly the Food and Consumer Service), administers the program at the Federal level. At the State level, the NSLP is usually administered by State education agencies, which operate the program through agreements with local school districts. School districts and independent schools that choose to take part in the lunch program receive cash reimbursement and donated commodity assistance from USDA for each meal they serve. In return, they must serve lunches that meet Federal nutrition requirements, and they must offer free and reduced-price lunches to eligible children. In 1994, FNS launched the School Meals Initiative for Healthy Children to teach children the importance of making healthy food choices, and to support school food service professionals in delivering healthy school meals. Supported by legislation passed in 1994 and 1996, the initiative updated nutrition standards so that all school meals meet the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. New regulations implementing the initiative became final in June, 1995, and took effect at the beginning of school year 1996-97. - What is Community Eligibility Provisions for Universal Free Meals? Eligible schools are able to streamline and improve school nutrition programs providing universal breakfast and lunch to all students through this provision. - What are the nutritional requirements for the school lunch? School lunches must meet Federal nutrition requirements, but decisions about what specific foods to serve and how they are prepared are made by local school food authorities. Current regulations require schools to meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which recommend that no more than 30 percent of an individual's calories come from fat, and less than 10 percent from saturated fat. Regulations also establish a standard for school meals to provide one-third of the Recommended Daily Allowances of protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, iron, calcium, and calories. Schools have the option to choose one of four systems for their menu planning: Nutrient Standard Menu Planning, Assisted Nutrient Standard Menu Planning, the traditional meal pattern, and the enhanced meal pattern. Both Nutrient Standard and Assisted Nutrient Standard Menu Planning systems base their planning on a computerized nutritional analysis of the week's menu. The traditional and enhanced meal pattern options base their menu planning on minimum component quantities of meat or meat alternate; vegetables and fruits; grains and breads; and milk. USDA has made a commitment to improve the nutritional quality of all school meals. The Department works with state and local school food authorities through the Nutrition Education and Training Program and Team Nutrition initiative to teach and motivate children to make healthy food choices, and to provide school food service staff with training and technical support. - How does the National School Lunch Program work? Schools in the lunch program get cash subsidies and donated commodities from the U.S. Department of Agriculture for each meal they serve. In return, they must serve lunches that meet Federal requirements, and they must offer free or reduced-price lunches to eligible children. - How do children qualify for free and reduced-price meals? Any child at a participating school may purchase a meal through the National School Lunch Program. Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the poverty level (currently $21,710 for a family of four) are eligible for free meals. Those between 130 percent and 185 percent of the poverty level (currently $30,895 for a family of four) are eligible for reduced-price meals, for which students can be charged no more than 40 cents. Children from families with incomes over 185 percent of poverty pay a full price, though their meals are still subsidized to some extent. Local school food authorities set their own prices for full-price meals. - How many schools take part in the school lunch program? Nearly 95,000 schools and residential child care institutions participate in the National School Lunch Program. Public schools or non-profit private schools of high school grade or under, and residential child care institutions are eligible. The program is available in almost 99 percent of all public schools, and in many private schools as well. About 92 percent of all students nationwide have access to meals through the NSLP. On a typical day, about 58 percent of the school children to whom the lunch program is available participate. - How much reimbursement do schools get? Most of the support USDA provides to schools in the National School Lunch Program comes in the form of a cash reimbursement for each meal served. Please check our Financial Management Page for current rates. - What other support do schools get from USDA? In addition to cash reimbursements, schools are entitled by law to receive commodity foods, called "entitlement" foods, at a value of 15 cents for each meal served. Schools can also get bonus" commodities as they are available from surplus stocks. Under the School Meals Initiative, USDA also provides schools with technical training and assistance to help school food service staffs prepare healthy meals, and with nutrition education to help children understand the link between diet and health. Higher reimbursement rates are in effect for Alaska and Hawaii, and for some schools in special circumstances. - What types of foods do schools get from USDA? States select entitlement foods for their schools from a list of more than 60 different kinds of food purchased by USDA and offered through the school lunch program. The list includes fresh, canned and frozen fruits and vegetables; meats; fruit juices; vegetable shortening; peanut products; vegetable oil; and flour and other grain products. Bonus foods are offered only as they become available through agricultural surplus. The variety of both entitlement and bonus commodities schools can get from USDA depends on quantities available and market prices. About 17 percent of the total dollar value of the food that goes on the table in school lunch programs is provided directly by USDA as commodities. Schools purchase the remaining 83 percent from their own vendors. As a part of its School Meals Initiative, USDA has placed special emphasis on improving the quality of commodities donated to the school lunch program, including a great increase in the amount and variety of fresh produce available to schools. - What foods are schools required to serve in a school lunch? USDA does not require schools to serve -- or not serve -- any particular foods. School meals must meet Federal nutrition requirements, but decisions about what foods to serve and how they are prepared are made by local school food authorities. Until the School Meals Initiative for Healthy Children, the Federal nutritional requirements for school meals had not changed significantly since the school lunch program began in 1946. As part of the initiative, USDA published regulations to help schools bring their meals up to date to meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The Dietary Guidelines recommend that no more than 30 percent of an individual's calories come from fat, and no more than 10 percent from saturated fat. The new regulations require schools to have met the Dietary Guidelines by school year 1996-1997, unless they received a waiver to allow an extension for up to two years. They also establish a standard for school meals to provide one-third of the Recommended Daily Allowances of protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, iron, calcium, and calories. Schools' compliance with both the Dietary Guidelines and the RDA's is measured over a week's menu cycle. Schools have the option to choose one of five systems for their menu planning: NuMenus, Assisted NuMenus, traditional meal pattern, enhanced meal pattern, and other "reasonable approaches." Both the NuMenus and Assisted NuMenus systems base their planning on a computerized nutritional analysis of the week's menu. The traditional and enhanced meal pattern options base their menu planning on minimum component quantities of meat or meat alternate; vegetables and fruits; grains and breads; and milk. The fifth menu option allows schools to develop other "reasonable approaches" to meeting the Dietary Guidelines, using menu planning guidelines from USDA. - How many children have been served over the years? The National School Lunch Act in 1946 created the modern school lunch program, though USDA had provided funds and food to schools for many years prior to that. In signing the 1946 act, President Harry S Truman said, "Nothing is more important in our national life than the welfare of our children, and proper nourishment comes first in attaining this welfare." About 7.1 million children were participating in the National School Lunch Program by the end of its first year, 1946-47. By 1970, 22 million children were participating, and by 1980 the figure was nearly 27 million. In 1990, an average of 24 million children ate school lunch every day. In Fiscal Year 2011, more than 31.8 million children each day got their lunch through the National School Lunch Program. Since the modern program began, more than 224 billion lunches have been served. For more information please visit the National School Lunch Program website.

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Russian medical dictionary: Terms you should know to see the doctor Here is a Russian glossary of medical terms that could come in handy when going to the doctor or during emergencies in Russia. If you need to visit a Russian doctor, access Russian healthcare or go to a hospital in Russia, knowing a few Russian medical terms can help doctors better diagnose you. International health insurer Bupa Global has compiled a list of important words for explaining medical issues in Russian, from telling your doctor where you're experiencing pain to understanding what you have been prescribed. Below is an English-Russian medical dictionary of healthcare terms and phrases. General Russian medical terms - Doctor – vrach (Make sure that your doctor is registered in the country’s medical scheme. Upon visiting, you must present your insurance coverage to determine what services are available to you.) - General Practitioner (GP) – terapevt, semeynoy - Duty doctor – dezhurniy vrach - Dentist – zubnoiy vrach - Night duty dentist – dezhurniy zubnoy vrach - Ambulance – skoraya pomoshch - Hospital – bolnitsa (Hospital wait times are extremely long so make an appointment in advance.) - Emergency Department – otdeleniye skoroy pomoshchi - 24-hour medical service – kruglosutochnaya meditsinskaya pomoshch - Pharmacy – apteka - Pharmacist – aptyekar’ - Medicine – iyekarstvo - Prescription – ryetsyept - Health centre – polyklinika - Insurance (s) – strakhovka (Government funded basic healthcare is available across Russia but private health insurance is favoured by most expats as they offer more comprehensive services and ensure you receive the best medical care available.) Russian emergency phrases - Help! – Pomogitye! (You can call 112 free of charge for all emergencies whether it is medical, criminal or fire-related. The number will direct you to the appropriate agency. English is, however, not usually spoken by operators so help of a Russian speaker might be needed.) - Excuse me, I need help! – Izvinitye, mnye nuzhna pomosh'! - Call for help – Pozovitye na pomosh'! - Will you please help me? – Pomogitye mn'e, pozhalujsta? - Call an ambulance! – Pozvonitye v skoruyu pomosh'! (The old direct number for medical emergencies is 103 before all services were unified under the 112 number. 103 still remains active and if you are undergoing an emergency, you must give your location and ask for a skoraya pomosh’ or an ambulance.) Russian medical phrases for patients - I am sick (female) – Ya bolnaya - I am sick (male) – Ya bolnoy - I need a doctor – Mne noozhen vrach - Please, get me a doctor – Vizaveete pazhaloosta vracha - I'm not feeling well – Ya plokha seebyachoostvooyoo - I’m feeling extremely sick - Mnye plokho - It hurts here – Zdes' baleet - It does not hurt here – Zdes' nee baleet - I feel better – Mne loochshe - I feel worse – Mne khoozhe - I have a fever – U menya tyempyeratura - I have a headache – Oo meenya baleet golava - I have a stomach ache – Oo meenya baleet zheevot - I have pain – Oo meenya bol' - I have a sore throat – Oo meenya bolit gorlo - I have an earache – Oo meenya bolit ukho - I have a cough – Oo meenya kashyel' - I have a runny nose – Oo meenya nasmork - I have a burn – Oo meenya ozhog - I have diarrhea – Oo meenya ponos - I have a rash – Oo meenya syp' - I have nausea – Oo meenya toshnota - I have constipation – Oo meenya zapor - I have an inflammation – Oo meenya vospalenie - I have a high temperature – Oo meenya visokaya teempeeratoora - I feel dizzy – Oo meenya kroozhitsa galava - I have caught a cold – Oo meenya nasmark - I have a tooth-ache – Oo meenya baleet zoop - I have asthma – Oo meenya astma - I have epilepsy - Ya yepilyeptik - I have diabetes - Ya diabyetik - I am pregnant – Ya byeryemyenna - I am allergic to… – Oo meenya allyergiya na… (A few common causes of allergies could be shellfish (mollyuski), painkillers (obyezbolivayush'yeye), nuts (oryekhi), penicillin (pyenitsillin) or bee stings (ukus pchyely). - I have a medical insurance – U menya yest medicinskaya strahovka - What medicine should I take? – Kakoye leekarstva mnenoozhna preeneemat' Russian medical phrases from doctor to patient - What is hurting you? – Chto u vas bolit? (This phrase will almost always be the first question you will hear from a doctor in Russia so be sure that you recognise it and prepare to tell them what your ailment is in Russian.) - What brought you here? – Chto vas byespokoit? - Where does it hurt? – Shto oo vas baleet Open your mouth – Atkroytee rot - Cough, please – Pakashleeyte pazhaloosta - Take a deep breath – Sdyelayte gloobokeey vdokh - Breath out – Vidakhneete - Don't breath – Nee dishite - Lay down over here – Lazhites' syooda - I'll give you an injection – Ya sdelayoo vam ookol Body parts in Russian - Arm(s) – ruka - Ankle – lodyzhka - Back – spina - Bladder – mochevoi puzir - Bone – kost’ - Blood – krov’ - Breast – grud’ - Cancer – rak - Chest/breast – grud’ - Doctor – vrach - Ear(s) – ukho - Eye(s) – glaza - Face – litso - Gums – desna - Head – golova - Heart – serdtze - Infection – infekziya - Kidney(s) – pochki - Knee – kolyeno - Leg(s) – nogi - Liver – pechen' - Lung(s) – lyegkiye - Mouth – rot - Muscles – muskuly - Neck – shyeya - Nose – nos - Penis – penis - Skin – kozha - Stomach – zhivot - Throat – gorlo - Tongue – yazyk - Tonsils – glandi - Tooth (teeth) – zubi - Vagina – vagina - Wrist – zapyast'ye It is also a good idea to explore all healthcare options while abroad, including private healthcare options from a number of different private health insurance providers. Albina de Wolf / Expatica / Updated by Bupa Global Bupa Global offers international health insurance to expats in more than 190 countries worldwide. Comment here on the article, or if you have a suggestion to improve this article, please click here.

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Business & Finance Computers & Internet Countries & Places Food & Drink Health & Body Law & Crime TV & Film Today in History 11 facts tagged with Memory Facts Falling in love raises levels of nerve growth in a person's brain for about a year and can improve their memory. In 2010, Gary Richmond was beaten into a coma. He woke up with amnesia and no memory of his wife of 20 years. Subsequently, he ended up falling in love with her all over again! Déjà vu occurs when your brain tries to apply a memory of a past situation to your current one, fails, and makes you feel like it's happened. Playing Tetris after a traumatic event can prevent the development of traumatic memories and reduce the chance of having flashbacks. Studies suggest that people who appear to be constantly distracted have more "working memory" and "sharper brains". We forget why we have entered a room because passing through doors creates an ‘event boundary’ causing the brain to file away what we were just thinking about. Our brains have a negativity bias and will remember bad memories more than good ones. You can only remember 4 things at a time.

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AGS / Energy / Natural Gas / Main Natural gas consists of combustible hydrocarbons which are gaseous at ordinary temperatures and pressures, and have essentially the same origin as fluid hydrocarbons. Methane (also called marsh gas) and ethane are commonly the chief constituents. Most natural gases usually contain small and variable quantities of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. In the absence of sulfurous compounds, natural gas is colorless, nearly odorless, and, when mixed in certain proportions with air, is highly explosive. An odorant is added before gas is sold to the public to aid in detection of gas leaks. Natural gas resources can be categorized into two main types on the basis of producing rock characters: conventional natural gas and unconventional natural gas. Conventional natural gas is produced by a well drilled into a geologic formation in which the reservoir and fluid characteristics permit the natural gas to readily flow to the wellbore. Unconventional natural gas does not exist in these conventional reservoirs - rather, this natural gas takes another form, or is present in a peculiar formation that makes its extraction quite different from conventional resources. The major unconventional gas resources in U.S. include tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane (CBM). The latter two types are present in Arkansas. Arkansas Natural Gas Natural gas was first discovered in 1887 at Fort Smith, but commercial development did not begin until 1902 when two gas wells were completed near Mansfield in Sebastian County. Gas was first discovered in southern Arkansas on April 22, 1920, when the Constantin Oil Company completed a gas well near El Dorado in Union County. The heating value of gas varies from about 700 to 1,200 British thermal units (Btu) per cubic foot. Dry natural gas from the Arkoma basin fields has a heating value of 986 to 1,016 Btu per cubic foot, and is used principally as fuel. Major accumulations of natural gas are present in two areas in Arkansas – the Arkoma basin and the southern Arkansas oil fields in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Natural gas is commonly discussed as either "wet" or "dry" gas. Wet gas contains some of the heavier fluid hydrocarbons as vapor, is commonly associated with petroleum, and is valuable because of the extractable hydrocarbon liquids it contains. Most gas from oil fields in southern Arkansas is of this type. Dry gas differs from wet gas in that it does not carry appreciable amounts of the heavier hydrocarbons as vapor. The gas of the Arkoma basin in west-central Arkansas is of this type. The Arkoma basin is an elongate sedimentary basin extending from east-central Oklahoma into Arkansas. It includes, but is not restricted to, the Arkansas River Valley physiographic region of western Arkansas. Due to the extremely high thermal maturation process over geological time, only dry gas is produced in the conventional sandstone reservoirs of this area. The Atoka Formation of Pennsylvanian age contains the principal gas-producing units in the Arkoma basin. The Atoka Formation is a succession of alternating beds of sandstone and shale with a maximum subsurface thickness of approximately 15,000 - 20,000 feet in this region. Some dry gas has also been produced from the Morrowan Series (Bloyd and Hale formations), which underlies the Atoka Formation. Atokan and Morrowan beds have been folded into numerous east-west trending open folds which trap the gas within porous beds. Pre-Pennsylvanian reservoirs including Ordovician-age rocks in the Arkoma basin have been sporadically tested to determine their potential for natural gas. As of January of 2014, there are 145 gas fields that have been identified, and 6,751,570,248 Mcf of gas has been produced in the Arkansas portion of the Arkoma basin. Annual 2013 gas production data in the Arkoma basin is estimated at 46,043,544 Mcf. During the past 45 years, at least a dozen scattered, small gas fields have been discovered in Washington, Madison, and Benton Counties in northwestern Arkansas. Production in this region has come from five formations of Late Mississippian to Middle Ordovician age. Natural gas has been recovered, commonly with oil, in the southern Arkansas oil and gas fields in Ashley, Bradley, Calhoun, Columbia, Hempstead, Lafayette, Miller, Nevada, Ouachita, and Union Counties. Annual gas production for 2013 is compiled from 352 fields in south Arkansas and is estimated at 11,108,536 Mcf of gas. Unconventional gas has grown in importance as a complement to conventional fossil fuel as world demand continues to increase. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) expected U.S. production from unconventional gas sources to increase more rapidly than conventional gas production. In its long-term forecast, the lower 48 states unconventional gas production grows from 6.6 Tcf in 2003 to 8.6 Tcf in 2025, and from 35% of total production in 2003 to 44% in 2025. Coalbed Natural Gas Methane Coalbed natural gas or coalbed methane (CBM) is the methane gas contained in coal seams. The coalification process, begins with plant material that is progressively converted to coal and this results in large quantities of methane-rich gas that is generated and stored within the coal. The presence of this gas has been long-recognized due to explosive outbursts associated with underground coal mining. Only recently has coal been recognized as a reservoir rock and a source rock, thus representing an enormous undeveloped "unconventional" energy resource. Because of its large internal surface area, coal stores between six and seven times more gas than the equivalent rock volume of a conventional gas reservoir. The United States is expected to have 700 Tcf of CBM, compared with its conventional gas reserves of 187 TCF. The development of Arkansas’s coalbed natural gas resources began in 2001 and has yielded an approximate cumulative production of 27 Bcf. Estimated 2014 annual production of CBM is approximately 1.4 Bcf. EnerVest Operating LLC acquired all CMB wells in 2009 from CDX Gas LLC, who was previously the only producer of this resource in Arkansas until it filed bankruptcy in late 2008. Another active operator, Ross Exploration Inc., has commenced CBM production in Arkansas since 2009 and possesses 3 producing wells to date. The wells are completed in the Pennsylvanian Lower Hartshorne coal and approximately 564,238 feet of horizontal pinnate lateral has been drilled in Arkansas. On average, approximately 15,000 feet of horizontal lateral is drilled for each of CDX’s Z-pinnate wells in the Lower Hartshorne coal. Fayetteville Shale Gas The Fayetteville Shale Formation (Upper Mississippi) is the current focus of a regional shale-gas exploration and development program within the eastern Arkoma Basin of Arkansas. Approximately 2.5 million acres have been leased in the Fayetteville Shale gas play with a cumulative production of 5,150 Bcf since drilling began in 2004. Annual 2007 production from the Fayetteville Shale B-43 and B-44 producing regions is reported as 1,089,210,965 Mcf by the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission. The thickness of the producing zone ranges from 50 to 550 feet and wells range from 1,500 to 6,500 feet deep. Southwestern Energy and Chesapeake Energy were the intial major players in this emerging gas play and the two companies reported a combined expenditure of > $1.5 billion on Fayetteville Shale development for 2007. As of 2014, Southwestern, BHP Billiton, and XTO Energy are the active operators and there are 5,656 producing gas wells. Southwestern Energy reports that average completed well costs for horizontal wells with multistage slick water fracture completions is approximately $2.9 Million. The average horizontal lateral length for Southwestern wells drilled in 2013 is 5,165 feet and average time to drill to total depth is 6.5 days. Estimated ultimate recoveries (EUR) for horizontal wells with laterals greater than 3,000 feet range from 2.0 to 2.5 Bcf per well. Approximately 1700 governmental sections are available for Fayetteville Shale development within the core region of the gas play. Schlumberger has built a 31,000 sq ft facility in Conway, Arkansas to provide operators with well services for Fayetteville Shale development and currently touts a staff of 202 employees. Southwestern Energy opened an office in Conway to facilitate Fayetteville development. Texas Gas Transmission plans to build a 167-mile gas transmission line from Conway County, Arkansas to Coahoma County, Mississippi to transport Fayetteville Shale gas. This proposed pipeline is referred to as the “Fayetteville Lateral” and has an estimated ultimate capacity of 1.1 BCF/day. Other industry partners involved with Fayetteville Shale exploration and development ventures include: Hallwood Energy, KCS Resources, Tepee Petroleum, Edge Petroleum, Alta Operating, Aspect Energy, XTO Energy and 14 other companies. |Southwestern Energy drilling operation in Van Buren County, Arkansas. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic stimulation techniques are utilized to tap natural gas resources from the Mississippian Fayetteville Shale. (Photo taken in 2007)| The Arkansas Geological Survey has completed and published an extensive geochemical research project on the Fayetteville Shale and has provided this information to the oil and gas industry and the public to assist with exploration and development projects. The study is available at the Arkansas Geological Survey as Information Circular 37 (Ratchford, et. al, 2006) and integrates surface and subsurface geologic information with organic geochemistry and thermal maturity data. The Arkansas Geological Survey continues to partner with the petroleum industry to pursue additional Fayetteville Shale related research. Ongoing research is focused on the chemistry and isotopic character of produced gases, mineralogy of the reservoir, and outcrop to basin modeling.

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“For I have made heavy his heart and the heart of his servants in order that I should put these signs of mine in his midst and in order that you should relate in the ears of your son and your son’s son how I dealt with Egypt, and you should know that I am Hashem” (10:1-2). That great generation was mandated with the mission of serving as eyewitnesses who would testify to all future generations. This is a key statement that explains the reason for all the wonders that took place in Egypt and at Sinai and in the wilderness: this generation was privileged to be eyewitnesses in order to testify for all future generations. Why were they considered such good witnesses? Because they were “a stiff-necked people,” which means highly intelligent people of independent minds who had learned from Avraham and from Yitzchak and from Yaakov to discount the superstitions of the nations among whom they had sojourned. This was the reason Moshe had said to Hashem: “They will not believe me” (4:1). Hashem performed miracles for these trusty eyewitnesses that were never again shown to any generation in order that all subsequent generations would benefit by the lessons these miracles teach. Thenceforth the laws of nature decreed by the Creator would no longer be disturbed, for the lessons of the miracles are available to all who wish to study them as they are related in the Scriptures. From these words (“In order that you should relate in the ears of your son and your son’s son…”) it is apparent that such wonders would not be performed in the future. The time of open miracles would pass, because the Creator desires that His laws of nature should prevail. But these laws of nature are actually stupendous miracles that men fail to recognize due to the regularity of their occurrence, which lulls the mind into lethargy. Now, in that era the great open and unusual miracles were performed so that men would remember them forever learn from them that Hashem performs miracles of equal magnitude every day: “A man’s food is as difficult [i.e. as miraculous] as the splitting of the Sea of Suf” (Pesachim 118a). The plagues were chiefly intended not as punishment upon Egypt but to bestow on the sons of Israel the everlasting gift of awareness of Hashem and of His election of the nation of Israel forever: “I am Hashem” and “Israel is My firstborn son” (4:22). When the later generations fail to utilize properly the lessons of these wondrous events, it is considered a frustration of Hashem’s plan, and as if Hashem punished Egypt in vain and abrogated His laws of nature in vain. “That which l performed in Egypt and My signs which I put upon them” were for the purpose that “You should know that I am Hashem,” which refers to Israel. This verse foretells that such wonders will not recur because Hashem does not wish to abrogate His laws of nature. Forever we shall look back to the great past. The second verse should have stated “And you shall know that I, Hashem, have performed this wonder.” But to know that He is Hashem means that and much more, for the word Hashem signifies the “source of all that exists” and therefore He alone is the doer of wonders and of all that transpires. “You shall know” – did the first seven plagues not cause them to know? But here we learn that to “know Hashem” is an unending effort that should be continued always, because His greatness is endless. Thus Moshe requested, after Hashem had revealed Himself so abundantly to him, “let me know You.” Compiled for The Jewish Press by the Rabbi Avigdor Miller Simchas Hachaim Foundation, a project of Yeshiva Gedolah Bais Yisroel, which Rabbi Miller, zt”l, founded and authorized to disseminate his work. Subscribe to the Foundation’s free e-mail newsletters on marriage, personal growth, and more at www.SimchasHachaim.com. For more information, or to sponsor a Simchas Hachaim Foundation program, call 718-258-7400 or e-mail info@SimchasHachaim.com.Rabbi Avigdor Miller

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American civil rights activist and labor leader Cesar E. Chavez was born March 31, 1927, near Yuma, Ariz. After losing their home during the Great Depression, the Chavez family became migrant farm workers in the fields of California. Chavez joined the U.S. Navy at age 19, and married Helen Fabela in 1948. With the Community Service Organization in the 1950s, he began organizing farm laborers to help improve their working and living conditions. He later founded United Farm Workers with Dolores Huerta to focus on the plight of the field workers. Inspired by his admiration for Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., Chavez used nonviolent methods, including peaceful boycotts and his own public fasts, to achieve his goals of fair treatment for agricultural workers. Cesar Chavez died in 1993. The next year he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor; it was presented to his widow, Helen Chavez, on Aug. 8, 1994, by President Bill Clinton. The United States Postal Service issued a 37¢ commemorative stamp honoring Cesar Chavez on April 23, 2003 (Scott 3781). The stamp design shows a portrait of Chavez with grape fields in the background. The image, painted by Robert Rodriguez, is based on a 1976 photograph by Bob Fitch.

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August 4, 2009 Research: DEET neurotoxic to bugs, animals DEET, the active ingredient in many insect repellents, has been found to be neurotoxic in insects and mammals, French researchers reported Tuesday. Because of their finding, researchers are saying more investigations are needed quickly to either confirm or dismiss potential neurotoxicity to humans, the researchers said in a news release. We've found that DEET is not simply a behavior-modifying chemical but also inhibits the activity of a key central nervous system enzyme, acetycholinesterase, in both insects and mammals,said Vincent Corbel of the Institute de Recherche pour le Development in Montpellier, France, who co-led a team of researchers investigating the toxicity of DEET, or N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide. In a number of experiments, Corbel and his colleagues found DEET inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme as did two other insecticide. These findings question the safety of DEET, particularly in combination with other chemicals, and they highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the development of safer insect repellents for use in public health, Corbel said. Their findings were published in the open-access journal BMC Biology.

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War on terrorism The phrase war on terrorism is used to justify a wide variety of actions in many countries. In Israel it is used to justify bombing apartment buildings in Gaza. In Russia it has been used to justify oppressive measures in Chechnya. In Canada it has been used to justify oppressive search measures contrary to privacy laws. In the United States it specifically refers to the perpetual global interventionism. "During the three years in which the 'war on terror' has been waged, high-profile challenges to its assumptions have been rare. Much of the currently perceived threat from international terrorism "is a fantasy that has been exaggerated and distorted by politicians. It is a dark illusion that has spread unquestioned through governments around the world, the security services, and the international media." argues a new documentary series produced by Adam Curtis for BBC, The Power of Nightmares." - 1 Winning the war on terrorism - 2 The aftermath of September 11, 2001 - 3 Observations - 4 War on Terrorism and Free Trade - 5 Resources and articles Winning the war on terrorism Reid 2007: war is "lost" in Iraq On April 20, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid said "the war in Iraq is 'lost,' triggering an angry backlash by Republicans, who said the top Democrat had turned his back on the troops. ... Reid said he told President Bush on Wednesday he thought the war could not be won through military force, although he said the U.S. could still pursue political, economic and diplomatic means to bring peace to Iraq." Bush 2004: "fight against terrorism will not end" The aftermath of September 11, 2001 This perpetual war has been promulgated by U.S. President George W. Bush as a reaction to the events of September 11, 2001, which incorporates or replaces the long-standing permanent failure of the "war on drugs" which, likewise, has many meanings in different countries. "The Pentagon has assigned the task of tracking down and eliminating Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein and other high-profile targets to Army Lt. Gen. William G. "Jerry" Boykin who sees the war on terrorism as a clash between Judeo-Christian values and Satan." The phrase/image War on terror is frequently used by President Bush, leading some to observe that it is impossible to carry out what is defined as "war" against an abstract noun. When various members of Monty Python began to make fun of this term and point out its implications in pieces published in prominent UK newspapers, the term disappeared from official coverage. Also, seemingly, it has the unfortunate resonance of sounding like a "war on Terra", that is, on Earth itself. In sympathy with this, some ecotage promoters began to call themselves terrists, in part to make fun of Bush's Texas accent, in which this term is indistinguishable from "terrorist". This does not, however, modify the fundamental insensibility of it, nor serve to hold allies together. While Canada and Germany were full participants in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, for instance, they were steadfast opponents of invading Iraq - Canadian naval forces even refused to cooperate with US forces when the former, stationed in the Gulf, were asked to interdict Iraqi traffic during the war. Canada did not join "The Coalition," whatever that is, nor did it interpret the war on terrorism as having anything to do with an attack on Iraq - nor for that matter Syria or Iran. In another view, "Reviewing the background to US sponsored Argentinian and Israeli terrorism reveals how the fictional 'war on terror' is just another pretext for the pillage of Latin America by the US government and its favoured multinational corporations." Consistent with the duplicitous nature of the Junior Bush Regime, a United Nations commissioned study, the Arab Human Development Report 2003 finds that the "war on terrorism" has actually pushed radical political groups to seek change by violence. The "war on terrorism" is actually creating terrorism, not reducing it. "With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the U.S. lost the pretext of 'communism' for its intervention in Latin America and the Caribbean - other than Cuba - and it quickly assumed the 'war on drugs' as an excuse for military presence. And after 9/11, the pretext for intervention became the 'war on terrorism'," notes long-time independent researcher and Latin America expert GeorgeAnn Potter, a professor at the Catholic University of Bolivia. "The unhappy truth is that the net result of the war on terror, so far at least, has been more war and more terror", says Gareth Evans, former Australian foreign minister and head of the International Crisis Group. Charley Reese observed on January 19, 2004, that - All the time the Irish terrorists were bombing and shooting the British, Great Britain never felt the necessity of declaring a worldwide war on terrorism. It went after the Irish terrorists. - When bombs were going off in Paris some years ago, the French didn't say everyone must fight terrorism. They went after the guys who were planting the bombs. War on Terrorism and Free Trade OAKLAND, CA - August 26, 2003 - What do the "war on terrorism" and "free trade" have in common? According to a new report by Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy, they are the two formidable pillars of U.S. foreign policy, custom-fit to help privatize the world's resources for its corporations and a matter of growing concern with the upcoming World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial in Cancun, Mexico., Also see Food First article The War On Terrorism, Labor And Democratic Rights published June 29, 2002. Resources and articles Related SourceWatch articles - Al Qaeda - Americans for Victory Over Terrorism - Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 - Bush administration homeland security - Bush doctrine - civil liberties - civil war in Iraq - Clinton administration anti-terrorism law - Congressional action on domestic spying - Department of Homeland Security - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network - Fortress America - Freedom of Information Act - Funding terrorism - Gilmore Commission - global detention system - global struggle against violent extremism - Global War on Terror - Homeland defense - Homeland security - Illegal immigration - Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection - Iraq has replaced Afghanistan as the prime training ground for foreign terrorists - Iraqi insurgency - Islamofascist (Islamofascism) - Khalid Sheik Mohammad - liquid bomb plot August 2006 - Loose Cannon Pentagon - Military-industrial complex - MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base - Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange Program - National Counterproliferation Center - National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism - National Security State - National Threat Assessment - Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism - Pan-Sahel Initiative - Patriot Act I - Patriot Act I headlines - Patriot Act II - Patriot Act abuses - Patriot Act industry - Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001 - Pax Americana - private security consultants - Proactive Preemptive Operations Group - Public Report on the Vice President's Task Force on Combatting Terrorism - REAL ID Act of 2005 - rebranding the war on terror - Report of the National Commission on Terrorism - state sponsor of terrorism - stay the course - suspicious transactions - Terrorism as propaganda - Terrorism Information Awareness - Terrorist cult - Terrorist Screening Center - Terrorist Threat Integration Center - Total Information Awareness - Trans-Saharan Counter-Terrorism Initiative - United States as a rogue nation - United States Special Operations Command - Vets for Freedom - violence in the Middle East - weapons of mass deception - weapons of mass destruction - weapons of mass destruction investigation - War on Terror detainee legislation - The War on Terrorism, CIA, Director of Central Intelligence Porter Goss's online page. Includes numerous CIA articles and links. - America Responds, FirstGov.gov, The U.S. Government's Official Web Portal. - War on Terrorism, Federal Bureau of Investigation/FBI online page. - Defend America, U.S. Department of Defense News About the War on Terrorism. - "What is the War on Terrorism?", answered by White House (.gov) FAQ - "National Security", White House online page from President George W. Bush. - Allison R. Hayward, Daniel Kelly, and Michael F. Williams, The War on Terrorism and the Commander in Chief Clause: Delegation of the President's Command Authority, Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies. National Security White Papers, 2002. - The Rule of Law: War on Terrorism, U.S. Department of State International Information Programs. - Global War on Terrorism, USAF Counterproliferation Center, U.S. Department of the Air Force. - War on Terrorism: U.S. Government Information and Resources, About.com. An internet search specific to "war on terrorism" will result in an endless listing of sources, opinions, and articles, some of which are listed below. - War on Terrorism in the Wikipedia. - Background and Threat Assessments catalogued at the Federation of American Scientists, Intelligence Resource Program. - Karel Glastra van Loon and Jan Marijnissen, "The Doctrine of Humanitarian War," spectrezine.org, undated: "Although the 'fight against evil' has found a new theatre in Iraq, it does not seem likely that the situation in Bosnia, Serbia, Kosovo or Afghanistan will substantially improve. The negative consequences of these 'rightful wars' threaten to become bigger than the positive effects that provided the pretext for action in the first place. ... They tend to form a fruitful base for extremism and terrorism. In the meanwhile the war industry may become the only economic sector that can keep showing positive growth figures." - "Charting the 'War on Terrorism'," Amnesty Now: "From Australia to Zimbabwe, using new laws and old-fashioned brute force, governments are sacrificing human rights on the altar of antiterrorism." - Special Coverage: "War on Terrorism," Findlaw.com. Includes up-to-date news articles and other media links. - "America's War Against Terrorism," University of Michigan Documents Center. - War Against Terror, CNN.com Specials. - America's War on Terrorism, Federation of American Scientists. Includes links and news articles. - War on Terrorism, NewsMax.com; includes "World's Most Wanted" State Sponsors of Terrorism. - Alternative Resources on the U.S. "War on Terrorism", "Alternative Resources on the U.S. "War Against Terrorism", International Responsibilities Task Force of the American Library Association's Social Responsibilities Round Table. - Jane's Analysis: "War on Terrorism," Janes.com. - "War on Terrorism," GuerillaNewsNetwork - Terrorism Directory at SecurityLinks.org - "War on Terrorism," PollingReport.com by Polling Report, Inc.. - "The New War, The War on Terrorism: The First War of the 21st Century," StrategyPage.com. - Global SpecOps, Operation Enduring Freedom Terrorism Portal with links to numerous articles. - "The War on Terror," American Enterprise Institute's up-to-date articles. - "War on Terrorism," TerrorismFiles.org; up-to-date articles. - "Al-Qaeda" in the Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security, Thomson Gale, 2006. - "How Should the United States Respond to Terrorism?" (video and transcript), Cato Institute, November 27, 2000. Featuring Anthony H. Cordesman, Center for Strategic and International Studies; John Parachini, Monterey Institute of International Studies; Bruce Hoffman, RAND Corporation; Ivan Eland, Cato Institute. - Letter to President George Walker Bush from The Project for the New American Century, September 20, 2001. - Narco News 2001: "War on Terrorism: a Recipe for Disaster. Washington and the U.S. Press Declare War (Again) without Defining the Enemy," Narco.News.com, September 28, 2001. - John Pilger, "There is no war on terrorism. If there was, the SAS would be storming the beaches of Florida," New Statesman (London), October 29, 2001. - Jim Lobe and Lora Lumpe, "An Enron War On Terrorism," Common Dreams, February 12, 2002. - Ivan Eland, "Poking the hornets' nest is ill-advised", USA Today, May 2, 2002. Re "provoking terrorist groups." - Pratrap Chatterjee, "The War on Terrorism's Gravy Train. Cheney's Former Company Wins Afghanistan War Contracts," CorpWatch.org, May 2, 2002. - Michel Chossudovsky, Hidden Agenda behind the "War on Terrorism": US Bombing of Afghanistan restores Trade in Narcotics, Centre for Research on Globalisation, May 20, 2002. - "Endgame", Buzzflash Editorial, March 17, 2003. "It's the endgame of a mad, politically calculated war." - War on Terrorism, The Atlantic Monthly articles with links. Robert Kaplan, Supremacy by Stealth, July/August 2003. - Terrorism Research - Drug Policy News: War on Terrorism Increasingly Used in War on Drugs, Drug Policy Alliance, July 22, 2003. - David Stout, "Bush, Speaking to Veterans, Says Iraq May Not Be Last Strike" The New York Times, August 26, 2003. "President Bush defended his policy on Iraq today, declaring that the United States had struck a blow against terrorism in overthrowing the government of Saddam Hussein. And Mr. Bush said the United States might carry out other pre-emptive strikes." - Drug Policy News: Using Terrorism Fears to Boost the Drug War, Drug Policy Alliance, August 27, 2003. - John R. Bradley, "US troops quit Saudi Arabia", news.telegraph.co.uk, August 28, 2003. "America no longer needs Saudi Arabia militarily and oil from Iraq and the Caspian Sea will eventually reduce Saudi influence in Opec. Some in the Bush administration want more co-operation from the House of Saud in the war on terrorism.... The FBI and the US Internal Revenue Service are going to Saudi Arabia to start a joint US-Saudi effort to trace terrorist financing there." - Suzanne Goldenberg and Jamie Wilson, "Iraq set to swallow up countless billions as costs soar, US admits", The Guardian , August 28, 2003. - "Feds Use Terror Law in Unrelated Cases", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 28, 2003. - Lutz Kleveman, "The 'war on terror' is being used as an excuse to further US energy interests in the Caspian", The Guardian, October 20, 2003. - Brian Williams, "Bush Says Turkey New Front in 'War on Terror'", Reuters, November 21, 2003. - "It's the Incompetence, Stupid!", Buzzflash editorial, December 2, 2003. - Robyn E. Blumner, "From Tommy R. Franks, a doomsday scenario", St. Petersberg Times, December 7, 2003. - Laura Vilim, "Professors publish report on terrorism", The Observer (Notre Dame), December 10, 2003. - John Barry and Evan Thomas, "Dissent in the Bunker. Newt Gingrich, a quiet Rumsfeld confidant, thinks the U.S. went 'off a cliff' in Iraq", Newsweek, December 15, 2003. - David E. Kaplan, "Hearts, Minds, and Dollars: In an Unseen Front in the War on Terrorism, America is Spending Millions...To Change the Very Face of Islam", U.S. News, April 25, 2005. - William Fisher and Jim Lobe, "What to believe in the 'war on terror'?" Asia Times, December 21, 2005. - Mark Perry and Alastair Crooke "How to Lose the War on Terror. PART 1: Talking with the 'terrorists'," Asia Times, March 31, 2006. - Mark Perry and Alastair Crooke, "How to Lose the War on Terror. PART 2: Handing victory to the extremists," Asia Times, April 1, 2006. - Robert Parry, "The Abyss Beckons," consortiumnews.com, July 18, 2006. - Robert Parry, "A New War Frenzy," consortiumnews.com, July 20, 2006. - Mr Populist, "GOP Big Lie For 2006 Elections: 'We're Tough on Terror'," Daily Kos, August 26, 2006. - Karen DeYoung, "Spy Agencies Say Iraq War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight," Washington Post, September 24, 2006. - Chris Floyd, "Behind Bush's Nuclear Gift to Terrorism," Empire Burlesque, November 4, 2006. - Lara Jakes Jordan, "Audit: Anti-Terror Case Data Flawed," Associated Press (truthout), February 21, 2007. - Mark Mazzetti and David Rohde, "Al Qaeda Chiefs Are Seen to Regain Power," New York Times, February 19, 2007. - Seymour M. Hersh, "The Redirection. Is the Administration’s new policy benefitting our enemies in the war on terrorism?" The New Yorker, February 25, 2007 (posted), March 5, 2007 (issue). - Nico Pitney, "Hersh: U.S. Funds Being Secretly Funneled To Violent Al Qaeda-Linked Groups," Think Progress, February 25, 2007. - John Amato, "Pentagon Worried It Can't Meet a Third Threat," Crooks and Liars, February 26, 2007. Gen. Peter Pace on CNN. - Gen. JC Christian, "The Bush Doctrine" (Chart), PatriotBoy Blogspot, February 26, 2007. - Olivia Ward, British drop use of 'war on terror' - Term only inflates expectations of small group of extremists, U.K.'s international development secretary says in N.Y. speech, Toronto Star, April 17, 2007. - Nora Ephron, "How to Foil a Terrorist Plot in Seven Simple Steps", The Huffington Post, June 5, 2007. - Brian Ross and Maddy Sauer, "Exclusive: Terror Commander: New Attack Will Dwarf Failed Bomb Plot," The Blotter Blog/ABC News, July 14, 2007. - Satyam Khanna, "Lynne Cheney: Terrorist Attacks Worldwide Don’t Affect ‘American Interests’," Think Progress, October 11, 2007. re Lynne Cheney

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by Pamela DuRant Center for Therapeutic Massage Oftentimes it is difficult to determine the type of massage therapy that will be most beneficial. Neuromuscular therapy could be the Neuromuscular therapy is a type of bodywork that uses a postural analysis to help determine muscle imbalances and postural distortions. An increase in muscle tension can pull segments of the body out of alignment. When portions of the body are out of balance the opposing muscles take over in an attempt to correct the alignment as best as possible, so that the body can function. This in turn leads to The goal of neuromuscular therapy is to restore balance. Neuromuscular therapy utilizes a spectrum of methods and techniques to help restore this balance. These methods and techniques can include myofascial work, manipulation of trigger points, active and passive range of motion, and stretching. Integral to the approach taken by neuromuscular therapy is the postural analysis and the “edge” technique. These are two things that help separate neuromuscular therapy from other types of massage Postural analysis is done at the beginning of the treatment sessions. It consists of the client standing in what is their normal position and posture while the therapist will look for imbalances, such as uneven shoulders, a tilted head, rounded shoulders, a pelvic tilt, etc. The therapist will also do this with the client lying face up on the table. A postural analysis is done by sight and touch to help gauge the boney landmarks. Not only does this individualize the treatment needed, but it provides a reference point for the client to see and feel the changes in their body after the treatment. The postural analysis can also be diagramed, which provides a sort of picture of the progress provided by the therapy. This way the client can see the improvement in addition to feeling it. The analysis also allows the therapist to view the body and person as a whole and not to make the mistake of focusing only on the location of the pain. Neuromuscular therapy does not, however, ignore the actual location of the pain. It does limit time spent working on that specific area to one-third that of the session, while the remaining two-thirds are used to address the actual muscle imbalances, postural distortions, and Client participation is also an important part of neuromuscular therapy. It helps create a better awareness of the body for the client. Neuromuscular therapy should not be painful. Therefore, it becomes the client’s responsibility to communicate the edge of what they can tolerate in regards to pressure and depth before it becomes painful. The therapist will teach the client techniques such as deep breathing to aid in relaxing the muscles and encourage their release. Because of this technique, the client always controls the depth at which the muscles are worked and the amount of pressure used, not the For information, visit http://academicdepartments.musc.edu/hsc/activities/massage/index.html or call 852-9939. Friday, Dec. 12, 2008

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|Place of origin||Soviet Union| |Used by||Soviet Union |Wars||World War II, Chinese Civil War, Syrian Civil War, War in Donbass |Designer||Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov| |Weight||20.3 kg (46 lbs)| |Length||2100 mm (83 in)| |Barrel length||1219 mm (47 in)| |Action||Gas-operated; short stroke gas piston, vertically tilting bolt| |Muzzle velocity||1,013 m/s (3,323 ft/s)| |Effective firing range||800 m (874.9 yd) (against armored vehicles)| |Maximum firing range||1,500 m (1,640.4 yd) (against armored vehicles)| |Feed system||5-round (in clip) integral magazine| The PTRS-41 was produced and used by the Soviet Union during World War II. In the years between the World Wars, the Soviet Union began experimenting with different types of armour-piercing anti-tank cartridges. Finding the 12.7×108mm insufficient, they began development of what became the 14.5×114mm armour-piercing round. Rukavishnikov developed an antitank rifle (ru:Противотанковое ружьё Рукавишникова) designated M1939 to accommodate this cartridge, but it didn't have large success because of some manufacturing issues, a sufficient number of more effective anti-tank guns in the Red Army, and high expectations about new German tank armour. In 1941, the loss of huge amounts of anti-tank artillery created a need for a stop-gap anti-tank weapon, so famous USSR weapons designers such as Vasily A. Degtyaryov and Sergei G. Simonov designed two anti-tank rifles. Both were considered more simple and suitable to wartime production than an updated Rukavishnikov rifle. Simonov used elements of his 1938 design, a 7.62 mm automatic rifle. The five-round magazine was loaded into the receiver and held under pressure by a swing magazine underneath. On firing the last round, the bolt is held open, and the magazine release catch can be operated only when the bolt is locked back. The gas-operated PTRS has a tendency to jam when dirty, and the 14.5 mm cartridge produces significant residue, blocking the gas port. The 14.5 mm armour-piercing bullet has a muzzle velocity of 1013 m/s and devastating ballistics. It can penetrate an armour plate up to 40 mm thick at a distance of 100 meters. In 1943 Simonov used a scaled-down PTRS-41 design for the SKS-45, that would accommodate the new 1943 designed M/43 7.62×39mm cartridge. Designed in 1938 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov, the PTRS-41 is a semi-automatic anti-tank rifle that was used along the Eastern Front in World War II and then used again in the Korean War and Chinese Civil War by various factions. Along with his partner Vasily Degtyaryov, Simonov helped the Soviet Union develop new weapons between World Wars. During this time, Degtyaryov went on to create the PTRD-41 while Simonov created and designed its cousin rifle, the PTRS-41. As one of Simonov's creations, the PTRS-41 was sometimes known as simply the “Simonov” on the battlefield. Although more advanced, the PTRS was harder to use and less reliable than the cheaper PTRD while yielding similar performance, so the PTRD was used more. These rifles are still in use by Donbass militiamen in Ukraine, during the Donbass War, due to their ability to penetrate APC armor. The ammunition used is actual World War II vintage. One of the rifles was fitted with a nonorganic muzzle brake from PTRD. - "Modern Firearms, Simonov PTRS". Retrieved 2012-02-18. - Бойовики на Донеччині викрали з музею протитанкову зброю Fakty i Kommentarii, 12 May 2014 |Wikimedia Commons has media related to PTRS-41.| - Koll, Christian (2009). Soviet Cannon - A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm. Austria: Koll. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-200-01445-9.

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Home > Flashcards > Print Preview The flashcards below were created by user on FreezingBlue Flashcards . What would you like to do? What does the Epithelial characteristic Cellularity mean? Composed almost entirerly of cells bound closely together by interconnection known as cell junctions. What does the Epithelial characteristic Polarity mean? - Refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between the exsposed and attached surfaces. What does the Epithelial characteristic Attachement mean? Base of epithelium is bound to a thin basal lamina(basement membrane) What does the Epithelial characteristic Avascularity mean? - Avascular(lack of blood vessels) - Must obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorbtion across either the exsposed or attached epithelial structure. What does the Epitheial characteristic Regeneration mean? Damage or lost cells replaced through division of stem cells in epithelial structure What are the functions of the Epithelial tissues? - Secretion(gland cells) This secures the epithelial in place and prevents it from tearing? Between the epithilial and the connective tissue is a thin extracellular layer called what? What are its components?pg.83 - Basement membrane - Basal lamina - Reticular lamina What is the function of the basement membrane? physical support, anchoring to connective tissue, and barrier to regulate movement of large molecules between epithelium and connective tissue What are the types of Intercellular Junctions and what is there purpose? - Tight junctions - Gap junctions - Adhering junction - These allow cells to function as a tissue What is a tight junction and its function? - Lipid portions of the 2 cell membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. - Prevent passage of H2O and solutes between cells What is a gap junction and its function?Refer to Quiz question? - Has a pore and connexon that ions diffuse through - Used for intercommunication between cells What is a Desmosomes and its function? They connect cell membrane to cell membrane. What are the Classification of epithilia by number of cell layers? - Simple epithelium- thin, one layer of cells cover the basal lamina - Stratified epithelium - Pseudostratified epithelium Where would Simple epithelium be located in the human body? - a. Fragile, located only in protected areas inside the body - b. Line internal compartments and passageways, ventral body cavities, heart chambers, blood vessels - c. Small intestines - d. lungs Where would Stratified epithelium be located in the human body? - a. Located where mechanical stresses are severe, for defence - b. Surfaces of skin, lining of the mouth, esophagus, and anus Where would Pseudostratified epithelium be located in the human body? a. Nuclei distributed at different levels between apical and basal surfaces What are the Classifications by Cell shape? - 1. Squamous - 2. Cuboidal: - 3. Columnar - 4. Transitional Where would Simple Squamous be located? - Most delicate. - 2. Located in protected regions where absorption of diffusion takes place - 3. Alveoli, lining of ventral cavities, lining of heart and blood vessels - 4. Mesothelium(inside cavities)- line ventral body cavities, pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium - 5. Endothelium(Inside blood vessels and heart cavity)- line the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels What are the functions Simple cuboidal and there locations? - Absorption and secretion. - Thyroid gland folicals - Kidney tubules What are the functions Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelia Cells and there locations? - Absoption and secretion;secretion of mucin through goblet cells - Lining of most of the digestive track What are the functions ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelia Cells and there locations? - Secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along aplical surface of epithilium by action of cilia - Lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles What are the functions Non Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia Cells and there locations? - Protection of underlying tissues, alive at the top surafce - Surfaces of skin, mouth, pharynx, anus, vagina What are the functions Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia Cells and there locations? - Protection of underlying tissues,dead at top surface - Epidermis of skin - The importance of the top layer being dead is that bacteria can not live in a hostile enviorment What is Keratin? A fiberous protien What are the function Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia Cells and there locations? - Protection and secretion - Large ducts, exocrine glands, some pats of the male urethra(glandeir ducts) What are the functions Stratified Columnar Epithelia Cells and there locations? - Protection and secretion - Rare;Regions of male urethra What are the functions Pseudostratified nonciliated columnar Epithelia Cells and there locations Small intestine of the GI track What are the functions Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Epithelia Cells and there locations? - Offers protection pushes out things. - Possesses cilia (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi) What are the functions Transitional Epithelia Cells and there locations? - 1. Tolerates repeated cycles of stretching - 2. Urinary bladder What is the purpose of Endocrine glands? - Secretions called hormones (regulate or coordinate the activities or various tissues, organs, and organ systems) - Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland What is the purpose of Exocrine glands? - release secretions into passageways called ducts that open onto an epithelial surface. - 1. Goblet cell: respiratory tract lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which contains goblet cells-mucus Fig.4.3 - 2. Acini- secretory portion What are the Exocrine gland secretion methods? How does the Merocrine gland work and what are some its locations? - salivary glands(Location) - Product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis - Mucus- mucin mixes with water, effective lubricant, protective barrier, and sticky trap for foreign particles and microorganisms How does the Apocrine gland work and what are some its locations?Quiz question? - Mammary gland(location) - Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product How does the Holocrine gland work and what are some its locations?Refer to pg.94 - Hair follicle(location) - Entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts, releasing the secretion but killing the cell What are the three main components of connective tissues? - 1. Specialized cells - 2. protein fibers - 3. Ground substances What are some of the functions of the connective tissues? - 1. Structural framework - 2. Transporting fluids - 3. Protecting - 4. Supporting - 5. Storing energy - 6. Defending the body What is connective tissue proper?Redu this answer listen to recording jan 24 - Contain a variable mixture os both connective tissue cell types. - Resident cells - Wandering cells What are the Resident cell types? - Fibroblasts cells - Adipocytes cells - Fixed machrophages cells - Mesenchymal cells(stem cells) What are the different Wandering cells? - Mast cells(leukocytes) - Plasma cells(leukocytes) - Free macrophages(leukocytes) What do fibroblast do? - The only cell that is always presents - Produce fibers and ground substances What do Macrophages(free and Fixed do)? - Scattered through out the matrix, engulf pathogens or damaged cells that enter the tissue - Fixed-sends out chemicals that stimulates immune system when it encounters forien materials - free-mitigate through tissues and engulf and destroy any bacteria - a. Contain a single, enormous lipid droplet - b. Nucleus, organelles, and cytoplasm squeezed to one side - Single cells that are present in many connective tissues. - a. Respond to local injury by dividing into daughter cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissues Mast cells(wandering cells, leukocytes, white blood cells)? 1. Mast cells- small, mobile connective tissues that are common near blood vessels a. Cytoplasm filled with granules containing histamines and heparin Plasma cells(wandering cells, leukocytes, white blood cells)? - Synthesize antibodies - Found in the intestinal walls, spleen, and lymph nodes Free Macrophages(wandering cells, leukocytes, white blood cells)? Formed from monocytes, wander and engulf and destroy any bacteria, damaged cells, etc What are the Fibers of the connective tissue? - Collagen fibers - Reticular fibers - Elastic fibers - fibroblasts form all three by secreting protein subunits that interact in the matrix - long, straight, and unbranched, white fibers - a. Wound together like rope, strong and flexible (tendons) - b. 25% of body’s protein, withstand forces in one direction - a. Thinner than collagen fibers, branching, interwoven framework that is tough and flexible - b. Resist forces from many directions - c. Stroma- interwoven network stabilizes the positions of the functional cells (parenchymal), stabilizes the positions of organs, blood vessels, nerves, despite position and gravity - Contain the protein elastin, branched and wavy, yellow fibers - a. Interconnecting vertebrae What are the types of Connective Tissues? - Loose Connective Tissue(fewer fibers, more ground substance). - Dense Connective Tissue(More fibers,less ground substance). What are the types of Loose Connective Tissue? - Packing material of the body, fill spaces between organs, cushion and stabilize specialized cells in many organs, and support epithelia What are the types of Dense Connective Tissue? - Collagen fibers are parallel to each other, packed tightly and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue Areolar(Loose connective tissue)? - Surrounds nerves, blood vessels. - a. Open framework - b. Viscous ground substance accounts for most of its volume and absorbs shock - c. Elastic fibers make it resilient, can distort after damage - d. Form the padding between skin and muscle, pinch test or muscle contacts does not change shape - e. Vascular, common injection site Adipose(Loose connective tissue)? - Fat capsule around Kidney, pericardial and abdominopelvic cavities. - a. Provides padding, absorbs shock, acts as an insulator to slow down heat loss, and is fillers around structures b. White fat- pale, yellow white color c. Brown fat- highly vascularized and individual adipocytes contain numerous mitochondria d. Lipid breakdown, energy absorbed by the blood to increase temperature e. Losing weight, cells shrink but are not killed f. Mesenchymal cells are ones that increase production of fat cells Reticular(Loose connective tissue)? Spleen and liver, reticular fibers create a complex 3-dimensional stroma, which supports the parenchyma (functional cell) Regular(Dense connective tissue)?Makes up tendons and ligements - collagen fibers are parallel to each other, packed tightly and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue Table 4.10 - a. Tendon-attach skeletal muscle to bone - b. Ligaments-connect 1 bone to another or stabilize the position of internal organs - c. Aponeurosis: tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones of the skeleton - d. Stabilizes the positions of tendons and ligaments - e. Associated with muscles of lower back and abdomen and with tendons and ligaments of the palms of the hand or soles of the feet Irregular(Dense connective tissue)? - Gives skin its strength Table4.10 - a. Form an interwoven meshwork in no consistent pattern - b. Gives skin its strength in many directions - c. Capsules: surrounds internal organs such as a liver, kidney, spleen, and encloses cavities of the joints Elastic(Dense connective tissue)? Stabilize vertebrae of spine What are the Supporting Connective tissues? - Cartilage(semi solid matrix) - Bone(solid matrix) What cells make up Cartilage? Chondrocytes- cartilage cells, only cells in the cartilage matrix, occupy small chambers called lacunae. What cells make up bone? Osteocytes- bone cells What are the types of cartilage? - Hyaline cartilage Connections between ribs, sternum, elbow, and knee - Elastic cartilage External flap of the ear, epiglottis, auditory tube, and small cartilages in the larynx - Fibrocartilage between spinal vertebrae, between pubic bones of the pubis What are the types of bone? What would you like to do? Home > Flashcards > Print Preview

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IP Subnetting and Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) IP Address Problem 1 S0/0 Lab B DCE _ You ask the client to go through the four troubleshooting steps that we learned about in the above section. Steps 1 through 3 work, but step 4 fails. By looking at the figure, can you deter- mine the problem? Look for clues in the network drawing. First, the WAN link between the Lab_A router and the Lab_B router shows the mask as a /27. You should already know this mask is 255.255.255.224 and then determine that all networks are using this mask. The net- work address is 192.168.1.0. What are our valid subnets and hosts? 256 – 224 = 32, so this makes our subnets 32, 64, 96, 128, etc. So, by looking at the figure, you can see that subnet 32 is being used by the Sales department, the WAN link is using subnet 96, and the Marketing department is using subnet 64. Now you’ve got to determine what the valid host ranges are for each subnet. From what you learned at the beginning of this chapter, you should now be able to easily determine the subnet address, broadcast addresses, and valid host ranges. The valid hosts for the Sales LAN are 33 through 62—the broadcast address is 63 because the next subnet is 64, right? For the Marketing LAN, the valid hosts are 65 through 94 (broadcast 95), and for the WAN link, 97 through 126 (broadcast 127). By looking at the figure, you can determine that the default gateway on the Lab_B router is incorrect. That address is the broadcast address of the 64 subnet so there’s no way it could be a valid host. Did you get all that? Maybe we should try another one, just to make sure. Figure 3.13 has a network problem. A user in the Sales LAN can’t get to ServerB. You have the user run through the four basic troubleshooting steps and find that the host can communicate to the local net- work, but not to the remote network. Find and define the IP addressing problem. If you use the same steps used to solve the last problem, you can see first that the WAN link again provides the subnet mask to use— /29 or 255.255.255.248. You need to determine what the valid subnets, broadcast addresses, and valid host ranges are to solve this problem.

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More than 2,000 years ago, the philosopher Socrates wandered around Athens asking questions, an approach to finding truth that thinkers have venerated ever since. In modern times, the Socratic method was adapted for use in universities and became the dominant form of instruction for students learning philosophy and the law. The most recent national survey on the subject found that 97% of law-school professors use the Socratic method in first-year classes. Socratic dialogues seemed to work for the ancient Greeks (at least according to the records produced by Socrates’ disciple Plato.) Are they effective for people today? Recently, a group of researchers decided to find out. In a study published in the December 2011 issue of the journal Mind, Brain, and Education, four cognitive scientists from Argentina describe what happened when they asked contemporary high school and college students a series of questions identical to those posed by Socrates. In one of his most famous lessons, Socrates showed a young slave boy a square, then led him through a series of 50 questions intended to teach the boy how to draw a second square with an area twice as large as the first. Students in the 2011 experiment, led by researcher Andrea Goldin, gave answers astonishingly similar to those offered by Socrates’ pupil, even making the same mistakes he made. “Our results show that the Socratic dialogue is built on a strong intuition of human knowledge and reasoning which persists more than twenty-four centuries after its conception,” the researchers write. Their findings, Goldin and his co-authors add, demonstrate the existence of “human cognitive universals traversing time and cultures.” But these “universals” come with a significant caveat. By the end of Socrates’ lesson, the Greek boy had figured out how to do the task. More than half of the contemporary subjects, on the other hand, failed to grasp the import of the philosopher’s 50 questions. This is only one experiment, of course. But it raises intriguing questions about the value of the Socratic method as a teaching technique in today’s classrooms. Law professors praise the tactic for training students to respond quickly and fluently to challenging questions — even if most instructors today employ a “soft” Socratic method, far less combative than the gladiatorial exchanges made famous in the 1973 movie The Paper Chase. Philosopher Mitchell Green, a professor at the University of Virginia, extols the approach for a different reason. “Answering questions about philosophical problems forces students to invest themselves in the outcome,” says Green. “The problem comes alive for them, not as ‘something René Descartes or John Stuart Mill once said,’ but as a dilemma for them to wrestle with and make choices about. The Socratic method makes them put some skin in the game.” Green has his own ideas about the future of the ancient philosopher’s practice. He is working on digitizing the Socratic method: creating a computer program that will pose a series of questions about a philosophical problem, adjusting subsequent queries to challenge the user and reveal the flaws in her reasoning. Green has begun the venture by programming answers to familiar philosophical chestnuts like the mind-body problem and the question of free will. Ultimately, however, he plans to allow users to contribute their own content to the program (vetted by philosophy professors and graduate students who will maintain the site): a kind of Wiki-Socrates. Green’s project, which he hopes to make available to the public this summer, may seem a long way from the dialogues of Socrates’ Athens — but it’s simply the latest exchange in a conversation lasting 2,000 years. This post originally appeared on Time.com.

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Incorporate tall shrubs and plants into the landscaping by planting them along the borders of the back yard for instant privacy. Homeowners living in an area prone to deer should plant tall shrubs that are deer-resistant.Continue Reading Homeowners may also use tall shrubs in their landscaping to hide less-than-appealing sections of their yard from themselves or their neighbors. Tall shrubs may also be used to block a bitter north wind or block the hot afternoon sun in the summer. Tall shrubs make a beautiful addition to a garden when used as a border. Another design is in a pyramid layout with the tall shrubs in the middle. The plants in the garden should reduce in size going out toward the edges. When planting a garden, it is a good idea to use tall shrubs that produce edible fruits and nuts. For example, hazelnuts and Saskatoon berries grow on tall shrubs. Planted with apple, peach and pear trees, it is easy to create an edible landscape. The most common use for tall shrubs is privacy. Tall shrubs look more inviting than most types of fencing, and for this purpose, stay away from deciduous shrubs as they drop their leaves in the winter, removing any privacy they provide during the rest of the year.Learn more about Trees & Bushes

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Washington was unprepared for its first murder trial in 1802. The trial took place in the Capitol building, for want of a court room, and the murderer was held in a temporary jail in an alley dwelling on 4 ½ street. All around it turned out to be a difficult event for the city, but let’s start at the beginning. Patrick McGurk was an Irish immigrant who lived on F Street, between 12th NW and 13th NW. He worked as a bricklayer and had a serious drinking problem. As too often is the case, his wife suffered from his bad habit. In the summer of 1802, McGurk beat his wife so badly that she and their unborn twins died. After being convicted at trial, D.C.’s first murderer was sentenced to hanging. That's when things started to get weird.

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50th Anniversary of the Battle of BritainPrint Page A tree commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Britain, which is the name given to the World War Two defence of the United Kingdom by the Royal Air Force (RAF) against an onslaught by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) which began at the end of June 1940. In Britain, the officially recognised dates are 10 July – 31 October 1940, overlapping with the period of large-scale night attacks known as The Blitz. The Battle of Britain has been described as the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces. |Address:||Welsby Parade, Bongaree, 4507| |GPS Coordinates:||Lat: -27.07319| Note: GPS Coordinates are approximate. |Actual Event STart Date:||10-July-1940| |Actual Event End Date:||31-October-1940| |Actual Monument Dedication Date:||Sunday 16th September, 1990| Per Ardua Ad Astra In commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Battle of Britain. This tree was planted on 16th September 1990 "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few " W. S. Churchill 1940

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Many people think of the sarabande as an elegant and romantic dance, but it was once a fast and lively dance and song. Called the zarabanda, it originated in South America and Mexico, and the European conquerors imported the dance to Spain and Portugal in the 16th century. Africans in Brazil influenced the movements of the dance steps. Pious Europeans found the sarabande absolutely shocking, because they thought that it contained lewd steps and words. Philip II banned the dance in 1583, and ordered steep punishments for those caught dancing or singing the sarabande. Men and women were sentenced to 200 lashes. Men also had to endure six years in the galleys, while women were banished. People still kept dancing the sarabande, however. In 1603, Father Juan de Mariana called it 'so lascivious in its words and so unseemly in its motions that it is enough to inflame even very decent people'. Several priests and monks criticised the dance, especially when Creole nuns danced it in front of churches on Christmas Eve. The sarabande became a popular court dance in France and Italy in later centuries. It changed into the stately and romantic dance that we know today. Organic eggs at Highgrove 3 years ago

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By forming the first corporate design program at IBM, Thomas Watson Jr., and Eliot Noyes forged a partnership that would shape thinking around corporate design and culture for decades to come. They believed that corporate design must be informed by character rather than surface image, and that “good design is good business.” Today, as a result of Watson and Noyes’s efforts, these principles continue to serve as some of the foundational tenets of the field of corporate design. To build the program, Noyes drew on an extensive network of designers, architects, sculptors and other visual artists that he had cultivated during his tenure as director of the Department of Industrial Design at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMa, 1939–1946) and in the years that followed. Noyes welcomed them into the corporation’s corridors, to apply their methods and ideas to help shape IBM’s identity. As a result, a modern, forward-looking company was expressed in its choices of the architecture and art of its buildings, in the experiences it offered, and in the design of its products and marketing. A predecessor to the world expositions of today, world’s fairs were large public exhibitions held throughout the world beginning in the mid-19th century. The fairs typically displayed—and often introduced—technological and scientific inventions and advancements from around the world. Companies built “pavilions” at the fairs to present their proudest achievements. Eliot Noyes took great pleasure in directing the design of IBM’s pavilions, which provided unique opportunities to portray the company’s character to a global audience. Graphic designer Paul Rand created the brochure offered to visitors to the IBM Pavilion at the New York World’s Fair of 1964. The 28-page memento documented the experience of the pavilion. The pavilion itself was designed by Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen. Paul Rand shared Noyes’s belief that a company’s visual representation was inextricably tied to the quality of the company itself. Heavily influenced by modernist philosophy, Rand sought to “defamiliarize the ordinary” through his minimalist designs. His redesign of the company logo in 1956 under Noyes’s direction, while subtle, marked the first step toward an integrated corporate design program at IBM. It also gilded Rand’s reputation as a master of thoughtful logo design. He continued to help shape how IBM’s brand was expressed through his work on a wide range of printed materials—from annual reports to product packaging to posters to marketing materials—for more than four decades.

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Despite what we hear on the negative effects of sitting for hours with our eyes glued to the computer, new research suggests that Internet users are more likely to take part in cancer-preventive behaviors. And this does not apply to just any Internet users; the study was conducted on a population of older men and women who used the Internet on a regular basis, finding that these individuals usually conduct a much healthier lifestyle than non-Internet users of the same age. The study was conducted by Jeremy Moore by the American Association for Cancer Research on a group of around 6,000 older adults, aging 50 years and up. The conclusions were interesting, if not astonishing. They found that older men and women who use the Internet are more likely to participate in colorectal (colon) cancer screening, eat healthier, smoke less, and lead a more physical lifestyle than those who do not use Internet. The study found that 72.9 percent of Internet users had colorectal screening compared to 51.7 non-users who also had the screening. The research also found that Internet users were 50 percent more physically active and 25 percent more likely to eat their daily nutritional value of fruits and vegetables than non-users. Also only 6.6 percent of Internet users were reported smokers, while 13.3 percent of non-users were smokers. The connection between cancer, health and the Internet may seem blurry, but yet another study suggests that 63 percent of older Internet users use the web to look up health information. "Our findings indicate that Internet use among older people should be targeted," said Christian von Wagner of the University College London. However, the fact that older populations may be more cognizant and knowledgeable regarding their health as a result of the Internet does not suggest that they are necessarily healthier in all regards. It is widely acknowledged that the Internet's invention has enriched individual's general knowledge, but to suggest that it is making us healthier may be reaching too far. Furthermore, it is important to remember that these studies do not propose a definite connection between Internet use and health, but rather suggest that those that use the Internet are more informed on ways to remain healthy. Although the Internet is already an integral part of young people's lives, for older generations its plethora of information is just beginning to unravel, which may, according to these studies, have remarkable results.

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Early bird Archaeopteryx 'wore feather trousers' for display - 3 July 2014 - From the section Science & Environment An ancient creature halfway between a dinosaur and a bird had feathered "trousers" on its hindlimbs. Archaeopteryx had pennaceous (quill-like) feathers all over its body, not only its wings, a new fossil - only the 11th of the creature found - reveals. These "trousers" were probably used for display, say scientists from Germany, writing in Nature journal. Their discovery adds weight to the theory that feathers originally evolved for purposes other than flight. Archaeopteryx caused a major stir when the first fossil was unearthed in Germany in 1861 - just two years after Charles Darwin published On The Origin of Species. With the claws and teeth of a dinosaur, but the feathers of a bird, it was clearly a transitional form - apparent proof of Darwin's theory. Its German name "Urvogel" means "first bird". And though earlier bird-like dinosaurs have been unearthed since, many scientists still believe Archaeopteryx was the first capable of "flight" as we know it today. The 11th fossil specimen was announced in 2011 and is remarkably well preserved, with detailed impressions of feathers all over its skeleton. The feathers are long and symmetrical on its upper leg and shorter lower down. Previous specimens had shown some evidence of feathered hind legs but this "completes the picture", according to Dr Oliver Rauhut and colleagues at the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology. These "trousers", as he describes them, may have been used for display, camouflage, insulation, brooding and manoeuvring while on the ground. They were not primarily designed for flight but might have helped steady the bird during landing, similar to the hindlimb feathers of hawks, eagles and other modern raptors. The wing feathers of the new specimen show robust shafts - further evidence that the "first bird" really could fly. Recent studies assuming limited flight ability in Archaeopteryx "might be in error owing to the poorer preservation quality of the feathers," said Dr Rauhut. "I'm pretty sure it could fly. Though of course there is still a debate about how well it could fly," he told BBC News. The trousers are also a new clue to the mystery of how flight evolved in modern birds. Traditionally it was thought that feathers and flight evolved hand in hand. But the wide variation of plumages in early birds and feathered dinosaurs suggests that feathers first arose for a different purpose, said Dr Rauhut. "Given the great diversity of pennaceous feathers found within different body regions and across the phylogeny, it seems plausible that the evolution of this feather type (especially in the wing, hindlimbs and tail) was primarily driven by display functions," he wrote in Nature. Only later were these feathers recruited for flight - which may have arisen many times in parallel in different feathered species, he said.

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A Geography Lesson "I know your works, that you are neither cold nor hot. I could wish you were cold or hot. So then, because you are lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will vomit you out of My mouth. Because you say, ‘I am rich, have become wealthy, and have need of nothing'-and do not know that you are wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked-I counsel you to buy from Me gold refined in the fire, that you may be rich; and white garments, that you may be clothed, that the shame of your nakedness may not be revealed; and anoint your eyes with eye salve, that you may see." -Revelation 3:15-18, emphasis added This is the heartbeat of the letter to the Laodicean assembly-Christ's admonition, or accusation: "You are lukewarm; you needed nothing, so I will spit you out!" What an incredible contrast to His "Well done!" A Spiritual Lesson from Geography: The setting was graphic. Colosse (the destination of the letter to the Colossians), which was known for pure, cold, crystal clear waters that spring up, was six miles away. Hierapolis, with its hot springs steaming up from the ground, was also close at hand. Because there was no water available in Laodicea, they built an aqueduct from Colosse, but by the time their water traveled six miles it was never cold, only lukewarm. Hence the apt description Jesus gave to this church in Revelation 3:15-18above. Christ wanted the Laodiceans to either be like a cold drink that refreshes or like a hot bath that cleanses and renews. But they were not to compromise by striving to live between both worlds-and hence become uselessly lukewarm. A Spiritual Warning from Jesus: Here is an insight to ponder: perhaps the borrowed, lukewarm, secondhand water was a portrait of borrowed, secondhand Christianity. They were not getting the water themselves out of the Rock; they relied on others. Secondhand Christianity is a curse. Do you drink daily of Christ's living water? Or does someone have to give you a bottle? Do you feed on the manna of God's Word? Or does someone have to spoon-feed you? Is your experience of the transforming divine power in salvation secondhand or personal? Watch out if your salvation is not zestfully and hotly and personally yours. If you do not repent, Christ will have to chasten you even to the point of weakness, sickness, or death (see 1 Corinthians 11:30). That was Christ's appeal to the Laodiceans, which showed the heartbeat of His love. The lesson: He does not immediately write us off; He always pleads with us. How incredibly Christ loves! If you are a Laodicean Christian, He is calling out to you as well: "Come back to Me. I love you!" To continue reading this message, please click here. For more from Discover the Book Ministries, please visit discoverthebook.org.

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“A lot of people here hate sagebrush, but they keep deer alive in the winter. This is more art than science and we are learning as we go.” — Bailey Franklin, a Colorado Division of Wildlife district manager, on the importance of forage for the White River deer herd More than 70 people crowded into a Rio Blanco County Fairgrounds building Monday night to hear Colorado Division of Wildlife managers and biologists discuss the decline in the White River deer herd. Biologist Darby Finley and mammals researcher Chuck Anderson joined DOW managers Bill de Vergie and Bailey Franklin to discuss the hunting area surrounding Meeker. Finley told those in attendance that the White River deer herd has declined between 30 and 40 percent since 2000. The DOW is in the process of instituting a few studies to fix this problem, Finley said, but nothing will be instant. “There are problems with habitats, predators, oil exploration and other things to take into consideration,” Finley said. “A lot of what we are going to do will require monitoring and time to see trends.” Franklin discussed different types of habitat manipulation the DOW is experimenting with. The changes in habitat, he said, are to provide better forage for deer. “A lot of people here hate sagebrush, but they keep deer alive in the winter,” Franklin said during his presentation. “This is more art than science and we are learning as we go.” While the deer are in high elevation during the summer months, they stay in lower elevation for the winter, so transition ranges are also taken into consideration when the habitat changes are discussed. Anderson discussed the habitat developments further, saying the studies would go into 2016 and possibly 2018 in order for the DOW to get comprehensive results. DOW officers discussed the habitat for a majority of the meeting, but those in attendance seemed more concerned with how predators, such as coyotes, impact the numbers. Finley said there would be simply too much land to cover if the DOW decided to take on predators. “If fawns didn’t die from a coyote, they would die from malnutrition during the winter,” he said. “We do not have the tools to affectively cover such expansive geographic area. It would not be cost prohibitive.” The biggest fallout from the decline, Finley said, is limiting the number of licenses that can be handed out. “We have to be more conservative with the number of licenses we hand out so the number of deer don’t decline even more,” he said. “There will be fewer number of hunters out hunting these deer and they don’t want that and either do we.” Click here to have the print version of the Craig Daily Press delivered to your home.

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IGRT or Image Guided Radiation Therapy Respiratory gating is an Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) technology that can improve the accuracy of radiation therapy treatment in selected patients. Tumors that move during the breathing cycle, such as those within the lung or liver, can present a problem for conventional radiation treatmentas moving targets, they are harder to "hit" with a focused beam of radiation. In order to properly treat these tumors with conventional radiation, a wider field must be targeted to account for the motion of the tumor within the treated area. Respiratory gating is a technology, which allows the radiation oncologist to monitor the patient's breathing pattern during the treatment. The beam of radiation can then be turned on during only those portions of the breathing cycle desired by the treating physician; the beam is off during the remainder of the cycle. In this manner, the effects of respiratory motion can be significantly reduced, or even eliminated. This allows for more accurate targeting of the tumor, and potentially reduces the amount of radiation received by the surrounding healthy tissue. At the CUMC Department of Radiation Oncology, respiratory gating is one the many ways physicians are working to improve the care of cancer patients.

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Movie connoisseurs will remember the iconic scene from Monty Python’s Flying Circus where a young man is suddenly accosted by a group of inquisitors ,who then proceeded to torture their victims with pillows and comfy chairs. The scenes albeit hilarious, were eerily reminiscent of the dark days of Spanish Inquisition which were neither funny nor comfortable, but were ruthless, intolerant and bloody. The rack, the iron maiden and bonfire which are firmly ingrained in Christian culture became the familiar icons of that era. The Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition are much two maligned chapters in the history of Catholic Church. The Medieval Inquisition…… The Spanish Inquisition which began in 15th century was preceded by a period of Medieval Inquisition which played an important role in its genesis. Medieval times were starkly different from the modern ones. Religion was at the core of everybody’s existence. Science, philosophy, literature-everything was dictated by religion and the Church. It was man’s only valid identity and his only recourse to salvation. Consequently heresy was supposed to be something that threatened to rip apart everything that men believed in. It was believed that heretics polluted those living in close proximity, thereby endangering an entire community’s path to salvation. Such religiously bigoted views were not confined to Medieval Europe only, but were shared by numerous cultures across the world. The notion of religious secularity and tolerance came into prominence much later. Consequently every Christian fervently believed that God would punish an entire community if heresy is allowed to take root. For the Christian rulers who deemed kingship as bestowed by God, heresy posed a direct challenge to their royal authority. So both the monarchy and the commoners had ample reasons to wipe out heresy –something which they did with gusto. Many ascribe to a long held notion that Inquisition was used by a power hungry Church to oppress the European people. However, the actual reality is quite different. Medieval Inquisition in many parts of Europe brought peace and stability and despite what many may believe Church actually did not practice burning of heretics. In 1184 Pope Lucius III commanded various European Bishops to inspect whether the accused heretics were guilty or not. They were asked to “inquire” thereby giving birth to Inquisition. Instead of relying on secular courts, mob rule or the monarch Church took the matter into their own hands and subsequently saved thousands of lives. From the Church’s perspective the heretics were reckoned to have gone astray from the path of righteousness and so the onus was on the ecclesiastical order to bring them back into the fold. Rise Of Monarchy and Spread Of Anti-Semitism- However the power of the monarchy rose dramatically in the late Middle Ages and superseded the power of the Church. Secular rulers wanting to preserve the religious health of their kingdoms were in favour of a more radical form of Inquisition. They blamed the Church for being too lenient on the heretics and wrested the control of the Inquisition from the Papacy. The monarch argued they were a better judge of how to tackle heresy in their respective kingdoms, than the faraway Pope. Such political dynamics would eventually give shape to the Spanish Inquisition. But there were other crucial factors also. Spain, in many ways was different from the other European countries because of its diverse and religiously tolerant society, where for a long time Jews, Christians and Muslims lived and prospered side by side. The Iberian peninsula was a hotbed of warfare throughout the Middle Ages as a result there was a constant redrawing of the borders between Christian and Muslim Kingdoms. So it was in every ruler’s best interest to practice religious tolerance, something which was a rarity in Medieval Europe. However, this peaceful coexistence could not endure for long. It was inevitable that the wave of anti Semetic sentiments that engulfed entire Europe would vitiate the harmony in Spain. The wealth and prosperity of the Jews became the cause of everyone’s ire. Especially for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella who were doggedly determined to end the economic and spiritual dominance of the Jews. The Jews practiced their own religion, followed their own penal code, while maintaining peace and harmony with the Christians. Because of their manifold skills, especially in trade and commerce, Jews became extremely prosperous. Their growing prosperity and opulence greatly concerned the monarchs, who wanted desperately to stymie their growth. These factors gave birth to the Spanish Inquisition in 1480. The Holy Office Of Inquisition… It was Queen Isabella’s trusted advisor, Alonso de Ojeda who suggested the idea of an inquisition. Sensing the Queen’s ardent wish to purify the country, Ojeda advocated drastic measures to stem the spread of Judaism in the country. He said Judaism threatened to corrupt the entire Christian society and even the Jewish converts were responsible for defiling the sacraments of the Church by their purported and token acceptance of Christianity. So these Judaists should be thoroughly examined for proselytizing to the Christian communities. The Queen readily gave her approval and the Holy Office of Inquisition was formed in 1478. Tomas De Torquemeda, an affluent monk was appointed as the Grand Inquisitor who was given the task of wiping out all forms of heresy from Spain. The Grand Inquisitor took to his job with ruthless vigour and over a course of time thousands of Jews got either excommunicated or killed. The Inquisition persisted long after the Jews were officially expelled from Spain in 1492. The Holy Office Of Inquisition only got abolished in 1834.

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Food, clothing and shelter generally top the list of basic human needs. While shopping at a discount store, instead of the mall, generally takes care of the clothing issue and living in a small apartment, instead of a McMansion, can address your housing situation, rising world food prices can lead to some significant challenges in the food department. Everything from rising transportation costs to the development of biofuels, such as biodiesel, push up the cost of food and put a pinch on consumers' wallets. While the need to eat isn't something you can avoid, there are some steps you can take to keep the costs in check. Tutorial: Budgeting Basics Eat at Home Dining out is an expensive proposition. Just about any nutritious meal that you buy in a formal restaurant, can be made at home for a fraction of the price. Even good coffee is cheaper to make, if you do it yourself. Fast food is excluded from the category; while high-calorie, low-quality food can be had at a bargain price, the impact on your long-term health overrides the benefit of short-term savings. (If you love restaurants, try investing in them instead of eating at them. To learn more, see Sinking Your Teeth Into Restaurant Stocks.) Shop with a Plan If you stumble around the grocery store and fill your cart with everything that catches your eye, chances are you will spend a lot more money than you needed to spend. To minimize your cash outlay, prepare a shopping list before you leave home. Plan your meals for the week ahead, and make careful note of what you need to buy, in order to prepare those meals. Once the list is made, purchase only the items on the list and avoid impulse buys. (Learn how to create a budget. See The Beauty Of Budgeting and Get Your Budget In Fighting Shape.) Put on Blinders Grocery stores are designed to make you go through a maze to get to the most basic items you need, in the hope that you will make a few impulse buys along the way. If you keep to your planned list of needed foods, you won't be tempted when you get forced down the junk food aisle to get at the milk. Most necessities and basic cooking items are found along the outside perimeter of the store, so start there and work your way around the edge of the store, only stepping into the maze to grab any leftover items on your list. Eat Before You Shop When you are hungry and you walk into a building full of food, there's a high likelihood that you are going to fill your cart with unnecessary and expensive purchases that appeal more to your taste buds, than your budget. To keep your costs down, eat first and shop on a full stomach. Avoid Prepared Foods Our fast-paced society encourages convenience and the grocery store has capitalized on this trend. Ready-made meals are easy to buy, but come with a premium price tag. Instead of putting that rotisserie chicken and macaroni salad in your cart, buy the ingredients and prepare the meal yourself. The same concept applies to frozen entrées, baked goods and any other food that has been prepared in some way, for added convenience. Skip the Bottled Water If you don't like the water that comes out of the tap, buy a water filter. The per-gallon cost is significantly less than the cost of bottled water and without all the plastic bottles to discard, it's a lot easier on the environment. (To invest in water, read Water: The Ultimate Commodity.) Shop Without the Kids Hungry, tired and cranky kids increase the amount of time it takes to get your shopping done. Every extra minute that you spend in the grocery store, increases the likelihood of extra items finding their way into your cart, including toys and snacks designed to keep the kids quiet, while you try to focus on finding a few bargains. Buy in Bulk Bulk buying can save you a significant amount of money. Pay attention to the prices and pick up the family size package, if the per-unit cost is lower and you have a place to store it. Shopping at big-box bulk retailers, like Sam's Club and Costco, can also save on your bill, if you shop there frequently enough to cover the cost of membership. However, pay careful attention to your spending habits. The big boxes are often no bargain at all, when compared to sales prices and coupon savings at other stores. In addition, they may encourage you to buy more than you need, driving up your grocery bill.(Bulk purchases aren't for everyone. To learn more, check out The Dark Side Of Bulk Buying.) Use Store Reward Cards If the store that you visit most frequently has a reward card, be sure to sign up. In some cases, stores raise their prices when they offer reward cards and without the card your bill will certainly be higher. If the reward card offers other benefits, such as a ham for the holidays or a discount on gasoline, be sure to maximize your benefits by paying attention to the cutoff dates and cashing in your points before they expire. Coupons provide an easy way to save money. Clip them and cash them in, paying particular attention to stores that double the value of manufacturers' coupons. A number of websites also offer coupons exclusively and they are a great place to search for discounts on the items you have on your list. If you frequent a website of your favorite brands, they will often offer discounts to their faithful public. A few minutes of surfing online can make a difference at the till. Locally grown or produced food is often available at a cheaper price, because you don't pay for long transportation costs. Farmer's markets, fairs and the local aisle at your grocery store, are all game for deals on tasty and fresh food. Stores often place the most expensive items at eye-level. To find less expensive items, look down. Also, looking around your brand-name food can find you a cheaper generic alternative. Generic label products are often nearly identical to name-brand goods and are often produced in the same factory, so don't pay for packaging when what you really want is the food inside. (For more insight, see Sneaky Strategies That Fuel Overspending.) Avoid the End Caps and Checkout Temptations Those displays placed at the end of each aisle often feature premium brands. Rather than grabbing those high-priced batteries or that extra box of cereal, walk down the aisle. Chances are good that walking a few extra feet will reward you with a less expensive option. Many grocery stores now offer checkout lines that don't feature candy. Using these lanes not only helps you avoid the temptation to spend your money on sweets, but it also encourages a healthier lifestyle. Compare Prices and Stores Some consumers have trouble calculating the cost per unit in their heads, but it's something that gets a lot easier with practice; you can even carry a calculator. Looking at the brands and comparing prices is an easy way to shave a few cents off most purchases. The store that features the lowest average prices in your area is often the best place for routine shopping, but the higher-priced competitor may run sales on specific items that undercut the cost at your most frequented venue. Watch for these sales and take advantage of them when possible. Shop for Sales As mentioned above, sales can be a great incentive to switch stores, but only if you need the items on sale. Pay attention to sales on necessity items and stock up on non-perishables and freezer goods. Keep an eye on the prices, so that you know when a sale price is merely a small savings or when it is a significant discount to the normal price. Watch "Best Before" or "Sell By" Dates As the "sell by" or "best before" date approaches, you are virtually guaranteed a discount. For example, grocery stores lower prices as meat ages, so ask the butcher when the meats get marked down. Most stores have a fairly regular schedule that you can learn and follow. When you get a good deal, stock your freezer so you can avoid buying when the price is high. If you plan on freezing the food, "best before" dates shouldn't worry you; the product will stay fresh until you thaw and cook it. Substitute Recipe Items If you have a higher-priced item that reoccurs in your favorite recipes, it may be time to shake up your taste buds; often a lower-priced alternative can be found. For instance, if you consistently bake with olive oil and you see that the price has skyrocketed, a simple switch to applesauce, something that you might even be able to make if you have an apple tree, is a great cheap and low-fat substitution, for many recipes. Keep Your Kitchen Stocked A well-stocked kitchen means that you won't run out of staple items and need to buy them on the spur or the moment. Knowing what you have in the cabinet, means that you can wait to make your purchases until items are on sale. Reducing the number of trips that you make to the store each week or month, reduces the odds of unnecessary purchases and minimizes the amount of gasoline spent getting there. Pay Attention to Time Weekly sales often run from mid-week to mid-week. Hold off on your shopping until after you've had a chance to clip coupons from the Sunday paper and you'll not only enjoy the sales prices, but you might also get a coupon. Shopping during the evening or early morning also helps you avoid the crowds and spend less time in the store. Pay in Cash When you put groceries on your credit card and don't pay off the card in full each month, you pay interest on the purchase. To avoid this extra cost, pay in cash when you shop and keep necessities off your credit cards. (If you want to learn how to manage your credit card debt, read Take Control Of Your Credit Cards.) Check Your Bill Electronic scanners make the shopping experience faster and more convenient, but scanners aren't perfect. Be sure to take a look at the receipt to make sure your coupons and discounts were taken into account. The Bottom Line Food is one of those purchases that you just can't avoid, but careful shoppers can minimize the amount spent on this necessary purchase. All it takes is a little time, patience and effort. (To learn more on saving money, see Squeeze A Greenback Out Of Your Latte.)

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I just read a brief perspective article in the journal Evidence Based Medicine, “Medical apps for smartphones: lack evidence undermines quality and safety.” It is a quick little read and it brings up some very real and interesting points which I will try to summarize. - There is no official vetting system for medical apps – Some apps are blatantly wrong and dangerous, some are out of date therefore also dangerous. - Lack of information and clinical involvement in the creation of the apps – There is a paucity of information regarding the creator of the app. Some apps have no physician involvement. - Companies (authors specifically mention Pharma) creating apps could create conflicts of interest and ethical issues – Pharma apps could produce drug guides or clinical decision tools that subtlety push their own products. The FDA will regulate some apps but not all. The FDA will regulate apps that control a medical device or displays, stores, analyzes patient data (example: electrocardiogram). They will also regulate apps that use formulas or algorithms to give patient specific results such as diagnosis, treatment, recommendation or differential diagnosis. Finally they will regulate apps that transform a mobile device into a medical device (example: apps that use attachments or sensors to allow the smartphone to measure blood glucose). That still leaves a ton of medical apps hanging out there in the app stores which are largely unregulated. The article states, “Until now, there has been no reported harm to a patient caused by a recalled app. However, without app safety standards, it is only a matter of time before medical errors will be made and unintended harm to patient will occur.” Basically it is the Wild West in the medical app arena. There are two groups that are trying to evaluate medical apps. iMedicalApps.com and the Medical App Journal review various apps directed toward medical professionals. I take issue with the article authors who state these sites are a “good starting point for peer-reviewing apps, the current assessment criteria do not address the scientific evidence for their content, but rather matters of usability, design, and content control.” While I don’t use the Medical App Journal as often, I use iMedicalApps.com quite often and they do more than just assess the usability and design. I have read reviews where they question the medical correctness of apps, intended audience, and have even pushed for more information regarding authorship/responsibility. Several of their reviews questioned an app’s update schedule and updated content. They have also investigated, questioned, and reported instances of fraud and plagiarism with medical apps. I think iMedicalApps does a very good job in a very flooded market, but there are areas for improvement. As with any website that relies on a large number of reporters/reviewers, there is some variance in the quality based on the reviewer. I haven’t found any reviews that are bad, just some are better and more thorough than others. Perhaps a little more explanation or transparency regarding how they determine the accuracy or validity of medical app might be helpful, or a standardized checklist about the things they look at. I realize evaluating the latest UpToDate app is different compared to an app on EKGs. UpToDate already has an established proven product where as there is more to investigate and validate with an app that isn’t a version of an already established product. The authors believe the medical community needs to be more involved with regulating medical apps. They suggest: - Official certification marks guaranteeing quality - Peer review system implemented by physicians’ associations or patient organizations - Making high quality apps more findable by adding them to hospital or library collections 1. I like the idea of having an official certification indicating quality, but there are two things that must be addressed prior to that. First you have to get the organizations to actually take responsibility for looking at apps that are in their area of expertise. The field is already cumbersome, I am not sure many organizations are able to handle that. Although I have found that several journals have now included app reviews. While they can’t come close to scratching the surface of medical apps, these journals often have MDs, RNs, MPTs writing reviews and evaluating the content. Specifically I have found some good reviews in the physical therapy and nursing journals. Second, there is growing problem with fake certifications. If an app is created by a company or people who already don’t care about its accuracy or is a plagiarizing a product, they probably have no qualms about lifting the image of the certification and posting it on their website. They could create their own certifications to fake (but legit sounding) orgs and post those on their app’s site too. Official certification is a good idea and I like it but there needs to be more to it to make sure it truly represents quality. 2. I personally believe the writers at iMedicalApps.com are on their way to something of a peer review system. Right now they only have one person review an app. While that completely makes sense from a writing perspective, perhaps they can implement some sort of peer review process where more than just one person is reviewing the app, yet still retain the one voice post for ease of reading. Perhaps they could reach out to a few medical professionals who are leaders in their field to review specific apps. Thus giving the reviewed app a little bit more weight. This along with astandardized check list or illustrating how they review the medical accuracy of an app would make the information on their site even more important and provide an excellent way of separating the wheat from the chaff. 3. An online repository of approved apps would be great. Some hospital IT departments that have mobile device policies have this, but they seem to be only hospital type apps like Citrix or database subscription apps like LexiComp, PubMed, UpToDate, etc. While these apps are important, there is little worry about apps like LexiComp, UpToDate, or PubMed because they were well established medical information products before their app. Their app is just an extension of their verified product. I don’t see a lot of IT departments that have investigated having a pool of apps that aren’t hospital specific or from database subscriptions. Additionally, IT would either need to rely on an outside sources like iMedicalApps or content experts within the field in that hospital to build the app pool. IT would have no way of verifying the authenticity and validity of an app on pediatric emergency medicine. Finally, getting hospitals to buy bulk licenses to apps is tricky at best. With exception of a few places like Epocrates, Unbound Medicine, Inkling, and Skyscape (many of those companies dealt with institutional subscriptions before app stores….remember PDAs?) there are very few places that sell or license apps to a group of people. The purchasing of apps was created as an individual service. Now academic medical centers may have a foot in the door with iTunes U, but I have heard that discussions with Apple and their app store and hospitals is an “interesting” process. The same principle applies to library repositories. Instead of IT aggregating the apps, the library would do that. There are a lot of library’s that already have great lists suggesting various medical apps. But the vast majority of medical libraries have app resources guides, suggesting apps that the individual must buy. Also just like with an IT repository of apps, the librarian must rely on sites like iMedicalApps.com or their own physician suggestions to ensure they are listing quality apps. Like I said it is the Wild West when it comes to medical apps. That is because the whole app industry is a new frontier. There are quality and accuracy problems with other apps in the app stores. A pedometer app with errors is not going to kill somebody, but an inaccurate medical app can. Yes, the medical community needs to get involved in evaluating apps, but so does Apple and Google. Right now Apple’s iTunes store feedback and ranking system while good for games, is not adequate for medical apps and can easily be subject to fraud. Additionally, Apple is extremely tight lipped about its app store rules and regulations. Some apps have extreme difficulty getting approved, while others fly through approval process only to be mysteriously removed later. There is no transparency to the Apple App Store. For example, there is no information about the app Critical APPraisal which was determined to be a plagiarized version of Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal. The app was available in the App Store July 2011. However, if you searched today for the app, you wouldn’t be able to find it in the App Store, it simply disappeared. Unless you happen to read the article in BMJ, iMedicalApps.com, or a few other British publications, you would have no clue as to why the app was removed. When it comes to dangerous apps, disappearing them from the App Store is not good enough. You must have transparency when it comes to medicine. According to an updated BMJ article, the doctors accused of plagiarizing The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal to use in their app Critical APPraisal, have been cleared of plagiarism by the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service. “A regulatory panel rejected charges by the General Medical Council (GMC) that Afroze Khan, Shahnawaz Khan, and Zishan Sheikh acted dishonestly in knowingly copying structure, contents, and material from a book, The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal, when developing their Critical APPraisal app, representing it as their own work, and seeking to make a gain from the material.” Shahnawaz Khan and Afroze Khan were also accused of dishonestly posting positive reviews of the app on the Apple iTunes Store without disclosing that they were co-developers and had a financial interest in the app. The GMC found that Shahnawaz Khan no evidence that he knew that the app, which was initiallly free, would later sold for a fee. His case was concluded without any findings. However, the GMC panel found that “Afroze Khan’s conduct in posting the review was misleading and dishonest.” Yet they considered this type of dishonesty to be “below the level that would constitute impairment of this fitness to practise.” The GMC panel said it was an isolated incident and did not believe it would be repeated in which they “considered his good character and testimonials attesting to his general probity and honesty and decided not to issue a formal warning.”

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From: American Association for the Advancement of Science Posted: Thursday, June 8, 2000 Contact: Heather Singmaster American Association for the Advancement of Science Washington D.C. -- Brine-pocketed salt crystals within the "Zag" meteorite may be among the oldest materials found in the solar system, a U.K. research team has found. This surprisingly old age could spur scientists to speed up the prevailing scenario of the solar system's evolution, and opens the possibility that hospitable conditions for life might have arisen earlier than previously thought. The researchers report their findings in the 9 June issue of Science. Using radioisotope dating, scientists at the University of Manchester and the Natural History Museum in London determined that the salt crystals probably formed within about two million years of the solar system's birth. If this age is correct, it means that the dust, gas, and ice swirling around the newborn sun clumped together into rocky fragments far more quickly than researchers have assumed. These fragments were the parent bodies for primitive meteorites like Zag and the essential building blocks for asteroids and planets. In the scenario proposed by first author James Whitby and his colleagues, Zag's parent body accreted rapidly into a rocky mass containing water and radioactive isotopes. The isotopes' decay generated enough heat to melt any ice within the rock matrix, and soon caused the liquid to evaporate altogether. The salt crystals, (mainly sodium chloride, or "halite,") precipitated during the evaporation process, similar to the way halite forms when sea water evaporates on Earth. The Zag meteorite, which fell in Morocco in 1998, was the second meteorite found carrying halite crystals. Like those in the Monahans meteorite (see Science, 27 August, 1999, p. 1364 and 1377), these crystals contained microscopic inclusions of water, the key ingredient for life. Both finds have raised hopes of learning more about the possibility that life might have evolved elsewhere in the solar system. To do so, researchers would first have to determine when water existed in these parent bodies and for how long. Previous studies of other meteorite minerals could only place the time of liquid water within 100 million years after the solar system's formation, explains Ulrich Ott, of the Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie in Mainz, Germany, in a Perspective article that accompanies the research paper. Rubidium dating of the halite in Monahans had suggested that the crystals might be some of the oldest materials in the solar system, but this dating method is less precise than the one used by Whitby and his colleagues. "Those results showed that this was interesting halite. Immediately, our next question was, 'how old is it?'" Whitby said. A second crucial task was to make sure that the halite hadn't precipitated from water on Earth that contaminated the meteorite after it landed. To tackle both these questions, Whitby and co-authors Ray Burgess, Grenville Turner and Jamie Gilmour, of the University of Manchester, and John Bridges, of the Natural History Museum, analyzed xenon, iodine, and argon isotopes extracted from a minute sliver of a Zag halite crystal. They found a surprisingly large amount of xenon-129, which forms when iodine-129 decays. Iodine-129 was present in the early solar system but is not found on Earth. "I popped the halite in the machine and got this amazing peak showing an abundance of xenon-129. That told us immediately it wasn't terrestrial material. I hadn't really expected that, so it was quite stunning, really," said Whitby. Because scientists know the rate at which iodine-129 decays into xenon-129, Whitby and his co-authors could then calculate the age of the halite. They estimate that the crystals formed about two million years after the birth of the solar system 4.57 billion years ago, suggesting that liquid water departed from its parent body soon after it had appeared. "The results from the I-Xe dating by Whitby et al. are particularly astonishing," writes Ott in the Perspective article. Until the discovery of halite in Monahans and Zag, the oldest materials in the solar system were thought to be chondrules, glassy spheres that make up much of the mass in primitive meteorites. Although the origins of these particles are still under debate, many scientists believe that chrondrule formation continued for about 5 million years after the solar system's birth. From their analysis of the crystals and the rocky matrix around them, the research team proposes that the halite grew very quickly on a newly formed asteroid that had just formed by the collision of smaller particles. About 300 million years later, another large impact smashed the loose fragments together into a more solid conglomerate, a piece of which became the Zag meteorite. The presence of liquid water also has important implications for understanding the geology of moons and planets with large amounts of heat in their interiors. Volcanic activity is closely tied with the availability of water, which plays a major role in the formation of magma. // end //

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All Oral Health News articles What habit is most likely to cause bad breath? March 24, 2011 - Oral Care Industry News The causes of halitosis are so numerous that listing them all could take a while. Primarily, bad breath comes from dry mouth, poor oral hygiene, savory foods, postnasal drip and tonsil stones. However, many of these problems are not so much preventable as treatable, usually with a specialty breath freshener. Among preventable oral issues and hygiene habits, which agent of bad breath is the most potent? Dry mouth causes healthy problems among aging Americans March 24, 2011 - Oral Care Industry News Among the many causes of bad breath, dry mouth is fairly unique, in that even the healthiest mouth fed the least odiferous foods possible is still susceptible to it. Scientists recently explored the negative health consequences that can come from chronic dry mouth among elderly Americans. Dry mouth, smoking are prevalent among Saudi students with halitosis March 23, 2011 - Oral Care Industry News Keeping your mouth clean and fresh can be difficult during college, no matter where one's university is located. To determine just how many collegians suffer from bad breath, and what their oral habits are, a team of researchers recently surveyed students from the King Saud University in Saudi Arabia. Scientists explain garlic breath March 23, 2011 - The Science of Bad Breath Bad breath caused by garlic seems like a fairly simple process. You eat garlic; you get halitosis that smells like, what else, garlic. However, there is a lot more than that going on in a mouth afflicted by garlic breath, and researchers at the University of Minnesota recently set out to explain what causes this particular form of oral odor. Tonsil stones have a long, dirty history March 18, 2011 - The Science of Bad Breath Taking care of halitosis often means doing more than just brushing and flossing. After all, bad breath doesn't come solely from food particles and tooth decay - it can also be related to tobacco, alcohol, pungent foods, gingivitis, ulcers, postnasal drip and tonsil stones. The latter have been causing bad breath since as far back as medical history can recall. Scientists link tongue brushing, scraping to freshened breath March 16, 2011 - The Science of Bad Breath Most people have tried brushing or scraping their tongue, but not everyone is aware of the positive effects this practice has on bad breath. With some simple instruction and a specialty breath freshening tongue scraper, a vigilant tongue-brusher can keep halitosis very much at bay. Eucalyptus extract has debatable effects on bad breath March 16, 2011 - Oral Care Industry News The breath-freshening benefits of eucalyptus extract have been touted for decades now, since eucalyptol - an organic compound found in the plant - is an ingredient in some products designed to treat bad breath. However, experts are divided on whether the extract works as well as some think it does to bust halitosis. Probiotics appear in numerous studies of halitosis March 15, 2011 - Oral Care Industry News A quick look into dental and oral health literature will confirm that probiotics are being thoroughly investigated for their effect on halitosis and oral bacteria. While this fact can be encouraging, some individuals may not be aware of what oral care probiotics are, or what they do. Here is a basic rundown of the way probiotics fight bad breath, complete with some of the newest studies out there on the subject. Vaccine may relieve halitosis...in mice March 10, 2011 - The Science of Bad Breath Modern medicine has developed vaccines for a number of bacteria- and virus-caused conditions, but currently halitosis is not one of them. However, scientists at the University of California, San Diego, have reported successfully inoculating mice against one strain of bad breath-causing bacteria. Study: Bad breath wafts from the tongue more than the teeth March 9, 2011 - The Science of Bad Breath The bacteria that cause halitosis can live on virtually any surface in the mouth. However, some surfaces are more likely to contribute to oral odor than others. This is the conclusion of a study conducted by scientists at the Nippon Dental University in Japan. Chewing tobacco can cause bad breath, and worse March 4, 2011 - Oral Care Industry News Using smokeless tobacco - also known as chewing tobacco, plugs or dip - can lead to a range of health conditions, starting at halitosis and ending with much worse. A pair of U.S. senators recently requested that Major League Baseball (MLB) ban the use of smokeless tobacco among its players, according to MSNBC. Sulfurous compounds in onions can cause bad breath, weeping March 2, 2011 - The Science of Bad Breath Onions have been an ingredient in food - and a cause of bad breath - since the Stone Age, if not before. The pungent plant is a good source of nutrients and vitamins, and many people find it quite tasty. However, the odor molecules packed into an onion bulb can leave anyone who eats it with a powerful case of halitosis. Dairy products can cause halitosis in more than one way March 1, 2011 - The Science of Bad Breath Unfortunately for those who can't get enough garlic, milk can also cause bad breath.

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Tips specific to flooding can be found here. Preparedness is a year round activity. However, September is the month for recognizing national preparedness. The overall goal is to engage the public to make preparedness a part of their daily lives and just not for one single month. National Preparedness Month (NPM) is geared towards building awareness and encouraging Americans to take steps to prepare for emergencies in their homes, schools, organizations, businesses, and places of worship. Building community resilience requires close coordination with government,emergency managers, public and private and sectors, as well as individuals to plan for the needs of the whole community. You never know when the big one will hit. Use the preparedness tools found here as well as those on our partner sites to learn how you can prepare this month. National Preparedness Month is a reminder to get ready, because tomorrow may not be like today. Preparedness tips are available in this presentation, which can be used at your home, business or place of worship. Download this presentation here.

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The constitution of England or, An account of the English government; in which it is compared, both with the republican form of government, and the other monarchies in Europe. 4th ed., cor. and enl. by Jean Louis de Lolme Printed for G. Robinson [etc.] Written in English. |Dewey Decimal Class||342.42| |Library of Congress||JN117 .L613 1784| The Physical Object |Pagination||xvi, 540, p.| |Number of pages||540| History Created April 1, 2008 · |December 14, 2009||Edited by WorkBot||link works| |July 20, 2009||Edited by EdwardBot||found a matching MARC record| |April 1, 2008||Created by an anonymous user||Initial record created, from Scriblio MARC record.|

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Swine influenza was first proposed to be a disease related to human flu during the 1918 flu pandemic, when pigs became ill at the same time as humans. The first identification of an influenza virus as a cause of disease in pigs occurred about ten years later, in 1930. For the following 60 years, swine influenza strains were almost exclusively H1N1. Then, between 1997 and 2002, new strains of three different subtypes and five different genotypes emerged as causes of influenza among pigs in North America. In 1997–1998, H3N2 strains emerged. These strains, which include genes derived by Reassortment from human, swine and avian viruses, have become a major cause of swine influenza in North America. Reassortment between H1N1 and H3N2 produced H1N2. In 1999 in Canada, a strain of H4N6 crossed the species barrier from birds to pigs, but was contained on a single farm. Swine Influenza can affect animals and also humans as well. Swine Influenza causes fever, disorientation, stiffness of the joints, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. It can also end in death. You can detect swine influenza by watching out for these symptoms; vomiting, nausea, runny nose, loss of appetite, drowsy, the chills, fever, body aches, soar throat, coughing, diarrhea, and stomach ache. The treatment for Swine Flu contains bed rest, lots of healthy fluids, cough suppressants, and medicine for fevers.

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I am trying to write a proram that will search for character or letter and count how many times that character appears. The user will enter a phrase in a text box then press the search button, then an Inputbox will appear asking the user to enter a character. then a messagebox.show should appear giving the user the number of times the character appears. This is what I have so far. I am getting an error after i type the character i want to look for. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks. Private Sub btnSearch_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnSearch.Click Dim keyword As Char Dim txtlength As Integer Dim intCounter As Integer = 0 txtlength = txtSearch.Text.Length() keyword = CChar(InputBox("What charater are you looking for?", "Search")) Do Until txtlength = intCounter If CBool(txtSearch.Text.Substring(CInt(intCounter), 1)) Then MessageBox.Show("The character appears " & intCounter & " times.") intCounter += 1 End If Loop end sub Quoted Text Here

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(American, born Cuba. 1948–1985) 1984. Sand and binder on wood, 2 3/4 x 19 1/4 x 61 1/2" (7 x 48.9 x 156.2 cm) Nile Born is a sculpture made of sand, overlaid on a wooden base and shaped to the scale and contour of the artist’s body. While Nile Born is meant to be installed in a gallery, Mendieta is also known for works in which she directly imprinted her body on the natural landscape and documented this action via photography or film. The form of the female body in this sculpture is both specific and universal, based on the scale of Mendieta’s body but also serving as a symbol of every woman. As a Cuban American exiled from her home country for most of her life, Mendieta considered making art to be “the way I reestablish the bonds that unite me to the universe. It is a return to the maternal source.” The title is a nod to Cuba’s African heritage, a subject Mendieta often incorporated in her work. An image, especially a positive print, recorded by exposing a photosensitive surface to light, especially in a camera. A three-dimensional work of art made by a variety of means, including carving wood, chiseling stone, casting or welding metal, molding clay or wax, or assembling materials. The outline of something. The organizing around shared cultural characteristics such as race, class, and religion. The belief in and advocacy for equal legal and social rights and conditions for women. A form, sign, or emblem that represents something else, often something immaterial, such as an idea or emotion. The ratio between the size of an object and its model or representation, as in the scale of a map to the actual geography it represents. A term that emerged in the 1960s to describe a diverse range of live presentations by artists. Artistic manipulation of the natural landscape, typically though not exclusively enacted on a large scale. Born in Cuba, Mendieta and her sister Raquel were sent to the United States to escape Fidel Castro’s regime at the ages of twelve and fourteen, respectively. There they lived in various foster homes in Iowa. Mendieta was unable return to her home country until she was thirty-one years old. Her dual identity as a Cuban living in the United States was at the center of her work: “I am between two cultures, you know?”1 Mendieta used the term “earth-body” to describe her art. Often working directly in the land and creating pieces that disintegrated over time, her work straddled various artistic genres, including performance, body, and earthworks. The Goddess Figure in Art While images of goddesses have existed in many cultures around the world since prehistory, feminist artists and art historians developed a renewed interest in the universal female figure in the 1970s. The goddess archetype was appropriated as an empowering and unifying feminine symbol; more recently, such uses of the goddess archetype have been criticized as an oversimplification of women’s diverse identities.

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https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/ana-mendieta-nile-born-1984

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Miracle Gro contains urea phosphate, potassium chloride, sodium molybdate, ammonium phosphate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, chlorine, boric acid, manganese EDTA, disodium salt and ferric sodium EDTA. Some of these ingredients provide macronutrients, which plants need plenty of to grow; others provide micronutrients, which plants need less of but are still vital to the plant's health.Continue Reading Garden Guides notes that urea phosphate is comprised of 17 percent nitrogen and about 44 percent phosphorus oxide. Phosphorus is responsible for nearly all of the developmental aspects of plant growth. Urea phosphate is created by mixing urea with orthophosphoric acid, and it is the primary contributor of nitrogen to plants. Ammonium phosphate contains micronutrients, such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and sulfur. In solid form, ammonium phosphate is 11 percent nitrogen and 48 to 55 percent phosphorus oxide. Zinc sulfate is responsible for regulating carbohydrates and protein in plants. Copper is responsible for metabolizing nitrogen. Chlorine helps plants absorb minerals and helps with photosynthesis. Plants need boric acid for developing cells and cell walls, and it is necessary for calcium absorption. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, otherwise known as EDTA, acts as a chelating agent, which binds macronutrients, so plants can absorb them. Manganese EDTA is responsible for nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and respiratory function in plants. Ferric sodium EDTA injects iron into plants, which is crucial for synthesizing chlorophyll and promoting functioning enzymes. Sodium carries water to plant cells, and molybdate prevents nitrogen deficiencies.Learn more about Gardening & Landscapes

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https://www.reference.com/home-garden/miracle-gro-contain-da8b348ad5fbf3f6

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A Glossary of Morphology (Glossaries in Linguistics) By: Laurie Bauer (author)Paperback 2 - 4 weeks availability This pocket-sized alphabetic guide introduces terms used in the study of linguistic morphology, the study of the structure of words. The importance of morphology has been more clearly recognised in recent linguistic theory, and this glossary thus covers an area of growing interest. Clearly written by a leading authority in the field, the glossary provides coverage of both traditional and contemporary terminology. Key features * A handy and easily understandable pocket guide for anyone embarking on courses in morphology * Supplies numerous cross-references to related terms * Contains an introduction which discusses the centrality of morphology in linguistic studies * Covers new terminology such as contextual inflection and morphome * Includes an annotated bibliography with suggestions for further reading Laurie Bauer is Professor of Linguistics at the Victoria University of Wellington. He is an Editor of the journal Word Structure. Number Of Pages: - ID: 9780748618538 - Saver Delivery: Yes - 1st Class Delivery: Yes - Courier Delivery: Yes - Store Delivery: Yes Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly © Copyright 2013 - 2016 WHSmith and its suppliers. WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36

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en

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent federal regulatory agency that was created in 1972 by Congress in the Consumer Product Safety Act. In that law, Congress directed the Commission to "protect the public against unreasonable risks of injuries and deaths associated with consumer products." We have jurisdiction over thousands of types of consumer products, from coffee makers to toys to lawn mowers. Some types of products, however, are covered by other federal agencies. For example, cars, trucks and motorcycles are covered by the Department of Transportation; food, drugs and cosmetics are covered by the Food and Drug Administration; and alcohol, tobacco and firearms are within the jurisdiction of the Department of the Treasury. What We Do CPSC works to reduce the risk of injuries and deaths from consumer products by: - developing voluntary standards with industry - issuing and enforcing mandatory standards; banning consumer products if no standard would adequately protect the public - obtaining the recall of products and arranging for their repair, replacement or a refund - conducting research on potential product hazards - informing and educating consumers through the media, state and local governments, private organizations, and by responding to consumer inquiries. How We Can Help If you've had a safety problem with a consumer product, here's how to get in touch with us: - To report an unsafe consumer product to CPSC online, visit www.SaferProducts.gov, or call CPSC’s toll-free Hotline at (800) 638-2772, or (301) 595-7054 for the hearing and speech impaired. - See a list of free CPSC safety guides. Print out safety guides on your printer. Many can be ordered. To order copies of safety guides, send an email to email@example.com or call CPSC’s Hotline at (800) 638-2772. - Visit CPSC’s Information Centers for product safety information. - For questions related to consumer product safety, email CPSC at firstname.lastname@example.org or write to us at U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814.

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en

The volcanic island of Ternate, where Wallace first stepped ashore in January 1858, was at that time nominally ruled by an eccentric one-eyed Sultan. An octogenarian, he liked to be addressed by his full title of Tadjoel Moelki Amiroedin Iskandar Kaulaini Sjah Peotra Mohamad Djin. He was the twenty-third Sultan, and traced his authority back to the ruler of Ternate who had been on the throne when the English adventurer Francis Drake came there in 1579 looking for the fabled Spice Islands. Drake had found what he was seeking, because Ternate and the small islands to the south were then the main source of cloves, a spice which cost more than its weight in gold when brought to Europe. The Sultan of Ternate – with his equally autocratic neighbour the Sultan of Tidore, who ruled another little volcano island a mile away – controlled virtually the entire world's supply of the spice, and a good proportion of the nutmeg and mace as well, because these spices happened to grow in domains which paid them tribute. In fact the suzerainty of Ternate and Tidore extended, in theory at least, as far as Waigeo, where nearly three centuries later Wallace found the natives still obliged to send a tribute of feathers from Birds of Paradise to decorate the turbans of the Sultans and their clusters of courtiers. In Drake's day the Sultan of Ternate had been a splendidly barbaric figure, wearing a cloth-of-gold skirt, thick gold rings braided into his hair, a heavy gold chain around his neck, and his fingers adorned with a glittering array of diamonds, rubies and emeralds. By the time Wallace arrived, the effective power of the Sultan had been eroded by more than two centuries of bullying by larger nations who coveted the spice trade. In the mid-nineteenth century Sultan Mohamad Djin was frail and very forgetful, living on a Dutch pension as a doddering semi-recluse who spent his days in his shabby and dusty palace surrounded by his wives, a brood of 125 children and grandchildren, the princes of the blood and their families, courtiers, servants and slaves. Most of them were poverty-stricken. A memory of the glamour remained, however. The Sultan himself would emerge from his palace, the kedaton, for state occasions or to call on the Dutch authorities in the town. These appearances were like mannequins come to life from a museum, and greatly enjoyed by the Sultan's citizens who continued to ascribe semi-divine powers to their overlord. The Sultan and his court would sally forth dressed in a magpie collection of costumes which had been acquired piecemeal from earlier colonial contacts, or had been copied and recopied over the intervening centuries by local tailors. They donned Portuguese doublets of velvet, Spanish silk jackets, embroidered waistcoats and blouses, parti-coloured leggings and Dutch broadcloth coats. Their exotic headgear and weapons ranged from Spanish morions and halberds to swashbuckling velvet hats with drooping plumes and antique rapiers set with jewels. The pièce de résistance was the state carriage, which had been given to an earlier Sultan by the Dutch and was a period piece. It was so badly in need of repair that, to climb aboard it, the elderly Sultan had to mount a portable ladder. Safely ensconced, he was then pulled forward in his rickety conveyance by 16 palace servants harnessed instead of horses, who towed him slowly along to the Dutch Residency a few hundred metres distant. The real power in Ternate when Wallace arrived was not even the Dutch Resident but the chief merchant, Mr Duivenboden. He was of Dutch family but born in Ternate, and had been educated in England. Locally known as the 'King of Ternate', he was extremely rich, owned half the town as well as more than 100 slaves, and operated a large fleet of trading ships. His authority with the Sultan and the local rajahs was considerable, and he was very good to Wallace who, with his help, was able to rent a run-down house on the outskirts of the town and fix it up well enough to serve as his base of operations. He kept this house for three years, returning there regularly from his excursions to the outer islands. Back in his Ternate house, he would prepare and pack his specimens for shipment to Europe, write letters to his family and to friends like Bates, and begin preparations for the next sortie into the lesser-known fringes of the Moluccas. 29 October 2009 Sultanate of Ternate as a Colony From The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Man Who Shared Darwin's Discovery of Evolution, by Tim Severin (Carroll & Graf, 1997), pp. 183-185:

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A podcast is a an audio file published on the web. The files are usually downloaded onto computers or portable listening devices such as iPods or other players. Read more about podcasting from webcontent.gov HOST: Welcome to Diving Deeper where we interview National Ocean Service scientists on the ocean topics and information that are important to you! I’m your host Kate Nielsen. Today’s question is….Why do we archive nautical charts and maps? NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey maintains an online collection of digital scans of historical maps and nautical charts. Historical maps and charts are used by many different people for a variety of purposes. To help us dive a little deeper into this question, we will talk with Meredith Westington on historical charts and maps. Meredith is NOAA’s Chief Geographer at the Office of Coast Survey. Hi Meredith, welcome to our show. MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Hi Kate, thanks for inviting me. I’m excited to share some of the details about the Historical Map and Chart Collection with our listeners. (BACKGROUND ON HISTORICAL MAPS AND CHARTS) HOST: Meredith, what exactly is a historical map or chart? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well Kate, in the context of NOAA’s Historical Collection, a historical map or chart is any map or chart that’s not used today because it’s out of date. The product may not list the most current navigation obstacles, water depths, or shoreline—just to name a few items that are frequently updated on NOAA’s nautical charts which are produced by NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey. Other maps may depict historical events against the geographic landscape at that time. Our collection of maps depicting the Civil War battle sites are good examples. HOST: Meredith, we talked about this in an earlier episode of Diving Deeper, back in March 2009 with your colleague Tom Loeper, but can you remind everyone about the difference between a map and a nautical chart? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Sure, Kate.There’s actually many differences between a map and a nautical chart. In terms of nautical charts, they have a very specific purpose and that is to provide mariners with the information that they need to safely move along the water. Information will include water depths, shoreline, tide predictions, obstructions to navigation such as rocks and shipwrecks, and even navigational aids such as buoys. Because of its critical importance in promoting safe navigation, the nautical chart also has a certain level of legal standing and authority. To me, the term “map” is more all-encompassing of various geographic and cartographic products. Maps can convey information similar to nautical charts, but I believe the audience is much broader. Some examples of maps might be road maps or atlases, city plans. Another example, which is contained in our online collection, is bathymetric maps. Those are maps that depict just the water bottom without any navigational aids that you would actually see on a nautical chart. HOST: How far back do our maps and charts go? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, that’s an interesting question. Our collection of historical maps and charts dates to the 1700s, but the Office of Coast Survey, which formed in 1807 as the first federal scientific agency, produced its first charts in the early 1840s. That was after several decades of fundamental land-based and offshore survey work. Some interesting things that you might find in the collection are from 1803 we have the King Plats of the City of Washington, which are public streets rights-of-way in Washington, DC. We have sketches of Anacapa Island in California which is from 1854, it was created by James McNeill Whistler, who some may remember for his great works of art, but he was actually employed briefly at the Office of Coast Survey as an engraver. And we also have a Chattanooga battlefield map from 1863 which is considered one of the best Civil War maps at that time. It’s a far ranging collection. HOST: Meredith, what do NOAA’s historical charts and maps cover? Is it just our coastal waters? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: More or less that’s true. When the Survey of the Coast was formed in 1807, the agency was responsible for surveying and charting only the Atlantic Coast of the U.S., which was at that time approximately 15,000 statute miles of shoreline. Today’s nautical charts cover 95,000 miles of shoreline, cover the Great Lakes, and include 3.4 millionsquare nautical miles of U.S. jurisdiction within the Exclusive Economic Zone, which is an area that extends 200 nautical miles from shore. Our historic charts also cover areas of historic U.S. interest, which include the Philippines. HOST: Why do we need to archive historical maps and charts? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, the historical maps and charts, I think they give us all a reference to the past from which we learn and we make decisions. Based on our experience from listening to other customer stories, it’s hard to put a value on the collection with such a diverse interest and use. It’s safe to say that the collection is largely sentimental in value, but it shouldn’t go unnoticed that people, including my office, use the collection to resolve legal disputes to often involve some monetary settlement. (PRESENT USE OF HISTORICAL MAPS AND CHARTS) HOST: Meredith, you've touched on this some already, but who uses historical charts and maps? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, the short answer is – lots of people. Since we posted a link on our website last year and we sort of passively prompted people to tell us their stories about how they’re using the collection, I’ve been amazed at the variety of applications for our products. What I’ve learned is historians are not the only ones who are using the collection. We’ve heard stories that the historical images are used for coastline or land change analysis, for transportation route analysis, for what I refer to as anthropological research – a lot of Civil War and pre-Civil War era work studying how people lived at that time. Ecological studies, geologic studies of ocean bottom features, and even as I said before, legal cases involving public and private land ownership rights. Even beyond legal and scientific purposes, we’ve also had people use the charts for book illustrations and home remodeling and decorating and movie set design. HOST: Wow, so really a little of bit of everything – that’s great. What is the most unique or interesting way that you’ve heard of that someone has used one of our historical charts or maps? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Wow, that’s a tough one to answer. I think for me, I was sort of taken aback when I had heard that a romance novelist was actually using our collection. I was not anticipating that, but I thought it was pretty cool.HOST: How do we use historical maps and charts to assess environmental changes over time? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: The charts contain data such as shoreline, water depths, and sea bottom characterizations. All this data is compiled using high scientific standards. It’s because of that very standard approach to data collection that people can and do track changes over time. HOST: Meredith, you mentioned several times that maps and charts can be used in legal cases, can you expand on that? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Yes. Since mariners rely on NOAA charts to plan out the best and safest routes, NOAA charts are often used in legal cases involving disasters at sea when uncharted hazards to navigation are suspected to have played a role. One example would probably be, there was a highly visible case dealing with the Queen Elizabeth II, which was a large ocean liner, grounding in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts in 1992. And in that particular case, we were instructed to basically monitor one particular chart and follow our processes for applying new hydrographic surveys over a four-year period following that grounding. We’ve also had instances where charts were referenced in cases involving land ownership rights along the coast because the shoreline that we show on our charts has a reference to specific tidal levels that often align with legal public and private rights and jurisdictions on the land and on the adjacent seabed, those shorelines are very important to a large number of our users. (NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE’S PRESERVATION ROLE) HOST: It’s great to hear about a product that initially has such a specific use for safe marine transportation, to hear about all the different ways that it’s used historically, not just as a pretty framed picture up on somebody’s office wall, but how it’s being used for everything from environmental to legal cases to movie sets to romance novels. Meredith, what is the role of the National Ocean Service in preserving the nation’s historical charts and maps? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, that’s a good question Kate. My office, the Office of Coast Survey, which is a part of the National Ocean Service, has published thousands of products over the last 200 years. In forming the Historical Map and Chart Collection, our primary interest has been about making the historical assets accessible. I suppose anyone could have scanned our maps and charts, but we were the first to recognize the need-- not only for own purposes, but to support other’s needs as well. We’re pretty proud of our heritage as the first federal scientific agency. By hosting the collection, we have the opportunity and the knowledge base to support our customers on questions about the collection. HOST: What’s involved in preserving these maps and charts, especially some that you’re saying are over 100 years old? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, we began our project in 1995. At that time we had a printing facility in an old warehouse in Maryland, that was shutting its doors and planning to throw away thousands of old maps and charts that were tucked away in map drawers. We were asked if we wanted to do anything with those maps and charts before they moved them to the trash. We actually stepped in and said yes, we’re going to scan them. So, that was the beginning of the scanning effort and there was one person in our office who actually recognized this need to preserve our assets and make them accessible. So he actually got together some grant money and a couple of scanners and some contractor services. We set out the standards for the file type, the image resolution, the file naming convention, and the chart information that we wanted to record – it was pretty critical that we set out those standards up front because then the massive scanning effort began. We concluded scanning the documents in the warehouse probably around 2003. And since then we’ve located some other assets within the National Archives and also with the Library of Congress that have not been scanned. Currently, we have 35,000 images in the collection and it’s one of the most comprehensive collections of historical maps and charts, I would say in the world. Even still, I can say that it’s not complete with respect to everything that NOAA and its predecessor agencies have produced. That’s 200 years of history to account for, and it’s a big task. HOST: Meredith, how long will it take to archive all of these charts and maps? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, right now, we’re in the midst of a major effort to obtain a full catalog of all the charts produced by NOAA and its predecessor agencies. This effort includes identifying what our agency produced—a surprisingly difficult task because there isn’t an all-encompassing catalog out there. The NOAA Library started to identify some NOAA assets at the National Archives and scanned those around 2008 timeframe. In addition, we have a partnership with the Library of Congress to support them in creating an inventory of their collection and scan all of their documents. That collection is actually about 28,000 charts and they all reside in map drawers and they are not inventoried. So, it’s a very similar setup to what we had in the warehouse, except we know that they’re all Coast and Geodetic Survey products. The warehouse was a little bit different in that respect. But our hope is that we will acquire digital scans of all NOAA produced charts and be able to provide the best copies to the public. And after this major effort to sort of retrace history, NOAA actually publishes between 100 to 200 new chart editions every year. So, our goal is to place every retired edition chart within the Historical Map and Chart Collection. As soon as a new chart edition comes out the old one goes in the historical collection. So, I think it’s safe to say that the archiving process will be continual. HOST: So Meredith, what all is in this collection? How diverse is it? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, it’s probably not surprising that with over 200 years of scientific leadership in surveying and mapping, that the collection is quite large. To name a few items, it includes nautical charts of U.S. waters – that’s what you would probably expect it to definitely have in it – and that includes current and former territories and possessions, there’s also Civil War maps, sketches which includes instrument diagrams because we have scientific leadership there’s actually instrument diagrams in there, there’s isogonic maps and gravity maps, bathymetric maps, aeronautical charts, and city plans. The core collection contains whatever NOAA and its predecessor agencies produced, which also includes the U.S. Lake Survey charts. The U.S. Lake Survey became a part of NOAA in 1970. The Coast and Geodetic Survey charts, the beginning of NOAA anyway, they date back to the 1840s. And then we’ve got loads of stuff in there that are non-NOAA produced maps. Some of them are because NOAA supported the work, either by providing the man power or the data. Other images are in the collection because quite frankly since we were scanning stuff that we did not know, it was not inventoried in the warehouse, we were just pulling map drawers and whatever was in the map drawer got scanned. HOST: Meredith, where are the maps now and where will they ultimately be archived? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, first off, I should make some distinction between the paper products that we send directly to the National Archives and have for some time and make sure that they are appropriately archived, and the difference between that and the digital preservation efforts that we’ve been working on. The digital collection that we have actually contains high-resolution scans as well as two versions of some lower-resolution images. The high resolution scans are actually TIFF formatted images and they’re usually about 300 dpi, which is dots per inch, the lower-resolution images are JPG and then also a tiled JPG. The JPGs are for web download and the tiled JPGs are for the web preview function that we have through our website. All three of these images, they’re all currently on CDs and also backed up onto network storage devices. We’re also looking at some longer-term ways of storing our, basically all of the work that we’ve done for so many years now given the amount of time and resources that have gone into this project since 1995, we’ve been talking with the National Archives and the Library of Congress to coordinate on some longer-term preservation. HOST: How can the public access these charts and maps? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Well, you can go to the Office of Coast Survey website, which is nauticalcharts.noaa.gov, and from there you can link to the Historical Map and Chart Collection or you can go directly to our website by adding “/history” to our URL. From there you can click on a link to browse the collection. You can search by a number of parameters. You can preview the images and you can download the images. All the images are available to the public for free. Also in terms of improving accessibility, we’re looking at expanded search options. We are in the midst of upgrading our website, we’ve had the same one up since 2001, and we’re looking at opening up a website that allows people to search by geographic parameters including by place name. Some of the benefits of this particular upgrade would be, for example, if someone wanted to search for a chart of Virginia Beach in today’s current website, they would basically have the option of typing Virginia Beach into the keyword search and that would actually search for the name Virginia Beach within the chart title and your results would only be two charts. The other option would be to search for all of the charts within the state of Virginia and that would give you over 1,000 results, at which point you could go through all of those and find the ones that actually cover Virginia Beach. Our hope is that in the new version of the website, you can actually click on, within a map, you can actually click on Virginia Beach and get the search results for that particular location. HOST: Meredith, do you have any final closing words for our listeners today? MEREDITH WESTINGTON: Sure. We’ve really enjoyed the user feedback we’ve received over the last year or so and I’d really like to thank those people that have reached out and shared their stories with us. I’d really encourage new users and even our existing users to keep that dialogue open because that’s the kind of stuff that really keeps us motivated and encouraged about why we do what we do. So, thank you. HOST: Thanks Meredith for joining us on Diving Deeper and talking more about historical charts and maps and the many ways that these products are being used even today. To learn more, please visit www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/history.(OUTRO)

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Open-File Report 97-487 Crater Lake lies in a basin, or caldera, formed by collapse of the Cascade volcano known as Mount Mazama during a violent, climactic eruption about 7,700 years ago. This event dramatically changed the character of the volcano so that many potential types of future events have no precedent there. This potentially active volcanic center is contained within Crater Lake National Park, visited by 500,000 people per year, and is adjacent to the main transportation corridor east of the Cascade Range. Because a lake is now present within the most likely site of future volcanic activity, many of the hazards at Crater Lake are different from those at most other Cascade volcanoes. Also significant are many faults near Crater Lake that clearly have been active in the recent past. These faults, and historic seismicity, indicate that damaging earthquakes can occur there in the future. This report describes the various types of volcano and earthquake hazards in the Crater Lake area, estimates of the likelihood of future events, recommendations for mitigation, and a map of hazard zones. Link to the Data First posted August 1, 2008 For additional information: Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF). For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. PDF documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. Bacon, C.R., Mastin, L.G., Scott, K.M., and Nathenson, Manuel, 1997, Volcano and earthquake hazards in the Crater Lake region, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97–487, 32 p., 1 plate, scale 1:100,000, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0487/. Geologic setting of Crater Lake Reawakening of Mount Mazama Potential hazards from an eruptions beneath Crater Lake Hazards of silicic eruptions outside the caldera Hazards of lahars (volcanic debris flows) and their runout flows Events of high consequence but low probability Protecting Crater Lake National Park and surrounding communities from volcano hazards Landslides may cause large waves on Crater Lake Preparing for an earthquake affecting the Crater Lake region

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The United States government is modifying the weather using cloud seeding and drones in several spots across America. Weather modification also known as Geo-engineering, cloud seeding and chemtrails have been ridiculed by experts as a conspiracy. Until recently, solid evidence of weather modification has been kept under lock & key. We now have access to historical government documents that suggest weather modification has been going on since 1946, authored by Homer E. Newel, Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Now, according to AccuWeather, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has hand picked six test sites throughout the United States in December 2013 to experiment with drone-based cloud seeding. One location chosen was the Desert Research Institute (DRI) in Reno, Nevada, where rampant drought plagues the arid desert. Jeff Tilley, the Director of Weather Modification Activities at DRI, explained to AccuWeather why current cloud seeding methods need to be updated: “You can very quickly go through a budget for a year’s supply of fuel during one storm if you’re not careful…Fuel is expensive, pilots are expensive, and often in a storm you have to go up and down multiple trips…The potential market for the [drone] technology is substantially bigger than the current cloud seeding operational community…From the state perspective, there’s the potential to capture a percentage of a $90 billion revenue-producing industry.” Suggesting using planes or jets to control the weather is expensive. Some people are still skeptics. “It’s hard to prove if it works or not because we don’t know what would happen if we hadn’t seeded,” said AccuWeather.com Meteorologist Jesse Ferrell. ‘Cloud seeding’ is the process of changing the amount or type of precipitation that falls out of clouds or the structure of clouds by using certain chemicals dispersed in different ways. The most common chemicals used for cloud seeding include silver iodide and dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). These chemicals may be dispersed by aircraft or by dispersion devices located on the ground. The state of California had 13 cloud seeding programs during the 2002-03 season (locations pictured below). A 2005 report from the California Department of Water Resources estimated the cost to fund the precipitation enhancement program would be $177 million through 2030.

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The Advantages to Earning A Physical Education Degree Physical education degrees are a great way for individuals interested in teaching children and young adults the vital aspects of health, wellness, nutrition, recreation, and sports. Graduates from physical education programs gain the skills necessary to promote wellness and health in a variety of occupations with courses in physical science, exercise and fitness, health and nutrition, kinesiology, physical development, sports, and morphology. Students who complete physical education degrees also learn motivational techniques necessary for teamwork, the rules regarding various sports, and how movement, exercise, and other physical activities benefit the body and overall health. Many students interested in expanding their educational knowledge manage work and family responsibilities in addition to pursuing a degree. Most college and universities have developed innovative online programs to extend instruction to students managing obligations beyond educational responsibilities. Most online courses feature virtually the same educational experiences as their traditional, brick and mortar counterparts with the added benefit of increased flexibility in course scheduling. Online classes provide groups of 25 students 24 hour access to course materials, instruction, and information. Additionally, students within online programs gain access to instructors and other students through online chats. Many students find online degrees are one of the most convenient, personalized, and affordable paths to increasing education necessary for future career success. What Students Learn Within Physical Education Degree Programs Students within physical education degree programs gain knowledge regarding exercise, sports, health sciences, human development, kinesology, motivational techniques, and principles of wellness. Physical education degrees provide graduates with the skills necessary to qualify for employment in multiple careers based in the educational system and/or fitness industries. Most physical education instructors must complete a minimum of a bachelor’s degree and state regulated licensing procedures in order to qualify for employment as physical education teachers and other jobs. Many students begin their education with an associate degree. Associate level courses include: human anatomy, human physiology, introduction to kinesiology, introduction to sports injuries, college Algebra, elementary statistics, general psychology, introduction to sociology, introduction to general chemistry, introduction to physics, general physics, ethnic dance, fundamentals of healthful living, introduction to exercise physiology, racket sports, track and field, coaching football, coaching baseball, coaching soccer, coaching basketball, coaching volleyball, emergency care and water safety instruction, sports management, officiating Fall sports, officiating Spring sports, English composition, analysis of sports and exercise, health and nutrition, safety practices and CPR, anatomy and physical assessment, and individual and group fitness instruction. Graduates with associate’s degrees may advance to entry level employment within health or fitness jobs or advance studies to higher degree programs. Bachelor degrees in physical education give students a solid educational understanding of human anatomy, motor development, fitness, wellness, psychology, team sports, and the physiology of exercise. Courses at a bachelor level include: individual, team, and dual activities; wellness/fitness assessment; aquatic activities; intercollegiate activities; safety and first aid; introduction to sports and fitness; skills and techniques of individual sports; motor development; activities for children; skills and techniques of team sports; theory and practice of football; theory and practice of basketball; theory and practice of baseball and softball; contemporary health problems; kinesiology; theory and practice of volleyball; theory and practice of track and soccer; workshop in sports and fitness; athletic training clinical practicum; tests and measurements; the psychology and physiology of exercise; concepts of kinesiology and fitness; athletic training; athletic therapeutic exercise; therapeutic modalities of athletic training; administration of an athletic training program; teaching health in the public schools program; anatomy, physiology, and health education; organization, methods, and supervision in physical education; yoga education; history of physical education recreation and camping; scientific principles of coaching and officiating, management of sports injuries; and introduction to test, measurement, and evaluation and computer application in sports. Graduates from bachelor degree programs in physical education generally advance to licensing procedures necessary for employment as PE instructors within school districts and other fitness related jobs. Some graduates advance to graduate level programs to specialize knowledge and complete studies. Master’s degree programs in the discipline of physical education provide students with skills and knowledge necessary to advance their careers and gain employment as administrators or upper level instructors within various careers. Courses at a master’s level generally include: human biology: introduction to human anatomy and physics; exercise principles; net, target, and fitness activities; invasion games; dance and gymnastics; kinesiology; lifeguard and water safety; CPR and First Aid; cooperative activities and elementary activities; movement education and elementary activities; teaching methods and physical education; adapted physical education; human growth and motor development; assessment in physical education; seminar in teaching PE and health; concepts in teaching sport skills; student teaching in grades 1-6 and 7-12; child abuse seminar; and prevention of school violence seminar. Graduates from master’s level physical education degree programs generally advance to employment or continue studies to doctoral programs to qualify as experts in the field. Doctoral degree programs in physical education provide students with the knowledge necessary to work as experts. Courses at a doctoral level include: research methods in health and physical education; mechanisms of motor skill acquisition; educational psychology of physical education; analysis of instructional behavior in physical activity programs; cognitive factors in motor skill acquisition; development of skilled sport performance; historical and contemporary perspectives on the study of teaching and instruction; seminar in research on teaching in physical education; research, theory and practice of teacher education in physical education; advanced curriculum and philosophy; educational statistics; qualitative research in education; research methods in physical education; methods of ethnographic description; correlational and multivariate methods; design and analysis of experiments; assistantship and other teaching experiences; mechanisms of motor skill acquisition; educational psychology of physical education; development of skilled sport performance; correlational and multivariate methods; design and analysis of experiements; and analysis of instructional behavior in physical activity. Graduates from doctoral degree programs generally advance to employment as instructors or researchers within higher education institutions. Prospective Jobs For Graduates With Physical Education Degrees Graduates from physical education degree programs qualify for employment within various health and fitness sectors. Most graduates from physical education programs advance to employment as PE instructors upon completion of bachelor degree programs and licensing requirements. Graduates with associate’s degrees often work as personal trainers, assistant coaches, fitness center management assistants, recreation assistants, wellness coaches, or entry level community health educators. Graduates from bachelor degree programs work as elementary school level physical education teachers, fitness center managers, recreation directors, sports team coaches, sports managers, wellness coaches, personal trainers, or community health educators. Graduates with master’s degrees often work as PE instructors within middle or high schools, personal trainers, health educators, developers of physical education curricula, health and wellness consultants, or instructors within vocational schools or community colleges. Graduates with doctoral degrees often work as lead researchers and instructors within colleges and universities. Salary Range For Graduates With Physical Education Degrees Graduates who complete physical education degree programs earn varied salaries based upon level of education, organization of employment, geographic location, area of specialty, and related work experience. Graduates who work within public or private school districts also have earnings based on student enrollment, experience level, and grade level of students from elementary to college age groups. As with most occupations, graduates who advance studies and gain work experience generally have higher earnings in comparison to graduates with less education and experience. Graduates with associate’s degrees who gain employment as personal trainers generally earn $19,610 to $44,420 annually. Bachelor degrees graduates who work as elementary school physical education teachers generally earn salaries ranging from $41,400 to $51,180 annually. Graduates who complete master’s degree programs and work as instructors within vocational schools or community colleges generally earn $39,460 to $59,470 annually. Graduates who complete doctoral degree programs and work as college or university professors earn $41,600 to $83,960 annually. All earnings are based upon reports from the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics. Career Outlook and Advancement Opportunities For Graduates With Physical Education Degrees Graduates with physical education degrees gain knowledge necessary to promote knowledge in field of exercise, nutrition, and health industries. Professionals with physical education backgrounds are predicted to find numerous employment opportunities within the educational system, health clubs, fitness gyms, and other health facilities as educational institutions, consumers, and businesses focus upon improving fitness and maximizing health. The U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics anticipates growth in fitness industries to increase by 29% through 2018 at a much faster than average rate in comparison to other occupations. Several factors will contribute to job growth in fitness industries as people increasingly seek means of achieving fitness and means of living healthily for themselves and their children. Additionally, as present economic factors and budgetary issues limit physical education programs within school districts and systems, many parents seek professionals to increase fitness and decrease childhood obesity within non-educational settings. Demand for professionals with physical education backgrounds is expected to remain steady, particularly for those who complete advanced degrees in fitness related specialty areas like wellness, aging, and technological studies. The demand for low impact trainers is expected to remain high to accommodate the fitness needs of an aging population. As a number of people leave the fitness occupations, employment opportunities will increase. Most graduates begin employment within entry level jobs and advance to managerial or administrative positions upon completing continuing education requirements and gaining relevant work experiences. Personal trainers may advance to positions as directors upon establishing their reputation and gaining experience. Some graduates may advance to self operated businesses working as independent trainers or establishing fitness centers. Graduates with advanced degrees tend to being employment within managerial or administrative positions and advance to larger organizations, fitness centers, or educational systems with increase responsibilities and higher earnings.

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You brought me here in CHAINS! You brought me here in CHAINS!" James Baldwin exclaimed to a white interviewer in the late 1960s, summing up the sense of our history that most blacks have. Yes, we pay lip service to our having "survived" in this country, but the image most resonant to us is being brought here packed in ships, treated like animals for 250 years, and pushed to the margins of society for the next 100. Many black thinkers downplay even the "survival," depicting modern black America as a variation on slavery and dismissing the progress we've made since the 1960s by condemning successful blacks as "house niggers." The result: for most of us, "black history" summons images of endless degradation—slavery, the quick demise of Reconstruction, Plessy v. Ferguson, the Klan, lynchings, the beatings of civil rights activists, Dred Scott, Emmett Till. Not to attend to such things would be folly; but a history only of horrors cannot inspire. What could be more demoralizing than Mba Mbulu's Ten Lessons: An Introduction to Black History, for example, a chronicle mostly of slavery and segregation, with "White People's Attacks on Other People" and "Back in Our Place" as typical chapter titles? Except for a little dollop of blacks' contributions to what is called "White History," the overall message is a grim saga of victimization. This kind of history is deeply damaging to blacks. When "Learn your history" means "Don't get fooled by superficial changes," today's New York City Street Crimes Unit can't be distinguished from yesterday's Bull Connor, and our aggrieved despair over our sense of disinclusion from the national fabric remains as sharp as ever. Could any people find inner peace when taught to think of their own society as their enemy? Our question, then, is whether black history offers us lessons beyond teaching us that we are eternally strangers in our own land. This is a momentous question: we can only feel a visceral sense of legitimacy on our own soil when black identity is not founded on a sense of whites as the enemy without—when we feel American first and black second, which is far from the case today. Today's diversity fans will object that this goal smacks of the erasure of a culture. And in a way, they are correct: once wariness between groups disappears, people marry across ethnic lines and create a new hybrid people. History records no exceptions; love knows no bounds. In real life, the "salad bowl" metaphor that diversity fans use to describe our proper relation to American life can only describe a temporary stage and shouldn't be our ultimate goal. To be sure, many blacks, and many white fellow travelers, see the competing "melting pot" metaphor as threatening. But since only assimilation will give black Americans a sense of America as a homeland rather than a place of temporary residence, a truly useful black history must teach black Americans that the melting pot is possible and desirable. Yes, residual racism persists in America and must be identified and expunged. But a black history whose main message is "Watch out!" sows cynicism and parochialism and can only point us backward. The history blacks learn must prepare us to take advantage of the ever richer opportunities available to us rather than to resist them as selling out to the Man. Yet we were indeed brought here in chains. Is there anything in our deeply troubled story in America to give us the courage to get past this and embrace becoming, to the depths of our being, American? We'll never do it by one popular approach black historians have taken. The sense that what has happened to us in this country is too demoralizing to focus on has led them to parse our time here as a gloomy second act, after a glorious and untainted first act in Mother Africa. Hence Kwanzaa, for example, created in 1966 by Afrocentric scholar-activist Maulana Karenga and modeled on African harvest celebrations. It is founded on seven guiding principles with Swahili names, most stressing collectivist ideas, from unity (umoja) and collective responsibility (ujima) to cooperative economics (ujamaa). Yet after 35 years, few black Americans practice Kwanzaa; Hallmark may have released a line of Kwanzaa cards, but I would venture that 19 out of 20 blacks would draw a blank on the seven principles, and Christmas remains as central to the black experience as it was in 1966. Let's face it: calls to found our identities upon Mother Africa are asking us to pretend to feel living kinship with people who speak languages we do not know, who neither move, dance, cook, sing, nor view the world the way we do. We are asked to adopt a "culture" that never existed: the monocultural conception of "Africa" is a post-colonial construction, essentializing the peoples of an enormous continent home to over 1,000 languages, with even Swahili spoken in only eight of the more than 50 African nations. Afrocentrists here fall prey to the American tendency to see Africa as a continent of indistinguishable "black people," but the Africans who sold one another into slavery were certainly under no illusion that "black" overrode cultural differences. For a descendant of Sierra Leoneans to learn Swahili and cherry-pick aspects of assorted African cultures is like a white American of Welsh ancestry slipping on some Dutch clogs and breaking into a Russian trépak, while exclaiming in Portuguese that, after all, "Europe is Europe." Since most black Americans cannot know exactly what parts of Africa they trace to, perhaps pan-Africanism is the best we can do. But the artificiality remains. Culture sits in the heart; a holiday made up at someone's desk a few decades ago cannot help but sit in the head. Kwanzaa asks the black car salesman in Chicago to celebrate the first fruits of the harvest in a Ugandan village. Obviously, we—as a people so deeply American—need something beyond this. Then there is the Afrocentric history school, founded on the idea that the ancient Egyptians were black, that the ancient Greeks stole their philosophy from Egypt, and that the Western intellectual heritage was therefore a black creation. Advocates cherish this idea as giving black students a sense of historical importance, but Afrocentric history is false, based on laughably sloppy scholarship. Mary Lefkowitz's Not Out of Africa has refuted all of its tenets, and, despite the predictable cries of racism and right-wing backlash, no Afrocentric historian has presented a factual rebuttal. The facts are simply too clear to refute. Afrocentric history takes us away from becoming fully American in another way, too. It is difficult to feel truly a member of a society that you suspect considers you slightly dim. How realistic is it to expect to be accepted as mental equals, when blacks presenting themselves as "professors" frame our history as a mythical narrative, as if we were preliterate hunter-gatherers? And especially when the narrative is a tissue of fabrications anyway, how constructive is it to foist upon us a "history" that only heightens our sense of embattlement and alienation? Black Americans will never again live in Africa; our connection to it will remain largely gestural. Charting that connection is valuable in itself: I have devoted much of my own academic career to doing this on the topic of Creole languages. But beyond the ceremonial and the academic, a conception of ourselves as balefully conflicted victims of a diaspora from an alien continent will serve no purpose in giving us a sense of rootedness in the only country we will ever know as home. Why can't we get that sense from the pantheon of black heroes amply celebrated in TV documentaries or in Black History Month—upgraded from what used to be a week? The truth is that the big pictures of Harriet Tubman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Mary McLeod Bethune, Paul Robeson, Medgar Evers, and so on that festoon urban public libraries every February, the "Great Blacks in History" calendars hanging in the typical black barbershop, and children's books like the endlessly reprinted Color Me Brown are about as inspirational to most blacks as Mount Rushmore is to most whites. We genuflect—but we do not feel. The reasons for this are local to our moment. Because many black Americans today have drunk in a conception of racism as a perpetual obstacle rather than a surmountable inconvenience, they see black heroes less as inspirations than as exceptions to the rule. Sure, they admire Harriet Tubman; but it is a different thing to transform this formal esteem into a sense of individual empowerment, when so many modern black thinkers and leaders insist that black success is merely a matter of a few tokens let through a crack in the door. Instead of being moved by our heroes, we see them as beside the point. Furthermore, today's sense that "real" black people define themselves against the mainstream has a way of blunting the inspiration that blacks once derived from figures like Marian Anderson and George Washington Carver, who made their mark in equaling whites in a race-neutral activity. In a black popular culture that celebrates rebellion, that enshrines as "authentic" the antisocial tendencies that early civil rights leaders deplored, it is not an accident that Malcolm X is the most beloved black figure of the past among young blacks. Within our Zeitgeist, Phillis Wheatley's ability to write classical poetry in English after having been born in Africa and taken into slavery elicits respect but not identification. After 1960s radicals lambasted Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Gwendolyn Brooks for conforming to "white" norms, any aspiring black poet was unlikely to seek inspiration from an ancestor who took her cue from the likes of Alexander Pope. If black history in America really had been a mere matter of a few superstars rising above a vale of tears, then our past would be of little genuine use to us, and the best we could do would be to counsel spiritual fortitude. But in fact, ordinary blacks, bonding together on the communal level like all successful immigrant groups, have forged spectacular successes in America. A pernicious ideological tradition, dismissive of the power of human agency and romanticizing failure, has painted over glorious aspects of blacks' story in America with dutiful recitations of the horrors and setbacks, hoodwinking blacks into thinking that it was ever thus. Urban black business districts will serve as Exhibit A in a new black history, an antidote to the view that between the demise of Reconstruction and the Harlem Renaissance there's little but lynching and Plessy v. Ferguson. During this very period, blacks were building thriving commercial districts of their own. Henry Louis Gates Jr. has remarked: "What really captivated me was that in the all-black world of Amos 'n' Andy . . . there was an all-black department store, owned and operated by black attendants for a black clientele." Ideally, more blacks would know that such worlds-within-a-world actually existed. Chicago's "Bronzeville" is a handy example. As the city industrialized after 1875, blacks occupied a three-by-15-block enclave on the South Side, and the Great Migration from the South swelled the black population to 109,548 by 1920. Bronzeville, also known as "Black Metropolis," was home to several black newspapers, including the Bee, which occupied a magnificent Art Deco building, and the Defender, a publication of national influence, whose editorials urging blacks to migrate from the South were a major spur for the Great Migration itself. The literary-minded of Bronzeville also had such news magazines available to them as The Half-Century and The Light. It was said that if you held up a horn at State and 35th, it would play itself because of the musical winds always blowing. Bronzeville was a leading center of innovation in jazz, nurturing Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, and Earl "Fatha" Hines. Oscar Micheaux's film company, producing a pioneering oeuvre of "race movies," was based not in New York or Hollywood but Bronzeville. For all the jazz and journalism, though, at the end of the day, the business of Bronzeville was business: there were 731 business establishments in 1917, in 61 different lines of work. Of several banks, the most prominent was the Binga State Bank founded in 1908, Jesse Binga having begun with a coal, oil, and gas wagon and parlayed this into realty investments. Many other Bronzeville blacks purchased real estate just as avidly, amassing holdings that totaled $100 million by 1929. Several magnificent buildings besides the one housing the Bee ornamented Bronzeville, including the Overton Hygienic—which contained a cosmetics firm, a life-insurance company, a major bank, and a drugstore—and the seven-floor Knights of Pythias building, put up by one of the district's innumerable lodges (the inspiration for the Mystic Knights of the Sea on Amos 'n' Andy, which took place in Chicago in its original incarnation). The district boasted seven insurance companies, 106 lawyers, and several hotels, including "The Finest Colored Hotel in the World," the Hotel Brookmont. This was a thriving civic community, supporting branches of various civic organizations, including a YMCA settlement house that ran job-training programs. There were no fewer than 192 churches in Bronzeville by 1929, the flagship being Olivet Baptist with 10,000 members. Bronzeville churches stressed community uplift; they ran lodging facilities for new arrivals from the South and employment agencies to shunt them into the workforce. Olivet alone had 53 departments devoted to community programs. Bronzeville produced several political leaders, including the first black congressman since Reconstruction, Oscar DePriest. Provident was one of the top black hospitals in the country, employing many of black Chicago's (by 1929) 176 doctors and running a nursing school. One of Provident's founders was the extraordinary Daniel Hale Williams, who was the first doctor in America to operate upon the human heart and the only black doctor among the 100 charter members of the American College of Surgeons. Bronzeville's leaders, clearly, had their eyes on community stability and self-sufficiency. As uncultivated new arrivals from the rural South flooded the city after the 1890s, the black middle class did not cherish them as more "authentic" versions of themselves; they unequivocally saw themselves as models for the new masses. Walters African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church's pastor William A. Blackwell matter-of-factly noted that the migrants, "while speaking the same language as we do, are in many cases little more accustomed to the freedom of this city, the habits and customs of our people, than is the newly arrived peasant from Europe. These people must be amalgamated and assimilated." There was no question of adopting working-class ambivalence toward striving, no question of teaching the district's residents to distrust black successes as "selling out." Quite the contrary: in 1929, a chronicle of Bronzeville's rise counseled, "The Old Negro teaches his children to fear an authoritative white person and to disrespect intelligent and cultured persons of their own race in the same position; the New Negro teaches his children to fear no one and to respect every one worthy of respect." The New Negro certainly didn't romanticize the black criminal as a martyr, either, despite whites' restriction of blacks to menial jobs until well into the teens. Bronzeville's civic organizations agitated constantly for cleaning up seedy streets and disciplining criminals for the benefit of the community. In 2000, Jesse Jackson decried as "racist" the suspension of black Decatur teenagers who had engaged in a brawl in the stands during a football game. In telling contrast, Dr. George C. Hall of the Chicago National Urban League branch complained in 1917: "The delinquent colored boy or girl who is taken to the juvenile court is turned out again on probation to learn more. If Chicago lacks the vision to see ahead, it will reap the harvest of fostering a kindergarten on the streets where gamins learn crime." Nor was Bronzeville a fluke: the all-black world now so often considered a fantasy in Amos 'n' Andy also existed in West Baltimore, Atlanta's Auburn Avenue district, Washington, D.C.'s Shaw neighborhood, and elsewhere. A usable black history can't avoid recounting the demise of these districts. It must cover the race riot that destroyed Tulsa's Greenwood district and the Great Depression's effect on Bronzeville. But simply to treat these districts as an object lesson in white malevolence will extinguish the soul rather than kindle it. Our historical account must show that when blacks were relegated to separate quarters of a big city after Emancipation, the immediate result was not Washington, D.C.'s "Barrytown." Even in a period of naked discrimination, the human spirit bore fruit, and thoroughly ordinary black people again and again created a "Chocolate City" on the middle-class American model and could not have imagined doing otherwise. Today we assume that in any black community an educational crisis must be in full swing. But that wasn't the case in Bronzeville: truancy rates were no higher than among Chicago's white students, and black students performed scholastically as well as white ones. But today's consensus view of the history of black education sees an unrelieved procession from the substandard segregated schools of the South to the inner-city sinkhole schools in today's headlines. A history ushering blacks into a sense of true membership in their country must make clear that the execrable inner-city schools Jonathan Kozol loves to describe are products of our own times, not business as usual for blacks. From the late 1800s to the 1950s, several black schools were models of scholarly achievement. Students at Washington, D.C.'s Dunbar High, named for the black poet, often outscored the city's white schools on standardized tests as early as 1899. Schools such as Frederick Douglass in Baltimore, Booker T. Washington in Atlanta, P.S. 91 in Brooklyn, McDonough 35 in New Orleans, and many others operated at a similarly high level. Dunbar alone produced Charles Drew (discoverer of blood plasma), Edward Brooke (the twentieth century's first black senator), William Hastie (the first black federal judge), and other prominent figures. As Thomas Sowell puts it, the sheer weight of accomplished black people that schools like Dunbar produced "suggests some systematic social process at work, rather than anything as geographically random as outstanding individual ability." Meanwhile, the top black colleges were also providing students with fine educations. The students at Fisk (my mother's alma mater) were put through their paces in Horace and Livy, and graduate W. E. B. Du Bois went on to write his doctoral thesis in German. A Fisk professor's wife was aghast at the news that Talladega (my aunt's alma mater) in Alabama did not even require Greek and Latin for the bachelor's degree. In an age when existing social and economic inequalities are so often mistaken as the decrees of immutable destiny, the fact that these schools existed and that blacks excelled in them as a matter of course, can seem incredible: all the more reason that historians need to bring them to life in all their vivid glory for a much larger audience than the ones that academic chroniclers, such as the invaluable Thomas Sowell, have reached. Otherwise, collective black success again gets lost in the cracks of an historiography dedicated to stressing the obstacles and setbacks. One result of that victim-centered approach is the trendy contention that American education is constitutionally inappropriate to the "African" soul, a view Carter G. Woodson memorably espouses in The Mis-education of the Negro. Don't underestimate the influence of this notion: witness the Ebonics movement or the resonant title of the recent megahit black pop recording "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill." The excellent black schools and colleges that actually existed succeeded without Afrocentric curricula. In fact, Dunbar taught Latin into the 1950s, and in the late 1800s black college students often—and famously—took top honors over whites in oratory, and not in the artful slang of "slam poetry," but in literary standard English. Alone, a photograph of black students in a schoolroom in 1900, with their hair parted down the middle, will make little lasting impression, even with a long explanatory caption. Our new history must present them in ways that encourage thinking beyond the box that constricts us today. To show the power of agency over obstacles, our account must stress that these schools operated on substandard budgets, often with creaky physical plants. To counter the misimpression of many blacks that these schools only catered to a rarefied and light-skinned crème de la crème, we must show that many of these schools educated as many lower-income blacks as more fortunate ones. Armed with the knowledge that ordinary blacks have been capable of stunning successes in this country despite racism, students of the new black history will then be ready to understand the debate between W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington in a new and more inspiring way. Washington has turned into a bogeyman, the archetypal black sellout, his name virtually a curse: I am beginning to lose count of how often I have been called "a Booker T. Washington" by my detractors. His lifetime of dedication to black uplift has been boiled down into a sour parable that pits Washington, a quisling who urged blacks to roll over and tolerate racism and content themselves with manual labor, against nobly defiant Du Bois, the incarnation of black pride. Trouble is, this reduction of Washington to an object lesson in how not to be black deprives us of a role model more useful to us today than Du Bois. Contrary to the fantasy black radicals nurse (though most seem never to have read more than two sentences he ever wrote), Washington's message was not that blacks should turn the other cheek. Two decades before he ever jostled with Du Bois, he was asserting that of course "there should be no unmanly cowering or stooping to satisfy unreasonable whims of the Southern white man." Washington's chariness about active protest stemmed not from weakness or lack of concern, but from being born a slave in the Deep South and witnessing implacable racism at much closer hand than Du Bois did in his burgherly upbringing in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. From that experience, it's little wonder that Washington believed blacks would be better off attaining the bread-and-butter skills necessary to building a solid working-class economic base than fighting what he saw as a Sisyphean battle to seize control of public offices. The parable that fashions Washington into merely a foil for black "authenticity" has his teachings stopping here; but this was only a first step. His fundamental idea was that racism was more likely to abate as a result of concrete black accomplishments than on the basis of abstract spiritual appeals. Okay, Washington was behind the curve in some ways. Notwithstanding his call for ex-slaves to build an economic base in the South rather than risk the uncertainties of migrating north, blacks who did make the Great Migration found rich opportunities. Meanwhile, the successes of the graduates of schools like Dunbar and Howard discredited his call for blacks to postpone higher education until they had spent decades establishing themselves materially. Yet meanwhile, Du Bois was urging blacks to nurture a "double consciousness," as much "African" as American. That's one of the central themes of The Souls of Black Folk, and no one has rendered it as artfully as Du Bois before or since. But this ideology, with its call to treat our problems as those of "brown people" throughout the world, had nothing whatever to do with building the great black business districts. For all its grandeur, nothing in Du Bois's philosophy could inspire the concrete glories of a Bronzeville. When it came to concrete action, Du Bois was more interested in an elite "talented tenth" of educated black people providing "guidance" for the masses, seeking public offices and articulately protesting the barriers to attaining them. For most blacks today, this approach has more appeal than Washington's tack, especially since protest in Du Bois's vein eventually created the civil rights miracle. I myself would rather have had dinner with Du Bois than with Washington. Yet Washington's philosophy was by no means bankrupt: just as he predicted, the trend was indeed for blacks to attain significant offices after translating the financial clout of these districts into political power. While Du Bois's unruffled elitism, with its presumption that black success would be driven by superstars, might raise a measure of democratic skepticism in us today, Washington was trying to show how we could all be agents of our own success—and history has borne him out just as decisively as it has Du Bois. Deep down, we all know that no amount of sloganeering and posturing can replace concrete accomplishment in inspiring respect. This was Booker T. Washington's message, and it must come through in how we remember him. Too often since the 1960s, blacks have wasted their energies bemoaning racism and passively assuming that it makes black success impossible. This therapeutic approach had nothing to do with building the Binga Bank or Olivet Baptist, and it springs not from Washington but Du Bois, whose driving force, at the end of the day, was his profound indignation that blacks were not allowed to be, essentially, white. And he had a point: our ultimate goal indeed must be that blacks and whites learn the same things, have the same jobs, and cherish the same cultural ideals—that blacks become Americans. Only when we understand these lessons—that we can all be the agents of our own success and that the striving of ordinary blacks once created vibrant, successful communities—will the "Blacks in Wax" come alive as useful role models to identify with rather than merely to respect, and as figures who can point us in the direction of feeling American in the heart rather than only in the head. Today's tendency to find visceral inspiration only from black rebels like Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael follows naturally from the prevailing conception of blacks as eternal expatriates from Africa, loath to embrace the mores of a "foreign" land whose rulers allow only a token few to rise above poverty. But if we understand that for a century in America blacks created communities of achievement, which nourished both solid citizens and figures of spectacular accomplishment, we can accept the idea of becoming American as business as usual for blacks. Today, the fact that a famous black person did not grow up in poverty is usually treated as a kind of footnote, except in full-length biographies. Yet just as Copernican astronomers' conviction that the earth was the center of the universe blinded them to the import of the countless "eccentricities" in the movements of many stars, the "racism forever" paradigm obscures for us how very many black greats grew up nurtured by the black worlds-within-a-world created with meat-and-potatoes initiative and tenacity. Thurgood Marshall did not just "grow up in Baltimore," blessed from above by preternatural good fortune: he went to the sterling Frederick Douglass High. Gwendolyn Brooks was not just "from Southside Chicago": she was a product of the vibrant black community I have described, nurtured by Bronzeville's literary ferment, and first published in the Defender. For these and countless other bright lights, it took a village, indeed—thriving villages of financially stable "New Negroes," looking forward rather than backward, embracing membership in this nation. Armed with a revived knowledge of this side of the story, we can recast our understanding of black heroes born in less fortunate circumstances, as well. The leftist skepticism of the power of individual agency constrains black America within the falsehood that history is destiny. But every time we are told that "slavery refuses to fade" (Derrick Bell), that "racism continues as an ideology and a material force within the U.S., providing blacks with no ladder that reaches the top" (Robert Chrisman and Ernest Allen Jr.), or that "slavery has hulled empty a whole race of people with inter-generational efficiency" (Randall Robinson), we are helpless to make sense of the hundreds of blacks who rose from slavery or poverty to transform the world. For example, when Frederick Douglass escaped slavery on the Underground Railroad, history was no more destiny than it was for the ex-slaves and children of slaves who built Bronzeville. Hardly "hulled empty," Douglass became one of the nineteenth century's most influential theorists of abolitionism and women's suffrage. Booker T. Washington was also born a slave, worked in mines and as a houseboy after Emancipation, and arrived at the new Hampton black college broke and dirty. No "ladder that reaches the top" was in evidence; the year after Washington graduated, the party of Lincoln traded off Reconstruction for the instatement of Rutherford B. Hayes. But Washington adopted the teachings of Hampton's white principal on the worth of manual labor and efficiency and passed them on to thousands of black students as president of Tuskegee Institute. Not just black stories, these are also American stories, in that whites played crucial roles in determining for the better the life paths of both men, as was true for countless other black figures. To dismiss these stories merely as lightning striking echoes the views of those whites who insisted during Douglass's and Washington's lifetimes that black people were congenitally incapable of anything but the lowliest achievements. Quite simply: we cannot claim that we are a strong people and insist at the same time that none but a handful of us can be expected to thrive under anything but ideal conditions. The idea that chronicling the fate of the underclass is more important than stories of slaves rising to fame and fortune presumes that black Americans will somehow take inspiration from failure. But how can we? Instead we must focus on those who made the best of the worst, and relinquish the notion that we are the world's only people whose evolution is Lamarckian rather than Darwinian. Yet the notion that a useful black history will inspire us to become American will discomfit many blacks. For us, blackness trumps Americanness; it often takes a certain adjustment for a black person to get used to Europeans processing us as "Americans" more than as "black," since this is not how we process ourselves. Moreover, integration has become a dirty word, from fear that it signals the disappearance of black culture. The new black history must attend to this fear. The black contribution to American music is a perfect antidote, in its demonstration that while blacks will necessarily become more "white" in an America where interracial harmony reigns, whites in the meantime have already become "blacker." The music that all Americans cherish, sing, and dance to today would not exist if Africans had not been brought to this country. Itinerant black pianists in the South forged ragtime, with its devilishly infectious syncopation, by imposing African-derived rhythms upon European march forms, and when they brought it north in the 1890s, it took the nation by storm, saturating mainstream popular music. Irving Berlin's "Alexander's Ragtime Band" is a monument of America's first crossover music. Before the 1890s, the United States had no music this catchy: all the popular tunes Abraham Lincoln knew consisted of marches, jigs, and waltzes. Ragtime evolved into jazz, taken up by whites as swing, and later fused with white folk music to become rock and roll—the direct progenitor of all the contemporary popular music now an American trademark. Meanwhile, the blues singing style that the slaves developed became the standard idiom of "white" singing in America. Our history must make clear that without African slaves, there would have been no George Gershwin or Richard Rodgers to forge the American musical theater tradition; no swing sound of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, sung to by Frank Sinatra; no Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, or Tori Amos; no white people jamming or feeling the groove. Many blacks feel keenly that whites should not be let off the hook for the legacies of the racist past, but this impulse, however eminently reasonable, mustn't lock us into a frozen hostility that can't take yes for an answer. And so our history must acknowledge that America has always had a contingent of whites fighting for black dignity. We mustn't forget that as far back as the late 1700s, the Quakers argued vigorously for the abolition of slavery and invited blacks into their churches, and that starting in the 1830s, William Lloyd Garrison and other white abolitionists often put their lives in danger arguing against slavery, in the sincere belief that it was incompatible with both Christian teachings and the Constitution's appeal to the rights of man. There is nothing of the canny operator in Garrison's call in the first issue of The Liberator that "I am in earnest—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." Equally sincere was Brooklyn's Henry Ward Beecher, perhaps the nation's most popular preacher, who urged defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act (and, after the Civil War, helped spark the fame of Fisk College's Jubilee Singers by arranging performances for them across the East). After we hear the numbers of slaves whites wrested from Africa, we must hear that many northern states abolished slavery in the late eighteenth century, that in 1837 Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio were together home to 633 abolitionist societies, and that the following year the American Anti-Slavery Society had 250,000 members. And the abolitionist imperative was strong enough to help motivate the Civil War. Yes, many northerners' support of it stemmed from a pragmatic wariness of economic competition from the South and even a distaste for the increase in the black population that extending slavery into new territories would entail; but the Republican party was founded in equal measure out of a sense that human beings must not be in bondage. And again, though after the war Republicans eventually let Reconstruction slide when issues of power and money came to the fore, they would not even have begun to try to usher black men into high positions across America had their original opposition to slavery been purely self-interested. Nor must we allow the impression that white indignation over racial injustice stopped with people frozen in daguerreotypes. The following simple fact ought to appear in any black history text: the NAACP was founded by white people (at the founding of the organization, Du Bois, who was appointed editor of The Crisis, was nervously waiting to hear just how he would be included). One searches in vain for any indication that founding white NAACP stalwarts like William English Walling, Joel Springarn, and Mary White Ovington were motivated by anything but a human revulsion at how blacks were treated in their time. Black people growing up since the 1960s have seen a civil rights movement largely dominated by various stripes of black radical. One thing that will help blacks develop a sense of membership in the national fabric is the knowledge that a passionate devotion to helping blacks has been one variation on whiteness—a minority one, but vital—since the very beginning of our republic. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was further proof, passed by the very white government so many now consider black people's implacable enemy. Finally, black historiography must make clear that the desolation of today's inner cities was the unintended creation of yet more humanitarian attempts by whites to improve the fortunes of blacks. The leading assumption is that inner-city neighborhoods went to ruin because racist whites fled to the suburbs, and workplaces followed them. But this explanation does not hold up. Why would white flight devastate blacks, when, only a few decades earlier, blacks had built up their own cities-within-cities? Why didn't blacks simply move where the work was, when just decades before millions had migrated north to find decently paying jobs? Why did blacks not take the jobs that remained—jobs that immigrants (many often black) easily find—when, a few decades before, blacks were clamoring for any available work as soon as they got to a Bronzeville or a Harlem? And if the problem was, as often thought, that middle-class blacks moved away and deprived the poor of role models, then why did the Lower East Side not sink into anarchy as successful Jews moved uptown? These are not rhetorical questions; they have a simple answer. In the mid-1960s, white liberals expanded a welfare program that began under the New Deal as a safety net for widows into what we would today call "reparations" for blacks. Under an erroneous assumption that "the system" offered poor blacks no path to advancement, whites created bureaucracies to pay unmarried black mothers to have children and spend their lives on the dole. This was why suddenly the old black business districts became beside the point, why so many blacks stayed put instead of following the jobs, and why, suddenly, starting from the bottom became "unfair," rather than the way life works in a capitalist society. Once urban blacks learned from white liberal culture that the essence of the Real Black Man is a sense of inner rebellion against the Man, rendering responsibility an option rather than a given, the stage was set for the demise of inner-city America. Solid black communities with rich historical roots turned into dysfunctional slums, under the pressure of a new ideology supported by whites—who believed that they were making up for the wrongs of the past. Today, whites unaware of the harm their "compassion" has done to blacks make up a large and influential segment of America's elite, fiercely attached to what they honestly believe is their commitment to helping black people. However mistaken, they hardly confirm the Afrocentrist depiction of all whites as malevolent "Ice People" set on doing black people in. And they certainly give no confirmation to the belief that white racism created today's inner-city slums, a belief that leads so many young blacks to reject the mainstream and identify black authenticity with the street. Forty years have shown that nothing constructive can come from accounts like Jawanza Kunjufu's Lessons from History: A Celebration in Blackness, which "celebrates" us as "Africans" who were the first humans to develop writing and worship a single God (all untrue). Kunjufu gives us a pageant of black American "greats" (who he claims invented the stove, the refrigerator, soap, ink, shampoo, and the third rail), a running indictment of whites, and an ominous piece of advice that "racial unity is more important than community differences." No—the last thing a race brought here in chains needs is history books riddled with untruths that teach black children that they live in hell and should avoid forming their own opinions. Even the few more sober and detailed sources, such as John Hope Franklin's From Slavery to Freedom, don't do what's needed. It is ultimately concerned more with setbacks than victory, leaving the uninformed reader with only the most abstract hope for a better future. Neither Bronzeville nor Dunbar High appears in the index. Booker T. Washington is damned with faint praise. The emergence of inner-city wastelands is blithely traced to white flight. Welfare and affirmative action each get a single passing mention, and blacks' contributions to the performing arts get about three pages out of 500. Obviously, we cannot rely on the black radical left to write the new black history. More progressive black thinkers have a new responsibility: to compose accessible black history books to get black America back on the track that the early civil rights movement set us on. We need black history textbooks that celebrate how blacks have made the most of their situation in America over the past 400 years. Their message should be: "Here's how"—referring to the horrors of the past as a background to highlight the human resilience that blacks have displayed in the face of these grievous obstacles. Just at this moment, black America needs to take a long look backward—but above all, at the things that will give us the strength to face forward for good.

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Smarter SCADA Alarming Practical Ideas for Effective Alarm Management One afternoon at a waste water treatment facility, an alarm goes off when the water pressure gets too high in one of the tanks. The alarm is set at priority level 4, which means "critical," but it doesn't stand out because almost every other alarm at the facility is set at that level. Besides, the operator can't acknowledge it right away because he's dealing with several other alarms that went off a few minutes earlier – which he doesn't yet realize are just "nuisance alarms." What's Wrong With My Alarm System? To answer the question above, let's review some basics about alarms. There are three main events in the life cycle of an alarm: becoming active, becoming clear and being acknowledged. An alarm becomes active when the value it's attached to goes outside of its normal range, which is defined by high and low setpoints. An alarm becomes clear when a value returns to its normal range, at which point it drops out of the alarm system.

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Equation Parsers (July 2007) Equation Parsers, also known as math parsers or expression evaluators, are used to solve equations entered as a text string at run time, rather than hardcoding the equation into the application. The parsers interpret (parse) the equation, then use variable values to evaluate the equation. Parsers are typically distributed as DLLs, OCXs, or source code. Of the 20+ available equation parsers, there are about twice as many commercial as freeware versions. Commercial parsers are generally easier to insert into applications. Freeware excelled in performance, where 3 of the top 4 speeds were turned in by freeware parsers. In addition to dedicated parsers, equation parsing capabilities are also available in more generalized software, such embeddable scripting language libraries and ActiveX spreadsheet components. The basics of all parsers are pretty much the same - add a DLL/OCX to an application, define custom functions/variables, define the equation to solve, set variable values and then evaluate the equation. Parsers vary greatly in the number of built-in functions, documentation completeness, availability of sample insertion code examples, and speed. Even though most parsers allow the user to create custom functions, a greater number of built-in functions makes implementation simpler on the programmer. All of the parsers were fairly easy to implement, with most requiring less than 10 lines of code (which is good, because documentation on implementation code is not a strong point for most parser authors). The greatest difference between parsers was in speed, with over 1000X difference between the slowest and fastest parsers. From the full list of equation parsers, here are the four parsers with the highest speeds: - MTParser 2.5 Mips, $0, 2007 (batch mode available for greater speeds) - uCalc 2.5 Mips, $0, 2007 (next version to be commercial, $600) - muParser 2.5 Mips, $0, 2007 - CioinaEval 2.1 Mips, $0, 2003 1. The website of a top performer, EquTranslator (2.8 Mips, $495, 2007), has recently gone offline. 2. muParser data from newly released, VB6-compatible DLL (July 2007) 3. MTParser batch data from newly released, VB6-compatible batch mode DLL routine (July 2007) Bottom Line: The differences between the top three performers (uCalc, MTParser, and muParser) are very minimal. Although uCalc is freeware, it is also part of a line of commercial products, so many users will want the assurance of responsive support and continued development that it represents. Both MTParser and muParser are mature freeware products with active online support from their authors, so users who prefer freeware can feel comfortable using either of these. Note that MTParser offers a batch mode for transferring variable values. This mode gives 10%-140% speed improvements over competing parsers, depending on the complexity of the equation. If you can use the batch mode, then MTParser offers you the fastest speeds available, particularly on equations of lower complexity. Additional Review Comments Speed (measured in Million iterations per second) testing was done on a Gateway Intel Core 2 Duo E6400 PC (2.11GHz), using a compiled VB6 test program to test parsers on five equations of varying complexity. The results above represent the most complex equation tested, "abs(sin(sqrt(x^2+y^2))*255)". At lower complexities, speeds were 2X-3X faster, as seen in the complete speed results. There are two speeds measurements of interest - time to first equation evaluation and speed of iterating subsequent evaluations. The latter is the most common usage of equation parsers and is the speed measured in this review. This review focused on parsers capable of being used in multiple languages. Other parsers that were reviewed include source code (VB6, Delphi, and Java), ActiveX objects (commercial spreadsheet OCXs), scripting languages. Most of these other parsers offer lower speed solutions, but provide other advantanges that a programmer might find useful. I've also put together an Excel spreadsheet that provides all the information, and more, found on this page. I welcome any feedback from users on additional information they need to evaluate parsers for their needs. One question not answered in this review is performance of the parsers in other languages. As an update to this page, I am working on testing the parsers in VC++ and C#. Key Parser Issues In addition to speed, there are several factors user will want to consider in selecting a parser. The operators/functions used in an equation can make a huge difference in performance speeds, between competing parsers or even within an individual parser. When speed is critical, be sure to try out equations that are representative of your needs to make sure you get the parser best suited to providing you with optimum performance. For example, exponential and trigonometric functions are often handled much slower than other more common functions. For my review I use an equation of moderate complexity - "abs(sin(sqr(x^2+y^2))*255)". Note that there are two parser speed parameters of interest, the time to compile an equation and the time to evaluate an equation. For applications needing to evaluate a single equation millions of times, typically with new variable values on each iteration, compilation can significantly reduce the time to complete all iterations, even though the first equation is slower due to compilation time. My review did not measure the speed of compilation, which could be important in applications which need to compile/evaluate many different equations. I will likely expand the review later to cover this issue. In my speed tests, which combine compilation and evaluation, parser speeds ranged from a very low 0.002 Mips (million iterations per second) to a high of over 10 Mips. The highest speeds are achieved with only the simplest of equations. As equation complexity grows, the highest performing parsers generally achieved 2-3 Mips results. For evaluating an equation with a single set of variables, even the slowest parsers work well in most applications. Even at 0.002 Mips the user will interpret a single iteration as taking place instantly. However, for compiling an equation once only, then performing millions of iterations of variable assignment and equation evaluation, only the highest performing parsers (2-3 Mips) will can begin to give users a sense of speed. For example, to modify a single 1280x1024 image "instantly" (in about 1/4 second), a parser speed of about 5 Mips is needed. This means that the best parsers can approach speeds that users will consider fast. For limited animation speed/resolution, such as 15fps of 640x480 images, an overall speed of 5 Mips is required - close to the capabilities of the best parsers. However, at 30 fps animation of 1280x1024 images, a parser speed of 40 Mips is needed - well beyond the speeds available from the parsers There were a few parsers which provided lengthy documentation. But as a group parser documentation is poor - particularly lacking in summary/overview information and in providing adequately commented sample source code in all of the languages the parser supports. VB source code was particularly hard to find. I was especially disappointed to find that almost none of the parsers provided a complete, convenient, online summary/listing/definition/syntax of the parser objects and their interface (properties/methods). The good news is that most parsers require only a few lines of code to implement. So, the lack of documentation, while frustrating, is not that hard to covercome. - Application Language The language used to write the application which uses the parser can also be a factor in the parser performance. All of my testing was done using the parser DLLs/OCXs in a VB test program, but parsers do not always perform the same in each of the most popular languages (C++, Delphi, VB, VB.NET). Unfortunately, the authors do not usually address these performance issues. If you have the option of using more than one language for your application, you'll want to consider running tests to make sure you know how well the parser performs in your language. - Author Support / Active Development Before you commit your product to using a parser you'll want to know how mature the product is and whether bug fixes/improvements will be available. Almost 50% of the commercial parsers have been updated in the last year, whereas only about 20% of the freeware parsers have had updates with the last year. In both categories, however, author support continues to be available for most of the parsers, especially the top performing parsers. - License Limitations Most programmers want to pay a single fee which allows them to freely use the parser in any/all of their applications. This type of license is generally provided, but there are some very specific exceptions. Be sure to read the parser licensing agreement to make sure it fits your needs. - Supported Functions Pretty much all parsers handle a common set of core operators and functions. However, there are some parser differences which might drives a user's choice - such as extended precision, complex numbers, or other math functions specific to a particular scientific discipline. Most parsers also offer the ability to add custom operators/functions. A side-by-side summary of is available online. Full List of Equation Parsers The follow parsers were reviewed. Freeware programs are listed in alphabetical order and commercial programs are listed from least to most expensive. The speed column is in million iterations per second (Mips). Speed tests were performed on my Gateway E6400 Dual Core Pentium PC. This table has only the speed results for the equation "abs(sin(sqr(x^2+y^2))*255)", but speed results on all five test equations are presented further down this page. If you're aware of a product I've missed, please let me know. Or, if you're aware of an aspect of a program that you think I should consider in selecting a program, feel free to let me know that too. (1) uCalc v2.9 is currently a free product. v3.0 will return (2) EffObjects Equation Parser Library trial was only available as a compiled EXE, which I used to get these test results. (3) Precision Expression Evaluator trial gives a popup for each iteration in a loop, preventing testing of million+ loops. However the author provided a temporary license to use for purposes of this review. (4) USPExpress trial version provides limited functionality, so the speed test had to be run on a different equation. Complete Speed Test Results The following code snippet shows the Visual Basic source code used for the hardcode test. The code is commented to show where code is added to get 'parser initialization/compile code goes here For y = 1 To 2000 For x = 1 To 2000 'parser variable assignment / equation evaluation goes here Result = abs(Sin(Sqr(x^2 + y^2))*255) 'hardcoded example I used code similar to this, along with parser-specific code, to generate the parser speed test results. Five equations of varying complexity were used: And here are the results of the speed tests for each parser and for each equation. |dotMath Library||tbd||tbd||tbd||tbd||tbd||.NET test needed |Expression Evaluator||tbd||tbd||tbd||tbd||tbd||.NET test needed |Lua Scripting Language||4.4||1.9||2.4||1.2||1.4 |Windows Script Control||0.026||0.026||0.026||0.024||0.024 |Equation Parser Library||1.2||1.0||0.86||0.47||0.53||author EXE used |Precision Expr Evaluator||0.21||0.21||0.21||0.16||0.16 |#Calculation Component ||0.0025||0.0018||0.0024||0.0014||0.0013 |USPExpress||4.4||2.3||~1.8||~1.2||1.4||trial version limitations |Web Page Solutions------- The parsers discussed above are capable of being used in multiple languages. There are other parsers options available. These include uncompiled source Equation parsing capabilities are also available as secondary features of ActiveX components (such as spreadsheet components) and scripting engines. This section discusses these other types of parser options. I include speed test results, where available. - VB6-only Parsers (source code) These parsers are source code which may be inserted into a VB6 program to provide parsers functions. Their speeds will be low, but still fast enough for many applications. Plus, the offer the flexibility of being able to modify the code for improvements and bug fixes. Note: The speed quoted for the Simple Expression Parser is for the simplest test equation. I was unable to get the parser to work on the other, more complicated test equations. Also, Eval for VB trial was only available as a compiled EXE which could not loop, so I had to use a custom EXE supplied by the author. - Delphi-only Parsers (source code) In late '90s a number of Delphi-specific (Pascal) parsers appeared. Most of these seem to be derivations of one another, starting with the original work by Hoffmeister. The documentation on these indicate that good speeds were attained, but I've seen no specific numbers and I do not have Delphi to test the approaches. - Java-only Parsers (source code) These solutions provide equation parsing capabilities for web pages. I've yet to test these - JFormula by JAPISoft ($733, 2006) - JEP by Singular Systems ($350, 2007) - Math Parser by Hussm Al-Mulhim ($0, 2005) - Excel Objects If your programming language supports inclusion of an Excel object, you can use Excel's capability to enter and evaluate equations. - ActiveX Spreadsheets There are commerical spreadsheet ActiveX components which provide Excel-like cability to enter and evaluate equations. While I did not include such components in this review, it's worth noting that they exist. I did test one such component, Formula One, which I've used for years. At 0.3 Mips, its performance was low, but if you already own the tool then the parser capability is free and the product is very mature. - Built-In Eval() Function Many languages or scripting engines have a builtin function, usually called Eval(). The function is usually not a high performing parser, but when available can be very useful while avoiding the need for embedding a third party parser. parser functionality to your web pages. The problem with using the Eval() which is not always the same as a user is used to seeing. For example, to x^2 must be entered as Math.pow(x,2), or sin(x) must be entered as Math.sin(x). By my tests, speed performance is in the 0.2 Mips range. Here are some online examples using this approach. You'll have to use (without using the Eval function) which allows users to enter equations in more typical format. Source code would be similar in concept to the freeware/commercial parsers discussed elsewere in Here are some online examples using this approach. You'll have to use VBA is a scripting language built into several Microsoft products. It provides an Eval() function, which is a built-in equation parser. You can declare a link to the vba.dll to add access to the Eval() function from your own applications. I've seen the code available on the web but have not evaluated it myself. - Scripting Engines There are a number of products available, designed to allow programmers to add scripting capabilities to their applications. The Microsoft Windows Script Control and the Lua Scripting Language products (part of this review) are examples. Both of these can be used to provide scripting capabilities to users. The Microsoft Windows Script Control parsing speed is very slow (0.024 Mips), whereas the Lua Scripting Language DLL provides relatively fast (0.88 Mips) parsing capabilities. While collecting information about the parsers, I've taken the following freestyle notes on most, but not all, parsers (placeholders had been added to remind me to adds some comments as soon as possible). Parser Insertion Code & Include Files This section links to the source code used to implement the parsers and summarizes the files (included in the parser installation package) that had to be included in the VB test program. The VB6 source code used for testing is available. It includes an example of the minimum code required to implement the parser and also includes the complete VB6 code used in the speed test project (not including the parser DLLs/OCXs or author-provided .BAS/.CLS files). If anyone can see where the code I used in any way limited the parser's performance, please let me know - including your suggestions on how to get increased performance. - clsmathparser.cls and mMathSpecFun.bas (102K, 51K) - mtparsercom.dll (272K) - muparser.dll (132K) - ucalcE29.dll, ucalcF29.dll and ucalcvb,bas (40K, 109K, 35K) - axeval.dll (172K) - bcParser.dll (140K) - cioina.dll and cioina.bas (220K, 16K) - Precision Expression Evaluator - expressionevaluator.ocx (56K) - #Calculation Components - sharpcalculation.ocx (107K) - uspexpressparser.dll (276K) - equtranslator.dll and equtranslator.bas (124K, 2K) - Simple Expression Parser - expval.bas (18K) - Eval for VB/VBCE - uses .BAS files, but not available from author I'd like to acknowledge the support of several of the equation parser authors. - Daniel Corbier (uCalc) for his release of uCalc 2.9 as freeware and his tireless answering of my questions, and for not getting mad at me for a string of recommendations on his product and web site - Ingo Bert (muParser) for providing a re-compiled version of muParser compatible with VB6 and for supporting speed improvements for VB6 users - Mathieu Jacques (MTParser) for his interest in providing VB6 speed improvements of MTParser - Tuomas Salste (Eval for VB/VBCE) providing a compiled test version of his source code product, and for his insight on iterating on equation, rather than variable, changes - Peter Bessonov (AxEval) answering questions and for letting me know about the Lua Embeddable Scripting Language - Jianhua Li (#Calculation Component) For the additional VB6 source code examples I found several other URLs which have information on equation parsers. I didn't use information from these sites, but they may be of use to you in gaining a greater understanding of parser code/concepts. I especially liked this short summary of Other interesting sites include:

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Date: Sat May 27 2000 - 01:22:16 EDT Perhaps an answer to the question on Jewish reconing of time. According to S. Robert Anderson, the Jews and their cousins counted time in whole segments even if only a part was used. thus any part of a day would be the frist day, and any part of the third day would be the third day. I know that we Westerners count days as 24 hours so 3 days from now would be 10:14 monday evening, but to them three days from now could be Sunday morning. It gets confusing but it explains some of the chronology in the OT histories. an example we still use is in music theory: a third step is only two full tonic steps from the first; there being no zero. I think the portion "and three nights" is probably emphatic. We find this type of structure in Daniel 8:13,14 where the suspension of the sacrifices for the impurity of the temple is marked at literally "evening mornings". I hope this helps your questions. B-Greek home page: http://sunsite.unc.edu/bgreek You are currently subscribed to b-greek as: [firstname.lastname@example.org] To unsubscribe, forward this message to leave-b-greek-327Q@franklin.oit.unc.edu To subscribe, send a message to email@example.com This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.4 : Sat Apr 20 2002 - 15:36:27 EDT

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Water Science for Kids - Exploring Surface Tension Yesterday I shared the first post in a series of water science for kids. The first activity we did to explore surface tension involved a jar of water and some coins. Today I am sharing a simple trick to make a needle float. Yep, you read that right. We made a needle float on top of the water! It was so cool! I might have been ever more excited than my boys, or at least equally excited. This is one of the coolest water experiments we've ever done. How to Make a Needle Float I tore off one square of toilet paper and set a regular sewing needle on top of it. JZ (6) carefully lowered the toilet paper and set it on top of the water. It took two tries to get it right. If your needle sinks, dry it off, and start with a fresh sheet of toilet paper. The second time worked well, and shortly after JZ set the toilet paper sheet on the water it sunk and drifted away, leaving the needle floating on the surface of the water. Using caution not to create waves I removed the toilet paper from the bowl. The floating needle was such a crazy sight! JZ, J-Bug (4), and I kept staring at it! The water's "skin" is what holds up the needle. Dish soap weakens the skin by making water stretch. When the needle was floating we could see how it sat in the water. It didn't sit right on top but rather buried down a little. JZ stuck the end of a drinking straw in some dish soap then touched the straw to the surface of the water. The needle immediately sunk to the bottom of the container. In fact, it happened so quickly that we missed it. We were all busy watching the straw touch the water. More water science for kids:

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Active champions of community involvement are a region's primary force of advocacy, positive change, and the common good. Recognizing the significance of community engagement in projects, United Way prioritizes creative partnerships and campaigns that address critical issues in education, financial stability, and health care. Community activism can mean volunteering to be a tutor or mentor at a local school. The milestones of a child's education require good support at home and from teachers, and beyond. Tutors and peer mentors are often student volunteers themselves, or high school graduates studying in college. This is an excellent opportunity for young people to discover their communities and help out others. In some cases, however, schools may not have the budget for extracurricular activities, in which case nonprofit or community-oriented organizations could lend a hand. Other common forms of community involvement include helping out in shelters and crisis support centers. There is always an immediate need for donations and outreach initiatives. Volunteer in food banks and help out with pickup, sorting, and delivery. Of course, as with student mentors, there may be a need for supporting group mediators and mentors within the community. You also may want to consider community involvement in organizing sports and special events for the public. Regular community sporting events can bring people together and encourage the kind of socializing that can prove difficult otherwise. Organizing these kinds of activities in low-income neighborhoods can be an incredible chance to get parents and children involved and interacting in positive ways, making a positive impact on the community as a whole. Educating families about the importance of physical activity can lead to healthier lifestyles across generations. Community involvement is an enriching and necessary experience for everyone. There are many opportunities to get involved in preexisting projects or start your own initiative. Get involved with your local United Way and join the movement for healthier communities today!

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The similarities between the pathways used by nerves and by blood vessels first struck anatomists hundreds of years ago; they appear clearly, for example, in the detailed drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. At the Society for Neuroscience meeting, researchers presented more than a dozen examples of neurovascular links in health and disease. These connections suggest a common origin, research presented at SfN indicates; the signals first used by the nervous system were later “co-opted” and reused by the vascular system, Peter Carmeliet of the Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology in Leuven, Belgium, said in a Presidential Special Lecture at the conference. Unlike any other organ, the brain depends on continuous blood flow. If the circulation to a portion of the brain is interrupted, within seconds that area will lose its ability to function. A prolonged interruption—as, for example, with a stroke—can cause permanent damage. Current research on stroke exemplifies the way scientific work on blood-brain interaction has developed during the past several decades. Thomas Jacobs, program director of the Neural Environment Cluster at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, said that research in the 1980s focused mainly on the vascular aspects of stroke and in the 1990s on the neuronal aspects, but these approaches yielded only one major new therapy, the “clot-busting” drug tPA. Hence, at the turn of this century, scientists widened their focus to include not only neurons but also the blood vessels surrounding them and the structural cells, known as the glia, that hold them together. “Research on this emerging concept of a neurovascular unit is providing new leads toward understanding how the brain communicates with its blood vessels,” Jacobs said. Focusing on a Growth Factor At the center of attention is a chemical substance called vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, which initiates the growth of new blood vessels. VEGF probably started out as a trigger for the growth of nerve fibers but has evolved into one of the most important substances in the formation and ongoing support of the circulatory system. In a strain of mice that researchers bred to produce abnormally low levels of VEGF, blood vessels are often too thick or too thin, and tortuous instead of relatively straight. Each population of cells has its own proper levels of VEGF; an imbalance is now understood to lie at the root of more than 70 diseases. Too much VEGF can lead to cancer, inflammation, and diseases of the immune system; too little can bring on ischemic disease—that is, cell damage caused by the obstruction of blood flow—in the heart, brain, and many other tissues. Costantino Iadecola, of Weill Medical College at Cornell University, points out that over the last decade it has become clear that the vascular system plays a role in certain diseases that have usually been considerered neurodegenerative, such as Alzheimer’s disease; for example, the notorious beta-amyloid peptide that builds up in the brain in Alzheimer’s has been found to disrupt the function of the cerebral blood vessels even before it begins to affect the neurons. Moreover, in a type of mouse developed as an animal model for Alzheimer’s disease, the failure of day-to-day maintenance of the blood vessels increases the animal’s susceptibility to ischemic injury. In animals made vulnerable by low levels of VEGF, ischemia itself can also aggravate other ailments. One example comes from the mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, a degenerative disease of motor neurons that is rare but severely disabling and ultimately fatal in humans. In the mouse model, even a passing ischemic attack can worsen ALS. Recent studies have implicated the gene responsible for VEGF in the degeneration of motor neurons. Researchers have identified three mutations of the VEGF gene that are associated with low levels of the growth factor and an increased risk of ALS; in addition, the cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients has been found to contain abnormally low levels of VEGF. Carmeliet and his colleagues have observed in mice bred to lack VEGF that cerebral blood flow is reduced even before the mice begin to develop neurodegenerative disease. Not surprisingly, these mice also appear unusually sensitive to transient ischemic attacks, or ministrokes, and then remain paralyzed longer than normal mice. Carmeliet proposes that inadequate levels of VEGF bring on the risk of disease in two ways: by inducing chronic ischemia and by causing or allowing motor neurons to degenerate. Moreover, Carmeliet, his colleague Wim Robberecht, and their collaborators have found evidence that boosting the level of VEGF helps to protect against certain diseases. In the mouse model of ALS, not only does VEGF itself promote the survival of motor neurons under experimental stress, but VEGF gene therapy prolongs the animals’ survival. The growth factor that is produced stimulates motor neurons to sprout new axons and may also guard against the elimination of synapses. The findings also indicate that VEGF protects motor neurons specifically where they are under threat; when the growth factor is delivered locally, it prevents damage to the neuromuscular junction, a critical step in the pathway from brain signal to muscle movement. Delivering VEGF locally poses several challenges. The growth factor is composed of large molecules that cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier, a tight layer of cells in blood-vessel walls that prevents many substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain; it often provokes immune reactions; and it has a short half-life, which means the supply would continually have to be replenished. For all these reasons, Carmeliet and his colleagues have developed a very small device that can hold recombinant VEGF and diffuse it through a permeable membrane directly into the ventricles, the fluid-filled cavities of the brain. The research team is now working toward clinical trials with the pharmaceutical company NeuroNova. Gregory del Zoppo of the Scripps Research Institute pointed out that in order to be fully neuroprotective, a substance would have to protect not only the neurons but also other brain cells such as astrocytes and vascular cells. This multicellular consideration has slowed commercial development, although the long-term prospects remain good. “Someone called this the Cinderella of neuroscience—she’s still scraping up the ashes,” del Zoppo said. Astrocytes, important structural cells named for their starlike shape, are another possible neurovascular therapeutic target that have not yet received their due. Maiken Nedergaard of the University of Rochester said that astrocytes may be the most abundant cells in the human brain, outnumbering neurons by about 4 to 1 (in contrast, the ratio of astrocytes to neurons in rodents is 1 to 1, and in leeches, 1 astrocyte to 27 neurons). However, the greater complexity of the human astrocytes, which may make them more susceptible to dysfunction, imposes certain limits on the usefulness of animal models of brain disorders. Another limiting factor in neurotherapeutic research is the blood-brain barrier itself, which can alter its permeability to bar some molecules from entering while allowing others through. “The brain is the only organ that has such a barrier,” says William Pardridge of the University of California at Los Angeles. This unusual structure is necessary, he explains, because certain molecules that serve important functions throughout the body (such as norepinephrine, which increases heart rate and raises blood pressure) are put to use in a different capacity in the brain: as neurotransmitters. There are also specialized transport systems to ferry essential small molecules, such as glucose, and even large ones, such as insulin, through the blood-brain barrier. Pardridge and his colleagues have devised a way to take advantage of one such system to deliver drugs to the brain, inside lipid spheres attached to monoclonal antibodies, which target specific molecules on the brain’s blood vessels. Neurotransmitters that function elsewhere to regulate blood pressure and nerve pathways that later guide the mapping of blood vessels are but two glimpses into the intricate physiological partnerships that give us life from moment to moment. The interactions between the blood and the brain, in particular, invite closer study. “These two fields should talk together quite a lot more than they do now,” Carmeliet said.

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1 Answer | Add Yours The main reason the men of Ruby make scapegoats of the women in the convent is that they simply fear what they do not understand. Throughout time humans have feared what they have not understood, and more often than not, sought to destroy it. Another aspect of their fear, I believe, is how well the women get along and manage to survive outside of the conventions of Ruby. Ruby is suffering from a rift between the young, who seem to take for granted all the founding fathers have worked and sacrificed for, and the old, who want to preserve their beliefs and practices. However, the women at the convent, regardless of race, age, and background, bind together for their mutual benefit. One need not look further than the Salem witch trials to see how the strict Puritan religious code made scapegoats of the \'others,\' those who existed outside of the establishment and their religious code of behavior. Look also at how Hitler\'s Nazis sought to purify Germany of the Jews, who throughout time have been scapegoats for more than one culture. How the U.S. government rounded up Japanese Americans and forced them into internment camps during the second world war is another example of this kind of treatment. We’ve answered 318,957 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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A Swedish author encourages kids to get outside and explore math. Focusing on the four basic operations as well as sorting, counting, patterning, geometry, odd and even numbers, and time, AdBåge divides the book into four sections by season, providing five to seven activities within each that are a mix of solo and group endeavors. Using rope, kids can cooperatively make geometric shapes. Bowling with plastic bottles as pins works addition skills. Fallen twigs make for a good game of pickup-sticks. How many snowballs can be packed in a minute? While some of the activities listed emphasize both the outdoors and math, most do not. Several can be done inside just as well, and many require that children collect and paint or otherwise mark natural materials. Some directions are not complete enough to be followed easily, while others seem just to add extra steps so that the author can claim it’s an outdoor game. All of the winter suggestions require snow (in short supply in many climates), and throwing rocks at a tree target is just asking for ricochet injuries. Backmatter includes rudimentary directions for “plus and minus” and “multiply and divide” as well as a list of activities by math skill. Some of the illustrations appear strangely unfinished, a few characters lacking facial or hair color while around them are mostly pink faces, and the opening spread about numbers is missing illustrations for four of the 11 numbers. A big miss for both nature and math. (Nonfiction. 4-10)

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History of the Tsalagi As white settlers poured across the mountains, the Cherokee tried once again to compensate themselves with territory taken by war with a neighboring tribe. This time their intended victim was the Chickasaw, but this was a mistake. Anyone who tried to take something from the Chickasaw regretted it, if he survived. After eleven years of sporadic warfare ended with a major defeat at Chickasaw Oldfields (1769), the Cherokee gave up and began to explore the possibility of new alliances to resist the whites. Both the Cherokee and Creek attended the 1770 and 1771 meetings with the Ohio tribes at Sciota but did not participate in Lord Dunnmore's War (1773-74) because the disputed territory was not theirs.On the eve of the American Revolution, the British government scrambled to appease the colonists and negotiate treaties with the Cherokee ceding land already taken from them by white settlers. To this end, all means, including outright bribery and extortion, were employed: Lochaber Treaty (1770); and the Augusta Treaty (1773) ceding 2 million acres in Georgia to pay for debts to white traders. For the same reasons as the Iroquois cession of Ohio in 1768, the Cherokee tried to protect their homeland from white settlement by selling land they did not really control. In the Watonga Treaty (1774) and the Overhill Cherokee Treaty (Sycamore Shoals) (1775), they sold all of eastern and central Kentucky to the Transylvania Land Company (Henderson Purchase). Despite the fact that these agreements were a clear violation of existing British law, they were used later to justify the American takeover of the region. The Shawnee also claimed these lands but, of course, were never consulted. With the Iroquois selling the Shawnee lands north of the Ohio, and the Cherokee selling the Shawnee lands south, where could they go? Not surprisingly, the Shawnee stayed and fought the Americans for 40 years. Both the Cherokee and Iroquois were fully aware of the problem they were creating. After he had signed, a Cherokee chief reputedly took Daniel Boone aside to say, "We have sold you much fine land, but I am afraid you will have trouble if you try to live there." Not all of the Cherokee honored these agreements. Cui Canacina (Dragging Canoe) and the Chickamauga refused and kept raiding the new settlements. At the outbreak of the Revolution, the Cherokee received requests from the Mohawk, Shawnee, and Ottawa to join them against the Americans, but the majority of the Cherokee decided to remain neutral in the white man's war. The Chickamauga, however, were at war with the Americans and formed an alliance with the Shawnee. Both tribes had the support of British Indian agents who were still living among them (often with native wives) and arranging trade. During 1775 the British began to supply large amounts of guns and ammunition and offer bounties for American scalps. In July, 1776, 700 Chickamauga attacked two American forts in North Carolina: Eaton's Station and Ft. Watauga. Both assaults failed, but the raids set off a series of attacks by other Cherokee and the Upper Creek on frontier settlements in Tennessee and Alabama. The frontier militia organized in response made little effort to distinguish between hostile and neutral Cherokee, except to notice that neutrals were easier to find. During September the Americans destroyed more than 36 Cherokee towns killing every man, woman and child they could find. Unable to resist, the Cherokee in 1777 asked for peace. The Treaties of DeWitt's Corner (May) and Long Island (or Holston) (July) were signed at gunpoint and forced the Cherokee to cede almost all of their remaining land in the Carolinas. Although this brought peace for two years, the Chickamauga remained hostile and renewed their attacks against western settlements in Tennessee, Alabama, and Kentucky during 1780. After more fighting, the second Treaty of Long Island of Holston (July 1781) confirmed the 1777 cessions and then took more Cherokee land. Through all of this, the Chickamauga fought on but were forced to retreat slowly northward, until by 1790 they had joined forces with the Shawnee in Ohio. After the initial Indian victories of Little Turtle's War (1790-94), most of the Ohio Chickamauga returned south and settled near the Tennessee River in central Tennessee and northern Alabama. From here, they had the unofficial encouragement of the Spanish governments of Florida and Louisiana and began to attack nearby American settlements. One of these incidents almost killed a young Nashville attorney/land speculator named Andrew Jackson, which may explain his later attitude regarding the Cherokee. Dragging Canoe died in 1792, but a new round of violence exploded that year with the American settlements in central Tennessee and northern Alabama. After two years of fighting with Tennessee militia, support from other Cherokee declined, and the Chickamauga's resolve began to weaken. Following the American victory at Fallen Timbers (1794), the last groups of the Ohio Chickamauga returned to Tennessee. Meanwhile, the Spanish government had decided to settle its border disputes with the United States by diplomatic means and ended its covert aid to the Cherokee. After a final battle near Muscle Shoals in Alabama, the Chickamauga realized it was impossible stop the Americans by themselves. By 1794 large groups of Chickamauga had started to cross the Mississippi and settle with the Western Cherokee in Spanish Arkansas. The migration was complete by 1799, and open warfare between the Cherokee and Americans ended. The Keetoowah (Western Cherokee or Old Settlers) had their origin with a small group of pro-French Cherokee which relocated to northern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri after the French defeat by the British in 1763. The Spanish welcomed them and granted land. Towards the end of the American Revolution in 1782, they were joined a group of pro-British Cherokee. With the migration of the Chickamauga (1794-99), the Keetoowah became formidable and a threat to the Osage who originally claimed the territory. Cherokee and Osage warfare was fairly common in 1803 when the United States gained control of the area through the Louisiana Purchase. With continued migration, the Western Cherokee steadily gained at the expense of the Osage, and by 1808 over 2,000 Cherokee were established in northern Arkansas. The Turkey Town treaty (1817) was the first formal recognition of the Western Cherokee by the United States. Under its terms, 4,000 Cherokee ceded their lands in Tennessee in exchange for a reservation with the Western Cherokee in northwest Arkansas. With this new immigration during 1818-19, the number of Western Cherokee swelled to over 6,000. However, the Osage continued to object to the Cherokee presence, and the Americans were forced to build Fort Smith (1817) and Fort Gibson (1824) to maintain peace. White settlers of the Arkansas territory were soon demanding the removal of both the Cherokee and Osage. In 1828 the Western Cherokee agreed to exchange their Arkansas lands for a new location in Oklahoma. The boundaries were finally determined in 1833, although it took until 1835 to get the Osage to agree. Meanwhile, the Cherokee homeland in the east was rapidly being whittled away by American settlement reflected by a series of treaties: Hopewell 1785; Holston 1791; Philadelphia 1794; Tellico 1798, 1804, 1805, and 1806. The final cession of ten million acres in 1806 by Doublehead (Chuquilatague) outraged many of the Cherokee and resulted in his assassination as a traitor by the faction led by Major Ridge (Kahnungdatlageh -"the man who walks the mountain top"). A new, mixed-blood leadership of Ridge and John Ross (Guwisguwi - blue eyes and 1/8 Cherokee) seized control determined not to yield any more of the Cherokee homeland while introducing major cultural changes. With a unity made possible by the departure of the more traditional Cherokee to Arkansas, in less than 30 years the Cherokee underwent the most remarkable adaptation to white culture of any Native American people. By 1817 the clan system of government had been replaced by an elected tribal council. A new capital was established at New Echota in 1825, and a written constitution modeled after that of the United States was added two years later. Many Cherokee became prosperous farmers with comfortable houses, beautiful cultivated fields, and large herds of livestock. Christian missionaries arrived by invitation, and Sequoia invented an alphabet that gave them a written language and overnight made most of the Cherokee literate. They published a newspaper, established a court system, and built schools. An inventory of Cherokee property in 1826 revealed: 22,000 cattle, 7,600 horses, 46,000 swine, 2,500 sheep, 762 looms, 2,488 spinning wheels, 172 wagons, 2,942 plows, 10 sawmills, 31 grist mills, 62 blacksmith shops, 8 cotton machines, 18 schools, and 18 ferries. Although the poor Cherokee still lived in simple log cabins, Chief John Ross had a $10,000 house designed by a Philadelphia architect. In fact, many Cherokee were more prosperous and 'civilized' than their increasingly envious white neighbors. Although the leadership of the eastern Cherokee steadfastly maintained their independence and land base, they felt it was important to reach an accommodation with the Americans. They refused Tecumseh's requests for Indian unity in 1811, ignored a call for war from the Red Stick Creek in 1813, and then fought as American allies during the Creek War (1813-14). 800 Cherokee under Major Ridge were with Jackson's army at Horseshoe Bend in 1814, and according one account, a Cherokee warrior saved Jackson's life during the battle. If Jackson was grateful, he never allowed it to show. At the Fort Jackson Treaty ending the war (1814), Jackson demanded huge land cessions from both the Cherokee and Creek. As allies, the Cherokee must have been stunned at this treatment, and reluctantly agreed only after a series of four treaties signed during 1816 and 1817. The Cherokee government afterwards became even more determined not to surrender any more land, but things were moving against them. In 1802 Cherokee land had been promised by the federal government to the state of Georgia which afterwards refused to recognize either the Cherokee Nation or its land claims. By 1822 Georgia was pressing Congress to end Cherokee title within its boundaries. $30,000 was eventually appropriated as payment but refused. Then bribery was attempted but exposed, and the Cherokee responded with a law prescribing death for anyone selling land to whites without permission. With the election of Jackson as president in 1828, the Cherokee were in serious trouble. Gold was discovered that year on Cherokee land in northern Georgia, and miners swarmed in. Indian removal to west of the Mississippi had been suggested as early as 1802 by Thomas Jefferson and recommended by James Monroe in his final address to Congress in 1825. With Jackson's full support, the Indian Removal Act was introduced in Congress in 1829. There it met serious opposition from Senators Daniel Webster and Henry Clay who were able to delay passage until 1830. Meanwhile, Jackson refused to enforce the treaties which protected the Cherokee homeland from encroachment. During the two years following his election, Georgia unilaterally extended its laws to Cherokee territory, dividing up Cherokee lands by lottery, and stripping the Cherokee of legal protection. Georgia citizens were free to kill, burn, and steal. With the only alternative a war which would result in annihilation, John Ross decided to fight for his people's rights in the United States courts. The Cherokee won both cases brought before the Supreme Court: Cherokee Nation vs Georgia (1831) and Worcester vs Georgia(1832), but the legal victories were useless. Jackson's answer: "Justice Marshall has made his decision. Let him enforce it." Without federal interference, Georgia and Tennessee began a reign of terror using arrest, murder and arson against the Cherokee. Ross was arrested, and the offices of the Cherokee Phoenix burned in May, 1834. The mansion of the wealthiest Cherokee, Joseph Vann, was confiscated by the Georgia militia, and the Moravian mission and school was converted into a militia headquarters. When Ross travelled to Washington to protest, Jackson refused to see him. Instead overtures were made to Major Ridge, his son John Ridge, and nephew Elias Boudinot (Buck Oowatie), editor of the Phoenix (Cherokee newspaper). The hopelessness of the situation finally convinced these men to sign the Treaty of New Echota (December, 1835) surrendering the Cherokee Nation's homeland in exchange for $5,000,000, seven million acres in Oklahoma, and an agreement to remove within two years. Known as the Treaty Party (Ridgites), only 350 of 17,000 Cherokee actually endorsed the agreement. Threatened by violence from their own people, they and 2,000 family members quickly gathered their property and left for Oklahoma. The treaty was clearly a fraud, and a petition of protest with 16,000 Cherokee signatures was dispatched to Washington to halt ratification. After violent debate, Jackson succeeded in pushing it through the Senate during May by the margin of a single vote. The Cherokee Nation was doomed. For the next two years, Ross tried every political and legal means to stop the removal, but failed. When the deadline arrived in May, 1838, 7,000 soldiers under General Winfield Scott (virtually the entire American Army) moved into the Cherokee homeland. The Cherokee found that their reward for 'taking the white manÕs road' was to be driven from their homes at gunpoint. It was the beginning of the Nunadautsun't or 'the trail where we cried.' History would call it the Trail of Tears. Forced to abandon most of their property, the Cherokee were herded into hastily-built stockades at Rattlesnake Springs near Chattanooga. Little thought had been given to these, and in the crowded and unsanitary conditions, measles, whooping cough and dysentery took a terrible toll throughout the summer. After most of the Cherokee had been collected, relocation by boat began in August, but drought had made Tennessee River unusable. At this point Cherokee desperation contributed to the disaster. Not wishing to remain until spring in the lethal conditions at Rattlesnake Springs, Ross petitioned the government to allow the Cherokee to manage their own removal. Permission was delayed until October. When it finally came, several large groups of Cherokee departed into the face of an approaching winter. They were marched west without adequate shelter, provisions, or food. The soldiers were under orders to move quickly and did little to protect them from whites who attacked and robbed the Cherokee of what little they had left. Two-thirds were trapped in southern Illinois by ice on the Mississippi and forced to remain for a month without shelter or supplies. As many as 4,000, including the wife of John Ross, died enroute. Many had to be left unburied beside the road. Some Cherokee avoided the removal. Under the provisions of the 1817 and 1819 treaties, 400 Qualia of Chief Yonaguska who lived in North Carolina were United States citizens and owned their land individually. Not members of the Cherokee Nation, they were not subject to removal and allowed to stay. Several hundred Cherokee escaped and hid in the mountains. The army used other Cherokee to hunt them. Tsali and two of his sons were captured and executed after they had killed a soldier trying to capture them. In 1842 the army gave up the effort, and the fugitive Cherokee were allowed to remain in an "unofficial" status. Formal recognition came in 1848 when Congress agreed to recognize the Eastern Cherokee provided North Carolina would do likewise. Currently there are more than 8,000 Eastern Cherokee who living in the mountains of western North Carolina. The Echota Cherokee Tribe in Alabama is another group descended from individual Cherokee landowners protected from removal by the 1817 and 1819 treaties. At the same time as the Trail of Tears, another group of Cherokee was being forcibly removed to Oklahoma ...from Texas. In 1807, after the Louisiana Purchase, the Spanish government was nervously watching the American expansion towards Texas and requested a number of tribes to resettle in eastern Texas as a buffer against the Americans. The first Cherokee settlement in the region was at Lost Prairie in 1819, and it received a land grant in 1822. After the successful revolt by the Texans in 1835, a treaty confirming the Cherokee title failed ratification in the Texas legislature during 1836 despite the strong support of President Sam Houston. White Texans pressed for the removal, and in July of 1839 three Texas regiments attacked the Cherokee of Chief Bowl and forced them across the Red River into Oklahoma. The irony of the Cherokee situation in Oklahoma in 1839 should not be lost. No matter what course chosen: war, accommodation, surrender, or flight; their fate had been the same. Of the Five Civilized Tribes, the Creek, Choctaw and Seminole received similar treatment during removal, although the Chickasaw had foreseen what was coming and prepared better. Following removal, all had major problems, but the Cherokee had the most bitter internal divisions. Gathered together for the first time in 50 years, the Cherokee in Oklahoma were ready for civil war during the spring of 1839. 6,000 Western Cherokee (Old Settlers) from Arkansas and Texas had been living there since 1828 and defending themselves from the Osage, Kiowa, Wichita, and Comanche. They had maintained their traditional government of three chiefs without written laws. Suddenly 14,000 Eastern Cherokee (New Settlers) arrived in their midst with an elaborate government, court system, and a written constitution, but the newcomers were bitterly divided between 2,000 Ridgites (Treaty Party) and 12,000 Rossites who had just lost 4,000 of their people on the Trail of Tears. Violence was not long in coming. On June 22, Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot were murdered. Stand Watie, Boudinot's brother and Major Ridge's nephew, was the only leader of the Treaty Party to escape. The assassinations effectively silenced the Treaty Party, but the hatreds endured. This left only two contending groups: west and east. The Western Cherokee refused to accept any of the new changes, while the more numerous Eastern Cherokee considered themselves superior and would not compromise. The first meeting of these factions failed to reach agreement. At a second meeting, Ross could only obtain the signature of one western chief but proceeded anyway to organize a government. However, the majority of the western Cherokee and the Treaty Party refused to recognize it. For the next six years there was civil war over borders and jurisdiction. The situation became so bad that Congress proposed dividing the Cherokee into two tribes. This was incentive enough for the Cherokee to set aside their differences and unite under the Cherokee Nation, an accomplishment recognized by treaty with the United States in 1846. The wounds from removal and reunification never healed completely, but the Cherokee adjusted well enough to enjoy what they consider to have been their golden age during the 1850s. On the eve of the Civil War in 1861, the Cherokee Nation was controlled by a wealthy, mixed-blood minority which owned black slaves and favored the South. The vast majority of the Cherokee did not have slaves, lived simple lives and could have cared less about the white man's war, especially the Old Settlers. John Ross leaned towards the South, but mindful of the divisions within the Cherokee, refused the early offers by Albert Pike to join the Confederacy. When Union soldiers withdrew during the summer of 1861, the Confederate army occupied the Indian Territory. The Cherokee Nation voted to secede from the United States in August, 1861, and a formal treaty was signed at the Park Hill home of John Ross between the Cherokee Nation and the new Confederate government. Four years later, this agreement was to cost them very dearly. Americans are usually surprised to learn that the Civil War was bitterly contested between the Native Americans in Oklahoma. For the Cherokee, it was very much a war of brother against brother. 3,000 Cherokee (usually New Settlers) enlisted in the Confederate army while 1,000(Old Settlers) fought for the Union. In the east 400 North Carolina Cherokee, virtually every able bodied man, served the South. Cherokee Civil War Units included: First Cherokee Mounted Rifles (First Arkansas Cherokee); First Cherokee Mounted Volunteer (Watie's Regiment, Cherokee Mounted Volunteers); Second Regiment, Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Arkansas; First Regiment, Cherokee Mounted Riflemen; First Squadron, Cherokee Mounted Volunteers (Holt's Squadron); Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers (Second Regiment,Cherokee Mounted Rifles or Riflemen); and Cherokee Regiment(Special Service). Cherokee units fought at Wilson Creek (1861) and Pea Ridge (1862). There were few large battles in Oklahoma, but these were brutal. In November 1861, a combined force of 1,400 Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Texas cavalry commanded by Colonel Douglas Cooper attacked a refugee column of 4,000 pro-Union Creek trying to reach safety in Kansas. Over 700 refugees were killed during the three day battle before reason took hold. After two assaults against the Creek, the Cherokee refused to participate in a third and withdrew. Meanwhile the Cherokee allegiance to the Confederacy faltered. Following the Confederate defeat at Pea Ridge, John Ross switched sides to the Union. Actually Ross allowed himself to be captured in 1862 and spent the rest of the war in Philadelphia. John Drew's Mounted Rifle regiment also deserted and was reorganized as a regiment in the Union army, but other Cherokee units under Stand Watie remained loyal to the Confederacy. The fighting in Oklahoma degenerated into the same vicious guerilla warfare that prevailed among the white settlers of Kansas and Missouri. Stand Watie, who became a Confederate general, was a leader of the Treaty Party and personally hated John Ross. After Ross switched in 1862 and went east, Stand Watie was elected principal chief of the Cherokee Nation in August. He captured the Cherokee capital at Tahlequah and ordered Ross' home burned. The fighting produced hatreds that, added to the earlier differences, endured long after the war was over. Many Oklahoma Indians fled north to escape the fighting. Kansas eventually had more than 7,000 refugees from the Indian Territory which it could not house or feed. Many froze to death or starved. Heavily involved in the fighting throughout the war, the Cherokee Nation lost more than 1/3 of its population. No state, north or south, even came close to this. On June 23, 1865, Stand Watie was the last Confederate general to surrender his command to the United States. Afterwards, the victorious federal government remembered the services of General Stand Watie to the Confederacy. It also remembered the 1861 vote by the Cherokee legislature to secede from the United States. These provided the excuse to invalidate all previous treaties between the Cherokee and United States. John Ross died in 1866, and in new treaties imposed in 1866 and 1868, large sections of Cherokee lands were taken for railroad construction, white settlement (1889), or the relocation of other tribes. The Cherokee Nation never recovered to the prosperity it had enjoyed before the Civil War. As railroads were built across Cherokee lands, outlaws discovered that the Indian territory, especially the Cherokee Nation, was a sanctuary from federal and state laws. Impoverished by the war, the Cherokee also began to lease lands to white tenant farmers. By 1880, whites outnumbered the Indians in the Indian Territory. In 1885 a well-intentioned, but ill-informed, Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts decided that holding of land in common was delaying the progress of Indians towards "civilization." Forming an alliance with western Congressmen who wish to exploit Indian treaty lands, he secured passage of the General Allotment(Dawes) Act in 1887 which ultimately cost Native Americans 2/3 of their remaining land base. The Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma were exempt from allotment, but came under tremendous pressure to accept it. Until the 1880s, cattle from the Chisholm and Texas trails routinely grazed on the lands of the Cherokee Outlet before going to the Kansas railheads. The Cherokee earned a good income from this enterprise until it was halted without explanation by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1890. It should also be noted that the Oklahoma Territory was organized that same year from the western half of the Indian Territory, and there may have been some connection! After the Cherokee were forced to sell, the land was made available for white settlement. The Dawes commission attempted to get the Five Tribes to accept allotment in 1893, but they refused. This led to the passage of the Curtis Act (1895) which dissolved tribal governments and forced allotment during 1901. Grafting(swindles) of Indian lands became a massive and unofficially sanctioned form of theft in Oklahoma. Of the original seven million acres granted the Cherokee in the New Echota Treaty, the Cherokee Nation kept less than 1/3 of 1 percent. As compensation, the Cherokee became citizens in 1901 and were finally allowed to vote. An attempt by the Five Tribes to form their own state of Sequoyah in eastern Oklahoma failed in 1905, and the Cherokee Nation was officially dissolved on March 3, 1906. The following year Oklahoma was admitted as the 46th state. The present government of the Cherokee Nation was formed in 1948 after passage of the Wheeler-Howard Indian Reorganization Act (1934). In 1961 the Cherokee Nation was awarded $15,000,000 by the U.S. Claims Commission for lands of the Cherokee Outlet. Comments concerning this "history" would be appreciated. Direct same to Lee Sultzman. Ken Martin Tsalagi Historian Please Visit My Friends My Home Page Heart of a Tsalagi Legacy of Love History Sign My Guest book Trail of Tears The Seven Clans Prayers ale Poetry More on Wolves Gathering of Crops Writings of Three Feather View what others have spoken Awards My Site Has Been Bestowed Please Sign My Guest book

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1 The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, DONALD RATCLIFFE A long tradition in American political history associates the presidency of Andrew Jackson with the achievement of universal suffrage and the coming of democracy, at least for adult white males. There is some justification for this view, but only in limited senses; for the most part this interpretation has had a deleterious effect on our understanding of political development in the early republic. In particular it has created the belief that relatively few people possessed the right to vote in the early republic, and that therefore mass participation was postponed to the years after As recently as September 2008 the distinguished historian Jill Lepore could write in the New Yorker that during Washington s presidency only 6 percent of Americans could vote which admittedly translates into about 15 percent of the free adult population. Sean Wilentz s prize-winning Rise of American Democracy (2005) recognizes that the suffrage was much more widely spread before 1815, but he still builds his interpretation around the assumption that politics did not involve the public at large until the Age of Jackson. Even Alexander Keyssar s illuminating The Right to Vote (2000) and Daniel Walker Howe s excellent What Hath God Wrought (2007) assume that the Donald Ratcliffe is Supernumerary Teaching and Research Fellow at the Rothermere American Institute in the University of Oxford. He wishes to acknowledge the support of staff of the Institute and the Vere Harmsworth Library, as well as the constructive advice and criticism he has received from John Brooke, Philip Lampi, Daniel Peart, Andrew Robertson, and David Waldstreicher. The author dedicates this essay to the late J. R. Pole, the distinguished British (and Oxford) historian who told us all this over fifty years ago, and yet his teaching has been curiously ignored by most American historians. Journal of the Early Republic, 33 (Summer 2013) Copyright 2013 Society for Historians of the Early American Republic. All rights reserved. 2 220 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) practice of politics became more democratic in the 1820s because of recent fundamental changes in electoral rules. Such views are explicitly contradicted by the voting data that Philip Lampi has gathered that are now available on the A New Nation Votes website, which confirm the huge expansion of popular participation within two decades or so of the adoption of the United States Constitution. 1 This expansion was possible because the right to vote had always been extraordinarily widespread at least among adult white males even before the country gained its independence. During the colonial period, the right to vote for the lower house of colonial legislatures had been defined in traditional British terms: Only people who had freehold landed property sufficient to ensure that they were personally independent and had a vested interest in the welfare of their communities could vote. That qualification normally applied to men who were heads of households, since women were almost by definition dependent, but the right could extend to widows who had become responsible for the family property. Some colonies excluded propertied people whose civic commitment they suspected recent arrivals, members of minority religious sects, and racial groups deemed unacceptable. But those most generally excluded were laborers, tenant farmers, unskilled workers, and indentured servants, all of whom were considered to lack a stake in society, a permanent interest in the community, and the wherewithal to withstand corruption Jill Lepore, Rock, Paper, Scissors: How We Used to Vote, The New Yorker, Oct. 13, 2008, 2, consulted at 10/13/081013fa_fact_lepore?currentPage 2; Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, 2005); Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York, 2000); Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, (New York, 2007). See also Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, (New York, 1991). The A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns website may be found at 2. The best overall study of the evolution of the suffrage before the Civil War remains Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage from Property to Democracy, (Princeton, NJ, 1960). For colonial attitudes, see ibid, 1 61; Jack P. Greene, All Men Are Created Equal: Some Reflections on the Character of the American Revolution (Oxford, UK, 1976), reprinted in his Imperatives, Behaviors, and Identities: Essays in Early American Cultural History (Charlottesville, VA, 1992), 3 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 221 In Britain property qualifications increasingly restricted the number qualified to vote. Whereas over 20 percent of adult males had enjoyed the franchise around 1700, population growth and the increasing concentration of wealth reduced the proportion to 17.2 percent by 1754, continuing down to 12.7 percent in England and Wales by the 1820s. 3 By contrast, the abundance and availability of land in North America meant that large numbers of colonists satisfied similarly defined requirements. This was especially true where the requirement was expressed in terms of acreage rather than value, as was customarily the case in the southern colonies: It was much easier to acquire (and to measure) 50 acres than land worth 50 either at sale or in annual rents. Six colonies also allowed alternative qualifications to freehold ownership in the form of personal property or payment of taxes, opening the suffrage to owners of urban property, and even to those prosperous farmers who rented their land or held it on some form of leasehold. 4 Consequently, as early as the 1720s the suffrage was uniquely wide in the colonies. Virginia reputedly had the most restrictive franchise, with fewer than half the free white males qualified to vote, but a recent calculation raises the figure to two-thirds at midcentury, declining slightly thereafter. In some New England colonies and in the great northeastern seaports about three-quarters of adult males met the requirement. Already before the Revolution an unprecedentedly large proportion of the adult free male population could vote, though historians have been uncertain in their calculation of just how many. Chilton Williamson and Robert Dinkin estimated that in the late colonial era the proportion of freehold owners ranged between 50 and 75 (or even 80) percent in the various communities and states, while Alexander Keyssar suggests that overall nearly 60 percent of adult white males were eligible to vote. 5 esp ; Robert J. Steinfeld, Property and Suffrage in the Early American Republic, Stanford Law Review 41 (Jan. 1989), , esp The Great Reform Act of 1832 would increase the potential electorate to only 18.4 percent in England and Wales. Frank O Gorman, The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History, (London, 1997), 49, 140, Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, (Westport, CT, 1977), Williamson, American Suffrage, 20 39, esp. 38; Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America, 49; Keyssar, The Right to Vote, 7. See also Richard R. Beeman, The Varieties of Political Experience in Eighteenth-Century America (Philadelphia, 4 222 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) The Revolution established the pattern of voting rights that determined American politics in the generation after The years from 1774 to 1787 did not see a drastic qualitative change, but they did see the proportion of eligible voters expand, probably by significantly more than 10 percent. 6 On the one hand, the controversy with Britain after 1763 over political rights stimulated democratic sentiment in both the colonies and the metropolis, and radicals began to argue that the right to vote was inherent within individual manhood. In the revolutionary crisis of 1775 and 1776, the need to ensure popular support encouraged several states to allow men especially militia men who did not meet the formal requirements to vote at critical moments, while the Declaration of Independence resoundingly based the legitimacy of the new nation on the consent of the governed. Radicals began to insist that every adult male deserved the right to vote, and that individual citizens needed the vote to protect them against the possible tyranny of lawmakers. 7 On the other hand, many leading patriots remained committed to the idea that voting was a privilege open to those who were tied to the community s long-term welfare and had a sufficient tangible measure of that commitment. As a result, the new state constitutions generally established a more conservative electoral system than the democrats wanted. 2004), 75, , 250, , 310. The calculation that 85 percent of free white males could vote, made by Robert E. Brown and B. Katherine Brown, Virginia, : Democracy or Aristocracy (East Lansing, MI, 1964), has generally been regarded as too high. Historians have tended to follow Charles S. Sydnor, Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in Washington s Virginia (Chapel Hill, NC, 1952), 34 43, in preferring a figure below 50 percent. The more recent midway calculation was made by John Kolp, Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia (Baltimore, 1998), Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, (Westport, CT, 1982), Marc W. Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill, NC, 1997), ; Elisha P. Douglass, Rebels and Democrats: The Struggle for Equal Political Rights and Majority Rule during the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, NC, 1955); Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (New York, 1988); Wilentz, Rise of American Democracy, 5 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 223 In 1776 the most radical state, Pennsylvania, enfranchised all taxpaying adult males and so broadened the electorate markedly, especially in older eastern areas where no more than 50 to 60 percent of adult males had previously qualified. In 1787 it was estimated that, in the state as a whole, upwards of 87.5 percent of adult white males could now vote. 8 But, significantly, even the Pennsylvania radicals of 1776 still associated representation with taxation: Only free men having a sufficient evident common interest with and attachment to the community deserved the privilege of voting in a republican polity. There was no desire to enfranchise the poor, who were commonly identified as profligate or idle. As J. R. Pole suggested, what was significant was not that lots of men could vote but that it was still thought necessary to exclude some, however few, from the polls. 9 The determination to maintain meaningful tests arose from the aware- 8. Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 36. See also Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era (Chapel Hill, NC, 1980). 9. Quotation from the 1776 constitution, in Greene, Imperatives, 260; J. R. Pole, Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy, American Historical Review 67 (Apr. 1962), , and reprinted in his Paths to the American Past (New York, 1979), Pole s important pioneering contributions to the subject came in a series of still valuable articles, listed here by state: Suffrage and Representation in Massachusetts: A Statistical Note, William and Mary Quarterly 14 (Oct. 1957), , as corrected by Richard P. McCormick, Letters to the Editors, William and Mary Quarterly 15 (July 1958), ; Pole, The Suffrage in New Jersey, , Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 71 (1953), 39 61; Pole, Suffrage Reform and the American Revolution in New Jersey, Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 74 (1956), ; Pole, Jeffersonian Democracy and the Federalist Dilemma in New Jersey, Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 74 (1956), ; Pole, Election Statistics in Pennsylvania, , Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 82 (Apr. 1958), ; Pole, Suffrage and Representation in Maryland from 1776 to 1810: A Statistical Note and Some Reflections, Journal of Southern History 24 (May 1958), ; Pole, Constitutional Reform and Election Statistics in Maryland, , Maryland Historical Magazine 55 (Dec. 1960), ; Pole, Representation and Authority in Virginia from the Revolution to Reform, Journal of Southern History 24 (Feb. 1958), 16 50, reprinted in his Paths to the American Past, 3 40; Pole, Election Statistics in North Carolina, To 1861, Journal of Southern History 24 (May 1958), ; all resulting in his magisterial Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic (New York, 1966). 6 224 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) ness that broader social and economic trends were actually reducing the proportion of men who owned property. In newly settled areas where land was cheap, 70 or 80 percent of adult white males held enough property to be enfranchised. But in some older areas, notably New England, the limited availability of land and the practice of subdividing family plots among children reduced the number who possessed the minimum estate. Kenneth Lockridge found a 30 percent decline in eastern Massachusetts between midcentury and 1790, and the situation may have been worse in the middle states. In cities the crowds of poor men swelled, as economic tendencies made rich and poor ever more distinct. Such developments raised fears that in the near future a large propertyless proletariat might appear in the United States, and statesmen were apprehensive of the effects a class that lacked true moral independence might have on the politics of the growing republic. 10 Virginia and New York are the prime instances of states that marginally eased their property requirements but essentially maintained a restrictive regime intact. Virginia in 1776 held to its basic freehold qualification of 25 acres of improved land, but then in 1785 lowered the alternative requirement for freehold owners of unimproved land from 100 to 50 acres. Calculations as to how many men possessed this level of property have ranged widely, but since long-term leaseholders and some residents of the few towns could also vote, most authorities have accepted that between half and two-thirds of adult white males could vote in the 1780s. Certainly most adult sons, tenants, laborers, artisans, merchants, professional men, and their employees did not legally qualify, but, as Pole observed of the years before the revolution, suffrage in Virginia was often exercised in fact by persons to whom it did not belong as a right under the law. As a result, he calculated, the effective voting force in revolutionary Virginia could rise to over sixty per cent of the white male population of adults and sometimes even higher Kenneth Lockridge, Land, Population, and the Evolution of New England Society, , Past and Present 39 (Apr. 1968), 62 80; Allen Kulikoff, The Progress of Inequality in Revolutionary Boston, William and Mary Quarterly 28 (July 1971), Pole, Political Representation, For the debate over the size of Virginia s electorate in the mid eighteenth century, see note 5 above. For the post- Revolutionary period, Jackson Turner Main, The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1961), 31, found that in most coun- 7 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 225 New York s revolutionary reforms were, if anything, more restrictive. The 1777 constitution opened the qualification to vote for the house to both those who owned a 20 freehold (previously 50) and tenants who paid 40 shillings annual rent and state taxes, as well as to those merchants, artisans, and professionals who had previously become freemen of the cities of New York and Albany. These terms continued to exclude many of New York s tenant farmers and laborers (and their adult sons), but less completely than might be imagined since long-term tenancies were treated as freeholds, which enfranchised many tenants on the great feudal estates of the Hudson valley. In the New York of 1790, about 58 percent of adult white males that is, 70.7 percent of heads of households could vote for the assembly. 12 Four other states that retained their colonial restrictions intact already allowed fairly broad access to the suffrage. Delaware retained both its old 50-acre freehold requirement and its traditional alternative of 40 personal property, which in colonial days had enabled about 80 percent of adult white males to vote. South Carolina is normally regarded as preserving a conservative establishment in 1778: It did keep its existing 50-acre freehold rule, but it also lowered its previous alternative of paying 20 shillings in taxes to paying taxes equal to the tax on 50 acres. Yet this tax concession seems to have been of little significance since the ties about half the adult white males could meet the requirements, a view accepted by Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (Chapel Hill, NC, 1966), 179. The suggestion of Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 38, that 70 to 75 percent of adult white males in Virginia were qualified in the 1780s seems to go beyond the evidence he cites. Later writers see 60 to 65 percent as close to the mark. Kolp, Gentlemen and Freeholders, 38 49; William G. Shade, Democratizing the Old Dominion: Virginia and the Second Party System, (Charlottesville, VA, 1996), New York s figures are not beyond dispute. Linda De Pauw estimated that 92 percent of adult white males could vote in 1790, but Alfred Young s careful analysis argues convincingly that she and other historians (including himself ) had misunderstood contemporary tabulations and that the figure was closer to 58 percent. Linda Grant De Pauw, The Eleventh Pillar: New York State and the Federal Constitution (Ithaca, NY, 1966), ; Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1967), 83 84, See also John Brooke, King George Has Issued Too many Pattents for Us : Property and Democracy in Jeffersonian New York, in this issue of JER. 8 226 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) acquisition of a 50 freehold continued to be relatively easy in South Carolina, where tax records reveal that over 80 percent of adult white males owned qualifying freeholds in the 1780s. 13 Rhode Island and Connecticut retained intact their colonial charters and ancient suffrage rules: Both states required those who could meet the property qualifications to take the freeman s oath before they could vote. The Rhode Island charter restricted the oath to those who owned real estate valued at 40 or rented for 40 shillings per annum (and their eldest sons), a qualification that about 74 percent of adult males could meet in However, only about four-fifths of them took the freeman s oath so that in 1788 only about 60 to 70 percent of adult males were bona fide freemen. The same was true in Connecticut, where the qualifications for the oath were described as maturity in years, quiet and peaceable behavior, a civil conversation, and forty shillings freehold. In practice probably no more than 60 percent of adult males took the freeman s oath in the 1780s. Yet in both cases the oath should surely be seen as a sort of registration process: As Joel Cohen has suggested, failure to take the oath can be considered as voluntarily choosing not to vote rather than being ineligible. Dinkin calculated that those eligible to take the oath in 1789 amounted to about 75 percent in each state, though other evidence suggests that the qualification was becoming harder to meet and 65 percent would be nearer the mark. 14 Of the other six states, five deliberately eased the qualifications required for voting for their legislative assemblies, even while rejecting the principle of universal manhood suffrage. Eager to attach more social groups to the republic, they decisively broadened their view of what could constitute a stake in society and accepted various forms of wealth and evidences of social contribution as alternatives to property. New Jersey in 1776 gave the vote to all possessing 50 of personal estate. Pennsylvania included the adult sons of freeholders even when not tax- 13. Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 35 36, The description of the Connecticut qualifications comes from the Pennsylvania Magazine (1776), quoted in Marchette Chute, The First Liberty: A History of the Right to Vote in America, (London, 1969), 286. See also Joel A. Cohen, Democracy in Revolutionary Rhode Island: A Statistical Analysis, Rhode Island History 29 (Winter/Spring 1970), 5; Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 39; Williamson, American Suffrage,165 66, ; Charles S. Grant, Democracy in the Connecticut Frontier Town of Kent (New York, 1961). 9 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 227 payers. Georgia in 1777 retained its old qualification of 10 in any sort of property but now also accepted non-property owners who paid taxes or pursued a mechanic trade. In a few states, relaxing the rules meant introducing residence requirements usually one year in the state in order to ensure voter commitment to the community or locality. 15 Three states North Carolina, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania gave up landed property qualifications entirely for elections to the assembly and adopted tax-paying as the essential sign of contribution to the maintenance of the republic. Like Georgia, these three also introduced light, compulsory poll taxes which transformed the taxpaying requirement into a broad adult white male suffrage. In North Carolina, for example, the poll tax enfranchised all adult males, except sons living under the paternal roof, apprentices, slaves, and indentured servants. In all four states, taxables represented about 90 percent of the adult white male population. 16 Changes in the value of money markedly affected the restrictive power of qualifications, as seven states issued their own paper money and inflation became rampant during and after the war. Maryland may have retained its 50-acre freehold qualification in 1776, but it changed its alternative qualification from 40 in other forms of property to 30 in current money, which cut the amount needed in half. This opened the suffrage to most freemen, with inflation expanding the proportion of Maryland s adult white males who could meet that standard from 64 percent in 1783 to over 70 percent by In New Jersey after 1776 the necessary 50 was to be measured not in sterling but in currency or proclamation money, which reduced the level by one-third. As Richard P. McCormick remarked, The percent- 15. Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 32 33, 42 43; James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1978), ; Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 32 33, 36 37; Williamson, American Suffrage, Williamson, American Suffrage, , 121. Conversely, Pole could detect no indication that the improvement in the currency after 1789 disfranchised any voters in New Jersey or Maryland. Pole, Suffrage and Representation in Maryland, ; Thornton Anderson, Eighteenth-Century Suffrage: The Case of Maryland, Maryland Historical Magazine 76 (Summer 1981), , esp. 149; Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 38. 10 228 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) age of men who could not swear to being worth fifty pounds, lawful money, must have been extremely small, especially when the currency depreciation of the times is taken into consideration. In New Jersey this meant that the potential electorate included all but a small fraction of the white males over twenty-one. 18 Notoriously, Massachusetts in 1780 was the one state to raise the level of its qualification for state elections from 40 to 60 of personal property, while the freehold alternative increased from 2 to 3 annual value. However, it is doubtful whether this move actually disfranchised many people, since the old requirement was in sterling while new one was in paper currency. According to one estimate, between 60 and 70 percent of adult males in Massachusetts seaboard towns could vote, and as many as 80 to 90 percent in most rural sections. But in any case within a few years the property qualifications were being ignored: By 1786, according to some witnesses, everyone with settled residence or who paid a poll tax was admitted to the polls, and the alternative requirement of an estate worth 3 per annum was commonly construed to mean any man who earned 3 per annum could vote, which enfranchised common laborers! According to one Bay State politician, So small are the qualifications of voters that scarce a single man is excluded, which allowed the upsurge of rural voters in 1787 to overthrow the conservatives whose fiscal policies had provoked Shays s rebellion. 19 This growing electorate was not restricted to voting for the lower houses of the legislature. In colonial times governors had normally been appointed by higher authority, by the king or a proprietor, but in Rhode Island and Connecticut the local electorate could elect the governor even before the Revolution. After 1776 the four New England states and New York allowed their voters to choose the governor, but elsewhere and especially in the South governors continued to be appointed, but now by the legislature. Similarly the upper chamber had usually been appointed by the governor in colonial days, except in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Now the upper house too became elec- 18. Richard P. McCormick, The History of Voting in New Jersey: A Study of the Development of Election Machinery, (New Brunswick, NJ, 1953), 77, George Minot, in 1788, quoted in Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 37; Pole, Suffrage and Representation in Massachusetts, 567, 569, 570, , 580. 11 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 229 tive, though on slightly different terms from the lower house: The districts were larger, the terms longer, and usually the officeholder had to meet more stringent requirements on age, residence, and wealth. In North Carolina and New York the franchise was also more restricted. Both states lowered the requirements to vote in a house election but retained the earlier property qualification for the upper house: 50 acres in the former, 100 freehold in the latter. In New York, under this provision only 28.9 percent of adult white males could vote for the state senate in 1790, half the number that could vote for the house. In most states, though, the senates of the 1790s were fairly reflective of popular opinion and, in any case, power was concentrated more in the lower houses. 20 The broadening of the suffrage and the attraction of the equal-rights ideology raised awkward questions about the rights of those whose exclusion from the suffrage had previously been taken for granted. After the Revolution most states specifically disfranchised women, even when property holders, though Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Delaware did not; only New Jersey explicitly enfranchised all inhabitants who could meet the residence and property qualifications. 21 For male minorities, the new state constitutions were more favorable. The five provinces that had traditionally disfranchised Roman Catholics now admitted them, though New York s constitution called for new immigrants to take an oath renouncing all foreign ecclesiastical allegiances. Jews were now allowed to vote (though not hold office) in almost every state, though Maryland continued to require the voter to be a Christian. The three states that had previously prohibited free African Americans from voting (Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia) maintained their bans, and Maryland in 1783 limited the right to vote to those manumitted before that year. Otherwise, at the Revolution free black adult males were enfranchised in every other state, mainly through silence and ignoring of the issue, subject of course to property or tax requirements. Only New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and North 20. Pole, Political Representation, Suffrage and Representation in Massachusetts, 571, and Constitutional Reform in Maryland, ; Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 83 84, ; Jackson Turner Main, The Upper House in Revolutionary America, (Madison, WI, 1967). 21. Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 2007). 12 230 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) Carolina explicitly enfranchised black males on the same terms as white men. 22 So how many adult males could vote for the most popular branch of their state government by 1790? Fewer than half of adult white men, as the latest version of the Guide to U.S. Elections issued by the Congressional Quarterly asserted in 2010? Alexander Keyssar has claimed that, according to most estimates, roughly 60 to 70 percent of adult white males (and very few others) could vote. This calculation is, however, not justified by the sources he cites: Influenced no doubt by the evidence that the proportion of property owners was declining, Keyssar neglects the alternative routes to qualification that appeared even in the more conservative states, as well as the impact of currency changes and inflation. Yet even Keyssar s 60 to 70 percent figure suggests an eligible adult male electorate incomparably larger than many historians continue to assume. 23 A more careful examination of the same sources made earlier by Robert Dinkin calculated that by the end of the 1780s the qualified electorate in the thirteen states probably fell in the range from about 60 to 90 percent of adult white males, with most states toward the upper end. When some of his figures for individual states have been slightly adjusted to conform to revised figures given above, his tabulation places six states at around 90 percent (New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Georgia), and three states above 80 percent (Massachusetts, Delaware, and South Carolina); Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maryland stand between 65 and 70 percent, followed by Virginia and New York at about 60 percent, or just below. Revised or not, Dinkin s survey suggests that, across the nation as a whole, about 80 percent of adult white males were eligible to vote in the late 1780s. 24 Certainly many leading figures of the time believed that the country had become too democratic. The view that an overly powerful popular will was corrupting politics in the states was commonly expressed among those who by the late 1780s were working to strengthen the Union. In 22. Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 41 42; Williamson, American Suffrage, Jon P. Preimesberger, ed., Congressional Quarterly s Guide to U.S. Elections, 6 th ed. (2 vols., Washington, DC, 2010), 1: 23; Keyssar, The Right to Vote, Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 39. 13 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 231 the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 the Congress, worried about the loyalty of western settlers, laid down a 50-acre freehold requirement for voting in the new territory that was more stringent than in any of the states. In the Philadelphia constitutional convention of 1787 several delegates blamed the nation s weaknesses on the excessive democracy within too many states. Conservatives such as Gouvernor Morris and John Dickinson wanted the new instrument of government to introduce a freehold qualification across the country, but their arguments were effectively countered by the need to secure ratification in the several states. As Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut pointed out, the people would not readily subscribe to the national constitution if it should subject them to be disfranchised. 25 In the end the United States Constitution neither limited nor broadened the suffrage anywhere, since it left the issue to the individual states. Its sole requirement was that, in elections to the federal House of Representatives, the states must use the same franchise as they used for the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature (article 1, section 2). Thus the Constitution underwrote the expansion of the suffrage since Moreover, the belief that the new instrument of government must be grounded in popular consent ensured that ratification would be the responsibility of popularly elected ratifying conventions. The suffrage for those elections was left to the states, which universally adopted the broadest franchise used in state elections, except that New York and Connecticut enfranchised all free adult males especially for the occasion. The new Constitution might offset the power of the popularly elected federal House of Representatives with the balancing power of a president and senate that were both indirectly elected; but, as James Madison pointed out, election to these two bodies depended upon the very state legislatures that some Founders considered too dependent on the broad popular electorate that had emerged from the Revolution. The United States Constitution may have reflected a desire for a more republican, less democratic way of organizing governments, but those states that rewrote their constitutions between 1789 and 1791 never reduced the right to vote for adult white males. In 1789 Georgia confirmed that all free white males who paid tax during the previous year 25. Williamson, American Suffrage, , ; Ellsworth, quoted in Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, 40. 14 232 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) could vote. In 1790 South Carolina broadened the suffrage slightly by admitting all free white males who owned a 50-acre freehold, or who owned a town lot, or who had been resident for six months and paid a tax of at least 3 shillings sterling. In 1790 Pennsylvania rejected the radicalism of 1776 and introduced a more balanced constitution based on bicameralism and a stronger executive, but no change was made to the suffrage in state elections and the governor was now to be popularly elected. Most drastically, in Delaware at last dropped its freehold qualification and enfranchised adult white male residents who had paid a state or county tax. Together with New Hampshire (which in 1791 also chose to retain its taxpaying qualification) and North Carolina, these states all maintained tax systems that made qualification easy. Prevailing attitudes may have wished to restrict the right to vote to freeholders, householders, taxpayers, and settled residents, but there could now be no question of withdrawing the vote from any group of white men that already possessed it. 26 Thus by the time of George Washington s reelection in 1792, after the admission of Vermont and Kentucky, seven of the fifteen states had given up property qualifications in voting for their lower house of assembly. In at least three others, inflation had made existing property requirements relatively unrestrictive. Taxpaying requirements too provided little obstacle: As in Pennsylvania, a small property tax or county road tax was enough to establish what historian Philip Klein described as almost universal manhood suffrage. Across the nation as a whole, at least 80 percent of adult white males could vote. And in the states where the legislature did not reserve the privilege to itself, that was the electorate that chose the state s presidential electors. 27 The mere fact that so many adult white males could vote for the lower houses of both state and federal government did not make the United States of 1790 a democracy. Not only were women largely excluded from the political process, but contemporaries still did not think that all adult 26. Williamson, American Suffrage, Philip S. Klein, Pennsylvania Politics, : A Game without Rules (Philadelphia, 1940), 34. See also Pole, Election Statistics in Pennsylvania, 15 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 233 white males deserved the vote even when citizens. The assumption that the poor, the idle, and the profligate had to be prevented from corrupting the electoral process remained strong, and the principle of universal manhood suffrage made only slow headway. Yet in practice in most states the opportunity to vote was gradually extended so that by 1812 very few adult white males outside Rhode Island, Virginia, and the new, unusual state of Louisiana were denied access to the polls in elections for state and federal legislatures. The process by which that happened and the timing of the process are too frequently slipped over by recent historians who remain fixated with the notion of Jacksonian Democracy. 28 Immediately after the acceptance of the Constitution there was little demand for greater democracy. Most voters proved reluctant to use their vote, and not all electoral units actually claimed their right of representation. Those who did vote commonly preferred their traditional leaders, gentry in the country and merchants in the cities, though the social sources of legislators were broadening considerably. The formal criteria for membership of legislatures were much stiffer than for voters, requiring of the representative not just maturity in years, citizenship, and residence, but also in many states significant levels of property ownership, especially for state senators. Moreover, the principle that elected bodies should represent persons rather than interests was still not generally accepted: In Virginia, South Carolina (till 1819), and some parts of Kentucky the principle of plural voting persisted, allowing wealthy men to vote in every county in which they owned sufficient property. In many states the house reflected the distribution of persons, while the senate represented property and established interests. Representation was 28. Keyssar s Right to Vote is particularly disappointing in its overly generalized treatment of the changes from 1790 to the 1850s, though his tabulations of constitutional changes relating to voting, , are invaluable and relied upon here. Likewise, Wilentz s Rise of Democracy, , misses the significance of the developments of If democratization had substantially taken place by 1815, it becomes inappropriate to explain it in terms of changes that occurred after 1815, as in Sean Wilentz, Property and Power: Suffrage Reform in the United States, , in Voting and the Spirit of American Democracy: Essays on the History of Voting and Voting Rights in America, ed. Donald W. Rogers and Christine B. Scriabine (Urbana, IL, 1990), One consequence of recent disregard of the earlier period is that much of the best secondary literature on the subject is now half a century old. 16 234 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) commonly skewed to give dominance to the seaboard areas, especially through state senates; in the South Atlantic states, in particular, this device provided extra protection for the interests of slavery. The protection of property also encouraged the retention of higher qualifications (including stricter residency and citizenship rules) for voting in local elections where men of property feared discriminatory local taxation. In most southern states local government remained essentially appointive, notably in Virginia through the county court system, and continued so in the 1820s. 29 Yet elite control did not generally extend to the electoral process. Historians have commonly assumed that in the early republic the voters exercised their electoral privilege under the close supervision of their social superiors. Certainly in Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, and for a time in some parts of other states, voting continued to be done publicly viva voce, with living voice : The voters, one by one, had to swear that they were qualified and then publicly declare the names of those they were voting for. This was a slow process and open to abuse, especially where less wealthy men had to announce their vote in the presence of those to whom they were beholden landlords, employers (possibly of family members), local officials with real authority. 30 But even in colonial days paper ballots, discreetly folded and deposited in a sealed box, were used to protect the voter s integrity throughout New England and the Carolinas, and in parts of Pennsylvania. With the Revolution the practice became obligatory in those places. New York, New Jersey, and other parts of Pennsylvania experimented further with paper ballots during the Revolutionary War, so that by nine states had substantially adopted the practice Pole, Political Representation; Jackson Turner Main, Government by the People: The American Revolution and the Democratization of the Legislatures, William and Mary Quarterly 23 (July 1966), ; Pole, Suffrage and Representation in Massachusetts, ; Charles S. Sydnor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism, (Baton Rouge, LA, 1948), Sydnor, Gentlemen Freeholders, 27 31; Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, (Columbus, OH, 1998), Keyssar, Right to Vote, 5 6, 17; Williamson, American Suffrage, 104, 108, ; Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, See also Morgan, Inventing the People, , esp. 183; and Eldon Cobb Evans, A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States (Chicago, 1917), ch. 1, avail- 17 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 235 As a result and contrary to common historical opinion the secret ballot was the norm in the early republic. Other jurisdictions soon adopted it: Georgia in 1789, Delaware in 1791, the Northwest Territory in 1800, New York City in 1804, and Maryland in 1802 for state elections and 1810 for all elections. When the Federalists of Connecticut introduced the Stand Up law in 1801, which replaced the existing secret ballot with a public declaration in congressional elections (though not in elections for governor or town representative), it served only to enhance the Republican claim that Federalists scorned the ordinary voter, and the Republicans repealed it in Only in Virginia and Kentucky did the old-fashioned English mode of elections continue, lasting throughout the antebellum period. Oral voting, added to the persisting power of local sheriffs and county courts in parts of the Upper South, gave local elites some control over elections. Interestingly, one southern-influenced western state, Illinois, adopted the ballot in 1819, moved to oral voting in 1821, back to the ballot in 1823, and readopted oral voting again in 1829, all in an effort to combat secret intrigues during elections. 33 Otherwise the polling place was a less closely supervised place than historians have sometimes assumed. Even in the North, it has been argued, voters were traditionally subject to close scrutiny in the act of voting, essentially to ensure that they were duly qualified members of the local community. Some of the evidence for such scrutiny is stronger, able at _in_the_united_states. 32. Williamson, American Suffrage, 135, 149, , , 212. See also Thomas P. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, (Baton Rouge, LA, 1961), 31; John T. Willis, Presidential Elections in Maryland (Mount Airy, MD, 1984), 3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, (Washington, DC, 1918), , 156, Sydnor, Development, 48 49, 49 52; Robert M. Ireland, Aristocrats All: The Politics of County Government in Ante-bellum Kentucky, Review of Politics 32 (July 1970), For Illinois, see Theodore C. Pease, The Frontier State, (Springfield, IL, 1918), 39; Thomas Ford, A History of Illinois, From Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847 (1854; repr., Urbana, IL, 1995), 56. Similarly, Kentucky had adopted the secret ballot in 1792 and then reverted to publicly recorded voice voting in 1799, mainly because of fraud surrounding the ballot system. Joan Wells Coward, Kentucky in the New Republic: The Process of Constitution Making (Lexington, KY, 1979), 143. 18 236 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) however, at the height of the Second Party System in the 1840s than in the early republic. About the turn of the century enforcement of voting qualifications was generally very lax. In disputed election cases the complaint was normally that too many people had been allowed to vote, not that arguably qualified voters had been turned away. When disappointed candidates did appeal to the legislature, they generally stopped short of courting unpopularity by appearing to favor a restricted franchise. 34 Voter-qualification laws concerning the ownership of property were difficult to enforce in newly opened areas where titles had not yet been confirmed, which is why most frontier states avoided property qualifications. Election judges could not rule authoritatively on land ownership in any areas like New England and Pennsylvania where small amounts of land were frequently bought and sold or taken into joint ownership. In these circumstances the old practice of handing over title deeds for a day, and so creating fagot votes as a temporary qualification, could not be effectively policed. Where other forms of property were acceptable, the practice grew of accepting any evidence the voter brought forward: in Massachusetts, some voters brought the tools of their trade, a couple of cattle, and even credit notes as proof that they possessed enough substance to satisfy the law. Even bankrupts could qualify since the law allowed them to keep, free of distrait, household effects that happened to be worth enough to meet the property requirement. In theory, tax qualifications ought to have been easier to enforce. Yet official records were not readily available and voters were asked to self-certify that they had paid sufficient taxes, which simply encouraged perjury. In any case, the onus of proof was on the objector to prove non-qualification, not the voter to prove his eligibility. This helps to explain the comparative lack of public demand for the extension of franchise because the legal limitations did not have much effect, at least not for anyone who wished to vote. 35 Many voters simply assumed that they could vote, because they could not conceive why they should not be able to. War veterans, in particular, 34. Compare Kenneth J. Winkle, The Politics of Community: Migration and Politics in Antebellum Ohio (New York, 1988), with Ratcliffe, Party Spirit, 11, , 163. See also Pole, Suffrage in Maryland, , and Representation and Authority in Virginia, in Pole s Paths to the American Past, Pole, Suffrage in Massachusetts, , 576; Williamson, American Suffrage, , 134. 19 Ratcliffe, THE RIGHT TO VOTE 237 turned up to vote, as in South Carolina in the 1790s, regardless of the suffrage rules. In New York, Vermonters settling on the Holland Purchase in western New York presumed that they could not be deprived of a right they had enjoyed in Vermont, and used their fists at the polls in 1807 to enforce that right. Cultural attitudes were shifting in the wake of the Revolution so that the suffrage franchise was seen as the natural right of men who supported government, did their civic duty, risked their lives for the republic, or worked hard to become property owners, regardless of their current wealth. By 1801, as the Federalist George Cabot recognized, The spirit of our country is doubtless more democratic than the form of our government. 36 The shift in attitude was most obvious in those states that had occasion to write or rewrite their rules. Six of the ten new states that established their political institutions from scratch before 1821 instituted universal manhood suffrage, at least for whites. In 1777 Vermont had accepted this revolutionary principle at its first organization, though it did not become a state of the Union till Kentucky followed suit in 1792, as did almost all the states admitted between 1816 and Tennessee, in 1796, was the only frontier state to introduce a property qualification, but it applied only to those who had not lived in the county concerned for more than six months. 37 In the territories Congress initially tried to maintain a freehold franchise, but finally conceded a taxpaying qualification for the Indiana, Illinois, and Mississippi territories between 1811 and Three of the new states adopted taxpaying qualifications, but these were not always a great restriction. Certainly Louisiana, dominated by a Gallic population determined to retain its control, imposed in 1812 a tax requirement that effectively excluded over half the state s adult white males from voting, despite exempting from the qualification for five years those who had bought land from the United States government. By contrast, Mississippi in 1817 excepted from its own taxpaying requirements all those who 36. Cabot quoted in Williamson, American Suffrage, 174. See also ibid, ; Harvey Strum, Property Qualifications and Voting Behavior in New York, , Journal of the Early Republic 1 (Winter 1981), , esp The states admitted between 1816 and 1821 were Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817, the only one to adopt a taxpaying qualification), Alabama (1819), Illinois (1819), Maine (1820) and Missouri (1821). 20 238 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC (Summer 2013) were enrolled in the local militia or who were exempt from militia service! Earlier, in 1802, Ohio had given the franchise to taxpayers and those who worked on the roads, but since all adult males were obliged to work on the roads, this amounted to a thoroughly democratic franchise (for white males) that, without amendment, would make possible the huge turnouts there in the Jacksonian period. 38 In the older states where existing property qualifications had long existed, elites were understandably concerned that their interests might be jeopardized if power was transferred to a popular majority. Accordingly, they resisted the demand for liberalization, but with limited success. In New York City the charter of 1730, which restricted voting to property owners, was reformed in 1804 by a Republican state legislature that extended the suffrage also to taxpayers who paid rent of twenty-five dollars or more a year. In Maryland, a broad bipartisan movement for universal white male suffrage appeared after 1797, with huge backing from the landless residents of rapidly growing Baltimore. In the face of diehards in the state senate, a reform bill finally passed the legislature in 1801 and was confirmed in 1802 (thus making it a constitutional amendment), admitting all free white adult males, twelve-months resident in a county, to vote in elections for sheriffs, delegates, and other state officials. In 1810 a constitutional amendment confirmed that this privilege extended also to voting for congressmen and presidential electors, but the state senate and governor continued to be indirectly elected. Similarly South Carolina, after a three-year struggle over the suffrage, confirmed in 1810 that all free white males with two years residence could vote, though only for the lower house and congressmen. By 1810 three of the southeastern states the exceptions were Virginia and North Carolina had achieved a thoroughly democratic suffrage for white adult males, at least in elections for the lower house of assembly and for congressmen Williamson, American Suffrage, 97 99, , ; Donald J. Ratcliffe, Voter Turnout in Early Ohio, Journal of the Early Republic 7 (Autumn 1987), , For Louisiana, see Joseph G. Tregle, Louisiana in the Age of Jackson: A Clash of Cultures and Personalities (Baton Rouge, LA, 1999), 65, 68; Samuel C. Hyde, Jr., Pistols and Politics: The Dilemma of Democracy in Louisiana s Florida Parishes, (Baton Rouge, LA, 1996), 47; and John M. Sacher, A Perfect War of Politics: Parties, Politicians, and Democracy in Louisiana, (Baton Rouge, LA, 2003), 12, Pole, Constitutional Reform in Maryland, ; Williamson, American Suffrage, , DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Immigration & Naturalization Service 100 Typical Questions 1. WHAT ARE THE COLORS OF OUR FLAG? 2. HOW MANY STARS ARE THERE IN OUR FLAG? 3. WHAT COLOR ARE THE STARS ON OUR FLAG? 4. Basic Timeline 1781 Articles of Confederation 1776 Declaration of Independence 1861-1865 Civil War 1787 U.S. Constitution 1865-1877 Reconstruction Historical Context: The Revolution The American Revolution 1 of 5 2/8/2012 4:49 PM Name: The major role of political parties in the United States is to meet constitutional requirements nominate candidates and conduct political campaigns continue a tradition that Topic: Ch. 6 Main Idea Election of 1800 Aaron Burr Laissez-faire John Marshall Mississippi River Fletcher v. Peck Louisiana Territory Louisiana Purchase The Age of Jefferson Details/Notes In this election, Annex 1 Primary sources for international standards 1. The United Nations The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. The 13 American Colonies Name: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/13colonies3.htm Part 1: Coming to America The first colonies in North America were along the eastern coast. Settlers UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Date of Elections: November 5, 1974 Purpose of Elections Elections were held for all the members of the House of Representatives and one-third (34) of the members of the Senate Crete-Monee Middle School U.S. Constitution Test Study Guide Answers 2010-2011 1. What is the more common name for the first ten amendments to the constitution? Bill of Rights 2. The introduction to the To: From: Interested Parties Page Gardner, The Celinda Lake, Re: Equal Pay Day for Unmarried 1 Date: April 14, 2015 This year on April 14 th, Equal Pay Day will mark just how far into 2015 a woman must Colonial & Revolutionary Periods SAMPLE APUSH ESSAY TOPICS 1) Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750. British French Spanish The Election of 1860 By Ron Miller - Jewett Academy I. Lesson Summary Summary The Election of 1860 demonstrated the divisions within the United States just before the Civil War. The election was unusual Grades 4 6+ The seven pockets in this book are filled with fun, exciting projects that students can proudly present in a unique book format. Contents How to Use History Pockets... 1 Every Pocket Has...... Order Code RL32928 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Breastfeeding and Jury Duty: State Laws, Court Rules, and Related Issues May 17, 2005 Douglas Reid Weimer Legislative Attorney American Discontent in DC By Mark David Richards On April 15, 2002, Washington DC Mayor Anthony Williams spoke at an event led by civic leaders to protest DC s unequal political status. It is not acceptable, he 2 POLITICAL AND CIVIL STATUS OF WOMEN as of January 1, 1953 Political Status Nationality Citizenship in the United States is acquired in the same way by men and women; that is, by birth within the domain, 1776 Only people who own land can vote Declaration of Independence signed. Right to vote during the Colonial and Revolutionary periods is restricted to property owners most of whom are white male Protestants Rise of the Roman Republic Timeline 509 BCE: Tarquin the Proud, the last king of Rome, was overthrown by a group of patricians upset over his abuse of power. The Roman Republic was proclaimed. 494 BCE: Chapter 5 and 6 Study Guide Matching a. not an answer b. political party c. major parties d. not an answer e. split-ticket voting f. precinct g. pluralistic society 1. the smallest unit of election administration National Conference of State Legislatures Discrimination Laws Regarding Off-Duty Conduct Updated October 18, 2010 The issue of employees' rights to engage in certain off-duty activities and in the competing 1965 Alabama Literacy Test 1. Which of the following is a right guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? Public Education Employment Trial by Jury Voting 2. The federal census of population is taken every five Gay Marriage In many countries around the world have talked about gay marriage a long time, but it is hard to make a decision whether gay marriage should be legal. There are some reasons why some people What Public Opinion Says About School Choice An Analysis of Attitudes toward Educational Options in America For more than years, public polling has indicated strong support for school choice in America This file is being posted on the Rethinking Schools Web site (www.rethinkingschools.org) to accompany Rethinking the U.S. Constitutional Convention: A Role Play, by Bob Peterson, which appears on p. 63 Youth in the 2008 and 2006 Elections: A State-by-State Comparison By Surbhi Godsay, Amanda Nover, and Emily Hoban Kirby 1 September 2010 The 2008 presidential election saw a two percentage point increase The Amendments American History Lesson Subjects American History Government Grades 6-8 Brief Description Students will be introduced to the 27 Amendments to the Constitution. Then, the students will sort The Constitution: Amendments 11-27 Constitutional Amendments 1-10 make up what is known as The Bill of Rights. Amendments 11-27 are listed below. AMENDMENT XI Passed by Congress March 4, 1794. Ratified 1. Tree Map of Forms of Govt: Democracy Monarchy Oligarchy/Theocracy rule by the people Direct - Representative - Rule by One Powers are inherited Ex: Queen/King, Emperor Absolute - Constitutional - Rule UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Date of Elections: 4 November 1986 Purpose of Elections Elections were held for all the seats of the House of Representatives and one-third (34) of those of the Senate on the normal Chapter 8: Political Parties Political Parties and their Functions Political party: an organization that sponsors candidates for public office under the organization s name True political parties select Central Historical Question: How did Americans react to Shays rebellion? Materials: PowerPoint on Articles of Confederation Copies of Textbook Excerpt on Copies of Thomas Jefferson Letter Copies of Guiding FAQ Chickasaw and Choctaw Timber, Mineral Rights and Tribal Lands Q. What is the case currently before the Federal Court? In 2005, the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations brought suit against the U.S. Government History of American Political Parties History of American Parties Six party systems or historical eras Changes in the nature of the two parties Which voters support which party What issues each party adopts 5.120 Sign at polling station *Britain increased this to two years in 1842. Government voting rights in Newfoundland and Labrador have undergone several changes in the last two centuries. Today we have English Colonization, Part 2: New England Colonies Differences in Colonizing The New England colonies were very different from the Chesapeake colonies from the very beginning The New England colonies were Chapter 3: European Exploration and Colonization Trade Route to Asia in the 1400s European Trade With Asia Traders - people who get wealth by buying items from a group of people at a low price and selling Causes of the Revolution War Test (Do not write on this Test) 1) Which group supported Patrick Henry, a famous American colonist who said, Give me liberty or give me death? a) Loyalist b) Patriots c) Tories State of Nature v. Government Overview In this lesson, students will discuss what they think life would be like in a state of nature and examine reasons why there is a need for government. They will explore Important Historical Events of the Colonial Period 1607 Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America, is established by the London Company in southeast Virginia. Jamestown 1619 1620 The Name Due: Thursday, August 14, 2014 CHAPTER 2: The Constitution CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Politics in Action: Amending the Constitution (pp. 31 32) A. Flag desecration and Gregory Johnson B. A constitution is McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Appellant: James William McCulloch Appellee: State of Maryland Appellant s Claim: That a Maryland state tax imposed on the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional interference Student Handout #1: A Brief History of Canadian Citizenship Section One: Citizenship The concept of citizenship goes all the way back to ancient Greece. In the Greek city states, citizens were people who Constitutional Convention: A Decision-Making Activity (Designed for 8 th Grade Social Studies Students) Written By William Pavao Central Middle School Quincy, Massachusetts 02169 September 2009 Table of ADVANCED MARKETS State Estate Taxes In 2001, President George W. Bush signed the Economic Growth and Tax Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA) into law. This legislation began a phaseout of the federal estate tax, CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION Bill of Rights in Action 20:2 Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government Starting in the 1600s, European philosophers began debating the question of who should The Bill of Rights The Constitution of the United States was written by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention during the summer of 1787. Nine of the 13 states would have to ratify it before it The President, the Chief Justice, and the Cherokee Nation OVERVIEW This lesson examines the power of judicial review, its application in the case of Worchester v. Georgia, and legal rights of the Cherokee The Youth Vote in 2012 CIRCLE Staff May 10, 2013 In the 2012 elections, young voters (under age 30) chose Barack Obama over Mitt Romney by 60%- 37%, a 23-point margin, according to the National Exit Polls. From Voice to Electronic...the Evolution of the Voting Process in Louisiana... Beginnings Prior to the 1850 s voters cast their votes publicly through oral declaration. This method posed problems as voters SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century. a. Explain Virginia s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Marriage Equality Relationships in the States January 7, 2015 The legal recognition of same-sex relationships has been a divisive issue across the United States, particularly during the past two decades. 820 First Street NE, Suite 510 Washington, DC 20002 Tel: 202-408-1080 Fax: 202-408-1056 email@example.com www.cbpp.org Updated September 11, 2015 16 Million People Will Fall Into or Deeper Into Poverty if Hawai i s Workers Compensation System; Coverage, Benefits, Costs: 1994-2004 Lawrence W. Boyd Ph. D. University of Hawaii-West Oahu Center for Labor Education and Research January 12, 2006 1 Introduction Property Assessment Standards in the United States Larry DeBoer Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University January, 2000 An assessment standard defines the taxable value of property that assessors No Taxation Without Representation!! Actions that led to the Revolutionary War Raising Taxes The French and Indian War had caused the British to be in a great deal of debt. They decided to keep a standing Chapter 9: The Policies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson Department of State, Department of Treasury, Department of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General : 5 government departments established Are graduates of foreign law schools eligible for admission? If graduates of foreign law schools are eligible to take the bar examination under your rules, are any of the following required? Additional 17 UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE AND THE METHODS OF REPRESENTATION I n an earlier lesson, you have studied that the opening words of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution are: We, the people of India. What Causes of the American Revolution SWBAT Explain the causes of the American Revolution Do Now The Townshend Act fixed taxes on which item: A.Tea B. Glass C. Lead D.All of the Above The Albany Conference New Jersey State Legislature: A Demographic Profile September 2015 John Froonjian, Senior Research Associate Daniel Rockefeller, Graduate Assistant William J. Hughes Center for Public Policy Stockton University MAY INSURANCE AGENTS DOING BUSINESS IN THE STATE OF NEVADA RECIEVE BOTH A COMMISSION AND COMPENSATION FROM THE CUSTOMER? (FORC Journal: Vol. 26 Edition 2 - Summer 2015) Vernon E. Leverty, Esq. (775) 322-6636 Benjamin Franklin 1) History affords us many instances of the ruin of states, by the prosecution of measures ill suited to the temper and genius of their people. The ordaining of laws in favor of one part 22-Apr-13 State Deed Transfer and Mortgage Tax Rates, 2012 Alabama State Tax Description Transfer Fee Rate Deeds $0.50/$500 0.10% Mortgages $0.15/$100 0.15% Alaska Arizona $2 fee per deed or contract Flat (rev. 03/11) Civics (History and Government) Questions for the Naturalization Test The 100 civics (history and government) questions and answers for the naturalization test are listed below. The civics THE MIDDLE COLONIES New York Settling the Middle [or Restoration ] Colonies Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands 1600s Golden Age of Dutch history. Major commercial and naval power. Challenging England HISTORY AT YOUR FINGERTIPS & SPIRIT OF THE NATION FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF BOSTON "HISTORY AT YOUR FINGERTIPS" AND "SPIRIT OF THE NATION" Four panels displayed at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston exhibit Guide to the Adult Citizenship Education Content Standards and Foundation Skills A Framework for Developing a Comprehensive Curriculum M-1121 (11/14) Naturalization The Naturalization Pre-Interview Components Copyright 2014 Edmentum - All rights reserved. AP US History Blizzard Bag 2014-2015 Era of American Revolution 1. Lord Cornwallis did which of the following? A. He organized French assistance. B. He commanded Department of Legislative Services Maryland General Assembly 2007 Session SB 584 FISCAL AND POLICY NOTE Senate Bill 584 (Senator Britt, et al.) Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs Health Occupations The Campbell Family Chapter 1 9 th and 8 th generations featuring Adam and son Alexander Late 1700s and early 1800s 4/4/2012 2:08 PM Many relatives have provided information and photos for the Campbell St. Michael-Albertville High Teacher: Kellie Shumway Early History (Master) September 2014 Course Essential Skills Learning Targets Unit 1: Pre Unit 1: Pre Colonization Questions Colonization 1. How do Introduction Norfolk Record Office Research Guide: Electoral registers and poll books Electoral registers can be a useful resource for family and house history, enabling you to track who was resident at Academic Standards for Civics and Government June 1, 2009 FINAL Secondary Standards Pennsylvania Department of Education These standards are offered as a voluntary resource for Pennsylvania s schools and Brought to you by Alamo Insurance Group Supreme Court Strikes Down DOMA, Clears Way for Same-Sex On June 26, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court announced decisions in two significant cases regarding laws affecting U.S. Amendments On September 25, 1789, Congress transmitted to the state legislatures twelve proposed United States amendments of which the first two dealt with Congressional representation and Congressional MINNESOTA CIVICS TEST The following 50 questions which serve as the Minnesota's civics test were selected from the 100 questions used for the naturalization test administered by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Special Report State and Federal Individual Capital Gains Tax Rates: How High Could They Go? A Special Report by the ACCF Center for Policy Research As the debate on federal tax reform continues, the ACCF Health Care Policy Cost Index 2012: Ranking the States According to Policies Affecting the Cost of Health Coverage by Raymond J. Keating Chief Economist Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council February WAGE REPORTS FOR WORKERS COVERED BY FEDERAL OLD-AGE INSURANCE IN 937 JOHN J. CORSON* 3 DURING 937 approximately 3 million men and women worked in employment covered by Federal old-age insurance. They received Introduction The purpose of the (NPPM) is to provide additional guidance on implementing the Bylaws of the Association. This manual provides a comprehensive set of policies, procedures and guidelines that THE MAKING OF THE CONSTITUTION LESSON PLANS Introduction: These lessons are based on the CALLA approach. See the end of the lessons for more information and resources on teaching with the CALLA approach. The Constitution I. Revolution and Independence d II. Articles of Confederation III. Constitutional Convention IV. Constitutional Basics V. Ratification VI. Constitutional Change Revolution and Independence State Government Tax Collections Summary Report: 2013 Governments Division Briefs By Sheila O Sullivan, Russell Pustejovsky, Edwin Pome, Angela Wongus, and Jesse Willhide Released April 8, 2014 G13-STC

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Jonathan Zimmerman: Children are Sexual CreaturesRoundup: Historians' Take tags: Jonathan Zimmerman, Salon, sexuality, children Jonathan Zimmerman is a professor of education and history at New York University. He is the author of Small Wonder: The Little Red Schoolhouse in History and Memory and three other books. In 1985, the founder of modern American sex education gave a controversial speech about erections in fetuses. To Mary Calderone, who had started the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States back in 1964, new evidence about arousal in male fetuses demonstrated once and for all that children were sexual beings. Nonsense, said conservatives. To critics of sex education, childhood was — or should be — a time of sexual innocence. Racy movies, TV shows and magazines made kids prematurely interested in sex. And so did sex education, which robbed them of their natural virtue and replaced it with tawdry thoughts and feelings. I thought of this debate as I read the comments by Rep. Michael Burgess, R-Texas, during the House debate on Monday over a bill that would ban almost all abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy. According to Burgess, fetuses do not simply experience sexual arousal; they actively arouse themselves. Liberal commentators and late-night comedians pounced on Burgess’ remarks, which are just the latest salvo in America’s long-running culture war over abortion. But they also signaled a truce in an even older cultural conflict, about sexuality itself. After denying childhood sexual feelings for nearly a century, conservatives are starting to acknowledge them. And that’s good news for anyone who cares about the sex education of our young.... comments powered by Disqus - Guam war reparations bill moves to White House - South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test - California Owes Reparations To Victims Of Forced Race & Intellectual-Based Sterilization, Study Finds - All the times in U.S. history that members of the electoral college voted their own way - The Harriet Tubman $20 Bill Could Make an Early Debut - Historians' Debate: Is this The Age of Trump? - Economists are attacking historians’ recent works on slavery - Salon suggests Paul Gottfried, "a retired Jewish political historian,” was a founder of the Alt-Right - National Women's History Museum Receives Grant to Rebuild Website with Advanced Content Capabilities - UCLA history professor Gabriel Piterberg continues to come under attack after being accused of sexual harassment

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The Difference Between Wood or Aluminum Baseball Bats Since the 1970’s baseball players and critics have been asking what is the difference between wooden and aluminum baseball bats? They want to know which is better. Well anyone who has used both an aluminum and wooden baseball bat can tell you that aluminum is better. Aluminum bats make the ball fly off faster than wooden baseball bats. Manufacturers constantly improve upon their design to have a wider sweet spot, more power, better feel and higher performance. One of the differences between aluminum and wooden bats is that the barrel of an aluminum bat is hollow. The distribution of mass along the length of a metal bat is considerably different than it is for a solid wood one. The difference is found in the balance point of the baseball bat. The closer the balance point to the handle of the bat, the easier it is to swing. When a baseball hits a wood bat, the baseball is compressed to nearly half its original diameter, losing up to three quarters of its initial energy because the of the friction caused inside the ball when it is being compressed. With an aluminum bat, which is hollow, when the baseball hits the barrel it compresses like a spring. What this means is that the baseball is not compressed as much and therefore loses less energy to internal friction forces. Aluminum bats have larger sweet spots. The sweet spot is the part of the bat where the ball flies off faster, but also reduces the amount of shock or vibration on the handle. Reduced shock is a valuable feature as it can reduce the amount of injuries in the forearms and elbows. For younger age groups leagues use aluminum bats instead of wooden bats. With the larger sweet spot it allows the children of all abilities a better chance to hit the ball. It is more forgiving to children of all skill level. However, if a player uses a metal bat for too long and progresses to a pro level it could hinder them when they need use a wooden bat. One way to help combat this would be to use a wooden bat in batting practice, then use the metal bat during the game. However at the College ranks it has also been debated to re-introduce wooden bats. One reason is to prepare the players for the pro leagues where they use wooden baseball bats. Another reason is that with advancing technology, baseball players are getting stronger. This means their power is increasing. There is a concern of the speed in which the ball flies off an aluminum bat is faster and faster. It makes it more dangerous for pitchers and infielders. However, this debate could go on for a very long time. Now you know the differences between an aluminum and wood bat so you can use this to help with the decision of which bat to use. To read more about baseball equipment please check out Breaking in a Baseball Glove. It will give you tips on how to break in a baseball glove quickly. It speaks about different products and techniques to use.

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From VOA Learning English, this is In the News. This week marks the first anniversary of a major exploration effort on Mars. It has been 12 months since the exploration device called “Curiosity” landed on the distant planet. Curiosity is named for the human condition of wanting to learn or know something. The United States space agency, NASA, says Curiosity has driven more than 1.6 kilometers on Mars. The device, called a “rover,” is about the size of a car. Curiosity has found evidence of an ancient riverbed and other signs of wet conditions. NASA scientists say that with these discoveries, Curiosity has answered the question of whether conditions on ancient Mars could have supported life. Jim Green leads the planetary division at NASA's Science Mission Directorate. “We found all the ingredients of life as measured in this material that's deposited in this ancient riverbed. Mars was habitable in its past.” Curiosity is a traveling laboratory that contains 10 scientific instruments. The rover has found hydrogen, oxygen and other elements necessary for life. The space agency says Curiosity has fired more than 75,000 laser shots. The laser turns rocks and soil into gas. The equipment on Curiosity then examines and identifies the materials on the Martian surface. Curiosity has sent back more than 70,000 images that give a new understanding of Earth's neighboring planet. Curiosity’s findings will help set future Mars exploration. NASA’s Jim Green says the next mission will be launched in 2020. “Knowing that Mars was an environment that was habitable in its past, we're going to start seeking the signs of potential life that could have existed on Mars. And that, if we could answer that question, will change everything.” Space scientists chose to explore Mars instead of other planets because of the Red Planet’s similarities with our own. NASA Administrator Charles Bolden says Mars is the most Earth-like planet in our solar system. “If life exists beyond Earth, and I am one who believes that it may very well, Mars, for me, is the most likely place that that life will be found.” Mr. Bolden spoke at an event to mark Curiosity's first year of exploring Mars. Curiosity is traveling in the low area called Gale Crater, where it landed last year. The crater was formed by an asteroid that hit Mars long ago. It is a deep, 150-kilometer-wide area similar to a valley or canyon on Earth. Curiosity is moving toward the area called Mount Sharp. NASA scientists plan for the device to study the lower levels of that Martian mountain. It will search for clues about how the planet has changed over time. The rover will also search for a type of soil called “clay.” Curiosity has found clay minerals on Mars. Clay is evidence of once wet conditions on the planet. Curiosity was designed to work for two years, but it could go on exploring and sending information back to Earth much longer. NASA scientists and engineers say that in the years to come they hope to work on ways to send people to Mars. And that’s In the News from VOA Learning English. For more reports, videos and lessons in American English, please visit us at learningenglish.voanews.com. I’m Steve Ember.

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Socialization Of Gender Essay, Research Paper In all aspects of every society, gender identity must be established. It is at birth when an infant (person) is given either a male or female identity. Once the parents have been told, it is then that society will set the example and attitudes for that given gender. “Gender includes a broad spectrum of attitudes, behaviors, and social expectations that we acquire during our lifetimes, through interactions with one another and experiences in various environments (Renzetti, p. 41).” We will ultimately find that this statement is true to its saying. The very first reading for this class gives many examples of how society constructs a person’s gender. In many of the researches, the biological makeup or appearance was not a clear way of distinguishing the sex, which lead to social identities problems. Such as those with Turner Syndrome, “they are reared as females because their external genitals appear to be female. It may be that parents of Turner Syndrome girls, determined to compensate for the missing X chromosome, [which] intensified the feminine socialization of their daughters (p.37).” Those who were born with only one X cannot be considered male or female. Since there is no Y, they cannot develop as a male and vice versa for a female. The parents needed to socially over exaggerate their identity for the sack of their child. If it did not happen like this, the child may experience gender identity problems. The same kind of observation was placed upon Native American Tribes. Richardson states, “A family that had all female children and desired a son to hunt for them would select a daughter to be ‘like a man.’ Though in different tribes the socializing process varied, girls achieved the cross-gender role in each instance through accepted cultural channels (p.143).” People in other societies also achieve their gender socially like that of an all female household. This cross-gendered female ultimately, “dressed in masculine attire, did male allocated tasks, often developing great strength and usually becoming an outstanding hunter (p.143).” The two examples show evidence that although biologically a person may be born as a male or female, their gender order may be completely opposite. Our gender order and arrangement consists only of two recognizable forms. There are also certain rules that follow our attitude with gender. They are: 1) There is two, and only two genders (female and male). 2) One’s gender is variant (You will always be a female/male). 3) Genitals are the essential sign of gender (vagina/clitoris or penis). In the movie, “What Sex Am I?” a person that was born as a male could not identify with the male gender. They knew they were born in the wrong body and proclaimed it was a birth defect. It was then that the medical profession entered into the picture. These doctors that performed the surgery was stated saying, “[We are] correctly fitting people into the gender order.” Humans look at other humans and distinguish how to interact with the person by their gender. If a person is not getting the certain feed back that they are desired, something must be changed. This is the issue for those who claim to have been in the wrong body. Society will socialize them by their outer appearance, by which these people must correct. We must closely look and distinguish between social constructionist and biological origins of gender. Social constructionists base their facts upon how social processes lead a person into a specific gender. On the other hand, biological origins of gender base their opinions on true biological facts. Take for example when a baby is born with undistinguishable sex genitals. Regardless of whether or not the infant has an X or Y chromosome, “if [the] penis [is] very small, the child [is] categorized as a girl, and sex-change surgery [is] used to make an artificial vagina (Lorber, p. 568).” It was often the case that biological origins of gender had to be scientific and “correct” the genitals of the born baby. It was also interesting to see how children would react to playing with certain toys or interacting with the opposite sex. In the movie, “The Opposite Sex,” the research showed quite understandable results. The children considered playing with toys that were decorated as dark, mean looking toys as something a boy would play with. Whether or not it was a tea set, a doll, or a gun, they would always consider one of those a boys toy. There was also an observation made when a group of children were playing with each other. One of the boys happened to be playing with the girls in a make believe kitchen. It was the other boys that would come over to bring him “back to his senses.” They would tell him to, “come over and play with the guys, men don’t play with girl stuff.” At an early age we see that our gender arrangements are illustrated to us at the beginning. It could be our parents suggestively telling us how a man should act and how a woman should act, by giving us the “boy” or “girl” toys. We are then placed into settings of our own gender and told to play with the boys or play with the girls. We are separated from interacting with the other sex. It socializes males to be strong with the guys and the females should be pretty and nice with the gals. As we have seen, men and women have been socially trained at what gender they must identify with. As young boys and girls, we have once been given the chance to play with the opposite gender toys. Did we take that chance and been given the same respect? No, certainly not, or else we would not be shy or timid from “acting” or taking on attributes of a woman or man. Have people tried to socially act like the opposite sex? Sure, and now on some slight occasions they have been able to be accepted in the norm. This is not true unfortunately in most of the cases. Society has place boundaries and will consider a person taking on the role of the opposite sex, as offensive and outrageous. In conclusion, in future times all societies will face this problem and will hopefully one day solve it. It is when socially we break down the barriers that we will break the hidden rules telling us what males and females should do. Like those in the Native American Tribes, if a woman can take on the roles and responsibilities of the male, so can we in a civilized society.

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A major international study looking at worldwide diabetes data since 1980 has discovered that the number of adults with the disease reached 347 million in 2008, more than double the number in 1980. The research was just published in The Lancet. The study, the largest of its kind for diabetes, was carried out by an international collaboration of researchers, led by Professor Majid Ezzati from Imperial College London and co-led by Dr. Goodarz Danaei from the Harvard School of Public Health, in collaboration with The World Health Organization and a number of other institutions. Here is a summary of some of the data they complied: • High blood glucose and diabetes are responsible for over three million deaths worldwide each year. • Between 1980 and 2008, the number of adults with diabetes rose from 153 million to 347 million. • The proportion of adults with diabetes rose to 9.8 per cent of men and 9.2 per cent of women in 2008, compared with 8.3 per cent of men and 7.5 per cent of women in 1980. • The estimated number of diabetics was considerably higher than a previous study in 2009 which put the number worldwide at 285 million. • Diabetes has taken off most dramatically in Pacific Island nations, which now have the highest diabetes levels in the world. In the Marshall Islands, one in three women and one in four men have diabetes. • Glucose and diabetes were also particularly high in south Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Central Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. • Among high-income countries, the rise in diabetes was relatively small in Western Europe and highest in North America. Diabetes and glucose levels were highest in USA, Greenland, Malta, New Zealand and Spain, and lowest in the Netherlands, Austria and France. • Of the 347 million people with diabetes, 138 million live in China and India and another 36 million in the USA and Russia. • The region with the lowest glucose levels was sub-Saharan Africa, followed by east and southeast Asia. Professor Majid Ezzati, from the School of Public Health at Imperial College London, said “Diabetes is one of the biggest causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our study has shown that diabetes is becoming more common almost everywhere in the world. This is in contrast to blood pressure and cholesterol, which have both fallen in many regions. Diabetes is much harder to prevent and treat than these other conditions.”

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Optometrists and dispensing opticians rely on support staff to assist in the day-to-day operations of vision clinics. An optical assistant performs many clinical and administrative tasks, allowing the optometrist to focus on more specialised work. Also known as optometric assistants, most optical assistants work in private practices, while others work in vision care clinics or for the NHS. Assistants complete many of the important tasks associated with running a successful vision clinic. Other People Are Reading The optometrist assistant is usually the first person the patient meets. Responsible for greeting the patient, the assistant creates a comfortable environment and then assesses the patient by administering a lifestyle questionnaire. The assistant files this information into the patient's history. By making detailed notes for the optometrist, assistants help the optometrist diagnose the patient. Optical assistants prepare patients for tests by administering eye drops and directing patients to the appropriate machines or examination rooms. They perform simple diagnostic exams, such as measuring the dimensions of each eye during a contact lens fitting. They may also assist the optometrist during an eye examination if necessary, operating diagnostic machinery or interacting with the patient. Some optical assistants even assist the optometrist during surgery. Responsible for filing, billing and book-keeping, optical assistants perform administrative tasks that ensure that the practice runs smoothly. They answer phones and keep track of appointments. Assistants record and update patients' medical histories, taking care to document prescriptions and assessment results. By completing paperwork and online orders, optical assistants also organise and maintain inventory lists. Optical assistants teach patients how to use and care for their glasses. They help patients select the most suitable eyeglass frames according to face shape and aesthetic preferences. Some optical assistants work in laboratory settings where they fill eyeglass prescriptions, putting lenses into frames, repairing broken frames or adjusting new frames according to the client's measurements. Assistants also help patients choose the best contact lenses for their needs, as well as teaching patients how to care for and insert the lenses. Assistants are available to contact lens wearers during follow-up appointments in case patients experience discomfort or wish to ask questions. As of April 2014, the starting salary for a junior-level optometrists ranged from £14,000 to £17,000 per year. Optometrists typically work as assistants during their entry level year. - 20 of the funniest online reviews ever - 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites - Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for

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By 2053, it’s estimated that 2 billion additional humans will grace our planet. That means that — when it comes to the world’s food supply –— something’s got to give. If you look back in history, you’ll notice that the world was dealing with these same issues in the 1960s. But to feed today’s population with a 1960s yield would require an additional landmass the size of Russia. Clearly, we didn’t create another massive continent to farm between 1960 and today. So, how did we solve this major issue? We made process improvements to change how we produce and farm. Science played — and still plays — a major role in this endeavor, particularly through crop yield and seed germination innovation. We just had to help nature along a bit. The Great Debate The Monsantos of the world have spent time innovating seed germination, creating procedures and pesticide treatments — and they have patents all over the world. Frankly, if we didn’t have companies like these investing time, money, and research into generating more food per yield, we would be faced with a serious shortage. At the same time, we have locals who are natural producers — but these individuals tend to decide what’s natural and what’s not. “Natural” has no hard and fast definition; people throw the term around all the time and claim that big farming is killing us through its Frankenstein-like food. Big Isn’t Bad It’s vital that people understand science is not a bad thing; it’s actually a blessing to be able to use the gift of science to produce a better yield. Grocers have a huge role to play in this education initiative. After all, that’s where the consumer meets the food. With only about 2 percent of the U.S. population directly involved in the agriculture business, that means that 98 percent of the population has nothing to do with growing and processing. Yet, many of the uninvolved are the most vocal about how our food makes it from the soil to our plates. It’s up to grocers to help educate questioning consumers on what’s good, healthy, and natural — and what’s not. We need to quit making big farming the bad guy and calling natural producers saviors. We will not be able to feed everyone in the world with natural, organic, local farming. It’s simply not possible — there’s not enough yield to make it happen. These five proactive improvements will help us prepare for the demands of a growing population, without demonizing a major factor in the solution (big farming): - Waste not, want not. Whether it goes bad, isn’t pretty enough to sell at farmers’ markets, or gets thrown out, we waste one third of the food we grow. By finding uses for this waste — whether it’s livestock feed or fuel — we can make a difference in preserving our resources. - Educate ourselves on innovation. We need to do a better job of understanding the facts on how science contributes to farming innovation. - Give GMOs the benefit of the doubt. We have to understand why big farming is genetically modifying crops — and, in some cases, why it’s necessary. - Remember: Not everything can be organic. For instance, there are a number of food luxuries we enjoy today that most of us don’t even realize are luxuries. Certain types of seafood, like salmon, are naturally only available during specific seasons. But, due to human demands and palates, salmon-growing ponds and genetically modified strains of the fish were created. This is the tradeoff. Without genetic modification, we’re on nature’s clock — not ours. That means that people may not be able to order their favorite salmon salad year-round. That asparagus dish won’t be available 12 months of the year. If we don’t “help nature along,” we need to be okay with eating more seasonably. - Learn to choose our battles. It’s important that we educate people about what is available locally and what isn’t, creating an understanding that, in most cases, it doesn’t matter where you get your produce or fish. The future of the food supply centers around a challenge to disperse food appropriately across the globe so we have fewer people going hungry and less food waste. And science plays a major role in this endeavor. The education element is also paramount; we have to be proactive in helping the public understand what we’re growing, why we’re growing it, and what being “natural” or “organic” actually means. And, most importantly, we need to embrace science as a blessing rather than a curse — a blessing that is saving our planet from requiring another farm the size of Russia every 40 years to sustain itself.

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What is the significance of the lack of sight among the "beast-like" inhabitants of Ixchel? What does Meg learn from interacting with beings that lack sight? Answers 1Add Yours The planet of Ixchel represents the need for individuals to see the inner beauty of things, not just the outer beauty of the world. The planet, being devoid of most light, of course, does not provide a facile sense of beauty or wonder. But it is the beasts' inner goodness that suffuses the planet with light. The beasts refer to a biblical passage, again from the Book of Romans, that illuminates their mode of living: “We are called according to His purpose....” The beasts do not attempt to understand the world according to its outer beauty and dimensions, but instead rely on the inner goodness of the universe - what some might call God. This completes L’Engle’s cosmology for the book, one based on both outer beauty and inner goodness

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Table Salt Versus Crystal Salt Since the advent of industrial development, natural mined table salt and approximately 89% of sea salt or salt evaporated from seawater, has been stripped of its inherent mineral content through a process that "chemically cleans" and reduces it to only sodium and chloride. Important minerals and trace elements are considered "impure" and removed. The remaining salt by itself however, is not a natural element and is poison to the body. Additionally, additives increase the salt’s aggressive profile. As common as iodized salt is to our tables so are the number of diseases attributed to its use. The body recognizes this chemically cleaned and chemically enriched sodium chloride as an aggressive poison and wants to get rid of it as quickly as possible. This causes a constant overburden on our excretive organs. In almost every preserved product, salt is used as part of the preservation process. Therefore, by adding more salt to the already salted food, the body receives more salt than it can get rid of. The body now tries to isolate the over dose of salt. In this process, water molecules surround the sodium chloride in order to ionize it into sodium and chloride to neutralize it. For this process, the water is extracted from our cells and the body has to sacrifice its most precious cell water in order to neutralize sodium chloride. In doing so, the dehydrated body cells die. So Just What Is Salt? Looking at common table salt under a microscope you can see that the unnatural crystals are totally isolated from each other and dead. In order for the body to try to metabolize these crystals, it must sacrifice tremendous amounts of energy with very little results, resulting in a damaging loss and zero gain. The salt deposits in our bodies look similar to this photo, isolated and dead. The regular table salt shows no vibrant crystalline structure but exclusively dead crystals. As a food, it's absolutely useless, if not a destructive poison. (This is why doctors tell us to use less salt in our diets). Sea salt displays structure, however, the crystals are isolated and disconnected from their important, vital elements. Therefore, an ionized assimilation of the elements cannot be guaranteed. Because of this, the vital minerals, however many it may contain, cannot be absorbed by the body unless the body expends tremendous energy to vitalize them. The net gain is small with an even greater loss of energy. The balanced crystalline structure of Original Himalayan Crystal Salt® reveals fine branching, no shadows or rough edges. The crystal is not isolated from the inherent mineral elements (84), but is connected to them in a harmonious state. This tells us that the energy content, in the form of minerals, is balanced and can be easily metabolized by the body. This crystal salt is full of life. When taken as food, it will have a vital and positive energetic effect on the body. The result is only a net gain for the body with zero energy loss. From this analysis we can see how important it is to add energy/vitality to the body instead of robbing or depleting it of its vitality. Energy increase results in health and vitality whereas an energy decrease or deficit causes dis-ease or disease. It's really very basic stuff. clinical research facts and the results of our double-blind, placebo optimum Original Himalayan Crystal Salt®: World's Highest Elemental Content With 84 Of The Nutritional Elements We Need - Use For: Rejuvenating Bathing, Replenishing the Skin, Drinking Therapy, Flavoring Food Pure, Unpolluted, Without Environmental Impact - From a time when the Earth was pristine. Contains no impurities from environmental pollution. High Inherent Stored Information From 250,000,000 Years Ago – PSYMPHONY™ – Original Himalayan Crystal Salt® is primarily a storage medium. This special salt is waiting for the moment to have its inherent, stored energy, its bio-photon content, set free, by adding water. Stone Ground, Hand Washed and Prepared.- 100% Genuine Crystal Salt.

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A new study of more than 320,000 babies links autism to gestational diabetes. The longitudinal study, conducted between 1995 and 2009 by researchers at Kaiser Permanente Southern California, found that children born to mothers who developed gestational diabetes before 26 weeks of pregnancy were at a 63 percent increased risk of being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. But after controlling for maternal age, education, ethnicity, household income, the child’s sex and the mother’s pre-existing conditions, that risk dropped to 42 percent. While the overall rate of autism among study participants was 1 in 100 (mirroring national averages during the period of study), the rate of autism among children born to mothers with early pregnancy diabetes was 1 in 80. Because this is a longitudinal association study, researchers were not able to establish a cause for the autism diagnosis. However, the associations were strong enough to warrant at least two health applications for expectant parents, according to study co-author Dr. Edward Curry. For one, the study’s results emphasize the importance of early prenatal care. The women whose children were most at risk for developing autism were not women with previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes (who were already managing the condition with insulin, medication and diet). Nor were they women who got gestational diabetes after 26 weeks. Instead, the link between early gestational diabetes and an increased likelihood of autism diagnosis could mean that a fetus’ early exposure to uncontrolled high blood sugar may somehow affect brain development. “We want to get mothers in early to make sure they’re on their vitamins, folic acid and that they check blood sugar to make sure it’s under control early on,” said Curry. “I think that’s the real takeaway message from this study." The second application, according to Curry, is for moms who know they were diagnosed with gestational diabetes before 26 weeks. These moms should remain extra vigilant about their baby’s developmental milestones. Are they making eye contact, babbling and pointing? Parents should also tell their child's pediatrician about the gestational diabetes diagnosis, and ensure that pediatricians screen for autism appropriately at 12, 18 or 24 months old. "We as pediatricians are supposed to be screening [by at least] 18 and 24 months, but it never hurts for the parents to have increased vigilance,” explained Curry. He also emphasized that his finding needs to be confirmed with more studies, as well as a few that can find out the causal link between gestational diabetes and autism, if there is one. Dr. Annette Estes, the director of the University of Washington Autism Center, was not involved in Curry’s research but praised it for the large sample size, the length of time covered and the fact that the analysis controlled for multiple factors beyond gestational diabetes. The next step, said Estes, would be to do a prospective study, which looks forward in time by following pregnant moms, collecting data along their fetus’ growth and the child’s development. And, of course, the ultimate goal would be to figure out why there’s such a strong association between early gestational diabetes and the risk of autism diagnosis in children. While scientists don’t know what exactly causes autism spectrum disorder, research to date suggests that a mix of genetic and environmental factors are at play. It’s known that autism tends to run in families and that having one child with autism increases the risk of subsequent siblings being diagnosed with the condition as well. Autism has also been linked in past studies to factors like air pollution, maternal obesity, periods of prenatal oxygen deprivation, exposure to pesticides and advanced parental age, according to the National Institutes of Health. The amount of preliminary research that’s out there right now can be confusing for parents and lay readers, explained Estes. “The main factor that we are all in agreement is that genetics plays a major role in autism, but it doesn’t account for everything,” said Estes. "Once we get the genetics of autism a little more clear, then we can understand more about other risk factors; There’s going to be a number of risk factors, as we can see." “I think at this point, what parents can take away is that [autism research] is a science that’s in process,” she concluded. Autism is a lifelong disorder that is characterized by lack of eye contact, communication delays, difficulty forming relationships and a preoccupation with niche subjects or objects. Other behaviors typical in people with autism include rocking one’s body, banging one’s head against a hard surface and flapping one’s hands, although the severity of the condition can vary from person to person, ranging from mild impairment to severe disability. Nationally, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has determined that currently, 1 in 68 children has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, and that the condition is about five times more common in boys. Curry's study was published online April 14 in JAMA. Also on HuffPost: More:Gestational Diabetes Autism Autism Risk Autism Risk Factors Autism Environmental Factors Diabetes Autism HuffPost Lifestyle is a daily newsletter that will make you happier and healthier — one email at a time. Learn more

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Consumption of a type of starch that acts like fiber may help reduce colorectal cancer risk associated with a high red meat diet, according to a study published in Cancer Prevention Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. "Red meat and resistant starch have opposite effects on the colorectal cancer-promoting miRNAs, the miR-17-92 cluster," said Karen J. Humphreys, PhD, a research associate at the Flinders Center for Innovation in Cancer at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia. "This finding supports consumption of resistant starch as a means of reducing the risk associated with a high red meat diet." "Total meat consumption in the USA, European Union, and the developed world has continued to increase from the 1960s, and in some cases has nearly doubled," added Humphreys. Unlike most starches, resistant starch escapes digestion in the stomach and small intestine, and passes through to the colon (large bowel) where it has similar properties to fiber, Humphreys explained. Resistant starch is readily fermented by gut microbes to produce beneficial molecules called short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, she added. "Good examples of natural sources of resistant starch include bananas that are still slightly green, cooked and cooled potatoes [such as potato salad], whole grains, beans, chickpeas, and lentils. Scientists have also been working to modify grains such as maize so they contain higher levels of resistant starch," said Humphreys. After eating 300 g of lean red meat per day for four weeks, study participants had a 30 percent increase in the levels of certain genetic molecules called miR-17-92 in their rectal tissue, and an associated increase in cell proliferation. Consuming 40 g of butyrated resistant starch per day along with red meat for four weeks brought miR-17-92 levels down to baseline levels. The study involved 23 healthy volunteers, 17 male and six female, ages 50 to 75. Participants either ate the red meat diet or the red meat plus butyrated resistant starch diet for four weeks, and after a four-week washout period switched to the other diet for another four weeks. This study was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Preventative Health Flagship), and the Flinders Medical Center Foundation. Humphreys declares no conflicts of interest. About the American Association for Cancer Research Founded in 1907, the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) is the world's oldest and largest professional organization dedicated to advancing cancer research and its mission to prevent and cure cancer. AACR membership includes more than 34,000 laboratory, translational, and clinical researchers; population scientists; other health care professionals; and cancer advocates residing in more than 90 countries. The AACR marshals the full spectrum of expertise of the cancer community to accelerate progress in the prevention, biology, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer by annually convening more than 20 conferences and educational workshops, the largest of which is the AACR Annual Meeting with more than 18,000 attendees. In addition, the AACR publishes eight peer-reviewed scientific journals and a magazine for cancer survivors, patients, and their caregivers. The AACR funds meritorious research directly as well as in cooperation with numerous cancer organizations. As the Scientific Partner of Stand Up To Cancer, the AACR provides expert peer review, grants administration, and scientific oversight of team science and individual grants in cancer research that have the potential for near-term patient benefit. The AACR actively communicates with legislators and policymakers about the value of cancer research and related biomedical science in saving lives from cancer. For more information about the AACR, visit http://www.AACR.org. Jeremy Moore | Eurek Alert! Satellites, airport visibility readings shed light on troops' exposure to air pollution 09.12.2016 | Veterans Affairs Research Communications Oxygen can wake up dormant bacteria for antibiotic attacks 08.12.2016 | Penn State Physicists of the University of Würzburg have made an astonishing discovery in a specific type of topological insulators. The effect is due to the structure of the materials used. The researchers have now published their work in the journal Science. Topological insulators are currently the hot topic in physics according to the newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Only a few weeks ago, their importance was... In recent years, lasers with ultrashort pulses (USP) down to the femtosecond range have become established on an industrial scale. They could advance some applications with the much-lauded “cold ablation” – if that meant they would then achieve more throughput. A new generation of process engineering that will address this issue in particular will be discussed at the “4th UKP Workshop – Ultrafast Laser Technology” in April 2017. Even back in the 1990s, scientists were comparing materials processing with nanosecond, picosecond and femtosesecond pulses. The result was surprising:... Have you ever wondered how you see the world? Vision is about photons of light, which are packets of energy, interacting with the atoms or molecules in what... A multi-institutional research collaboration has created a novel approach for fabricating three-dimensional micro-optics through the shape-defined formation of porous silicon (PSi), with broad impacts in integrated optoelectronics, imaging, and photovoltaics. Working with colleagues at Stanford and The Dow Chemical Company, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign fabricated 3-D birefringent... In experiments with magnetic atoms conducted at extremely low temperatures, scientists have demonstrated a unique phase of matter: The atoms form a new type of quantum liquid or quantum droplet state. These so called quantum droplets may preserve their form in absence of external confinement because of quantum effects. The joint team of experimental physicists from Innsbruck and theoretical physicists from Hannover report on their findings in the journal Physical Review X. “Our Quantum droplets are in the gas phase but they still drop like a rock,” explains experimental physicist Francesca Ferlaino when talking about the... 16.11.2016 | Event News 01.11.2016 | Event News 14.10.2016 | Event News 09.12.2016 | Life Sciences 09.12.2016 | Ecology, The Environment and Conservation 09.12.2016 | Health and Medicine

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Overview of Marsabit County Marsabit County, set in the former Eastern Province and some 550km north of Nairobi is the largest county in Kenya covering 70, 961 square kilometres. Marsabit borders three counties; Wajir to the east, Turkana to the west and Isiolo to the south. It also borders the country of Ethiopia to the north. The county is said to have been named after a Burji farmer called Marsa who was brought to Marsabit (from Ethiopia) by colonialists to teach the locals how to grow crops. When his name was called out by his masters, Marsa used to answer "Abet" (Yes in Amharic) and this led to the creation of the name Marsa-Abeit - which later became Marsabit. Marsabit County Government Marsabit County constitutes four constituencies: North Horr, Laisamis, Saku and Moyale. The county's top leaders are Mr Ukur Yatani Kanacho (Governor), Mr Isaiah Nakoru (County Commissioner), Godana Hargura (Senator) and Ms Nasra Ibrahim Ibren (Women Representative). Other top leaders in Marsabit County include Francis Chachu Ganya (MP-North Horr), Joseph Lekuton (MP-Laisamis), Dido Ali Raso (MP-Saku) and Roba Sharu Duba (MP-Moyale). People of Marsabit County Marsabit County is home to 291,166 people (male - 52% and female - 48%), according to the 2009 National Census. The county is populated by various ethnic communities including the Cushitic Rendille, Gabbra and Borana as well as the Nilotic Samburu and Turkana. Rendille are nomadic pastoralists who mainly live with their camels in the Kaisut Desert. The community greatly values the camel as it is their main source of food – meat and a mixture of milk and blood. Borana are also nomadic pastoralists living in Saku, Waso and Moyale. They keep cattle and camels, although recently some Borana's living in areas around Mount Marsabit and Kulal have taken up farming. Crops grown in the area include maize, millet, tomatoes, kales and potatoes. Gabbra, the lions of the desert, mainly live in the Chalbi desert - between Marsabit and Lake Turkana. They keep camels, cattle, goats and sheep although the camel is the most essential to their economy. The Gabbra are the most educated among the ethnic groups of Marsabit. The Turkana mainly rear goats and donkeys and are usually found in Loiyangalani. On the other hand, Samburu are semi-nomadic pastoralists who mainly keep cattle and goats. They are found in Laisamis, Karare and Korr. Religion and Culture Close to 40% of the people living in Marsabit County are Christians, 32% are Muslims, while 28% adhere to other religions. Among the ethnic groups, men are traditionally responsible for taking care of animals, while women are tasked with taking care of their children and performing day-to-day chores in the home. They are also responsible for the construction (weaving) of portable grass huts for their families. Boys usually accompany their fathers to the grazing fields, while girls are supposed to help their mothers at home mainly by gathering firewood and fetching water. Over the years, the communities have adopted elements of the modern world such as formal schooling and employment. About 40,000 students are currently enrolled in the county's 126 primary schools, with another 1,100 attending high schools. Major Towns in Marsabit County Marsabit town is the headquarters of Marsabit County. The town, which is set on an extinct volcano - Mount Marsabit - aids the movement of goods between Isiolo and Moyale. It is home to Gabbra, Rendille, Turkana, Samburu, Borana and Burji among other communities. Located on the border of Kenya and Ethiopia, Moyale is basically two towns in one; the smaller Kenyan Moyale and the bigger Ethiopian Moyale - with the main border running between them. Thanks to its strategic location, Moyale has a vibrant regional livestock market and a flourishing trade market. Situated on the south-eastern coast of Lake Turkana, near Mount Kulal, Loiyangalani town hosts about 1000 people, mainly Samburu, El Molo and Rendille. It is also home to a growing number of Turkana fishermen who engage in small-scale fishing on the shores of Lake Turkana. Loiyangalani is fast becoming a popular tourist destination in northern Kenya, thanks to the colourful cultural experiences offered by the communities living in the area. Climate and Weather Marsabit is one of the driest counties of Kenya, with temperatures ranging between 10.1° C during the cold months (June and July) and 30.2° C during the hot months (January-March and September-October). Marsabit receives between 200mm and 1000mm of rainfall per year, with the average precipitation being 254mm. This makes it one of Kenya's driest counties. Most of the rainfall (rainy season) is received in April and November. About 80% of the people of Marsabit County are nomadic pastoralists, 10% are small scale farmers and about 7% are business people, with the rest being salaried employees mainly working with the government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Some of the NGOs providing employment opportunities in the county include the World Food Programme (WFP), Action Aid, World Vision and the Kenya Red Cross. Other economic activities in the county include salt mining, gemstones mining, sand harvesting and fishing. Recently, Marsabit has attracted several international oil companies hoping to strike the lucrative commodity in the area. British oil company Tullow Oil Plc and Canadian Africa Oil Corp are currently drilling wells in Marsabit County, following the discovery of oil in the neighbouring Turkana County in May 2012. There are several hospitals and health centres in Marsabit County's major urban centres. Notable healthcare facilities in the county include the Marsabit District Hospital, Moyale District Hospital, Laisamis Health Center and AIC Gatab Hospital in Loiyangalani. These facilities are moderately equipped to provide health services that may be required. Education in Marsabit County As of 2013, there are 126 primary schools and 16 high schools in Marsabit County, serving 40,332 and 1,101 students respectively. The county's Teacher to Pupil Ratio is 1: 54 for public primary schools and 1:30 for public high schools. Some of the top high schools in Marsabit include St. Paul Secondary School, Bishop Cavallera Girls Secondary School, Dr. Godana Memorial Boys Secondary School and Marsabit Boy's High School among others. Attractions and Places of Interest Despite being a semi-arid region, Marsabit County is endowed with several tourist attractions. These include Marsabit National Park, Lake Paradise, Chalbi desert, Lake Turkana, Desert Museum, Sibiloi National Park, among others. Sitting on 1,554 square km, Marsabit National Park comprises a forested mountain and three impressive crater lakes that provide a habitat to a huge population of animals such as buffalo, elephants, giraffe, zebra, leopard and lion. The park also hosts numerous species of birds. Travelling to Marsabit County From Nairobi, Marsabit County is accessed via Nanyuki and Isiolo - a 550km journey that is usually covered in two days due to the bad condition of the road. The 122 km road section between Merille River and Marsabit town is quite rough and is only tackled by 4 by 4 vehicles during the dry season. There is a bus (Liban Express) that plies the 200km Isiolo-Marsabit route on a daily basis. The bus leaves Isiolo for Marsabit at 8pm arriving at dawn due to the bad condition of the road. For the return leg, the bus leaves Marsabit at 8am arriving in Isiolo at around 2pm. Marsabit County can also be reached by road from Mombasa via Nairobi, Nanyuki and Isiolo, although the 1,025km journey can be really tiresome. Marsabit is also accessible by air, with two airstrips - Marsabit Airstrip and Segel Airstip servicing charter aircraft. The Mission Aviation Fellowship (MAF) is the only organisation offering regular flights from Nairobi (Wilson Airport) to Marsabit every Tuesday and Friday. The flight takes up to an hour depending on the weather. From Mombasa, travellers can take a flight to Nairobi at the Moi International Airport. Incase the flight is destined for the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), travellers can take a taxi from JKIA to Wilson Airport, a 20-40 minutes drive depending on traffic. Marsabit National Park offers some of the best accommodation in the county. Marsabit Lodge situated within the park is a popular choice for many travellers. Other accommodation options include Ahmed and Abdul camp-sites near the national park, Al-Yusra Hotel and Hotel Abreham both in Moyale. Travellers heading to Marsabit can also find accommodation at the Samburu Intrepids Tented Camp in Archer’s Post, about 200km from Marsabit town. Marsabit town has two commercial banks; Equity Bank and the Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB). Equity Bank is also present in Moyale and the bank recently opened an agency in Loiyangalani. There is a KCB ATM in the Moyale town. There are many small markets and shops around the major towns in Marsabit County. Handicrafts from the Borana and other communities are some of the items on sale in the markets. TOP of the Marsabit County

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TO THE AUDIO AND READ TO THE AUDIO AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS Shahin and Alex are talking about their classes. Listen to the conversation and choose the correct answers to the following questions. 1- Where is Shahin going? a) To the library. c) To class. 2- How many courses does Alex have? 3- Why does Alex have only three classes? a) Because he is lazy! b) Because he is working. c) Because his courses are difficult. If you have difficulty understanding some of the words read the text below.

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Used for nearly two decades in schools nation-wide, this unique anthology offers provocative examples of successful, influential American writing drawn from advertising, the press, popular magazines, bestsellers, classics, film and television, suiting a variety of classroom purposes--topicsfor lively class discussions, practical models for student composition, and imaginative texts for literary study. The fifth edition places a new emphasis on multicultural perspectives on the media, and offers an infusion of new selections by a diversity of authors, both within and outside theestablished literary canon. New to this edition are essays by John Updike, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, E.B. White, Maxine Hong Kingston, Walker Percy, Lewis Thomas, Annie Dillard and June Jordan, as well as short stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Raymond Carver, andAmy Tan, giving teachers a wider range of both fiction and nonfiction to work with. In response to requests for more material encouraging issue-oriented expository writing, the Fifth Edition expands the Press and Magazine sections to include a generous sampling of contemporary essays and articles on such topics as abortion, AIDS, censorship, "politically correct" speech codes,racism, feminism, the canon controversy, and multiculturalism. The popular Advertising section, a proven tool for teaching rhetorical and argumentative strategies, now includes many new advertisements and essays providing in-depth discussion of familiar ads and related campaigns. Of special interestis a large cluster of short selections on the obscenity controversy surrounding the rap group "2 Live Crew" designed to stimulate classroom discussion and encourage students to develop argumentative essays more effectively. As always, every selection is connected either stylistically or thematically with one or more of the other selections, and an expanded "Table of Linked Selections" follows the "Rhetorical Table of Contents". This feature encourages readers to discover the different ways the same subject can betreated by different writers or by different media--for example, how staff writers for Time and Newsweek each handled the space shuttle disaster in January 1986, how a major author like Stephen Crane used his personal experience of a disaster at sea to write both a newspaper report and a classicAmerican short story, or how Ernest Hemingway's famous short story, "Soldier's Home," was transformed into a film script. Current and comprehensive, Popular Writing in America offers a unique method of teaching composition, one that appeals to students and teachers alike.

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Ask the typical person what they find most frightening about mental illness, and you’ll probably hear something about violence. People tend to recall images like a frantic homeless man angrily ranting to himself as he stumbles up a city street, or even darker stories of people hearing voices commanding them to kill. It’s a common misconception: A survey conducted in 2006 by the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) found 60 percent of their respondents incorrectly listed “violent behavior” as a symptom of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, it’s an association often made in the mass media – a recent study published in Health Affairs found the media plays a large role in unfairly portraying the mentally ill as being violent. Associations between violence and mental health common For the study, researchers examined 400 stories published in leading media sources from 1994 to 2014. Over half –55 percent – of the stories the researchers analyzed made associations between mental illness and violent acts. That percentage stayed more or less constant throughout the range of the study, with 38 percent of the stories mentioning violence against others and 29 percent making a connection between mental illness and suicide. Additionally, only 14 percent of the stories were about recovery from – or successful treatment for – mental illness. However, other associations actually increased in number, particularly in stories about mass shootings In the first 10 years of the study, 9 percent of the stories about mass shootings made a connection between the violent act and mental illness. That percentage increased to 22 percent in the years between 2005 and 2014. Admittedly, sometimes there were legitimate connections between illnesses like schizophrenia and violent acts, such as the 2011 shooting in Tucson, whose perpetrator, Jared Lee Loughner, was later diagnosed with schizophrenia. “Most people with mental illness are not violent toward others, and most violence is not caused by mental illness, but you would never know that by looking at media coverage of incidents,” said lead study author Emma McGinty, Ph.D., from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in a press release. “In an ideal world, reporting would make clear the low percentage of people with mental illness who commit violence.” Another recent study from Duke University researchers found a legitimate connection between the mentally ill and gun violence – mentally ill patients are much more likely to use the gun against themselves. Indeed, according to the Pew Research Center, most gun deaths in the U.S. are due to suicides, not mass shootings. Guns, the mentally ill and suicide In the Duke study, researchers studied nearly 82,000 patients in Florida diagnosed with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or major depression for over ten years. During that period, 254 of the patients in the study killed themselves – almost four times the average suicide rate in Florida for the same period. Of that number, 50 used a gun as their suicide method. Nearly three-quarters of that group – 72 percent – were able to purchase firearms legally. “Our federal gun regulations pertaining to mental illness prohibit lots of people from accessing firearms who are not violent, and never will be. At the same time, they fail to identify some people who will be violent or suicidal,” said study lead author and Duke University professor Jeffrey Swanson, Ph.D., in a Duke press release. “With these data, we can improve criteria for restrictions that might actually reduce gun violence, but also carefully balance rick and rights.” An additional study that appeared in the American Journal of Public Health in 2015 found the associations between gun violence and mental health were more due to stereotypes than actual statistics. Mental illness is common – NAMI reports one in five adults in the U.S. experiences mental illness each year. As frightening as mental illness can sound, it’s also treatable. Sovereign Health’s evidence-based, effective mental health and substance abuse treatment programs help our patients lead healthier lives. Our holistic approach to treatment heals patients in both mind and body. For more information, please contact our 24/7 helpline. About the author Brian Moore is a staff writer and graphic designer for Sovereign Health. A 20-year veteran of the newspaper industry, he writes articles and creates graphics across Sovereign’s portfolio of marketing and content products. Brian enjoys music, bicycling and playing the tuba, which he’s done with varying degrees of success for over 25 years. For more information and other inquiries about this media, contact the author and designer at email@example.com.

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Implementing the Commonwealth Guide to Advancing Development Through Sport: A Workbook for Analysis, Planning and Monitoring By: Colin Higgs (author)Paperback 1 - 2 weeks availability Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) brings the power of sport to solving some of the most difficult challenges of humankind. Commonwealth leaders have consistently endorsed the role that SDP can play in development and peace work, in particular in the domain of youth engagement and empowerment. Effective SDP programmes require careful planning, delivery and evaluation. This workbook is designed as a roadmap to help governments and sport organisations work together. It includes practical exercises to guide users through the many steps that comprise the lifecycle of an SDP programme. Dr Colin Higgs is Professor Emeritus at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. Acknowledgments List of figures Abbreviations and acronyms 1. Introduction Sport for development and peace Using this workbook 2. Stage One: Analysis Analysis step 1 (A1): Using SDP in national development Analysis step 2 (A2): Commonwealth and organisational values Analysis step 3 (A3): International and regional development goals and national development strategy Analysis step 4 (A4): National action plan on SDP 3. Stage Two: Planning Planning step 1 (P1): Select broad objectives to be addressed through SDP Planning step 2 (P2): Assess current policy, strategy and support mechanisms Planning step 3 (P3): Determine programme resources Planning step 4 (P4): Define the programme target population Planning step 5 (P5): Define the programme target communities Planning step 6 (P6): Define specific programme objectives Planning step 7 (P7): Design the programme Planning step 8 (P8): Train programme leaders Planning Step 9 (P9): Recognition of programme leader training Planning Step 10 (P10): Ongoing programme delivery 4. Stage Three: Monitoring Monitoring step 1 (M1): Programme monitoring and evaluation Exercise 1. Organisations currently active in SDP Exercise 2. Agreement with shared Commonwealth values Exercise 3. Commitment to the Millennium Development Goals Exercise 4. Commitment to international or regional development goals Exercise 5. National development strategy Exercise 6. Matching government development goals with SDP Exercise 7. National and regional objectives Exercise 8. Existing programmes that address identified government development goals Exercise 9. List of potential members for working group on SDP policy environment analysis Exercise 10. The policy principles assessment tool Exercise 11. Scoring the policy principles Exercise 12. Determine programme resources Exercise 13. The target population for the planned programme Exercise 14. The target communities for the planned programme Exercise 15. Community selection for SDP programmes Exercise 16. Checklist for SMART objectives Number Of Pages: - ID: 9781849291163 - Saver Delivery: Yes - 1st Class Delivery: Yes - Courier Delivery: Yes - Store Delivery: Yes Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly © Copyright 2013 - 2016 WHSmith and its suppliers. WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36

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By E. Fletcher Ingals, A.M., M.D., Professor of Laryngology and Practice of Medicine, Rush Medical College; Professor of Diseases of the Throat and Chest, Northwestern University Woman's Medical School; Professor of Laryngology and Rhinology, Chicago Polyclinic, etc., etc. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 240 illustrations. Octavo, 700 pages, extra muslin, price, $5.00. William Wood & Company, New York. This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. The second edition of this book is a gratifying improvement on the first. The author has done himself credit and added to the value of this volume in several directions. In the part devoted to the heart and lungs he does not restrict himself, as in the first edition, to the diagnosis and treatment, but has amplified his work by adding the subjects of etiology, pathology, symptomatology and prognosis. The division on nose and throat diseases has been quite largely re-written. In passing from diseases of the lungs and heart to those of the nose and throat, one cannot escape the impression that the natural dissociation of these subjects should induce the author to produce two books instead of one. This would enable him to do greater justice to his acknowledged ability by treating in detail in one volume those diseases which lie in the province of the general practitioner, Diseases of the Chest, Throat, and Nasal Cavities including Physical Diagnosis and Diseases of the Lungs, Heart, and Aorta, Laryngology and Diseases of the Pharynx, Larynx, Nose, Thyroid Gland and Œsophagus.. JAMA. 1892;XIX(26):755-756. doi:10.1001/jama.1892.02420260021004

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CLARK — Students in Ms. DeFalco’s 6th grade science classes at Carl H. Kumpf Middle School in Clark designed and conducted an experiment by using the steps of the scientific method. In order to successfully conduct an experiment, scientists must be able to apply the steps of the scientific method to solve a problem. Students worked side by side to design an experiment that asked the question, “What will happen if a pencil is completely pushed through a Ziploc bag filled with water?”. Students hypothesized about the outcome, wrote a procedure, recorded data, and wrote a conclusion. Students realized the importance of having a uniform way of conducting experiments. They were able to share their data and conclusions successfully with one another like true scientists. Connect with NJTODAY.NET Join NJTODAY.NET's free Email List to receive occasional updates delivered right to your email address!

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Because cash plays such a vital role in the ongoing financial health of small businesses, some companies take specific actions to ensure they have access to cash when needed. To do this, these businesses establish and maintain a minimum cash balance. Maintaining a minimum cash balance ensures that a company has sufficient funds in its banking or other accounts to pay all its bills when needed. This practice provides owners and managers with several advantages. A minimum cash balance enables companies to avoid cash shortages caused by cash outflows exceeding cash inflows in a given accounting period. It is the lowest amount of cash a company keeps on hand to meet cash maintenance and planning objectives. The amount that companies retain as a minimum cash balance depends on how effectively the company budgets its cash needs, how much the company would need for an emergency and how quickly the company could obtain cash from other sources when needed. Meet Loan Requirements One advantage of having a minimum cash balance involves loan compliance. Some loans specify that companies must comply with certain ratios and meet specific balance sheet requirements. Minimum levels for cash on hand, working capital and current assets are three balance sheet items that lenders often specify. The practice of maintaining a minimum cash balance positively impacts all of these balance sheet items, because cash is a current asset, and working capital equals current assets less current liabilities. Another advantage is the ability to exploit opportunities that may suddenly arise that require cash. These opportunities typically lie outside of a company’s normal course of business and often appear at the last minute or have a very limited window. For example, a supplier may terminate a particular product offering and offer the product at a deeply discounted, cash-only price on a first-come, first-served basis to clear out its inventory. A customer whose financial strategy involves maintaining a minimum cash balance would have the cash on hand to exploit this opportunity. Strengthens Financial Management Many small businesses pay significant attention to profits on the income statement and assets and liabilities on the balance sheet but ignore cash flow. Focusing on profits while ignoring cash flow can result in a profitable company going out of business due to an inability to pay its bills. Having a minimum cash balance policy requires owners and managers to assess their future and mid-term cash needs and take actions to meet those needs. The practice forces companies to make adjustments to sales, operations and financing policies and activities to maintain the minimum cash balance despite fluctuations in sales and accounts receivable turnover. - Jupiterimages/liquidlibrary/Getty Images

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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence" - S: (n) haste, hurry, rush, rushing (the act of moving hurriedly and in a careless manner) "in his haste to leave he forgot his book" - S: (n) rush, spate, surge, upsurge (a sudden forceful flow) - S: (n) rush (grasslike plants growing in wet places and having cylindrical often hollow stems) - S: (n) Rush, Benjamin Rush (physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813)) - S: (n) bang, boot, charge, rush, flush, thrill, kick (the swift release of a store of affective force) "they got a great bang out of it"; "what a boot!"; "he got a quick rush from injecting heroin"; "he does it for kicks" - S: (n) rush (a sudden burst of activity) "come back after the rush" - S: (n) rush, rushing ((American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running into the line) "the linebackers were ready to stop a rush" - S: (v) rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along, rush along, cannonball along, bucket along, belt along, step on it (move hurridly) "He rushed down the hall to receive his guests"; "The cars raced down the street" - S: (v) rush (attack suddenly) - S: (v) rush, hurry (urge to an unnatural speed) "Don't rush me, please!" - S: (v) rush, hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate (act or move at high speed) "We have to rush!"; "hurry--it's late!" - S: (v) rush (run with the ball, in football) - S: (v) race, rush (cause to move fast or to rush or race) "The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze" - S: (v) induce, stimulate, rush, hasten (cause to occur rapidly) "the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions"

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