Datasets:

ruliad

/

fineweb_edu_100BT_chunk_12

like 0

What is the world's largest apple? The world's largest apple is the Hokuto apple that weighed in at 4 lbs. 1 oz. This apple was discovered by Chisato Iwasaki in Hirosaki City, Japan. Join Alexa Answers Help make Alexa smarter and share your knowledge with the worldLEARN MORE

<urn:uuid:6dd17780-474a-4068-acee-5edac0e4fc47>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://alexaanswers.amazon.com/question/5ptBAQK2U2l2dkxSRfkmsR

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

Ethical Journalism in the Age of ‘Fake News’ Category : Global News In our age of “fake news” with journalists widely distrusted by the public, we may benefit from a better understanding of what is ethical journalism, how to identify ethical journalists, and how to support more of it. Despite what some pundits would have us believe, good journalists do exist. They work each day with the highest professional ethical standards in mind. According to The Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ), ethical journalism is “truthful, compassionate, independent and transparent.” We need ethical journalism now more than ever. No journalist is ever wholly objective on any news topic, especially if controversial. However, good news stories written by ethical journalists are not that hard to spot. Good journalists report all the sides in any issue as accurately and as equally as possible. Good journalists make sure all opposing viewpoints are represented fairly. No special interest get special treatment in the selection of quotes or facts. Good journalists may have their own views on the people and events they cover, especially when controversial, but you will find no trace of it in their writings. Their news stories are free of bias. A news story may have an “angle” or “news hook,” but never a slant. Good journalists verify all facts in a story from at least two reliable “sources,” more if possible, and ideally from a variety of sources. In a story on a traffic accident, for instance, statements from the drivers are balanced by statements by at least one eye-witness along with quotes from the investigating officer and ideally the police accident report. Good journalists ask the tough questions. They dig for the story behind the story. The investigate and report the truth as best they can learn it. They do not accept anything they are told at face value. They stay skeptical without becoming cynical. Good journalists verify each “fact” from as many sources as possible, the more the better. In the canon of ethics for journalists, news stories citing only one single source are discouraged, although necessary at times, but that single source must be carefully vetted and corroborated before the news story ever appears in print. A reporter may quote a news source stating an opinion (placing the quote where it best fits the story flow), but good journalists differentiate opinions from facts in all news writing. Even if they agree, they accept as given that beliefs are not facts. Good journalists write tight and get it right. Simple nouns and verbs do the job of reporting the news. Good news stories are free of undue adjectives and adverbs. Features stories may show off a writer’s creativity and perspective, but not hard news stories. Opinions belong on the editorial page, not the news pages. Good journalists are skilled at writing “straight news.” Their stories usually use an “inverted pyramid” style. The most crucial facts are on top, called “the lead,” followed by a “nut graph” or “neck” paragraph (or two) placing the news event into context. Nut graphs help readers make sense of the news The rest of the story presents facts and quotes in descending order of importance. A playful example: Headline: “Man bites big dog.” Lead: “A local man yesterday was first to bite into a 15-foot hotdog offered free to the public at the grand opening of the new Mustard’s Last Stand food cart downtown.” Nut graph or neck: “The food cart is among a dozen small businesses opening this month as part of the city’s economic revitalization initiative.” FYI: The inverted pyramid style goes back to the earliest days of print newspapers. News stories often were and still are cut for length, from the bottom up, to fit all the stories into the available space (the “news hole” is determined by how much advertising is sold). If only the first paragraph or two sees print, that’s still enough to report the core news. Now you have the basics of what makes any news story trustworthy. I’m bringing all this to your attention because this week, April 22-28, is “Ethics in Journalism Week.” In connection with this observance, SPJ.org offers a simple four-part Code of Ethics that all good journalist follow: - Seek truth and report it — Ethical journalism should be accurate and fair. Journalists should be honest and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information. - Minimize harm — Ethical journalism treats sources, subjects, colleagues and members of the public as human beings deserving of respect. - Act independently — The highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public. - Be accountable and transparent — Ethical journalism means taking responsibility for one’s work and explaining one’s decisions to the public. If you read a news story in any publication that meets these ethical standards, then you are reading the work of good journalists. We will continue to suffer fake news and unreliable reporting only if we tolerate it. Talk back. Object to unethical journalism, Never accept it a “normal.” Whenever you spot ethical reporting in a newspaper or magazine, or on the internet, you can support quality journalism by sending a short, polite note to the editor or publisher. You can help the venture stay in business by thanking the advertisers or other backers, saying you found them through a publication you trust. We may dislike the news being reported. We may dislike what the facts imply about some notion of reality we hold dear. That’s fine. Demand solid evidence and debate the facts openly. Truth and the rule of law uphold democratic republics. Demand and support ethical journalism. The Fourth Estate remains our best guarantor of freedom and democracy in America and the world. Judah Freed worked four decades in Denver as a local to national and international journalist before moving to Kauai in 2010. He is a member of the Society of Professional Journalists and the Hawaii chapter of SPJ.

<urn:uuid:bb9b2d50-93d4-4050-a619-5f69b27561f7>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://hokuhouse.com/ethical-journalism/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

New Jersey Poison Center Keeps the Garden State Safe In May of this year, the NJ Poison Center, also known as the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System (NJPIES), put out a sobering press release: “Preteen Suicide Attempts Increasing, Especially in Young Females.” The alert reported that in the previous 18 months, the poison center had been contacted about drug-induced suicide attempts in 100 New Jersey preteens, which likely represents only part of the larger picture. This startling number mirrors statistics that suggest preteen suicide is increasing nationwide. NJPIES provides an essential lifeline in such cases. As the only poison control center in New Jersey, the center operates 24/7 out of Rutgers New Jersey Medical School department of emergency medicine, handling approximately 50,000 cases a year. It’s free to call (1-800-222-1222), but the service is entirely professional. Those who answer the phones are medical personnel — nurses, pharmacists, and physicians — and full-time employees of the grant-funded center. Medical toxicologists are on call to consult on particularly complex cases. “I’m proud that our expert advice is real-time and free. You don’t get bounced around in a complicated phone tree. And, we’re able to prevent lengthy hold times, too,” says Diane Calello, the center’s executive and medical director. “They’re ready to give you advice, there’s no charge, no copay. There’s not a lot of places where you can get medical advice without some kind of cost or hurdle.” The center advises the general public and also consults with healthcare professionals and law enforcement personnel. Call center staff might advise state police investigating poisoning deaths or help them contain outbreaks. The center also uses GPS to identify clusters of poisoning activity and work with government agencies to address problems and educate the public. About half of all calls to the center involve young children ingesting things they shouldn’t, such as pain medications or cleaning solutions. Other common reasons people call the hotline are exposure to poisonous plants such as mushrooms, venomation from spider and snake bites, and suicide attempts. “No two days are the same,” says Bruce Ruck, the center’s managing director and director of drug info and professional education. “Every time the phone rings here, it’s a unique case.” Whether alerting parents to increased incidents of adolescent suicide, lead contamination in water, or the latest hazardous social media “challenge,” the center offers free, assessible, and broad-spectrum support as a valuable resource for all New Jerseyans. For more information, please visit www.njpies.org. Testing and Follow-Up Urged For Newark, Doctors Caution Against Panic Newark Water Crisis 100 New Jersey preteens have attempted suicide by poisoning since 2018 Dr. Calello featured on panel regarding water contamination hearings

<urn:uuid:d393f363-28f0-47ad-b2f8-73d0281b22e8>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://njms.rutgers.edu/archives/spotlight/articles/10_28_19.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

An incredible infrared image of the giant star, Zeta Ophiuchi, has been captured as it moves through space making waves in the interstellar dust. The image was captured by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope. The researchers think that the star very likely once had a companion star that was larger, and when that star exploded it sent this one flying.the star, Zeta Ophiuchi, is moving at about 54,000 mph. It is roughly 20 times more massive than the Sun, and 80,000 times brighter than our sun. “In this view, infrared light that we can’t see with our eyes has been assigned visible colors. Zeta Ophiuchi appears as the bright blue star at center. As it charges through the dust, which appears green, fierce stellar winds push the material into waves. Where the waves are the most compressed, and the warmest, they appear red. This bow shock is analogous to the ripples that precede the bow of a ship as it moves through the water, or the pileup of air ahead of a supersonic airplane that results in a sonic boom.” “NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, released a similar picture of the same object in 2011. WISE sees infrared light as does Spitzer, but WISE was an all-sky survey designed to take snapshots of the entire sky. Spitzer, by contrast, observes less of the sky, but in more detail.” The WISE image can be seen here. Source: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech

<urn:uuid:d08df167-ee2c-4d55-97f9-6dfabe75d298>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://planetsave.com/2012/12/19/zeta-ophiuchi-giant-star-imaged-as-it-creates-waves-in-interstellar-dust/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

• Diversity of families • Responsibilities and relationships within families • How family influences our identity The key concepts that the students will develop throughout this unit are perspective, responsibility, and reflection. Furthermore, the related concepts are relationship, identity, role, and family. Besides academic skills, EY 1 students will also develop certain learner profiles and attitudes, which are principled, caring, open-minded, appreciation, respect, and empathy. In order to become principled, students will be taught how to respect other people’s opinions or ideas by listening to the teachers and friends during discussions. They will not only learn to be reflective in how their families influence their identity, but also to show appreciation towards different types of families by visiting some different families. Students will learn that family is not always Daddy, mommy, brothers and sisters. There might be another type of family which is different, such as they are living together with grandmother, grandfather, uncle or aunt. To support the concept of relationship in this unit, the students will learn to sort and classify objects based on attributes (colors, shapes and size) and category. While to develop their understanding in perspective concept, they will directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common and describe the difference, e.g.: directly compare the height of two children and describe one child as taller or shorter. Furthermore, they will also learn to use the term longer, shorter, taller, heavier, lighter, hotter, colder, more, less, etc. In English, the students will listen and repeat single words related to family so that they will be able to communicate their needs and ideas more through words, so it’s not only through gestures, action and body language. Moreover, to improve their reading, listening and speaking skills, they will be exposed more on story books that will develop their understanding. The learning will be fun since sounds and pattern of the language of instruction will be taught by playing with words and clapping games, through chants, poems and songs. Furthermore, after some learning experiences, they will be able to differentiate between illustrations and written texts. By the time they learn all of the things mentioned above they will be able to follow the classroom directions and routines. For the first unit, related to the concept of family, EY1 students will learn to communicate and respond to instruction accordingly by using eye contact and proper body language. They will also learn how to do the presentation by using good language and loud voice. They will also learn to sing simple song by pronouncing the lyrics correctly. For the reading and writing they will learn to visualize to get the meaning of the words read and write letter with good penmanship. This beginning of the semester, students are going to explore and gain many information about family, parts of body, like and dislike, and uniqueness as well. Through this unit, it will also be integrated with Music lesson. The activities will be about how to create rhythm and /or music through movement, explore the dynamic flow of body movements to see how students can follow the beat of one song or music instrument such as fast, slow, big, small, strong, smooth, sharp, tension and relaxation. Moreover, students are expected to be able to respond to the music by moving their body to express the mood, and at last we encourage students to be creative to use voice to imitate sounds when we learn new songs in the classroom. One of the related concepts in this unit is family; therefore EY 1 students will learn to use variety of tools and materials to draw their family picture and to decorate it. Besides that, they will learn to make reflection after creating an artwork. In this unit, the students are going to develop their gross motor skills. They are also going to learn a variety of movements to form a basic movement vocabulary e.g. tiptoe, jump, crawl, skip, gallop, etc. we are going to explore different ways of moving with small equipment. Then, they are going to learn about jumping and landing appropriate. They will also explore coordination, manipulation, and balance. Furthermore, the students will also learn to handle small equipment using various body parts.

<urn:uuid:5bb5ddd3-d6cc-472c-8ced-8d01f18728aa>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://svppyp.com/2018/07/31/pyp-updates-1819-who-we-are/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

Editor’s Note — This article was written by Independent Herald founder and long-time publisher Paul Roy in 2012. Upon writing it, Roy credited Daniel Jeffers’ family and the Scott County Historical Society for preserving details of Jeffers’ life. As a young man, he was Lincolnesque in appearance. He had a stern but compassionate face, a jet-black beard and receding hairline. And he lived during the time of Lincoln as well — growing up with few, if any, material advantages in the American backwoods of the mid-1800s, but with the desire to do whatever it took to better himself. His name was Daniel Jeffers, and his similarities didn’t end there, for he, too, was a rail-splitter as a young man, as well as being a self-made man in every sense of the word. According to William A. York in his tribute to his great-grandfather in the book Scott County, Tennessee and Its Families: “Often he told his family how proud he felt when he wore his first pair of boots which he had earned by splitting fence rails for a man who made boots and shoes for the people of the community. At that time all farms were fenced in with split rails, so it took a large amount of rails to fence a farm.” Daniel Jeffers was born on September 6, 1837 (28 years after Lincoln’s birth) in what is now Scott County. He was the son of David and Pherba Yancey Jeffers. In his growing up years he and his mother lived alone on a farm and he had little opportunity for schooling. In fact, he had only a few weeks of public education as a child and was in his 20s before he learned to read and write, thanks to the tutelage of his sister, Almira Carroll. Another descendant, Scott County Attorney Leif Jeffers, notes that Daniel Jeffers was a Union soldier during the Civil War — and indeed he was — but not in the traditional sense. Jeffers was a member of the Scott County (Union) Home Guard — a unit formed early in the war to “protect our homes, families, property and liberties” during the course of the war, according to the oath each member of the Home Guard took. The local Home Guard, referred to by the Confederates as “Bushwackers,” was involved in a few skirmishes with invading Rebel forces, but two years later, many of their members were sworn in as full-fledged soldiers (for 90 days) with the formation of the East Tennessee National Guard, when General Ambrose Burnside marched through here with some 13,000 troops en route to Knoxville in August 1863. Apparently, however, Daniel Jeffers was not among them, for one reason or another. Just four months before the war began, on December 27, 1860, Daniel, 23, married Sarah Hembree, the daughter of Meshack and Martha Katherine Carroll Hembree. Sarah had previously been married to a man by the name of John Goodman, whom she had divorced two years earlier (July 29, 1858) on a charge of adultery. Sarah was restored to all rights, privileges and immunities of a feme sole (“never married”), and was restored to her maiden name. Their first child, Almira, was born June 28, 1861, and was followed by Emsley, born November 18, 1863; Martha, born May 6, 1865; Alvis, born 1867; Leroy, born 1869; Elender, born November 23, 1870; Leonard, born June 1872; Etha, born July 12, 1874; Ella J., born September 13, 1876; Johnny, born April 6, 1878; Elvin, born December 6, 1879; and Otis, born March 1882. They had 12 children over the span of 21 years, and eight of the 12 would live to adulthood. An ideal brood for a farm family in Scott County in that day and time. “After the war was over he brought his family to Huntsville to live on a large farm of several hundred acres which he had purchased,” according to York’s account published in 1988. “To farm was necessary, but he did not confine himself to farming, [as] labor was cheap and farm help was readily available.” Instead, 28-year-old Daniel Jeffers began studying law. “During this time he served as a member of the Circuit Court and also serveda s Deputy Circuit Court Clerk,” York writes. Later on, he would accept an appointment as a U.S. Commissioner. At the age of 41, Daniel Jeffers officially launched a new era in his life when he was admitted to the bar on November 29, 1878, followed immediately by establishing his own private practice in Huntsville, while still overseeing the family farm. He was one of only a few lawyers in the county seat and he was prominent among them here and throughout the circuit. In addition, Jeffers showed a great deal of interest in the welfare of the people and of the community. “When the courthouse was erected with sandstone, he served on the building committee. He and Sarah were charter members of the Huntsville Presbyterian Church and a strong supporter of the Academy connected with the Church,” York wrote. According to Esther Sharp Sanderson’s History of the Huntsville Presbyterian Church and Academy and the Mossip Memorial School (published in 1978), not only were Daniel and Sarah among the charter members of the church, Daniel was also chosen as its first deacon. The formal organization of the Huntsville church came on the second Sunday in July 1882. Just three years later, in 1885, the Huntsville Presbyterian Academy was organized and among the three trustees named to oversee its operation was Daniel Jeffers (along with James M. Keen and J.B. Brasfield). “The aim of the Academy was to prepare students for college and to give to those who did not expect to attend college a good English education,” Sanderson wrote. “Special attention was given to those who wished to teach in the public schools. Better education in the common schools throughout the county was an outgrowth of teacher training at the Academy.” For the remainder of his life, Daniel Jeffers would be closely associated with both the church and the Presbyterian Academy which, incidentally, closed its doors the year of Jeffers’ death (1909). Jeffers was laid to rest in what was then called the “Jeffers Graveyard” in Huntsville, as would his widow just three years later. Also, several of his children were buried near them in Jeffers Cemetery, as it is known today. The name Daniel Jeffers is not as familiar to Scott Countians today as are the names of other local attorneys of that era (Baker, Keen, etc.), primarily because Jeffers was not a politician. However, over a four year period prior to his becoming an attorney, he served two terms as a constable in Scott County’s Fifth Civil District. As a lawyer, much of his work was in the area of land disputes, rather than in high profile criminal cases. In Sanderson’s profile of Daniel Jeffers (in the book Profiles of Scott Countians), she writes, “His temperament was such that he did not confine himself wholly to the law practice. He enjoyed farming, and he felt that work on the farm, alongside his sons would give them good training in the development of strong bodies and minds. He [also] owned and operated a grist mill located at the Town Spring at the Waterfall on Cane Creek.”

<urn:uuid:9c4defd7-4e10-49a7-a849-c53a1795b20a>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.ihoneida.com/2021/10/25/remembering-daniel-jeffers-scott-county-attorney-who-led-a-remarkable-life/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

A child’s education won’t be complete without sharing with them. The various basic scientific concepts with the help of the LMS portals in online classes. Making them curious and imbibing interest in their minds for the subject is essential to make them devoted. Are you someone having a great knack for science and technology? If yes, carving out a career in this field is undoubtedly going to be your dream. Do you nurture the desire to teach students about the various scientific concepts in the class? Did you answer ‘yes?’ Great, this is the exact place you should have been on! This blog article will discuss everything that you need to be aware of to become an ideal science teacher and embark upon this flourishing career in your life. Let’s start delving into the main topic, shall we? Job Responsibilities Of A Science Teacher Science educators are usually the leading mentors of a cluster of subjects and drive the mode of learning of STEM that, in turn, includes the subjects of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. A science teacher is expected to create solid lessons plans. It will benefit the students and spark the required interest in them for the subject. They have to develop their logical, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills to ensure the students pin only the right scientific concept into their minds. They have to be proficient in carrying out the experimentations in the best way possible and develop. A proper grading system, project topics, and assignment ideas. Moreover, a science teacher also has to point out the students. They seem to have some kind of difficulty in grasping a particular concept and accordingly help them sort out things. With the age of online education being in vogue. A science teacher has to be well-aware of the correct idea and ERP meaning, and also equip themselves with the right technical aid to ensure the smooth conduction of online science classes. Lastly, a science teacher has to interact with parents of the wards to keep them updated about the students’ academic progress. Eligibilities To Be A Science Teacher In A School - To get employed as a teacher in a public or government school. You need to own a valid teaching license or certificate that has been approved by your state. While pursuing your bachelor’s degree, you can complete a teacher training/ preparation program recognized by the state. - If you wish to teach the discipline of science in a non-government or private school. You may or may not require the teaching certification approved by the state. - If you want to become a teacher of a primary school, be prepared to teach elementary students a variety of subjects, and not science alone. It is better to have an elementary teaching certification to get selected as an educator in a school of primary level. Criteria To Be Fulfilled To Become A Science Teacher In A Secondary School Let’s now have a look at the criteria that a science teacher needs to fulfill to teach science subjects to students from standard 5 to 12. - You need to complete your bachelor’s degree on the subject. It’s you wish to teach in the school, and procure a teacher training certificate to prove your eligibility. - You may choose to complete a science tutorial internship to increase weightage to your qualifications. - You need to succeed in the state-organized teacher test so. You can become a qualified teacher in a secondary school. Traits Of An Ideal Science Teacher - They will wield the strategy of integrating scientific principles in a variety of other academic disciplines. - They will modify the teaching approach and lesson plans in accordance with the academic outcome of the students. - They need to be understanding and supportive of the students and be sensitive to them. - They need to explain to the students the various scientific laws and principles and apply. These to the real-world context to ensure their better understanding of the topics. Fulfill your dream of being a science teacher and help your students understand. The various crucial concepts are essential for them to excel perfectly in their academics. So, why delay but take into consideration the above points, and embark on the journey of teaching? Follow all the rules and kick-start your teaching career today. All the best!

<urn:uuid:2bd8d791-064b-4725-84d3-663046a429f8>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.latestblogpost.com/education/how-to-become-a-science-teacher-a-complete-guide/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

Sensory physiologists have approached the study of complex perceptual phenomena only after investigating more simple stimulus-response interactions. Researchers in vision have used spots, bars and angles as basic stimuli (29, 30, 39); auditory researchers have used pure tones (20, 36). In gustation most research has emphasized the use of sugars and inorganic salts and acids (61). Although our understanding of each sensory system has advanced by utilizing these simple stimuli, dramatic and often unexpected results have been obtained when physiologists advanced to the level of using more complex, biologically relevant stimuli. In vision the discovery that some frog retinal ganglion cells are specifically tuned to respond to moving spots or edges (40) greatIy accelerated research on feature detection and introduced the concept of biological significance to sensory physiologists. The discovery of pheromones at about the same time by Karlson and Liischer (35) served to emphasize the importance of biologically adaptive stimuli and the efficacy with which a sensory system could process them. In the auditory system biologically significant stimtuli have been discovered in a variety of animals including the frog (8), barn owl (52), moth (64) and monkey (87). Researchers in gusttion have not yet used complex organic stimuli other than sugars to any great extent in neurophysiological studies. We undetook to initiate this process by defining the neural and behavioral responses to 12 l-amino acids. These were chosen to represent both essential and nonessential classes and to cover a wide range of molecular weight and pH.

<urn:uuid:f4bbf028-67b7-420d-88f6-68d3f1e3747f>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.perfumerflavorist.com/flavor/regulatory-research/article/21861642/a-neurobehavioral-analysis-of-i-amino-acids-as-taste-stimuli

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

An official website of the United States government. Here's how you knowHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Latest Earthquake | Chat Share The Humboldt River is in north-central Nevada. The river is about 330 miles long and provides water for mostly agricultural purposes. One of the largest industries in Nevada is gold mining and the majority of those mines are in the Humboldt River Basin on the Carlin Trend. Gold mines in Nevada produce close to 80 percent of all the gold in the U.S. and are the 4th largest in the world. In 2010, Nevada mines produced 5,338,559 ounces of gold (Nevada Division of Minerals). The Humboldt River Basin is the largest river basin that is entirely within the State covering more than 16,000 square miles.The Humboldt River Basin contains 34 hydrographic areas: Marys River, Area, Starr Valley, North Fork Area, Lamoille Valley, South Fork Area, Huntington Valley, Dixie Creek Area, Elko Segment, Susie Creek Area, Maggie Creek Area, Marys Creek Area, pine Valley, Crescent Valley, Carico Lake Valley, Upper Reese River Valley, Antelope Valley, Middle Reese River Valley, Lower Reese River Valley, Whirlwind Valley, Boulder Flat, Rock Creek Valley, Willow Creek, Clovers Area, pumpernickel Valley, Kelley Creek Valley, Little Humboldt Valley, Hardscrabble Area, paradise Valley, Winnemucca Segment, Grass Valley, Imlay Area, Lovelock Valley, and White plains. USGS Nevada Water Science Center maintains more than 69 streamflow gages on the Humboldt River. Real-Time Streamflow :: Daily Values :: Peak-Flow :: Water Quality ACTIVE STUDIES IN THE HUMBOLDT RIVER BASIN Evaluation of Streamflow Depletion Related to Groundwater Withdrawal, Humboldt River Basin For more information, contact Kip Allander The Humboldt River Basin (HRB) is the only major river basin that is entirely within the State of Nevada. Precipitation supplies all the water that enters the basin; consequently, the variability in climate has significant impacts on the hydrology of the area. In addition, increased development which has been superimposed on natural climate fluctuations affects the water resources of the basin. Continued groundwater withdrawals within the Humboldt River Basin are likely contributing to streamflow depletion of the Humboldt River. The timing and magnitude of the effects of groundwater withdrawals on streamflow of the Humboldt River are not well understood. Although groundwater use in the Humboldt River Basin is primarily for agriculture, a substantial quantity of groundwater has been removed from consolidated rock units and basin fill as part of mining activity in the middle Humboldt River basin. The contribution to streamflow depletion by mine dewatering is currently thought to be relatively small, largely because much of the water was or continues to be returned to the river or to unconsolidated deposits near the river. However, many Humboldt River water rights holders contend that mine dewatering contributes significantly to streamflow depletion. To evaluate the impacts of groundwater withdrawals on streamflow, three transient, regional-scale flow models will be developed and documented. The three models will represent the upper, middle, and lower Humboldt River Basins, respectively. The middle HRB model will be developed by the USGS; the upper HRB model is being developed separately and simultaneously by the Desert Research Institute (DRI); and the lower HRB model will be co-developed by the USGS and DRI. Visit the project web site: Evaluation of Streamflow Depletion Related to Groundwater Withdrawal, Humboldt River Basin COMPLETED STUDIES IN THE HUMBOLDT RIVER BASIN Not all completed studies are listed here. If you would like additional information about completed studies, please email the NVWSC at GS-W-NVpublic-info@ usgs.gov. Water Resources of the Upper Humboldt River Basin Any decisions to further develop the ground-water resources of the upper Humboldt River Basin will have to be balanced against the potential effects of such development on streamflow. County and state water-resource managers need information that will enable them to make informed decisions regarding future use and development of the water resources of the upper Humboldt River Basin. To address these needs and concerns, the NVWSC has adopted a phased approach for assessing the water resources of the upper Humboldt River basin in northeastern Nevada. Phase one was completed in 2007–08 and describes the hydrogeologic framework and groundwater conditions. Phase two took place in federal fiscal years 2009–11. The results from phase two were summarized in USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5077, which describes properties of basin-fill deposits, presents an overall water budget for the period 1971–2000, and describes interactions of groundwater and streamflow along the mainstem Humboldt River and its main tributaries. Visit the project web page: Water Resources of the Upper Humboldt River Basin Find out more about our work in the Humboldt River Basin from the links below. Nevada Water Science Center data sets and tools for the Humboldt River Basin are listed below. USGS publications for the Humboldt River Basin are listed below. Some publications between 1918-1962 are not yet available electronically. For a list of these publications, please email the NVWSC at GS-W-NVpublic-info@ usgs.gov. These are the partners that we are working with currently in the Humboldt River Basin. A complete list of our partners is available here: Partners page

<urn:uuid:84b67283-0bff-4751-8c54-cc47b4d04896>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nevada-water-science-center/science/science-humboldt-river-basin?page=2&qt-science_center_objects=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00151.warc.gz

en

The chemists and engineers at Silver Anvil Engineering have been recovering metals from solutions for the last 45 years. It all started when Roger observed silver bearing fixer being discarded from a photographic lab. He started by recovering silver by using iron replacement with steel wool. Because of the problems of smelting the silver replaced iron wool, he shifted to electro-winning the silver from solution using direct current. Other techniques that were tried included zinc replacement, using proprietary precipitating agents, and ion exchange. SOLUTION PROCESSING AT SILVER ANVIL CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OR DISTINCT AREAS - Recovery of silver from photographic and x-ray solutions. - Recovery of gold and silver from solutions used to strip decorative gold plating from items. - Recovery of mixed precious metals from solutions. RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM PHOTOGRAPHIC AND X-RAY SOLUTIONS The photographic and x-ray process exposes film to light or x-rays: develops the latent image formed in the first step: stops the action of the developer; and fixes the image by removing the unexposed silver halide from the film. All of the solutions used contain enough silver to be classified as “Hazardous” by the Environmental Protection Agency. Silver Anvil specializes in recovering silver from all of these solutions to a level below the 5 ppm (5 milligrams per liter) hazardous level defined by EPA and then disposing of the residual chemistry as a non-hazardous chemical residue. Thus we have cradle to grave control of our chemistry. Currently we are processing these solutions using the following steps: (1) Incoming solutions arrive at our plant and are sampled for assay. Volume and pH are recorded and the drum of solution is given a work order number so we can track it through our system. (2) Incoming fixer is used to strip silver from green or unused film. (3) The resulting solution is pumped into a holding tank from which it is metered into a set of 6 electrolytic cells in series cascade, followed by a proprietary precipitating agent to take the silver concentration in the fixer from around 2000 parts per million (ppm) to less than 5 ppm. This process takes a hazardous waste solution and converts it to an industrial waste solution for non-hazardous discharge or disposal. (4) All solutions are pumped into 300 gallon totes, pH is adjusted to more than 5, but less than 9, and samples are taken for analysis by an outside lab to insure that the effluent complies with EPA regulations. (5) Once the solution in a tote passes it is picked up by a delivery company and taken to non-hazardous solution landfill for ultimate disposal. RECOVERY OF GOLD AND SILVER FROM CYANIDE BASED SOLUTIONS The next step was the recovery of other precious metals from cyanide based solutions. Silver Anvil used cyanide based solutions to strip silver and gold from plated items, compact discs and DVDs. The recovery of metals was facilitated by the development of an insitu reaction of the solvent with sulfur dioxide that simultaneously destroyed the cyanide and precipitated the precious metals. EPA officials were so impressed with the closed loop dissolution of precious metals followed by the simultaneous destruction of the cyanide and precipitation of the precious metals that they sent a letter to Silver Anvil that allowed Silver Anvil to use the process without any extra permits. To insure that we were completely legal we obtained a permit from the Adams County Board of Commissioners to store, use, consume and destroy cyanide In our facility. To this day Silver Anvil is the only organization in the Denver Metro Area that is formally permitted to use cyanide solutions to recover precious metals. We currently reuse cyanide solutions once an accurate analysis is obtained to strip metal from our own products. This is done to consume residual cyanide in solution and make it easier to recover all of the metals in solution. Today Silver Anvil processes our own solutions which are used to strip silver from plated flatware and film and compact discs and DVDs, as well as gold from computer residue, plated jewelry and other items. In addition we recover precious metals from plating baths and solutions made by others. This includes expired and depleted plating baths as well as baths which have become contaminated by base metals or have become too diluted for practical use. To process these solutions we receive them in barrels or other containers, record their source and volume, take a pH and then use a coliwasa to extract a representative sample for ASTM gravimetric assay or atomic absorption analysis. All of this information is compiled on a data sheet which defines the recovery and serves as a basis of payment for the customer. Silver Anvil Engineering has explored processing other solutions that contain precious metal. One of these is Process Water, the aequous solution that is pumped out of the wells with oil. Some oil fields are located near salt domes that contribute salt to the water associated with the oil. This salt often dissolves metals that are also found in the rocks near the oil. Some of these Process Waters have been shown to contain gold, silver, and platinum group metals as well as some base metals. These solutions are processed using a Scott Powell electrolytic coalescing cell that precipitates metals out in an iron matrix from which the precious metals can be extracted. The Scott Powell cell works well with dilute solutions. When more concentrated solutions are found, they are electrowon with a Reno Cell. PHOTO OF RENO CELL (COMING) Metal recovery from solution can be a complicated process. Sometimes the solution has to be treated in a number of steps before the metal can be recovered. Silver Anvil uses a number of techniques depending on the metal to be recovered and its concentration. These techniques include: pH change to precipitate a metal, metallic replacement with a more active metal, electro winning, electro coalescing, use of precipitating agents, ion exchange and other techniques. This work includes the removal of metals to generate a cash flow for our customers, or the removal of trace metals to comply with environmental discharge regulations. HOW CAN WE ASSIST YOU TO RECOVER METAL FROM SOLUTION ?

<urn:uuid:587eaae0-318d-487d-b409-ab5b91ccaf23>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://silveranvilengineering.com/solution-processing/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Corrosive Water can be costly, damaging to your health, waste money, and damaging to your household piping and fixtures. Lead, copper and other toxic metals in your drinking water as well as decrease the efficiency of appliances such hot water heaters are caused by Corrosive Water. As their heating elements get mineral build on them, thus taking longer to heat. It can stain clothing, fixtures and even your driveway. There are aesthetic concerns as well as health concerns with Corrosive Water. Corrosive water comes from your pipes breaking down over the course of time. Corrosive Water and Hard Water are similar but very much different. Pretty much all metal will corrode over time and this corrosion will be found in your water. Drinking water with a corrosive state usually has a bitter taste. If you run your water for a bit before you take a glass of drinking water due to the taste, you probably have corrosive water. The major two metals that you are looking for is lead and copper. Lead can be deadly to children and lead was used in plumbing for many years. The EPA banned lead the use of high lead solders in 1986, that actually wasn’t that long ago. So, ensure you have your pipes inspected to know what you’re dealing with. There are many homes out there that have lead in their pipes. These homes pass inspection. Lead is a toxic metal, there are no levels of lead that the body actually needs and it is harmful at any level. What health concerns are there with Corrosive Water Corrosive water isn’t what it can often sound like. We are not speaking of the corrosive ways like battery acid, even some foods are more corrosive than others. Copper, if present will leave blue rings around the drains and facets, will stain clothing and have a bitter type taste. The copper and lead come from the older pipes plumbing. Copper is/was used in plumbing and the carrying of the water throughout the home. Sometimes your water is so Corrosive that it is best to change out of the pipes to PVC, Pex or other plastic materials. To avoid this you can install a water purification system, however, once the damage is done, it cannot be reversed. Similar to rusting of a car, once it starts it only continues to get worse. The inner lining your homes pipes can get so bad that they plug up. And, this is the water your a drinking. Probably should have that checked into. If you have mineral build up on the shampoo bottles, or rust in the toilet bowls, blue-green foam sort of look around facets or drains, you should think about Corrosive Water. Signs of Corrosive Water There are signs of corrosive water. The water needs to be run for a bit to get out the bitterness. Or, you have the blue-green stains that spoke about, that is a clear sign that there is Corrosive water. As corrosive water stands in the pipes, the pipes are leaching out more minerals. Should you see signs of Corrosive water, get someone out to check what is going on.

<urn:uuid:8d17638b-d9c7-42b5-b19f-48df2af74be8>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://wholehousewaterfiltrationsystem.com/corrosive-water/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Ludlow, UK: A recently discovered early 19th century Indian sword bearing on its blade a silhouette of Maharajah Ranjit Singh – the legendary ‘Lion of the Punjab’ – goes under the hammer later this month in Ludlow, Shropshire (English Midlands). This most exquisite find comes from a British family of military descent and is inscribed in the hilt in Gurmukhi ‘Ranjit Singh Lahore’ and dated. As such it could prove to be one of the most significant Sikh artefacts to come to light in recent years. ‘The sword was brought into us for inclusion in our regular sales of important Indian documents and artefacts and it was originally thought to be an Islamic sword belonging to a Moghul Prince,’ said Richard Westwood-Brookes of Auctioneers Mullock’s who will sell the sword on Tuesday March 18th. ‘However, once we had researched the design it became obvious to us that it was a potentially unique piece, with historic connections to the most famous of all the rulers of the Punjab.’ The sword – known as a ‘Tulwar’ – could possibly have been a gift to the Maharajah himself or presented by him to a fellow noble at his court in Lahore. ‘The fine craftsmanship on the sword indicates that it was certainly of a very high status, and there are also indications that when it was first made, the hilt was covered in gold and as such at the time of the Maharajah it must have been a most spectacular piece,’ added Richard Westwood-Brookes. ‘Items which date from the time of the Maharajah and bear indications of a direct link to him are obviously of the greatest rarity, and we are expecting great interest from around the world.’ Maharajah Ranjit Singh was the founder of the Sikh Kingdom in the Punjab and ruled for 40 years. His Kingdom was annexed to British dominions after the Anglo-Sikh Wars and his infant son, Maharajah Duleep Singh was removed and sent to England where he lived the life of an English Gentleman. The Mullock’s sale features more than 100 lots of important Indian items, including a military bugle with a letter from the bandmaster of the Kashmir State, saying that it was used in the army of Maharajah Ranjit Singh. Also in the sale is a rare copies of the Chronicles of the Lahore Durbar, the Travel Memoir of Godfrey Vigne to the Court of Ranjit Singh and a two volume set of ‘A Year on the Punjab Frontier’ by Herbert Edwardes which belonged to Sir John Lawrence, Viceroy of India from 1864-69, and containing handwritten notes by the author’s wife. The sale also features rare photographs and documents of the Punjab States, and important documents including a memorandum on the widow and son of Maharajah Sher Singh and a rare first hand account of the Indian freedom fighter Bhagat Singh written by his colleague in 1945.

<urn:uuid:3321be38-2be8-4422-ab12-a68443544fbb>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://asianjournal.ca/rare-sword-sikh-maharaja-ranjit-singh-auctioned-18-march-2014/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

What does horizontal mean?Asked by: Fred Wilderman Score: 4.2/5 (51 votes) In astronomy, geography, and related sciences and contexts, a direction or plane passing' if it contains the local gravity direction at that point. Conversely, a direction or plane is said to be horizontal if it is perpendicular to the vertical direction. What is horizontal example? Of, relating to, or near the horizon. The definition of horizontal is something that is parallel to the horizon (the area where the sky seems to meet the earth). An example of a horizontal line is one that goes across the paper. What does horizontal look like? A horizontal line is one which runs left-to-right across the page. In geometry, a horizontal line is one which runs from left to right across the page. It comes from the word 'horizon', in the sense that horizontal lines are parallel to the horizon. Its cousin is the vertical line which runs up and down the page. What does horizontal mean for a person? horizontal Add to list Share. The opposite of vertical, something horizontal is arranged sideways, like a person lying down. When you sleep (unless you're a horse), your body is horizontal: horizontal things are parallel to the ground or running in the same direction as the horizon. Is horizontal straight? A horizontal line is a straight line that is drawn from left to right or right to left and it is parallel to the x-axis in the coordinate plane. In other words, a straight line that has an intercept only on the y-axis, not on the x-axis is called a horizontal line. What are horizontal activities? Horizontal activities are those which should be planned and reported in any project within the Horizon H2020 work programme for Research and Innovation. ... Those are planned at proposal stage, but will stay with you until the project's official closure and beyond. What is the horizontal line test used for? In mathematics, the horizontal line test is a test used to determine whether a function is injective (i.e., one-to-one). What is horizontal picture? Horizontal photographs are photographs that are wider than they are tall. Vertical photographs are photographs that are taller than they are wide. Cameras are designed to take one type of photograph -- horizontal. This follows the way that human beings see the world. How do you tell if a line is horizontal or vertical? The number "zero" exists, so horizontal lines do indeed have a slope. But vertical lines don't have any slope; "slope" simply doesn't have any meaning for vertical lines. What is horizontal in simple words? A horizontal line is any line normal to a vertical line. Horizontal lines do not cross each other. Vertical lines do not cross each other. What is an example of horizontal mobility? 1. Horizontal mobility. This occurs when a person changes their occupation but their overall social standing remains unchanged. For example, if a doctor goes from practicing medicine to teaching in a medical school, the occupation's changed but their prestige and social standing likely remain the same. What is horizontal merger examples? A merger between Coca-Cola and the Pepsi beverage division, for example, would be horizontal in nature. The goal of a horizontal merger is to create a new, larger organization with more market share. Is horizontal left to right? Horizontal is the opposite of vertical. ... So, the horizontal line is one that runs across from left to right. What is a horizontal shrink? A horizontal compression (or shrinking) is the squeezing of the graph toward the y-axis. ... if 0 < k < 1 (a fraction), the graph is f (x) horizontally stretched by dividing each of its x-coordinates by k. • if k should be negative, the horizontal stretch or shrink is followed by a reflection in the y-axis. Is a horizontal line a function? Yup. It represents a function that gives the same output no matter what input you give it. Usually written as f(x)=a (so, for instance, f(x)=5 is one such function), and called a constant function. Is it better to take pictures vertical or horizontal? Yes, more skilled photographers can break the rule of thirds and capture stunning vertical photos, but amateurs should stick to horizontal. Plus, if you're set on a vertical shot, it's much easier to crop a horizontal photo into a vertical photo than it is to crop a vertical photo into a horizontal photo. Why are my photos horizontal? The reason your photo would appear this way is because the photo was taken that way (either with the phone sideways or upside down) and the image file itself is in this orientation. For example, if you hold your phone upright and take a photo, the photo is saved in portrait mode or "sideways". Why is there no horizontal line test? While one of our horizontal lines goes through only one point, the others we draw will go through two. This means our function is not one-to-one. Our function fails the horizontal line test. If we graph its inverse, it will not be a function and won't pass the vertical line test. What is the horizontal asymptote? A horizontal asymptote is a horizontal line that is not part of a graph of a function but guides it for x-values. “far” to the right and/or “far” to the left. Is vertical line a function? If any vertical line intersects a graph more than once, the relation represented by the graph is not a function. ... The third graph does not represent a function because, at most x-values, a vertical line would intersect the graph at more than one point. What is horizontal growth strategy? Horizontal growth typically means expanding the product or service to new markets, be it new geographies or business domains. ... This might be product localization issues or industry-specific business aspects. However, a vertical growth strategy is typically more lucrative and can result in better long-term ROI. What are the benefits of integrating horizontally? - Reducing competition. - Increasing other synergies such as marketing. - Creating economies of scale and economies of scope. - Reducing other production costs. What is the difference between vertical and horizontal monopoly? Horizontal integration is when a business grows by acquiring a similar company in their industry at the same point of the supply chain. Vertical integration is when a business expands by acquiring another company that operates before or after them in the supply chain.

<urn:uuid:b782f5b9-88bf-46dd-9211-e6a0ca08c56b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://classmonkeys.com/what-does-horizontal-mean

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

These regions have hot, rainy summers and cold, dry winters. Physical characteristics of continental climates include forests and prairies with tall grasses. Continental climates have very cold winters and hot summers with an average annual precipitation between 24 and 48 inches. Physical characteristics of polar climates include glaciers and thick layers of ice on the ground. Tundra climates have at least one month in a year when the average temperature is above freezing levels. The coldest temperatures in the world are found in Antarctica, which is an ice cap climate. The annual precipitation of alpine climates is about 30 centimeters (about 12 inches) per year. Other plants found in alpine climates include tussock grasses, heaths and shrubs. In this hot and humid zone, the average temperatures are greater than 64 °F (18 °C) year-round and there is more than 59 inches of precipitation each year. These climate zones are so dry because moisture is rapidly evaporated from the air and there is very little precipitation. Things like the movement of the oceans and Earth’s tilt and rotation also affect how weather patterns move around the globe. The extra climate zone, labeled “H” on this map, is a special zone called the highlands. The highlands climate zone is characterized by weather that differs from the surrounding area because of mountains. It’s a specific type of climate zone map that can help you figure out what kinds of plants will survive in your backyard. These add important information to our records of regional differences in Earth’s climate. The broad climate zones are polar, dry, humid tropical and moist mid-latitude. Tropical zones often experience hurricanes and other extreme storms during the late summer and early autumn months. One of the most widely used systems is the Köppen climate classification, developed in the early 20th century by a German researcher. This division system is a bit of an oversimplification, however, and it overlooks the great diversity within these broad zones. Some climates are more hospitable to farming, for example, while others may harbor unique plant and animal species which cannot thrive elsewhere. Some examples of tropical climates in the Köppen system include the rain forests of South America, the island of Hawaii, and the savanna of India. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors. The Most Beautiful Women Forecasting the Weather Amazing Optical Illusions That Will Play Tricks on Your Mind 40 Wedding Picture Fails You Don't Want to Miss 17 Interesting Maps That Will Change Your Worldview Given that the contiguous United States spans the width of North America, it’s not surprising that the country has no fewer than nine unique climate zones. Image credit: 272447 from Apixaban Encompassing all of New England, New York, and Philadelphia, the Northeast experiences a diverse seasonal climate, with humid summers, picturesque autumns, and extreme ice and snow storms in the winter. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast has year round precipitation, most notably the frost belt during the frigid winter months. Image credit: Michael Schweppes/Wikimedia.bordered by the Pacific Ocean and dominated by redwood rainforests and coastal mountain ranges, the Northwest, including Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska, experiences a persistently wet climate of year round drizzle, fog, and, at higher elevations, snowy winters. Also called West North Central, this region experiences a continental climate of four distinct seasons including snowy winters and sunny summers. Image credit: User Egg on cs.wikipedia/Public domainWhile winter temperatures are fairly mild, with seasonal contrasts in trees and foliage, summers in the South regularly climb into the mid 90s, and can even bring droughts. Droughts and floods, blizzards and heatwaves, sandstorms and tornados, the topographical variations of America’s hottest and most arid climate zone result in its widest weather. The six states comprising the Southeast enjoy a uniform climate over the summer months with temperatures in the high 80s and low 90s, except in the mountain regions. Bordered by both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Mexico, humidity levels are high and storms ranging from thunderclouds to hurricanes occur. Unsurprisingly the more northern states of Virginia and North Carolina experience colder winters than Florida and Georgia, although polar fronts can dip down and bring frigid air to all the Southeast. Image credit: Thomas Back from PixabayGiven it’s distance from the contiguous United States, it’s not surprising Hawaii belongs to a different climate region, the tropical zone. Incredibly, the topography of Hawaii is so diverse despite its relatively small size (4,028 square miles) the Big Island alone has 8 of 10 distinct climatic sub-zones ranging from monsoon to dry, arid desert. The earth's tilt, rotation and land/sea distribution affect the global weather patterns we observe. German climatologist and amateur botanist Wladimir Köppen (1846-1940) divided the world's climates into categories based upon general temperature profile related to latitude. These climates extend from 20°-35° North and South of the equator and in large continental regions of the mid-latitudes often surrounded by mountains. Its extent is from 30°50° of latitude mainly on the eastern and western borders of most continents. Winters are severe with snowstorms, strong winds, and bitter cold from Continental Polar or Arctic air masses. Polar climates are found on the northern coastal areas of North America, Europe, Asia, and on the land masses of Greenland and Antarctica. The map (below) shows where these major categories occur in the mainland United States. The major Köppen zones in the U.S. The classical length of record to determine the climate for any particular place is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WHO). From frozen icy tundra near the Arctic Circle to lush tropical rainforests straddling the equator, the Earth's climate changes dramatically with each shift in latitude. The polar climate zones fill the areas within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, extending from 66.5 degrees north and south latitude to the poles. Extending from the southern edge of the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere, and the northern edge of the Antarctic Circle to the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere, the temperate climate zone falls between 23.5 degrees and 66.5 degrees north and south latitudes. Temperate climate zones experience warm to hot summers and cool winters, with the greatest temperature variations throughout the year of any climate zone. Climate within the temperate regions ranges from the cold, snowy winters of New England to the balmy, moderate weather associated with the Mediterranean or Southern California. Thanks to the tilt of the Earth on its axis, the sun strikes the area around the equator at a near-vertical angle, delivering substantial solar heat energy to this region. Closer to the poles, the sun strikes the Earth at a much shallower angle, resulting in less solar heat gain compared to the tropical zone. This page offers some general guidelines on the definitions of the various climate regions based on heating degree-days, average temperatures, and precipitation. A 67 °F (19.5 °C) or higher wet bulb temperature for 3,000 or more hours during the warmest 6 consecutive months of the year; or A 73 °F (23 °C) or higher wet bulb temperature for 1,500 or more hours during the warmest 6 consecutive months of the year. (50 cm) of annual precipitation, has approximately 5,400 heating degree days (65 °F basis) or fewer, and where the average monthly outdoor temperature drops below 45 °F (7 °C) during the winter months. (50 cm) of annual precipitation and where the monthly average outdoor temperature remains above 45 °F (7 °C) throughout the year. Cold A cold climate is generally defined as a region with approximately 5,400 heating degree days (65 °F basis) or more and fewer than approximately 9,000 heating degree days (65 °F basis). Very-Cold A very cold climate is generally defined as a region with approximately 9,000 heating degree days (65 °F basis) or more and fewer than approximately 12,600 heating degree days (65 °F basis).

<urn:uuid:048a888e-a0b3-4c48-8186-56fa7dc78c0d>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://gameradvocate.com/post/are_climate_zone

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Listen to the Episode Transcript for the Episode In September, 1780, a ragtag group of backwoodsmen from what is today North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia assembled to begin a journey to defend their homes and belief in liberty. They met their destiny at Kings Mountain and this is their story. The Mitchell County Historical Society presents Footsteps for Freedom: The Road to Kings Mountain. Episode Fourteen: Major Patrick Ferguson. Today’s episode is about the one who would be considered the villain in our story, but it is more complicated than that. Major Patrick Ferguson was a noted officer in the British army, and even invented a rifle that was named after him, but we’ll get to all that as we tell his story. Patrick Ferguson was born June 4, 1744 in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Both of his parents came from the nobility. Young Patrick began military service as a teenager, serving with the Scots Grays in the Seven Years War. After an injury sidelined him for a time, Ferguson joined the 70th Regiment of Foot in the British Army, and was sent to the West Indies where he served until the leg injury he had suffered earlier rendered his service there complete. He returned to England in 1772, gaining the attention of General William Howe who later served as the Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the Revolutionary War. He also invented the Ferguson Rifle, a breech-loading flintlock weapon that was considered the most superior sharpshooting rifle of the time. A soldier armed with the Ferguson rifle could fire up to eight shots per minute compared to the three rounds a soldier armed with the standard British Brown Bess musket could get off and the one shot per minute the Overmountain frontiersmen could average with their Kentucky Long Rifles. Ferguson was shipped to the American Colonies in 1777. He commanded a small unit armed with his experimental rifles at the Battle of Brandywine. During this battle, Ferguson passed on the opportunity to kill General George Washington who had unknowingly rode very close to Ferguson’s concealed troops well within the lethal range of his new rifle. Ferguson felt is was ungentlemanly to kill such a brave officer in such a manner and ordered his men not to fire. Later during the same battle, a musket ball shattered his elbow which put him out of commission for a year. He returned to Britain to recuperate and attend to his father’s estate who had recently passed away. In 1778, he returned to the colonies under the command of Henry Clinton, leading a raid at Little Egg Harbor River in New Jersey in the Battle of Chestnut Neck, where his troops bayoneted the Patriot forces. On October 25, 1779, Ferguson was promoted to major of the 71st Regiment of Foot and sent south with Lord Cornwallis to capture Charleston and to recruit Loyalist militia to the King’s colors. After the fall of Charleston, he moved into the western portions of North and South Carolina where he engaged in several skirmishes in the summer of 1780. The battles enraged Ferguson as they occurred against ragtag groups of men from the piedmont and mountains of North and South Carolina, along with the Watauga Settlements in today’s East Tennessee. These skirmishes featured quick attacks by the Patriots followed by retreats into the hills. This led to Ferguson traveling to Gilbert Town (today’s Rutherfordton) and making his famous declaration that he was going to chase the retreating Patriot forces across the mountains to their homes, hang their leaders and lay waste to their settlements “with fire and sword.” Upon learning a large force of mountaineers was gathering against him, Ferguson retreated towards Cornwallis’ forces in Charlotte. Fearing that the Patriots were hot on his trail, he headed southeasterly and found a nondescript hill that rose some 800 feet above the surrounding area. He determined that would be a formidable defensible location for his troops. They could see around them in a three hundred sixty degree sweep and could repulse any attacks coming their way. The force ascended the slopes of the mountain and began digging in for battle, which would be coming in a few days. Ferguson felt assured that “God himself could not remove him from that mountain!” We’ll stop there with Ferguson and tell his fate when we talk about the Battle of Kings Mountain. Footsteps for Freedom: The Road to Kings Mountain is a production of the Mitchell County Historical Society, a non-profit organization committed to the preservation of the history, heritage, and culture of Mitchell County, North Carolina. Today’s program was written, narrated, and produced by David Biddix. Special thanks to WTOE radio in Spruce Pine, North Carolina (1470 on the AM dial) and WKYK Radio in Burnsville, North Carolina (940 on the AM dial) for airing our program. You can also download episodes through Apple Podcasts and Google Podcasts. Learn more at mitchellnchistory.org/ovm. The Mitchell County Historical Society offices are located in the Historic Mitchell County Courthouse in Bakersville. We’d love for you to become a member of our Society! You can learn more about us on the web at mitchellnchistory.org. There, you can also see show notes about today’s episode, links to online resources about the Battle of Kings Mountain and those involved in it, and much more about Mitchell County’s history and heritage. You can also visit us on Facebook. Join us next time as we continue the journey to Patrick Ferguson and the famous battle atop Kings Mountain.

<urn:uuid:6f69db80-18ad-4e41-ac7e-a47f17395932>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://mitchellnchistory.org/2019/09/19/episode-14-major-patrick-ferguson/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

This week I worked on constructing a bristle bot. That was made out of a toothbrush, a battery, 3D print leg a motor, and some tape. The idea of this assignment is to learn about the concept of the closed circuits in electronic technologies. It is an easy demonstrated by what we can do if we only have a motor, toothbrush, and battery… As my opinion, it could be related to the AI robot or a vacuum. First of all, I split out brush head and toothbrush. Then I put some tape on the back of the toothbrush. Also, sticking the battery make the Bristlebot more stable. Finally, I add up the motor on the very top of the toothbrush. There is no switcher on this Bristlebot since I used tape to stick the red line with a negative and black line for positive. Moreover, the shape of the legs can make the toothbrush move differently. The little toothbrush bristle bot can keep running until I stop it. Like the video, we can see the Toothbrush Bristlebot can make a random discovery of a certain location or maybe more. This experiment shows how electricity runs from a simple battery to the motor from the battery provides energy for motor and motor transform that energy to be the kinetic energy.

<urn:uuid:3c36d4b4-ab73-47c6-8f94-2d6d5aa3b82a>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://shijiezhou.com/project/bristlebot/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Building respectful relationships... Written by teachers for teachers, 'Stand Up and Act Out' enables schools to deliver 100% of Relationships Education, in just six weekly one-hour lessons. By using drama as the tool, students explore a range of diverse characters (including their classmates), examining their relationships and working together to identify and celebrate what makes them different. Through drama and play, students also build on their own self-esteem and learn how to keep themselves safe. In every lesson students take on the role of Upstanders, practising standing up for each other in the security of the classroom. In this way, as well as supporting Relationships Education, the curriculum acts as a preventative anti-bullying curriculum. Put simply, bullying is much less likely to happen when students are taught about diversity and much less likely to escalate if students know how to intervene. Find a more detailed overview of the curriculum here, or find out exactly how the curriculum supports Relationships Education by downloading this helpful document. Visit the Department for Education to view the statutory requirements here.

<urn:uuid:df5aa8e1-9ba3-480c-bfd7-c465b2855c96>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://uk.standupactout.com/relationships-education

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

A rather dark and disturbing short story written in 1931 by William Falkner, “A Rose For Emily” tells the tale of Emily Grierson, a troubled, and mysterious woman who has always been an outsider in her town. The story begins with the funeral of Emily, who had died at 74. Nobody, except her servant Tobe, had been inside her house for ten years, and the story goes back to this last encounter. Emily had had a special relationship with the town which allowed her to opt out on taxpaying because she couldn’t pay, but the newer generation did not like the idea. This is when the authorities went to her house to ask for payment, and she refused straight out. When Emily’s father died, she refused to accept her father’s death, and kept the body in her house for three days until she gave it away to the representatives for burial. In the next generation, Miss Emily was dissatisfied with the modern culture because she was obligated to pay her taxes that were exempted from her by Colonel Sartoris. Furthermore, the townspeople complained about Emily’s reeking house. She eventually meets and has a light-hearted relationship with Homer Barron. However, she soon discovers Homer does not want a serious relationship with her, so Emily purchases rat poison to kill Homer. In William Faulkner’s short story “A Rose for Emily” the main character, Emily Grierson, was perceived as bizarre by the townspeople. Throughout her life, she was unwilling to adapt to the changes occurring in the community, such as paying new taxes and admitting the death of her father after keeping him in her home for three days. Furthermore, she murdered her love interest Homer, and also kept his body in her house for several years. This illustrates her severe irrationality and fear of abandonment. As she grew older, Emily began to distance herself from society, and gradually the public reciprocated. Faulkner uses death as a symbol for both Miss Emily’s life and the ways of the Old South. Miss Emily seems to believe that death cannot win if she clings to the past. In that regard, she reacts to the death of the Old South and her kin by secreting herself away in her old relic of a house. When her father passes away, she is not seen as often as before his death. After her beau, Homer disappeared “people hardly saw her at all” (Faulkner 795). The manservant was seen "going in and out with a market basket" (Faulkner 76) but she hardly came out of the house herself. Her father's death left her to become more concealed. Finally, the disappearance of her sweetheart, Homer, was the final event that made Emily a hermit. Emily had her manservant to rely on, but he was not enough. As I mentioned earlier, the townspeople notice a strange smell coming from Miss Emily’s house, but during that time you did not tell a lady that she smelled. Because of the horrible stench, the townspeople went into her house late at night and filled the basement with lime to mask the aroma. Little did they know that they were covering up the smell of a dead body. This again goes back to the fact that Miss Emily cannot accept change. Her father died and she could not let go of him, and then she uses the arsenic to kill Hector because, more than likely, he wanted to leave her. “ Page 1: Colonel... ... middle of paper ... ...decorated for a bride. Every thing that Emily had bought that day in town ( the toilet set, the men's clothing) was found in that room along with the body of an unknown man and a strand of gray hair on the second pillow next to the body. Was Miss Emily to blame for the death of Homer, or was it the town's fault for never interfering and trying to get her professional help? Every knew that insanity ran in her family but instead of helping her the town pitied Miss Emily and her situation grew out of hand. As a reader of this story I understand her taking Homer's life, she never had anyone to love and when she found Homer she thought he would be the man she would spend the rest of her life with. Her father, didn’t have enough love in his heart to hold on to his daughter, she was casted out of the house by her estranged father; in addition, to being neglected Hurston, dealt with the periodic moving, against society expectations Hurston survived her harsh childhood. At the age of thirteen, Zora Neal Hurston’s life came to a halt. The woman who she would look to for understanding, support, protection and encouragement, her mother, died. From that point she had no direction in her life. She started writing just to keep herself from emotional and physical loneness. Father works in a factory, and Mother passed away from Influenza four years ago. But with three children, the money they make doesn't care for them well; and the lack of food and coal for heating specifically is troublesome. Charlie’s father sent her away and as awful as that may sound, Charlie would disagree. She's paid a dollar a week, though it is not as much as in the factory, she lives in better conditions. Though she was away from her family Charlie promised her father to always take care of her sisters.

<urn:uuid:d8d0b106-2cff-48d2-8d1d-f505827a6ea4>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Conflict-in-A-Rose-for-Emily-421411

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Involvement Key to Involving girls directly in laboratory and discussion activities in the sciences plays a significant role in encouraging those students to pursue careers in science fields. That is one of the findings of a two-year study of the factors that affect female students’ retention in science courses. The research, directed by Jane Butler Kahle, professor of biology and education at Purdue University, found that teachers whose instructional methods are “disproportionately effective with young women” displayed certain instructional patterns. In her study of eight teachers from Maine to California who were cho-sen for their “proven track record” in encouraging girls to pursue science studies, Ms. Kahle found that the teachers avoided favoring boys in science class, used nonsexist language, invited guest speakers to talk to the students, took their classes on field trips, and used weekly quizzes more often than other teachers polled in a national sample. In addition, the teachers regularly provided students with career information and counseling, stressed basic skills, and encouraged “creativity,” according to the researcher. Of the eight teachers, all held advanced degrees, most had at least one degree in science, and most were active in community science projects. In addition, seven of the eight teachers were women, a finding that Ms. Kahle said she could not link to their proven success with female students. But she said she was pleased by the study’s results. “When everything else was coming out damning teachers,” she said, ''I had very strong data ... showing that good teaching makes a difference.” Parents, Study Says Teachers who systematically involve parents in home-learning activities for their children find that the help provided by single parents is as high in quality as that provided by married parents, according to recent research conducted by The Johns Hopkins Center for Social Organization of Schools. But teachers who do not involve parents in children’s home-learning activities rate educational assistance provided by single parents as lower in quality than that provided by married parents, the research shows. “This study indicates that some common perceptions about the problems single parents have with the schools are not true, once school practices are accounted for,” said Joyce L. Epstein, author of the report, “Single Parents and the Schools: The Effect of Marital Status on Parent and Teacher Evaluations.” Ms. Epstein concludes in the study that teacher “leadership,” rather than parents’ marital status, influences parents’ awareness and knowledge of the school program. “Parents’ day-to-day experiences with learning activities at home, and teachers’ responsiveness to children and their families--not marital status--were the important influences on whether parents knew more about their role in their child’s education,” the report states. The report is based on data provided by about 3,700 teachers and 1,269 parents in Maryland. Copies of the full report are available for $3 from the Education Research Dissemination Office, Center for Social Organization of Schools, The Johns Hopkins University, 3505 North Charles St., Baltimore, Md. 21218. Four-Day Week for Of the 62 school districts in 11 states that currently operate under a four-day-week plan, most have chosen to do so for financial reasons, according to a study of four-day programs and their effects on learning, attendance, curriculum, and other measures. But those reasons might be faulty, according to Jean Pope and Russ Gillian, authors of The Four Day Week: An Alternative School Calendar. Based on a survey of 50 states and U.S. possessions, the authors conclude that four-day-week districts report savings of only 1 percent to 3 percent in total expenditures per year. And while such savings might be helpful to districts threatened with significant program cuts or the possibility of closure, the spending reduction in one year could lead to further cuts the following year because of reduced revenues. “A district might discover that instead of solving financial problems, the four-day week has merely postponed the most pressing ones,” the authors caution. Among other findings of the study, which was funded by the Oregon Department of Education and Jackson Education Service District: Four-day-week districts operate a 145- to 150-day year in which students spend from 6.5 to 7.5 hours a day in school. Some parents complained that their children experienced increased fatigue durging a longer school day and that the four-day schedule increased child-care expenses because they would have to pay for another day that children were not in school. Parents of handicapped students also were concerned that the schedule would interfere with the learning process. Staff attendance increased in most districts under the four-day plan. Student-attendance results varied from district to district. The effect of the four-day week on student performance, according to the study, is difficult to measure. “The most important objective of a school system ... is often inadequately addressed in an evaluation of the four-day week,” the authors conclude. For a copy of the booklet, send $10 to the Curriculum Office, Jackson Education Service District, 101 North Grape St., Medford, Ore. 97501. A version of this article appeared in the June 06, 1984 edition of Education Week as Research and Reports

<urn:uuid:8e7039fa-9618-46d6-b1e9-9971964e1eac>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.edweek.org/education/research-and-reports/1984/06

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

It grows larger than many popular game-fish species, puts up a respectable fight, is easy to catch, and tastes good, yet few anglers pay much attention to the freshwater drum fish. Most anglers who have spent any amount of time fishing larger river systems in the central U.S. have probably encountered the freshwater drum, which is also known as the sheepshead. But most anglers catch freshwater drum while fishing for other species like panfish, walleye, bass, or catfish. Very few anglers go out specifically in search of sheepshead. With its steeply sloped forehead, gray to silvery color, and a strange croaking sound it makes when handled, the freshwater drum is not likely to win any beauty contests. However, fishing for freshwater drum does have some arguable benefits. Sheepshead are often found in shallow water during the spring and summer months, so they are fairly easy to locate. Freshwater drum spend most of their time on the bottom of river or lake, feeding on a wide variety of creatures, including crayfish, snails, insect larvae, and small fish. They commonly concentrate in areas with low current and cloudy water, over mud or sand. Anglers can catch them in high numbers, even from shore, using nightcrawlers, minnows, or other live bait fished below a bobber or on the bottom. Like largemouth or smallmouth bass, an average freshwater drum weighs less than five pounds, but the drum has the potential of growing much larger than either bass species. In some cases, sheepshead can exceed 30 or 40 pounds. Pound-for-pound, freshwater drum can match most game-fish species in fighting ability. They can provide hours of fun on light to medium tackle, especially for children, who tend to loose interest quickly during long periods of angling inactivity. Sheepshead are commonly found in larger river systems, but they do inhabit smaller lakes and rivers. Freshwater drum spawn in late spring, when water temperatures range between 65-72 degrees. Spawning activity occurs on the surface and it is one of the few times the fish can be found off the bottom. Following the spawn, consistent freshwater drum fishing continues throughout the summer, and even into the early fall. However, sheepshead become increasingly inactive as water temperatures cool in September and October. Another benefit to fishing for the freshwater drum is its tasty meat, which is white and flaky with a low oil content. It is best prepared by pan frying, deep frying, or smoking. Sheepshead are typically classified as a rough fish or unprotected species in most states, so there commonly there are no regulations, or very loose regulation in place regarding limits or closed seasons. Photo credit: Flickr Creative Commons

<urn:uuid:2b693c89-6cbe-4105-ad6b-5344d7a918de>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.liveoutdoors.com/fishing/215859-drum-fishing-offers-plenty-of-fun/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Grier is a freelance writer in Portland and the author of The Rediscovery of Tobacco: Smoking, Vaping, and the Creative Destruction of the Cigarette. If there were a measure on the Oregon ballot to raise taxes on products that help people quit smoking, such as nicotine patches and gums, there would be no doubt that this would be bad for public health. Oregon’s Measure 108, which would impose substantial new taxes on vaping products, is misguided for precisely the same reason. By raising the cost of the most effective smoking cessation devices ever invented, it will unintentionally perpetuate cigarette smoking. This may sound counterintuitive, but there’s substantial evidence to back it up. An updated scientific review from Cochrane, a prestigious non-profit organization that assesses the effectiveness of various health interventions, concluded this month that there is now “moderate-certainty evidence” that e-cigarettes are actually more effective than patches and gums at helping people quit smoking. Alarmist scare stories have created a misperception that vaping is as dangerous as smoking, but this belief is damagingly false. Research published in 2018 in the academic journal Tobacco Control projects that widespread replacement of cigarettes with e-cigarettes could prevent between 1.6 million and 6.6 million premature deaths in the United States before the end of the century. We know that it would be beneficial for smokers to switch to vaping, and we also know that taxes on e-cigarettes discourage them from doing so. A working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research examined what happened when Minnesota imposed a similar tax on vapor products. Economists estimated that the tax deterred more than 30,000 Minnesota adults from quitting smoking, according to the 2019 study. Oregon should not make the same mistake. Sensible policy would tax products proportionally to their capacity for harm, using higher costs on more dangerous products like cigarettes to nudge consumers to lower-risk alternatives. By packaging a substantial tax on vapor products into the proposal, Measure 108 subverts the intended purpose of raising taxes on combustible tobacco. Of course, health is not the only consideration. We should also consider economic wellbeing. Because smokers are disproportionately poor, cigarette taxes are highly regressive. And because smoking is addictive, it’s extremely difficult for them to avoid the tax. Measure 108 would impose the highest cigarette excise taxes in the region, with the costs falling on some of society’s least well-off in the midst of a brutal recession. The rise of youth vaping is a reasonable concern, but increasing enforcement would address this without undermining the goal of encouraging adult smokers to switch. It’s also worth noting that youth vaping in the U.S. is already in significant decline from its 2019 peak. And despite years of unsubstantiated warnings about vaping as a gateway to smoking, youth cigarette smoking – a far more dangerous behavior – has fallen by around 80% in the past decade. Supporters of 108 have carried out a misleading, fear-driven campaign that stigmatizes nicotine use and pushes an abstinence-only agenda. We should not expect this to work any better for nicotine than it has for sex, alcohol, or other drugs. The underreported truth is that harm reduction has tremendous potential to save the lives of smokers, that both youth and adult smoking rates are falling to the lowest levels in modern history, and that products like e-cigarettes are helping to make the deadly conventional cigarette obsolete. In short, Measure 108 would impose a punitive tax on low-income smokers at a time when they can least afford it, while simultaneously penalizing them for attempting to switch to a much safer alternative that could save their lives. It is neither smart nor humane, and Oregonians should vote against it.

<urn:uuid:e3f06386-ee8d-488b-8e12-859cf04cd3f0>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/2020/10/opinion-measure-108s-vaping-tax-neither-smart-nor-humane.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Washington: A group of scientists from the Northwestern University has identified a key enhancer of Sox9 - a gene critical for male sex development. The study has deepened understanding of sex determination in mammals. The findings, the scientists believe, have important implications for patients with differences in sex development (DSDs), in which reproductive organs don't develop as expected. This research was a collaboration between the laboratories of the late Danielle Maatouk and corresponding author Robin Lovell-Badge. Maatouk's research focused on sex determination, the process during which embryos develop either testes or ovaries. Her laboratory was specifically focused on exploring how non-coding elements - parts of DNA that don't encode for proteins - regulate gene expression and impact this process. The Sox9 gene is crucial for male differentiation and the proper formation of testes; if Sox9 is mutated or incorrectly expressed, an individual who is chromosomally male (XY) can develop ovaries instead of testes. Previously, it was known that some patients with DSDs have changes in their genome near the Sox9 gene that alter its expression and lead to sex reversal. But it was unclear exactly why. In the current study, the scientists identified an enhancer (a short region of DNA that can increase gene transcription) that is necessary to regulate expression of the Sox9 gene. When the scientists deleted the enhancer in mouse models, they discovered that Sox9 expression was decreased enough to cause complete sex reversal; mouse embryos that were chromosomally male (XY) developed as phenotypically normal females, with ovaries that were indistinguishable from those of XX females. This is the first time scientists have identified an enhancer of Sox9 that, when lost, causes sex reversal, according to Isabella Salamone, one of the co-authors. The findings could help improve the genetic diagnosis of patients with DSDs in the future; currently, only about 20 percent of such patients receive a genetic diagnosis. "We believe that many undiagnosed patients have mutations in regulatory regions - such as the one that we identified near Sox9 - and regulatory regions are usually not investigated by genetic testing," said Salamone. "Often genes important for sex determination are also crucial for other developmental processes, and a mutation in one gene or its regulatory region can impact a patient's health in many ways. As we begin to understand the genetic underpinnings of these disorders, we can improve our care of these patients." Going forward, the team is investigating other enhancers involved in the regulation of Sox9 and other sex-determining genes and hopes to also understand how Sox9 expression is repressed in females, leading to the development of ovaries. "The datasets we've produced can be used as a roadmap to regulatory regions of other genes important for gonad development," said Christopher Futtner, one of the co-authors. The study appears in the journal Science. For all the latest News, Opinions and Views, download ummid.com App Select Langauge To Read in Urdu, Hindi, Marathi or Arabic

<urn:uuid:0788b87c-d661-4c23-8df4-0639ca7f61a7>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.ummid.com/news/2018/June/15.06.2018/gene-critical-for-male-sex-development-identified.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128073830-20211128103830-00191.warc.gz

en

Exercise and Heart Disease Exercise reduces body weight, reduces the risk of getting diabetes, lowers blood pressure and keeps the arteries of the heart in tip-top condition. There are three important parts to exercise. This is duration (how long), intensity (how fast), and frequency (how often). Although all parts are important, the good news is that low intensity workouts can be beneficial if done for enough time and on a regular basis. The average 70 kg person burns about 110 calories whether he runs or walks a mile but it would take longer time to cover that distance by walking. The American College of Sport Medicine recommends burning a 1000 calories a week through exercise. Exercise does not need to be done in one setting but can be done in intervals. Integrating exercise into a regular work routine can be helpful (eg. Taking the bus/MRT one stop prior to your destination. Parking your car further away from the exits. Taking the elevator to a level below your destination and walking up the stairs for the rest) Numerous studies have shown exercise and its benefit on heart health. In the 1990s, the Honolulu Heart Study looked at older men aged above 70 with the oldest person aged 93. They found that men who walked more had a 50% less chance of developing heart disease than men who were sedentary. Another recent study done in the United Kingdom showed that people who cycled or walked to work also were less likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke then those who took public transport or drove. Facts From The British Heart Foundation - Only 3 out of 10 people do enough exercise but 8 out of 10 think they do - 10,000 steps equals about 5 miles - Most of us only walk 4500 steps a day - In 1975, we walked 255 miles a year, in 2007, 192 miles - If present habits continue, by 2010, one in four people will not fit in a standard office chair - 37% of coronary heart disease deaths are related to inactivity, compared to 19% related to smoking This is a small device that measures your steps. This can be useful in tracking your activity level and can act as a motivation to increase your physical exercise. A good goal to achieve would be to walk about 10,000 steps per day. This should be done by increasing the number of steps by 500 every week until this goal is reached. Who is Exercise For? The simple answer is that exercise is for everyone. In particular, people who have heart disease can reduce their risk of a recurrence by exercising. Persons who are overweight can also benefit. For patients with diabetes, exercise has been shown to reduce both risk of kidney and heart complications and result in an increased lifespan. Please check with your doctors first if exercise is safe for you.

<urn:uuid:7847882d-8a1f-4e37-9a85-fb540fda715b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://mock.novenaheartcentre.com.sg/2020/11/02/exercise-and-heart-disease/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

- Most Philosophical Student in America: James Cook, Virginia. Violence or Compassion: Which has a greater impact on society? Violence has always had the greatest impact on mankind. Human existence is characterized by conflict, and violence is simply the most extreme form of such. Violence terrifies us, it excites us, it forces us to break from the norm. Without violence, or the fear of such, there is no motivation for action. We require struggle in order to develop as a species. It is as the dialectic defined by Hegel. It is the conflict between the thesis and the antithesis that makes society progress to the synthesis. Had the first humans possessed all they needed to be happy, they would have had no need to develop agriculture. If people then had been empathetic, or compassionate, and shared their surplus food with the less fortunate, then there should have been no need for war, which ultimately led society to where it is now. Violence is the strongest motivation for change in a person. As Machiavelli said in The Prince, "Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be He goes on to explain that people obey a beloved leader because they feel obliged to. However, an obligation requires no bravery to break. Fear requires courage to stand against, especially the fear of violence. Anyone can break faith with someone, but there are few who can overcome the primal terror of violence. In modern society, someone held at gunpoint and commanded to surrender their money will in all likelihood acquiesce, but then another person asked by a filthy, ragged homeless person will perhaps give a few dollars and nothing more. The threatened man, though shaken considerably, will probably not suffer too greatly for the loss of a couple hundred dollars. The other man could do the same, but he feels little empathy for a stranger. It is violence that truly makes a mark on society. When a brutal murder is committed, it is shown that night on national television. A surgeon who saves someone's life may be recognized by their colleagues and the person's family, but recognition is not given on the same scale. An example is the D.C. sniper. The actions of two men terrified an entire city and the neighboring counties. Almost everyone was afraid they would be the next victim. So it was also with Jack the Ripper. Serial killers are well-known to us, because is it them that we fear, and it is their kind we want to avoid. We know Osama Bin Laden and Al-Quaeda, and yet their counterparts remain unmarked. A doctor might save a thousand lives in his lifetime, but the world doesn't hear of it. It is expected of him, it's his job. People are supposed to be kind and helpful and to do "good" things, and consequently they make little impact on anyone's life except those they come directly in contact with. It is the violent people we know of, it is they who alter the way we live. Philosophy Slam Home Page

<urn:uuid:456569f8-889d-406d-8974-f85a40a36c4f>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://philosophyslam.org/Cook_07.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Your source for expert commentary on IP management issues. Go to the blog Editor-in-Chief, Anatole Krattiger The IP Toolbox Topic Guide for Policymakers Why This Topic Is Important The types of IP protection that are available constitute the fundamental toolbox that policymakers can make available in their country to inventors. This section provides interpretive introductions to each of the main types of IP protection that are relevant in agriculture and medicine—including patents, trademarks, plant variety protections (or plant breeders’ rights), database protections, and regulatory data exclusivity. Most chapters describe the IP laws in the context of specific countries, while some provide more general treatments of the legal IP concepts including those developed as international standards in TRIPS and Key Implications and Best Practices: Section 4 Given that IP management is heavily context specific, these Key Implications and Best Practices are intended as starting points to be adapted to specific needs and circumstances. - The statutory tools of IP, such as patents, copyright, trademarks, trade secrets, geographic indications, and plant variety protection, are tools that can be used to achieve a goal. The tool in itself is neutral; what matters is how the tool is used. - When setting up a patent office, notwithstanding considerable latitude provided under TRIPS, there are advantages in implementing practices that are consistent and compatible with the practices of other countries. Doing so will facilitate greater opportunities for international collaboration in R&D and technology transfer. Particularly important is making patent applications and issued patents available online. This furthers innovation and licensing. - Copyright is also an important form of IP that can be used to encourage innovation. The recent trend, at least in the United States, to provide for ever-increasing duration of protection (now exceeding four generations) should be avoided as this approach prevents the availability of important commercially but insignificant works. - The use of trademarks is important for building integrity and stability in commerce and for offering new opportunities for national innovations. Trademarks can also be highly valuable for public sector entities. - Judicious plant variety protection of new varieties will encourage investments in the development of crops that are essential for food security, a better environment, and economic development. As with patents, domestic innovation, the transfer of foreign varieties for increased production and productivity, and spurring national investments in crop breeding can be enhanced significantly through membership in international bodies, such as UPOV. This can lead to the earlier availability of improved varieties. - Notwithstanding the above, countries can exercise significant latitude in regulating access to certain categories of plant genetic resources they consider strategically important. Plant breeding, however, and the enhancement of crops, is based on the stepwise improvement of existing varieties, and this requires broad access to genetic material. Related to this are geographic information systems and corresponding data protections that can add substantial value to biodiversity resources and traditional knowledge. - Introducing stringent confidentiality of data and exclusivity laws can prevent early introduction of generics and promote competition critical for improving access to life saving drugs. There is a need to balance the various competing interests. - IP protection mechanisms, however, depend upon effective and equitable enforcement by national governments. This requires effective, transparent, and enforceable contract law that can be implemented to protect natural, cultural, and economic resources, all by furthering useful interactions with the global community. This balance is critical. Data Protection and Data Exclusivity in Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals by Charles Clift Plant Variety Protection, International Agricultural Research, and Exchange of Germplasm: Legal Aspects of Sui Generis and Patent Regimes by Michael Blakeney The Statutory Toolbox: An Introduction by John Dodds, Anatole Krattiger

<urn:uuid:ea953ce0-be1c-43e5-893b-cceb7f6ecbb0>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/topicguides/policymakers/ch04/index_print.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Step-by-Step: Creating Differencing Disks Yesterday I told you how you can use Differencing Disks in courseware, for lab development, for Virtual Desktop Infrastructure, for software development, and for any number of other uses. They really are a very handy technology once you get to know them. But how do you do that? Although usually I would show my Hyper-V demos on a Server, for today’s fun I want to remind you that you can still use Hyper-V on a Windows 8 desktop so I am using my Microsoft Surface Pro. I have a virtual machine on this system called Windows 7 which obviously runs my Windows 7 Enterprise image. I am calling this disk Windows 7.vhdx. I want to try to install a piece of software that I am told might corrupt my Windows installation, and I don’t want to have to reinstall. Instead I am going to create a Differencing Disk that will reference the original VHDX file, but will not make any changes to it. I open the settings for my virtual machine and navigate to the boot Hard Drive. 2. I click New, having noted the name and location of the original disk. 3. I create a new disk, going through the wizard selecting the file type (VHD or VHDX). 4. In the Choose Disk Type screen I select Differencinginstead of either Fixed size or Dynamically expanding. 5. A screen that you might not have seen comes after you name your disk. In the Configure Disk screen browse for the parent disk – the disk that you are ‘replacing’. Click Finish. **Note: Remember that if your VM has multiple virtual hard disks you may have to perform these steps on each one. At this point your Parent Disk will no longer be written to by your VM – all of the changes within your virtual machine will be written to the Differencing Disk that you just created. It is useless without the Parent Disk, but the two together work great. There are a few caveats you should be aware of: 1) Your Differencing Disk is not simply reliant on a disk called… When created it ‘connects’ itself to the Configure VHDX file; if that reference file is changed in any way then your Differencing Disk will no longer work. 2) You can chain Differencing Disks simply by selecting another Differencing Disk as the Configure Disk. When doing so make sure you document it well, because at any point if something gets corrupted along the way you had better know what you did in order to fix it! 3) Notice that you were not asked to select a size of your Differencing Disk; that is because the size was set on the Configure Disk, and that is your limit. Simple, right? Wrong. Remember that a single Configure Disk can be the parent of as many Differencing Disks as you want, and all of those Differencing Disks can add up quick, so make sure you keep an eye on your free space! There are no limitations on the Configure Disks – they can be either VHD or VHDX, Fixed size or Dynamically expanding. As mentioned, your Configure Disk can even be another Differencing Disk. Differencing Disks are not new; the steps outlined in this article will work just as well in Windows Server 2008 R2 as they will in Windows Server 2012 or in Windows 8. Now here’s the fun part: PowerShell. Yes, you can create your Differencing Disks in PowerShell just the same as in the GUI. The cmdlet is actually pretty simple: New-VHD –Path “C:\VHDs\Windows 7 Diff.VHDX” –ParentPath “C:\VHDs\Windows 7.VHDX” –Differencing The outcome should look a little like this: Notice though that you have a file that is 100GB (maximum file sixe). That is because the base disk is 100GB. Now that you know how to do it, go play with Hyper-V… and know the Difference!

<urn:uuid:8b28b380-e784-4207-81a3-c2b327898331>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/canitpro/step-by-step-creating-differencing-disks

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Write the Methodology Chapter for a Dissertation In any dissertation, the methodology section is a very important one. It is here that the writer describes any methods they have used to research and write this crucial and lengthy paper. There are four key components that should be included in the methodology section of a paper. These are: - Firstly, the writer should briefly review the problem they will be tackling in order to fully address their chosen topic. Put another way, it is important to describe the question or questions the writer is trying to answer and the main problem(s) they are likely to face in order to find satisfactory answers. - Secondly, this chapter needs to provide an overview or definition of the approach the writer will use to undertake whatever research is necessary. - Next, the writer will need to describe in detail how they intend to collect all necessary information and/or data. - Finally, it is imperative for the writer to say how they will analyze this information or data to arrive at a solid conclusion. It is not necessarily the case that your methodology section should be so detailed as to allow the reader to fully recreate the methods and processes you utilized in your research. By the same token, however, it should be sufficiently detailed to allow the reader to see clearly that your approach was thorough and that your methods were sound. Put another way, it should show you took account of different variables and that you are as sure as you possibly can be of the accuracy of the results. Useful methodology chapter writing hints As is the case with any genre of writing, a methodology section should have an introduction paragraph where you describe the particular problem that needs to be solved. However, the issue should not be addressed further in the following paragraphs. Rather, these should explain the methods used to collect data to tackle the problem. As well as describing your methods, you should consider providing justification for choosing a particular research method. When setting out your justification, you may also want to explain why you rejected other common or popular research methodologies. Or you may want to say why you intentionally included or excluded particular groups of people from your study. If you are writing, for example, about how US society has been affected by feminism, you may have concentrated exclusively on one group of people and/or intentionally left out other groups. Whichever is the case, it is a good idea to briefly explain your decision and how it is expected to impact the overall results of your study. While describing the research methods you used, it is also important to mention any variables that might affect the results. If, say, your research is based on diabetic women of age 50+, you may want to say if certain types of lifestyle could have any impact on the results. Therefore, the methodology you develop should take all possible variables into account so that your research is useful and is of real value in the field it relates to. High-Quality Writing Service Many students are engaged in extracurricular activities or have part-time jobs, or participate in some clubs. Sometimes they cannot fulfill all demands of professors. Then, it is high time to go to GoGetEssays.com and ask for help. Here, you can always find understanding and professionalism. We’ve created a special customer support team to facilitate the ordering process and to answer all your questions. We are available 24/7 every day in a year. You can contact us via email, live-chat or call toll-free. We guarantee total confidentiality of our customers and secure your personal data.

<urn:uuid:ee47ec6f-dfe7-48ed-8e6e-7145f9703e07>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://gogetessays.com/write-the-methodology-chapter-for-a-dissertation

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Before proceeding towards debt consolidation, the concept of debt has to be understood clearly. Debt is the amount given to one party by the second party. The person giving the amount is known as creditor and person receiving the amount is a debtor. There are two types of debts – secured and unsecured. Debt can also term as a liability. Business is an activity done to earn profits. Normally a business has the following forms: - Sole proprietorship: Here, the owner is everything- the only decision maker. He is the person who is responsible for all business obligations. At the same time, all the assets belonging to the company also belong to the owner. If the decision regarding debt consolidation has to be taken, it will be done immediately as there is only one person to decide. - Partnership:This is the sort of business where two or more people contribute towards the operation of the firm. They share all profits and losses by profit sharing ratio which can be derived by capital invested. In the same way, the liabilities of the business are also shared by partners. If the decision regarding debt consolidation has to be taken, it can be done only after all partners agree to do so. To some extent, the time taken to decide may extend and invite more problems. - Corporation:In this type of business, the owners are considered separate from the business entity. Legally, owners have limited liability. To increase the funds of the corporation, the shares of the company are made use of. In this case dealing with debt consolidation is a very lengthy process. A lot of things have to be considered before taking any action. As the corporation has shareholders, it is bound to answer every shareholder regarding usage of funds in the operation of the business. Getting funds is not an issue in the case of a corporation. The business here itself can gain the funding source from its goodwill. Debt consolidation can be referred to a situation where some debts are summed up, and a new loan is taken to repay the present debts. For instance, if a business has to repay10 debts and has a lack of funds then the debt amounts are consolidated, and a new loan equivalent or more than the ten small debt amount is taken, and all the ten debts are cleared. Only the new loan amount is left to be cleared. This gives the businessman additional time to improvise the business and earn the sufficient profits to repay the new amount. One more benefit from data consolidation is that all the debts are cleared without facing harassment from creditors. The businessman can either do the process of acquiring a new loan or approach professional services to get better advice to solve the problems encountered by the business. Debt relief is one such company which gives quality advice and helps you to restore the prestige of the firm through repayment of debts in time.

<urn:uuid:6151176c-837a-450a-9808-a1a882744665>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://incredibleplanet.net/benefits-debt-consolidation/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

On the 12th of February, the Year of the Ox begins. Let’s call it the Year of the Aurochs (Bos primigenius): primordial oxen, the ancestors of cows. They carved paths through the woodlands and steppes of Europe, North Africa and Asia for hundreds of thousands of years. In the early 17th century, the last living aurochs died in Poland—likely, according to the Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, killed by poachers. Today we graze cattle—beings we incessantly, and, I should say, needlessly, breed for their flesh and their milk—on the remnants of grasslands their ancestors shaped. Groups of aurochs could trample us. Cows still can. This, I found out on a walk across a pasture with friends. Suddenly, as though alerted by some silent signal, a group of cows stampeded in our direction. We panicked, but managed to slip through a fence. That day we glimpsed an ancient law of nature, a law humanity broke by forcing those cows’ ancestors to reproduce, generation by generation, into smaller and more tractable beings. We have managed, indeed to turn a planet teeming with autonomous, evolving life into a world in which untamed beings cling to nooks and crannies as we cover the Earth with our livestock and pets. The Tauros Programme aims to breed cattle back into their ancestral state. But how could these beings ever get their groove back? Can we replicate everything that moved them through the forests of the living Earth, thousands of years ago? In any case, veterinary research teams and their backers have transported cattle to Dutch research sites, used artificial insemination for quick, genetically targeted breeding, and overseen the births of hundreds of calves. The selection and addition of new research cattle will continue indefinitely. “Rewilding” Europe and promoting wildlife tourism, the narrative goes, could support rural economies and refresh over-farmed land. And so they would establish yet another human prerogative: After running animals off the planet, we could now reconstitute them as we see fit. If only we could stop purpose-breeding and keeping animals, and leave evolution to its own devices, true re-wilding might begin. A complex web of interconnected life might resume its inimitable dynamic. But with our cattle-using mindset firmly in place, what’s to stop hunter-tourists from stalking the “rewilded” oxen, or culinary adventurers from seeking tastes of wine-braised aurochs’ tails? RewildingEurope.com lauds the aurochs as “the ancestor of all cattle and thereby the most important animal in the history of mankind.” The project’s high rating of these animals, interwoven as it is with domestication, is damning praise. There’s no better time than the Year of the Ox to interrogate it. Thanks to Bill Drelles, Jack McMillan, Valerie McGowan, and former cattle farmer Harold Brown for helpful conversations during the writing of this piece.

<urn:uuid:81fe458c-a52c-47c4-acbe-e1d1aca499c6>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/02/05/the-year-of-the-aurochs/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Case Western Reserve's chemical compound aimed at restoring spinal cord function may have an additional purpose: stopping potentially fatal arrhythmias after heart attack. Case Western Reserve neurosciences professor Jerry Silver, PhD, long has believed that lessons learned over decades from spinal cord research could someday apply to other areas of the body. He got the chance to test his theory when a colleague from another campus realized that his new compound - intracellular sigma peptide (ISP) - could address a critical cardiac issue. The results of the project, led by Oregon Health & Sciences University (OHSU) researcher Beth A. Habecker, PhD, exceeded even Silver's greatest hopes: 100 percent success in animal models. Details can be found in the Feb. 2 edition of Nature Communications. "Essentially, the OHSU group cured arrhythmia in the mouse using ISP," Silver said. "They observed true regeneration right back into the scar within the infarct area. This is pretty exciting." Habecker, professor and interim chair of OHSU's Physiology and Pharmacology Department, is similarly enthusiastic about the findings. "Patients who survive a heart attack remain at high risk for cardiac arrest and severe arrhythmias," explained Habecker, the paper's senior author. "Recent clinical studies suggest sympathetic denervation predicts the risk for cardiac arrest. Our study shows that this risk can be decreased by intervening with ISP to promote axon regeneration into the cardiac scar." At first, the idea sounds counterintuitive: a peptide shown to restore function in spinal cords could help stop an active malfunction in hearts. But once researchers looked more carefully at the reasons for the respective problems, ISP's benefits to both became clear. Spinal paralysis and denervation in the heart each stem from failed nerve regeneration caused by a family of inhibitory molecules called proteoglycans that form in scar tissue following injury or even the trauma of a cardiac procedure. ISP's role is to revive those nerves by allowing them to ignore the repulsing scar molecules. Habecker's work with Case Western Reserve's compound emerged from a combination of history and happenstance. She knew Silver from her time as a postdoctoral fellow in neurosciences here in the early 1990s, and had followed his work with proteoglycans, the inhibitory protein molecules that engulf nerves during scarring. Habecker had found that proteoglycans played a similarly problematic role after heart attacks, and invited him to lecture on his most current research. As part of the visit, the pair compared notes on their respective projects. "When she discussed her work with me, I almost fell out of my chair," Silver recalled. "I realized how similar our work was, and I said, 'we have to send you our peptide.' When I described the peptide, she said she wanted to give it a try in heart attack research in animal models." The Nature Communications paper reflects work done entirely at OHSU after Silver's lab provided enough of the compound for Habecker's team to perform their experiment. The effort involved simulating the impact of an actual heart attack in mice, and then "treating" it with the ISP, saline, or a non-therapeutic peptide (the control). Two weeks later, the OHSU scientists found that all of the mice that received ISP regained normal levels of sympathetic cardiac nerve function throughout the left ventricle, including the heart attack-damaged areas. Additionally, telemeter readings on these animals showed no arrhythmia activity. In contrast, animals treated with saline or the control peptide had cardiac sympathetic denervation in areas of their hearts damaged by the myocardial infarction, and as a consequence, experienced arrhythmias. "My role was that of a supplier," Silver said. "It was really important that this study of the peptide be conducted without my involvement. The study at OHSU provided independent validation that the peptide works in animals. And it confirmed the effectiveness of ISP in a completely different model -- heart attack. That kind of replication is rare." The discovery has significant potential in heart attack treatment. Currently, 7 to 10 percent of people die within the first six months from sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmia. ISP shows promise in serving as the basis for prophylactic treatment to prevent arrhythmia within the first months of a heart attack. "We are extremely fortunate to have the connection with Dr. Silver's lab, which allowed us to test a systemically available therapeutic in our heart attack model," Habecker explained. "The fact that giving ISP several days after injury can fully restore innervation and decrease arrhythmia risk is amazing, and is a key finding." Next steps in moving ISP forward will be testing the peptide as a post-heart attack treatment in larger animals. Such tests would reveal maximum tolerated dose, any toxicity potential and the extent to which the peptide infiltrates scar tissues. Additionally through animal studies, investigators wish to learn whether ISP administered several months, or even years, after a heart attack would confer a similar benefit as treatment administered three days post-heart attack. "We want to do clinical trials here at Case Western Reserve with ISP when it reaches clinical trial stage," Silver said. "We could conduct those trials in collaboration with OHSU and other centers throughout the country." Joining Habecker in this research effort were lead author Ryan T. Gardner, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, OHSU, and contributing authors (in addition to Silver) Lianguo Wang, and Crystal M. Ripplinger, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis; Cassandra L. Dunbar, the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, OHSU; William R. Woodward, the Department of Neurology, OHSU; and Bradley T. Lang and Jared Cregg, both of the Department of Neurosciences, CWRU School of Medicine. This work was supported by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute grants HL093056 and HL068231 to Habecker, HL111600 to Ripplinger, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke NS25713 to Silver, the American Heart Association 12SDG9010015 to Ripplinger, and an Oregon Brain Institute Neurobiology of Disease Fellowship to Gardner. About Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Founded in 1843, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine is the largest medical research institution in Ohio and is among the nation's top medical schools for research funding from the National Institutes of Health. The School of Medicine is recognized throughout the international medical community for outstanding achievements in teaching. The School's innovative and pioneering Western Reserve2 curriculum interweaves four themes--research and scholarship, clinical mastery, leadership, and civic professionalism--to prepare students for the practice of evidence-based medicine in the rapidly changing health care environment of the 21st century. Nine Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the School of Medicine. Annually, the School of Medicine trains more than 800 MD and MD/PhD students and ranks in the top 25 among U.S. research-oriented medical schools as designated by U.S. News & World Report's "Guide to Graduate Education." The School of Medicine's primary affiliate is University Hospitals Case Medical Center and is additionally affiliated with MetroHealth Medical Center, the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Cleveland Clinic, with which it established the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University in 2002. http://casemed.case.edu

<urn:uuid:ef8e67be-8e75-41fe-b04e-e511a31b8c00>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/603298

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

The Pirbright Institute and its research partners have granted MSD Animal Health an exclusive commercial licence for a new, effective and affordable vaccine to protect livestock against several serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The vaccine facilitates differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, such that trade would not be hindered by a vaccination programme. This breakthrough will eliminate the need for mass culling in the event of an outbreak. The new vaccine is also more stable than current FMD vaccines, and less reliant on cold-chain storage during vaccine distribution, increasing its potential for use in areas where the disease is endemic, in large parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The vaccine is the result of long-standing collaborations between Pirbright (the UK’s world-leading centre of excellence in research and surveillance of virus diseases), the University of Oxford, Diamond Light Source, the University of Reading, and MSD Animal Health, a division of Merck & Co Inc, who now take forward the new technology into development, registration and manufacturing, supported by funding from Wellcome. The new synthetic vaccine is designed to trigger optimum immune response without the need to grow live infectious virus for vaccine production. It has been engineered to remain stable up to temperatures of 56°C. MSD says the methods used to make and stabilise this vaccine could potentially be employed in the fight against other viruses from the same family, including polio. Foot-and-mouth disease not only impacts animal welfare, but the wellbeing of those reliant on susceptible animals for produce and trade. This vaccine will help to address the current shortfall in vaccine availability, which will have a huge impact on the economic prosperity of those countries blighted by the disease, as well as improving the livelihoods of those living in affected regions. Professor Bryan Charleston, Director of The Pirbright Institute, said it will have a major impact on the health and wellbeing of people whose livelihoods have been most severely affected by FMD. Dr Erwin van den Born, R&D Project Leader at MSD Animal Health, said: “FMD causes enormous economic losses to the livestock industry, resulting from morbidity in adult animals, reduced animal productivity, mortality in young stock and restriction to international trade in animals and animal products. We are pleased to be part of the solution, working with research collaborators on new technology to quickly adapt vaccines to emerging viruses.” Ian Jones, Professor of Virology at the University of Reading, said: “I look forward to seeing their [MSD Animal Health] industrial know-how catapult the product into the commercial arena to provide a cost-effective and safe vaccine to the benefit of industrial and subsistence farmers alike.” Professor David Stuart at the University of Oxford, said: “We have been working to achieve something close to the holy grail of vaccines. The key thing is that unlike the traditional FMDV vaccines, there is no chance that the empty shell vaccine could revert to an infectious form. Bethan Hughes, Wellcome, said: “This technology has the potential to transform the production of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines globally, and could have a huge impact on the lives of livestock farmers and their families in countries where the disease is endemic in Africa and Asia.” The vaccine’s ‘virus-like particles’ do not contain genetic material, and are propagated in insect cells. Initial research was funded by the UK’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, after which Wellcome funded the programme. n Ireland experienced its only foot and mouth outbreak since 1941 in March, 2001. On February 19 of that year, the first cases of foot-and-mouth disease in Britain in 20 years were discovered at an abattoir in Essex. The disease was confirmed in Northern Ireland on February 28. On March 22, an outbreak was confirmed south of the border, in a sheep flock near Jenkinstown, Co Louth. An aggressive slaughter policy was initiated, with the cull of 13,000 sheep and 3,000 cows within an exclusion zone in Co Louth. There were 2,026 cases of the disease on British farms. More than six million cows and sheep were killed, to halt the disease. Estimates of the impact on the UK’s GDP in 2001 vary from £1.6 billion to £6.3bn ((0.2% to 0.7% of GDP).

<urn:uuid:cf33c2cb-e42e-4fdd-98a7-24b9e9217722>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.irishexaminer.com/farming/arid-30948757.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Lecce’s “Sedile” is a magnificent palace from the Gothic-Renaissance age, built in the late 1500s in Piazza Sant’Oronzo. At the time, Lecce was home to a substantial and very active group of Venetian immigrants, including the city’s mayor, Pietro Mocenigo, who in 1592 decided to have Palazzo del Seggio – as it is officially known – built, where a previous structure had been demolished a few years earlier. As the place where governors held public hearings, the Sedile was the heart of the Salento city for centuries. Indeed, for a very long time Piazza dei Mercanti – the name of the square before it was dedicated to Lecce’s patron saint – was the main stage of local trade, riots, military battles, and religious processions. The beautiful palace is a cuboid with lower ogival arches and upper round arches, decorated with coats of arms and panoplies, and featuring four corner pillars that reveal the columns they enclose from oval openings. Right next to the small San Marco church, it faces a Roman amphitheater from the 2nd century AD. And of course, from one of its 30-meter-tall columns, the saint who protects the city watches over the whole square.

<urn:uuid:47d8e6f2-9101-45ec-b75b-96695c6dc9d2>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.italianways.com/the-sedile-the-heart-of-lecces-gothic-renaissance/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Year 5, this week we are going to be working on conjunctions. Conjunctions are words that join different clauses in sentences - they can be subordinating, or coordinating. This week we are look at coordinating conjunctions. To get your brain warmed up, try the questions here: If you are feeling confident after that, you can try some of the activities on one of our animal based learning screens! As always, there are a range of activities for you to try and hopefully you will enjoy learning about a new animal, this time a marine iguana! Find the activities here: As always, there are also new challenges on Education City for you to practice your spelling! Have a good week everyone.

<urn:uuid:513d48be-6bd4-4c5d-bbda-7053bc0a3c85>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.laneendprimary.org.uk/spelling-and-grammar-51/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

People Are Risking Their Lives To Save Pets In Afghanistan A lot has been written about the 15-year-long war in Afghanistan. But often overlooked within this narrative of colossal pain and suffering are the animals of the country - the dogs, cats, birds and even donkeys who have found themselves left out of development and aid efforts. Wonder is one such dog, who not only survived the streets of Kabul while blind, but also raised a little pup of her own. She was found in a drainage ditch, huddled close to her little puppy, now named Serac, in need of urgent medical attention. A kindly expat working in Kabul found her and brought her over to Nowzad, one of the first and few capable veterinarian clinics and shelters in Afghanistan. "When we found Wonder, she was severely blind due to glaucoma," Pen Farthing, founder of Nowzad, tells The Dodo. "We had to operate upon and remove her eyes to to save her life." Today, Wonder is in much better health and Serac is training to become a service dog for survivors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Canada. For now, though, Serac is still figuring out how to use a water bowl. Dogs aren't the only animals rescued by people stationed in the war-torn country. A kitten named Marble was found by a U.S. soldier who grew too fond of her during his deployment in Afghanistan to leave her behind. "It may seem odd to some, to be sentimental over something as trivial as developing a fondness for a wild orphaned kitten, but that is exactly what has happened," according to the soldier, who asked to remain anonymous, on Nowzad's Facebook page. "The highlight of my day is spending time with Marble. I cannot imagine leaving Marble behind in Afghanistan when it is time for me to go home, as Marble has been my comfort." In a country where resources and facilities are sparse, animal care is not often prioritized. Nowzad started its work in this vacuum. Farthing, who was stationed in Helmand province in Afghanistan, in 2006, close to the small town of Now Zad for which the shelter is named, met a young dog being used for dogfighting. "Animal welfare was not even on my mind," he says. "I was just concerned with that one dog, so I brought him back with me." He named his new furry little Afghan buddy Nowzad (after the town), and, along with another dog, brought him back to England. "But that was also when I realized there were other animals in Afghanistan I could help," he adds. Nowzad lived a happy and full life with Farthing and his family for seven years before he passed on. Founded in 2008, the Nowzad clinic and shelter houses over 120 dogs and about 40 cats (and four donkeys!) today. "Being the only animal shelter in Afghanistan, we do get an eclectic mix of animals here," Hannah Farthing, cofounder of Nowzad and Pen's wife, tells The Dodo. "But we have a dynamic staff of five extremely caring and experienced doctors and six animal caretakers, all Afghans, who look after the animals in the shelter and new cases that come in every day." Sadly, a majority of the animals brought into the shelter are victims of abuse and assault. Dogfighting is culturally embedded into the Afghan society, and many canine rescues are victims of the practice. "But many times, the abuse is not intentional; it's because many locals don't know how to care for the animal," she says. "Creating awareness among locals is the need of the hour and what we are focusing on," explains Hannah. While there aren't government agencies or departments in Afghanistan dedicated to animal care, the Kabul University does run a graduate course in veterinary science. "But due to a lack of facilities, these students don't receive any hands-on experience," says Hannah. Nowzad offers its facilities to the university students to gain practical experience in animal care. It also runs programs, in collaboration with local schools and orphanages, to educate young kids on animal care. Educating more people about animal welfare could help save dogs like Sharif, who was found in the city of Mazar-i-Sharif, in the province of Balkh, with a rope tied tightly around her neck. The rope had cut through her skin and the wound had become severely infected. She was also suffering from mange. The local who found Sharif put the lovable creature into a cab and made the journey to Kabul to bring her to Nowzad's vets, who immediately addressed her wounds. "We don't know who left her with the rope around her neck, but it was clear they had no experience or knowledge of raising a dog," says Hannah. "Once Sharif is healthy, we will begin search for a new and loving home for her." Although Sharif is faring much better now at Nowzad than on the day she first arrived in Kabul, she is still in so much pain that she is unable to lift her head. But that doesn't stop her from approaching people for a friendly pet. Nowzad attempts to help the animals it has rescued find loving homes in the U.S. and across Europe. Typically, the shelter processes about two adoptions a month, mostly to homes abroad, but adoptions are increasingly taking place among locals in Afghanistan, even though pet culture isn't as widespread. "We've placed around 850 dogs and cats from Afghanistan in loving families abroad," says Hannah. But it can be expensive. It costs around $4,000 to transport a dog to an adopted family in the U.S. or Europe, and about $2,500 for a cat.

<urn:uuid:39823f66-daec-466f-9067-9d59080e4ced>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.thedodo.com/stray-animals-afghanistan-nowzad-rescue-1815805537.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Gabi, a water-conserving camel, was at the centre of a national campaign that has captured the imagination of children and saved the UK 540m litres of water a year. The character came to life in educational spots on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons TV, rapping to promote water use. A bespoke website featured videos, downloads, games and goodies for kids while an educational campaign in partnership with Eco Schools, Southern Water and United Utilities reached a million children in 29,000 schools. Waterwise also lent support to the development of GabiH2O's range of water-saving devices – including a shower head that delivers an optimum flow of 7.6 litres per minute as opposed to the more common 12, 15 or even 25 litres. Gabi the camel is the UK's first animated character dedicated to educating children about environmental stewardship. The challenge for GabiH2O's founder, Avi Djanogly, was how to bring about lifestyle change on a mass scale. It was decided that spurring behaviour change among children would not only form better life-long habits, it would create "pester power" and encourage parents to get involved too. A series of 30 and 60-second educational advertorials featured Gabi encouraging things like switching off taps while brushing one's teeth, taking a five-minute shower instead of a bath or using leftover water to water plants. Online competitions offered prizes including a singing toothbrush, activity books and trump cards; and schools – through the children's newspaper First News – were able to stage a Save Water competition backed by posters and a lesson plan. Waterwise provided advice on the development of schools materials and the company's commercial water and energy saving kits. The latter were made available via a major online retailer, enabling customers in an average family home to save up to £238 a year on utility bills and reduce CO2 emissions. GabiH2O reached 5.5 million TV viewers a month during the campaign, distributed more than 50,000 trump cards, received 315,000 online page views and more than 38,000 game plays and downloads. The campaign on TV and in schools saved a further 175 million litres, proving the power of creative animation in sustainability education. Introduced in May 2012, the "we oughta save water" campaign aired as the UK faced its worst drought in 36 years and at a time when every UK citizen uses, on average, 150 litres of water a day.

<urn:uuid:ddddd328-be3f-4fe6-bee4-fa351738025c>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainability-case-studies-animated-camel-gabi-h2o

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00511.warc.gz

en

Internet Safety Parents' Area Top 10 Safety Tips for Parents (via Webwise) Be the one to introduce your child to the Internet. For both parent and child it is an advantage to discover the Internet together. Try to find web sites that are exciting and fun so that together you achieve a positive attitude to Internet exploration. This could make it easier to share both positive and negative experiences in the future. Try to reach an agreement with your child on the guidelines which apply to Internet use in your household. Here are some tips to get started: It is important to be aware that many web pages made for children ask them for personal information in order to access personalised content. Being conscious of when and where it is all right to reveal personal information is vital. A simple rule for younger children could be that the child should not give out name, phone number or photo without your approval. Older children using social networking sites like Facebook should be selective about what personal information and photos they post to online spaces. Once material is online you can no longer control who sees it or how it is used. Teach your social networking teenagers how to use and apply the privacy and security settings of the site. All responsible sites have a Safety Centre and a Block and Reporting system. Learn together with your teen how to use the safety and security settings of the site. Adults should understand that the Internet could be a positive meeting place for children, where they can get to know other young people and make new friends. However, for safety and to avoid unpleasant experiences, it is important that children do not meet strangers they have met online without being accompanied by an adult, friends or others they trust. In any case, the child should always have their parents' approval first. Most children use the Internet to improve and develop knowledge in relation to schoolwork and personal interests. Children should be aware that not all information found online is correct, accurate or relevent. Educate children on how to verify information they find by comparing to alternative sources on the same topic. Show them trusted sites they can use to compare information. Children may come across adult material by accident on the Web. Also a child may intentionally search for such web sites; remember that it is natural for children to be curious about off-limits material. Try to use this as an opening to discuss the content with them, and perhaps make rules for this kind of activity. Be realistic in your assessment of how your child uses the Internet. It is vital that we all take responsibility for the Web and report matters, which we believe could be illegal. By doing this we can help to prevent illegal activities online, such as attempts to lure children via chat, mail or messaging. The hotline.ie service provides an anonymous facility for the public to report suspected illegal content encountered on the Internet, in a secure and confidential way. Other forms of illegal content and activities exist on the Internet and may be reported using the service. There is an informal code of conduct for the Internet. As in everyday life, there are informal ethical rules for how to behave when relating to other people on the Internet. These include being polite, using correct language and not yell at (write in capital letters) or harass others. Also, children as well as grown ups should not read other’s e-mail or copy protected material. To be able to guide your child with regard to Internet use, it is important to understand how children use the Internet and know what they like to do online. Let your child show you which websites they like visiting and what they do there. Acquiring technical knowledge could also make it easier to make the right decisions regarding your child’s Internet use. The Internet is an excellent educational and recreational resource for children. There are millions of age appropriate sites for younger children. Encourage your children to use such sites and to avoid registering for sites and services with adult content and behaviours. Help your child read the Terms & Conditions of Service for any site which they wish to join and to comply with the age restrictions of the site. Help your child apply all the privacy and security settings on the site. Encourage your child to be critically aware and explore the Internet to its full potential. - Discover the Internet together Agree with your child rules for Internet use in your home - Discuss when and for how long it is acceptable for your child to use the Internet - Agree how to treat personal information (name, address, telephone, e-mail). - Discuss how to behave towards others when gaming, chating, e-mailing or messaging. - Agree what type of sites and activities are OK or not OK in our family. - Encourage your child to be careful when disclosing personal information. - Talk about the risks associated with meeting online "friends" in person - Teach your child about evaluating information and being critically aware of information found online. - Don't be too critical towards your child's exploration of the Internet - Report online material you may consider illegal to the appropriate authorities - Encourage Respect for others - Let your children show you what they like to do online - Remember that the positive aspects of the Internet outweigh the negatives. A HSE Helpline for concerned Donegal Parents has been set up. 1850 400 911 Co. Donegal. (074) 9145705 firstname.lastname@example.org

<urn:uuid:a2c6315a-9ba9-4f4e-a4d3-abe50278cf00>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://m.cloughfinns.com/internet-safety/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Epicurus was an Ancient Greek philosopher that spent his life studying the concept of happiness. He asks the age old question, what really makes us happy? The consumerism driven world we live in now would say, oh that’s easy! Money, fame, recognition and relationships will make you happy. But does it really? Looking around the world, what we can mostly see is widespread dissatisfaction, and a quiet underlying desperation. Hundreds of years ago, Epicurus tried to tackle this issue, let’s see if what he discovered still holds weight even today. Epicurus thought that people usually make three common mistakes in trying to be happy. Firstly, he notices that friendships are vastly undervalued compared to romantic relationships. He saw that friendships tend to be free of the sometimes unhealthy expectations and possessiveness that comes with many relationships. Friendship, it seems, is where human nature shines in sweetness and pure innocence. The second thing relates to our professional lives. Epicurus discovered that what makes work satisfying is not the amount of money or status we earn from it, but the feeling of helping others, and the sense that we’re making a difference. That we are contributing in our own little ways to improving the world. Lastly, people in modern times are often obsessed with the idea of luxury, expensive cars, tailor made clothes, fancy houses and gold trimmed furniture. But underneath all this, Epicurus believes that what we’re really trying to achieve in striving for luxury, is to find a feeling of calm and safety. We want to live our lives in peaceful comfort, our minds pure and unbothered by worldly issues and responsibilities that so plague our everyday lives. So after learning all of this, Epicurus decided to put everything he learned into practice. He moved into a big house in the countryside with all of his friends. They all had their own rooms and areas, but there’s also common areas where they could gather and enjoy each other’s presence, so there’s always a friend you can talk to around the corner. Epicurus and his friends started focusing on doing their own stuff and contributing to the commune. They took up farming, knitting, writing, cooking, and a myriad of other small, helpful jobs. Sure, they weren’t making large amounts of money like they did with their old jobs, but doing these real and fulfilling things had an immediate effect on the environment around them, and it helps the people they love in a clear way. They learned to stop looking outwards hoping for happiness and peacefulness, instead searching for it in themselves instead. Epicurus and his friends did lots of contemplating, meditating, reading, and self-reflection, to find peace and acceptance within their own minds. This experimental commune started by Epicurus was incredibly successful. Even though they lived relatively simple and humble lives, they were incredibly happy and satisfied with every day they went through. Being self-sufficient, having a tight-knit community, contributing your best and helping each other is the key. Try and reflect on the moments that truly brought you happiness. For me, true happiness is always found in the quiet and understated moments. Sitting down on the grass to watch a beautiful sunset with a cold drink in hand, having my dog fall asleep in my lap, having a laugh with my friends, when I helped someone in need, and seeing someone I love smile. It’s these moments that always come back to me, not the time where I went on a fancy holiday, or when I bought something expensive for myself. Being aware of what truly makes you happy can make a big difference in how you live your life.

<urn:uuid:7158a4dd-a7ee-4efe-bc4c-3566c2d2b0ab>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://ririungan.semipalar.sch.id/rico/blog/1677/aes147-epicurus-and-happiness

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

The present student assessment is more summative and score-based, which only evaluates the student’s memorization. This does not provide a clear picture of how the student has understood the concept that he/she has studied. National Policy on Education 2020, observed that the student must be evaluated on the clarity of concepts, critical thinking, creativity, and cognitive behaviour. The descriptive assessment will focus on the uniqueness and competency of each student. This will help the students in making the right career choices, as the descriptive measures include areas of strength, areas that need attention, and overall strengths and performance of the student. Main objective of Continuous and comprehensive evaluation was holistic development of the child. But most of our academicians and teachers misunderstood the concepts continuous evaluation and comprehensive evaluation and as a result this system became a burden for the students, teachers and parents. Most of the teachers are not professionally competent in assessment processes. Moreover, absence of standardised tools and techniques for assessing co scholastic areas of individual’s growth and development is a serious issue in the implementation of CCE. So in order overcome the issues related to the naming of continuous evaluation and comprehensive evaluation, a shift in the naming process was introduced namely School Based Assessment. Meaning and Definition of School Based Assessment(SBA) School Based Assessment (SBA) is a system for collecting periodic information on pupils learning status for the purpose of planning improvement programmes in the performance of pupils.School-based assessment (SBA) is an assessment which is embedded in the teaching and learning process. School based assessment is defined as the assessment that facilitates attainment of competencies specified in terms of learning outcomes in a holistic manner during teaching learning process. Steps involved in School Based Assessment 1.Formulating statements of intended learning outcomes describing intentions about what students will be able to do while learning the subject matter. 2. Selecting, planning designing and developing assessment tools and techniques for gathering information for assessing whether or not learning outcomes have been achieved and gather data regarding pupil’s performance. 3.Analyse and interpret the collected data and make judgements about the performance of the pupil based on the criteria of learning and assessment. 4.Record, discuss and use assessment results and then provide descriptive feedback and corrective measures for further learning and improvement. Characteristics of SBA It integrates teaching, learning and assessment. Assessment is conducted by the student’s own teacher. Teacher is planning, selecting, designing, developing appropriate assessment tasks, tools and techniques based on the aims and objectives of the course. Teacher record and analyse the collected data about the child and provides feedback and remedial measures. This is carried out in ordinary classroom. Learner cantered approach to teaching and assessment. Focus on development of scholastic and co- scholastic areas. Focussed on competency based development. Focus on the assessment paradigm, namely assessment for learning, as learning and of learning. It could be process and product based, performance based, authentic, alternative assessment. It could ne internal and external examination. Child-cantered and activity based pedagogy Assessment is both formal as well as informal. Broadening the scope of assessment by way of including self-assessment, peer-assessment besides teacher assessment Merits of School Based Assessment The following are the merits of school based assessment It helps the child to develop his/her competencies. Meaningful learning takes place while removing doubts and gaps in learning. Constructive feedback and corrective measures helps the child for further learning. Reduce reliance on one public examination at the end of the course and memorisation. It helps teachers to know their students- where they are in their learning, how they learn best, what they mastered and where they are to be reached for further learning. Stress free assessment, since assessment is embedded in the teaching learning process. Multiple assessment procedures or tasks and tools are adopting for assessment, hence assessment is transparent, reliable and valid. It helps to reflect the standard and performance of the students. It helps to develop teachers’ assessment skills. Demerits of School Based Assessment The following are the demerits of school based assessment Teachers must be well versed in assessment practices.Most of the teachers are not professionals in teaching, hence they require more training and practice in teaching and assessment. Teachers must be competent in the selection, planning, design, development and use of various assessment methods and instruments. Since assessment enable collecting valid data about learning and performance of the each and every student. The criteria of assessment must be clear to the teacher as well as student. If the teacher is not clear the students in advance the criteria of assessment and learning, then students will fail to achieve the target based on the course outcomes or learning outcomes. Teacher should well aware of the purpose, use and development of tasks, tools and techniques of evaluation, otherwise it will not give valid and reliable results. Examiners subjectivity assessment. Lack of standardised measuring instruments for assessing scholastic areas may lead to invalid results. *https://www.thehansindia.com/my-voice/school-based-assessment-best-682260 *https://www.missouristate.edu/assessment/the-assessment-process. *https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1058024.pdf *http://www.progressiveteacher.in/school-based-assessment

<urn:uuid:e5bc9df7-3c04-4647-bd85-08a6e98fd81b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://www.keyisahibtrainingcollege.in/blog/category/department-of-mathematics

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Key Role: Become involved in the recycling program as much as possible by source separating materials, monitoring materials for contaminants, promoting the program, and spreading the word about your school’s environmental effort. - Become part of the Recycling Team by forming or joining a school environmental club or working with administrators to implement the program at your school. - Set up a student monitoring schedule to be sure classroom and cafeteria recycling containers are not being contaminated with trash. - Volunteer to talk about the recycling program on the school morning announcements. Here’s an example: Video on Trash Talk Announcements at DeMasi School. - Keep other students enthusiastic about recycling through a school poster contest, classroom challenges, or articles in the school publications. See some ideas in this video about DeMasi Middle School students assisting the elementary school students. - Join the school environmental club. If the school doesn’t have a club, form one. - Assist in the collection of materials from classrooms, where appropriate. - Set up a student monitoring schedule for all recyclables collected in classrooms and cafeterias. - Promote the new recycling program: - Design a school recycling mascot (this could be related to a school mascot already in existence). - Create a recycling information and display board. - Challenge other classrooms to collection and quality control contests. - Hold a school poster contest. - Write articles about the importance of recycling for the school publications. - Tell your parents or guardians and siblings about the recycling program.

<urn:uuid:38cf6cfe-1ce6-40d8-9d18-38967cd81317>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://anjr-school.com/student-environmental-club-member/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Digital skill has emerged looking at the humble beginnings to be probably the most in-demand from customers skill forms on the Internet right now. Computerized skill consists of a wide array of creative sources that include pc-created photographs, photo graphics,written text and sound, and exclusive worlds. This valuable art form is normally observed as its use of distinct press, including online graphics, video recording, 3D modeling and 3 dimensional producing. Despite the fact that virtual fine art has been in existence for a while, they have only recently attained the buzz and popularity it deserves amongst art fine art and aficionados collectors around the globe. Virtual art work means the creative production or do the job that works by using computerized modern technology as a fundamental element of the business presentation or artistic course of action. In past times few decades, many terms and conditions are already popular to spell it out this artistic procedure, such as online skill or pc animation. The latter is often put in the bigger extent category generally known as digital multimedia art work considering that it consists of using pc gained pictures and computerized photos. The evolution of digital craft has actually been really fast because the creation with the 1st program for generating artworks. In the early 90’s, graphical layout courses were used for developing visuals which were intended for demonstrations and promotion, on the other hand, the advent of the net transformed the surroundings of webdesign. Currently, web design has stopped being confined to illustrations and emblems that are shown on web pages instead, lots of fine art exhibits, exhibits, studios and galleries and museums and music artists use the Internet as their major method to obtain net articles. Website content articles are not tied to physical things, like works of art and sculptures,. That’s many Web users are turning to online content to display their creative projects, and designers have discovered that their task is broadly shown on the internet. One of the greatest attributes of this kind of art work. Instead, they are often created utilizing laptop or computer produced photographs and photos, which can be showcased via the internet. Because of this reported, it is now progressively more easier for people to make gorgeous photos and photographs that could grab the interest of folks that browse through the Internet. Many of these photos seemed to be made using computerized taking pictures and images nonetheless they may also be made with personal computer gained artworks that may be displayed on the net. Therefore, a web customer will not be confined to either one particular or maybe the other. Online paintings might be made by anyone who has expertise in laptops or computers. For those who hope to accept process one step even more, they may buy a method that enables them to revise and modify the graphic using the mouse. As soon as designed, it could be viewed using the web in a number of ways. People can look at these performs of fine art by means of their internet browser, or they will often obtain images via internet and make use of the picture to produce a take pictures of with their laptop computer screen. They can then produce the photo and still have it in their walls or clearly show it to other people. The top area of making use of photos online is they do not require any specific application or systems to make the job. Electronic art work is well-liked in the skill society as it is an approach of developing artwork that could be accessed by any body at at any time. Basically, online artworks is usually shown in galleries or exhibits whilst the audience is set in yet another location. This lets artwork enthusiasts the power to see the function while performing exercises that they can take pleasure in. while not worrying in regards to the do the job simply being taken out. Furthermore, it makes it possible for visitors to take a proactive position in how their skill is viewed by other folks. They could select the style and color plans they want. and will even adjust some components. If they want their art work to generally be presented completely electronically, they generally do not need to worry about the job getting demonstrated to other folks. Though there are a number of advantages to making use of digital artworks, there are numerous downsides too. Due to the fact an musician may have to pay other people to produce an image for them, they have to also carry the fee for producing the project. Also, it is important to know the copyright laws involved with this type of artwork before making use of it. Wonderful guidelines in connection with the ideas on this page, you could possibly like:

<urn:uuid:dfb49a0d-37ed-4a1e-875a-26654712921e>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://daytonamagazine.club/electronic-digital-artwork-the-fundamentals/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Taxi drivers are a marginalized, large, growing, minority male population with multiple health risks. In New York City (NYC) alone, there are over 50,000 yellow taxi drivers and a similar number of livery drivers. A large majority, 94%, are immigrants, mainly originating from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and West African countries. Taxi drivers are at great risk for poor health, with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) and overlapping cancer risk, due to an extremely sedentary lifestyle, high stress, diet, environmental exposures, poor health care access, and safety concerns. Studies in Japan show a higher taxi driver prevalence of myocardial infarction, multi-vessel disease and CVD risk factors (body mass index (BMI), diabetes, smoking, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and hypertension. Sedentary time is associated with increased CVD mortality, higher triglycerides and insulin resistance, and lower high-density lipoprotein levels, and with increased colon and lung cancer risk. The taxi driver community, while facing tremendous health risk, also has notable assets within it to facilitate driver health. Ten percent of a sample of NYC taxi drivers were teachers in their home countries and there are numerous drivers who held health-related jobs before immigrating. The drivers, through their existing social networks, exchange information about traffic, food vendors, cricket and soccer games, and other news. Their networks have the potential to disseminate health risk reduction information and strategies. Over the past three years, the NIMHD-funded R24 program, the Taxi Network, has developed a robust community-based participatory research (CBPR) infrastructure, which it has utilized to conduct a number of path-breaking pilot translational CBPR research projects. The overall goal of the current Taxi Network proposal, Taxi STEP (Social networks, Technology, and Exercise through Pedometers), is to expand the robust Taxi Network CBPR infrastructure, which taps into the many assets of the taxi driver community, to work towards the elimination of health disparities in this large at-risk group. Taxi STEP is the first full project of the Taxi Network, and is a physical activity promoting, and hence a CVD/cancer risk reduction, study developed through an ongoing, iterative process with the community, built upon extensive preliminary work in this area. Taxi STEP will use an Intervention Mapping approach to effect an increase in physical activity among drivers, and secondarily other healthful behaviors, and will be evaluated using the RE- AIM framework. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be used to measure the effectiveness of four different approaches to increasing step counts. The 4 arms include: 1) Health Fairs (HF) + pedometers (PED) (Control); 2) HF/PED + text messaging (mHealth); 3) HF/PED + social network support (SNS); 4) HF/PED + mHealth + SNS. The costs of each approach will also be determined, and a plan to disseminate best practices to the North American taxi driver population will be developed. Taxi STEP identifies a need in an extremely marginalized population at great risk, New York City taxi drivers, and triangulates a body of compelling prior work to unify key evidence garnered through diverse methodologies on their needs, assets, and tailored approaches to overcome their health risks. Taxi STEP is the first community-based participatory research program of its kind in the U.S. to develop an exercise intervention that is tailored to the specific needs and culture of this large, vulnerable population, reachable through their occupational structures. By harnessing existing social networks and assets found in the driver community to respond to community-identified health needs and priorities, the Taxi STEP program has the potential to significantly shift the paradigm of disease prevention and health promotion activities for the driver population in New York City, and across the nation in key metropolitan areas (Chicago, San Francisco, Washington, DC, etc.). |Mirpuri, Sheena; Gill, Pavan; Ocampo, Alex et al. (2018) Discrimination and Health Among Taxi Drivers in New York and Toronto. J Community Health 43:667-672| |Mirpuri, Sheena; Ocampo, Alex; Narang, Bharat et al. (2018) Discrimination as a social determinant of stress and health among New York City taxi drivers. J Health Psychol :1359105318755543| |Vinci, Christine; Haslam, Aaron; Lam, Cho Y et al. (2018) The use of ambulatory assessment in smoking cessation. Addict Behav 83:18-24| |Vinci, Christine; Guo, Lin; Spears, Claire A et al. (2017) Socioeconomic indicators as predictors of smoking cessation among Spanish-Speaking Mexican Americans. Ethn Health :1-13|

<urn:uuid:2a3cd6a7-6f7e-40a0-9c17-63f44b3aabec>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/U01-MD010648-01

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

What was the result of The Gospel of Wealth? While such growth was “essential for the progress of the race,” it unequivocally widened the wealth gap between the rich and the poor. Through the Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie entreated the wealthy “Robber Barons” of his time to address this imbalance through philanthropy. Did Rockefeller believe in The Gospel of Wealth? Gospel of Wealth Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller both agreed that the most successful people were the ones with the necessary skills. … This is where the difference lies between the hardcore Social Darwinist and the proponent of the Gospel of Wealth. How according to Carnegie should the rich live? A rich person’s moral duty, in Carnegie’s view, is thus to live modestly, provide moderately for his dependants, and administer all surplus wealth in the manner which produces the most beneficial results for the community. What is the problem with society according to Carnegie? By Andrew Carnegie. The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship. The conditions of human life have not only been changed, but revolutionized, within the past few hundred years. What does Carnegie mean by the problem of the rich and poor? In each case Carnegie is referring to the accumulation and unequal distribution of wealth, which have “revolutionized” human life for the good (“highly beneficial”). How did Andrew Carnegie treat his worker? The life of a 19th-century steel worker was grueling. Twelve-hour shifts, seven days a week. Carnegie gave his workers a single holiday-the Fourth of July; for the rest of the year they worked like draft animals. How did Andrew Carnegie acquire his wealth? Carnegie worked in a Pittsburgh cotton factory as a boy before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1859. While working for the railroad, he invested in various ventures, including iron and oil companies, and made his first fortune by the time he was in his early 30s.

<urn:uuid:38dd816c-14ae-49ad-b364-26fb0516df60>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://hillsidech.org/protestantism-and-currents/quick-answer-who-was-responsible-for-the-gospel-of-wealth.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

*Featured piece of full article below (Borba, 2017). Read the full article here: https://micheleborba.com/empathic-kids/ “Here are four ideas that might help you raise a more caring, kind children and help them reap The Empathy Advantage (UnSelfie, 2017). The next time there’s a conflict between your child and a friend (or between you and your child) ask her to stop and think how the other person would feel if the roles were reversed. Then ask her to talk about the problem as if she were the other person: “What would the other person say?” “How would you feel if you were the other person?” “What do you think the friend would want to do?” “If you were in your friend’s shoes, what would he/she want to tell you?” If she is very young, it is helpful to use puppets so that each puppet can represent the person in the conflict. It builds empathy. Call attention to insensitive behavior Any time your child acts unkindly, use it as an opportunity to help him become more sensitive to the feelings of other people. Just point out the impact of her actions: “Telling Bert to leave because you wanted to play with Sally was inconsiderate. How would you feel?” “Not asking Daddy if he wanted to watch a TV show was unkind. How would you feel?” Be an example of caring, kindness and generosity Try to find natural ways to help her “give” to others, so she understands the joy giving can bring. Start by doing it yourself and having her watch and do it with you. Here are a couple of ideas: “The neighbor is sick; let’s make an extra bowl of soup and bring it to her.” “Daddy is so tired; let’s surprise him and stack the newspapers so he doesn’t have to.” Make “giving” natural and fun but help your children learn to GIVE. And help them learn to do so without expecting anything in return. Expect your child to share and consider others This is one of the first moral behaviors we need to tune up in our kids starting at around 2 or 3 years of age. When he is two you can structure his sharing: “It’s his turn, then your turn, then his turn.” Little kids sometimes need an oven timer as a reminder that the other person should still be allowed to play with the toy. Before friends come over, structure “sharing” by asking him: “What things will you share with your friend?” “What do you think he would like to play?” Put away things that are very special that may cause problems. What’s important on this one is to help your child learn to think of others’ needs and feelings. The Reality Check here is that while our children are hard-wired to care, that capacity must be nurtured for it to develop. So be intentional about raising a caring child! And then keep finding those opportunities for your children to practice kindness until it becomes a part of their mind-set and your kids can describes themselves as “Caring People.” By: Dr. Michele Borba, Ed.D.: Author of “UnSelfie: Why Empathetic Kids Succeed in Our All-About-Me World.”

<urn:uuid:a6fe0de8-0376-4292-9e77-aa32c9bfbe36>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://ibpaworld.org/blog/empathy-series-article-3-empathy-advantage/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Atkins: A Brief flashback So what’s all this talk about the “age old” (in weight loss terms) Atkins Diet? The father of low-carb diets, Robert Akins may not have been the first to harness the appeal of carb-free, but he definitely was the first to bring the concept to the mainstream dieting public. In 1963, American physician and cardiologist Robert Atkins came across a study published by Dr Alfred W. Pennington (who was hired by Dupont). His research explored the theory that cutting starch and sugar from the diet could lead to significant weight loss. Putting the pound-shedding theory to the test, Atkins shrunk his own bulk and adapted the findings into the diet and formidable brand we know today. The Atkins Diet, officially called the Atkins Nutritional Approach, is a low-carbohydrate diet promoted by Atkins from a research paper he read in 1958. The Skinny on The Diet The Atkins diet is similar to a ketogenic diet as both emphasize the consumption of fat and protein but omit carbohydrates. The body will turn to glycogen stores (carbohydrates) for energy first if supplies are plentiful. Ketogenic diets essentially force the body to switch from burning carbohydrates for energy to burning fat. This often has the desirable effect of weight loss, though high levels of ketones in the body can be problematic and may lead to a state known as ketosis. The diet restricts “net carbs” (digestible carbohydrate grams that affect blood sugar less fiber grams). One effect is a tendency to decrease the onset of hunger, perhaps because of longer duration of digestion (fats and proteins take longer to digest than carbohydrates). The 2002 book New Diet Revolution states that hunger is the number one reason that low-fat diets fail, and that the diet is easier because one is satisfied with adequate protein, fat and fiber. The Fantastic Four The diet consists of four stages- - Induction – It starts by cutting carbs almost completely from your daily diet. In fact, you are encouraged to only eat 20g of net carbs a day – compared to the government guidelines of 300g for men and 230g for women. You should drink eight glasses of water a day. You stay in this phase for at least two weeks, depending on your weight loss. - Balancing – It focuses on continued weight loss and you are now allowed between 25 and 45 grams of net carbs a day. The idea is to slowly re-introduce carbohydrates back into your diet to avoid weight gain. - Pre-maintenance – It continues to re-introduce carbs back into the diet, with five main objectives for dieters including losing the last ’10 pounds’ slowly, testing your tolerance for previously forbidden foods and maintaining previous weight loss. Once you’ve maintained your goal weight for a month you’re ready to move onto stage four. - Lifetime maintenance – This phase is for the lifetime. It is billed simply as maintenance. Atkins suggests that by now you should have discovered how many carbohydrates you can include in your diet without regaining weight. The Atkins Diet says that its eating plan can prevent or improve serious health conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. In fact, almost any diet that helps you shed excess weight can reduce or even reverse risks factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The Atkins Diet says that you can lose 15 pounds (6.8 kilograms) in the first two weeks of phase 1 — but it also acknowledges that those aren’t typical results. The Atkins Diet also acknowledges that you may initially lose water weight. It says that you’ll continue to lose weight in phases 2 and 3 as long as you don’t eat more carbs than your body can tolerate. Many people believe that the Atkins Diet promotes eating unlimited amounts of fatty meats and cheeses. This was allowed and promoted in early editions of the book. In the newest revision however, this is not promoted. The Atkins Diet does not impose caloric restriction, or definite limits on proteins. Another common misconception arises from confusion between the Induction Phase and rest of the diet. The rules for the induction phase have changed since the first printing of Atkin’s Diet Revolution, in which all carbohydrates were counted the same. Today’s version of the diet differentiates between carbohydrates, and counts only “net carbs” toward the daily total. The first two weeks of the Atkins Diet are strict, with only 20g of ‘net’ carbohydrates permitted per day.

<urn:uuid:cc9e7e05-d988-47bf-a725-9733e2e797d5>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://skinnybonny.com/classical-atkins-diet-deserves-attention/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

The internet and social media world went on fire last Friday as a report claimed that Google have obtained the world’s first quantum computer which was previously tagged as impossible in our today’s era. Online newspaper entity Financial Times reported that they have seen a paper from Google’s researchers posted in the NASA website citing a successful creation of such processor, though the paper was deleted after being live in the site. According to the paper, the processor can easily calculate three minutes and 20 seconds. It may sound normal but putting that in a perspective, if we do the same calculation with today’s most advanced classical computer (the Summit), it will take us up to 10,000 years. “This dramatic speed-up relative to all known classical algorithms provides an experimental realisation of quantim supremacy on a computational tasks and heralds the advent of a much-anticipated computing paradigm”, reads the paper via the Financial Times. “To our knowledge, this experiment marks the first computation that can only be performed on a quantum processor”, added the report. A big difference of the quantum processor from our advanced classical computers today is its ability to represent both zeros and ones variables at the same time which the classical computers can only process one at a time, this is what makes it powerful. As of the writing, Google has not commented nor gave any official statement on the matter.

<urn:uuid:11893693-66ae-4756-8afe-3b0bccf9eb59>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://techsbytes.com/w5lYnGdA

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

The dominance of Hollywood imagery in pop culture often obscured Mexico’s rich graphic images of the early 1900s. The gradual rediscovery of these populist images reveal a range and sophistication of graphics. Much of the Mexican graphic material being unearthed is the by-product of Spanish and French printing processes around since the 16th century to create devotional images for the Church. Printed art began with zest with the creator of the Catrina image, Jose Guadalupe Posada, now regarded as the father of Mexican print art. By the early 1900s, the widespread distribution of pulp magazines, newspapers, product packaging and posters of bull fights to wrestling provided imagery to a broader public forum than ever before. Once called low-brow art these images are sought by designers and collectors of print-based graphic art. The tourist industry provided another effusive source of printed matter. Brochures offered the glories of Mexico illustrating its natural beauty, architecture, landmarks and local charm. While foreign artists focused on stereotypes like a sleeping Mexican man or senoritas dressed in Spanish garb, Mexican artists preferred an authentic, if often exaggerated Mexico. Nationalist pride featured Mexico as a land of abundance: freedom, fruit, and femininity. The most distinctive mages to emerge from graphics are 1930s and 40s calendars. Here Mexican life, mythology, customs, dress and folklore are featured. The calendars, given for free by businesses, were often a home’s primary piece of art becoming a central piece of interior design alongside family photos and religious icons. Calendars models included Guadalupe, historical figures and movies stars. (Where else but a Mexican calendar could you view Oz’s Dorothy as a folklore dancer or Chinese-American actress, Anna May Wong, as an indigenous princess?) Calendar art built a past and present of Mexico understood by all levels of society. Graphic design on posters and packaging of the early 1900s through to today feature common elements including: - Animals – Anthropomorphized animals such as donkeys, roosters, and jaguars are very common in marketing as branding elements adding personality and playfulness to a design appealing to both adults and children. - Hand drawn elements – Having imperfections is humanizing and can be very refreshing in an industry fixated on perfection. - Bold colors – Clashing colors used in excess create wonderfully cheerful designs. - Flag Colors – The colors of the Mexican flag are showcase patriotism with green signifying hope and prosperity, white represents peace and harmony and the red symbolizes the blood of Mexican heroes. - Cacti – Found on everything from stationery to textiles, injecting the color and fun of the native flora. - Skulls – Very different from the Western symbolism of skulls being macabre, skulls are lively and celebratory intended to celebrate life. - The Devil – Depicted as comical and child-like appropriate for all ages, unlike the scary image featured in the North. - Fine Art – Fine artists such as Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo and José Guadalupe Posada are among many artists designers inspire to this day. Sadly, vast amounts of Mexican images have been lost to time and indifference though there are riches to be discovered. Hopefully the popularity of these visuals continue and new images emerge as graphic art again is enjoyed in the cultural fabric of Mexico. by Joseph Toone Joseph Toone is the Historical Society’s short-story award winning author of the SMA Secrets book series. All books in the series are Amazon bestsellers in Mexican Travel and Holidays. Toone is SMA’s expert and TripAdvisor’s top ranked historical tour guide telling the stories behind what we do in today’s SMA. Visit HistoryAndCultureWalkingTours.com, and JosephTooneTours.com. Source: San Miguel Times

<urn:uuid:83bed35e-e533-4a77-869c-128e81380915>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/07/18/mexicos-graphic-artistry/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

The subject of this sketch was a very peculiar man and many extraordinary events are connected with his life. It sometimes happens that there are types of men who draw to themselves but few friends, and yet they have a powerful influence over human society. Lawrence W. Scott was a man of this type. Lawrence W. Scott was born on May 29, 1846, at Morgantown, W. Va. Little is known of his parents or his early life in West Virginia. In 1863, at the age of seventeen, he left his native State and went West, and he finally located in Texas. He drifted around for a year or two in that State, with nothing much before him as a definite aim in life. He had a frail body, and he thought that the West would help him to build a strong physical body. At this time he thought nothing of his soul or Christianity; he was interested only in the material side of life. He finally was employed as a bartender in one of the saloons in Mount Pleasant, Texas. While in this employment he heard a sermon preached by old Brother Thomas Barrett. This put him to reading the Bible. He had never read the Bible and had not cared to read it before this time. He became profoundly interested in it. After he had read the Bible through, he then re-read the New Testament. He finished reading it through one night about ten o'clock. The next morning he arose earlier than usual and went to his place of business earlier than was his custom. When the owner of the saloon for whom he was working came in, Mr. Scott told him that he would not work for him any longer. His employer called for his reason, thinking that he had offended young Scott in some way. Mr. Scott replied : "You could not understand my reason, hence I will not take your time or my time to give it. I quit here and now." With these remarks, he walked out of the saloon and walked fifteen miles to Mount Vernon, Texas, where Brother Barrett lived, and stopped at the home of R. W. Holbrook's father. He announced that he wanted to be baptized. He was sick with chills and fever, and Brother Holbrook advised him to wait a few days until he was well. After a few days the delicate youth said to Brother Holbrook: "I walked fifteen miles to be baptized, and I want to be baptized." His kind host called for Brother Barrett and the elders of the church, and they went to the pasture and cut the six-inch ice to get into the water to baptize him. We may know that a young man who was delicate in health and sick must have had a very strong determination and deep conviction to obey the command of God under such adverse circumstances. This was one of the marks which distinguished Lawrence W. Scott from the common lot of men. He soon found employment in a printing office and worked there for some time. He continued the study of the Bible and religious subjects. He had no relatives in that country and no relatives who were interested in him. While working at the printer's trade he suddenly decided that he would go to school and improve his mind and preach the gospel. He did not reveal to any one the secrets of his heart or the determination of his soul. He simply announced to his employers that he was going to quit. As in the case of the saloon keeper, his employer asked for the reason for his quitting. He replied: "I have good and sufficient reasons, but you would not be, interested in them and I will not trouble you with them." He left Texas and went to Lexington, Ky., and entered Kentucky University. He remained here in school for a few years. No student was more diligent than Lawrence W. Scott. His ability was soon recognized and his peculiarities were overlooked by those who recognized in him extraordinary ability. Through his undaunted courage and his keen logical mind he soon took rank among the most scholarly men of his day. He never married and had no home. He did not want to be cumbered with family cares or home duties. He had dedicated his life to preaching of the gospel, and he was determined that no earthly ties or fleshly relations should interfere with his intellectual and spiritual activities. He never owned a home and never claimed any particular place as his home; he was a pilgrim upon this earth with no certain abiding place. Brother Scott was an able preacher of the gospel. His peculiarities were not observed while he was in the pulpit. He spoke with ease and grace before the public. His sermons were always logical and his method of presenting them was always followed with strict regularity. He preached much in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. He was not a successful evangelist in the popular sense of that term. His preaching strengthened the churches and taught them. He did not have enough of the enthusiasm to make him a successful evangelist. His life was well ordered and his work as a preacher built up the church rather than bringing new converts into the church. Brother Scott gave much time and thought to the evidences of Christianity. In fact, he had a specific and definite work, and that was the defense of the Bible. He had a number of debates with atheists and infidels. He met in debate the noted infidel, Doctor Stine, of Kansas, and Mr. Peterson, of Texas. He met these men frequently in debate, and the denominations bore testimony that he completely vanquished these opposers of the Bible. After his debates he prepared a series of lectures, and he traveled extensively and delivered these lectures on the evidences of Christianity. He traveled over a wide territory and visited many churches in many States. He received invitations from the leading denominations to come and deliver his lectures to their membership. Some of his friends thought that he did more good defending the teachings of the Bible with atheists and infidels than he had done in pulpit preaching. Brother Scott was the author of a number of books. He wrote and published the following books: "Handbook of Christian Evidence;" "The Texas Pulpit;" "The Devil, His Origin and Overthrow;" "The Great Crisis." At the time of his death he was gathering and preparing material for a book on certain phases of baptism. He was a clear and ready writer. In his Preface to his "Handbook of Christian Evidence" he says : "If any skeptic honestly disbelieves the Bible and the religion therein revealed, it must be for the want of evidence-no one has a right to disbelieve from any other consideration; therefore, I propound to all such three questions: (1) What evidence would it require to convince you? (2) What evidence has been adduced? (3) In case the religion of Jesus were true, what evidence could be adduced in its favor that has not been adduced? Before any book should be received as a satisfactory refutation of Christianity it should, first, define clearly the proof necessary to establish the claims of such an institution; second, set forth fully, clearly, and concisely all the proof that has ever been adduced in its favor; third, show conclusively that the proof adduced is either insufficient or irrelevant." The above is given to show that he was a clear thinker and analyzed his subject with more than ordinary accuracy. Brother Scott was never strong physically. In 1910 he became sick, and he went to the home of Brother J. D. Elliott and grew worse. A week before his death he went to Tioga, Texas, but was finally brought back to the home of Brother Elliott on May 5. He died on May 6, 1910, at the age of sixty-four. He was buried at Oakland Cemetery, Dallas, Texas. He lived a lonely life, with few mortal companions, but he ever lived with the Lord. His modesty and humility are seen in the last paragraph of his book, "The Texas Pulpit of the Church of Christ." After giving short sketches of all the preachers mentioned in the book, he has the following to say of himself: "Lawrence W. Scott would only say, of himself, that he is a Virginia-born, Kentucky-educated, Missouri-developed Texan, and was 'water-bound a while in Arkansas;' and, of the preachers, that there are, in the living pulpit of the Lone Star State, many other `able ministers of the New Testament,' some of whom he hopes to present in a future volume, and all of whom he hopes to meet in `the world to come."' -From Biographical Sketches Of Gospel Preachers, H. Leo Boles, Gospel Advocate Company, Nashville, Tennessee, 1932, pages 359-363, First Appearing in the Gospel Advocate, August 28, 1930, pages 830, 831. Lawrence W. Scott was known to the whole brotherhood of the churches of Christ through his books and writings, and to a large section of them by his travels among them. He was born at Morgantown, W.Va., in 1846. He came to Texas about 1863. He was employed as a bartender in Mount Pleasant there, and heard Brother Thomas Barrett preach. This set him to studying the Bible. He gave up his position in the saloon and walked fifteen miles to Mount Vernon, where Brother Barrett lived, and stopped at the home of Brother R.W. Holbrook's father. He want to be baptized, but, being sick with chills an fever, Brother Holbrook advised him to wait a few days and he would try to cure him. His agues "shook the house," and the weather was intensely cold. After a few days the delicate youth said to Brother Holbrook, "I walked fifteen miles to be baptized, and I want to be baptized." So Brother Holbrook called the preacher and an elder of the church, and they went to the water and cut the six-inch ice and baptized him. He secured employment in a printing office and worked at that trade for some time, went to Kentucky and worked his way through college (Kentucky University), and began to preach. Brother Scott was always frail, yet he lived to be sixty-four years old, and did a great deal of work. He has to his credit several good books, all having had a good sale. His "Handbook of Christian Evidence" is out of print, and he was arranging to have it reissued. He edited a book of sermons, "The Texas Pulpit," which is well known. His study of demonology, "The Devil-His Origin and Overthrow," is probably the only work of the kind by any of our brethren. His latest work was a study of the trials and crucifixion of Christ, "The Great Crisis." He also relieved what the tedium of hard study by jotting down what he was too modest to call poems, and the result was a book of rhymes. Brother Scott had done much in the defense of the Scriptures, having not only written a book on "Christian Evidences," but delivered lectures on "The Bible Against Infidelity" and held several debates with noted infidels. He me Dr. Stine, of Kansas, and Mr. Peterson, of Texas, and was credited by Baptist and other papers with completely vanquishing these opposers of the Book of God. He delivered his lectures over a very wide territory and in churches of nearly all the leading denominations, being an eloquent speaker in his younger days and a defender of the great truths held by all Protestants. Brother Scott spent most of his life in Texas. His labors were always fruitful. Notices of his early work show that he held meetings with fifty or sixty additions, and the last month of his life he held a short meeting and won several into the service of Christ. Only a few weeks ago he delivered a series of lectures on the "Jews" at Austin and at the Sabinal Bible School. He had an active and clear mind up until the end of his long, useful life, and a day or two before his death, when I commented on his continuing to produce books, he replied, "Yes, and I have several others in me clamoring to come out." He was gathering material for a book on certain phases of baptism, and expected to get it together at Paris, Texas, in June. He spent about three years lately visiting among his old friends and relatives in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, and had been back in Texas only a few months when he died. He came, as had been his habit, for over a quarter of a century, to the home of Brother J.D. Elliott, and here he gradually grew weaker, though not confined to bed. A week before his death he went to Tioga, where he was quite ill till brought back to our home on a stretcher. He came on May 5, and we summoned a fine doctor, and were advised to send him at once to a hospital. I waited on him all that night. He was persuaded to go Friday morning; he had a talk with Brother R.W. Holbrook that afternoon, and spoke of himself a a "ripe sheaf for the garner," but delayed making his will, as he did not realize how near the end was. He died peacefully at a little past midnight, May 6. His heart was very weak, and the frail body, after sixty-four years struggle to maintain life, succumbed. The funeral was held at Pearl and Bryan Streets Church, with a large gathering of Christians who desired to do honor to this old soldier who fell in the battle, though few present knew him personally. Brother L.S. White led in the funeral service, assisted by Gen. R.M. Gano, Joe S. Warlick, R.W. Holbrook, William J. Bishop, and J.B. Nelson. The service was simple and impressive, without much sadness, and there was not one relative of the deceased present, as all of them live too far away. Four of Brother Scott's oldest friends were present at the funeral -General R.M. Gano, R.W. Holbrook, and Mrs. J.D. Elliott, of Dallas; and J.L. Rutherford, of Mount Vernon. The burial was at Oakland Cemetery, Dallas. Brother Scott had in his pockets enough to pay all burial expenses, and we gave him a nice burial with a neat casket in a good part of Oakland Cemetery, and we hope to place a substantial stone to permanently mark the last resting place of a true soldier of the cross. I wish to write up a brief biography of Brother Scott, and I wish all of his old friends who may see this, and his numerous relatives, would sen me some item about him, which I might use in compiling his life story. My address is P.O. Box 307, Dallas, Texas. -William J. Bishop, Gospel Advocate, May 19, 1910, page. 612 A unique character, a brilliant and scholarly man, one who gave his life's work for the cause of his Master, was sick in our home, and died here in Dallas, Texas, without a relative near, only brethren and friends to administer to him and see that he was properly cared for and that he had a Christian burial. His body rests in Oak Lawn Cemetery in an unmarked grave. Many admired him, many loved him. I loved him for his work's sake. Shall we allow his grave to remain unmarked? No. I have in my hands a small sum left after paying all funeral expenses, to be expended in the erection of a suitable monument ot mark the grave of this good man. Not enough, however; so I am writing to ask those who knew and admired him to contribute to a fund for the purpose of erecting a suitable monument to mark that grave, not an expensive monument, but one to cost about two hundred dollars, which I think is a very modest sum. I do not believe in extravagance in this line; but our old heroes who have fought so long and been so faithful should be remembered. I am going to ask that all who desire a share in this work send direct to me their contributions. I will appreciate it if his old comrades and admirers will send a suitable inscription to be placed thereon. I will leave it to our local elders to select from all sent the most suitable one. I refer those who do not know me to Brother Joe S. Warlick and Brother L.S. White, Dallas, Texas. Receipt of all funds will be properly acknowledged. - by J. D. Elliott, Gospel Advocate, September 12, 1912 The Oakland Cemetery in Dallas, Texas is the final resting place of Lawrence W. Scott. The cemetery is located in the southern part of Dallas, Texas at 3900 Malcolm X Blvd. On I-45 south of Dallas take Exit 283, Martin Luther King Jr. and go east. Go about six or seven blocks and turn right on Malcolm X. Just after the 11th street on your left you will see the entrance to the Oakland Cemetery. The office sits in the front, and the entrance is from either side of the house (office). The actual cemetery gate will be behind the office. Head straight into the cemetery on Main St. and to the large obelisk straight ahead. The drive goes around the obelisk. Proceed past the obelisk to the end of the road and turn right. Go about 7 or 8 rows and stop. It will be the third stone in from the little road. While in the cemetery be sure to visit the grave of General R. M. Gano. or D.d. 32.763367, -96.755967 Grave Facing NW Section 8, NW 1/4 of Lot 19 (Zimmerman Plot) Oakland Cemetery: (214) 421-2244

<urn:uuid:b730ee49-1a5d-48fc-90e0-ca28f6fb78bf>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://therestorationmovement.com/_states/texas/scott,lw.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Rosacea is a common skin condition which affects many people. It commonly develops during the 20s and seems to get worse as each year goes by. The cause of rosacea is not fully understood although there are many factors and triggers which many cause rosacea symptoms. Often, dietary and lifestyle changes may be of benefit in prevent rosacea breakouts and flare-ups. Symptoms of rosacea Many people are not even aware that they have rosacea. The most common rosacea symptom is having a red flushed face but depending upon the type of rosacea, there are many other symptoms which include redness around the nose, broken capillaries like spider veins, swelling and painful sensitive skin, burning sensations in skin, acne-like breakouts and very oily skin with enlarged pores, bumps on skin and thickening of skin especially around the nose, sensitivity around the eyes which may be bloodshot, watery, dry and sometimes blurred vision. Types of rosacea Similar to other inflammatory skin concerns, such as eczema, acne and dermatitis, rosacea is a type of inflammation that shows up as a rash on the face. There are four types of rosacea which are: Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea which is the most common type with flushing, visible blood vessels Papulopustular rosacea which is often mistaken for acne with persistent bumps and pimples Phymatous rosacea which is most common in men and characterised by swelling, fluid retention, thickening skin around the nose and redness Ocular rosacea which is rosacea around the eyes Causes of rosacea There may be a number of factors responsible for rosacea which include: sun damage or UV radiation that triggers the development of visible blood vessels heightened inflammation possibly due to an overactive immune system microscopic mites called Demodex that live on skin’s surface may trigger an immune response genetics since rosacea does tend to run in families Natural treatments for rosacea Since rosacea is an inflammatory condition, natural remedies in the treatment of rosacea involves the use of anti-inflammatory herbs such as burdock and turmeric in supplements. These supplements can offer a safe and effective way to calm down inflammation and avoid the use of antibiotics for internal use which can disrupt the digestive system. Many of these herbs also display antimicrobial properties helping to fight bacteria, mites and fungi. Conventional topical treatments include the use of prescription strength azelaic acid and antibiotic creams. There are many creams for rosacea which work to calm down the inflammation and may also reduce the numbers of inflammation causing organisms that live on skin’s surface. Choose rosacea creams that are light and moisturise the skin since hydrating skin has been found to be beneficial. Sunscreens for rosacea are absolutely essential to wear daily on the face in order to prevent irritation from UV light which would cause redness and flare-ups. Rosalique’s 3 in 1 Anti Redness Miracle Formula soothes, hydrates, conceals redness and provides high levels of sun protection in a formula ideal for use for those with rosacea-prone skin.

<urn:uuid:efb1cedd-9bc6-451d-8375-ad8089e162c2>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://victoriahealth.com/health-concerns/skin-problems/rosacea/?sort=bestselling&page=1

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Shingles is the most popular term for the viral condition of the skin “chickenpox” from the name Herpes Zoster. It is actually the reactivation of the exact skin virus that causes chickenpox, so the name Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Chickenpox is a common occurrence among children while shingles is a problem for people of all ages, particularly those who have a weak immune system. In this article, we will discuss what it is, and as well as the most effective treatment options and cures to treat Herpes Zoster, the vaccine that stops it. Shingles – The primary infection or the spread of varicella-zoster (VZV) manifests as chickenpox among children. The primary infection is only experienced once. The virus causes itchy blisters to form, however there is a possibility that the infection will be symptomatic, though very rarely. What is the reason why it is named Saint Anthony’s Fire? Why is this illness so similar to chickenpox and called shingles? It’s called St. Anthony’s Fire because it has been the saint who is patronized by fire. fire is a reference to the burning fire of vesicles. Reactivation of latent infections Following the initial exposure to the varicella zoster Virus The immune system produces specific antibodies that neutralize the virus. It is nearly completely eradicated. Antibodies that combat the VZV virus appear within the cells within the immune system however, what remained of the virus is inactive (hidden) within the sensory ganglia of spinal cord or the cranial nerves. The virus may remain there for decades without ever activating itself again, but it isn’t discouraged as it’s continually waiting on the immune system’s ability to fail by weakening it. If you’ve had shingles at one time but it doesn’t suggest that your varicella virus will not be activated again. The reason is that having suffered shingles doesn’t protect you from reactivations later on. Are shingles infectious? Yes, patients suffering from Shingles may infect others but only if they’ve never experienced chickenpox or not been vaccinated for the disease. Infected people will contract chickenpox as it is their first contact to this VZV virus. There isn’t a risk of transmission to others suffering from chickenpox. The virus is the most infectious during the initial stages of formation of blisters, and after the blisters have disintegrated, they develop into skin lesions. Shingles no longer causes illness when lesions begin heal and scabs begin to form. The root of shingles is the weakening of immune defenses. Risk factors include years, stress, or any other trigger which can weaken your immune system of the body. The Varicella-Zoster Virus begins by causing the illness that is known as Varicella that is typically associated with children. As we age, our immune systems fail to remove the virus, which remains hidden within the nerves. In the nerves, VZV virus has been waiting for a chance to activate again, as we age or our immune systems weaken, the virus is reactivated and triggers Shingles. Initial Symptoms and Complications What are the first signs of Shingles? Initial symptoms include: Skin acne that cause red spots, blisters or boils Itching and pain that is constant The pain may start before the spots begin to appear. Herpes Zoster mostly affects the body, however in the event that it also affects the facial area, specifically the eye region, you must consult your physician immediately. The most common problems we encounter are: Ophthalmic herpes Zoster: shingles can also affect the eye and if you don’t immediately take action to seek a particular treatment, your eyesight could be impacted by serious effects. Postherpetic neuralgia: despite the fact that the skin lesions and spots have gone away completely, severe discomfort persists. It is a severe and disabling condition that is difficult to manage. Treatment and Vaccine The treatment for shingles is using anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications. The sooner the medication is given, the less severe the illness will be as well as the duration of the symptoms will be less. For those who are most at vulnerable, like those over 65, a vaccination is available to prevent the development of shingles as well as associated complications. Herpes Zoster: Risk Factors What are the risk factors and the epidemiology for Herpes Zoster? Here are some numbers that will provide you with insight into the frequency of the condition and the probability of being affected; 90% of people suffer from chickenpox. Of these just 10-20% are affected by Herpes Zoster. Herpes Zoster can be a common illness of the elderly. 2 out of 3 cases have patients over 50. The people who haven’t been afflicted with chickenpox are unlikely to develop shingles. On the other hand those infected with chickenpox may be at risk of return in the VZV virus and suffering from shingles as they age. Immune system protects the body however, some risk factors which could trigger shingles vary. Intensive exposure to sunlight. The diseases include AIDS. Long-term use of medications like corticosteroids and immunosuppressants (which can suppress your immune system). Physical and mental stress that is severe. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy (they may affect the immune system to fight infections). The most prominent sign of shingles is the appearance of itchy, painful skin rash. The rash manifests as the development of flat, red or raised patches which eventually transform into blisters or vesicles. The blisters develop for five days and then turn into pustules after they are filled with pus, and then form scabs. There are other signs associated with the rash: Acute, localized pain that is localized and severe. The patients describe the pain as an throbbing stabbing, burning pain that penetrates as if a needle was infiltrating the skin. Tingling and itching in the local area. Fever during the phase that causes eruption of vesicles. A feeling of general depression. Intolerance towards light. Sometimes, a pain may be felt on the left side the chest, as if was a cardiac origin, but it’s because of the vesicles. In rare instances, this disease can also cause motor paralysis within the area of nerves that are which are affected VZV virus. The rash that appears on the skin caused by Shingles can be preceded by the “prodromal” phase that lasts two to three days. In the prodromal stage, at times, the skin is red, and there’s a mild feeling of numbness. This can trigger the sensation of tingling, and that is the place where the blisters emerge. The prodromal stage can begin up to two weeks prior to the time that the first lesions begin to appear on the skin. Localized abdominal pain that is severe could occur in this phase when the typical VZV lesions don’t appear in the immediate time. In this situation it is recommended to wait for a couple of days. How long will shingles last? The infectious disease Herpes Zoster is a chronic condition that lasts for 7-10 days following the time the vesicles appear after which they begin to rupture and form scabs.

<urn:uuid:7b796d5b-40be-4292-ae40-056edf94497a>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://wemland.com/herpes-zoster-contagion-symptoms-cures/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

The value as recorded in a company’s books, in other words its accounts including its published balance sheet. Historically, the book value of an asset was generally its original cost less any depreciation or other write-down in value. This was distinct from - and could be very different from - prevailing market value, the fair market price which an asset might be expected to raise if offered for sale. (Or at which a liability might be settled.) In order to address the problems arising from differences between book values and market values, accounting practice has moved substantially toward a system of book valuation which is aligned more closely with market values. 2. Record keeping. A value recorded in an internal record of any kind, not necessarily accounting books and records. Distinguished from the current market value.

<urn:uuid:1741c6db-93e9-4fdf-a1ff-7050f229a36b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://wiki.treasurers.org/wiki/Book_value

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

SAFMEDS is an acronym for flashcards. It stands for “Say All Fast Minute Each Day Shuffled.” This acronym was applied by Ogden Lindsley, the creator of the Celeration Chart. It is a memorization method that has worked well for school and college students. On flash cards, you put the word on one side, and a brief answer (definition) on the other side of the card. Stack the cards. Go through them as fast as you can in a minute, putting aside the cards you do not know. Practice them. Then do it again. Chart your results. SAFMEDS is a flash card method to learn vocabulary. CyberSlate presents SAFMEDs using the grid. You see the word or the short definition. Say the word that is presented. Try to recall and say the word that should be on the other side of the flash card. Then press the Space Bar and see if you are correct. Press the correct or x key. At the end of the minute, you can see your score, and check your chart to see if you accelerated your performance. The word or definition appears. Say it and its opposite. Then press the Space Bar to check your match. You can select the practice screen prior to the minute, and rehearse the words and definitions using the same set of keys. CyberSlate keeps track of the unlearned selections and those that are mastered. At each session, it selects a mixture of the unlearned items and a few of the mastered items, shuffles them and presents them to you in random order. CyberSlate has a small dictionary of pre-selected SAFMEDs words and definitions. You email us the words and short definitions you wish to use, and we make up your card pack for you. If you are a CyberSlate Scholar, this service is free. Otherwise, the cost is $10 per pack (after the original CyberSlate registration.) The key to successful vocabulary building is relevance. Do not build decks of words that are “grade level”, but rarely used in your student’s classes. In content classes, find out when each section will be covered in class, and introduce the relevant deck a week or two prior to those classes. Use the practice option before each session until your scores are above 20 items per minute.

<urn:uuid:ebbfa112-94ec-41ce-a305-b9cbd2afa923>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.cyberslate.org/getting-started/buildiing-vocabulary-with-safmeds/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Geology of Ama-Ekpu Edda and Environs, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Ama-Ekpu Edda lies within the Afikpo-Basin, a sedimentary basin set up during the late cretaceous period following the santonian uplift in the southern Benue trough. From the the field study, the Local stratigraphy shows that the lithologic succession consists of black to dark grey shales and sandstone ridges. The sandstones ridge consist of fine to coarse grain that is finining upward. Palynological analysis from the shale samples collected from the surface outcrops in the area yielded a total of 210 palynomorphs, made of 9 pollen species, 5 spore species. The abundance of the pollen species of Longaperites sp, Monosulcites sp, and monocolpites margiriatus, the spore species of cyathides minor, Laerigatosporites sp, along with the dinoflagellate cysts species of leoisphaerida sp, Andallusiclla sp, and senegalium sp, and especially a high abundance of the foraminifera species Bolivina Anambra, suggest a nearly late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian age for the sediments. Based on the distribution of the palynomorph species recovered from the shale samples, the study area has been interpreted as an open marginal marine to estuarine environment at the time of sediment deposition occurring during a period of marine incursion. Hydrogeological investigation of the surface water collected at ufueseni River shows the presence of coliform which probably results from feacal deposits washed down the river through erosion. Keywords: Shale, Biostratigraphy, Palynology, Palynomorphs. Background to the study The study area Ama-ekpu Edda and its environs comprises of villages in Afikpo South Local Government of Ebonyi State. Communities within the studied area include; Achara, Amancho, Amangwu, Asaga, Amoba, Okpocha, Ekoli, Ebunwana, Ugwufiere, Ufueseni, Owutu, Ekeje, Letu, and Nguzu-Edda. This project work tends to evaluate the fundamental factors influencing the properties of cohesive soils within the study. These cohesive soils were largely found in Ama-ekpu Edda and nearby villages around. The study area, Ama-ekpu Edda, lies entirely in the Afikpo Sub-Basin, a depression set up subsequently with the Anambra Basin after the epierogenic event which folded and uplifted the Albian-Cenomanian sediments into the Abakiliki Anticlinorium. The Afikpo Sub-Basin is a coeval basin with the Anambra basin, both lying unconformably on the Santonian sediments of the Benue Trough, even though recent studies have revealed that pre-Santonian sediments occur within the basin. Sediments making up this basin include those deposited in the second depositional cycle from the Campanian to Maastrichtian. The study area is underlain entirely by the Nkporo formation, the basal lithostratigraphic unit of the Afikpo Sub-Basin. This formation as observed in the study area comprises of grey to black coloured fine-medium sandstone lenses. The shale underlying the study area has high organic content and gypsum. The gypsum occurring in the sediments are diagenetic minerals occurring as scattered streaks in the beds. It has been acclaimed for its highly fossiliferous nature of the shale, this work incorporates data from both palynological biostratigraphy and the more conventional foraminifera biostratigraphy, as tools in acquiring the age and depositional history of the sediments, providing thus, unbiased information. The lithological and microfaunal association of the Nkporo formation suggests a restricted shallow marine environment. A normal marine origin has however been suggested for the Asaga-Amangwu shale based on palynological evidences as obtained from palynological analysis, as well as a marginal to marine for the Nkporo formation, assigned a Maastrichtian age for the sediments of this formation based on mollusces and fish teeth from Asaga-Amangwu and Nkporo village suggesting an early Maastrichtian age for the sediments following an integrated study of foraminifera and palynomorphs; whereas, a late Campanian age was assigned to these sediments in from palynological analysis alone. While much of these works were obtained from regional studies, this work studies particularly the microfaunal association of the study area. 1.1 Aims and Objectives To make a detailed description of the different rock types encountered. To study the Geology and fossil analysis of Ama-ekpu Edda and use it to determine the age relationship between the lithologies encountered in the environment of deposition. To make a detailed study of the economic minerals potential of the area. To discuss the geology of the area, the lithofacies units, interpret and analyze the fossil assemblage encountered in the study area, and interpret the depositional environment. Constructing a geologic map of the study area. 1.1.2 Significance of the Study Why we went to the field is to add or support the knowledge to the existing knowledge of the area. 3. Location, Extent and Accessibilty The study area Ama-Ekpu Edda is located at Afikpo south local Government Area of Ebonyi state in south Eastern Nigeria. The extent of study or mapped area is bounded on the North and south by latitudes 5º50’N and 5º55’N of the equator and on west and east by longitudes 7º50’E and 7º55’E of the Greenwich Meridian respectively Fig.1 is the accessibility map of the study area.

<urn:uuid:32ae83b7-6979-4b95-b979-1337f09a41a4>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.projecttopics.org/geology-of-ama-ekpu-edda-and-environs-ebonyi-state-nigeria.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

BREAKING! German Research Reveals That New SARS-CoV-2 Variant A.30 Is Almost Totally Evasive To Antibodies Generated By Current Vaccines! SARS-CoV-2 A.30 Variant : German researchers from Georg-August-University Göttingen, the German Primate Center, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Hannover Medical School have found in that the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant A.30 is almost totally evasive to antibodies generated by current COVID-19 vaccines! The study findings were published in the peer reviewed journal: Cellular And Molecular Immunology By Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-021-00779-5 Although the A.30 variant (Also known as A.VOI.V2), which likely originated in Tanzania and was later detected in several patients in Angola and Sweden in February 2021 has been not been able to become dominant in circulation as a result of being displaced by the more transmissible Delta variant and its sub-variants, it along with the other worrisome variants like the Mu variant, Lambda variant and the R.1 variant are not totally out of existence yet as they have still been popping up in sequencings. Caution and constant surveillance is still needed as they can easily evolve to gain viral fitness and enhanced transmissibility or even recombine with a delta variant or sub-variant. The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the pathogen SARS-CoV-2, continues to wreak havoc in many countries, straining health systems and economies. Vaccines protect against severe disease and death and are considered by many so called ‘experts’ from the West as key to ending the pandemic. COVID-19 vaccines (and SARS-CoV-2 infection) elicit antibodies that are directed against the viral spike (S) protein and neutralize the virus. Alarmingly, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with S protein mutations that confer resistance to neutralization might compromise vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, emerging viral variants with enhanced transmissibility, likely due to altered virus-host cell interactions, might rapidly spread globally. The SARS-CoV-2 A.30 Variant study team investigated host cell entry and antibody-mediated neutralization of the variant A.30. For comparison purposes, the study team analyzed the Beta (B.1.351) and Eta (B.1.525) variants. These two variants were first detected in Africa, and the Beta variant, which is considered a variant of concern (VOC), shows the highest level of neutralization resistance among SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. When compared to the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 B.1, which circulated in the early phase of the pandemic, the S protein of the A.30 variant contains 10 amino acid substitutions and five deletions. All deletions along with four substitutions are found in the N-terminal domain of the surface unit S1, which harbors an antigenic supersite that is targeted by most neutralizing antibodies not directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Furthermore, three mutations are located inside the RBD, which binds to the cellular receptor ACE2 and constitutes the main target of neutralizing antibodies. #A9A9A9">SARS-CoV-2 A.30 enters certain cell lines with increased efficiency and evades antibody-mediated neutralization. a Schematic overview and domain organization of the SARS-CoV-2 S proteins studied. Abbreviations: RBD, receptor-binding domain; TD, transmembrane domain. b Pseudotyped particles bearing the indicated S proteins were inoculated onto different cell lines, and transduction efficiency was quantified by measuring virus-encoded luciferase activity in cell lysates at 16–18 h postinoculation. Presented are the average (mean) data from six to 12 biological replicates (each conducted with technical quadruplicates) for which transduction was normalized against SARS-CoV-2 S B.1 (= 1). Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM). The statistical significance of differences between B.1 and A.30, B.1.525, or B.1.351 was analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t-test with Welch correction (p > 0.05, not significant [ns]; p ≤ 0.05, *; p ≤ 0.01, **; p ≤ 0.001, ***). See also Supplemental information, Fig. S1b. c Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1, A.30, B.1.525, and B.1.351 by monoclonal antibodies used for COVID-19 therapy or an unrelated control antibody (Supplemental information, Fig. S1d). Pseudotyped particles were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C in the presence of increasing concentrations (0.00002, 0.0002, 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 2 µg/ml) of the indicated monoclonal antibodies or an unrelated control antibody before being inoculated onto Vero cells. Infection efficiency was quantified by measuring virus-encoded luciferase activity in cell lysates at 16–18 h postinoculation. Presented are average (mean) data from a single biological replicate (conducted with technical quadruplicates) for which infection was normalized against samples that did not contain antibody (= 0% inhibition). The data were confirmed in a separate independent experiment. Error bars indicate the standard deviation. d Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1, A.30, B.1.525, and B.1.351 by antibodies in convalescent plasma. Pseudotyped particles bearing the indicated S proteins were incubated for 30 min in the presence of different dilutions of convalescent plasma (n = 9). Infection efficiency was determined as described for Fig. 1b and used to calculate the plasma dilution factor leading to a 50% reduction in S protein-driven cell entry (neutralizing titer 50, NT50). Data from a total of nine convalescent plasma samples are presented (black lines and numerical values indicate the median NT50). In addition, for each plasma, the fold reduction in NT50 between SARS-CoV-2 B.1 (set as 1) and the indicated variants was calculated (gray bars indicate the median). The statistical significance of differences between the indicated groups was analyzed by a two-tailed Mann–Whitney test with a 95% confidence level (p > 0.05, ns; p ≤ 0.05, *; p ≤ 0.01, **; p ≤ 0.001, ***). e The experiment was performed as described in Panel d, but serum from ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZ/AZ; n = 23), BNT162b2/BNT162b2 (BNT/BNT; n = 12) or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 (AZ/BNT; n = 6)-vaccinated individuals was investigated. Numbers in the bar graphs “B.1 vs. A.30” and “B.1 vs. B.1.525” indicate the number of overlapping data points (dots) Importantly two of these mutations, T478R and E484K, are located close to the ACE2 binding site and E484K is known to reduce susceptibility to antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, two mutations are located close to the S1/S2 cleavage site, and one mutation is found in the transmembrane unit S2, which facilitates fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. The study findings alarmingly showed that A.30 exhibits a cell line preference not observed for other viral variants and efficiently evades neutralization by antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 vaccination. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cell lines depends on S protein activation by the cellular proteases cathepsin L or TMPRSS2, and activation by the latter is thought to support viral spread in the lung. Therefore, it is noteworthy that enhanced A.30 entry was observed for cell lines with cathepsin L (Vero, 293 T, Huh-7, A549 cells) but not TMPRSS2 (Calu-3, Caco-2)-dependent entry. Hence, one could speculate that A.30 might use cathepsin L with increased efficiency and slight (but not statistically significant) resistance of A.30 against the cathepsin L inhibitor MDL 28170 supports this possibility. Significantly, robust entry into cell lines was combined with high resistance against antibodies induced upon ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 vaccination. Neutralization resistance exceeded that of the Beta (B.1.351) variant, which is markedly neutralization resistant in cell culture and, in comparison with the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant, is less well inhibited by the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Nevertheless, heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination, which was previously shown to augment neutralizing antibody responses against VOCs compared to corresponding homologous vaccinations might offer robust protection against the A.30 variant. The study findings suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 variant A.30 can evade control by vaccine-induced antibodies and might show an increased capacity to enter cells in a cathepsin L-dependent manner, which might particularly aid in the extrapulmonary spread. As a consequence, the potential spread of the A.30 variant warrants close monitoring and rapid installment of countermeasures. For more on the SARS-CoV-2 A.30 Variant , keep on logging to Thailand Medical News.

<urn:uuid:4216a866-822d-46ba-87eb-acb45e45b0ee>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-german-research-reveals-that-new-sars-cov-2-variant-a-30-is-almost-totally-evasive-to-antibodies-generated-by-current-vaccines

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

The Copyright Amendment Bill (CAB) was passed by Parliament, despite widespread criticism and condemnation by informed commentators. The CAB was rejected by President Ramaphosa and referred back to Parliament with the direction that it be reviewed and amended where necessary. His objections mainly centred on the issue that it contained provisions that are in conflict with the South African Constitution and, more particularly, the Bill of Rights contained in Chapter 2, sections 7 – 39. 'Footing the bill' The term or expression 'footing the bill' can have several meanings or connotations when used in relation to the CAB. Depending on the context, the term 'Bill' can mean the CAB or the Bill of Rights. 'Footing the Bill' conveys the following: First, it can mean being landed with, or having to pay, the cost of something. Second, it suggests putting the boot into the Bill in the sense of criticising it or damaging it. Third, it can mean giving the Bill the boot, i.e. kicking it away or doing away with it. All these meanings of the term come into play in this discourse. Nature of copyright Copyright is a system which enables 'authors' (the term used in copyright to denote the creators of original works, whether they be writers, artists, composers and so forth) to control the commercial exploitation of their works and thereby to derive remuneration from their use. The French term for copyright is droite d'auteur, literally 'right of the author'. The term, 'author's rights' is indeed a synonym for 'copyright'. The author is the cornerstone of copyright and all rights conferred by it stem from, and generally vest initially in, the author. In a seminal copyright judgment ( Video Parktown North (Pty) Ltd v Paramount Pictures Corporation 1986 (2) SA 623 (T)), Goldstone J described copyright as being a 'bundle of rights'. This is an apt description. Each of the categories of copyright works, e.g. literary works, artistic works, musical works, are awarded a collection of exclusive rights for the benefit of the author; for instance, the right to reproduce the work, the right to publish it, the right to perform it in public, and the right to adapt it. The individual rights within the bundle can be exploited separately and individually. 'Copyright' and 'author's rights' are thus collective terms, describing a composite item. They denote a form of property, i.e. intellectual property, which is immaterial or intangible. As such, they fall within the scope and ambit of the controversial s25 of the Bill of Rights, the so-called 'property clause'. Copyright is considered to be a class of property protected by the property clause. The property clause In terms of s25(1), no law may permit arbitrary deprivation of property. The thrust of the section is to protect existing property rights or interests (including copyright) against certain forms of interference. According to the authorities, deprivation, as contemplated, entails any interference with the use, enjoyment or exploitation of property. Further, where property has various components, protection applies to even individual components, and not only to the whole. Thus, depriving a copyright owner of a component right of copyright – for instance, the right to control the whole, or a part of the whole right of reproduction of a work – amounts to a deprivation of property for purposes of the section. Such a deprivation diminishes the bundle of rights which make up copyright. The authorities say that a deprivation of property is arbitrary when brought about by a law in circumstances where there is not sufficient reason or justification for it. The circumstances to be taken into account must necessarily include whether the law in question, or a relevant provision of it, offends against South Africa's obligations under an international treaty. There can be no 'sufficient reason' to act in contravention of an international obligation in a country governed by the rule of law, as South Africa is. South Africa's international obligations in respect of copyright are imposed by the Berne Convention and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). These treaties require copyright protection to be granted to original works in a specified manner. The Copyright Act is in compliance with these obligations. The treaties allow exceptions, catering for the public interest, to be made to the scope of protection conferred by copyright, only in clearly circumscribed circumstances, namely when the so-called 'three step test' can be satisfied. The three-step test requires that: (1) the exceptions may only be granted in certain special cases. (2) an exception must not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work. (3) an exception must not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rightsholder. These tests must be applied consecutively, in the specified order. In other words, if the first test is not met, that is the end of the matter, and so forth. Three-step test and arbitrary deprivation The upshot of the aforegoing is that an exception to the copyright in a work that does not pass the three-step test will amount to an arbitrary deprivation in respect of that item of property, as provided for in s25 of the Constitution. In terms of the section, no law may breach this. The equation is straight forward: an exception that does not comply with the three-step test is unconstitutional. Exceptions to copyright The Copyright Act currently provides for various exceptions to copyright in sections 12 to 19B. For the major part, these exceptions are taken straight out of the Berne Convention, and they meet the three-step test. The principle applied by the Act is known internationally as 'fair dealing' with a work. Each exception is detailed in the legislation and there is a so-called numerus clausus, or closed list, of such exceptions. The list is now outdated and must be extended or amplified by further clearly defined exceptions that meet the three-step test, in order to meet contemporary reasonable requirements. The fair dealing principle in respect of exceptions to copyright is applied in the vast majority of countries in the world. The copyright law of the USA, on the other hand, applies a different principle to exceptions, known as 'fair use'. This principle is only applied in a handful of countries which are disposed to follow the American lead. 'Fair use' entails the empowerment of the court hearing a copyright infringement matter to decide whether, on the facts of the particular case, it is fair to condone the defendant's infringing conduct. Certain criteria that the judge must consider are specified, but in the final analysis, the judge is given a wide, almost unfettered, discretion to excuse just about any conduct in respect of a work from being copyright infringement on the basis that it is 'fair use' of the work. The uncertainty brought about by this system is manifest. The parties to a dispute, and the public at large, will only know the answer to this question in each specific case once the case has been taken through to its final conclusion and all appeals have been exhausted, a process that could take several years from the commencement of the dispute. It is widely accepted that the 'fair use' doctrine does not meet the three-step test. This seems self-evident, since it defies logic that a judge's general power to make an ad hoc discretionary ruling on the particular facts of a case can qualify as a "certain special case" for purposes of copyright legislation, and as required by the treaties. It must be pointed out that every exception made to copyright comes at the expense of the author or copyright owner of the work. His/her right to derive remuneration in respect to the particular right in the bundle is extinguished or diminished. This deprivation should not be granted lightly, nor should its ambit be wider than is necessary in the circumstances. The deprivation should only be imposed where it is clearly in the public interest. Before granting an exception, the legislature must weigh up the rights of the author/copyright owner against the public interest. This entails applying particularly tests 2 and 3 of the three-step test. If too liberal an approach is adopted towards the granting of exceptions, the incentive provided to authors to produce original works is taken away and the public interest suffers in the long run due to a decline in the production of works, which impacts on the development of the arts and sciences. In the CAB, the legislature seeks to bestow generous bounty on the public at the expense of the author, and in apparent disregard of his/her treaty-guaranteed rights. The result is that the balance between authors' rights and the public, who become free riders, is thrown drastically out of kilter. In the process, the legislature is riding roughshod over the threestep test and breaching our country's international obligations. Section 13 of the CAB deals with the question of exceptions. It introduces various new sections containing novel exceptions. The proposed new s12A causes the undisguised invasion of the alien American fair use doctrine into our law. It allows judge-made fair use measures to become law and, as stated above, it offends against the Berne Convention and TRIPS. It thus furthers arbitrary deprivation of property and is contrary to s25 of the Constitution. It should be deleted in its entirety. To the extent that s12A's subject matter is not covered by the proposed new sections 12B to 12D (there is presently a measure of duplication of s12A in them), these sections should be amended to incorporate some of the examples contained in s12A. This situation highlights the fact that sections 12B to 12D, which are essentially in the nature of 'fair dealing' sections, are overlaid by the 'fair use' provisions of s12A. Virtually every country in the world opts for one or the other of these systems. The CAB employs both, which is anomalous and excessive. The new sections 12B and 12D introduce new 'fair dealing' type exceptions and vary some of the existing exceptions. Each of these exceptions must be tested against the three-step test and where they do not satisfy that test, they must be removed or varied. By way of example, s12(1)(i) allows the making of a personal copy by an individual of entire works for non-commercial use without any qualification that the activity must be fair. Allowing unauthorised copying to this extent would destroy the market for most books. The exception does not meet tests 2 and 3 of the three-step test and the provision is unconstitutional. Similarly, s12D(1) permits a person to make multiple copies of works for educational and academic purposes, provided the copying does not exceed the extent justified by the purposes. This could allow a lecturer to make copies of all the salient parts of a textbook for each member of his class of one hundred students, thus making it unnecessary for them to each purchase the textbook. This could be justified on the basis that each student requires a copy of such material in order to follow the course. The sales of textbooks could virtually dry up in these circumstances, and the businesses of academic publishers and the livelihood of academic writers would be mortally affected by such activities. Conscientious application of the three-step test to these new exceptions will result in a large number of them not passing muster. The legislature appears to have given scant attention to the three-step test, assuming that it is aware of its existence and applicability. The CAB is a poor piece of draft legislation. It is infested with anomalies, inconsistencies, and incorrect or imprecise terminology and concepts. Above all, it is unconstitutional in many respects, as highlighted above. It must be reviewed in its entirety and redrafted by a committee of true copyright experts. 'Footing the Bill' as prefaced above comes to the fore in the following respects: (a) The CAB is detrimental and impoverishing to authors and copyright owners, and comes at a severe cost to them, which they are expected to pay. (b) The CAB does damage to constitutional property rights and puts the boot into the Bill of Rights. (c) Informed commentators are amply justified in severely criticising the CAB and putting the boot into it. (d) The CAB and the drafters warrant being "given the boot" and replaced. We are entitled to expect and to receive delivery of a firstclass Bill and should not have to accept the defective Bill which the legislature appears to find sufficient. (e) Bearing the cost of the constitutional litigation, for both the state (the tax payer) and private parties, which will surely follow in the event that the Bill, in substantially its present form and state, becomes law. Professor Dean is Emeritus Professor of the University of Stellenbosch and a practising Attorney of the High Court of South Africa.

<urn:uuid:d6069d12-cd56-400e-9b0c-dcc07dcada68>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.withoutprejudice.co.za/free/article/7374/view

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00191.warc.gz

en

Read labels to calculate the net carbs in food. Steve Mason/Photodisc/Getty Images When you eat a carbohydrate-restricted diet, it's important to know that not all carbohydrates affect your blood sugar and metabolism in the same way. The net carbs in a product equal the number of carbohydrates left when hard-to-digest substances such as fiber and sugar alcohols are subtracted from the total carbohydrates. It's simple to calculate net carbs from a food label. Look at the total amount of carbohydrates, and then subtract the number of grams of fiber and half the grams of sugar alcohols. Calculating Carbs from Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate that isn't digested by your body. As a result, it doesn't affect your blood sugar levels. So a food label that shows 10 grams of carbohydrates per serving with 5 grams of dietary fiber would only contain five net carbs. However, many foods that you'll find in the grocery store contain a minimal amount of fiber. A typical granola bar might have 44 grams of carbohydrates with less than 3 grams of dietary fiber, for a net carb content of 41 grams. Instead, opt for low-carb, high fiber options such as hemp hearts. They have just 3 grams of carbs in a 1-ounce serving, and nearly 100 percent of that is fiber. Calculating Net Carbs From Sugar Alcohols Despite their name, sugar alcohols contain no alcohol, making them safe for non-drinkers to consume. Instead, these sweet carbohydrates get processed from other sugars or occur naturally in foods. They have fewer calories than sugar and have minimal effect on blood sugar, because the body absorbs roughly half as much. For example, a sugar-free candy bar with 29 total grams of carbs and 18 grams of sugar alcohols would have 20 net carbs after subtracting half (9 grams) of the sugar alcohols. Don't go overboard with sugar alcohols. Because they aren't completely absorbed, they can cause gas or other unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects due to fermenting in the colon. Erythritol found in stevia and the sweetener blend Truvia is an exception. About 90 percent gets absorbed by the small intestine but is excreted in the urine, with the other 10 percent passing through the colon without fermenting. Calculating Carbs From Sugars Carbs in the form of sugars and starches convert to glucose, providing energy to the brain and central nervous system. However, any excess gets stored as fat in the body. When you see "sugars" listed under the carbohydrates on a nutrition panel, you know that the entire amount of the sugars will be absorbed and converted to glucose in your system, so do not subtract the amount from the total carbs.

<urn:uuid:71a6ec92-943b-4c4a-a4c2-b7079f5bd34b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://au.quelebris.com/817-how-to-calculate-the-carbohydrates-from-the-food-lab.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

I know that someone already used this cartoon, and that I also spoke about it during class, but i think that it helps to make a point that I happen to feel quite strongly about…. Much the same as what people have become increasingly afraid might today if the Federal Government becomes too involved in economic affairs by ‘over-regulating’ big business and the economy as a whole, this cartoon implies that some of the steps taken by FDR in the New Deal may have come dangerously close to a socialist state. Most notably, the National Recovery Administration (NRA) that was created to promote cooperation between big business and the government by implicating codes to regulate output, prices, and work conditions. Through the NRA, Roosevelt “Had repudiated the older idea of liberty based on the idea that the best way to encourage economic activity and ensure a fair distribution of wealth was to allow market competition to operate unrestrained by the government.” – pretty much a survival of the fittest type of situation. I think that President Grover Cleveland’s the idea that “The government should not support the people” and that, “Federal aid… weakens the sturdiness of our national character” speaks volumes about what true capitalism, for better or for worse, is really about. Actually, I believe quite strongly that many of the policies enacted by the New Deal are, today more than ever, serving as a crutch for the weak and lazy (for lack of a better term). Don’t get me wrong, I do understand that we might not all have what it takes to become billionaires, and that much of it can sometimes be out of our hands, but things like social security, and welfare – which were created to help a devastated population during the Great Depression – seem to actually be hurting more than they’re helping by “weakening the sturdiness of not only our national cgaracter, but more importantly our character as individuals… And that’s why I decided to expound on the point that I made during class earlier today.

<urn:uuid:6a07eba3-2608-4cc9-b37b-8c318705d56d>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005spring2011/tag/socialism-in-america/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Deaf and disabled people include wheelchair users, people with mobility impairments, hearing impairments, vision impairments, Deaf people who use British Sign Language, people with learning disabilities, those experiencing mental ill health, neurodiversity, other non-visible impairments and chronic health conditions. They are people who want to visit exhibitions, enjoy culture and heritage and should be represented in our collections and cultural organisations. Over three years, the History of Place project has run three museum exhibitions at MShed, Bristol, The Victoria and Albert Museum, London and the Museum of Liverpool about the lives of deaf and disabled people. We have also run events and workshops, with many particularly focused on young people. These two toolkit resources are aimed to share everything we have learned with the museums and heritage sector, to help make good access for disabled people the norm for exhibitions. Our Celebration document You may also want to look at our Celebration document, which describes everything we did in more detail, from an overview of programming to what worked and barriers to progress. This is full of useful lessons for anyone planning similar work. Toolkit one: Accessible exhibitions for all A guide to co-designing exhibitions with disabled people. This guide covers considerations ranging from: - creating content, and how to address how hidden deaf and disabled people can be in the historical record - considerations when creating a public programme of events - ethics and safeguarding - a guide to costs for braille guides, tactile plans, tactile models, audio description, BSL, bespoke display cases and other useful features - lists of organisations useful for funding, ideas and support - case studies from our three museum exhibitions. Toolkit two: Engaging deaf and disabled young people with heritage It is vital for deaf and disabled people to be at the heart of the project and for younger generations to be aware of their history. We have worked extensively with groups of young, deaf, disabled and non-disabled people to create a legacy which can be accessed by all. This includes a number of digital games, films, accessible exhibitions, creative workshops and events, which tell stories of deaf and disabled people through historic documents uncovered during archival research. Our toolkit covers: - recruiting a group of participants - working in partnership - choosing and adapting activities and making use of technology - a breakdown of costs for running workshops from craft materials to access requirements - case studies including our experience teaching young people to make a film and devise the content for a digitial game. This toolkit was compiled by Jayne Earnscliffe – visit her website here. Top tip: Most importantly, do it! Engaging deaf and disabled young people brings creativity, opens up audiences and adds different perspectives through alternative lived experiences.

<urn:uuid:42d85ee0-6a95-49e5-9051-c00e0c012d4e>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://historyof.place/toolkits/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Over three million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year, and that includes men as well as women. One-fourth of U.S. women and one-third of women worldwide will experience violence in her lifetime. What isn’t talked about, but is serious, is emotional abuse that ranges from withholding to controlling, and includes manipulation and verbal abuse. The number of people affected is astronomical. Emotional abuse is insidious and slowly eats away at your confidence and self-esteem. The effects are long term, and can take even longer to recover from than blatant violence. Facts about Abuse Here are some facts you should know: - Usually, abuse takes place behind closed doors. - Abusers deny their actions. - Abusers blame the victim. - Violence is preceded by verbal abuse. - It damages your self-esteem. The Typical Abuser You may not realize that abusers feel powerless. They don’t act insecure to cover up the truth. In fact, they’re often bullies. The one thing they all have in common is that their motive is to have power over you. This is because they don’t feel that they have personal power, regardless of worldly success. To them, communication is a win-lose game. Their personality profile is a person who is: - Often jealous - Needs to be in control - Blames their behavior on others How to Respond Most victims of abuse respond in a rational way. They explain themselves and believe that the abuser is interested in what they have to say. This lets abusers know that they’ve won and have control over you. You must design your own strategy and not react, thereby not rewarding the abusive behavior. You can do this by not engaging or by responding in an unpredictable way, such as with humor, which throws an abuser off-guard. You can also ask for the behavior you want, set limits, and confront the abuse. Most victims do the opposite and placate and appease an abuser to deescalate tension and risk of harm. It never works. Abuse continues. The Truth about Violence If you’ve experienced violence – and that includes shoving, hair pulling, destroying property – then it’s essential to get support and learn how to set limits. Abusers deny or minimize the problem – as do victims – and may claim that they can’t control themselves. This is untrue. Notice that they aren’t abusive with their boss – when there are consequences to their behavior. They also blame their actions on you, implying that you need to change. You’re never responsible for someone else’s behavior. You may recognize the Cycle of Violence: - Build-up of tension - The attack - Remorse and apology - A honeymoon period of loving gestures Sometimes, the threat of violence is all the abuser needs to control you, like a terrorist. The best time to abort violence is in the build-up stage. Some victims will even provoke an attack to get it over with, because their anxiety and fear is so great. After an attack, abusers say how sorry they are and promise never to repeat it, but without counseling to treat the underlying causes of the abuse repeat itself. DO NOT believe their promises. Why Victims Stay This is the reason why victims stay in a relationship. Statistics show that victims of violence endure up to seven attacks. The dominant reason is that they hope the abuser will change. After all, there are good times in between episodes of abuse. There are reasons why the person loves or did love the abuser, and often children are involved. Abusers can have a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde personality. Dr. Jekyll is often charming and romantic, perhaps successful, and makes pronouncements of love. You love Dr. Jekyll and make excuses for Mr. Hyde. You don’t see that the whole person is the problem. If you’ve had a painful relationship with a parent growing up, you can confuse love and pain. Victims also stay for the following reasons: - Nowhere to live - No outside emotional support - Childcare problems - They take the blame for the abuse - They deny, minimize, and rationalize the abuse - They love the abuser If you’re a victim of abuse, you feel ashamed. You’ve been humiliated by the abuser and your self-esteem and confidence have been undermined. You hide the abuse from people close to you, often to protect the reputation of the abuser and because of your own shame. An abuser uses tactics to isolate you from friends and loved ones by criticizing them and making remarks designed to force you take sides. You’re either for them or against them. If the abuser feels slighted, then you have to take his or her side, or you’re befriending the enemy. This is designed to increase control over you and your dependence upon him or her. Steps You Can Take It’s essential to build outside resources and talk about what’s going on in your relationship. A professional is the best person, because you can build your self-esteem and learn how to help yourself without feeling judged or rushed into taking action. If you can’t afford private individual therapy, find a low-fee clinical in your city, learn all you can from books and online resources, join online forums, and find a support group at a local battered women’s shelter. Do this even if it means keeping a secret. You’re entitled to your privacy. To avoid getting involved with an abuser when you’re dating, beware of someone who: - Insists on having his or her way and won’t compromise - Has outbursts of anger - Is rude to others - Criticizes you or your family - Is jealous or possessive - Is paranoid Pay attention to these signs despite the fact that the person is pursuing you and expressing love and affection. An abuser won’t risk becoming abusive until he or she is confident that you won’t leave. First, he or she will try to win you over and isolate you from friends and family. Often, violence doesn’t start until after marriage or the birth of a child, when you’re less likely to leave. If you’re threatened by abuse, call 1-800-799-SAFE. Some steps you can take to prepare for an emergency are: - Open bank and credit cards in your own name. - Have a safe place to go at a friend or relative. - Have a bag packed at that place with necessary valuables and important legal papers, passport, bank information, credit cards, phone book, and money. Also pack clothes for your children and some toys. - Alert neighbors to call the police if they hear loud suspect danger. - Make extra car and house keys. Hide a car key outside so you can get away. Remember, by not confronting abuse to avoid you risk losing someone’s love, you risk losing your Self. Darlene Lancer, MFT 2012 Darlene Lancer is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, specializing in relationships, codependency, and addiction. She has a broad range of experience, working with individuals and couples for more 25 years. Her focus is on helping individuals overcome obstacles to leading fuller lives, and helping couples enhance their communication, intimacy, and passion. She is a speaker, freelance writer, and maintains private practice in Santa Monica, CA. For more information, see http://www.darlenelancer.com to receive a FREE ebook, “How to Be Assertive,” and find links to her books, Codependency for Dummies and ebook, “10 Steps to Self-Esteem: The Ultimate Guide to Stop Self-Criticism.” You can follow her on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/codependencyrecovery. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Darlene_Lancer

<urn:uuid:5bb9cae0-d03c-4fef-9c19-fbf36415924f>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://hypnosisvancouver.com/2013/12/04/the-truth-about-domestic-violence-and-abusive-relationships/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Home Economics Teacher Quality In Zimbabwean Secondary Schools Good health is fundamental to proper, effective and efficient learning and, consequently, to the socio-economic development of any nation. A poorly nourished nation is lethargic, and economically unproductive. In recognition of the part played by health in national development, the Ministry of Education and Culture in Zimbabwe is promoting Food and Nutrition (FN) as one of the subjects of the curriculum in secondary schools. The teaching of FN like any other technical subject demands, apart from..equipment, well trained-and dedicated teachers who are alert to the rapid changes in the world today and are prepared to keep abreast of new developments by updating their own knowledge and skills. This study was undertaken to identify home economics (HE) teacher quality attributes in Zimbabwean secondary schools. Special emphasis was placed on personnel requirements for effective teaching of FN. Full Text LinksNkungula, Alice (1990) Home Economics Teacher Quality In Zimbabwean Secondary Schools. ZJER, Vol.2 no. 3. Harare, Mt. Pleasant : HRRC. Human Resource Research Centre, (HRRC), University of Zimbabwe. University of Zimbabwe

<urn:uuid:891c8463-41a1-4d86-82a8-68b6b31c3e4e>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://ir.uz.ac.zw/xmlui/handle/10646/1573

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Thesis Title: HARD TIMES - HARD BALL THE CAPE BRETON COLLIERY LEAGUE 1936-1939 Author: D. James Myers 6 inherited loyalties and traditions. Their strength was nurtured by a common workplace and constant struggles with the coal companies to obtain a decent standard of living. We shall see that the local people who owed their living t o the wages of the miners were supportive, which led to strong community. During the 1920s solidarity was developed through a strong sense of union radicalism. However, during the 1930s cracks began to show in the solidarity of the labour movement as the United Mine Workers were challenged by the Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia. Chapter III follows the 1936 baseball season as the Colliery League moves from the ranks of amateur play to those of professional play. It is necessary to understand the importance of the 1936 season as events which occurred during this season would lead to prof essional baseball in 1937. Much of the baseball information for this chapter and others is found by examining the Svdnev Post Record and News for the appropriate period. We shall observe the effort necessary to run a baseball team, including the procurement of players and the constant struggle to raise the necessary funds. This chapter will present the reasons why the Colliery League wished to import players and its struggles t o irnprove the calibre of play. Chapter IV initiates the reasons for the move to professional baseball by the teams of the Colliery League. Included will be figures showing the popularity of the League 7 with the fans. The chapter will deal with the violent action of the fans and players during the four year history of the Colliery League as a semi-professional and professional circuit. We will examine the ideals on which President , Judge A. D. Campbell, wished the League to be perceived. He desired players of high moral standards who would pass on strong moral messages to the children of Cape Breton. Monetary problems were a constant dilemma of the teams of the Colliery League and Chapter V will deal with the lack of funds and methods the cornmunity took to deal with this problem. Running a ballclub in the low minors was a difficult prospect and the Colliery League required the support of a large section of the population to survive. This chapter will also examine the role of women. blacks and natives in relation to the Colliery League. In his book Northern Sandlots, Colin D. Howell has devoted a chapter "Gendered Baselines: The Tour of the Chicago Blacksto~kings,~ to the role of women in Maritime baseball showing not only positive aspects but how these women were excluded £rom the game of baseball .15 His chapter, "The 'Others : Race, Ethnicity, and Community Baseball, examines the exclusion of blacks and native people from white cornmunity baseball.16 The last chapter brings a close to the Colliery League as the begiming of the Second World War would prevent the "~owell, Northem Sandlots, 74-97. . - -"Ibid., 171-196. 8 importation of American players due to travel restrictions. We shall examine some of the positive aspects of the League as it brought various classes of people together to run the teams. The League provided the community with a break from the monotony of work and a topic of discussion for after the games and during the off season. My argument is that the League added to the sense of community found in the t o m s of industrial Cape Breton by bringing people together in a common love of the game of baseball. Through the game of baseball people in the industrial communities came together to work for the success of their respective teams and the League. Baseball gave the hardworking people of industrial Cape Breton a break from the monotony of everyday work and the topic of conversation for the whole year. BASEBALL AND PLODDERS Sport can play an important part in the development and maintenance of community. The Island of Cape Breton has a long history of involvement with sport in general and baseball in particular. Prior to examining the role baseball and community played in the development of island communities, we shall outline a short history of baseball on Cape Breton Island. Baseball was being played in Cape Breton p r i o r to 1900. The popularity of the game increased following the organization of the Dominion Coal Company and the opening of the Steel Works in Sydney and Sydney Mines. The game was being played in Glace Bay, Dominion and Reserve and was very popular in New Aberdeen and Bridgeport.' B y 1905 teams in Sydney, Sydney Mines, Reserve Mines and Glace B a y w e r e importing player~.~ The League was t o continue until 1907 with Glace Bay importing the majority of players from Fredericton and the Reserve players f rom Saint John. ' Some American players were imported with Glace Bay obtaining @'Sadn Sam on es' who in 1914 would pitch with Cleveland of the American League followed by stints with Boston, New York, St. Louis Browns, Washington and C h i c a g o . Jones retired i n 1925 with a record of 229 wins and 217 lossed The next attempt a t professional baseball in Cape Breton occurred during the years 1913-1914. Interest was such in Sydney that a new park w a s built at Victoria Park. Sydney imported six players f rom the United States plus Gee Ahearn of Halifax, a newspaperman, later mayor of Halifax. Clarie Demont, employed by the Sydney Record, led the League in stolen bases. DeMont was later elected to the Nova Scotia Sports Hall of Fame for h i s track and wrestling ability. :~.~.MacDonald, R.P. Campbell, eds., The Diqest vol. 1 (Sydney, Commercial Printers Ltd., 1938), 1. '~owell, Northern Sandlots , 133. 'The Disest, 4. '~ohn Thorn and Peter Palmer eds., Total Baseball (New York: Warner Books, 1989), 1769. 'Ronald H. McIntyre, The Colliers Tattletale (Antigonish: Formac Publishing Co. Ltd., 1980) , 160. Other teams in the League were Glace Bay, Dominion and New Waterford, but the League disbanded in 1914 when practically the whole Glace Bay team enlisted in the armed f o r c e d The editor of the Sydney Record wrote in 1905 that professional baseball would encourage idle habits among the working class. They were already busy w i t h sports, picnics, excursions and holidays which took people away £rom the workplace. ' The Dominion Coal Company hoped to discourage attendance at games which often reached 800. These games started before five otclock and were disrupting work because the miners finished work early to attend the games. The miners would not switch the games to Sunday because of religious objection^.^ By 1925 teams £ r o m the Hub, Table Head, Sterling, Dominion, Reserve and New Waterf ord were competing in a league using local players. Caledonia, Reserve , New Waterf ord, Sydney and the Glace Bay Pontiacs with some imports formed a new league in 1927. Teams from Springhill, Westville and Halifax plus some teams £rom the United States visited Cape Breton and helped improve the level of play by providing a higher calibre of cornpetition. In 1933 Dominion joined the '~ewspaper clipping (no publisher or date known) from the collection of R. C. DeMont son of Claire D e M o n t . -colin D. Howell, IrBasebalI, Class and Comrnunity in the Maritime Provinces" Histoire Sociale - Social Historv, vol, XXII, no. 44 (November - December, 1989) , 281. 'william Humber, 'Toiling in the Maritime Minors. Cape Breton8 s Coal Mining League" Dusout, II, 1, (April/May, 1994) , 7. League followed by Sydney Mines in 1935. At this t i m e , it was decided to permit three import players for each team.' Along with teams in the Colliery League, Sydney, Glace Bay, N o r t h Sydney, Sydney Mines, Reserve, Dominion and New Waterford had intermediate, junior and juvenile teams. The small rural mining tom of Inverness had registered an intermediate and junior team with the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association (N. S .A.B .A. ) . Midget baseball was played in a number of schools. Softball was popular and there were five ladiest teams operating in the district. Children in Cape Breton, like so many children in North America, dreamed of playing baseball. A large number of open spaces facilitated play for these children as long as something resembling a bat and ball were available. Boys who were small, fast and agile could perform against larger opponents with an excellent chance of success. The popularity of sport in the culture of Cape Breton encouraged boys to play baseball . E d Gillis played baseball as a child growing up in New Waterford. 1 was playing over in this f i e l d a lot. There was an old fellow not far from where we lived and he had a big farm there and about five or six cows . . . at night he d put them in the field where we were playing ball ... There was al1 little bumps al1 over the field and we had about two baseballs, and they were taped balls, they put tape on them, black tape, hard . . . And everyone was playing ball ... we were education in the Kentville school system. During the summers he coached junior and senior teams throughout Nova Scotia and Cape Breton and conducted baseball clinics for children. Through a chance meeting with Jeff Jones, chief scout in the Eastern United States and Canada for the Milwaukee Braves, Gillis became a scout for the Braves. When Jones left the . - Braves for the St . Louis Cardinals, Gillis went with him. -- The highlight of his coaching career occurred in 1985 when he coached the Kentville Cardinals to the National Amateur Baseball Championship, the f i r s t time a Nova Scotia team won . - this honour . -' In Nova Scotia, Eddie Gillis is known as "Mr . Baseba1l1I, a title richly desenred. Children were not the only people obsessed with the game of baseball. Adults in Industrial Cape Breton spent a great deal of time watching and discussing baseball. Max Cullen, a player with the Sydney Mines Ramblers, talks of this interest. Oh the people talked nothing but baseball. They would corne into my shop (barber shop) on Beech Street and talk baseball. Everywhere in tom, that's what they talked about. On games in the afternoon, the miners would go to the games and forget about work. The pit would not work. To get money for the game they went to the Company store and got boots on the check- off. Then they went uptown to sel1 the boots . They paid for the game and gave the rest (of the money) to their wives . . --Burton Russell and Stan Cameron, eds., Nova Scotia Sports Personalities (Kentville: Burton Russell, 1975), 63-9. . - -'Interview with Ed Gillis, 14 November 1991. for bingo. l3 Sport, particularly baseball, was of great importance to the citizens, young and old of Cape Breton. The Colliery League in 1935 decided to import three players per team. New Waterford obtained two pitchers and a catcher; Caledonia, two pitchers; Sydney, three players from Saint John. The Sydney Mines Ramblers imported catcher Nelson Deveau who later would catch for the Liverpool Larrupers, winners of four straight Maritime championships beginning in 1938. This seemingly minor move of importing three players per team would have far reaching consequences to the playing of amateur baseball in Cape Breton. . - -'Interview with Max Culien, Sydney Mines, N. S., 16 November l99l. -TER 1 A SEARCH FOR COMMUNITY To saythe Colliery League was community-driven requires a definition of community which is not easily obtained. George A. Hillery found ninety-four definitions of community in his research.: Included in these definitions was community consisting of persons in social interaction within a given geographic area. Community consists of three categories: group solidarity, geographic area and a combination of the two called socio-geographic . ' Communities are based on fixed and bounded territory, social relations within a territory and a shared identity. They are constant ly moving concepts consisting of polit ical and social issues. The acts of individuals may be constrained by the action or lack of action of otherd Community requires a locality, a local society and a process of local collective actions, The substance of community is social interaction and this interaction occurs in a number of ways .' People must live together and interact on '~eorge A. Hillery Jr . , "Def initions of Community : Areas of Agreement, !!Traditions and Culture in the Cape Breton Mining Community in the Early Twentieth Century, Cape Breton at 200 ed. Kenneth Donovan (Sydney, NS: University College of Cape Breton, 1985) , 204. sr el Muise, IlThe Making of An Industrial Community: Cape Breton Coal Toms 1867-1900ft1 Cape Breton Historical Essays eds. Don Macgillivray and Brian Tennyson (Sydney, NS: University College of Cape Breton Press, 1980). 76-84. hospitals in the area. In spite of their charitable works, the general population of miners and workers viewed the clergy as members of the elite. During the 1920s the clergy stressed conservative themes and denounced the labour leaders. A small number of clergy did support labour including J.J. Tompkins, a vice-president at Saint Francis Xavier University, who attempted to implement progressive policy with educational clubs and a labour college. In spite of these attempts at labour support, many of the miners had lost faith in the church.' Industrial Cape Breton was the only area east of Montreal to engage in protracted industrial unrest and to support alternative political representation. For Nova Scotia, the mining communities represent a deviance that is most striking given the basic conservative political and social system of the province. Not to be forgotten in the development of cornrnunity in industrial Cape Breton was the constant conflict with the coal companies. This conflict led to a united front and a high level of worker solidarity. The coal companies had great influence on the lives of the toms for they dominated the local labour market along with owning the company stores and company houses. Troops were sent to the Cape Breton coal fields in 1876, ' ~ r a n k , "Traditions and Culture, " 210. '~avid Frank, t1 Company Town/Labour Town : Local Government in the Cape Breton Coal Toms, 1917-1926, " Histoire Sociale-Social Historv, XIV, 27 (Mar-May 1981), 177. 1882, 1904 and 1909, These troops merely antagonized the working class, a prime recruiting area for the mi1itary.- After World War 1 the rniners had high expectations but t h e coal industry was on the edge of collapse. The rapid expansion of the coal industry ended with the war and was now in decline. The Nova Scotia coal industry had two major weaknesses: its distance £rom markets and the wastability of the market. In this climate of economic uncertainty the miners and the British Empire Steel Corporation wanted to change the terms on which labour was bought and sold i n the coal industry. Wages were sixty percent of production costs; a reduction in wages would lead to an increase in the margin of profiLa In the early 1900s the Provincial Workmanls Association united workers in the coalfields throughout Nova Scotia. The power in the P.W.A. was held by district sub- councils and workers were rarely discouraged from going on strike. Decentralization aided local militants who in many cases sympathized with socialismg but by 1908 District 26 United Mine Workers of America represented 12,000 mines in o on Macgillivray, Wilitary Aid to the Civil Power : The Cape Breton Experience in the l92Os, Acadiensis, III, 2 (Spring, 1974) , 4 9 . '~avid Frank, "Class Conflict in the Coal Industry Cape Breton 1922," Essavs In Canadian Workins Class Histow, eds. Gregory S. Kealey and Peter Warrian (Toronto: MacLelland & Stewart, 1976), 162. '~ichael Earle, IlThe Coalminers and Their 'Redt Unions: The Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia, 1932-1936,t1 LaboudLe Travail 22 (Fa11 1988) , 100. 42 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, These workers demanded substantial improvements in their standard of living and a growing interest in improving social conditions. Consumer prices were rising and the employment conditions were unsteady. Better housing and sanitary living conditions were required along with better working conditions in the mines. The end of the war saw labour unrest grow in the mining district along with a spirit of independence and cohesion ' 1 among the population.-" In the years at t h e end of the First World War residents of the coal toms challenged the power of the coal company. The Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia won union recognition, wage increases and an eight hour day. Labour candidates achieved unprecedented success in the coal toms, winning control of tom councils which in the past had been dominated by company officiais. The councils began to distinguish between the interests of the community and the - company. - - In 1918 James Ling of New Waterford became Cape Breton's first labour mayor and was elected £ive times. By 1919 there were seven miners on the Glace Bay t o m council; in Sydney Mines and on County Council labour candidates won limited control of t o m council. In 1923 Dan William Morrison was elected mayor of Glace Bay and was also District President of United Mine Workers for f ourteen years . The councils began ." -"Frank, llClass Conf lict , 165. . . --Frank, Vompany Town, 179. 43 to show their working class influence. They objected to evictions from company houses, protested high coal prices, requested free coal for families on the poor list and took up the grievances of retired and injured workers. In Sydney Mines and Glace Bay, council was successful in raising company taxes. The nature of class conflict in the coal towns tended to unite most members of the community around the interests of the working class population. Most local businesses were small and they could not leave the towns. Most of their capital was committed and they had extended credit to the miners. When the miners were without work and could not pay their bills, hostility was vented by small merchants towards the coal company. While having the support of the workers and small business, tom councils challenged the coal company on various civic issues and in times of crisis actually took the rniners ' side. l2 Working class unity was built by the physical conditions of working in a mine with hard work and danger. The miners had control over their work and work place due to isolation. With the Coal Miners Regulation Act miners had the right to appoint two men to inspect the mine. The miners had the right to propose changes to the Mines Department. There were elected check weighmen who guaranteed the miners interests at the scales. The weighmen were paid by the rniners through deductions from earnings, and were elected annually, often being injured or a worked blacklisted by the company. A Pit Committee, three men elected by the union m e m b e r s at each colliery, represented the men at inquiries into accidents and the constitution of United Mine Workers District 26 provided the cornmittees conduct regular inspections of the mines. The most important function of the Pit Committee was to adjust disputes and grievances as they arose in the course of the day or as they w e r e presented at union meetings. The * - Pit Committee negotiated directly with the minets manager.-' During January of 1922 the British Empire Steel Corporation reduced the miners' wages by thirty-£ive percent. The miners proposed to strike and on August 16, Roy Wolvin, B.E.S.C.O. President, requested military intervention because the walk-out would include maintenance men who were required to keep the mines from flooding. D.W. Morrison, Mayor of Glace Bay and a Labour member of the Legislative Assembly refused the request but County Court Judge Duncan Finlayson requisitioned troops under the militia Act. The two arguments presented for the use of troops were the strike included maintenance men and the mines would not be protected. There w a s fear of the radical union led by JmB* McLachlan and "Redv1 Dan Livingstone; the coal company f eared a revolution. Wolvin "~avid Frank, Vontested Terrain Workers Control in the Cape Breton Mines in the 1920s, l1 On the Job: Confrontins the ab& Process In Canada, eds. Craig Herron and Robert Storey (Montreal: McGill-Queen s University press, 1986) , 106. - 45 wanted twenty-five hundred troops and naval forces.'' During this tirne the miners displayed a high degree of discipline and determination. The strike was settled by August 26 and the miners felt settlement was brought about by use of force. The miners and their families were hungry and it appeared the Federal and Provincial Governments favoured B.E.S.C.O. The military heightened the tensions; the strength of the union leadership ensured discipline and there were no arrests. During June 1923 B.E.S.C.O. refused a wage increase, decreased the hours of work and refused to recognize a steelworkersl union. The steelworkers went on strike on June 30 and once again Judge Finlayson requisitioned troops. The steelworkers had a weak organization and on the first evening a confrontation broke out between strikers and representatives of the Company. Troops f ired over the heads of the crowd and the strikers threw rocks. The next day Mounted Police charged a crowd of people in Whitney Pier. Some of the recipients of the police charge were women and children returning from . - church. -' Eighty-f ive hundred miners walked out in support of the steel workers along with sympathy strikers in Pictou and in the coalfields of Alberta. On July 29 the miners returned to work followed by the steelworkers on July 31. The steelworkers had no effective union organization and discipline. It is possible the troops increased violence - 1) -'Macgillivray, Militaw Aid, 50. "1bid. , 56. 46 because it was after the arriva1 of the troops that the miners joined the strike. During the autumn and winter of 1924-25 the economy was sluggish for the Island% steel and coal industries with direct and dire consequences for the workers and their families. hnployment in the mines was sparse and those who were working were only managing one or two shifts a week. The situation was made worse when B. E . S . C. O. terminated al1 credit at its company stores. Faced with little work and less food the miners reluctantly went on strike in March. By April 1, many families were dependent on donations f r o m across the country merely to stay alive. The Federal Government refused to intervene. On June 11, 1925 a clash between miners and B.E.S.C.O. police a t New Waterford resulted in the shooting death of one miner and the serious wounding of another. Five miners were hospitalized along with thirty policemen. Again Judge Finlayson requisitioned troops and violence followed t h i s action. There was raiding, looting and burning throughout the month of June. Many company stores were looted and several burned to the ground? The troops were used for intimidation but they intensified the feeling of the miners who showed organization and solidarity. The military gave the radicals in the union a strong platform. The troops increased the anger and despair felt by the workers and Provincial Governments. towards the Island A DECLINE IN RADICALISM During the 1920s many prominent radicals w e r e expelled f rom the U.M. W .A. including J. B. McLachlan, perhaps the most popular of t h e left-wing mine worker radicals. " The right wing under the leadership of John L. Lewis had gained control of the International. These moves to expel left-leaning labour leaders was not forgotten in Cape Breton. The most effective ideological opposition to left-wing politics came from the Antigonish Movement which spread to Cape Breton in the 1930s t o counteract the spread of cornmunism. It combined adult education with the building of credit unions and consumer CO-ope rat ive^.'^ The movement was founded by Father James Tompkins in conjunction with the Extension Department of Saint Frances ~avier University. The movement grew under the direction of Father Moses Coady. In 1930, study clubs began appearing in the mining toms of Cape Breton and they would serve as a great antidote t o the extreme radicalism that was prevalent in the ares? The Antigonish Movement worked the middle ground between the excessive individualism of the right and the mass approach of - - - 'Earle, "The Coalminers , If 111. . - -'Ibid. , 105. i d . , 157. the left.2"t was an option for those who rejected a purely political approach to social and economic problems. The local parish priest would organize a meeting of twelve members, both men and women. They would choose a clearly de£ ined goal - formation of a credit union, a co- operative store or a marketing co-operative, any project that would result in economic action. The Extension Department would provide books, pamphlets and leaflets on the topic being studied and once a year a volunteer leader would be invited to take a short course at the ~niversity.'~ Ali. the clubs in the area met monthly to compare progress, identify problems and formulate a plan of action. Women were members of the clubs and served as extension workers. The CO-operative movement was seen as crucial in stemming population emigration particularly if economic reconstruction could improve the quality and amenities of homes in rural areas. ' 2 In 1931 DOSCO was to close mines and lowering wages and were inflexible in these demands. The miners could not strike for they would get no support f rom the United Mine Workers of America and their president Lewis. To combat the Company and Lewis, the miners at Phalen Wall, Reserve, Glace Bay Mechanics "~im Lotz, "The Historical and Social Setting of the ~ntigonish Movement , t1 Nova Scotia Historical Ouarterlv (1975) , 103. 2'~rnest Stabler, Fouriders, Innovations in Education 1830-1980 (Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press, 1986), 157-167. 2i~arle, The Coalminers, 118. Victory and 1B locals voted to break with U.M.W. forming the Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia honouring the name of the union in existence in 1917-1919. The new union had a strong leadership at the local level . Al1 elected leaders were working miners who had records of opposing the U.M.W.A. They controlled the rank and file miners and were very militant. The U.M.W. had a strong tendency towards decentralization and local autonomy and used their strength to build a strong militant base. The weakness of the n e w union was the difficulty in developing united action and a consistent policy. They were also weak f inancially with no check-of f in place for union dues. The leaders of A.M.W. were under the influence of communist ideas and a leading handful were party memberd3 By 1936 there was a need for unity between the two rival unions. On April 26, 1936 the A.M.W. voted itself out of existence and the miners returned to the U . M . W . 2 4 In August, 1938 the United Mine Workerç affiliated with the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, a move supported by both the right and left wings of the union.'5 The trade union movement in Cape Breton portrayed a ''~avid Frank and John Manley, "The Sad March to the Right J. B. McLachlanls Resignation £rom the Comrnunist Party of Canada, 1936" ~abour/Le Travail (Fall, 1982), 118. " - M . Earle and H. Gamberg, l'The United Mine Workers and the Coming of the C.C.F. to Cape Breton," Acadiensis XIX, 1 (Fall 1989) , 3 . 50 strong sense of independence and self-determination. The miners in Cape Breton had a strong sentiment for independence from outside control so much so that the Amalgamated Mine Workers never af f iliated with the Workers Unity League. A desire for decentralization, autonomy of the locals from the district organization was accomplished by breaking from the United Mine Workers of America. The Amalgamated Mine Workers disagreed with the direction of Nova Scotia Affairs by the United Mine Workers international executive . 26 When John L . Lewis, President of United Mine Workers of America deposed J. B. McLachlan and the 1923 District 26 executive m a n y of the miners felt this a great injustice and reason to form their own union. In 1932 the Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia was f ounded. It passed control of a£ fairs to the rank and file members and therefore would be much more militant. One of the new union's first acts was to abolish check off dues; dues would be paid but not by automatic deductions . 2 7 This policy failed badly because the miners did not have the money to pay dues; they were too poor. United Mine Workers had their own strengths in the battle with the new union. They had a contract with the coal company; check off of union dues, company off icials would only negotiate with the United Mine Workers concerning grievances, disputes or future contracts. The Amalgamated Mine Workers -. 'cEarle, The Coaiminers, 101-102. ''~bid. , 120. could not achieve their goals. The militant action to win concessions on wages split the union rnovement weakening the miners ' position in relation to the Company, a situation which may have contributed to low wages. The living standards of the miners was not advancedZa and in 1936 the Amalgamated Mine Workers Union returned to the United Mine Workers. Aithough the union attempt f ailed, the miners showed strength and pride in their drive for local autonomy. EXCLUSION BY GEXDER The toms of Cape Breton presented some opportunities for women to eam wages as domestic servants, teachers, clerks, nurses, office workers and telephone operators. But the most common f orm of womenl s work was household labour, women worked in the home dependent on the income of male wage-earners ." When women did work, wages were at a subsistence level ignoring the possibility that women had dependents, or needed to Save for sickness or old age. It was difficult for women to obtain higher minimum wage rates as these rates were set in - - consultation with employers and then presented to labour.'" Women worked to meet the material needs of their families or ''~avid Frank, "The Miner's Financier: Women in the Cape Breton Coaï Towns 1919," Atlantis, VI11 (Spring 1983), 137. "~argaret E. McCallum, "Keeping Women In Their Place: The ~inimum Wage In Canada 1910 -25, II Labour/Le Travail, 17 (Spring 1986)~ 10. by the absence or impoverishment of the male provider. 3: These women were not working for self - f ulfilment but sumival. The job of the wives in the coal towns was not an easy task. The combination of low wages and idle times increased the importance of careful budget management for the family. Although each family had different arrangements for domestic work, the responsibility for budget management f el1 most of ten on the women. j2 During hard times women were predominant in relief lines. Many times the provisions were not sufficient to feed the entire family. To supplement, women raised chickens as a source of eggs and meats while some raised pigs and cows as well. During times of strikes, working class women were helping to enforce solidarity and provide for their families. Women would ridicule soldiers at every opportunity. They organized support activities , participated in crowd actions and stretched the dole to meet their family needs. Women played an important role in crowd activities and the domestic labour of women constituted a hidden form of strike support. j 3 During the strike actions the division of labour seemed to be built on gender roles. The men performed the work of breaking in to the store while the women waited outside to select whatever - '-Margaret Hobbs, I1Equality and Difference: Feminism and the Defence of Women Workers During the Great Depression," Labour/Le Travail, 32 (Fa11 1993) , 202. 'i~rank, "Contested Terrain," 30. '"enfold, "Have You No Manhood?" , 23. goods were needed in their households. were excellent propaganda tools, being 53 Working class women coupled with children and portrayed as passive victims of injustice either at the hands of an uncaring Company and an impotent government or of a misguided communist labour leader. Women expressed their commitment to the working class through letters and statements to the press. '' By the 1930s the possibility of being exclusively in a self-fulfilling domestic sphere had become increasingly remote. Nevertheless, Nova Scotia women strove at enomous - - psychological cost to maintain their place in the home/ As the region became increasingly more marginal to the North American industrial heartland it fell behind in opportunities and social services adding to the increasing pressures on women as they attempted to provide for their families. During this period of difficult economic times a number of women joined the Amalgamated Mine Workers Womenls Auxiliary. The auxiliary was a communist movement which concentrated on the problems of women as wives and mothers, making demands such as free school books, and the elimination of military cadet corps in schools. They became involved in the relief issues trying to improve the conditions among the - - "Margaret Conrad, Toni Laidlaw, and Donna Smyth, No Place Like Home, (Halifax, N.S.: Formac Publishing Company Limited, 19881, 302. 54 working class. 36 Working class women were hired for low wages; middle class women enjoyed access to professions, teaching, nursing or other social service occupations, part of womenls accepted sphere. In the coal fields of Cape Breton boys were employed in the mines and at a young age began to learn the trade of mining and the political and social position of miners in the mine and in the community. A boy was defined by provincial legislation as anyone under 18 who had yet to attain the position of coal cutter or miner. Boys were engaged in a variety of occupations within the mines but by 1923 legislation virtually excluded boys £ r o m the province's coal - - mines. ' There were numerous reasons to employ boys in a coal mine. Their small size made them i d e d l y suited for various tasks and by using boys, the wage levels could be kept low. Boys looked af ter horses in the mine and if the space was too small for the horse, boys would move coal manuaîly. Another task was the opening of doors for ventilation. The doors, along with channelling air through the mines allowed the passage of drivers, horses and material £rom area to area. Boys began with jobs on the surface bef ore working underground and received sixty to seventy percent of a man's pay. These - '"arle, "The Coalminers," 103. - - "Robert McIntosh, "The Boys in the Nova Scotia Coal Mines: 1873-1923, Acadiensis XVI, 1 (Spring, 1987) , 35. wages were contributed to the family income, for the miner and his sons were the family breadwimers. The boys £rom their earliest experiences were moulded to manhood and an occupational identity by their families and their work activities . je Entering the mine meant initiation into the world of manhood. The boys, incorporating their functional indispensability had been educated by the mine, not only in . - the art of suwival but in collective unity and discipline." The boys were both militant and effective. They developed instinctive solidarity and independence. Although working at an early age, the boys were not above having recreational strikes, which occurred when the lure of a circus or a ballgame became too strong to r e s i s t . ' h o y s were socialized into manhood as they moved through the hierarchy of jobs underground. They acquired gender traits of courage and stoicism in the face of constant danger and a sense of independence derived from being a tradesman. The boys obtained not only a work related education but initiation rites as well, as they were often the butt of practical jokes and targets of tobacco-chewing miners. The key to this process was going up through the ranks supervised by kin, as many a boy was brought into the mine as a helper for his father. The physical conditions of the mine led to a feeling 7 - '"an MacKay, "The Experience of Work, II 2 4 . "~bid., 2 8 . 'J~ac~ntosh, The BOYS in the Nova Scotia Coal Mines, 43, of CO-operation and common interests with fellow miners." EXCLUSION BY RACE The period between the wars saw black men concentrated in increasingly specialized corners of the economy as waiters, j ani tors, barbers and labourers. Black women were employed as domestic servants, laundresses and waitresses. The elite of the men became railway waiters and porters. Blacks relied upon mutual CO-operation within their own families and communities for econornic sumival and upon black institutions and cultural activities for their social lives. The church played a most significant role in the lives of blacks as it lent a sense of dignity and sanctification. With the difficult economic times many blacks left for Montreal or Toronto. '' Black and native communities were socially and economically marginal. They were confronted by both overt and covert discrimination. Segregated schools, shortage of funds and teachers meant that black children could rarely be certain of their education." The Mic Mac and Blacks were regularly "steven Penfold, "Have You No Manhood In Class in the Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1920-1926," 2 (Spring l994}, 24-25. You? Gender and Acadiensis XXIII, ames es W. StG. Walker, "Black History in the Maritimes : Major Themes and Teaching Strategies," in Teachins Maritime Studies, ed. P. A. Buckner (Fredericton: Acadiensis Press, 1986), 99-100. %ohn G. Reid, Six Crucial Decades (Fredericton, N.B. , Nimbus Publishing Ltd., 1987) , 178-179. denied entrance to hotels, r e s t a u r a n t s and other public places until the late 1960s . 4 4 Blacks had CO-existed with whites in a province clearly dominated politically and culturally by the whites. The blacks made up only a small part of the population and lived largely i n isolated urban and urban fringe areas. They existed in separate communities, churches and schools . In the work place blacks were usually dependent upon and subordinate to whites. Black businesses were small, the land insufficient to avoid dependence, there were no black CO-operat ives and they worked as reserve labour.'5 During the early 1930s the majority of native people in Nova Scotia lived on one of the provinces1 thirty-eight resenresii in a state of isolation. The goal of the Federal Government was to assimilate the native people with whites, causing a loss of native culture ." The government felt by moving the natives from small reserves to a few large reserves the process of assimilation would be acconplished. "~aniel N. Paul, We Were Not the Savases (Halifax, N.S.: Nimbus Publishing Company, 1993) , 264. "~onald Clairmont and Fred Wien, I1Blacks and Whites: The Nova Scotia Race Relations Experience, i n Banked Fires : The Ethnics of Nova Scotia, ed. Douglas F. Cambell (Port Credit, Ont. : The Scribblers Press, 1978) , 142-158. '6~arold Franklin McGee Jr., "The Mic Mac Indians: The Earliest Migrants," in Banked Fires: The Ethnics of Nova Scotia, ed. Douglas F. Cambell (Port Credit , Ont. : The Scribblers Press, "~ohn G. Reid, Six Crucial Decades, 178-179. 58 Through common language, culture, work conditions and backgrounds, the coal communities of Cape Breton were developed. Labour strife and the development of strong trade unions were instrumental in producing a strong sense of brotherhood and solidarity. A further addition to the growth of community was the love of sport and in particular baseball. During the years 1936-1939 as important as sport was in the pride of the community, baseball played the most important uole . The toms of industrial Cape Breton had developed strong communities based on a common background of tradition and culture. The people of the industrial area for t h e most part had a common language, religion (both Roman Catholic and Protestant) and many worked in the mines or steel mills; those who did not work in these areas depended on the workers for their livelihood. Through conflict with t h e coal companies, a strong sense of solidarity had been developed as the miners battled f ederal troops , provincial police and squads of strike breakers hired by the coal Company. There is a downside to the strong communities found in the coal toms . While many of the miners were lef t -1eaning in their political beliefs, the churches of the area were anti- labour and conservative. This did not help t h e labour movement as it attempted to improve the working and living conditions of the workers. There were interna1 differences within the labour movement as the miners in many cases 59 disagreed with the policies of the United Mine Workers of America. The degree of difference over union policies caused a deep division in the m i n e workers united front. On the homefront w o m e n were seen as support for their husbands; their job was t o stay a t home and support the f a m i l y . Blacks and native people w e r e at worst segregated and at best ignored by the rest of the population. CHAPTER III THE GREAT BISSONETTE Baseball played in the Cape Breton Colliery League provided many exciting moments for its fans. Players both local and imported played exciting, fast paced games guaranteed to keep the level of interest in the game of baseball a t a fever pitch. But the League contributed more than just enjoyment to the communities of industrial Cape Breton. Baseball was a source of community cohesion. The League assisted in the definition of community boundaries and served as a sacred community symbol. In Cape Breton, baseball was a metaphor for class antagonism as the Colliery League rebelled against the dictatorial powers of the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association. The Colliery League provided an escape from the day to day problems of life by not only playing exciting baseball but adding t o the already strong sense of community found in the League towns. The summer of 1935 was a successful time for the Cape Breton Colliery League although not without difficulties. The clubs were community teams organized solely to provide sport for their respective towns. It was difficult for the teams to finish the season out of debt with attendance a t the games barely covering the operating expenses of the club including transportation, upkeep of the field, of ficials in charge of the g a r n e s , balls and other baseball gear.' The L e a g u e consisted of the Glace Bay team which was sponsored by the Caledonia Club which fielded the Maritime and Eastern rugby football champions and hoped for further success with their baseball endeavours. The team would use the clubhouse and field belonging to the rugby club. Their aim was to encourage the development of younger baseball players and bring a championship to tom. Also present were the 1935 champion Dominion Hawks, Reserve and New Waterford. The W h i t n e y Pier team was reorganized and would use players from Sydney. The Sydney Mines Rambiers gained entry to the League in 193 5. In previous seasons , baseball in Sydney Mines consisted of a three team church league with Roman Catholic, Anglican and Presbyterian teams represented. As time progressed the league became more concerned with religion than playing baseball and some players including Max Cullen who had played in the senior league with the P i e r team suggested entry to the Colliery League. Applying for entry in 1934 they were rebuffed in their efforts but succeeded in gaining entry to the league in 1935 . 2 The team would spend over $i,000.00 on improvements to the Brown Street Field assisted in their efforts by the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal C~mpany.~ '~vdnev Post R e c o r d , 23 April 1935. '~nterview with Max Cullen, 16 November 1991. j~vdnev Post Record, 7 April 1935. 62 The Dominion Hawks opened a new ballpark during 1935 with over 2,000 fans in attendance. There was a six foot f ence and a four tier grandstand behind home plate with another grandstand down the third base line. There was a sign over the entrance gate which read "Hawks Baseball Park, 1911-1935 " . The first game of the 1935 season saw the Dominion team wearing new uniforms while the visiting New Waterford team had uniforms previously worn by the Brooklyn Dodgers, grey with red trim and numbers on the back. ' New Waterford won the 1935 regular schedule followed by Dominion and the Sydney team. In the f irst round of the play- o f f s Dominion defeated Sydney and faced the New Waterford Dodgers, losers of only one game during the regular twenty game schedule, in the finals. The finals were an upset as Dominion won the right to face the Springhill Fencebusters. The teams split the two games in Dominion but the Hawks won the next two games in Springhill to advance to the Nova Scotia finals against the powerful Yarmouth Gateways. The Gateways defeated the Hawks in straight games with the scores of 14-0. 8-1 and 9-4. The Dominion t e a m was no match for the Gateways who were undefeated in their march to the Nova Scotia title. As the 1936 season approached the Cape Breton clubs attempted to f ind ways to compete on a more level playing field with the mainland teams. One method of improving the level of play was to import players, particularly American ' ~ b i d . , 3 June 1935. players who many fans felt had greater skills than local players. By importing players the Cape Breton teams would risk the math of the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association and the Maritime Provinces Branch of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada. If importing players was to be the chosen method of play, where would the players corne from and how would they be obtained? Would the players in fact improve play and would they be accepted by the local fans? And f inally what action would the governing sports bodies take against the Cape Breton teams? The teams of the Cape Breton Colliery Baseball League were not pleased with their performance against the top mainland baseball clubs and the treatment these clubs appeared to be getting from the amateur sports associations. The 1936 season would show the direction the teams would take to improve the baseball being played on Cape Breton Island. Baseball was an institution of society, an extended representative of the community . Winning was the important civic question. No longer was losing to be tolerated. ' No longer would the League or its players be amateur. Amateur players were expected to play the game for the sake of the game; to play by the rules was more important than wiming, demonstrating unending courage, perseverance, fair play and honesty. Sport was an avocation, not a vocation, 'Duane A. Smith, "Basebal1 Champions of Colorado : The Leadville Blues of 1882," Journal of Sports Historv , vol. 4 , (1977) , 51. stressing individual responsibility and honour . Anyone who earned his living through sport or who benefitted financially from sport was not an amateur. A player could not be given a paid job, a playing bonus or an outright payment to play sport. The defenders of amateur play believed money in sports led to violence, ungentlemanly conduct and unethical practices. Sports must not have open cornpetition or play for money. Professionalism would result in very strong teams which many local players could not make, lessening their ability to perfom. The importation of players would produce champions but sports would no longer be a game for all. The defenders of amateur sport see a sporting world for al1 not just a talented few. Sports nurtured the manly qualities of robustness, mental vigour, determination, discipline, fair play and integrity. Success went to those who possessed these virtues.- men an athlete accepted money these attributes became secondary to attaining monetary success. However, if a tom's reptation was on the line then its team had to have the best players. That eventually meant freeing players £rom their other jobs to enable them to practice, encouraging them to develop specialized skills and I1importingm better players f rom outside the community . As interest in sport grew it was necessary to gain an edge on the "al1 and others, S~ort In Canadian Societv, 58. -1bid., 63. %idd, The Strussle, 31. 65 cornpetition and one way of getting an edge was the importation of players. The primary function of an amateur organization is not to entertain the public; professionals on the other hand must entertain the public to make a profit and stay in business. The payment received £ r o m amateur sports was leading an enjoyable, healthy life and enjoying the pleasures of cornpetition, travel and f raternity with others . The Colliery League would make its decision in the amateur versus professional question and play for pay would win. They would no longer lose to the mainland teams. Baseball began in early March with the Sydney team obtaining the services of three Boston players along with Murray Matheson and Felix Ferguson, two excellent local players. ? The Sydney Mines Ramblers ' President Billy H . Gillis, a local barber, announced the signing of Roy Boles, St. Stephens as player manager along with two players from Maine. Max Cullen and the Snow brothers , H a r r y and Joe, would lead the local players. The Rambler team was assured of financial assistance from the miners of Princess Colliery and had been granted a check-off of monies.lc Interest was growing in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to form a Maritime baseball association in which professionals and amateurs would play together. Junior teams would be used as a farm system. The association would keep the strong teams '~vdney Post Record, 4 March 1936. "~bid., 5 March 1936. 66 together; included would-be teams from Cape Breton, Pictou, Springhill and Yarmouth, plus the strong New Brunswick teams. The teams i n t h e association would make their own r u l e s and do away w i t h the residence rule i n which a player must l i v e i n a cornmunity prior t o a certain date. The association would develop players by encouraging intermediate, j unior and juvenile leagues where the players would be taught the finer points of the game by imported players. " This would improve the calibre of play, which i n turn would lead t o greater i n t e r e s t i n the game of baseball. While the t a l k of a Maritime association w a s of i n t e r e s t i n Cape Breton, t h e Colliery League t e a m s decided t o irnport five players per team. Imports were defined a s players who were not residents of Cape Breton p r i o r t o the beginning of the New year. Cape Breton players may leave one club for an~ther.'~ The Cape Breton teams desired b e t t e r bal1 and f e l t United States players were necessary for t h i s end. The Colliery League teams would stand together on t h e issue of irnported players. The teams of the League were of t h e opinion the amateur rules were fifty years out of date and were of benefit only t o the rich." The Dominion Hawks had $500.00 t o s t a r t the 1936 seaçon and announced Ralph H a l l would manage the club. H e had begun . - --Ibid. , 13 March 1936. ' 2 ~ b i d . , 15 March 1936. " ~ b i d . , 20 A p r i l 1936. playing bal1 in 1909 as a second baseman and catcher and had played in the last Cape Breton pro league in 1923." Support was growing in parts of Nova Scotia for the Cape Breton notion of imported players. Alex Muirhead manager of the Westville team, was in favour of organizing a Nova Scotia Baseball Association with the help of the Cape Breton tearns. This would allow them control of baseball in Nova Scotia and they could change the rules to support their ideas of strong . .- import laden teams.-' It was reported in the Svdney Post Record that 125 players were looking for jobs in the Colliery League, 40 of these of fers were in Sydney alone ." Along with obtaining players the clubs were organizing and raising funds for the coming season. In Glace Bay the whole tom would back the team not just the Caledonia Athletic Club. The other towns in the League, Sydney Mines, Sydney and New Waterford were community driven; entire towns took part in organizing the teams with excellent results. In past years the Reserve teams had been run by the Reserve A.C. but in 1936 would become a community team, each ward i n the community . - would be represented. - The task of running a Colliery League team was too large a job for sport clubs and must be run with the support of the whole community. The New Waterford team :i~bid. , 23 March 1936. . - -=Ibid., 25 March 1936. . ? -"Ibid. , 25 March 1936. . - -'Ibid., 9 February 1936. was operated by the Waterford Athletic Association w h i c h had f ormed committees to handle finance, business, field, team management, transportation and publicity." The Colliery League teams decided to import the best players available in Canada and the United States to insure the fans the best bal1 east of Montreai. Dominion, with a population of 3,000 had been league champions for the last three years , announced the signing of Clarence Wiki l' Leadbetter of Springhill and Roy Maxwell, a local star. Maxwell had obtained a job as an intern at the Glace Bay General Hospital through the influence of the coal Company. They also signed three American players and llSmokeyfl Joe Kelly the best local pitcher in the Colliery League. In 1935 the New Waterford Dodgers w e r e league champions wiming nineteen straight games. They w e r e to be managed in 1936 by Bill flDocll White, the previous yearls manager. In 1934 he had coached the Springhill Fencebusters. White began his major league career in 1901 w i t h Philadelphia of the National League and in 1903 rnoved to the Chicago White Sox of the American League. He had a thirteen year career w i t h a batting average of .2l6, with two home runs and seventy-five runs batted in." White was a multi-talented performer pitching a total of 427 garnes with a career record of 190 wins and 157 losses; a respectable winning percentage of - 5 4 8 . He '"bid., 18 February 1936. " ~ h e Baseball. Encvclopedia. 6th ed. 1512. 69 had an additional fourteen wins as a relief pitcher along with six losses and five saves. His career E . R . A . was a very impressive 2.32. 2 a In 1906 Chicago played in the World Series with White appearing in three games. This was a cross t o m World Series with the White Sox playing the Cubs. The heavily favoured Cubs were defeated four games to two by the light hitting Cubs with White winning the deciding game." A t a League meeting held on April 16, Judge A.D. Campbell of the Juvenile Court was the unanimous choice of the delegates for President of the Cape Breton Colliery League. Dick Carrigan of Reserve was the Vice-President and Neil MacDonald was the Secretary-Treasurer . Admission at the games was set at thirty £ive cents. In attendance at this meeting was H .A. McQuarrie and Secretary-Treasurer L . G. Ferguson of the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association. The use of imported umpires was discussed but preference to locals was given by a vote of 6-5. D.H. McFarlane, a local sports writer was appointed off icial scorer with the power to select his o m associates. The position of Commissioner with the power to handle al1 disputes and protests was offered to County Court Judge D. McArthur. However, prior commitments prevented the Judge from accepting the position. The meeting decided al1 imports must be in Cape Breton homa mas G. Aylesworth, The World Series (Greenwich: Bison Books C o r p . , l988), 12. 70 before May 5th with no roster changes pemitted after this date. The schedule was drawn up with baseball being played £ive days a week, with each team playing three home and three away games every two weeks. If the Colliery League persisted with their efforts to irnport five players per team they could not remain in the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association and the Maritime Provinces Branch of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada would not permit the imports. The Cape Breton League felt the amateur rules were obsolete and must be changed to m e e t modern problems. The public demanded a better quality of baseball and imports would improve the level of play and develop a greater interest in the g a m e . Imports would help the Cape Breton club in their quest for a Maritime t i t l e . The C a p e Breton clubs were not making money and relied on social functions and tag days to break even. The Reserve delegates stated they would have imports with or without the approval of the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association. President Tom MacDonald of the governing body went as f ar as to threaten to use immigration laws to stop Arnerican imports from coming to C a p e Breton. Clyde Nunn of Sydney attacked President MacDonald, demanding to know how he could sanction the Cape Breton baseball teams while defending the 1935 Ailen Cup Winners Halifax Wolverines as prof essional an aggregation as this province has ever seenu discussed with their establish residence and 71 . 2' The Yarmouth Gateways were also ability to have American players then go home until the ball season. Veteran pitcher Copie LeBlanc pitched for the teams with the most money. The only Cape Breton club in favour of remaining amateur was Sydney who felt Cape Breton should not dictate to the rest of the province. The clubs of the Colliery League were not happy with the input they had at the annual meeting of the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association. The League was given one vote not a vote for each team. John A. McLean, a New Waterford resident, raised the point that there should be reclassification of ball clubs with the stronger teams like Cape Breton, Pictou, Springhill and Yarmouth to be rated as Class l1Au with the weaker clubs like Halifax, Liverpool and Middleton to be rated as Class I1B" clubs. The Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association announced the Cape Breton clubs would have one vote per team at the annual meeting. However, they would lose their f ight for imports . The Colliery League may fonn an independent Provincial Association with teams from Stellarton and Westville with other clubs invited to join. Another Cape Breton movement would see the league as a professional or semi-professional league. The main drawback to the idea of professional baseball was the desire of the local players to i'~ydnev Post Record, 72 participate in other sports and in the provincial baseball playoffs." New Waterford wished to amend the May 1st residence rule but the Sydney team resisted this idea. College players were exempt £ r o m the residence rule if they had amateur cards. They would not be considered professional players by the Maritime Provinces Branch Amateur Athletic Union of Canada. The Colliery League rernained adamant in their stand on irnport players and invited President MacDonald to a meeting with the Cape Breton clubs. They desired an answer to two questions. Question 1: If the Cape Breton Colliery Baseball league clubs have al1 their imports in place before May lst, will the Maritime Provinces Branch Amateur Athletic Union of Canada issue amateur cards for 1936 to players in the Colliery League if they can furnish transfer certificates and amateur cards f rom whence they came? Question 2 : In the event of the Colliery League clubs not bringing in their imports until May 25th, will this bar the clubs from participation in the Nova Scotia playoff? The teams of Cape Breton required a yes or no answer to their questions. They required the N.S.A.B.A. to break with the M.P.B.A.A.U. of Canada and govern baseball in a comrnon sense, decent manner with due considerations given to the players so they will get what they are entitled to; to the clubs so they have a chance to carry on without al1 the 73 problems that now persist .?' With the importation of players the public would see better baseball and the teams could then compete with the strong mainland teams in Westville, Springhill and Yarmouth. Thomas MacDonald of the N.S.A.B.A. held a meeting with the Cape Breton bal1 clubs in Sydney Mines on April 18, 1936. 25 There were to be no imported players; there were 125 clubs registered with the N.S.A.B.A. and i f the majority favoured the Cape Breton club the rules could change. It was possible to pay a coach $75.00 a week to teach the players i n Cape Breton an improved brand of baseball but t h i s idea had been tried i n Springhill and New Waterford with no success. There would be no cards issued for imports. President MacDonald stated there would be only one s e t of rules and the Colliery League must obey . Why don ' t you f ellows corne out f rom behind the door and play professional baseball. I t m sure you would not be thought the less of. lfZ6 The Colliery League argued that Yarmouth and Springhill had paid players so the Colliery League should have the same courtesy . Import players could be used to coach young players. The officiais of the Colliery League stressed that in other areas of Canada imports were used with no il1 effects to the game . ';~bid. , 14 April 1936. - - "Ibid. , 19 April 1936. 26~bid. , 19 April 1936. 74 President Campbell of the Colliery League stated that twelve hundred boys between the ages of eighteen and twenty- four had never earned a dollar because of the poor employment opportunities found in the industrial areas of Cape Breton. With the hard economic t i m e s on the island there was no work to be found. Import players would interest these boys in clean, wholesome sport and cut juvenile delinquency. "If young men coming here do this kind of uplifting work among our youth and are classed as professionals and our players also branded as professionals, then it is high time we broke with amateurism as we have it today. n 2 7 President MacDonald was consistent and would not go against the constitution. The stand of the N.S .A.B.A. was not stopping the Colliery League teams f rom signing players. Dominion signed "Whiteyll Michaels of the touring team the Boston Royal Giants as a coach plus three players including Nova Scotia star t r S i k i t l Leadbetter. Glace Bay amounced the signing of four players. On a negative note the Reserve team was considering dropping out of the League due to costs and a lack of financial backing. Reserve reconsidered their position and decided to remain in the League. With money being a problern the Reserve team decided they would only require three imported players to compete during the 1936 ~eason.~~ The League decided to use local umpires eiecting James Flemming of New Waterford as î ' ~ b i d . , 19 April 1936. 2 9 ~ b i d . , 27 April 1936. 75 Umpire-In-Chief with Stuart MacDonald of Glace Bay and Don McPherson of Sydney Mines as the other home plate umpires. The base umpires were Sam Melanson, Dominion; Allie McMullin and Dick Corrigan, Reserve and H. Rutherford, Sydney. In early May the players began to arrive in Cape Breton mostly £rom the Eastern United States. Two of these players had major league careers; the first playerfs was very brief, while the latter would later have a longer major-league career. Charlie Small of Auburn, Maine was signed by the Sydney Mines Ramblers . In 193 0 he had appeared in twenty- five - " games for the Boston Red Sox, hitting -222.'' The New Waterford Dodgers signed eighteen year old infielder Len Merullo £rom Holy Cross Colîege. He went on to play seven years in the major leagues with the Chicago Cubs. Merullo - n played in 139 garnes with a life time batting average of . 2 4 0 . '" In 1945 the Chicago W s met the Detroit Tigers in the World Series losing four games to three ." This was the last time the Cubs would appear in the Fall Classic. Merullo appeared in three games with no batting average. Al1 the action revolving around the Colliery League did not concern player signings and arguments with the N.S.A.B.A. The teams were beginning to improve their fields in anticipation of improved play and larger crowds. The Dominion - "Baseball Encyclopedia. 1400. - .. ' ; ~ b i d . , 1200. ':~ylesworth, The World Series, 92. 76 Hawks were building dugouts with concrete walls, floors and cold water taps. Both dugouts would be on the same side of the field with room between for a scorer's table. In Sydney, Victoria Park was not fit for play. If work did not begin immediately the club may be forced to withdraw from the league. The Sydney team paid a heavy fee for the use of the field and was of the opinion that the Parks Commission must make the field playable. On May 13 work did begin on the Sydney field3' with a large c r e w of workmen and machinery on site. Glace Bay was improving South Street Field by repairing the fence and the bleachers. Sydney Mines announced the signing of Elliott Small, a graduate of Bates College and brother of Charlie along with George Poster a pitcher from Colby College, which won the State Collegiate title in 1931-1932. The Ramblers erected a n e w grandstarid at Brown Street Park. The grandstand was built by Layton Lumber providing local employment. In New Waterford, local merchant Fred Gregor was to manage the team with the help of Hughie Dan MacLean, f eed store owner and John Bisson, coal Company off icial. 33 President Campbell would require umpires to control the games. There would be no arguments with the players; the league would fully back the urnpires. The teams of the League would buy two sets of protectors, masks and shinguards for - .. - - - ''Sydney Post Record, 13 May 1936. j31bid. , 18 May 1936. 77 umpires. The press would be issued passes with their names and the date. Reach and Spalding baseballs would be used in the games . The games must start on time and the managers must do their best t o have the teams make a good impression for the fans. Whether the Colliery League would be affiliated with the N.S.A.B.A. or not, it would attempt to portray a professional appearance and it was hoped the teams would work together to this end, desiring the League t o be t h e best east of Montreal. The import players would improve the level of play and hopefully this would generate more revenue. League play commenced on May 5th with Dominion playing Glace Bay at Dominion. The Hawks held a parade prior to the opening game to generate interest. The Citizen's Band and both teams took part in the parade with Sam Melanson dropping a bal1 £rom an airplane to start the game. Local pitcher tl~mokeyt' Joe Kelly pitched a three h i t t e r as Dominion won 9-2. Games were being well attended by the fans. A game May 25 at Sydney Mines saw over two thousand fans with the Ramblers losing to the Reserve Miner Boys 4-2.34 The fans at the games in Sydney Mines were coming frorn the surrounding areas - North Sydney, Florence and Little Bras d f Or. On June 1 a game of interest was played between New Waterford and Reserve. Bill Mitchell pitched a two hitter with fourteen strikeouts over sixteen innings with the game ending in a 2-2 tie. It was the longest game i n the history " ~ b i d . , 26 May 1936. 78 of organized baseball in Cape Breton. I1SpecsM Waterman, the first pitcher to Wear glasses in the Colliery League pitched for New Waterford. Young Dodger second baseman Eddie Gillis handled sixteen chances at second base without an error, adding three hits and scoring a run. Waterman, perhaps a decent pitcher, was not so quick to pay his bills. When leaving New Waterford later in the year with his mother who had spent the summer with him, it w a s necessary for the police to pursue h i m because he left a number of unpaid b i l l s . ) ' By June 1, the repairs to the park in Sydney were finished; the field was rolled and graded. The entrance gate and the ticket office were painted and flags flew at the entrance. The teams which were community managed, utilizing various appointed cornmittees. had their fields in playing condition long before this date. By showing an effort of CO- operation the community teams were accomplishing much on the condition of their fields. The Sydney team at the mercy of the Sydney Parks Commission had to wait a longer period of time before the field was fit for play. C. MacQuarrie, a local Sydney Post Record miter, argued the prices for the games were too high. Two tickets and two gallons of gas to traveî to the game would cost $1.20. The price of a grandstand seat was an extra nickel at thirty five cents. With hard economic times in the industrial area ticket prices should be dropped. However, the ticket prices might ' ~ b i d , , 12 A U ~ U S ~ 1936. 79 not be high enough to keep Sydney in the League . The team was paying the Parks Commission a very high percentage of f ees and along with provincial tax was being left with only twenty percent of their gate . During the early portion of June, 3,300 people paid to see three games in Sydney 2,700 of whom sat in the grandstand. The city received thirty percent of the gross gate and one hundred percent of the grandstand estimated at $1,150. With a community run team controlling the field these revenues would revert to the team. j6 At a May 13 meeting in Amherst the issue of Maritime baseball clubs who wished to import players was addressed again. Maritime clubs, who desired to import five players who possessed amateur cards and were in good standing with the M.P.B.A.A.U. of Canada decided by a vote of nineteen to ten that Arnerican players must possess international permits and in all cases ernployers will have to provide official affidavits proving the imports are acquiring positions in their domiciles. There was a long struggle to have this motion passed and it was favoured by the Cape Breton clubs and the New Brunswick teams. The executive of the M. P.B . A . A . U . of Canada did not support the motion and stated players being paid would be suspended, along with those who played against them. " - - '"bid., 3 June 1936. - - "Ibid., 18 June 1936. 80 On June 22 the Colliery League received a letter £rom the M.P.B.A.A.U. of Canada signed by secretary C. D. Shipley stating that the teams would not be able to participate in the Nova Scotia amateur baseball playoffs. The conditions set forth were so severe that the clubs could not possibly meet them. The Colliery League considered the letter a joke and decided to go on their path to professionalism. The teams would be permitted six imported players and they must be in residence by July 1st. The meeting also decided to permit George Whiteyll Michaels to play, an issue which shall be dealt with later." After the arguments of 1936 concerning professional versus amateur one might think the issue would not be considered again. But this was not the case. After al1 the argument concerning professional versus amateur baseball during the 1936 season, one would reasonably expect an end to the issue. But during the 1939 season the same professional versus amateur arguments were again being fought in Cape Breton baseball circles. L.J. Doucet of New Waterford, a local sportswriter and James J. Costello, a miner of Sydney Mines, were attempting to bring semi-professional baseball to Cape Breton. Costello was named Cape Breton Commissioner and Doucet, Commissioner for Canada. The winning team on the Northside would play the winning team on the Southside for the right to take part in a national . - "Ibid., 13 May 1936. 81 championship to be played in Saint John, N.B. With this plan it was not necessary for the Cape Breton teams to play teams on the mainland which would greatly reduce transportation costs . The gate receipts would be divided equally between the playing teams and the national organization. In addition the team playing in the national tournament would be permitted to add three players. j5 The plan to begin playing semi-professional baseball in Cape Breton would institute a battle of words between L. J. Doucet and the unnamed writer of the Glace Bay column, "New and ViewsIt . The unnamed writer was not in favour of semi- professional baseball and used his column to point out the shortcomings of this type of play. In Cape Breton, besides the Colliery League, there was the Colliery Intermediate Baseball League whose teams included the 1938 Eddie Gillis coached Maritime Champions plus a srna11 league on the ?Jorthsi.de. With this much baseball there was no need for a semi-professional league. More baseball would result in the raiding of the intermediate teams and the importing of players resulting in a rise in player salaries." This negative semi-professional column was quickly rebutted by L.J. Doucet. The sole purpose of the new baseball organization was to encourage and develop more and better baseball. They would not attempt to enforce amateur rules "1bid. , 28 February 1939. "~bid. , 13 April 1939. 82 which were impractical and easily circumvented by any teams who wished to strengthen their rosters by illegal means. Money was not used for officials to travel to meetings but was used for the development of the sport. The semi-prof essional organization was friendly withprofessionalbaseball and would develop better players through a higher level of play. This new league would not offer cornpetition to the professional Colliery League, and anyone could play except those who had played professional baseball after June 1 or had been blacklisted by the National Association of Prof essional 0 - Baseball . '- "News and Views" answered Doucet the next day. This semi-professional organization could only hurt baseball on Cape Breton Island. The players would be taken £rom the intermediate league or players would be imported with the use of a small number of local players to fil1 the rosters. The author did not wish to revisit 1936 when the club continued increasing the number of imports and by the end of the season few local players remained. If the League was called semi- professional, American college players would play, draw high salaries and return home with their amateur status intact. The M.P.B.A.A.U. of Canada would not allow this type of play to happen and the players in the League would be suspended from al1 amateur "1bid. , 12 April lilbid., 13 April sports . " Again the merits members of the baseball community of prof essional versus of Cape Breton was arguing amateur ball. A number of the sporting public desired a league where the best amateur players could compete along with a number of paid imported players. On the other hand there was no such thing as semi-professional sport in Canada. Sport must be either amateur or professional, the two games do not mix. One cannot project if this semi-professional game would have gained a foothold i n Cape Breton baseball at this time; the war in Europe made it impossible to organize and conduct this league after September of 1939. The Glace Bay club signed Dave Barry from Holy Cross to catch. Holy Cross was a hotbed for baseball and had sent a number of players directly to the major leagues. The Glace Bay club wanted to give the fans the best baseball possible. The rush had begun to bring the best players to Cape Breton. Playaers were obtained byvarious means. Both Max Cullen and Russell DeMont state players were recruited through word of mouth, people who knew people and a network of relations .'' During the second half of the 19th century the Maritimes experienced out-migration strongly influenced by economics. The end of the Arnerican Civil War had cut the demand for Maritime products. Confederation in 1867 began the transfer of Maritime allegiance from Great Britain to central Canada. The persistent depression and economic shif t which ?tnterviews with Max Cullen and Russell C. Demont. characterized the years 1860-1900 in much of the Maritimes provided strong motives for out-migration. This out-migration cut across a wide variety of social and economic backgrounds including both sexes and al1 ages, religions and ethnicities. There was no problem with the crossing of the international boundary and laquage posed no difficulty, so many Maritimers moved to New England. In New England they could f ind work as fishermen, labourers, high blue and white collar jobs ." With many friends and relatives living in the Eastern United States, f inding players for the Colliery League became easier . During the Depression, jobs were scarce and baseball paid good wages. For American coilege players, it meant an opportunity to earn tuition money for the next year. The players were given the chance to see parts of the country which were unfamiliar to them. In the Colliery League the players were given tours of the coal mines and taken to various sites of interest. A n advantage of a career in baseball was that the men who played from the time they were small boys regarded baseball as fun not work. Baseball was played for the sake of the game, money was not of driving importance. i v L e f t y l l Bryant, a player with the great Kansas City Monarch black baseball team explains the game being fun not work. Def initely, de£ initely, made more being a "~lan A. Brookes, "Outmigration from the Maritime Provinces, 1860-1900: Some Preliminary Considerations," Acadiens is 5,2 (Spring 1976) , 26-55. ballplayer because 1 consider myself what you would cal1 a white collar job. You could go down to the o i l field and work al1 day and get about fifty dollars. And I was making $300.00 a month for fun. Thatls what it was. Baseball for me was fun.45 Len Murello talks of why he enjoyed playing in the Cape Breton Colliery League. I1We got forty dollars a week in American money, ten percent more than Canadian money so we got forty four dollars in American money. Ir A year earlier, Murello had played in the Cape Cod League for ten dollars a week. New Waterford increased his salary by four hundred percent. I1We couldn' t spend money. Could Save money for your schooling, send it home, whatever you did. Walk down tom they greeted you like a best friend because you were a bal1 player and they loved it.n'6 The players spoke well of their time in Cape Breton. Johnny Spartachino caught for the Dodgers in 1936 and later wrote from Ohio, llIt sure is funny. The first day 1 arrived in New Waterford when 1 played there 1 didnlt like it so much. But 1 can saythis today. It sure was about the best place 1 ever played at and 1 wish 1 could take a trip up there some time.~'~ The players brought pride to the community victory but defeat was not taken lightly. Local with each fans would %Janet Bruce, Kansas City Monarchs (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1990) , 204. University 46~ecording date 10 June 1991, Tape Breton Colliery Baseball League, t1 CBC Mainstreet , courtesy of Hal Higgins, CBC Sydney, N. S. ''~vdney Post Record, criticize players not perfoming to expectations and newspapers were quick to point out the players1 weaknesses. Roy Boles of the Sydney Mines Ramblers, after his release was critical of the tom's expectations concerning imported players. He felt too much pressure was put on imported players, they were not given the opportunity or the time ta perform to the expected level. Imported players were expected to hit, play the outfield and pitch. H o w e v e r , only the exceptional athlete can perform al1 these skills to a high level. Harold Seymour in his excellent book Baseball: The People's Game quotes DSmokeyn Joe Wood, a Hall of Fame player on the pressure of small tom baseball: The smaller the town the more important their bal1 club was. Boy, if you beat a bigger town, theyld practically hand you the key to the city. And if you lost a game by making an error in the ninth or something like that-well the best thing to do was j u s t pack your grip and hit the road, 'cause they never let you forget it In the June 12, 1936 issue of the Svdney Post Record, L.J. Doucet wrote that the fans were too critical, expecting too much from the players and umpires. They were trying as best they could and the criticism must be fair. With most of the attention focused on imported players, locals were performing at a high level. Layton Ferguson, a Dalhousie University student from Port Morien pitched a five "~arold Seymour, The People s Game (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) , 204. 87 hit game against New Waterford. The game was played in one hour and seven minutes. Ferguson pitched a masterful game giving up no bases on balls and striking out £ive. Glace Bay won 3-0. Other local players performing at a high level included Murray Matheson and Felix Ferguson of Sydney, Joe Snow and Francis MacKimon of Sydney Mines. In New Waterford Eddie Gillis was performing exceptionally well. The last place Sydney team tried to strengthen their roster by importing four players from the Boston area. The best known of the players was second baseman John Quinn who had played the last two years in the International League and for a time had been the property of the Boston Red Sox." Glace Bay was signing imports including Fred Loftus, reputed to be the best amateur pitcher in New England. He had pitched for the Broadway Clowns. a travelling team that had played the Boston Royal Giants in Cape Breton a few years eariier. As the summer progressed the teams continued to import and release players. President Campbell contacted the National Association of Professional Baseball Clubs. If the Colliery League registered as a Class "Cm League they could use nine imports and set the salary l i r n i t at $1,145 to $1,200 a month. Local players were also welcome.jG A League meeting of July 17 decided the Colliery League teams could import nine players. Al1 were not in favour of '"Sydnev Post Record, 23 June 1936. ' ; ~ b i d . , 3 July 1936. 89 with twenty- f our doubles and seven home runs . " Impressive numbers for the Colliery League but they paled when compared to the fact that Bissonette played for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1928 to 1933. In 1928 Bissonette led the Dodgers with 25 home runs plus he drove in 100 runs and scored 80. His lifetime stats reveal a batting average of .305 with 65 home runs and 391 runs batted in: a decent career for a man who E . began playing in the major leagues at the age of twenty-nine.-- During the 1945 season Bissonette managed the Boston Braves for sixty-one games winning twenty-£ive and losing thirty- - - - - six. - But al1 was not well with the Colliery League as the Reserve Miner Boys disbanded and left the League on July 30. The team released the import players and most of t h e i r locals. On two occasions players refused to run to first base, perhaps thinking they were too good for the League. This poor effort would not be tolerated by the executive of the Reserve team or its fans. The executive desired a one week extension to obtain new players. During the game of July 30, the Reserve team quit, committed nine errors and lost to Sydney 12-0. Import '!Red1! Curran was the only Reserve player to make an effort.'6 On the first day of Aug, Reserve withdrew from the - - "Ibid., 29 July 1936. "~aseball Encyclo~edia, 724. - - I b i d 724. - :"Sydney Post Record, 31 July 1936. League and their players became free agents. To show the advanced level of play in Cape Breton it is only necessary to examine the success or lack thereof of Edgar "The Greatt1 Cormier and his short career in the Colliery League. On the 21 of July, Cormier signed with the New Waterford Dodgers and on the 22nd he pitched against Del Bissonette and the Glace Bay Miners. He gave up twelve hits, seven walks and lost 13-5. On the 29 of July with only two hits in nineteen at bats, Cormier was released- A player considered by many fans to be one of the best in the Maritime Provinces lasted a grand total of five games in Cape Breton and was quickly gone. As the Colliery League succeeded at prof essional baseball, other centres were considering joining the league. Halifax, Truro, New Glasgow, Springhill and Westville were considering playing professional baseball. With the main highway in Nova Scotia now paved the teams could travel easily £rom t o m to tom. The main drawback was the need for larger rosters because of the extra games . j 7 Tommy llDummyll Jackson was playing excellent baseball with the Glace Bay team. His value to the team was so great that the management of the Caledonia Mine extended him a leave of absence. Two colliery players were giving back to the baseball community of Cape Breton. The Dominion Junior Hawks were coached by Whiteylt Michaels and Eddie Gillis was - - Ibid., 18 August 1936. 91 coaching the New Waterford Junior Cubs ." This was exactly the influence that President Campbell was looking f o r as he promoted professional b a l l . As the push for a place i n the League playoffs began, the teams attempted t o improve t h e i r rosters . The Sydney Mines Ramblers contacted Copie LeBlanc and Nelson Deveau of the Yarmouth Gateways but neither player was interested i n playing in Sydney Mines. There was great interest in the success of the Ramblers among the miners of Sydney Mines. On the 1 0 August, Princess Colliery failed t o operate when insufficient employees reported f o r work. Those miners who reported f o r work had t o return home because the missing rniners were watching the bal1 games. T h i s was the third shut dom of the summer." Twice in one week, the last occasion being 2 5 August, the night s h i f t at Princess Colliery did not work and three hundred and fifty miners were sent home. Management w a s very displeased w i t h t h i s action and was considering punishing ,. ,. miners who were absent £ r o m work without a genuine excuse."" The Glace B a y Miners were very successful i n t h e i r search for players. On August 12 the Miners signed B i l l Hunnef i e l d . H e played for the Chicago White Sox beginning i n 1926, until h i s release i n 1930. In 1931 he played for three teams, the Cleveland Indians ( 2 1 games), the Boston Braves (11 games) and " ~ b i d . , 2 1 August 1936. "~bid., 11 August 1936. "1bid.. 26 August 1936. 92 the New York Giants (64 games) . In t o t a l , Hunnefield appeared in 511 major league games with 452 h i t s , 9 home runs, 144 runs batted in with a -272 batting average.6i Another addition was made to the Glace Bay pitching staff with the signing of Roy Moore from Toledo of the Arnerican Association. His signing with the Glace Bay team was the result of a friendship between Joe MacInnis and Joe MacIntosh, boyhood friends at Passchendale where they had played baseball and rugby together. MacInnis went to Detroit to work in the auto industry while MacIntosh became a local store owner. He was given credit for his work with the Eastern Canadian Rugby championship Caledonia team and became a sponsor of the baseball team. He asked bis old friend MacInnis to find a pitcher for the team and the result was the signing of ex Toledo Mud Hen, Roy Moore for the Glace Bay team. In 1935 Moore had pitched for the House of ~avid.~' The playoffs were to be limited to the first four teams. The New Waterford Dodgers were against this structure as the f ifth place team felt they should be involved. The Dodgers appealed to the League executive but their appeal was denied. The Dodgers would not play t h e i r remaining games, a move which cost the remaining teams a substantial amount of revenue in lost gates. The playoffs would see t h e first place t e a m playing the fourth and the second meeting the third. Sydney - -. "-Basebal1 Encyclo~edia, 1042. E2~vdney Post Record, 13 August 1936. Mines would meet Sydney with Glace Bay playing Dominion. The series between Glace Bay and Dominion was uneventful, with the Miners winning in three straight games. In the other series Sydney defeated Sydney Mines 3-0 in front of three thousand fans at Brown Street Park. The second game of the series was controversial. With Sydney leading 4-2 going to the top of the ninth, Sydney Mines scored nine runs to take a commanding 11-4 lead. In the bottom of the ninth, Sydney began to stall, hoping the game would be cafled because of darkness and the score would revert to the bottom of the eighth inning. However, umpire Johnny L i f ford would not allow these tactics and a w a r d e d the game t o Sydney Mines. The Sydney team protested the game to Commissioner Forbes demanding the game be declared no contest. The protest became irrelevant as Sydney defeated the Ramblers 4-2 and won the series. The final series pitting Glace Bay against Sydney was played without incident. The Miners were led by pitcher Layton Ferguson and first baseman Del Bissonette and won four games to two. The wiming G l a c e Bay team was honoured by the tom of Glace Bay with a dinner at Smith House. This was followed by an auto parade to the Sydney railway station. The parade which went through downtown Sydney included over 200 decorated cars and a pipe band. In attendance was Mayor D.W. Morrison, Judge A.D. Campbell, E. MacK. Forbes and L .D. Currie, local Member of Parliament. In Sydney the team was honoured with a 94 banquet at the Diana Sweets w i t h Mayor S.E. Muggah and H.J. Kelly. Vice-President of DOSCO in attendance. Tribute was paid to the players who in turn praised the ~ i t y . ~ ~ The year 1936 was certainly an eventful one for the Colliery League. Not pleased with t h e i r poor showings against the strong mainland teams a course of action was decided upon and the League progressed towards professionalism. If the N . S . A. B. A. and the M. P. B. A. A. U. of C a n a d a would not change the rules to allow the teams to improve, they would go their own way. In communities where life and death struggles were waged in the depths of the coal mines and against the coal companies for a living wage, the idea of not accepting the edicts of sports1 bodies was not of great consequence t o the executive, players, or fans of the Cape Breton C o l l i e r y Baseball League. The summer could be considered a success; large crowds came to watch an improved brand of baseball. On the negative side, the Reserve team withdrew f rom the League and the League ran up high debts . The teams could not continue to import and release players on a day t o day basis. The answer to this roster problem was organized baseball and this was the direction in which the Colliery League would progress. "lbid.. 26 September 1936. CHAPTER IV OUT OF THE CLOSET - PROFESSIONALS AT LAST There were numerous reasons why the Colliery League would leave the ranks of the amateur sporting world and play professional baseball. The high cost of signing and releasing players necessitated a drastic plan to ensure the exuberance of the teams in their signing of players would not lead t o their downfall. T h i s movement of players was extremely costly to the teams and to make a profit the costs must be kept at a workable limit . The vote by league teams was unanhous to affiliate with the National Association of Professional Baseball Clubs as a Class l1Dl1 league. With entrance to professional baseball roster and salary limits were set by the national organization which hopefully would Save the Colliery League teams from themselves. The minor leagues linked together a whole chain of clubs comprised of teams in al1 minor league classifications £rom 'IDn to "AA1I. Players would start young at the bottom and the best would move up through each level until the best reached the ma j or leagues . ' Membership in the National Association was of benefit to the players. Each team was required to put up two weeks payroll t o protect the players in the event of bankruptcy. It assured the players that there was a secure '~arold Seymour, Baseball: The Golden Aqe, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971) , 144. financial foundation.' It also prevented teams from wild spending in a scramble to acquire a pennant by establishing a salary limit for each classification. A major problem that membership in the association would not solve was violence, fans against players, fans against umpiues , players against umpires. This was an issue which requires examination. The man chosen by organized baseball to lead the Colliery League into professional play was Joe Page. He had started his career with Windsor in the Ontario League in 1884. From Windsor he went to the Northern Michigan League, followed by tirne with Kalamazoo in the Tri-State League. In 1900 Page helped organize the Province of Quebec League and in 1910 helped form the New Brunswick-Maine loop. In 1918 he organized and was president of the Eastern Canadian League and four years later he organized the Ontario-Vermont League. Page had a long, successful record in professional baseball and could preach its benefits. He stated: "Independent baseball gets nowhere while organized bal1 brings the country advertising that is invaluable, it receives the support of the business public because of this & d the league receives entry into baseballrs Blue Book. This baseball Blue Book is studied amually by many thousands who f ollow baseball throughout the year and as an entrant in this book your league will be closely watched. The Island cannot help but become knom to '~eil J. Sullivan. The Minors (New York, St. arti in's Press. 1990), 136. thousands who otherwise never give it a thought . An example of this America-wide publicity was the use of the Howe News Bureau making box scores of the games available to nine hundred newspapers in Canada and the United States. It was the high cost in salaries that resulted in affiliation with organized baseball. Conversations between President Campbell and William G. Bramham head of the National Association and Joe Carr promotional manager led to the entry to professional ball. The League had generated large crowds and interest but at times the level of play was not as good as it should have been. There were many irnported players including Del Bissonette, Bill Hunnefield, l1 Snooks Manderville, lWube" Wilson and Roy Moore. These players were well paid, with Bissonette making $100.00 a week and Moore and Hunnef ield $75.00 a week. Players were given bonuses for a high level of play.' Although well-paid, some players did not try at al1 times and refused to play more than four games in seven days. The five towns in the Colliery League had a combined population of about 110.000 but generated $50,000 in revenue through the gate receipts. The great cost of importing and exporting players quickly ate up these funds. One club had a weekly salary of $2,400 for the last three weeks of the "portins News, 11 February 193 7. 'sportinq News, 5 January 1937. 98 season. Amusement tax cost over $9,000 and the telegraph bill for one month was close to $300, It was estimated the United States players took home approximately $40,000 but even with these high expenditures the team deficit was only about $2,000." Managers with big league expertise would be secured and paid $200 to $300 per month. An entry fee to the National Association of $30 with a fee of $30 dnnually plus a bond of $500 was used to generate two weeks salary for the players generating some security. The National Association did not take any monies £rom the regular season gates and only a small percentage £ r o m the playoffs. The umpires used in the league would be recommended by the Supervisor of Umpires to the National and American Leagues . The professional players would have records which were recognized through baseball. Local players with enough ability could play in the League but must have a signed professional contract .' The League had a salary limit of $1,000 for thirteen players and to succeed t h e teams must CO-operate to keep this limit. L a t e in January, the Colliery League made formal application to join the National Association of Professional Baseball Clubs. Pictou was not admitted to the League for the travel costs were too high and there was no economic advantage. On March 8, 1937 Reserve rejoined the League "bid. , 5 January 1937. kdnev Post Record, 18 January 1937. 99 sponsored by the Reserve Fire Brigade but would later wi thdraw . " The League was beginning to accept applications from American umpires who, it was hoped, would end the fighting among umpires, fans and players. T h e s e umpires might have a better knowledge of baseball and be better able t o control the games. The two umpires selected by the League were Douglas "Scottytt Robb and W.E. C l a r i t z and they would arrive on June 3rd. They were to conduct a school for t h e base umpires and select those who would work in the League. Both umpires had corne highly recommended by Bill Steward, one of the foremost umpires in the National League.' The teams were preparing for the season, as they searched f o r managers for the upcoming season. Glace Bay was in contact with the New York Giants and the New York Yankees to help recommend a manager. They requested an affiliation with either Detroit or Philadelphia but the request was denied as both had their own Class "D" team in place . I o Bert Daniels was named to manage the ~ominion Hawks, having played with the New York Yankees from 1910 to 1913 and finishing h i s career with Cincinnati of the National League in 1914. During his £ive year major league career he appeared in '~bid., 8 March 1937. ' ~ b i d , 24 May 1937. . * -"Ibid. , 19 February 1937. 100 523 games with a .255 batting average. '' Joe Page who had been in organized bal1 since 1884 signed to manage Sydney. "Rabbit" Maranville of the Boston Braves recommended Fred Maguire to manage the Glace Bay team. Maguire had played s i x years in the majors with the New York Giants, Chicago Cubs and the Boston Braves playing 618 games. He performed in the 1923 World Series with the Giants. Maguire had a career -257 battihg average.'2 Del Bissonette would not return to Glace Bay as he had signed to be player-manager of Des Moines of the Western League. Herb Moran the choice to manage in New Waterford, was a seven year veteran with the Philadelphia Athletics , Boston Braves and the Brooklyn Dodgers . He . - appeared in the 1914 World Series with the Boston Braves.-' W. J. Buckley with many years of minor league experience would manage the Sydney Mines Ramblers . Buckley was an insurance man, a promoter and a former professional umpire. He was a founder of the Canadian-American League in 1939, was a league . vice-president and would own the Waterloo franchise. -' The Canadian-American League had a unique method of dividing league funds. Visiting teams would receive $60.00 a game plus 12 1/2 cents for every ticket sold over 400 "~avid Pietrusza , Baseball ' s Canadian- American Leaque (Jefferson, N.C., McFarland and Company Inc., 1990), 5. admissions. Teams were to receive $30.00 to cover transportation costs to rained-out games . l5 Bef ore the season began, William Zitzman replaced Bert Daniels as the Dominion Hawks manager. Zitzman had played 406 games in the major leagues, the majority being with the Cincinnati Reds with a batting average of -267. ' 6 Hank Hamilton was signed to replace Joe Page in Sydney. As the Colliery League prepared to enter the world of prof essional baseball, an effort was made to buy al1 equipment £ r o m local merchants. In 1936 over $4,000 was put into the local economy by the clubs to pay for equipment. Another attempt would be made to have the Provincial Government lower the amusement tax f rom f ive cents to three cents. Interest in the Colliery League was not restricted to Cape Breton Island. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation would broadcast the first two games throughout the ~aritimes." The New Waterford team was improving their ballpark and would move the fences out ten feet. Expecting large crowds both the New Waterford and Sydney teams would increase seating. The Dominion Hawks had built a scoreboard, an exact duplicate of the one found in Yankee Stadium which had room for advertising, an additional source of revenue for the club. The Dominion team had a deficit over $1,000 for the 1936 - - . - -'Ibid. , 8. '6~aseball Encyclopedia, 1222. . - - Svdnev Post Record, 8 May 1937. 102 season but with the full support of the local citizens f e l t sure of a successf ul season. la In Sydney Mines a strong team was expected to compete. The team built a bat rail and a sunken receptacle behind home plate to hold baseballs for the umpires . A new press box was constructed and the Brown Street field was taking shape for its first professional game. The opening game of the Colliery League was played on June 7 in Glace Bay with the home team defeating the Sydney Mines Ramblers 5-4. The game was attended by 5,000 fans while - the attendance for the first five games was over 10,000.- The League was still struggling with teams importing and releasing players. On June 14 the Sydney Mines Ramblers released three players and imported three more. The teams were going to have to depend on imported players. Local players WiddyI1 Gouthro and Ray Sloan with Dominion and Layton Ferguson and l1DummyU Jackson were having problems compet ing with the strong imported players. As the season progressed and problems became evident, Judge Campbell sought an advanced classification from "Du toTn. He argued that the League was the only professional league in Canada and therefore its population area should be based on the s i z e of the province. A jump in classification would boost the salary limit to '"bid., 22 May 1937; ' J --Sportins News, 17 June 1937. 103 $1,400 and allow roster limits of sixteen players . ' " T h e team executives were having a difficult time obtaining capable players for a roster limit of $1,000. T h e extra $400 i n funds for player salary t o allow the importation of better players and raise the standard of play. Another difficulty facing the League was the bickering b e t w e e n umpires and players, situations which were not giving the league the professional look they desired. A t the same t i m e high batting averages by the hitters was reflecting the poor level of pitching. CONFLICT OR COHESION Judge W.G. Bramham of the National Association took action on the issue of the playersf attacks on umpires. He ruled that players who abused umpires would be suspended for -. a period of sixty days which in Cape Breton meant the season.'- The New Waterford club officials would attempt to stop the rowdyism at their home games . The problem was being caused by children and a small portion of the adult fan base. It was decided the children would s i t in a section where they would not be a nuisance to people. The fans were asked to watch t h e i r language and refrain from the use of profanity. If these rules were not folLowed the offending fans would be refunded their admission fee and asked to leave the park. Extra police would be hired to ensure the fans behaved. Some - rn 1 , 17 June 1937. ?'svdney Post Record, 28 Jurie 1937. umpires had refused to work the games in New Waterford due to the umpire baiting. Judge Campbell agreed with the New Waterford executive and demanded the excessive language stop. He requested the R. C .M. P. reinforce the local police. A game played on July 18 s a w Umpire Dave Clorety escorted £ r o m the field by the police. He called a game due to darkness with the Sydney Mines Ramblers winning 13-12 although the Dodgers staged a late rally. July 25th saw five arrested during a game at Sydney Mines with New Waterford the visitors. Umpire Scotty Robb ejected Dodger manager Nick Morris and player Walleston £rom the game. Morris was fined twenty-five dollars, Walleston ten dollars. Any repetition would carry suspension. Sydney Mines1 pitcher nCowboyll Moulton was fined ten dollars for cursing the fans. Although the League did not look on these actions with any favour some did defend the actions of the fans. Chauncey MacQuarrie wrote in his sport's column Highlights and Sidelights in the Svdnev Post Record "These arguments will be apparent as long as there is cornpetitive sport in Cape Breton. An island fan who follows a team goes the limit and if he becomes more combative than usual in the excitement of a closely contested match he should not be censured too heavily . 112' MacQuarrie def ends the poor action of the fans in the heat of the moment and did not wish them censured. The umpires and players who were the objects of this poor conduct "~bid., 26 July 1937. were no doubt of a different opinion. In New Waterford the fans continued to attack the umpires. The League considered lifting the franchise of the New Waterf ord team . Umpire Flemming was verbally and physically assaulted during a game played August 3rd requiring police protection until the crowd dispersed. Rocks were thrown at h i s car, breaking the front w i n d o w . One man was charged with assault. With this type of fan action it would become difficult to obtain umpires to work the games in New Waterford. This last incident had caused umpire Jim Flemming to resign his position. But once again the writers with the Svdnev Post Record came to the defence of the New Waterford fans. L . J . D o u c e t wrote on August 5th t h a t the New Waterford team was always getting bad decisions £rom the umpires. They are absolutely disgraceful and uncalled for but yet that doesnt t suggest prevention. Cape Breton baseball fans and particularly New Waterford followers take their sport seriously when given an opportunity they are no worse than the rest . They w a n t a fair deal and evidently are satisfied to fight for it if necessary. Doucet forgave the conduct of the fans and laid full blame on the umpires. He feit better umpiring was required; the poor umpiring was hurting the gate receipts.'l Doucet may have arrived at this opinion by being a member of the executive of the New Waterford Dodgers Baseball team, a direct b d . 5 Aupst 1937. conflict of interest. Others had a different opinion on the cause of fan unrest at games. Many believed the consumption of alcohol was the cause of fan rowdyism. These fans who consumed excess alcohol were to be expelled £rom the park. The R. C .M. P. would attend al1 games to ensure the liquor laws were obeyed. Anyone with liquor was to be expelled from the park. President Campbell was of the opinion that only a small number of fans was creating the problem and a larger police presence would be of a great help. To quote President Campbell: "Theire was much better discipline of players and the players as a general rule were more ambitious, cleaner living lot than the former players who played in Cape Breton in years gone by.lt2' Campbell was placing the problem directly on the fans and not the players. He seemed to be defending his idea that the imported players should be of good character and set a strong example for the youth of Cape Breton. If the youth of Cape Breton admired these players of strong athletic ability and good character there was hope that sport would keep the youth from a life of poor choices. President Campbell as a Judge of the Juvenile Court had a vested interest in the character and moral strength of the youth of Cape Breton. He was espousing a f o m of flmuscular Christianity1I. Sport had the potential t o form character if "~bid., 1 January 1938. the ruleç of a game were respected. There was then hope that the rules of the game of life would also be respected." Sport could be used to build a strong Christian character; the positive sport could be useful in the development of leadership with the team sports and their dependence on group goals rather than individual skill playing a major role.'" Team sports would build character and teach a respect for rules and laws. During the season the Colliery League players visited sick children. They spoke to the children at the ballpark whenever possible and never ref used an autograph . When playing exhibition games in Halifax the players gave balls to the children at the games . As one reverend gentleman remarked ItYou can apply a lot of religion to the game of baseball if you have the correct missionaries. lt2' There was evidence of fan violence during the 1936 season. By the end of June of that year, it was apparent the League was having problems with umpires. President Campbell reduced the umpire crews to two umpire-in-chiefs and two assistants. The players must be better disciplined and stop abusing the umpires physically and verbally. Those players not showing the proper respect for the men in blue were to be " - "David Howell and Peter Lindsay, I1Social Gospel and the Young Boy Pr~blern,~~ Morris Mott ed., Sports In Canada, 224. %Jean Barman, Sport and the Development of Character , Morris Mott ed., S~orts In Canada, 234-244. - -. 'Svdnev Post Record, 20 September 1937. e jected f rom gantes and fined. Two excellent examples of umpires and players having heated discussions soon followed. On July 2, Sydney defeated Sydney Mines by a score of 4-3. The fans stormed the field when Umpire Sam Melanson ruled against a triple by MacKimon of the Ramblers which drove in two runs. Ramblersf catcher Damy Ayotte was ejected from t h e game for arguing the call. Melanson was escorted £rom the field by local police and the R.C.M.P. In New Waterford on July 3, two umpires were escorted £ r o m the field. Len Murello, who had made two errors in the game was baiting the umpires and the fans were only too eager to help him. It was the opinion of many fans that American players had a poor attitude and perceived themselves to be the only good players on the island. After being ejected from the game for pushing the urnpire, Bond and Pagliucia restrained Mureiio while the umpire was rescued by the police. President Campbell was very upset with the rowdyism of the American players on the field. Campbell stated "he was going t o stop it either by suspension or expulsion from the League of the offending players whose actions are not doing the League any good. 'l2' These players were to set a good example for the youth of Cape Breton but their actions on the field were far from clean cut or wholesome. The umpiring situation became so bad that the League 109 fired umpire Hugh Beshore. On July 20th in Glace Bay he managed to upset both teams and the fans. Poor calls on balls and strikes caused managers Lewis of Glace Bay and Gallivan of Reserve t o not l e t the game proceed until the umpire w a s replaced. Johrmy L a f f o r d , a professional boxer from New Brunswick, was recruited to finish the game in place of the incompetent Beshore who would umpire the bases. His calls on the bases were no better than his ability to cal1 balls and strikes upsetting the Reserve team who had t o be restrained by the R.C.M.P. 2 3 The fans and players continued their battle with the umpires during a game in Sydney Mines. Umpire-In-Chief Stewart MacDonald was assaulted on the field and later in his car resulting in police intemention. MacDonald was knocked dom and kicked by the fans. While sitting in his car he was struck and his l i p badly cut. MacDonald was very upset with the lack of police protection. His driver was attacked and was protected by Rambler players Roy Boles, Moore. Foster and Ayotte. The mayor of Sydney Mines, Alex McCormack responded to the incident by swearing in special constables for games. At a League meeting delegates Doyle and Nunn of Sydney were very concerned with the incident, the third violent incident to occur during games at Sydney Mines. It was the position of the Sydney club delegates that the Ramblers were doing nothing 2r~bid., 18 July 1936. 110 to improve conditions. If improvement was not seen at games teams would refuse to play in Sydney Mines. The constant assaulting of officials must stop and the Sydney Mines police must use the law to prevent further violence and more police presence at the games was required. Mayor McCormack saw the incident as being caused by poor umpiring by MacDonald. The Sydney Mines position was that the League must obtain better umpires. Chief of Police Hall stated his off icers protected the umpires and four times he called the R.C.M.P. for assistance but got no response. Clyde Nunn answered this position by blaming the problems on Small and Ayotte; the umpiring of MacDonald and Melanson was excellent. Articles by Chauncey MacQuarrie a reporter with the Sydnev Post Record, were highly critical of the situation in Sydney Mines. The executive of the Ramblers bal1 club responded by revoking the press pass of MacQuarrie. This action did not sit well with the League for the Post gave excellent coverage and it was not good business to fight with the source of this f ree publicity. 'O On May 10, the New Waterford fans attacked umpire Gordon McInnis of Glace Bay who was the base umpire. He made two team. New Waterf ord Freddie Gregor tried w o u l d not go. With calls that went against the New Waterford club president James Johnston and manager to have him removed from the game but he t h e game tied in the ninth inning the fans attacked the helpless umpire who was rescued by Chief-of-Police Graham and other members of his police force along with the New Waterford and Dominion players. MacInnis was escorted to a waiting truck as the fans threw sticks and Stones at the truck. The umpire's father was beaten while trying to rescue his son. The New Waterford police arrested five men and charged them, During the 1938 season umpires were again being abused in the Colliery League. There were better umpires available but the cost made them prohibitive. The League had a number of players i n their first year of professional baseball and they may have been able to abuse umpires during their amateur days. However, Judge Campbell was not going to tolerate his umpires being abused. It was also possible that the Cape Breton fans : - were expecting perfection for the forty cent admission price . - - Campbell tried to stop open gambling in the stands, which was accompanied by foul language in many cases. He charged the police t o arrest any fans gambling and using foul language. The fans who lost their bets may be the ones who protested the - - loudest." On August 12, Campbell banned betting in the stands. The ballpark must have adequate police protection. If problems arose both home and visiting clubs along with the umpires were to leave the field. Neither players nor umpires -. '-Ibid, 25 Jtme 1938. "~bid., 12 August 1938. were to be intimidated by the fans. During the 1939 season the problems between players and umpires continued. " M o e t l Kiley the Sydney outfielder had the distinction of being the first player to rate a fine in the 1939 season. He was fined five dollars for his actions at a game with the Glace Bay Miners. Kiley tested the patience of T ~ o t t y ~ ~ Robb by protesting a called strike too loudly and too . . long." The use of distasteful language was becoming too common at the Colliery League games. President Campbell would try to curb this practice with fines.34 This policy was not completely successful when examining the game between Sydney and Glace B a y . Phi1 Mooney the Sydney pitcher was fined and ordered out of the park for protesting too forcibly when Umpire Kenney gave a decision against the home team. Mooney also fought with the Glace Bay catcher Dave Berry in the - - eighth iming . Mooney was f ined and suspended for f ive days . '' There was a great deal of complaining about the umpires in the League but many players are not correct when describing plays. There was a great deal of baiting between the players and umpires which lead to explosive field situations." What may have been the biggest fight players occurred on July 30, 1939 at New between fans and Waterford Dodger ., - "S~ortins News, 22 June 1939. 34Svdnev Post Record, 11 July 1939. - 7 "Sportins News, 10 August 1939. j%ydney Post Record, 16 August 1939. 113 Field. With the Dodgers leading seven to three in the seventh inning a full scale brawl broke out between the players and the fans. Al Smith the Sydney manager was injured during the mallee. Tensions had been building between the New Waterford fans and the Sydney players. The result was a full scale riot ." Umpire Charlie Whittle recommended the game be played to completion. A game report was sent to the four clubs in the League. Whittle reported that with one out in the seventh inning, manager Al Smith asked for protection f rom fans behind the players bench. The Sydney players were being called abusive and improper names. At this time Umpire Whittle called two policemen to stay behind the Sydney bench and the officer removed one fan from the ballpark. While the Sydney players continued the game on the field, Pearlman and Joe Linsalata began fighting with the fans. This action resulted in the fans storming the field and the umpire called the game. ' 9 . H . MacLean of New Waterford would not agree to replaying the remaining innings of the suspended game. There must be a full investigation and the League must not rely on the report of umpires Scotty Robb and Chuck Whittle." Judge Campbell held a full investigation into the incident on August 9. Joe Linsalata testified under the Canada Witness and Evidence Act. The player admitted to Judge - - - - - - '7~bid., 31 July 1939. - - 'Tbid., 3 August 1939. ?3~bid. , 4 August 1 9 3 9 . Campbell that he went into the stands, slapped a fan and threw punches. Linsalata did not remember jumping into the stands. He stated the fans w e r e using abusive language towards the Sydney players during the game. Bernie Pearlman testif ied he had gone to the aid of Linsalata; he had heard the vile language and had asked the fans to stop due to the presence of children. The Sydney equipment manager Ed Rirber agreed with the players. The Sydney players had been h i t with pebbles during the game and mud had been thrown in the water bucket. H e testified manager Al Smith complained to the umpire and went to the fans to protect his players. Smith was struck four or £ive times on the head. Judge Campbell awarded the game to the New Waterford team after six innings with the score seven to t h r e e . Joe Linsalata was fined twenty-£ive , P dollars for leaving the field and entering the stands.'" Tate Bodio described the fight throught the eyes of one of the players. . . . he died about a year ago and that s Jerry "MoeI1 Kiley. Now Kiley had played up there three years. He did his first year in Glace Bay. H e did the second year at New Waterford and he did the third year in Sydney. Whenever Jerry Kiley walked on the baseball diamond, you knew he was there. You knew he was there because he made himself present whether it be with his club, or whether it be with his bat or his face. But Jerry Kiley was there ... the fellow with Sydney the second year 1 was there because of Kiley who was not rehired in 1939 by New Waterford. So we knew when we got to "1bid. , 8 August 1939. Sydney we were in for a real hassle because Kiley would stir them up. Now 1 can recall one game, it was in New Waterford and for some reason or another I think kids were throwing pebbles at the Sydney ballplayers and of al1 the guys who would have been the f irst one that would have started anything it would have been Joe Linsalata. He (Robb) was the umpire at second at the time and he became a very famous umpire i n the American League. . Linsalata turns around and slaps the kid. What happened, the fans in the stands, 1 ' 11 never forget as long as 1 live because 1 was scared. ripped the fencing off the restraining part of the stands and climbed onto the field. We almost had a full scale riot. Now that was with Sydney and I recall it because Kiley and I often joked about it later on how we almost blew the whole league by one simple riot ." So it takes more than the fans to start riots. The players had a knack for inciting the fans to vent their wrath against the visiting teams. One segment of the population is conspicuous by its absence - women, who did not play at this level of baseball, but an examination will be undertaken to see what, if any role, fernales had in the years of the Colliery League. We will also examine the roles of blacks, aboriginals and other ethnic groups to see if they were treated in the same ntanner by the League as they were in society in general. Women did play a part in the Colliery League which was similar to their role in society. They gave support to the League by helping to raise funds, holding socials, card and "~ecording 10 June 1991 courtesy Hal Higgins, CBC Sydney. 116 bingo games. During the 1936 season it was reported that a large number of female fans were attending games at Brown Street Park in Sydney Mines and that the team would hold a Ladies' Day in the future.i2 After the games the ladies of Sydney Mines held very popular socials at St. Mary's Hall for the players and fans ." The ladies would help the team raise funds by staging a benefit show and selling raffle tickets. Women were encouraged to come to the games to help improve the crowd behavioud4 But at Colliery League games it was reported that some lady fans were not acting in a ladylike manner and were attempting to strlke umpires when their decisions were going against the home team." But even so Glace Bay would hold a Ladiesr Day when female fans would be admitted for a small price? As earlier stated blacks were not readily accepted in white society in Nova Scotia and baseball was no different. Blacks did have a long history of playing baseball in Canada. There were black baseball teams in Ontario in the 1850s and teams in Halifax in the 1890s . 4 7 In Northern Sandlots, Colin Howell presents a short history of black baseball in the "~ydney Post Record, 22 June 1936. "~nterview with Ed Gillis, 14 November 1991. "~eil J. Sullivan, The Minors, 55. "~vdney Post Record, 23 July 1937. "~bid., 16 July 1937. "~umber , Diamonds , 142 -144. 117 Maritimes. In 1894 a black championship was established and blacks played white teams after W. W. 1. During the 1920s black teams competed in a community league in Truro. The New Glasgow Intermediate League 1932 -1935 had a black team and black players played on white teams in the Pictou County League i n 1932 and later on a New Glasgow senior club. During the 1930s, black touring teams played many games in the Maritimes and included Cape Breton in these tours. The Boston Royal Giants with WhiteyI1 Michaels toured Cape Breton in 1935. The players were well known to local fans and offered helpful advice to the local teams." With the acceptance of the black touring teams and the large crowds which saw these exhibitions, it would have been hoped that Michaels would have been accepted as a player by the fans of the Colliery League. The first game played by George Whiteytl Michaels was played in Sydney Mines and led to a very unpleasant incident although Michaels was not the first black to play in Cape Breton as a black had played in the Cape Breton League some years before this time.4g A small, noisy minority of Sydney Mines fans objected to the Hawks playing Michaels in place of the injured Leadbetter. A fan went on the field and refused to leave until assured that Michaels would not play. According to Max Cullen 'lit was really only two guys drunk on cheap booze that caused the great part of the problem. Most '%Coin Howell, Sandlots, 172-184. 43~vdney Post Record, 24 August 1935. 118 considered it a very bad incident. Although this may explain the incident on the field the fans in the stands continued to taunt Michaels and the police made no effort to remove the fan on the field. Michaels remained calm throughout the whole incident although he felt that I1Maybe he wasnlt going to just ... fit in anywhere."" LeftyIf Lumanski signed with the Dominion Hawks on July 10. In 1935 he played for Rochester of the International League and would be the f irst imported player of Jewish origin to play in Cape Breton. It was rumoured that Lumanski had his own source of income and played for the love of the game. Perhaps a reference to the stereotype that al1 Jewish people are wealthy. During the 1938 season Eddie ltChief Rivers, a French- Indian player f rom Chepadet , Rhode Island played for the New Waterf ord Dodgers . '' Del Bissonette, a French Canadian Erom Winthrop, Maine had ambitions of being a candidate in the Republican party primary in his native Maine. The Glace Bay player-manager would be a candidate in the fa11 election for State Legislature if successful in the primary. He would miss two games by going home. L a t e r in the summer Bissonette announced that in 1939 he would manage Hartford of the Class IIA" Eastern League. Bissonette would still use his ties with the Boston "~nterview with Max Cullen, 16 November 1991.. -. '-Colin Howell, Sandlots, 172. '2~ydnev Post Record, 27 May 1938. Bees to have players and other favours extended to the Glace Bay team. During the sumrner of 1938 Bissonette was offered the job as manager of the Montreal Royals but refused showing his loyalty to the Glace Bay team. The hard hitting Bissonette was an excellent manager who was skilled in working with young players. He was a very colourful player who gave his al1 to the game ." It was said V t was worth the price of admission to watch him (Bissonette) strike outm." After fifteen games of the 1937 schedule a tight race was developing with three teams, Sydney, Sydney Mines and Glace Bay virtually tied for first place. Dominion was struggling to join the pack but New Waterford with a record of two wins and twelve losses found themselves hopelessly in last place. This record led to the dismissal of Herb Moran who was replaced on a ternporary basis by utility infielder Peter Ballard on a ternporary basis. Later, the Dodgers signed Mick Morris £rom Holy Cross to manage and play second base. New Waterford was being helped in their quest for players by the Brooklyn Dodgers and signed Art Upper £rom Toronto of the VUV1 International League." In Glace Bay news was received that Manager Fred Maguire had been hired by Bob Quim, President of the Boston Bees as a scout .'6 Hard times were the order of the - - "Ibid, 20 June 1938. "~nterview with Russell Demont, 26 May 1996. - - "Svdney Post Record, 22 September 1937. - - '"Sportins News, 15 Juiy 1937. 120 summer in Dominion. Starting the year with a poor team, attendance fell and when the team did show improvement the fans did not return. One proposa1 to help the Dominion team raise money was for the visiting club to receive twenty percent of the gate. Glace Bay would raise the admission fees to thirty-five cents to help generate more revenue .'' On July 21st playing manager Bill Zitzmann asked for and was granted his release. Two players C r o w e l l and Thierney jumped the team and were immediately suspended. On the same day the Glace Bay Mines released local player Layton Ferguson who was having trouble competing with the irnport laden teams. The deadline for importing players was August 20 and the teams in the Colliery League were having a difficult time obtaining good pitching. Some of the local experts felt that many players in the League would not progress in professional baseball because of their age and ability. Paul Krichell a scout for the New York Yankees was watching the games and stated the Colliery League was no different that any other "D1I league and he was interested in ten players in the League. In a case of the rich getting richer the Sydney Mines Ramblers, with the leaguels best attendance record, sold Ray Manarel to the Yankees for a sum in excess of $3,000." September 1 saw the schedule corne to a close with Glace Bay posting the best regular season record. Sydney and Sydney -- - - - - "Ibid., 22 July 1937. "~ydney Post Record, 14 July 1937. 121 Mines tied for second place but the Ramblers won a coin toss for the right to host the third game in the best of three series. Ten percent of the profits of the third game would go to the New Waterford and Dominion clubs to help them defray t h e i r losses. Dominion finished seven games behind Glace Bay and New Waterford fifteen games back?' Guido Panciera of Sydney was the leading hitter with a -394 average, 80 hits and 48 runs batted in. Roy Ross, Glace Bay scored a League leading 44 runs while Chris Pickering of New Waterford had 8 home ruis. Roy Moore of the Glace Bay team was t h e dominant pitcher with 14 wins and an E.R.A. of - - 1.33. Bill Jarvis was the strikeout leader at 1 1 4 . "" DEBT AND MORE DEBT William Giliis, a local grocer, President of the Sydney Mines Ramblers and Art Higgins the Treasurer amounced the team had lost nearly t w o thousand dollars during the season. Operating expenses, transportation bills and equipment were the major expenses along with the fifteen hundred dollar -. salary of manager Buckley."' The only team to show a profit was the Sydney team. Inexperience in matters pertinent to running professional baseball clubs was costing the teams money. The revenue from playoff games was immediately cut by '"he Encvclopedia of Minor L e a s u e Baseball , eds . Lloyd Johnson & Miles Wolff, 191. -. "'Ibid., 24 September 1937. 122 twenty-eight percent - fifteen percent went to the govemment as amusement tax, ten percent to eliminated teams and three percent to the National Association. The average cost of a game was one hundred and twenty-five dollars to pay for salaries of umpires, scorers, gate attendants and other officiais. To this was added forty dollars to pay for baseballs .62 The Colliery League would attempt to operate on a non- profit basis in 1938. The teams would distribute excess funds to charity to eliminate the payment of the provincial amusement tax. Al1 the League teams had lost money in 1937 and paying of over £ive thousand dollars in amusement tax did not help balance the books. Sydney who paid over fifteen hundred dollars in tax felt the money would be better spent on playgrounds for children, fixing old locations and establishing new ones. It appeared that the New Waterford Dodgers might not retum to the League, as they faced a deficit of about thirty-two hundred dollars; forty percent of which was spent transporting players to and f r o m the United States and nine hundred dollars in provincial tax. Sydney had receipts of $19,000 and was $1,000 in arrears, Sydney Mines $10,000 in receipts and $1,000 in arrears. Dominion was $1,500 in arrears. The League had gross receipts of $60,000 but the inexperience in obtaining players was a great - - . - '"Sportins News, 7 October 1937. expense. " With mounting bills the Sydney Mines Ramblers would go to the community for support. The team would become a community owned team with £ive dollar memberships. If people had a problem and could not afford the five dollars, they could pay a smaller amount. Another fwid raising idea proposed, consisted of a membership club with the dues to be stipulated l a t e r . Membership was to be unlimited and any contribution to erase the deficit would be credited t o membership dues A public meeting was held in November with a large attendance. It was decided memberships would cost three dollars a share, making the team community owned. The Colliery League had not found favour with all members of the community. The Dominion Coal Company complained that a£ ternoon games were hurting production as miners went t o bal1 games not to work. This absenteeism from work was a concern for local merchants. If the miners did not work they would not be paid. T h i s i n turn meant that t h e r e would be less money to spend a t the local stores. One action the League could take to stop this practice was the installation of lights enabling night games to be played. i3~vdney Post Record, 1 6 October 1937. "~bid., 16 October 1937. CHAPTER V A BATTLE FOR SURVIVAL As the year 1938 began the teams of the Colliery Leagt were attempting to find ways of dealing with deficits, searching for ways to raise money. Players must be obtained and the executive of the League was hoping for a higher quality of play. New Waterford began the year with a meeting on January 25 to discuss obtaining players for their contracts must be submitted by the first day of March. Players who did not have a signed contract would not be permitted to play and must have releases from their previous clubs before they could sign with a new club. The New Waterford team favoured the signing of yourig players as they tried harder than the seasoned veterans who were winding down their careers and just looking for a last payday . The executive of the Dodgers believed that young players were accepted by the fans because of their al1 out efforts . To make the obtaining of players a little easier the L e a g u e had raised the salary limit to $1,200 .' One S .C. Atkinson of Boston, Mass. was showing an interest in buying the team with the intention of installing lights for night ball. If the team played at night, it might draw more fans, resulting in a profit. In early April an offer was made by unnamed American '~vdnev Post Record, 25 January 1938. 12 5 sports promoters to purchase the Dominion Hawks but the team was not for sale. Al1 the teams in the Colliery League were owned by members of the local community and Dominion would remain locally owned, a part of the community. In Dominion, Alex Burden the manager of No. iB Colliery was elected President of the Dominion Hawks. He proposed a check-off be used at the mine so that interested fans could donate money to the team to help reduce the deficit. It was hoped the miners would donate ten cents a pay to help defray the costs of running the team. Businesses and clerks of Domiriion would be solicited for weekly contributions and monster bingo games would raise funds on a weekly basis.' Jack McAulay, a senior member of the firm of McAulay Bros. was elected president of the tearn. President of District 26 U.M.W.A. and Mayor of Glace Bay, Dan Willie Morrison was named honorary president. The manager's job would be of fered to Del Bissonette who in 1937 managed Des Moines of the Western ~eague' and an attempt would be made to sign Dave Berry who was the teamrs starting catcher in 1936. Fred Gregor, manager of the Majestic Theatre was the n e w President of the New Waterford Dodgers. At a league meeting held in Dominion, Gregor and his executive proposed a Co- operat ive Baseball Plan. The gate and grandstand receipts would be pooled and used to pay dom the deficit that plagued ' ~ b i d . , 26 January 1938. 3~r>ortins News, 5 January 1937. 12 6 al1 the League teams, Gate receipts would be given to the League executive who would ensure that al1 salaries and operating expenses were paid. If any money w a s left af ter al1 the expenses were met it would be divided equally among the t eams , ' Gregor wanted changes m a d e to the Lord1 s Day Alliance Act by the Provincial Govement. Baseball, he reasoned, was a clean, wholesome game that could be enjoyed on a Sunday afternoon by adults while at the same time keeping children out of trouble. Sunday w a s really the only opportunity for a large percentage of men who worked day and afternoon shif ts to attend the games.' It was very difficult to run a ballclub in t h e low minors. The teams faced many expenses and must have good support and closely watch their receipts to break even. The cost of transportation was high, amounting to hundreds of dollars a year to bring players to Cape Breton. Baseballs cost $300 a year, bats more than $100 and there were other expenses including police, equipment and repairs , umpires , club employees, salaries of players and managers. To cover these expenses it was necessary t o gross $3500 a month; if the team only eams $10,000 in a three month period, they lose money. It is necessary to draw in excess on 30,000 fans. For this to happen there must be a good team with a strong "ydney Post Record, 7 February 1938. 5 ~ b i d . , 7 March 1938. 127 population base of 25,000, good weather and a stable economy. Poor weather, problems i n the mines or steel plant and the teams would lose money. Many American players were seeking positions i n the Colliery League . Contracts were off ered t o umpires "Scottyqr Robb, "ShortyI1 Farro and local Fred L e w i s . Guido Panciera would return t o Sydney as a player-manager w h i l e N i c k Morris w o u l d again guide the New Waterford Dodgers bringing with him a team assembled i n the Boston area. The Sydney Mines Ramblers spent the winter working t o reduce the deficit with card parties held t o r a i s e money. The team was using club rooms donated by Jack and Mendel Yazer, local merchants who had shown continued support for the team.' Fred Loftus, a pitcher and u t i l i t y player, would manage the Ramblers signing players i n the Boston area and bringing them t o Cape Breton. T h i s movement of players was very expensive and the team appealed t o the public for financial assistance. The salary l i m i t for the Colliery League teams w a s increased from $1,000 t o $1,200 and the date for the s a l e , purchase o r exchange of players would be changed from twelve days prior t o the close of the season t o t h i r t y days. This move s e t the roster of the teams for a longer period of time prior t o the playoffs enabling the fans to become more familiar with the players. Judge Campbell was again elected "ydney Post Record, 30 May 1938. ' ~ b i d . , 28 February 1938. 128 President of the League with Arthur P e t r i e as Vice-President. The League meeting dealt with the New Waterford request for a CO-operative league on a point by point basis. The motion to give the visiting team thirty-£ive percent of the gate was defeated as was a motion to give the visiting team sixty dollars per game . However, President Campbell was given the authority to examine the books of the League teams at any time. This measure was taken to prevent teams £rom exceeding the salary limit in search of better players. It was decided to send President Campbell to Halifax t o request the Government to discontinue the amusement taxe The tax was running into thousands of dollars a year and placing a great burden on the Cape Breton teams. Local pride and self sufficiency was showing that it had a place in the Colliery League. The Howe News Bureau was used by al1 minor league teams to compile and publish statistics. In Cape Breton, this service would be replaced by Doug McFarlane, the League off icial scorer and his assistant Roy Duchemin and C. ~ac~uarrie.' The Colliery League schedule consisted of 120 games beginning with a June 1 game in Sydney. Each team would play twenty-four games. The imported umpires Scotty Robb and Joe Humphries would be paid one hundred and fifty dollars a month. The Glace Bay club was signing players recommended by the Brooklyn Dodgers through the influence of manager Del 12 9 Bissonette. Community support consisting of the Fire Department, Caledonia A. C. and the Glace Bay Baseball Club was working to improve the South Street Field.' Bissonette turned dom an offer to scout for the Boston Bees to play in Glace Bay. However. he did manage the Boston team in 1945 for sixty-one games posting a record of twenty-five wins and . r. thirty-six losses. -' Thomas S. Johnstone, an official of the Indian Cove Coal Co. was elected President of the Sydney Mines Ramblers. The team would hold a two day bazaar the second week in May to raise money ta defer costs. Work was proceeding on Brown Street Park and the team had installed a new scoreboard donated by the Imperia1 Tobacco Co. of Canada. The bond between miners, chewing tobacco and the tobacco Company was obvious. The team had purchased a new loud speaker system to introduce the players. At the f irst Rambler practice, several hundred fans watched the players work out. The new players would be introduced to the public at a dance to be held at St. M a r y ' s Hall. This season the club would have new uniforms. The team decided to have a parade prior to the first game with M a y o r MacComick t o throw out the first ball. The New Waterford Dodgers continued to attempt to strengthen their team with the signing of minor league veteran Fred Kemedy, a second baseman who would settle down the young ' ~ b i d . , 12 April 1938. - -"Basebal1 Encvclo~edia, 618. 1 3 0 infield. The Dodgers played a d e r of exhibition games on the way to Cape B r e t o n . They defeated the Calais Blue Sox of Maine 18-4. The Moncton Senior Amateur team was crushed 10-1 and 6-0 w i t h very poor fan support for the home team. Their final game was against the very strong a m a t e u r Springhill Fencebusters who £el1 13-0. The team gave every indication that hitting would not be a problem. The Springhill t e a m f eatured f amous Nova Scotia players Al Linkletter, "BuddyN Condy and Edgar "The Greatn Cormier. Linkletter started the game pitching three and one half imings allowing eight hits while Cormier finished giving up £ive hits, £ive runs and f o u r walks. The Seaman brothers of Liverpool played with the Dodgers after gaining permission frorn the N.S .A.B.A. The Springhill team could not hit Art Calhoun, on option £rom Toronto of the International League. He pitched seven -. innings, allowing no hits and no walks, striking out f ive. - - When the team arrived in New Waterford, they were greeted w i t h a dance at the Strand Hall attended by a large number of fans. HITTERS AND PITCHERS The level of hitting had been improving during the 1938 season. Some claimed that the bal1 was livelier but there is a more obvious reason for the harder hitting players. ~ o s t of the players i n the Colliery League had professional . . --Sydney Post Record, 30 May 1938. 13 1 experience; the teams were stronger and the players more experienced . The Colliery League got into the publishing business with the magazine "Colliery League DigestlI, sixty pages of baseball in£ ormat ion. It included messages from W.C. Bramham, President of the National Association of Professional Baseball , Judge A. D . Campbell, President of the Colliery League, mayors of the League toms, and H.J. Kelley, General Manager Dominion Steel and Coal . The pictures of the managers of the League teams were featured in the Disest. It included complete league schedules, plus sketches of players and umpires, space for scores of garnes and a section for autographs. If the amount of advertising in the Tolliery League Digestn is a mark of profit, then it was a successful venture. Tommy Jackson, the last of the local players, retired £rom the game on July 4.:2 Jackson was an employee of Caledonia Colliery and was having difficult getting time off to play baseball . Jackson realizing his f irst responsibility was to his wife and family decided on a full tirne job, giving up the game of baseball . However, Tommy iiDummyli Jackson did not leave the game totally, as he became a member of the Glace Bay executive. On the same day a meeting of League directors was held to decide the fate of the Dominion Hawks. It was becoming . - -"Svdnev Post Record. , 4 July 1938. evident that the team m a y fold due t o a lack of fan support . - and a mounting d e f i c i t plus b i l l s of $2,000 left from 1937. -' The Hawks were losing and the team was i n l a s t place with the maj o r i t y of fans coming f rom other t o m s . With t h e team doing poorly a t the gate, the Hawks must have a percentage of road gates t o break even, but the other teams would not agree t o t h i s plan. There was a f e a r t h a t i f Dominion folded, the National Association would not accept a League with four teams. The l o s s of Dominion would require a shorter schedule and a change i n the playoff format. In an e f f o r t t o raise much needed furids, Ralph Bellrose and Lou Lowe were sold t o Glace B a y for one hundred twenty-five dollars. July 14 s a w the Dominion Hawks leave the Colliery League as a result of poor financial support:'' a team with a forty year history of organized baseball. Two hundred and f i f t y fans m e t in Dominion t o attempt t o keep the team i n the League. A collection was taken up and a committee named t o search for new players. The directors of the Colliery League announced the withdrawal of the Hawks and began t o draw up a new schedule f o r the rest of the season. The team representing t h e smallest community i n the League could no longer pay t h e i r b i l l s . The remaining four teams i n the League would donate money t o the Hawks i n an e f f o r t t o help them pay t h e i r b i l l s . A new schedule was adopted for the . - -'Sydney Post Record., 3 July 1938. I - * S ~ o r t i n s News, 1 4 July 1938. 133 League but the New Waterford delegates withdrew i n protest." The schedule w o u l d consist of f i f t y games from July 25 to September 3 . Ten thousand copies of the schedule would be printed and given free t o fans a t the next games played. New Waterford President Freddie Gregor w a s against t h e new schedule, two garnes had been added and Gregor f e l t t h i s gave other teams an unfair advantage i n the race for a playoff &art . While Dominion was having money problems the Sydney Mines Ramblers w e r e rnaking player changes. They had obtained f i f t y dollars by s e l l i n g Doug Y e a t e s t o the Rome team of the Can-Am League, a t e a m managed by B i l l Buckley who last year guided the Ramblers. Money was also received from the New Y o r k Yankees t o complete the transfer of Ray Manarel. President C a m p b e l l w a s i n the process of arranging a playoff series b e t w e e n the Colliery League and the Canadian- American League, a Class "Cl1 ~eague .:6 Campbell and Rev. Father Harold 5. Martin, President of the Class Tn League were attempting t o put together a five game series b e t w e e n the League w i m e r s . There was l i t t l e difference i n the level of play between Class and Class "Dn. August 4 , 1938 an AU-Star Game was played with the proceeds going t o Bernie Scanlon who was out for the remainder of the season due t o illness. A team with players £ r o m Sydney . - -'Sydney Post Record, 23 July 1938. ' ' ~ p o r t i n s News, 4 August 1938. Mines and Sydney defeated the team comprised of players £ r o m New Waterford and Glace Bay 4-0. The Sydney Post Record donated twenty- f ive dollars and the North Sydney Herald printed tickets at no charge. The four League umpires and the league scorers worked the games for free." On August 11, Merle Settlemire pitched a twelve inning, no hit, no run game as Sydney defeated the Sydney Mines Ramblers 1-0. Only four Sydney Mines players reached base, two on errors, one on a walk and one hit by a pitched ball. In eight of the twelve imings the Ramblers went dom in order as Settlemire was aided by many outstanding plays in the field. Guido Panciera set a League record with twenty-five put-outs at first base .:' During the 1928 season Settlemire had pitched for the Boston Red Sox winning no games and losing ' J six, along with an E.R.A. of 5.47.- As the regular season drew to a close, the race for the final playoff position in the standings was extremely close. the last scheduled game of the year between Sydney Mines and Sydney would be played with the winners advancing to the playof f S. Sydney Mines had protested a game played during the previous week against New Waterford but the protest was overturned. A scheduled game for the 2nd of September between the two teams was cancelled due to poor field conditions and - - Svdney Post Record, 5 August 1938 . . - -Tbid., 12 August 1938. :%aseball Encyclopedia, 2030. the game would not be replayed. New Waterford was in second place, one game behind Glace Bay. Sydney defeated Sydney Mines for third place and also tied New Waterford for second. The Dodgers wanted to play a sudden death game for second place but Judge J. Bramham, President of the National Association ruled against the game and declared Sydney the second place finishers. Both teams had finished with a percentage of -519 but when carried to five figures Sydney was.51923 and New Waterford .51851. According to Judge Bramham this was the closest finish in the history of minor league bal1 for a position in the standing^.^' Ralph Bellrose of Glace Bay was the leading hitter with a -328 average. GeraLd Kiley scored the most runs, 4 1 , and led the League in bits with 63. Lester Crabbe of Glace Bay had 41 RIB. 1. s and 6 home nins . Merle Settiemire paced the League with 13 wins and the best E.R.A. while Roy Moore of Glace Bay struck out 107 batters." The Sydney C i t i a r i s came close to breaking even because of a large increase in fans resulting from the closeness of teams in the standings. The adult attendance for the last eight games, seven in the playoffs, plus the last game with Sydney Mines saw a grosç attendance of 12,476 with children estimated at 9,000. The adult attendance in dollars was over $4,000 The calibre of baseball was excellent and the players were î'~ydney Post Record, 5 September 1938. -. '-Encvclopedia of Minor Leaque Baseball, 194. 136 respected in the community. '' Glace Bay honoured their team with a banquet attended by the officers and members of the execut ive, the off icials of the League and invited guests . The t e a m was paraded £rom Glace B a y t o the train station accompanied by hundreds of fans, and over two hundred cars and trucks with music provided by the Caledonia Pipe Band. The Colliery League had 77,846 adult admissions paid during the 1938 season with a gross of $45,000 to $50,000. The official statistics of adult attendance w a s released by Frank Murphy the Board of Licence representative on Cape Breton Island. Glace Bay had 19,986 paid adult admissions, New Waterford 17,759, Sydney 21,628, Sydney Mines who did not compete in the playoffs 14,408, and Dominion during its nineteen games before the suspension of operations 4,083. There was no official check on childuen's attendance. The value of admissions after taxes were deducted was $27,246.10 and the value of the government share set at five cents per admission was $4, 060.2' In late September t h e Sydney Mines Ramblers could not give a financial statement because they had not received their share of the playoff gates from the other three t e a m s . The movement of players was criticized by some fans but the t e a m executive stated the club. The Ramblers ' 2 ~ ~ d n e ~ Post Record, 2 3 ~ b i d . , 24 September moves w e r e necessary to strengthen the were proud to announce that as far as 16 September 1938. 1938. 137 expenses were concerned they had broken even and w e r e able to pay seven hundred dollars towards the de£ icit . The fee for membership in the club would be raised to two dollars with a drive for new members to begin immediately. '' In New Waterford the team reported a def icit of $2,747.07 including past debts . The losses f o r 1938 were only $599 - 5 6 with the heaviest losses in July when the weather was poor and the mines w e r e idle for long periods of time. The team was not pleased with the money made £ r o m the playoffs and would seek ways of raising funds." " ~ b i d . , 20 Çeptember 1938. %bid., 22 October 1938. CHAPTER VI THE LAST GASP: BULLETS NOT BASEBALLS As the political crisis in Europe worsened and the chance of war increased, the teams of the Colliery League prepared for the 1939 season. Managers w e r e being signed to contracts and players were sought. O n c e again there would be arguments between the umpires, players and fans, teams would have trouble paying their bills and of greatest importance to the fans the calibre of play w a s high. The year 1939 had the classification go from "Dl1 to Vn which led to better players coming to Cape Breton. We have examined specific groups and interests as they reflect upon the Colliery League. We have the philosophy of professional versus amateur, the loss of a place to play for local players, violence during games by fans, players and umpires and the treatment of specific groups, women, blacks, aboriginals and others. It is now necessary to determine if the Colliery League added any positive aspects to the lives of the communities in which the teams existed. The greatest winter need of the teams was the necessity to raise money to pay bills and prepare the finances for the upcoming season. New Waterford was holding weekly socials while the Northside club had skating parties, bingo and an ice carnival. The New Waterford team was in very difficult financial straits and may have to withdraw from the ~eague.' Even though the team was in the pennant race during 1938 the team had a poor year financially and required $1,500 t o continue. The community seemed to be disinterested in the fate of the team. The New Waterford Sports Club was in debt and unable to raise more funds.* The club would hold a tag day and s o l i c i t business for money to cover the team1s expenses. A benefit concert would be held at the Strand Gym and a midnight show at the Majestic Theatre in an attempt to reduce the deficit. Unfortunately the tag day raised less than $100.' The Glace Bay Miners were making irnprovements to South Street Field through a combined effort of the team and the Caledonia A.C. The field would be grassed and it was hoped the gardeners in tom would support this effort by helping to sod the field. The baseball field was to be moved away from the rugby field, levelled and a new nine f oot f ence built nine feet closer to home plate. ' The Glace Bay Professional t e a m would pay rent at South Street Park but amateur teams could use the facility at no charge.' New Waterford would sel1 700 shares in the ballclub to Sydnev Post Record, 15 March 1939. L Ibid., 7 March 1939. Ibid. , 27 March 1939. 4 Ibid., 22 November 1939. Ibid., 28 March 1939. 140 raise money and involve more people with the team. Although the team did not reach its quota, management was confident that the people of New Waterford would support the team and suff icient funds would be found. The various campaigns to raise funds would continue."he Dodgers moved in their fences ten feet and the extra space used for parking. Charlie Brucato the Dodger manager, was building his team around players £rom the Boston area. Brucato was only twenty-four years old but had played college baseball at Holy Cross, semi- professional baseball and I1Dt1 and "Ctl as a professional.' Work was done at the ballpark by volunteers who had the tirne to help out. The New Waterford Board of Public Works was co- operating with the team by making some of their manpower available. The Sydney Mines Ramblers would be managed in 1939 by Fred Loftus who was signing his players in the Boston area. Pitcher Herb Hammerstrom, the best pitcher in the League in 1938 was signed along with twenty year old Jimmie Cullinane. The Ramblers would have players with major league experience. Al Blanche from Somerville, Mass. had pitched for the Boston National League team in 1935 and 1936 but only played a total of 33.1 innings with a no w i n and one loss recorde9 Bill Marshall would play shortstop for the Ramblers, having played Ibid. , 17 April 193 9. Ibid., 15 May 1939. 9 Baseball Encvclo~edia, 1597. 141 in the American League with the Boston Red Sox in 1931 and the Cincinnati Red Legs in 1934. The Dorchester, Mass . native had little playing time in the majors with a total of only seven garnes and eight at bats .' Aiso signed was twenty-four year old Connie Creedon a native of Danvers, Mass. In 1943 Creedon played £ive games with the Boston Bees with only £ive at - - bats. - " Douglas lgScottyrt Robb would return to Cape Breton as the Umpire-In-Chief. It had been thought that Robb might not return because he required a leave of absence £ r o m his job. Arthur F. Kenney of Holyoke, Mass . , who in 1938 umpired in the North Carolina State League, Charles E . Whittle, Philadelphia, Pa. who had umpired in the Mid-Atlantic League in 1936-1937 and the Eastern League in 1938, and Harry Potter of Reading, Mass. who had urnpired in the Eastern Shore League would corne . . to Cape Breton.-- Teams in minor league baseball would exceed the salary limits in their pursuit of better teams. Therefore, in 1939 the salary limits would be strictly enforced by the National Association of Professional Baseball Clubs. Failure to follow the rules would result in a fine of $500 along with a two year suspension for the president or other officials of a club guilty of falsifying a player s salary statement . The 2 Ibid., 1158. . - _ 1 I b i d . , 832. . . - Svdnev Post Record, 3 A p r i l 1939. offending team would be forced to release the highest paid player on the team.'2 The first victim of the strict enforcement of salary limits was Ralph Bellrose who was released by Glace Bay. Bellrose wanted more than the $250 a month off ered by manager Roy Moore and the team could not m e e t - 1 his demands . -- Judge Campbell was returned as the President of the Colliery League . The judge had special plans for the Centennial Year of Baseball. The League would present a special p r o g r a m for each month. One of his proposals was to have £ive hundred school children in each League t o m sing at a game during the m o n t h of June and Campbell hoped to increase the interest of baseball among children with this proposal." During the upcoming baseball season twelve Colliery League games would be broadcast, three games f r o m each . + bal1park.-' The idea that a sporting event was occurring hundreds of miles away and that the listener was at the same time experiencing the event added to the importance of the game. The Stream of vivid sports commentary provided endless possibilities for the listener to reconstruct the event. Novel entertainment was now instantaneously possible. Radio - - . L Ibid., 4 April 1939. . - - - Ibid., 17 April 1939. . . - Y Ibid., 26 April 1939. - - - - Ibid., 2 May 1939. evoked vivid images in the mindls eye and was particularly adapted t o the game of baseball? The monetary situation of the Colliery League teams necessitated borrowing money from the bank to start the season. The teams would pay off the deficits with fa11 and winter appeals to the public. The money was borrowed to start the season but there is no evidence that the money was paid .? back to the bank.- The Colliery League would raise their classification from IIDIt to I1Cw. The jump to Class Tt' would result in a salary limit increase of six hundred dollars plus an additional two hundred and fif ty dollars in bonds. '' The teams would increase the admission price by ten cents and it was hoped the increase would ensure financial stability. It was costing the teams more money to put a team on the field than they were bringing in at the gate. The Class 'TV classification would perhaps bring more scouts f rom the major league teams and an increased opportunity to sel1 more players to the big leagues. A higher rating would bring better players t o Cape Breton and the teams would work seek affiliation with major league teams. The road to financial stability for the teams of the Colliery League was affiliation %. Terry Furst, "Mass Media and the Transformation of Spectator Team Sports, l1 Canadian Journal of Sport and Phvsical Education vol. 3, 2 (December, 1972), 33. - 7 Interviews with Max Cullen and Russell C. D e m o n t . Both men were sure that the Ramblers and Miners had obtained money from the banks but had no knowledge of the money being repaid. 19 Svdnev Post Record, 3 February 1939. 144 with major league teams. During the 1939 season, thirty-two minor league teams belonged to the St. Louis Cardinals and they had working agreements with another eight clubs. Through this network the Cardinals controlled the playing lives of 600 players. The New York Yankees had a total of fifteen teams f rom Class llD1l to Class tlAA1l." St. Louis Cardinal executive Arthur Felt mer commented "There were twenty Class I1Du Leagues in the United States in 1939 and the Cardinals had a team in each of them. One actually had to go out of the country to find a Class I1Dl1 League in organized baseball in which we weren t represented, that was the Canadian Colliery League . 11'' Even with the increase of tickets to forty-£ive cents plus £ive cents tax, the teams could not control the lost revenue caused by fans watching games from outside the fence. Many fans stood outside the park and watched the games for no -. charge. '- The Colliery League attempted to make the attending of games easier for the fans. One idea was to issue monthly tickets good for eight consecutive games for three dollars and twenty five cents. The changed to four o1 clock to more easily leave work to starting time of games would be accommodate the fans. Clerks could attend games £rom four to six than 10 Mike Blake, The Minor Leaques (New York: Lynwood Press, 1991)~ 41. ''~illiam Humber, Cheerins for the Home Team (Boston: Mills Press, 1993) , 97. 2: Svdney Post Record, 16 May 1939. 145 f ive to seven as the stores were busy at six. The tirne change enabled out-of-town fans to return to their homes at an earlier hour. There was no need to start the games at five o'clock on Saturday as the miners were paid earlier in the day and the auxiliary department and machine shop were paid on Friday evening . 22 Judge A.D. Campbell spoke to the New Waterford Rotary Club addressing the issue of the unemployed and that those with spare time must have sornething to do with their idle moments or at least something constructive to occupy their - - minds . ' ' The promoters who organized the Cape Breton Colliery League were dealing with this problem of idle time when they organized the league according to Judge Campbell. The fans were demanding a better brand of baseball, the teams and the fans required protection from players who did not try on each occasion and the players required protection £rom owners who refused to pay their salaries. To meet and control these problems the Colliery League was reorganized as part of the National Organization of Prof essional Baseball Clubs. The cost of professional baseball was very high but the public demanded this high level of play and they were prepared to pay for it . The League did have trouble staying within the salary limits. One method of circumventing the salary limit was to 2 2 Ibid., 27 May 1939. i j Ibid., 24 May 1939. 14 6 give players jobs which required very little if any effort, to supplement their incomes. 2 4 Judge Campbell explained that the people of the various toms of the Colliery League had a better understanding of the neighbouring townspeople and respect and confidence had replaced bitterness and mistrust. The sport of baseball was having a great effect on the youngsters and helping with their physical development. The price of admission to a Colliery League game was low and last summer 150 youth teams were registered in Cape Breton. '' The Provincial government was not helping the League in their stniggle to break even. When the League raised the price of admission to forty-£ive cents, it resulted in the Provincial Amusement T a x being increased by two and one half cents per admission. Sports in Cape Breton had helped the people forget their problerns for a few moments by providing the fans with an escape. The Amusement Tax was meant to take profit from private individuals or firms making profits £rom sport or other forms of public entertainment. The teams of the Colliery League argued they were not in business to make a profit but to entertain people and break even f inancially. By June 5 with attendance falling, the League returned the ticket price to thirty-£ive cents. 2 4 Interview with Ed Gillis, 14 N o v e m b e r 1991. - - I - - d Sydney Post Record, 24 May 1939. i i ~ b i d . , 27 May 1939. 147 The Glace Bay Miners would use the opening game as an event. The garne against Sydney would be opened with remarks by Judge A.D. Campbell followed by J.S. Woodsworth, M e m b e r of Parliament, Leader of the C. C. F . and D. W. Morrison, the Mayor of Glace Bay. The citizens band from Dominion No. 6 would provide music. '' The weather during the month of June was poor and attendance was dom. But on July 1, Ai Smith pitched one of those rare games, a no-hitter. Smith had excellent team defence playing behind him with only one error committed by the Sydney team. The Glace Bay Miners had six base runners, £ive on walks . He struck out six batters and only two runners reached second base. In June, Fred Loftus of Concord, Mass. was released as the manager of the Sydney Mines Ramblers. There was dissatisfaction with the record of the team, three wins and eleven losses. He was replaced by ex-major leaguer Al Blanche. i"his move was only temporary and Dave Berry became manager. Berry, a Holy Cross Graduate, had been the catcher for the Glace Bay Miners in 1936. At the same time the Ramblers released Con Creedon and two other players. '"en the record of the team did not improve Dave Berry was released "~bid., 27 May 1939. 'g~portins News, 22 June 1939. "1bid. , 6 July 1939. 148 and replaced by shortstop Bill ~arshall.'' The poor play of the Ramblers was cutting d o m on attendance. The surprising fact of the Ramblers record was that they were first in -. fielding and second in hitting but last in the standings." Even with the drop in attendance and cash shortfall the Ramblers would not fold. The team would attempt to obtain fifty dollars £rom each of thirty mer chant^.^^ A cityl s baseball team of ten could rally the citizens behind a common - - cause as nothing else short of a natural disaster could do." For the Northside team to continue it would require the support of the local merchants and increased attendance of the fans at the games. It was a disappointment when only thirteen merchants contributed money to the team. It would be necessary for the team to be run as a business to succeed and plans were being made to incorporate the team and sel1 shares. Frank Heidle a local miner was named president with Harold Layton, owner of the local lumber yard chairman of the fund raising committee. R. J. MacDonald, L .L .B. of North Sydney who would handle al1 legal matters, explained how the club would be incorporated. 3' Clubs could be viewed as an important local "lbid., 20 July 1939. -. '-Svdney Post Record, 17 July 1939, - - '"Ibid., 4 August 1939. "~enj amin G . Rader, American S~orts (Englewood Clif f s , NJ : Prentice Hall Inc., 1983) , 11. v Post Record, 8 August 1939. i n s t i t u t i o n which represented the c i t y in inter-urban cornpetition and vividly reflectedthe progressive character of the community." If the team and its place in t h e Colliery League was important the tom, enough shares would be sold t o maintain the franchise. THE COLLIERY LEAGUE AND COMMUNITY Baseball was important t o the fans of Sydney Mines and t h e other toms of the Colliery League. It brought people together and even though they may not al1 be a t the ballgame they were at l e a s t aware that these things were happening and whether the team did well o r did not do ~ e l l . ' ~ The people of t h e toms discussed the games and it would be rare for most of t h e population not t o be aware of the team1s winning and losing and t h e i r prospects f o r the remainder of the season. The baseball teams brought people closer together i n more ways than the games themselves and even those not interested i n the game could be touched by the team, The teams had many s o c i a l functions t o r a i s e money t o pay their debts. Theatre p a r t i e s , dances, socials, bingo games were al1 methods of raising money and for these events t o be enjoyed participants did not have t o be baseball fans. j'steven A. Riess, The Arnerican Sportins Emerience: A Historicai Antholoqv of Sport i n America (New York: Leisure Press, 1984), 274. 2 c Mark A. Grey, Ifsports and Immigrant, Minority and Anglo ~ e l a t i o n s i n Garden C i t y (Kansas) High School, It Sociolosv of Sport Journal, 9,3 (September, 1992) , 262. Sport has a way of being a unifying force for communities it represents, and this is at once a consequence of inter- community conflict it engenders and the intra-community network it e~tablishes.~~ If the size of crowds at Colliery League games and the arnount of interest shown by the public can be used as a gauge of unifying people, the League had a positive effect on the communities. We also saw many fans travelling to games in other toms, building links between the four teams of the Colliery League. Sport is a principal method of collective identification. Team sports are more strongly linked to their communities than those in which individuals participate against each other . 'a The Colliery League teams by drawing large crowds to their games and building up interest in the game of baseball, were also building up community solidarity and a sense of identity at least to the large number of people who followed the games. These teams could be viewed as an important local institution which represented the city in inter-urban cornpetition and vividly reflected the character of the c~rnmunity.~~ At the same time that the Colliery League was building solidarity through baseball the ultra-conservat ive United Mine Workers of Arnerica was battling with the communist led Amalgamated Miners -- 7 -. "Stone, "Sport as a Cornmunity Representation, 222. oh Bale, "The place of 'place1 in cultural studies of sports, Human Geoqra~hy 12,4 (December 1988 ) , 514. "~iess, Steven A., The Baseball Masnates, (Westport, Corn.: Greenwood Press, 1980), 274. Union of Nova Scotia driving a deep wedge through the trade union movement. Sport appeal was the potential it had to provide an escape from everyday pressures? It enabled miners and steelworkers who worked in very dangerous environments, when work was available, to escape £rom their everyday lives for a f e w moments of relaxation in the fresh air and sushine. Clerks and shopkeepers who spent long hours in stores, offices and banks trying to keep Pace with the paperwork generated by expanding business could use baseball to provide an escape £rom their daily chores. " Through sport, these hard working people could share emotional rewards, and have shared values and objectives . Sport is about making f riends , building communities and sharing experiences. There may be hostility to rivals but there is also the deep sense of solidarity and identity that cornes f rom f ierce loyalties . '' Civic pride and identity are caught up with sports. There is an inextricable link between sport and peoplesl images of their cities." Baseball had caught on quickly not merely as a game but as a means of expressing local ties and loyalties in cornpetition with rival toms or neighbourhoods. These games were more than a casual leisure t i m e activity in "~obert F. Wheeler, ItOrganized Sport, 193. "~irsch, The Creation of . . . Sports, If 7 . 42~olt, Sport and the British, 347. "~arp and Yoels , "Sport and Urban Life, 79. the daily lives of these communities because victory meant innumerable personal encounters and bragging rightsOg4 An examination of the amount of money spent on baseball during the professional days of the Colliery League reveals that these games were more than leisure activities. These teams would spend great amounts of money to defeat the other League teams and would become professional when they decided other Maritime teams had advantages over them, playing an amateur game . Baseball may also have helped to bring al1 sections of the population closer together, with the exception perhaps of blacks and native people. Part of its democratizing motif is that baseball crests a common bond among spectators regardless of their class ethnicity, education or occupation. Baseball was a force in integrating a population ordinarily divided by wealth, occupation, ancestry and laquage. 4 ' An examination has show the Colliery League to have fans and members of the League executive from al1 walks of life. Doctors, lawyers , mine executives, union off icials, merchants , rniners al1 played their part in the Colliery League effort. Unfortunately the Colliery League mirrored the society in which it existed. Women were kept in a supporting role and through an unwritten rule of the National Association, blacks "Steven M. Gelber, "'Their Hands Are Al1 Out Playing:' Business and Amateur Baseball, 1845-1917," Journal of Sport Histow, Il, 1 (Spring, 1984), 14. %arp and Yoels, "Sport and U r b a n Life,I1 85. were Cape 153 not permitted to play during the professional days of the Breton Colliery League. At least one member of the Northside sporting community had an interest in the success of the Ramblers. Four leaf clovers were sent to each member of the Ramblers by a lady known as only "Madame X" . When arriving at the Post Office Manager Bill Marshall received a parcel for the team which contained the good luck charms ." The four leaf clover was lucky f o r one player as J i m Cullinane was sold to Albany of . - the Class "Al1 Eastern League for over one thousand dollars.' To draw more fans the Ramblers would play the House of David. With lights being used at Brown Street Park for the first time, the Ramblers easily defeated the House of David team eight to one. The game was watched by over one thousand fans. T h i s was t h e second game of the day for the Ramblers who earlier had defeated the Glace Bay in ers? The League w a s s t i l l having financial problems as the teams struggled to break even. Money from the play-off gates would be divided among al1 four teams to help with the def icit . The f ourth place team would get eight percent of the play-of f gates . In the semi-f inals the t h i r d place team would get forty-five percent of the gross while the second place team would get fifty-f ive percent of the gross. In the finals '%ydnev Post R e c o r d , 24 July 1939. " ~ b i d . , 14 August 1939. " ~ b i d . , 15 August 1939. 154 the money would be divided s i x t y percent for the f i r s t place team and f o r t y percent for the second place t e a m . c g Judge Campbell was attempting t o get both Toronto and Montreal of the International league to a£ f iliate with Colliery League teams for the next season. T h i s affiliation would prove to be of a financial benefit but may not contribute t o the c a l i b r e of play because t h e teams did not have enough players of high - - c a l i b r e . '- The Sydney Mines Ramblers were out of the playoffs by mid-August but they put up some fine b a t t l e s against the rest of the League. To cut costs the team w a s dom t o t e n players, three i n f i e l d e r s , two outfielders and four pitchers while manager B i l l y Marshall kept them playing hard. Three games against the Glace Bay Miners showed t h a t the Ramblers were f ighting t o t h e end of the schedule. The Ramblers and the Miners played three games ending i n ties . The f irst game was a ten inning 2-2 t i e , the second 4-4 and the t h i r d 2-2 i n ten imings . The teams had played three games in f ive days, a t o t a l of twenty-nine imings w i t h each t e a m scoring e i g h t runs ." But t h i s was not t h e end of the s t r i n g of t i e games between the Miners and the Ramblers. The teams m e t on August 3 0 and again t h e r e s u l t was a 2-2 tie. =ter t h i r t y - e i g h t consecutive i m i n g s each team had scored t e n runs; the ; ? ~ b i d , 1 6 August 1939. 5 C ~ b i d . , 26 August 1939. -. '-Ibid., 22 August 1939. 155 Ramblers with thirty-four hits and seven errors and Glace Bay with thirty seven hits and eight errorsO5' It was decided by a meeting of the League Executive to have the playoff games start at four o'clock. There were f ive tie games t o be determined and it was decided they would be played if necessary in determining first or second place. The executive of the New Waterford Dodaers cornplained about the umpires in the League stating that in their opinion calls were always going against their team. President Campbell responded that al1 the clubs had cornplaints about the umpires and that the four umpires were not the best in the world but they had integrity and tried their best. The other three teams in the League did not support the New Waterford team but were in - - favour of the umpires." As we have seen most players were content with spending the full season in the Colliery League and some like Del Bissonette had passed on the opportunity to move to a higher classification to remain in Cape Breton. Not al1 however, wished to stay for the full season. Late in August Less Crabbe. the home run hitting outfielder with the Glace Bay Miners jumped his contract and returned to Detroit. The executive of the miners would press to have Crabbe barred from organized baseball for life . They would notify Judge Bramharn of the National Association and seek his approval of the "~bid., 31 August 1939. "~bid.. 27 August 1939. lifelong suspension. Crabbe and his father had been complaining of the manner in which the team had been transported £rom Detroit. Crabbe who was frequently fined one dollar for missing afternoon practice was not pleased with losing his money. Crabbe was aware of the policy of being f ined one dollar for a missed practice and it had been in effect £ r o m the beginning of the season. It was not possible for the Miners to respect Crabbe's desire for a release because Johnny Abel and Garrett Brand were returning to college and could not be expected to stay in Glace Bay. Crabbe had been informed by team president MacAulay of the penalty he would face if he left the team. The team would attempt to obtain an extension from a Detroit Company for two weeks to allow Crabbe to remain in Glace Bay. With the playoffs near the Glace Bay players were not happy with the actions taken by Crabbe and Manager Moore would use a pitcher in right field to replace the departed Crabbe ." O n September 3 , Herb Hammerstrom jumped the New Waterford bal1 club. H e had been obtained from the Sydney Mines Ramblers on the ninth of August and had not been pitching well. Hammerstrom wished to return home stating his mother was il1 but he would not produce the telegram to prove his - - statement . " The League executive abandoned the last week of the " ~ b i d . , 29 August 1939. - - "Ibid. , 4 September 1939. 157 Colliery League schedule and began the playof f s with Glace B a y meeting New Waterford. The League directors were unanimous in their decision to begin the best of three series. Britain was at war and attendance at future games would decline as a result of the unsettled local conditions. Another contributing factor was Victoria Park was being leased from the Department of National Defense and may soon be used for - - military training.'" Judge A. D. Campbell was honoured by the National Association of Professional Baseball when he was named Chairman of the Board which would supervise the annual "Little W o r l d Seriesu between the two highest classified minor leagues, the International League and the American Association. The Board, along with Campbell, consisted of President Frank Shaughnessey of the ~nternational League and President George Trautman of the American Association. The Board would arrange al1 details of the series, rule on protests or disputes. Al1 expenses incurred by President Campbell including transportat ion would be paid out of the receipts of the series. '' This honour bestowed on Campbell would have enabled him to make many contacts to help improve the Colliery League had war not forced it to disband in 1940. The 1939 regular schedule winners were the Sydney Citians with a record of thirty-six wins and twenty losses. They were - - -- - ? T b i d . , 4 September 1939. " ~ b i d . , 11 September 1939. 158 followed by New Waterford, Glace Bay and Sydney Mines. The semi-f inal playof f series was won by New Waterford as they defeated the Glace Bay Miners two games to one. The best of seven final was won in straight games by the Sydney team. Abe Abramowitz of Sydney won the batting title with an average of .325 and led in runs batted in with 42. Charles Brucato of New Waterford was the League leader in hits with 71 while his teammate Walter Brackaw and "MoeN Kiley of Sydney tied for the League lead in runs with forty. The early departing Less Crabbe hit nine home runs to lead the Colliery League in that department. The pitching honours went to B e r n i e Pearlman of Sydney who led the League with 103 strikeouts, an earned run average of 1-62 and tied with teammate Phi1 Mooney with eleven - - wins . " The 1939 season was not a profitable year f inancially for the teams of the Colliery League. Until late July the weather was wet, cold and unf it £or baseball . The results of the poor climate were small crowds and large deficits. Adding to the problems as the shadow of war hung over the League w e r e intermittent strikes at the collieries and fear of a general strike. The teams of Sydney and Glace Bay began the season with poor players and the cost of replacing them was high. With the nation at war during the playoffs, the gate receipts were a financial flop. The teams finished four thousand dollars in the red. 'Qncvclopedia of Minor-Leasue Baseball, 196. The Second prof essional Cape 159 World W a r would see the end of the Breton Colliery League and baseball in Cape Breton would not return to this high level of excellence. But the League would not be forgotten. Chuck Whittle, an umpire from Philadelphia remembers: 1 r e m e m b e r meeting w i t h Judge Campbell and we came to the conclusion that the Colliery League would never operate again with the war upon us and American players sure to be restricted in their travel. 1 remember how sad it was seeing the players with tears in their eyes when they realized they wouldnl t be returning. They hated to leave Cape Breton and even today when I run across players of the day they always speak in favourable terms of their day here." "~uoted in William Humber, "Toiling in the M a r i t i m e Minors," Dusout, (April 1994) , 9. CONCLUSIONS The industrial area of Cape Breton had a strong sense of community developed over the life of its existence. As stated by A. P. Cohen, boundaries are required to mark the beginning and the end of the community, define its identity and mark its place in social interaction. A number of symbols w e r e used as markers to distinguish it £ r o m other cornrnunities.: These communities had a strong sense of who and what they were. These toms featured inherited loyalties, established social institutions and widely shared popular traditions. With comrnon British and Scottish backgrounds and the Church prominent in the life of the tom, a strong community developed. According to K. P. Wilkinson, for a community to grow strong it requires a process of collective action, common interests and social interaction. The daily needs of people must be met, and there should be justice and social action.' As the miners and steelworkers of Cape Breton battled with the coal cornpanies, they took collective action by holding meetings, demonstrations and the most dramatic form of collective action, the strike. The common interest of the community was developed around social action against the coal companies who owned the labour market, the homes and the ohen en, The Svmbolic Construction, 11-38. 'K. P. Wilkinson, Communitv In America, 13. 161 stores. The battle was fought for improved wages, sanitary conditions, better homes and generally improved living conditions and social justice for the working class. These struggles built a sense of working class solidarity through comrnon interests and social interaction. The people of the mining communities had a sense of their place and locality. Although these toms may appear similar, the people who resided there were aware of the differences. People acknowledge their own identities and place a great degree of value on the distinctiveness and the difference. As stated earlier, tight-knit communities may not treat al1 of its rnembers in a similar and equal fashion. Women were excluded f rom many aspects of community lif e, had a very mal1 market in which to find employment, and were expected to remain at home looking after their families. Blacks and native people were excluded from al1 but the most menial of tasks. They lived in areas removed from the centre of white society. The strong sense of solidarity found in the rnining communities may have played a part in the communities rejecting ideas from outside the area. The people of the mining communities were of the opinion they were different from the remainder of the province. The problem of different political ideologies (symbolic) prevented the mine workers from presenting a totally united front against the coal Company. The Colliery League added positive aspects to the 162 communities in which they existed. As stated by Samuel O. Regalado , sport develops and builds camaraderie, competitiveness and pride. Sport prornotes interna1 cohesion and k e e p s communities together.' A feeling of community and group solidarity is developed and sport provides a means for workers to have a temporary escape f rom hard work conditions - ' These ideas were found in the relationship of the Colliery League to an essentially working class community. W e s a w the miners of Princess Colliery helping the team by having a set amount of money taken from each cheque to ensure the financial success of the team. When the Dominion Hawks were in financial trouble in 1938 they attempted a similar scheme in the mines in their area but were not able to raise su££ i c i e n t funds. However, the demise of the Hawks was caused by the small size of the population base of Dominion, not by the lack of generosity of their supporters. Sàowing the solidarity of the teams in the League, the remaining four donated money to the Hawks to help thern pay their bills. The cost of arranging the transportation of players from Central Canada and the Eastern United States was a major portion of the teamsl budgets. Adding further costs to the already high budgets was the practice of importing players on Monday and releasing them on Friday, resulting in additional 'Regalado , llSport and Community in Japanese Yamato Colony, 139. 'Wheeler, IIOrganized Sport, 193. 163 cost to transport the players to Cape Breton and almost immediately pay their way back home. An exarnple of the community working together to help the team could be seen in Sydney Mines as many helped the Ramblers in their f und raising efforts. Local merchants Jack and Mendel Yazer loaned club rooms to the team to hold card and bingo games . The local movie house put on shows to raise funds. Some of the ladies of the community held socials to help the effort. Mitrano and Smith have made the point that sport unifies communities and tends to lessen the social distance between people and adds to the development of strong community feeling.' An examination of the executive of the Sydney Mines Ramblers proves this point. The executive consisted of Frank Heidle, a miner, Harold Layton, the owner of the local lurnber yard, R. J. MacDonald, LLB and H. Martin, MD. Thomas Johnstone, the President of the Indian Cove Coal Company was the Ramblerst team president. Examining the home area of fans attending the Rambler games reveals the team was supported by fans not only from Sydney Mines but also North Sydney, Bras d'Or and Florence. Baseball was bringing the people of the ort th si de together as they attended games. The Ramblers were a community organized and run team. Assorted cornmittees were establishedto performnumerous functions showing CO-operation added to the smooth running of the team. President Campbell desired the players of the Colliery 'Mitrano and Smith, "The Socioemotional Functions," 53. 164 League to be of high moral character. These players could be role models for the children of industrial Cape Breton teaching them the virtues of playing by the rules, respect for authority and the advantages of team play. The youth of the area, having problems f inding employment might emulate the players and use hard work as a road to success. The Colliery League provided amusement to the unemployed population contributing an outlet for their daily problems. The teams represented the conununities where they existed. In 1937, American interests attempted to purchase the cash strapped Dominion Hawks, a purchase which would have eliminated the debt and allowed the Hawks to continue without money worries . However, the team remained community owned as the people of Dominion would not permit the sale of the team to outside interests. The teams of the Colliery League represented the towns in fierce competition and showed the progressive character of the towns. Throughout the League as fans travelled from t o m to tom, people met and developed a better understanding of neighbouring townspeople and respect and confidence replaced bittemess and mistrust. People came together to discuss the games not only during the baseball season, but al1 year. The players of the Colliery League were readily accepted by the fans. Wherever they went in the various towns, the people stopped them and discussed baseball. At t h e beginning of the season receptions introduced players to t h e community 165 and as the season ended banquets and parades honored the players for their season-long efforts. The players earned money to support their f amilies, pay university costs , however they wished to spend their money . These players brought pride to their community in victory, but when their team lost, their stay in Cape Breton could be short. Baseball taught lessons about discipline, meanings of rules, pattern of response by authority, importance of excellence, dif f erence between persona1 and group expectations, and common bonds regardless of ethnicity, education or background. The members of the community learned the values and noms that would lead them to do what had to be done, ensuring the system remained in operation. ' Through baseball rules, respect for authority was taught. People learned certain criteria must be executed to keep the game ru~ining correctly. ~y playing or watching baseball, people acquired a means of relieving tension built up by daily activities. A method was provided allowing people to let off steam in a harmless f ashion. The system contained a variety of social mechanisms that brought people together and served as a catalyst, building social relationships needed for CO-ordinated action.' The games of the Colliery League attracted large crowds to not only watch, but to discuss the f iner points of the game of -- - 'coakley, It Sport In Society, 'l 28. Ïbid., 28. 166 baseball. The building of teams, improvements to ballparks, organizing of schedules and the numerous tasks required to run a professional baseball league qualified as CO-ordinated action, requiring a large degree of cohesion, solidarity and social integration. The members of the community learned the value of goals within the programme and the socially approved conventions of achieving these goals .' The goal of the teams of the Colliery League was to win as many games as possible under the rules set forth by organized baseball. There were salary lirnits to be adhered to and roster sizes were set. After a certain date in the schedule, players could not be added to the teams. The teams must adjust to these rules and do the best they could without going outside the parameters set forth. During the history of the League 1936-1939, as both a semi-professional and professional league, violence at games was a major problem. As fans lost large bets on their favourite teams and fuelled by alcohol, they fought with the players and umpires while the players fought with the fans and umpires. The fans defended the reputation of their team and the honour of the home tom by f ighting with visiting fans. The umpires, seen as a source of authority, also felt the wrath of rabid, home-tom fans. In Sydney Mines and New Waterford police were required to deal with the fans and a riot occurred during a game played in New Waterford during 167 1939. The teams had trouble staying within the salary guidelines which resulted in the teams in the League being in constant financial difficulty. Similar to society in general, women played a minor role in the Colliery League. They supported the teams by holding various £und raising events and socials after games for the benefit of the fans and players. Women were not the only group of people who were excluded £ r o m playing in the League. During the 1936 season Whitey" Michaels, a black player performed with the Dominion Hawks but not without some dif f iculties in being accepted. It took the executive members of the other t e a m s a lengthy period of time before allowing Michaels permission to play. The fans in Sydney Mines would not allow Michaels to play. During the three years the Colliery League was a m e m b e r of organized baseball there was an unwritten rule that prohibited blacks £ r o m performing and only one native person perfomed in the League. The League certainly divided the sexes and excluded blacks and native people. Large numbers of fans attended Colliery League games and there is evidence of them discussing the game during the season and after. The local paper, Sydney Post Record. provided ample publicity and covered every move the teams made. On a number of occasions miners failed to report for work and management found it necessary to close the mines because of the lack of manpower. This cost the other miners lost wages and the Company profits. Perhaps the League was occupying too much of the fanst tirne which could be spent on more important matters . The fans of the Cape Breton Colliery League rnay have placed too much emphasis on winning and too little on the satisfaction of competing at a high level of athletic prowess . Although the athlete may benefit from his performance, he forfeits control of his body.' Sport left the fans and players with little time to become aware of social problerns as all of their time was consumed by sport. In the toms of the Colliery League this was evidenced in people going to games instead of reporting to work. President Campbell employed the players to exhibit how hard work induced success but this attitude may have been incorrect. In an area plagued with high unemployment, those not çucceeding in life may have become passive obsewers rather than players. This contradicted President Campbell's belief that baseball would develop strong, healthy children. Many local merchants and some national companies, Imperia1 Tobacco as an example, advertised on billboards and scoreboards at the local ballparks. Perhaps they were civic minded, wishing solely to aid the local team; however, advertising sold goods and services if even on a small scale. A disappointing influence conveyed by baseball was the violence at numerous games. The League blamed alcohol and 169 gambling for chaos at their games; but the strong allegiance to teams was enough to cause violence and unruly fan behaviour at Colliery League games. Sport divided the sexes and perpetuated the difference between men and women. Females were relegated to supporting roles while males dominated by strength and mental makeup. Sport obscured the characteristics men and women had in common and kept men and women in their respective roles. The Cape Breton Colliery League was beneficial to the communities of industrial Cape Breton. To rwi the League and insure the success of the menber teams, collective action was necessary. Individual agendas gave way to common interests as the League struggled to succeed. Social interaction was provided as people gathered at games and functions sponsored by the individual teams. Solidarity developed as communities rallied around their respective teams, while the teams were symbols used to exhibit differences between competing toms. Therefore, the Cape Breton Colliery Baseball League added to the rich sense of community already found in industrial Cape Breton. BOOKS Aylesworth, Thomas G. The World Series. Greenwich: Bison Books C o r p . , 1988. Barman, Jean. "Sport and Development of Character." Sports in Canada, ed,, Morris Mott. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1989. Blake, Mike. The Minor Leames. New York: Lynwood Press, 1991. Brandrneyer, Gerald A. and Luella K. Alexander. Some Sociological Clues to Baseball as a Nat ional P a s t i r n e . Sport ~ociolow - Contemporarv Themes, eds . , Andrew Yiannakis, Merrill J. Melnick and Thomas D. McIntyre, eds., ~Übu~ue, Kendall/Hurst miblishing Co., 1976. Brown, William. Baseballls Fabulous Montreal Rovals. Montreal: Robert Davies Publishing, 1996. Bruce, Janet. Kansas City Monarchs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, Clairmont, Donald and Fred Wien. ItBlacks and Whites : The Nova Scotia Race Relations Experience . IV Banked Fires : The Ethnics of Nova Scotia, ed., D o u g l a s F. Campbell. Port Credit: The Scribners Press, 1978. Coakley, Jay J. "Sport in Society: An Inspiration or an Opiate? l1 Sport in Contem~oraw Societv. An Antholoqy . ed., D.S. Eitzen. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. Cohen, A.P. "Belonging: the experience of culture," Belonqinq: Identitv and Social Orqanisation in British Cultures. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982. . The Symbolic Construction of Community. London: E l l i s Howard Ltd. and Taviston Publications Ltd., Conrad, Margaret, Toni Laidlaw and Donna Smyth. No Place Like Home. Halifax: Formac Publishing Company Limited, 1988. - Dunk, Thomas. It s A Workins Man1 s Town. Montreal : McGill University Press, 1991, Flora, C, B. and Cornelia Butler. Rural Communities . Lesacv and Chanse. Boulder: Western Press, 1992. Forbes, E. R. "The 1930s: Depression and Retrenchmentfn The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation, eds . E. R. Forbes and D. A. Muise. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. Frank, David. llClass Conflict in the C o a l Industry Cape Breton 1922.f1 Essavs in Canadian Workinq Class Historv. eds., Gregory S. Kealey and P e t e r Warrian. Toronto: MacLelland & Stewart, 1976. . Tontested Terrain: Workersl Control in the Cape Breton Mines in the 1920s. On the Job : Conf rontinq the Labor Process in Canada. eds., Craig Herron and Robert Storey. Montreal" McGill-Queen1s University Press, 1986. . "Traditions and Culture in the Cape Breton Mining Community in the E a r l y Twentieth Century. Caae Breton at 200 , ed. , Kenneth Donovan. Sydney, NS : University College of Cape Breton, 1985. Frank, David, and Don Macgillivray, eds. Georse MacEachern: An Autobiosraphv. Sydney: University College of Cape Breton Press, 1987. Hall, Anne, Trevor Stand, Gary Smith and David Whitson. Sport In Canadian Society. Toronto: McLelland & Stewart, 1991. Holt, Richard. Sport and the British. A Modern Historv. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Howell, Colin D. Northern Sandlots A Social Historv of Maritime Baseball. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. Howell, David and Peter Lindsay. "Social Gospel and the Young Boy Problem 1895-1925. l1 Sports In Canada, ed., Morris Mott. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1989. Humber, William. Cheerinq for the Home Team. Boston: Mills Press, 1993. Humber, William. Diamonds of the North. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1995. Johnson, Lloyd and Miles Wolff, eds. The Encvclopedia of Minor Leaque Baseball. Durham: Baseball Arnerica Inc., 1993. Kidd, Bruce. The Strucrqle for Canadian Sport. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. Kirsch, George B. The Creation of American Team S~orts. Chicago: ~nivereity of Illinois Press 1992. Lenskyj , Heleq. ûut of Bounde, Women, Sport and Sexualitv. Toronto: Wqmen's Press, 1986. . ~eminfnity First: Sport and Physical Education for Ontario Girls. Sports in Canada, ed., Morris Mott. Toronto: Copp ~lark Pitman L t d . , 1989. MacEwan, Paul. Miners and Steelworkers. Labour in Cape Breton. Toronto: Samuel Stevens Hakkert & Company, 1976. M c G e e , Harold Franklin Jr. "The Mic Mac Indians : The Earliest Migrants." Banked Fires: The Ethnics of Nova Scotia. ed., Douglas F. Campbell, Port Credit: The Scribblers Press, 1978. McIntyre, Ronald H. The Colliers1 Tattletale. Antigonish: Formac Publishing Cc. Ltd., 1980. Muise, Del. "The making of an Industrial Community: Cape Breton Coal Toms 1867-1900.N Cape Breton Historical Essavs , eds . , Don Macgillivray and Brian Tennyson. Sydney, NS: University College of Cape Breton Press, 1980. Paul, Daniel N. We Were Not the Savaqes. Halifax, NS: Nimbus Publishing Limited, 1993. Pietrusza, David. Baseballls Canadian-American Leaque. Jefferson: McFarland and Company fnc., 1990. Rader, Benjamin G. American Sports. Englewood Clif f s, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc., 1983. Reichler, Joseph L . ed . , The Baseball Encyclonedia. New York : MacMillan miblishing Company, 1985. Reid, John G. S i x Crucial Decades. Fredericton: Nimbus Publishing Ltd., 1987. Riess, Steven A. The American Sportins Emerience: A Historical Anthdom of Sport in America. New York: Leisure Press, 1984. . The Baseball Maqnates. Westport, COM: Greenwood Press, 1980. Russell, Burton and Stan Cameron, eds. Nova Scotia Sports Personalities. Kentville: Burton Russell, 1975.- Seymour, Harold. Baseball the Golden Acre. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. . The People I s Game. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Stabler , Ernest . Founders . Innovations in Educat ion 18~30 - 1980. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press, 1986. Stevenson Christopher L. and John E. Nixon. "A Conceptual Scheme of the Social Functions of Sport." Sport Socioloqv - Contemporarv Themes, eds. Andrew Yiannakis, ~errill JI Melnick and Thomas D . McIntyre , eds . Dubuque : Kendall/Hurst ~ublishing Co., 1976. Stone , Gregory P. l1 Sport as a Co~nunity Representat ion. " Handbook of Social Science of Sport, ed. Gunther H. Sage, Champagne, IL: Stipes Publishing Co., 1981. Sullivan, Neil J. The Minors. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. Thom, John and Peter Palmer, eds. Total Baseball. New York: Warner Books, 1989. Walker, James W. StG. "Black history in the Maritimes : Major Themes and Teaching Strategies." Teachinq Maritime studies, ed., P.A. Buckner. Fredericton: Acadiensis Press, 1986. Wilkinson, KIP. The Community in America. New York : Greenwood Press, 1991. B a l e , John. "The place of 'placet in cultural studies of sports. Human Geoaravhy 12, 4 (December, 1989) : 507-524. Brookes , Alan A. nOutmigration f rom the Maritime Provinces 1860-1900. II Acadiensis 5 , 2 . (Spring, 19761 : 26-55. Brow, James. " N o t e s On Cornmunity and the Uses of the Paston Anthropolosical Ouarterly 63 (i) (1990) : 1-6 Bulrner, M.I.A. nSociological Models of the Mining Community." Socioloqical Review 23, 1 (1978): 61-91. Clark, David B. The Concept of Community: A Re-examination." Sociolosical Review 33, (1973) : 397-416. Cohen, A.P. "The Anthropology of Proximate Cultures: The Newf oundland School and Scotland. Scottish Journal of ~ociolosv 4 , 2 (May, 1980) , 214-226. "The Same but Different: The Allocation of 1dent ity in Whalsay, Shetland. Sociolocrical Review XXXI (1978) : 449-469. Dubisch, Jill. l1 'Foreign Chickens ' and other outsiders : gender and community in Greece . American Ethnolosist 20,2 (1993) : 272-287. Earle , Michael . "The Coalminers and Their Red Unions : The Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia, 1932-1936." ~abour/Le Travailleur 22 (Fall, 1988) : 99-137. E a r l e , M. and H. Gamberg. "The United Mine Workers and the Coming of the C.C.F. t o Cape Breton." Acadiensis XIX, 1 (Fall, 1989) : 3-26. Forbes, E. R. IICutting the Pie into Smaller Pieces, Matching Grants and Relief in the Maritime Provinces During the 1930s. Acadiensis (Moncton, 1987) : 34-55 . Fortmann, Louise and Emery Roe. . "On Really Existing Comrnunities - Organic or Otherwise." Telos. (Spring, 1995) : 139-146. Frank, David. nCompany Town/Labour Town: Local Government in the Cape Breton Coal Toms, 1917-1926. Histoire Sociale - Social Historv, XIV, 27 (Mar-May, 1981) : . IlThe Miner's Financier: Women in the Cape Breton Coal TOWIIS, 1919. Atlantis VI11 (Spring, 1983) : 137-143. Frank , David and John Manley . "The Sad March to the Right : J . B. McLachlans l s Resignation f rom the Communist Party of Canada, 1936. Labour/Le Travailleur. (Fall, 1982) : 115- 134. Purst , R. Terry. "Mass Media and the Transformation of Spectator Team sports. II Canadian Journal of Soort and Phvsical Education 3, 2 (December, 1972) : 27-41. Garraty, John A. mUnemployment During the Great Depression." Labour Historv 17, 1 (Spring, 1976) : 133-159. Gelber, Steven M. "A Job You Canlt Lose: Work and Hobbies in the Great Depression. Journal of Social Histow 24, 4, (Summer, 1991) : 741-766. "'Their Hands Are Al1 Out Playing: Business and Amateur Baseball, 1845-1917. Journal of Sport Historv 11, 1 (Spring, 1984) : 5-27. Grey, Mark A. "Sports and Immigrant Minority and Anglo Relations in Garden City (Kansas) High School . " Sociolosv of Spcrrt Journal 9,3 (Septernber, 1992) : 255-270. Hillery, George A. Jr. "Definitions of Comunity: Areas of Agreement." Rural Sociolow 2 0 , (1995): 111-123. Hobbs, Margaret. 'Equality and Difference: Feminism and the Defence of Women Workers During the Great Depre~sion.~ Labour/Le Travailleur 32 (Fall, 1993) : 201-223. Howe11, Colin D. ItBaseball, Class and Community in the Maritime Provinces. Histoire Sociale - Social Historv XXII, 44 (November-December, 1989) : 265-286. K a r p , David A. and William C . Yoels. "Sport and Urban Life." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 14, 2 (Fall, 1990) : 77-102. Lotz, Jim. The Historical and Social Setting of the ~ntigonish Movement." Nova Scotia Historical Quarterlv (1975) : 99-116. Macgillivray, Don. "Military Aid to the Civil Power: The Cape Breton Experience in the 1920s. " Acadiensis III, 2 (Spring, 1974) : 45-64. McCallum, Margaret E. Teeping Women in their P l a c e : The Minimum Wage in Canada 1910-25." Labour/Le Travailleur 17 (Spring, 1986) : 2 9 - 5 6 . McIntosh, Robert. The Boys in the Nova Scotia Coal Mines : 1873-1923. Acadiensis XVI, 1 (Spring, 1987) : 35-50. McKay, Ian. The Realrn of Uncertainty: The E x p e r i e n c e of Work i n the Cumberland Coal Mines, 1873-1927.11 Acadiensis 16, 1 (Autumn, 1986) : 3-57. Mitrano, John R. and Robbin E. Smith. "The Socioemotional Functions of Sport and the Maintenance of Community: Hurricane Hugo and Horse racing in St . Croix. Arena Review 14,l (1990) : 47-58. Penf old, Steven. "Have You No Manhood In You? Gender and Class in the Cape Breton Coal Toms, 1920-1926." Acadiensis XXIII, 2 (Spring, 1984) : 21-4 negalado, Samuel O. "Sport and Community in Japanese Yamato Colony . Journal of S~orte Histor, 19, 2 (Sumrner, 1992) : 130-143. Smith, Duane A. "Baseball Champions of Colorado : The Leadville Blues of 1882." Journal of Sports History, 4, 1 (1977) : 51-71. Wheeler , Robert F . , Wrganized Sport and Organized Labour, The Workers Sport Movement . Journal of Contem~orarv Historv. - (1971) : 191-209. NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES MacDonald, A.X. and R.P. Campbell, eds. The Diqest, 1, Sydney: Commercial Printers Ltd., 1938. Humber, William. "Toiling in the Maritime Minors. Cape Breton's Coal Mining League." Dugout, vol II, no. 1, (~pril/May, 1994) . Sportins News. 5 January 1937 - 22 June 1939. Svdnev Post Record. 7 April 1935 - 22 November 1939. INTERVIEWS "Cape Breton Colliery Baseball League. " Tape recording 10 June 1991. Courtesy ~ a 1 Higgins, CBC Mainstreet, CBC Sydney, NS Interview with Max Cullen, Sydney Mines, Nç, 16 November 1991. Interview with Russell Demont, Halifax, NS, 26 May 1996. Interview with Ed Gillis, Kentville, NS, 14 November 1991.

<urn:uuid:6241f873-00b8-46e4-a61d-ae62aa292f1b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://lemac2.tripod.com/index-203.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

The Cambridge Dictionary announced that perseverance (perseverance, in Spanish) was chosen this 2021 as the word of the year. In their dictionary, they define this term as a “continued effort to do or achieve something, even when it is difficult or time consuming.” The word has been looked up in its dictionary 243,000 times around the world this year. From the institution they explain that the choice of this term responds to two reasons. One of them is related to “quarantine”, which was the word last year. In this sense, “perseverance” represents the continuing efforts of humanity to try to curb the coronavirus pandemic, as well as other serious threats such as climate change. On the other hand, the word also serves to pay tribute to the NASA rover that scans the surface of Mars in search of signs of microbial life. “Just as it takes perseverance to land a rover on Mars, it also takes perseverance to face the challenges and disruptions to our lives from COVID-19, climate catastrophes, political instability and conflict,” said Wendalyn Nichols. , Publishing Director for the Cambridge Dictionary. “We appreciate that connection and we think Cambridge Dictionary users do too.” It should be remembered that the Perseverance rover mission was launched into space in July 2020. Meanwhile, the NASA rover landed on the Martian surface in February this year. The institution has also reported on the choice of the word of the year from its Twitter account. We can officially announce that the Cambridge Dictionary # WordoftheYear2021 is … 🥁 perseverance (noun): continued effort to do or achieve something, even when this is difficult or takes a long time & mdash; Cambridge Dictionary (@CambridgeWords) November 17, 2021

<urn:uuid:1c1c74d8-c953-435b-a8d1-46d1c5d32f90>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://moneytrainingclub.com/cambridge-word-of-the-year-reminds-mars-and-covid-19-digital-trends-spanish/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Self- assessed general health status is a commonly-used survey technique since it can be used as a predictor for several public health risks such as mortality, deprivation, and fear of crime or poverty. Therefore, it is a useful alternative measure to help assessing the public health situation of a neighborhood or town, and can be utilized by authorities in many decision support situations related to public health, budget allocation and general policy-making, among others. It can be considered as spatial decision problems, since both data location and spatial relationships make a prominent impact during the decision making process. This paper utilizes a recently-developed spatial intelligent decision system, named, Spatial RIMER+, to model the self-rated health estimation decision problem using real data in the areas of Northern Ireland, UK. The goal is to learn from past or partial observations on self-rated health status to predict its future or neighborhood behavior and reference it in the map. Three scenarios in line of this goal are discussed in details, i.e., estimation of unknown, downscaling, and predictions over time. They are used to demonstrate the flexibility and applicability of the spatial decision support system and their positive capabilities in terms of accuracy, efficiency and visualization. - Self-Rated Health • Spatial Decision Support • Rule-Based Systems • Belief Rule Base • Uncertainty

<urn:uuid:8c51e623-6430-4749-80ec-6183951cb35a>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/application-of-a-spatial-intelligent-decision-system-on-self-rate

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Download Medieval Village Life Worksheets Do you want to save dozens of hours in time? Get your evenings and weekends back? Be able to teach Medieval Village Life to your students? Our worksheet bundle includes a fact file and printable worksheets and student activities. Perfect for both the classroom and homeschooling! - Structure of a medieval village - Significance of a medieval manor - Jobs of people who lived in a medieval village Key Facts And Information Let’s know more about Medieval Village Life! - Before 1066, nearly all people in England lived in the countryside. The majority of the people were peasants who worked the land for a thegn, who owned the land that they farmed. - Life in Norman England showed a great deal of continuity with Anglo-Saxon times. For example, after 1066, nearly everyone continued to live in villages. - Norman rule would bring wide-scale and far-reaching changes to life and work in both towns and the countryside. Background: Towns in Anglo-Saxon times - Few towns existed in Anglo-Saxon England and those that did were important trading centres. Towns had emerged in coastal areas where ports had been established, at places near navigable rivers, or where important roads were situated. - Anglo-Saxon towns were linked to trade in livestock, fish, salt and wool. Under the Normans, trade increased because the Norman rulers had greater links with the rest of Europe than the Anglo-Saxons before them. Therefore, the amount, size and importance of towns also increased. - Land in towns was expensive and so the higher floors of buildings were often bigger than the ground floor. - Towns had a hierarchy in the same way that villages did. Rich merchants who earned their money from trade, as well as doctors and lawyers, would be seen as the most important citizens. Unskilled workers and servants would be viewed as the lowest class. Life in Norman Villages - At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) there were approximately 13,500 villages (often called manors) in England. - These villages ranged in size from small settlements with around 5-6 households to much larger villages with up to 100 households. - In villages, there was a certain amount of cultivated land. Much of this was for the villagers to use and the remainder would be for the lord of the manor. The rest of the land in the village was meadow, pasture and woodland. - The land that was owned by the lord was called the manor. A manor consisted of a village with land around it. The villeins lived in the village, which was surrounded by three large fields. Each field was divided into long strips. A villein would farm strips in each of the fields. - This made sure that everyone had a share of the good land and the bad land. The strips were divided by mounds of earth or by rocks. - Manors were composed of large castles surrounded by small villages and a local church. During this period, about 90% of the population worked on the land as peasants or serfs. Lords and barons swore their oath of fealty to the king. - Every year, one field was left fallow, or empty, so that the soil could get - its goodness back. Strip farming meant that villeins had to work together. A whole field would be sown and harvested, and each villein worked closely with his neighbour to get his work done. - The other land around the village was also important. Villeins collected wood from the woodland, their animals grazed on the common land, and fish could be collected from the river, which was also used for washing and cooking. - The land around the village supplied the villeins with nuts, berries and mushrooms. Villeins lived on the manor in cruck-houses. Their house would have a small garden, where vegetables like carrots and cabbages could be grown. The villeins usually built their own house, and had very few possessions. They would have some animals like pigs, sheep, cows and chickens, but other than their day-to-day tools and equipment, they owned very little. - A villein’s diet was very different to ours. It did not change very much year in, year out. Sometimes a villein might have meat, usually bacon because pigs were easy to keep. There were no fridges, so meat was salted or smoked to keep it fresh. Poor families often went hungry. One child in every three would die before its first birthday, because there was not enough food. Changes in villages in Norman times - One of the major changes was that for many villagers, their lord was no longer an Anglo-Saxon and was a Norman instead. Another key change was that there was a decline in the number of freemen. This was because, under the feudal system, the organisation of the land meant that peasants had to give up their freedom in order to get land to work on so that they could feed themselves and their families. - Buildings in villages also changed after 1066. In many villages, the manor was rebuilt in order to demonstrate the power of the lord. The church was also often rebuilt out of stone. - The houses of the poor in villages would be dark and dismal. Homes were made up of a single room, often without windows and with a fire in the centre for cooking and warmth. This meant that homes were very smoky with just a hole in the roof for the smoke to escape. The floor was earth with a straw covering. Animals would be let into the house at night. - The vast majority of people in the village would work the land. There were some other jobs available, for example the blacksmith and the miller. There would also be people in the village who worked as carpenters and weavers, providing important skills to their fellow villagers. - Groups of craftsmen called guilds also emerged during this period. Each guild had specialities and was able to move up the social ladder through hard work. Some examples were guilds for weavers, dyers, armourers, painters, masons, bookkeepers, bakers and candlemakers. - Members of guilds had well-defined positions including apprentices, journeymen and masters. Despite being skilled workers during this period, women were not allowed to join or form their own guild. Much of the local economy was influenced by guilds of merchants as they controlled the flow of trade. Before a journeyman could be a master, he needed to produce a masterpiece to be approved by the guild masters. - Aside from villages populated by peasants, few towns existed in medieval England. Aside from London, towns in England included the cities of Lincoln, Chester, Canterbury, York, and Hereford. - Such towns were known as cathedral cities for being the religious and trade centres of the kingdom. Both traders and pilgrims were attracted to these towns. Most medieval towns emerged at crossroads or a river where people could meet easily. These towns were usually guarded with fences for security, especially at night. Some were heavily walled with bricks, like the towns of Canterbury and York. - Towns served as the kingdom’s economic centre as many merchants and traders from villages and other kingdoms came for business. More merchants meant more trade and more taxes to be collected by a sheriff. - During this period, houses in towns were usually two-storey. - Below were workshops open for customers, with the craftsman’s house above. Streets in medieval towns were congested, narrow, and busy with sellers. - Gates at towns were closed when a bell rang for curfew. Usually, guards patrolled the streets for thieves. - In the medieval period, towns were built on trade. Merchant guilds dominated business, thus controlled governance as well. Charters in towns were one of the main source of royal revenue. Along with merchant guilds were craft guilds which were divided into three levels; masters, journeymen and apprentices.

<urn:uuid:44e4bae5-01bc-490b-8c27-0c36945ecfbe>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://schoolhistory.co.uk/medieval/medieval-village-life/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Never underestimate the power of a clipboard, a pencil, and a well-designed piece of paper. When students see that a teacher has a consistent and prepared way of noting the quality of their engagement, many will take note and begin to work differently. All you need is to ensure that the piece of paper is well-designed, making your life easier and your classroom practice tighter. Here’s one I created for a school recently. Here’s how it works. Put students’ names along the top row. Then, identify three times in every class where you can note students’ engagement level (defined loosely, but observably), like during the Do Now, main class Learning Activity, and during Exit Slip completion. Now, here’s the trick. Do NOT use a check in the boxes. Checks are almost useless, slightly better than nothing. Instead, mark students’ engagement with a simple 0-3 entry every day. Then, you can use that simple data to see patterns in students’ action, serving as a point of entry to discuss things with them. It won’t revolutionize your practice necessarily, but it will help you and your students shift focus. And that can make all the difference.

<urn:uuid:d861965e-bb0c-470a-b84b-39ec7fcb9c77>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://tomliamlynch.com/2018/01/24/quick-quantitative-and-consistent-way-to-track-student-engagement/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

A research conducted by OrbMedia estimates that around 83% of the tap water in the world contains microplastic fibres. Microplastic fibres constitute the most invisible yet dangerous kind of pollution related to plastic waste, as at this stage the microscopical particles enter the alimentary chain. It is a pollution not exclusively related to the decline of solid plastic waste in the natural environment: microplastics are present in cosmetics and are produced by synthetic clothes washing. My project is designed to put in evidence this invisible pollution. It is composed of a fountain installed in a public space. A vaporizer spills onto a collection of high quality tropical plastic plants that direct and turns the falling water into a continue delicate dripping. A mesh is disposed under the plants, suspended from the ground; it is composed of a special synthetic fabric able to block microplastic fibres . The mesh may slowly gather the little amount of plastic coming from the water and the imperceptible decline of the plastic plant’s surfaces. The plastic plants deal with the irresponsible superficiality that transforms a very durable matter into kitsch, useless or disposable products. They also underline the beauty of the sculptural and functional natural forms as well the great imitative ability of the human technologies. If the Ben-Gurion University has developed a bacteria genetically modified to feed off polyethene-terephthalate , we can maybe optimistically imagine a future where plastic plants will be as degradable as natural ones: a future this project wants to deal with also. The project will be realized with the collaboration of Stop!MicroWaste , a no-profit organization dedicated to inform about smart use of plastic and to raise awareness about plastic-related environmental problems. For its features, the fountain is thought to be installed near a beach/at the seaside. As an action to be carried at a project station I would like to organize a public action of coast cleaning using the same kind of mesh that composes the fountain, triggering the curiosity of tourists while collecting the amount of microplastic. Among the possible location mentioned by the Universal Sea, I propose Las Palmas, Gran Canaria (Spain) and Venice (Italy). The other actions involve a reflection of an economical kind: plastic waste can be a resource able to produce a new value. My idea is to use the microplastic waste for the production of eco-friendly plastic filament for 3D printers. A filament that today is very expensive although is produced with simple and low-cost process while the raw material comes from the work of underpaid poor pickers. This filament can then be used to produce little objects able to spread a message about plastic waste-related issues. - Invisibles: The plastic inside us, by Chris Tyree & Dan Morrison - Plastic fibres found in tap water around the world, study reveals, The Guardian, September 5, 2017, - Guppy Friend - Genetically Modified Bacteria Could Eat Away The World’s Massive Plastic Problem, by Einat Paz-Frankel NoCamels, January 22, 2017. - Stop Microwaste I was born in Udine (Italy) in 1983. I studied visual arts at the Academy of Arts in Venice and I specialized at the Academy of Arts of Brera in Milan, where I achieved an MA in product design in 2010. I have exhibited in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Romania and Lithuania, in independent spaces and recognized institutions such as Cittadellarte – Fondazione Pistoletto (Biella), Fondazione Bevilacqua La Masa (Venice), Museum of Science (Trento), Nida Art Colony – Vilnius Academy of Arts (Nida). In 2011 I took part in a workshop with Albanian artist Adrian Paci as visiting professor while in 2012 I won a Movin’up grant provided by Italian Ministry of Culture and GAI association and I have been a finalist at the 10th edition of Trieste Contemporanea design contest.

<urn:uuid:7222d7b0-5d3c-473a-b67c-6431bab4c16b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://universal-sea.org/inspirations/plastic-fountain-enrico-bernardis

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

1) Happy Hour Message Draw a sequence diagram for the HappyHourMessage scenario in the figure below. Draw only the first five messages exchanged. Scenario name Participating actor instances bob, alice: BarFlies john: Friend Flow of events 1. Bob and Alice are sitting in their favorite pub and it’s happy hour. They want to invite their common friend John who likes cocktails and didn’t know about the newly scheduled happy hour. Alice takes out her “mobile phone” and activates the “SMS” function. 2. Alice enters John’s cell phone number and writes the message about the happy hour into the “SMS text field”. She sends the message and waits for John’s answer. 3. John, who is still at work, is alerted by a sound of his cell phone that a new “SMS” has arrived. He reads the lines from Alice and answers that he will come immediately. He quits working and leaves the office. 4. Alice receives John’s answer at her “mobile phone”. 2) Model an online bookstore Consider the process of ordering a book via Internet. Draw an activity diagram representing each step of the process, from the moment you open the shop’s web page to the point when you start reading the book, including login or registration. Include activities that others need to perform. Add additional exception handling to the activity diagram you have developed. Model the following three exceptions: 1. The order got lost in the Internet 2. The wrong book is packaged 3. The ordered book is no longer available

<urn:uuid:119134aa-1661-471d-95bc-7f6191a91023>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.fi.freelancer.com/projects/uml-design/uml-sequence-activity-diagram/?ngsw-bypass=&w=f

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

What is self reliance transcendentalism? What does self reliance mean in transcendentalism? “Self-Reliance” is essentially a treatise on individuality and authenticity. Emerson believes that individuals should look in the mirror and towards their natural environment for inspiration, which is an essential aspect of Transcendentalist thought, rather than conforming to modern standards of art. What did Transcendentalists believe about self reliance? Some of the transcendentalist beliefs are: What are the transcendental elements in Emerson’s self reliance? What is self reliance transcendentalism? – Related Questions What is the concept of self reliance? Self-reliance is a quality of depending on yourself for things instead of relying on others. When people have self-reliance, they are independent and autonomous — in other words, they take care of themselves. What are 3 characteristics of transcendentalism? The transcendentalist movement encompassed many beliefs, but these all fit into their three main values of individualism, idealism, and the divinity of nature. The main themes in “Self-Reliance” are genius vs. conformity, transcendent experience, and the paradox of imitation. conformity: According to Emerson, those who attain genius are those who turn away from the pressures of the crowd and attend to their own thoughts and instincts. Do Transcendentalists believe in God? Transcendentalists advocated the idea of a personal knowledge of God, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight. They embraced idealism, focusing on nature and opposing materialism. What are the examples of self reliance? Self reliance is the ability to depend on yourself to get things done and to meet your own needs. An example of self reliance is growing your own food. The capacity to rely on one’s own capabilities, and to manage one’s own affairs; independence not to be dependent. Reliance on one’s own judgment, abilities, etc. Who was the most famous transcendentalist? Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two of the most famous and influential transcendentalists. Some influential transcendentalists, such as Margaret Fuller, were early pioneers of feminism. What are the 5 characteristics of transcendentalism? What are 5 characteristics of transcendentalism Attributes of self-reliance include; Confidence: This means to be courageous and brave. Having passion for what one is doing. Hope for success. Being responsible and responsive. This means the ability to lead people well and successfully. What is education for self reliance? Education for Self Reliance (ESR) was the most important educational principle, which presented the educational philosophy of Tanzania. ESR is about gaining self-independence, responsibility and democratic involvement; it is education, which is meant to liberate individual from over-reliance. What are the two major barriers to self reliance? The two barriers to self reliance are conformity and consistency. What are the 10 characteristics of transcendentalism? Transcendentalism is a literary movement that has essay-writing at its heart. A lot of the Transcendentalist writers wrote poetry as well as essays. What are the main features of transcendentalism? The 5 Characteristics of Transcendentalism Importance of Nature. What are some examples of transcendentalism? An example of transcendentalism is the belief that man is at this best when he is independent, and not a part of organized religion or politics. An example of transcendentalism is the quote “a man in debt is so far a slave” by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson uses the word “plastic” in “Self-Reliance” to mean malleable, permeable, or adaptable. He is referring to the capacity to adapt new ideas, information, or evidence. “Self-Reliance” is an 1841 essay written by American transcendentalist philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson’s recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow their own instincts and ideas. What are the anti Transcendentalists? Anti-Transcendentalism was an opposition movement to the Transcendentalist. The Transcendentalist were writers who supported the beauty of Nature, the kindness of Humans and a distrust in government.

<urn:uuid:1b3705d0-57d0-48f8-8ec9-4e76d16f8180>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.frankslide.com/what-is-self-reliance-transcendentalism/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Beans and Hormone HealthJul 31, 2013 There is nothing more fun than returning from a few days away from the garden and finding what has sprouted and ripened in my absence. This morning, after a weekend away camping, I discovered about 30 pounds of zucchini and a bumper crop of yellow string beans. I love planting beans and peas in my garden both for the delicious harvest and the nitrogen they give back to the soil. Let’s talk a bit about their specific health benefits as well: Just about everyone has become familiar with the controversy surrounding soy and its effect on hormones. We know that soy contains a class of compounds called isoflavones, which have a phytoestrogenic effect on the body. Soy and soy products, particularly concentrated soy proteins (frequently found in bars, protein powders, and vegetarian “meat” products), are particularly high in these compounds, and can significantly impact the body’s hormone balance. Why is this important when we are talking about beans? While soy is particularly high in isoflavones, all members of the bean or pea family will contain some amount of these compounds. So, what is a phytoestrogen? To understand this, we need to know a bit about estrogen. Estrogen is a hormone--a chemical produced by the body that stimulates a receptor on a cell and tells the cell what to do in a specific way. Estrogen is a growth stimulator, so it tells your body to change from a kid’s body into a grownup’s body. During the menstrual cycle, estrogen tells your uterus to grow the lining that will support a pregnancy. It also helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the bones. A phytoestrogen is a chemical that comes from outside the body that will stimulate an estrogen receptor. Phytoestrogens are generally not as strong as estrogen, so it stimulates that receptor weakly. So, for people who have very low estrogen levels a phytoestrogen will help the body feel like it has “more” estrogen, but for those with very high estrogen levels, a phytoestrogen may block those receptors and help the body feel like it has “less” estrogen. Because of this moderating quality of these compounds, it can be useful to help balance hormones for those who are both deficient in or have excess estrogen. As with many botanical families, the legume family has these isoflavones in common throughout its members. This means that some amount of these compounds can be found in a wide variety of plants that belong to this family: licorice root, alfalfa, clover, lentils, dried beans, peas, and even those fresh green beans. It is important to keep in mind that isoflavones are only one class of chemical among many found in these foods. This phytoestrogenic effect will generally be gentle and will be accompanied by all the other benefits of legumes: fiber, minerals, protein, starches, and green energy in those beans that are eaten fresh. Soy does tend to contain isoflavones in higher amounts than other members of the legume family, and they will be particularly concentrated in processed soy protein products and soy extracts. In this case, there will be a more specific medicinal effect because they are being used in a more drug-like manner. For people who are concerned about a history of estrogen-dependent cancers, this will be more relevant with soy protein products than with other legumes. Soy protein can also be inappropriate in large amounts for those who would normally have a very low amount of estrogen in their systems, such as young children and men. Stay connected with news and updates! Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates from our team. Don't worry, your information will not be shared. We hate SPAM. We will never sell your information, for any reason.

<urn:uuid:76dc0620-2b0a-4615-981c-dbaaaa7791bd>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.goldenholisticmedicine.com/blog/beans-and-hormone-health

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Breeding Bird Atlas 1 Species Accounts Number of Broods The origin of House Finches in the East stems from the release of captives in the 1940s by caged-bird dealers in New York City who were illegally selling House Finches. By the spring of 1941, a remnant group of the released birds became established at a nursery on nearby Long Island. The population grew very slowly and remained very localized for the ensuing decade, during which time a small number became established along the Connecticut coast. The avenues of invasion into Massachusetts were along the coast and in the Connecticut River valley. The expansion gained momentum in the early 1970s and exploded by the end of the decade, when House Finches became more prevalent in the higher elevations of Berkshire and Worcester counties, where their major strongholds were in highly urbanized Pittsfield and Worcester. A second population explosion occurred in the early 1980s, and they are now much more widespread in interior areas than the accompanying map would indicate. They are most common in urban and heavily residential areas, particularly newly developed regions where ornamental plantings are the vogue. Although there is some migration from our area, it is not known to what extent our breeding population is migratory. The male sings from an exposed perch such as a treetop, telephone wire, or television aerial. The song is a musical assemblage of varied rising and falling phrases that usually end with an upward slurred wheer note. Both sexes have a pleasing queet call note, given singly or in a series. The nest is an untidy, bulky structure located in evergreens, especially ornamental spruces; on ivy-covered walls; in potted plants; and behind porch lights. Fifteen Massachusetts nests were located as follows: Blue Spruce (3 nests), Red Cedar (2 nests), honeysuckle (2 nests), porch eaves (2 nests), light fixtures (2 nests), potted plants (2 nests), ornaments on buildings (2 nests) (CNR, Meservey). Heights ranged from 4 to 15 feet, with an average of 8 feet (CNR). Nest building in Massachusetts has been reported from March 27 to July 12 (CNR). The female constructs the nest, and the male follows her closely. In some years, House Finches may be incubating eggs by the end of March, but usually this begins in mid-April. The clutch size ranges from two to six eggs, most often four or five. Clutch sizes for 10 state nests were three eggs (3 nests), four eggs (3 nests), five eggs (4 nests) (CNR). The incubation period varies from 12 to 16 days. Upon hatching, the young are brooded closely by the female for several days. Both parents feed the young by regurgitation. The fledging age is variable but averages two weeks or slightly more. Nestlings have been reported in Massachusetts from April 29 to August 4 and fledglings from May 20 to August 8 (CNR). Brood sizes for 10 state nests were two young (4 nests), three young (1 nest), four young (3 nests), five young (2 nests) (CNR). Some pairs may raise two broods, and the birds will renest readily if an attempt fails. After breeding has ended, House Finches begin to gather in flocks, which can become quite sizable, occasionally numbering in the hundreds. Preferred areas are coastal dunes and large weedy fields inland. By fall, these large flocks have dispersed, and many young of the year will depart southward. Banding returns indicate that at least some birds will go as far as Maryland and Virginia. Numerous House Finches are present during winter at well-stocked bird feeders. There has been some concern regarding the impact that the House Finch will have on the Purple Finch. While it is known that the House Finch is aggressive at bird feeders, it is not yet known whether the two species are serious competitors on the feeding shelf or nesting grounds.

<urn:uuid:a50d3a5e-32c5-4355-afca-566800b002a2>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.massaudubon.org/our-conservation-work/wildlife-research-conservation/bird-conservation-monitoring/breeding-bird-atlases/bba1/find-a-bird/(id)/191

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

If you are ever wondering how you will decide what is acceptable to you and what isn’t, this is the cliché for you. The line is always a relevant and timely symbol. A line signifies what is in bounds and out of bounds in football. It signifies the start and finish of a race. Lines are used to divide assets and liabilities on a balance sheet and they tell us where our property starts, and our neighbor’s property ends. There is the proverbial line in the sand and the timeless warning of “don’t cross that line!” Lines are literally everywhere, and they are constantly being re-drawn especially as they relate to what is deemed to be acceptable and what isn’t. When I was growing up, accepting rides from strangers was discouraged. Now it is a multi-billion-dollar industry. Smoking cigarettes was generally acceptable, smoking pot was not. Now, those practices have completely switched to the other side of the line. With the abundance of lines to consider and the evolving societal views influencing where they are drawn, it is no wonder that the question continues to remain relevant. I think the key point here is simply to make sure that you know where you draw your lines and that you do so in alignment with who you are and what you value. If you clearly define your lines of acceptability, you will put yourself in position to make good decisions that are consistent with your beliefs. That does not mean that you cannot re-draw your own lines or eventually change your mind, but it does mean that you need to have a clear idea of what you believe at the time you make an important decision to make the best decision possible. Clearly defined ideas of what you think, believe, and value will also help you to articulate your opinions and construct valid points for presentation or debate. These abilities are valuable resources to have and cultivate if you ever intend to lead others and achieve positions of influence. Lastly, I thought about taking this in a few different directions, how personal I wanted to get with it and whether I wanted to use any current national topics as an example, but I ultimately decided to keep it broad based and highlight some of the value to be derived from this cliché. After all, I had to draw the line somewhere. By Scott Arney, Chief Executive Officer, Chicago Patrolmen’s Federal Credit Union. This article is part of Arney's new series, entitled A New Use for an Old Cliché. This installment is part of Arney's educational series, entitled The Serial Decision Maker.

<urn:uuid:e8479a33-1cfd-480c-ade0-849bc1a79607>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.patrolmensdispatch.com/scotts-spot/a-new-use-for-an-old-cliche-where-do-you-draw-the-line

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

Answered by Robert Halligan “Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to the engineering of systems (of any type) which aims to capture stakeholder needs and objectives and to transform these into a description of a holistic, life-cycle balanced system solution which both satisfies the minimum requirements, and optimizes overall project and system effectiveness according to the values of the stakeholders. Systems engineering incorporates both technical and management processes” – Source: Halligan, 2003 Systems engineering principles, and methods which support those principles, have their origins in three views with respect to a system of interest. The first is an outward looking view, which always sees the system as a part of one or more bigger systems. The second is an object view, which sees the system as an object with are necessary or desirable for it to play its intended role(s) in the bigger system(s). The third is the solution view, which sees the system as destined to be constructed of interacting elements, the characteristics of which, together with the interconnections, give rise to a system with the characteristics defined by the object view. The three view and their relationships are illustrated in the figure. Figure: The Three Views of a Systems Approach

<urn:uuid:51b9f345-eb40-4797-ab8e-0fd159632214>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.ppi-int.com/resources/systems-engineering-faq/q-systems-engineering/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00511.warc.gz

en

“Plumage” comes from the Old French meaning feathers or appearance. Today the word is almost exclusively used for a bird’s set of feathers. Depending on the species, birds have various plumages throughout the year. Feathers wear out, are broken, or lost and they need to be replaced on a regular basis, and in the process there might be two or more plumages over a year or even several plumages over several years. This makes things a bit more challenging for birdwatchers as dull winter plumage warblers are much more difficult than those in colorful breeding plumage. There are several types of plumages in a bird’s life cycle. They are born nearly naked as are songbirds or with “natal down” or natal plumage like that of ducklings or chicks. The purpose of these feathers is mainly insulation. After a few days or weeks or months depending on the species, the young birds develop what is called juvenile, sometimes “juvenal”, plumage, and keep it until fall. Often the young resemble the winter or female plumage of the species. In the case of songbirds, the young keep their juvenal plumage until the spring or may molt into a sub-basic plumage that shows some of the breeding coloration. Then, early in the spring they molt into their most colorful breeding or courtship plumage. When the sexes are dimorphic (have different plumages), the male is typically the most colorful. In the case of gulls, hawks, eagles, and other species, the birds make take several years to develop their breeding plumage. The Red-tailed Hawk, for example, takes about three years to develop its red (actually rufous) tail. According to the Southwestern Bald Eagle Management Committee “During its first four weeks of life, an eaglet’s fluffy white down changes to a gray wooly down. At about five weeks, brown and black feathers begin to grow. It becomes fully feathered at 10 weeks of age. In its first year, the mostly dark-colored juvenile can often be mistaken as a golden eagle. However, the bald eagle progressively changes until it reaches adult plumage at five years. Its dark eye lightens throughout its first four years of life until it becomes yellow and its beak changes form gray-black to a vibrant yellow.” The adult eagle wears a plumage of 5000 to 8000 feathers. After the mature plumage is reached the bird then moves back and forth between its basic plumage and its breeding plumage. The basic plumage makes the bird less visible to predators during the non-breeding season. Often the males and females look a lot alike at that time. Feathers obviously have several functions, so molting is required to keep the plumage in good condition. But it costs a lot of energy. One study of the Chaffinch estimated that the birds metabolism has to increase by about 40% to produce new feathers, depending on the temperature. That’s replacing something like 1500 to 3000 feathers, typical of songbirds. That is an enormous burden at an enormous cost, but obviously well worth it. Then think about the swan that has to replace 25,0000 feathers! Then think about the person assigned the task of counting all these feathers!

<urn:uuid:bc2ec7ee-1bfa-417c-aace-e0784ee3063b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://ornithology.com/plumage/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

Have You Ever Wondered What A Phoropter Does? This is a question we love getting: “What does that big, space helmet-looking thing actually do anyway?” Most patients have wondered what that large, imposing piece of equipment is that they always see at the optometrist’s office. Well, it’s called a phoropter, or a refractor, and it’s an awesome tool we eye docs love to use! Read on to find out more! A Brief History Of The Phoropter The phoropter was invented in the early 1900s. One, called the Ski-optometer, was invented by Nathan Shigon and another, called the Phoro-optometer was developed by Henry DeZeng. Later came Bausch and Lomb’s Greens’ Refractor. The phoropter was unique from the device that was previously being used, the monocular optometer, because the phoropter was able to measure refractive errors as well as traits of binocular vision (meaning how well the eyes work together), among other things. In today’s world, as technology gets more and more advanced, usually devices get smaller and more streamlined. You may be surprised to hear that with almost every new model that came out, the phoropter kept getting bigger and bigger! Over time, the phoropter continued to improve until it became what it is today in the 1960s, still as big and bold as ever. Phoropters Help Us Fine-tune Your Prescription This may sound familiar… you walk into the optometrist’s office and after some initial tests and pleasantries, you’re asked to sit behind the “space helmet” and look at the eye chart through the phoropter lenses. As we change the lenses with different optical powers, we’ll ask you the question we know you all love to answer, “Which is more clear, one or two?” Based on your answers, we come up with a prescription that gets you as close to seeing 20/20 as possible. The phoropter is an amazing tool that helps us fine-tune your prescription and make sure you have the clearest, most accurate vision possible! Watch the video below to learn more about what perfect vision is and why glasses are necessary for some people! [iframe https://www.youtube.com/embed/_sjrU_9emwM?rel=0 620 349] Want To Hear More? If you have been wondering about some of the other equipment you’ve seen at our office, let us know in the comments section of this blog post! We’d be happy to highlight another cool tool that helps us do our job: keeping your eyes healthy and your vision precise.

<urn:uuid:3e02c6b8-1ffc-4f53-bdee-bedf83b197be>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://jacobsoneyecare.com/2017/04/12/have-you-ever-wondered-what-a-phoropter-does/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

Objective: To establish intrauterine diagnosis of thalassaemia major in couples with thalassaemia trait by chorionic villous sampling. Methods: A total of 60 couples with children suffering from transfusion dependent β-thalassaemia or couples who were known carriers of β-thalassaemia were included in this study. The standard procedure was followed for the collection of samples which was finally transferred in appropriate medium to Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi for detection of thalassaemia mutation. Results: After DNA analysis of the submitted samples, no thalassaemia mutation was detected in the foetus in 24 cases. In 8 cases foetus were heterozygote for thalassaemia having a single mutation. In 28 cases, foetus were homozygous for beta-thalassaemia. Conclusion: Appropriate and extensive screening, accurate detection and counseling of at risk couples, along with antenatal diagnosis is a promising strategy for the reduction of mortality and morbidity from thalassaemia in countries where it is prevalent. Based on these results, it can be concluded that prenatal diagnosis of β-thalassaemia for prevention can be done using chorionic villous sampling. |Original language||English (US)| |Number of pages||4| |Journal||Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association| |State||Published - Nov 1 2007| ASJC Scopus subject areas

<urn:uuid:f81e232c-c00c-4b67-bf4e-077369d13468>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/prenatal-diagnosis-of-%CE%B2-thalassaemia-by-chorionic-villous-samplin

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

With approximately 3 billion people at risk of acquiring the infection, dengue fever is now considered the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world, with 390 million dengue infections occurring every year, of which 96 million manifest symptoms with any level of disease severity. Treatment of uncomplicated dengue cases is only supportive and severe dengue cases require hospital intensive care. A vaccine now licensed in several countries and developed by Sanofi Pasteur (CYD-TDV, named Dengvaxia), was able to protect, in the first 25 months of the two Phase III, 66% of a subset of 9–16 year old participants. However, a significantly lower efficacy (including negative vaccine efficacy) was noted for children younger than 9 years of age. Analysis of year 3 results of phase III trials of Dengvaxia suggest high rates of protection of vaccinated partial dengue immunes but high rates of hospitalizations during breakthrough dengue infections of persons who were vaccinated when seronegative, with vaccine appearing to induce enhancing antibodies (ADE). An age structured model was developed based on Sanofi’s recommendation to vaccinate persons age 945 years in dengue endemic countries. The model was used to explore the clinical burden of two vaccination strategies: 1) Vaccinate 4 or 20% of individuals, ages 9–45 years, seropositives and seronegatives, and 2) vaccinate 4 or 20% of individuals, ages 9–45 years, who are dengue immune only. Our results show that vaccinating dengue monotypic immune individuals prevents dengue hospitalizations, but at the same time dengue infections of vaccine-sensitized persons increases hospitalizations. When the vaccine is given only to partial immune individuals, after immunological screening of the population, disease burden decreases considerably. Caused by four antigenically related but distinct serotypes a tetravalent vaccine is needed to protect against the huge burden of dengue disease. Dengvaxia is a vaccine candidate now licensed in several countries for individuals 9–45 years of age living in endemic countries with at least 50% (preferably 70%) of seroprevalence. Modelers from Sanofi Pasteur have predicted that this vaccine has the potential to reduce by about 50% the disease burden within 5 years when 20% of an endemic country population is vaccinated, thus achieving a World Health Organization dengue prevention goal. In this paper, mathematical modeling is used to investigate the impact of the newly licensed dengue vaccine using different scenarios. Our results show that to achieve significant reduction in disease burden, the vaccination program is most effective if it includes only individuals that have been already exposed to at least one dengue virus. Immunological screening of the population prior to vaccination is advised and vaccination strategies must be planned based on epidemiological disease dynamics for each specific endemic region. Citation: Aguiar M, Stollenwerk N, Halstead SB (2016) The Impact of the Newly Licensed Dengue Vaccine in Endemic Countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(12): e0005179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005179 Editor: Maria G. Guzman, Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kourí (IPK), CUBA Received: April 12, 2016; Accepted: November 9, 2016; Published: December 21, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Aguiar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This work was funded by DENFREE (grant 282378) and supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant UID/MAT/04561/2013). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Epidemiological models have been important in understanding the spread of infectious diseases and to evaluate intervention strategies like vector control and vaccination. Mathematical models were introduced into infectious disease epidemiology in the early 20th century, and a series of deterministic compartmental models, such as e.g. the SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) type model, have been proposed based on the flow patterns between compartments of hosts. Recently, most models try to incorporate several different aspects of the disease, including the duration of disease, duration of infectivity, infection rate, waning immunity, and so forth, bringing rich dynamic behavior in most simple models. The dynamics of dengue disease and transmission reveals large fluctuations of disease incidence challenging mathematical models to explain the irregular behaviour of dengue epidemics. Dengue fever (DF) is caused by four antigenically related but distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4). Infection by one serotype confers life-long immunity to that serotype and a period of temporary cross-immunity (TCI) to other serotypes. The clinical response on exposure to a second serotype is complex and may depend on factors such as patient age, dengue type or strain, sequence of infection and the interval between infection by one serotype and exposure to a second serotype. Epidemiological studies support the association of severe disease (dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)) with secondary dengue infection. There is good evidence that sequential infection increases the risk of developing DHF/DSS [1–6], due to a process described as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), where the pre-existing antibodies to previous dengue infection do not neutralize but rather enhance the new infection. Early models have described multi-strain interactions leading to complex behaviour via ADE, e.g. [7–9], but always neglecting the effect of temporary cross-immunity. Then, incorporation of TCI in complex models tested the impact of ADE acting to increase the infectivity of secondary infections [10–12]. More recently, complex dynamics (known as deterministic chaos) was found in wider and more biologically realistic parameter region able to describe disease epidemiology, no longer needing to assume infectivity of secondary infections as much greater than the infectivity of primary infections [13, 14]. The minimalistic model by Aguiar et al. successfully described large fluctuations observed in empirical outbreak data [14–16]. It was estimated that secondary dengue infections contribute to transmission at a rate that is at least 10% less than primary infections, anticipating results published recently in , demonstrating that persons with inapparent DENV infections were more infectious to mosquitoes than clinically symptomatic patients. As described in , more than the detailed number of strains, a combination of TCI and ADE are the most important features driving the complex dynamics observed in dengue fever epidemiology. Treatment of uncomplicated dengue cases is only supportive, and severe dengue cases require hospitalization. A vaccine is needed to protect against the huge burden of dengue disease resulting in a requirement that a protective immune response be mounted to all four serotypes . The dengue vaccine candidate available for licensing is a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine developed by Sanofi Pasteur (CYD-TDV, named Dengvaxia). Phase III trials were successfully completed in the Asian-Pacific region and in Latin American countries and vaccine efficacy estimates for confirmed dengue cases, with wide error margins, were recently published for each trial [20, 21]. According to the manufacturer the vaccine efficacy has reduced dengue disease prevalence, during the first 25 months of Phase III, by 66% of a subset of 9–16 year olds . In November 2015, modellers from Sanofi Pasteur have predicted that Dengvaxia has the potential to reduce the dengue disease burden by about 50% within 5 years, when 20% of an endemic country’s population is vaccinated (see Fig. 2 e in ), thus achieving a World Health Organization (WHO) dengue prevention goal. More recently, the modeling was revisited and published in , concluding that Dengvaxia, if given, every year, to 90% of 9 years of age children living in dengue endemic settings, can reduce disease burden significantly over 10 years after vaccine introduction and beyond (ranging from 21% to 29% over 20 years). These results were similar for all countries considered in this study. However, analysis of year 3 results of phase III trials suggest high rates of protection of vaccinated partial dengue immunes, but also high rates of hospitalizations during breakthrough dengue infections of persons who were vaccinated when seronegative . The latter result indicates that Dengvaxia appears to induce dengue infection-enhancing antibodies (ADE) . On April 15, 2016, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunisation recommended Dengvaxia be used in regions with high endemicity, as indicated by seroprevalence of approximately 70% or greater in the targeted age group [27–29], when modeled reduced dengue hospitalizations by 10–30% over 30 years, when vaccinating yearly 80% of 9 years old children. Although the vaccine was considered safe, one can read in the WHO-SAGE report that “individuals who were seronegative at the time of vaccination were predicted to be at increased risk for hospitalization.” It was also mentioned that “In travellers unlikely to have already had dengue, vaccination may be substantially less beneficial (and there is a theoretical risk that it may be harmful), analogous to seronegative individuals living in endemic settings” . Dengvaxia is recommended to persons age 9–45 years in dengue endemic countries and if this strategy is deployed, dengue infections of monotypic dengue immunes will be prevented, but at the same time,“a theoretical risk” of dengue infections of vaccine-sensitized persons resulting in hospitalizations is expected . A significant demand for the vaccine is expected, estimated at 60 million to 80 million doses per year . To date, Dengvaxia is licensed for use in 11 countries: Mexico, The Philippines, Brazil, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore . Large programs to immunize thousands of individuals have been initiated in the Philippines and Brazil [32, 33]. In the present manuscript, using a Bayesian approach , we present the statistical description of the vaccine efficacy estimates performed for the Sanofi Pasteur tetravalent dengue vaccine trials data. Vaccine efficacy for preventing hospitalization of virologically confirmed dengue cases is estimated, based on relative risk information publicly available in [25, 27]. Using the published mathematical modeling approach [13–15, 18], an age structured model is developed based on Sanofi’s recommendation to vaccinate persons age 9–45 years in dengue endemic countries. Here we explore the clinical outcome of two vaccination strategies: 1) Vaccinate 4 or 20% of individuals, ages 9–45 years, seropositives and seronegatives, and 2) vaccinate 4 or 20% of individuals, ages 9–45 years, who are dengue immune only. We test for the assumed protective efficacy vaccine given in the province of Chiang Mai in Thailand. The most effective vaccine implementation scenario is identified and the impact of Dengvaxia administration is discussed. Modelling the efficacy of the Sanofi Pasteur dengue vaccine Sanofi Pasteur’s vaccine trials were conducted in countries in the Asian-Pacific region and in five Latin American countries, with more than 35.000 children receiving either vaccine or placebo [20, 21]. Based on the number of virologically confirmed dengue cases after the third injection, the vaccine efficacy was estimated and reported separately for each of the study regions. For modelling this vaccine trial, where there is one data point for the control (placebo) group and one for the vaccine group receiving respectively three doses of placebo or the tetravalent vaccine, we have employed a simple epidemiological susceptible S and infected I linear infection model with constant force of infection . With the total number of participants in the control group Nc = Sc + Ic, we have the scheme (1) where susceptible individuals Sc become infected Ic with a natural infection rate β after a time interval T ≔ t − t0. Here T = 12 months for the actual vaccine trial. The underlying model hypothesis is that infection can be acquired from outside the considered control group when meeting an external infected individual I*. For the vaccine group we have the same epidemiological process, but expect reduced infectivity c ⋅ β (when c < 1) instead of β. The linear infection model for the vaccine group is represented by the scheme below (2) where Sv + Iv = Nv and the vaccine efficacy k can be written explicitly as k ≔ 1 − c. Vaccine efficacy for confirmed dengue cases: Years 1-2. Using the data given by the Sanofi-Pasteur dengue vaccine trials in the Asian-Pacific region (CYD14) as reported in and the Latin American countries (CYD15) as reported in , we could estimate the overall vaccine efficacy for virologically confirmed dengue cases via the Bayesian approach [35–37] to obtain a probability p(k|Iv, Ic) for the vaccine efficacy k) with infected individuals Iv in the vaccine group and Ic in the control group. For more detailed calculations, see . We obtained a statistical description of the vaccine trial data that were in very good agreement with the results for the overall vaccine efficacy for confirmed dengue cases (56.5% with 95%-CI (43.8; 66.4) published in versus our results of 56.56% with 95%-CI (44.4; 66.2) and 60.8% with 95%-CI (52.0; 68.0) published in versus our results of 60.76% with 95%-CI (52.2; 70.5)) for the Asian-Pacific Region, shown in Fig 1A using dark orange curve, and for the Latin America countries, shown in Fig 1A using light orange curve. Note that the uninformed Bayesian prior might have a slight influence mainly in the confidence interval values. A: the Bayesian estimate of the overall vaccine efficacy for confirmed dengue cases. The dark orange curve shows the estimates for the Asian-Pacific region, the light orange curve shows the estimates for the Latin America countries and the dark blue curve shows the estimates for the combined Asian-Pacific and Latin America studies. B: the Bayesian estimate of the serotype specific vaccine efficacy; Serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are shown respectively in green, red, blue and magenta. Both trials were carried out using the same protocol designed to smoothen differences in population diversity and the climatic conditions. Knowing that larger sample size will provide a more accurate parameter estimation and increase the chance of statistical significance, we estimated global vaccine efficacy assuming that the variety in trial scenario among the Asian-Pacific region has the same degree of diversity as in the trial scenario among the Latin American countries, and that diversities observed between Asian-Pacific and the Latin American countries are comparable. Using the combined data from Sanofi-Pasteur’s dengue vaccine trials (CDY14+CYD15) we estimated the overall vaccine efficacy, via the Bayesian approach, to obtain a probability for the combined vaccine efficacy based on the empirical data from Asian-Pacific and the Latin American trials [20, 21]. The Bayesian estimate of the combined vaccine efficacy trials is k = 59.2% with a 95%-CI of (52.4; 65.0) is shown in Fig 1A, as dark blue curve. It is slightly below the 60.8% obtained in the Latin American trial, but higher than the 56.6% obtained in the Asian-Pacific trial. For the serotype specific vaccine efficacy, shown in Fig 1B, a tendency for a grouped efficacy is observed, where serotypes DEN3 and DEN4 are grouped together with a relatively good efficacy (approx. 78%) and serotype DEN1 (approx. 50%) and serotype DEN2 (approx. 40%) appear with an intermediate efficacy. Any possible common efficacy for all serotypes is statistical excluded . Vaccine efficacy for hospitalized dengue cases: Year 3. Results from years 1–2 demonstrated an intermediate efficacy against a wide spectrum of disease observed during the surveillance phase. Vaccine efficacy for seronegative individuals at baseline (individuals that have never been infected by a dengue virus prior to the vaccine trial) was found to be considerably smaller than the efficacy for individuals who were seropositive at baseline. During the stage where cases were monitored in hospitals, during year 3 there was a higher incidence of hospitalization among children ages 5 years and younger (in total, 20 children (1.4%) being hospitalized in the vaccine group and only 2 (0.1%) hospitalizations observed in the control group) . The relative risk of hospitalization for children of all ages in 11 trial sites was estimated to be about 1 (1.04, with the 95%-CI to be of (90.52; 2.19)). For children younger than 9 years of age and specifically for children between 2–5 years of age, the relative risk was estimated to be 1.58 (95%-CI (0.61; 4.83)) and 7.45 (95%-CI (1.15; 313.8)) respectively . Similar to the analysis performed in section Vaccine efficacy for confirmed dengue cases: Years 1-2, we now use the data for the annual incidence of dengue cases hospitalization for the Asian-Pacific region (CYD14) and for the Latin American countries (CYD15) presented as relative risk in , to estimate the vaccine efficacy for hospitalized dengue cases. The Bayesian estimate of the vaccine efficacy for all hospitalized cases (2-14 years old) in the CYD14 trial is k = −3.2% with a 95%-CI of [−108.8; 45.4], shown in Fig 2A, and for all hospitalized cases (9-16 years old) in the CYD15 was found to be k = 46.0% with a 95%-CI of [−0.6; 72.2], shown in Fig 2B. The observed difference in vaccine efficacy estimation per trial is explained since children below 9 years of age, who are expected to be mostly seronegatives, were not recruited in the CYD15 trial. A: Asian-Pacific region (CYD14 trial). B: Latin American countries (CYD15 trial). A negative vaccine efficacy was estimated in the CYD14 trial, with vaccine disease-enhancement in younger children. In Fig 3A, the Bayesian estimate of the vaccine efficacy for hospitalized cases in children under 9 years of age is k = −53.6% with a 95%-CI of (−279.8; 38.2), whereas for children between 2–5 years of age, shown Fig 3B, the Bayesian estimate of the vaccine efficacy for hospitalized cases is k = −530.6% with a 95%-CI of (−631.6; −40.1). Here, any positive vaccine efficacy is statistically rejected. Vaccine efficacy for hospitalized dengue cases: Years 3-4 for CYD14 and years 3-5 for CYD23/57. At the time of first submission of this article, on April 12, 2016, only data for hospitalized dengue cases during year 3 of CYD14 trial were available . Analysis using the hospitalized dengue cases during the year 4 of CYD14 trial can now be performed. The updated data were obtained from Table 8 presented in the WHO-SAGE background paper . In Fig 4, we now present the Bayesian estimate of the vaccine efficacy during the year 4 of the CYD14 trial, found to be also negative, with k = −18% with a 95%-CI of [−117.0; 32]. Note that vaccine efficacy estimation for the year 3 of the CYD14 trial (−53.6%) remains within the confidence interval described here. Using the availabe data in , we estimate for each year, vaccine efficacy via the Bayesian approach for the CYD14 trial. By stratifying the age groups, a negative vaccine efficacy was also estimated for individuals older 9 years of age (9-11 years) in the year 4 of the CYD14 trial. Using the data obtained from Table 8 presented in the WHO-SAGE background paper (in total, 12 children being hospitalized in the vaccine group and only 3 hospitalizations observed in the control group) , the Bayesian estimate of the vaccine efficacy in the 9-11 years old children was found to be very negative, with k = −92, 4% and a 95%-CI of [−160.3; 36, 8]. Vaccine efficacy estimation for the year 3 (2, 5% [−330, 2; 73, 2]) remains within the confidence interval described for children under 9 years of age. These estimations support the finding of Sanofi Pasteur’s vaccine-induced immune response sensitizing seronegative individuals to enhanced disease accompanying breakthrough DENV infections of disease-enhancement observed in vaccinated seronegative individuals. In the following, an age structured model is developed, based on Sanofi’s recommendation for vaccine administration to individuals 9–45 years of age. With the purpose of describing differences in vaccine efficacy in relation to the immunological status of individuals prior to vaccination. We define seropositive individuals to be those infected with at least one lifetime dengue infection and seronegative individuals, those never been infected with any dengue virus. We agree with the manufacturer’s explanation for the observed increase in hospitalization in children under 9 years of age but believe the same phenomenon prevails for all age groups: “The risk of developing severe disease is higher for individuals with a secondary heterotypic infection than for those with a primary infection. This may be mimicked by CYD-TDV vaccination of seronegative individuals, whereby vaccination represents a primary-like infection dominated by one or a few serotypes, and diminishing responses lead to only short-term cross-protection. As cross-protection wanes (potentially rapidly, owing to low antibody titres), so vaccine efficacy is reduced, as discussed above. Furthermore, vaccinated individuals could be at greater risk of developing a severe or symptomatic secondary-like infection the first time they contract DENV: the vaccine could act as their primary infection, and the subsequent true primary wild-type DENV infection (which would otherwise be typically less severe) could simulate a secondary wild-type infection (which is typically more severe).” . In our model, individuals 9–45 years of age are vaccinated. The population consists of a mixture of seronegative and seropositive individuals. In this model, unvaccinated individuals are assumed to develop a mild or asymptomatic disease outcome during a primary natural infection whereas secondary infection is often symptomatic, admitted to hospitals and classified as DF, DHF or DSS . Here, vaccine efficacy for seropositive individuals is assumed to be close to 100%, preventing dengue infections and hospitalization of monotypic dengue immune individuals. Note that among trial participants 9 years of age or older, seropositivity was approximately 80%. However, vaccine efficacy in seronegative individuals of all ages are assumed to be the same as the vaccine efficacy described for hospitalized children younger than 9 years, since this age group had a higher proportion of seronegatives . Mathematical modeling of future vaccine impact We extend the minimalistic two-strain dengue model investigated previously by Aguiar et al. [13, 14] which is able to capture differences between primary and secondary dengue infection, including temporary cross-immunity an important parameter for modeling dengue fever epidemiology . We consider only two possible infections, primary and secondary, an assumption validated because of the low frequency of tertiary and quaternary infections among hospital cohorts . The model is represented in Fig 5 using a state flow diagram. Hospitalizations are only possible in the classes marked in red. Force of infection (FoI) is explicitly given by β(I1 + I2 + Ib1 + Ib2 + Ie1 + Ie2 + ρN + ϕ(I12 + I21 + Ib12 + Ib21 + Ie12 + Ie21) + ϕv(Iv1 + Iv2)). The complete system of ordinary differential equations for the dengue vaccine epidemiological model is given by (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) The parameter β takes the seasonal forcing into account as a cosine function and is given explicitly by (34) where β0 is the average infection rate, η is the degree of seasonality and φ is the phase of seasonality. The temporary cross-immunity period and the recovery rate are parametrized by α and γ respectively. The population size N is constant and the demography (birth and death rates) is parametrized by μ. In this model, susceptible individuals can become infected also by meeting an infected individual from an external population, hence ((β/N) ⋅ S ⋅ I goes to (β/N) ⋅ S ⋅ (I + ρ ⋅ N)), contributing to the force of infection with an import parameter ρ. The parameters ϕ and ϕv are respectively the ratio of infection contribution to the force of infection from non-vaccinated seropositive individuals and vaccinated seronegative (vaccine-sensitized) individuals. The effects of the vector dynamics are only taken into account by the force of infection parameters in the SIR-type model, but not modeling this mechanisms explicitly . Like this, three different transmission rates are possible, depending of the immunological status of individuals transmitting the disease. Non-vaccinated individuals with a primary infection (I1 + I2 + Ib1 + Ib2 + Ie1 + Ie2) and with a secondary infection (I12 + I21 + Ib12 + Ib21 + Ie12 + Ie21) transmit disease with infection rate β and ϕβ respectively. Vaccinated seropositive individuals do not become infected and therefore do not transmit the disease, however, infected seronegative which were vaccinated (Iv1 + Iv2) will transmit the disease with infection rate ϕvβ. An analysis of breakthrough hospitalizations for natural dengue infections in vaccinated seronegative children revealed an increased risk compared with hospitalizations accompanying secondary dengue infections . Accordingly, a vaccine disease-enhancement factor ψ is introduced that conservatively increases risk of hospitalization of seronegative individuals acquiring a natural dengue infection by 10% (Svψ going to Iv1 or Iv2). The two-infection dengue model with serotype structure is constructed assuming three age classes: Individuals younger than 9 years (labeled with subscript b), individuals 9–45 years and individuals older than 45 years (labeled with subscript e) of age. Individuals younger than 9 and older than 45 years of age (see Fig 5, in light brown and dark yellow respectively) constitute the age classes that can not be vaccinated whereas individuals between 9–45 years of age (see Fig 5, in dark red) comprises the target population eligible to receive the vaccine. We recall that the population consists in a mixture of seronegative and seropositive individuals. The dynamics for the two-infection dengue model is described as follows: All individuals of every age start as seronegative susceptibles Sb, S and Se respectively and can acquire a natural first infection Ib1 or Ib2, I1 or I2 and Ie1 or Ie2 with a specific DENV-type 1 or 2. Dengue transmission occurs between susceptibles and individuals experiencing a primary or natural secondary dengue infection or a primary infection of a vaccinated seronegative individual. Note that the strain labeling 1 and 2 becomes important for secondary infections that can only occur with a different virus from the one causing the primary infection. Similarly to the assumptions in , individuals experiencing a secondary infection are assumed to have higher risk (than primarily infected individuals) of developing clinically apparent and severe disease with hospitalization. Individuals recover from a primary infection Rb1 or Rb2, R1 or R2 and Re1 and Re2 with a recovery rate γ and after a period of temporary cross-immunity α, become seropositive susceptibles Sb1 or Sb2, S1 or S2 and Se1 or Se2, now immune to one DENV type and able to acquire a natural secondary dengue infection Ib12 or Ib21, I12 or I21 and Ie12 or Ie21, with a different DENV type, respectively. Finally, individuals recover from a secondary infection R. Note that up to two dengue infections are possible before individuals reach the age of 9. When individuals reach age 9 years they move, with a transition rate a = 1/9 year (see light green arrows in the flow diagram, Fig 5), to the compartments of disease related stages for individuals that are 9–45 years of age. By vaccinating seronegative susceptible individuals S, a new class Sv is created (see light blue box in the flow diagram, Fig 5). The vaccine mimics the immunological effect of a primary dengue infection sensitizing them to a more severe secondary infection as has been suggested in . As presented above, these sensitized individuals when naturally infected for the first time Iv1 or Iv2 have a 10% higher probability of hospitalization as compared to individuals acquiring the natural secondary dengue infection (I12 and I21). Thus, when seropositive individuals S1 and S2 are vaccinated the result is protection (going to R) while vaccinated seronegative individuals Sv becoming infected for the first time Iv1 and Iv2 have higher chance to develop severe disease and being hospitalized. Individuals older than 45 years move with a transition rate b = 1/45 year (see dark green arrows in the flow diagram, Fig 5), and no longer receives vaccine. In our model, vaccine is implemented such that the vaccination period is , where eligible individuals receive 3 doses over a period of 1 year (see purple arrows in the flow diagram, Fig 5). The vaccination coverage per year is ϵ in an endemic country among individuals 9 to 45 years old, seronegative or seropositive prior to vaccination. The SAGE committee advised giving vaccine in populations composed of 70% of seropositive individuals. It should be noted that the remaining 30% of the population are seronegative. Published models suggest that when this 30% is included in vaccination campaigns an overall disease burden reduction of 10–30% continues to be expected over a period of 30 years. We question the real risks of vaccine disease enhancement occurring when implementing Dengvaxia according to the WHO-SAGE recommendation . Here we make such an assessment. In this section, the model is validated with hospital admission data for the province of Chiang Mai, Thailand, supplied by the Ministry of Public Health [16, 43]. After model validation and parametrization via data matching, two different scenarios for vaccine implementation are used to investigate the vaccine’s manufacturer claim of a potential reduction in disease burden after vaccine implementation. . Given the prediction horizon of our deterministic system (approximately 10 years) [14, 18], disease outcome dynamics are evaluated for a period of 5 years after implementing vaccination. In the first scenario, the newly existing imperfect dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, is implemented in a population without any immunological-profile screening prior to vaccination, where both seronegative and seropositive individuals, from 9 to 45 years of age, are vaccinated. In the second scenario, after population serological screening prior to vaccination, only seropositive individuals are eligible to receive the vaccine. An analysis of real world empirical dengue data reveals that large disease outbreaks are generally followed by smaller epidemics. The explanation for this dynamic is that during a large outbreak the number of susceptibles in the population is reduced, needing time to build up again before another large outbreak occurs. For Chiang Mai, for example, a large outbreak occurred in 1987 followed by some smaller outbreaks, and then a large outbreak in 1994. This outbreak was followed by 15 years of lower disease incidence. Another large outbreak is observed in 2010 with a similar amplitude to that of 1994. While in 2013, the largest outbreak occurred in a 35 year period. However, baseline dengue transmission in susceptible children assures that small epidemics occur continuously in between large outbreaks. Chaotic behavior exists in many natural systems. In the case of our deterministic system, whose behavior can in principle be predicted for approximately 10 years [13, 14, 18], Lyapunov exponents calculations were performed in order to quantify its prediction horizon and beyond unpredictability. By using the same parameter set, short periods of the time series simulation could be compared from time to time, with the empirical data. We use the available hospitalized admission data for Chiang Mai presented in Fig 6A. Similarly as found in , and as an example of the many different matching possibilities, Fig 6B and 6C describe a 5 year period of empirical data, from 2002 to 2007 and from 2011 to May 2016, respectively, where there is good qualitative (and even quantitative) agreement with our model simulation. Note that different patterns of the data were matched with different transients of the model simulation but always using the same parameter set. That is possible given that multiple patterns can occur in the same chaotic attractor of the system. For more information on qualitative features of chaotic systems, see e.g. . A: reported hospital admission cases in the Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, 1980 to May 2016. B: real data (in green) compared with model predicted cases without vaccination (in red), from 2002 to 2007. C: comparisons for 2011 to May 2016. In this study, our model is parameterized by matching the last 5 years of available empirical hospitalized dengue data for Chiang Mai with model simulations. In order to classify the dynamic pattern of the model, we discard long transients which would carry information about the initial conditions. The model parameters are fixed as shown in Table 1. The population of Chiang Mai Province in Thailand is N = 1.65 million inhabitants and for 2016, when vaccinaton is implemented, the seroprevalence in the age group eligible to receive the vaccine, 9–45 years old, is estimated to be composed of 15.6% of seronegatives (S) and 13.8% of monotypic immunes (S1 + S2). Time series analysis for vaccine implementation In this section, different vaccination strategies are evaluated, 4% and 20% of 9–45 year-olds receive vaccine every year. Impact of imperfect vaccine without immunological screening. In this scenario, from 2016, Dengvaxia is given yearly to 9–45 year-olds in Chiang Mai. Both monotypic immune (13.8%) and seronegative (15.6%) individuals are eligible to receive the vaccine without immunological screening. Vaccine efficacies for seropositive and seronegative individuals are as presented in section Vaccine efficacy for hospitalized dengue cases: Year 3 and in Table 1. Fig 7 shows model simulation in the absence of vaccination for the whole population up to 65 years of age (red line). Hospitalizations occur during natural secondary dengue infections. Although children under 9 years and adults older than 45 years are not vaccinated, if susceptible, they can be naturally infected and are able to transmit the virus. Fig 7 also shows hospitalizations predicted by the model when 4% and 20% of age group 9–45 years are vaccinated annually during the period 2016–2021. As apposed to the claim by Sanofi Pasteur’s modelling group and by the WHO-SAGE modeling groups , when 4% of the target population is vaccinated (see Fig 7A) total hospitalizations increase by 35% in year 4 after vaccine introduction. Five years after vaccine implementation, hospitalizations are predicted to be more than 70% higher than without vaccine. Thus, increasing vaccination to 20% of the target population, seronegatives and seropositives, per year yields a huge increase in hospitalization (see Fig 7B). Hospitalizations in the non-vaccinated population is shown with a red line while hospitalizations occurring after yearly vaccination of both seropositives and seronegatives, ages 9–45 years, is shown as a grey line. For ψ = 1.1, in A: vaccination coverage is 4% of the population and in B: vaccination coverage is 20%. For ψ = 1.0, vaccination coverage is 4% in C and 20% in D. The parameter ψ acts (conservatively) to increase by 10% (ψ = 1.1) the risk that vaccinated seronegative individuals who acquire a natural first dengue infection will be hospitalized compared with the risk of hospitalization in unvaccinated monotypic immune 9–45 year-olds during a second dengue infection (Fig 7A and 7B). The introduction of ψ is based on published information showing that the risk of hospitalization of vaccinated seronegatives is increased, presumably expressing higher viremia titers [26, 27]. Even if the risk of hospitalization of dengue infected vaccinated seronegatives and monotypic immunes is the same (ψ = 1.0), similar increases in hospitalizations are observed after introduction of vaccine (Fig 7C and 7D). At present no data are available to support an assumption of (ψ < 1.0). Impact of serological screening and vaccination of seropositives. A prior assessment of the results of the CYD-TDV clinical trials concluded that vaccination of seropositives resulted in high rates of protective immunity [25–27]. The outcome of screening 4 or 20% of individuals ages 9–45 years to identify and then vaccinate only dengue immunes annually is modeled in Figs 8 and 9. Seronegative individuals are not eligible to receive vaccine. All susceptibles, ages 1–8 and 46–65 years plus seronegatives, ages 9–45 years, may become infected and transmit virus. The majority of these infections will be mild or unapparent. When 4% of seropositives are vaccinated there is a decrease in hospitalizations over the period of 5 years of more than 40%, compared with no vaccination (see blue line in Fig 8). Yearly vaccination directed at 20% of seropositives, age 9–45 will decrease hospitalizations by 70% already in the first two years after vaccination, confining dengue transmission to very low numbers in the following years. (see blues line in Fig 9). Only seropositive individuals between 9–45 years of age are vaccinated. Yearly vaccine coverage is 4% of 9–45 year-olds. Red line is hospitalizations without vaccine, blue line is hospitalizations in vaccinated seropositives who had been serologically screened. Grey line shows hospitalized cases after vaccination of both seropositive and seronegatives. Only seropositive individuals between 9–45 years of age are vaccinated. Yearly vaccine coverage is 20% of 9–45 year-olds. Red line is hospitalizations without vaccine, blue line is hospitalizations in vaccinated seropositives who had been serologically screened. Grey line shows hospitalized cases after vaccination of both seropositive and seronegatives. Impact of vaccination campaigns on hospitalizations of children, ages 1–8 years. Fig 10 plots the impact of vaccinating 9–45 year-olds on hospitalizations of children less than 9 years of age. By vaccinating 4% of the seronegative and seropositive target population every year, hospitalizations in children under 9 during the first 3 years stay in the same range as among unvaccinateds (see Fig 10A). In years 4 and 5 hospitalizations (grey line) increase slightly. When 20% of the target population are vaccinated hospitalizations in children under 9 years increase immediately (see Fig 10B), year by year. Similar results are also observed for the non-vaccinated group of individuals older than 45 years of age (not shown). However, when 4% of seropositives only, ages 9–45 years, are vaccinated yearly there is a gradual reduction in the number of hospitalizations among non-vaccinated young children peaking at 60% five years after vaccine introduction (dark brown line in Fig 10A). After implementing yearly vaccination of 20% of screened seropositives, there is a major reduction in hospitalizations in unvaccinated children (dark brown line in Fig 10B), as well in the unvaccinated group of individuals older than 45 years of age (not shown). A: vaccination coverage of 4%. B: vaccination coverage of 20%. Children under 9 years (and adults older 45 years) are not eligible to receive vaccine. The red line plots hospitalizations, in the absence of vaccine, of 1–8 year-olds children, brown line plots hospitalizations after vaccination of seropositives only, showing the impact on non-vaccinated 1–8 year-olds. The grey line plots hospitalizations of children under 9 after vaccination of both seropositives and seronegatives, between 9–45 years of age. The basic purpose of our model is to assess the individual impact and public health implications of the administration of Dengvaxia to seronegative individuals of any age. It has been reported that as of 2015 there were 295 hospitalizations of children receiving Dengvaxia . It is not known if these cases occurred in vaccinated seronegative or seropositive children. However, as nearly 100% of seronegative children receiving vaccine raised dengue antibodies but nonetheless were poorly protected, it was concluded that hospitalizations comprise strong evidence of vaccine enhanced disease [20, 21, 26]. This assumption is underscored by the observation that vaccinated 2–5 year-old children had a relative risk of hospitalization of 7.45 and six years after being vaccinated, 2.8% of children who had been vaccinated at ages 2–5 years were hospitalized [25, 27]. In an early model of vaccination of Asian children using seroprevalence and dengue virus infection data supplied by the manufacturer, it was calculated that vaccination of 2–5 year-old children resulted in a 3.5 times higher risk of being hospitalized during a first dengue infection than did unvaccinated monotypic dengue-immune children experiencing a second dengue infection . As the intrinsic risk to experience the dengue vascular permeabilty syndrome decreases rapidly with age, for this model we have chosen a conservative increase in risk of hospitalization of 0.1% during the first dengue infections of vaccinated seronegatives between 9–45 years of age. Correspondingly, because at year 2 there was published evidence of 80% protection of vaccinated seropositive children against symptomatic disease accompanying breakthrough dengue infections our model assumes a high rate (90%) of protection after administering dengue vaccine to seropositive individuals [25, 27]. To validate our hypotheses prospective model simulations are compared to hospitalization data from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Several of the authors have made extensive use of 35 years of dengue hospitalization data from this Province in earlier epidemiological simulations [13–16, 18]. On April 15, 2016, SAGE, summarizing work of eight modeling groups commented that “All models predicted that routine vaccination of 9 year-olds with CYD-TDV at 80% vaccine coverage would cause an overall reduction in dengue disease in moderate to high transmission intensity settings (seroprevalence -SP -at age 9 ≥ 50%). This range of transmission intensity covers all the sites selected for the phase 3 trials of CYD-TDV. The impact of vaccination was greatest in high transmission intensity settings (SP9 ≥ 70%), where the reduction in dengue-related hospitalizations predicted by the models ranged from 10% to 30%” over a period of 30 years [27, 28]. However, since seroprevalence is not a uniform variable, a prediction period as long as 30 years raises questions of the validity of this recommendation . It should be noted that when a target population is composed of 70% of partial dengue-immune individuals, the remaining 30% of the population are seronegative. In this paper, vaccine efficacy in preventing hospitalized dengue cases was estimated using a Bayesian approach [34, 36]. Using the WHO recommendation to vaccinate persons age 9–45 years in dengue endemic countries with a high seroprevalence of dengue antibodies, an age-group-structured model was developed to evaluate the impact of vaccination campaigns with and without serological screening for past dengue infections. With this model the impact on hospitalization was assessed when 4 or 20% of individuals ages 9–45 years were given vaccine yearly. Our modeling assumptions were similar to the assumptions used in some of the WHO-SAGE modeling exercise, however, our results have shown that even with more than 80% seroprevalence (i.e. the Chiang Mai scenario) would not be enough to avoid hospitalizations of vaccinated seronegatives acquiring a primary natural dengue infection. Here, we have found a negative impact at both, individual and public health levels. By vaccinating both, seronegative and seropositives 9–45 years old individuals, a negative impact on hospitalization of children under 9 and adults older than 45 years was also observed. At 4% vaccination, there was a modest increase in hospitalization. But at 20% vaccination, there was a sharp and significant increase in cases in unvaccinated children 1–8 years. However, when vaccination is directed at seropositive individuals, 9–45 years of age, a considerable reduction in disease burden is observed. As shown in section Impact of serological screening and vaccination of seropositives, serological screening prior to vaccination resulted in a significant reduction of hospitalized cases in the whole population reducing hospitalization of non-vaccinated individuals, presumably by decreasing the force of infection in the system. Here, when 4% of seropositives, ages 9–45 years are vaccinated, a decrease is observed in hospitalizations over the period of 5 years of greater than 40%. Yearly vaccination of 20% of seropositives in the target population results in a decrease in total hospitalizations of 60% within two years after start (cumulative 60% coverage), severely reducing dengue hospitalizations thereafter. A question that needs to be addressed at all prospective vaccination sites is which screening test to choose to identify dengue-immunes. ELISA IgG tests vary in specificity. Populations in Asia and the Americas will differ in exposure to non-dengue flaviviruses or vaccines. Careful attention to test development and to the specific requirements imposed by varying viral ecologies must be incorporated into program planning. Also, heterogeneities in dengue endemicity may result in marked variation in the prevalence of dengue antibodies in 9 year-old children. As the prevalence of seronegatives increases also there is a risk of an increased disease burden after implementing vaccination campaigns. There have already been objections raised concerning the cost of serological screening [47, 48]. We understand that adding serological testing is a unique requirement in the history of vaccination. However, the increases in disease burden predicted by our model, not only will result in individual harm but also represents a major cost to families and to society. We believe that the allocation of financial resources implementing the screening, in order to use this “imperfect” vaccine most efficiently and to optimize a beneficial outcome, is justified to avoid an eventual burden of vaccine enhanced disease in vaccinated seronegative individuals. Dengue surveillance data were provided by the Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. - Conceived and designed the experiments: MA NS SBH. - Performed the experiments: MA NS SBH. - Analyzed the data: MA NS SBH. - Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MA NS SBH. - Wrote the paper: MA NS SBH. - 1. Halstead S. B. (1994). Antibody-dependent Enhancement of Infection: A Mechanism for Indirect Virus Entry into Cells. Cellular Receptors for Animal Viruses, 28, Chapter 25, 493–516, ISBN 0-87969-429-7. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). - 2. Halstead S.B. (1982). Immune enhancement of viral infection. Progress in Allergy, 31, 301–364, ISSN 0079-6034. pmid:6292921 - 3. Halstead S.B. (2003). Neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue viruses. Advances in Virus Research, 60, 421–467. pmid:14689700 - 4. Mackenzie J. S., Gubler D. J. & Petersen L. R. (2004). Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses. Nature Medicine Review, 12, S98–S109. pmid:15577938 - 5. Dejnirattisai W. et al. (2010). Cross-Reacting Antibodies Enhance Dengue Virus Infection in Humans. Science, 328, 745–748. pmid:20448183 - 6. Guzmán M.G. et al. (2010). Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8, S7–S16, ISSN: 1740-1526. pmid:21079655 - 7. Ferguson N., Anderson R. and Gupta S. (1999). The effect of antibody-dependent enhancement on the transmission dynamics and persistence of multiple-strain pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 790–94. pmid:9892712 - 8. Schwartz I. B., et al. (2005). Chaotic desynchronization of multi-strain diseases. Physical Review, E 72, 066201–6. - 9. Billings L., et al. (2007). Instabilities in multiserotype disease models with antibody-dependent enhancement. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 246, 18–27. pmid:17270219 - 10. Wearing H.J. & Rohani P. (2006). Ecological and immunological determinants of dengue epidemics Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 11802–11807. pmid:16868086 - 11. Nagao Y. & Koelle K. (2008). Decreases in dengue transmission may act to increase the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 2238–2243. pmid:18250338 - 12. Recker M. et al. (2009). Immunological serotype interactions and their effect on the epidemiological pattern of dengue. Proc. R. Soc. B., 276, 2541–2548. pmid:19369266 - 13. Aguiar M., Kooi B., & Stollenwerk N. (2008). Epidemiology of dengue fever: A model with temporary cross-immunity and possible secondary infection shows bifurcations and chaotic behaviour in wide parameter regions, Math. Model. Nat. Phenom. 3, 48–70. - 14. Aguiar M., Ballesteros S., Kooi B.W., & Stollenwerk N. (2011) The role of seasonality and import in a minimalistic multi-strain dengue model capturing differences between primary and secondary infections: complex dynamics and its implications for data analysis, Jounal of Theoretical Biology, 289, 181–196. pmid:21907213 - 15. Aguiar M., Stollenwerk N. and Kooi W. B. (2012). Scaling of stochasticity in dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemics. Math. Model. Nat. Phenom., 7, 1–11. - 16. Aguiar M., Paul R., Sakuntabhai A. & Stollenwerk N. (2014). Are we modeling the correct data set? Minimizing false predictions for dengue fever in Thailand. Epidemiology and Infection, 142, 2447–59. pmid:25267408 - 17. Duong V. et al. (2015). Asymptomatic humans transmit dengue virus to mosquitoes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 14688–93. pmid:26553981 - 18. Aguiar M., Kooi W. B., Rocha F., Ghaffari P. and Stollenwerk N. (2013). How much complexity is needed to describe the fluctuations observed in dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence data? Ecological Complexity, 16, 31–40. - 19. Flipse J., Smit J.M. (2015). The Complexity of a Dengue Vaccine: A Review of the Human Antibody Response. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9(6): e0003749. pmid:26065421 - 20. Capeding M.R., et al. (2014). Clinical efficacy and safety of a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children in Asia:a phase 3, randomised, observer-masked, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 384, 1358–65. pmid:25018116 - 21. Villar L., et al. (2015). Efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in children in Latin America. New Engl. J. Med., 372, 113–123. pmid:25365753 - 22. Sanofi Pasteur Press Release. July 27, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.sanofipasteur.com/en/articles/New-England-Journal-of-Medicine-Publishes-New-Analyses-Confirming-that-Sanofi-Pasteur-s-Vaccine-Candidate-Safely-Protects-Pre-Adolescents-to-Adults-Against-Dengue.aspx Last access on August 15 2016. - 23. Coudeville L., Baurin N. and Vergu E. (2015). Estimation of parameters related to vaccine efficacy and dengue transmission from two large phase III studies. Vaccine. In Press. - 24. Coudeville L., Baurin N., L’Azou M. and Guy B. (2016). Potential Impact of Dengue Vaccination: Insights From Two Large-Scale Phase III Trials With a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine Vaccine. In Press. pmid:27601343 - 25. Hadinegoro S.R., Arredondo-Garcia J.L., Capeding M.R., Deseda C., Chotpitayasunondh T., Dietze R., et al. (2015). Efficacy and Long-Term Safety of a Dengue Vaccine in Regions of Endemic Disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 373, 1195–206. pmid:26214039 - 26. Halstead Scott B.. (2016). Protective and Immunological Behavior of Yellow Fever Dengue Chimeric Vaccine. Vaccine, 34(14), 1643–1647. pmid:26873054 - 27. World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization. Background paper on Dengue Vaccines prepared by the SAGE working group on dengue vaccines and the WHO secretariat Retrieved from http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/april/presentations_background_docs/en/ Last access on August 12 2016. - 28. World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization. Comparative modelling of dengue vaccine public health impact (CMDVI) Flasche S. et al. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/april/presentations_background_docs/en/ Last access on August 7 2016. - 29. Pang Tikki. (2016). SAGE committee advice on dengue vaccine, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16, 880–882. pmid:27477966 - 30. Fierce Vaccines Press Release. 17th February 2016. Retrieved from http://www.fiercevaccines.com/story/sanofi-ships-1m-dengvaxia-doses-philippines-talks-3m-more-20-dose/2016-02-17 - 31. Sanofi Pasteur Press Release. October 4th, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.sanofipasteur.com/en/articles/first_dengue_vaccine_approved_in_more_than_10_countries.aspx - 32. Sanofi Pasteur Press Release. April 4th, 2016. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.sanofipasteur.com/en/articles/World-s-First-Public-Dengue-Immunization-Program-Starts-in-the-Philippines.aspx - 33. Sanofi Pasteur Press Release. August 13th, 2016. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.sanofipasteur.com/en/articles/Dengue-Immunization-Public-Program-in-Parana-State-of-Brazil.aspx - 34. Luis Mateus, Maira Aguiar and Nico Stollenwerk. (2015). Bayesian estimation of vaccine efficacy. (2015). Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering, CMMSE, pp 794-802, ISBN 978-84-617-2230-3 edited by Jesus Vigo Aguiar et al., Almería, Spain. - 35. Stollenwerk N. & Jansen V.A.A. (2011). Population Biology and Criticality: From critical birth-death processes to self-organized criticality in mutation pathogen systems (Imperial College Press, World Scientific, London, ISBN–13 978–184816–401–7). - 36. Mateus L., Stollenwerk N., & Zambrini J.C. (2013). Stochastic Models in Population Biology: From Dynamic Noise to Bayesian Description and Model Comparison for Given Data Sets, Int. Journal. Computer Math. 90, 2161–2173. - 37. Stollenwerk N., Aguiar M., Ballesteros S., Boto J., Kooi W. B., & Mateus L. (2012). Dynamic noise, chaos and parameter estimation in population biology, J. Royal Soc. Interface Focus 2, 156–169 pmid:23565331 - 38. Maíra Aguiar, Luis Mateus and Nico Stollenwerk. (2015). The currently best estimate for worldwide dengue vaccine efficacy. AIP Conference Proceedings, ICNAAM, 1738, 390014. - 39. Guy B, Jackson N. (2015). Dengue vaccine: hypotheses to understand CYD-TDV-induced protection. Nat Rev Microbiol. 14, 45–54. pmid:26639777 - 40. Robert V. Gibbons et al. (2007). Analysis of repeat hospital admissions for dengue to estimate the frequency of third or fourth dengue infections resulting in admissions and dengue hemorrhagic fever, and serotype sequences Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 77(5), 910–913. pmid:17984352 - 41. Rocha F., Aguiar M.,Souza M., and Stollenwerk N.. (2013). Time-scale separation and center manifold analysis describing vector-borne disease dynamics, Int. J. Comput. Math., 90(10), 2105–2125. - 42. Aguiar M., Stollenwerk N. and Halstead S.B. (2016). The risks behind Dengvaxia recommendation. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16, 882. pmid:27477967 - 43. Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health of Thailand. Weekly epidemiological surveillance report. Retrieved from http://boe-wesr.net/ - 44. Ruelle David. (1989). Chaotic evolution and strange attractors. Cambridge University Press. Book http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511608773 - 45. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database. Retrieved from http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2 - 46. World Health Organization. (2015). Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Fact sheet 117. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/ - 47. Hadinegoro S.R., Arredondo-García , Guy Bo., Bouckenooghe A., Noriega F. and Jackson N. (2016). Answer to the review from Halstead and Russell “Protective and immunological behaviour od chimeric yellow fever dengue vaccine”. Vaccine, 34, 4273–4274. pmid:27452651 - 48. Wilder-Smith A., Vannice K.S., Hambach J., Farrar J. and Nolan T. (2016). Populations perspectives and WHO recommendations for CYD-TDV dengue vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., In Press. pmid:27496977 - 49. Matheus S. et al. (2005). Discrimination between Primary and Secondary Dengue Virus Infection by an Immunoglobulin G Aviditnoy Test Using a Single Acute-Phase Serum Sample. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 2793–2797. pmid:15956399 - 50. Halstead S. B. (1994). Antibody-dependent Enhancement of Infection: A Mechanism for Indirect Virus Entry into Cells. Cellular Receptor for Animal Viruses, 28, Chapter 25, 493–516. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 0-87969-429-7/94.

<urn:uuid:c9ff38b0-cf42-40c7-af32-c8e28860e5b4>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005179

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

About a month ago we ran “What If the U.S. Got Rid of All Livestock?” describing the findings of two scientists, Robin White and Mary Beth Hall, who tried to answer that question. Their conclusion was that without livestock, the U.S. would not be able to meet its population’s nutritional requirements and the reduction in green house gas emissions would be nominal – just 2.6% of the total U.S. emissions. Now scientists are arguing about whether or not White and Hall got it right. And we’re tickled! These kinds of disagreements are normal and a critical part of advancing knowledge. And this current discussion is a good example of how it works: 1. Scientists develop a hypothesis and run an experiment. They get results, and then report those results. It’s that reporting that makes scientific papers so tedious to read because a good paper includes every assumption the researchers made, a description of how they made measurements, and all the information someone would need to duplicate the experiment. 2. Other scientists check every part of the process. If they have concerns, they write about them. In this case, some scientists disagree with White’s and Hall’s assumptions and think that maybe the number they used for calories in their simulated diet was too high. They share their concerns in letters to the journal where the paper was published, complete with their own citations and long descriptions. Rebuttals follow, with explanations of why assumptions were made and processes chosen. While each side may have a strong position, each is open to changing. If you can’t change your mind when presented with new data, you’re not a very good scientist. 3. New research is done taking into account all of the above. The whole idea of sharing knowledge the way scientists do is to help each other advance knowledge in their field. Or as Sir Isaac Newton said in 1676: “If I have seen a little further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” If that feels familiar, it’s because it really is what you’re doing as a part of the On Pasture community. And when scientists agree? That’s when you know that the information we have available to us is really strong and we ought to be doing things with it. That’s just a little insight into the way your On Pasture editors look at information and figure out what to publish. We want to be sure you’re working with the latest and greatest information as you do your work! Thanks for reading! Kathy and Rachel

<urn:uuid:734a9e48-a143-4a03-a71e-f0fdf3c10415>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://onpasture.com/2018/03/12/when-scientists-argue/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

Ayurveda & Tibetan Medicine Ayurveda literally means “The Science of Life” and is basically a complete healing system to prevent illness by adhering to certain principles and philosophies. Its core beliefs are to focus on establishing balance of life energies within us and not on individual symptoms, recognising constitutional differences of each individual and recommending personal treatment regimes for different people. It seeks to preserve and restore harmony between body and mind. Although Ayurveda is principally thought to have originated from Northern India some 3,000 – 5,000 years ago, the underlying philosophy is the basis of many health systems throughout Asia; including Tibet, Burma, parts of Thailand and Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Mongolia with individual regional interpretations. It would be impossible to try and explain the whole concept of Ayurvedic and Tibetan Medicine within the scope of this short leaflet because of the complexity of the subject. However, to give you an idea there are 3 vital ‘energies’ in Ayurveda known as “Doshas”. Each Dosha is a combination of two elements and are responsible for all the physiological and psychological processes in the body and mind. They are: - VATA – combination of air and space elements with air predominating. - PITTA – primarily fire element with water as the secondary element. - KAPHA – combination of water and earth elements, with water as the primary element. In Tibetan Medicine there is the concept of the 3 humours (or characteristics) – WIND (resides in the head), BILE (resides in the upper part of the stomach) & PHLEGM (resides in the chest). They govern every aspect of how the body and mind function. The Tibetan Acupressure Head Massage… …involves a 5 stage massage and acupressure* of the scalp, face, throat, neck, shoulders and upper arms which is performed through clothing. In Tibetan traditional medicine, massage is carried-out to re-balance the body’s energy in order to allow the body to heal itself. *Tibetan bon points are worked by a gentle press and release method whereas Ayurvedic acupressure uses a different technique by gently circling around the point with the fingers as opposed to pressing directly on it. All movements are slow, gentle and relaxing VATA, or wind, works together with Bile to control hormonal function and with Phlegm to control the movement of fluids in and through the body. Without the wind, the other two humours are inert (unmoving). There are 5 winds; the most important is the “Life Sustaining Wind” which resides in the top of the head. It governs all bodily functions and sustains life and controls actions such as breathing, swallowing as well as the 5 senses. It also strengthens the other winds. …lasts about 45 minutes and is extremely relaxing and less vigorous than other types of head massage. It is this wind element within the body that we work with during the 5 stages of the massage so that it is slowed, soothed, balanced and then gently re-started. STAGE 1: works on the head, neck, shoulders and throat and heart chakra points (slowing the wind). STAGE 2: concentrates more deeply on the face – (slowing the wind and balancing the Phlegm humour). STAGE 3: involves deeply massaging the back of the head and at this time there is the option to apply warmed oil which is run through the hair (reducing the wind). STAGE 4: concentrates on massaging the head to balance the head. (The rhythmical strokes balance the Bile humour.) STAGE 5: uses quicker massage techniques on the head and ears to energise and revitalise (restarting the wind).

<urn:uuid:ba5f6002-8410-4e6e-810e-7fa46eae5bda>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://orchardtherapies.co.uk/tibetan-acupressure-head-massage/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

The Milky Way contains, at the very minimum, at least 100 billion planets, a new study from Caltech has concluded. That alone sounds like an enormous number, but when you consider that the Milky Way is just one of countless galaxies, the number of planets in the Universe must be nearly unfathomable. The new research, performed by astronomers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), has provided further solid evidence that planetary systems, like ours, are extremely common. “The team made their estimate while analyzing planets orbiting a star called Kepler-32 — planets that are representative, they say, of the vast majority in the galaxy and thus serve as a perfect case study for understanding how most planets form.” “There’s at least 100 billion planets in the galaxy — just our galaxy,” says John Johnson, assistant professor of planetary astronomy at Caltech and coauthor of the study, which was recently accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. “It’s a staggering number, if you think about it,” adds Jonathan Swift, a postdoc at Caltech and lead author of the paper. “Basically there’s one of these planets per star.” “The planetary system in question, which was detected by the Kepler space telescope, contains five planets. The existence of two of those planets have already been confirmed by other astronomers. The Caltech team confirmed the remaining three, then analyzed the five-planet system and compared it to other systems found by the Kepler mission.” “The planets orbit a star that is an M dwarf — a type that accounts for about three-quarters of all stars in the Milky Way. The five planets, which are similar in size to Earth and orbit close to their star, are also typical of the class of planets that the telescope has discovered orbiting other M dwarfs, Swift says. Therefore, the majority of planets in the galaxy probably have characteristics comparable to those of the five planets.” This planetary system isn’t unique, but because of our view of it, completely edge-on, it allows us to easily detect the planets in the system. “Due to this rare orientation, each planet blocks Kepler -32’s starlight as it passes between the star and the Kepler telescope.” “By analyzing changes in the star’s brightness, the astronomers were able to determine the planets’ characteristics, such as their sizes and orbital periods. This orientation therefore provides an opportunity to study the system in great detail — and because the planets represent the vast majority of planets that are thought to populate the galaxy, the team says, the system also can help astronomers better understand planet formation in general.” “I usually try not to call things ‘Rosetta stones,’ but this is as close to a Rosetta stone as anything I’ve seen,” Johnson says. “It’s like unlocking a language that we’re trying to understand — the language of planet formation.” How exactly the Kepler-32 system formed isn’t clear, but the researchers think that their analysis puts constraints on the possibilities. “For example, the results suggest that the planets all formed farther away from the star than they are now, and migrated inward over time.” The researchers note that having such a large number of planets in the galaxy has important implications for people. “It’s really fundamental from an origins standpoint,” says Swift, who notes that because M dwarfs shine mainly in infrared light, the stars are invisible to the naked eye. “Kepler has enabled us to look up at the sky and know that there are more planets out there than stars we can see.” Some more thoughts that: “Various estimates have been made as to how many planets might support simple or even intelligent life. However, these estimates have large uncertainties, because the complexity of cellular life may make biogenesis highly improbable. For example, Dr. Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Science estimates there may be a ‘hundred billion’ terrestrial planets in our Milky Way Galaxy, many with simple life forms. He further believes there could be thousands of ‘civilizations’ in our galaxy.” This way of thinking of course ignores that forms of alien ‘life’ could be completely different than what is known as life on the Earth, or understandable to ‘humans’. And many astronomers and researchers in the field seem to operate under a misunderstanding of what ‘evolution’ is. As much research has reinforced, there is no ‘evolutionary’ drive towards complexity, ‘intelligence’, or ‘civilization’. There is simply an appropriate adaption to changing circumstances and ‘participation’ within those circumstances, or extinction. That way of thinking about alien life also ignores the possibility that life is extremely common, because it didn’t originate on the Earth. Panspermia and associated ideas could very well have truth to them, maybe ‘life’ began with the universe. Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Caltech; NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas; and A. Mellinger

<urn:uuid:49c0cd50-5421-4db0-805f-9fb40770fba2>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://planetsave.com/2013/01/06/100-billion-planets-in-the-galaxy-or-more-study-concludes/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

A major revolution in the process analytical chemistry field occurred in 1978 when Beckman introduced the first commercial Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Since then, FTIR spectroscopy has established itself as one of the most important analytical techniques available to chemists and engineers for in situ analysis of liquid-, solid-, and gas-phase chemical systems. This article gives a brief introduction to this powerful technology. Most people wonder what is FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR instruments is simple: The light beam from an interferometer illuminates a sample, which causes molecular vibrations within the illustrated volume to modify their dipole moment by an amount that depends on the frequency of incident light and hence on its wavelength or wavenumber. The experiment Requires no reference whatsoever, as interference fringes are detected with a CCD camera. A microprocessor then decodes this data to give absorbance as a function of wavelength or wavenumber, which is displayed as an absorption spectrum. In FTIR spectroscopy, it is customary to plot this data against wavenumber because most vibrational transitions fall within the middle and far-infrared regions between 4000 and 400 cm -1. However, if desired, an equivalent absorption spectrum can be obtained by plotting the FTIR data against wavenumber. A schematic diagram of the most common FTIR setup, which illustrates how an interferogram is generated. Here incident light from a broadband source illuminates the sample, which scatters some of this light to form two beams that are recombined at detector 1, where they interfere constructively or destructively depending on wavelength. This signal is then amplified and sent to the A /D converter, which calculates various parameters based on these signals before displaying them as an absorption spectrum. If the upper beam is used as the reference beam instead of detector 1, then no interference fringes can be seen because both beams interfere with each other destructively. However, the spectrum is usually displayed with this beam as the reference because of its higher intensity. After passing through a series of movable mirrors (interferometer), the two beams are focused onto a sample by objective lens 1, focusing light to a diffraction-limited spot size of about one μm. The first accurate lens images both beams onto the entrance slit of monochromator 2, where it is separated into its component wavelengths according to dispersion by grating 3. At this point, one or more optical filters are often inserted after monochromator 2 to remove light of unwanted wavelengths. From here, the beams are directed onto detector 1, where their interference produces an interferogram or spectrum. The sample is placed on a motorized stage that moves in the z-direction under objective lens 1, enabling interferograms to be recorded for different spatial locations. Movable mirror artifacts One problem with using the movable mirrors as part of an interferometer lies in their hysteresis effects, i.e., their optical properties depend on whether they are being deflected towards or away from the incident light beam. This causes two problems – firstly, it means that there is some uncertainty about which wavelength corresponds.

<urn:uuid:4ef19df9-dc0b-4e7d-abfb-ce80e54f5b8a>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://trickyandroid.com/understand-all-about-ftir-spectroscopy/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

THE ROLE OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM When performed correctly, exfoliation sheds old layers of skin and encourages a new, fresher layer, helping the complexion look flawless. The skin is comprised of multiple layers: the hypodermis, the deepest layer; the dermis, where collagen and elastin are produced; and the epidermis, the final layer of the skin. The stratum corneum, which sits atop the epidermis, is composed of several very-thin layers of dead skin cells that are mixed with layers of cholesterol, ceramides, and fatty acids. The stratum corneum is often referred to as the skin barrier. Many believe that the stratum corneum is useless because it is composed of dead skin, however, the function of these final layers is vital because they protect the underlying tissue from bacteria, microbes, toxins, and potential skin infections. The stratum corneum is also crucial in preventing moisture from the deeper layers of the skin from evaporating; this moisture is essential in helping the skin look younger and plumper. The stratum corneum can be thought of as the ultimate defense for the skin. Although it is composed of dead skin cells, the stratum corneum is very active, with new dead skin cells reaching the surface on a regular basis to replace the old layer. The top three to four layers of the stratum corneum are known as the stratum disjunctum. These layers are the ones that are regularly replaced in a complex process of renewal known as desquamation. Science has yet to understand the exact mechanism that makes the skin renew itself, but it is known that skin cells have an internal clock that tells them when it is time to shed, a process that occurs about 28 days or so, depending on the individual. As men and women age, the mechanism of shedding old skin becomes compromised and, as a result, shedding significantly slows down. This delay results in a dead skin cell buildup that makes the complexion look dull and the skin look thicker and less toned. This appearance is often exacerbated by other aging signs, such as brown spots, fine lines, wrinkles, and loss of collagen and elastin in the dermal layer. Exfoliation at any age is important, but it is critical for mature clients over the age of 40 because it is the only way to stimulate the regeneration of new cells and improve the skin clarity, tonicity, and overall appearance. DRY SKIN AND TIGHT SCHEDULES Very few people realize that with age, their skin tends to become dry; they do not recognize the importance of exfoliating on a regular basis to improve skin clarity and tonicity. Skin care professionals are often faced with the self-diagnoses of clients that are occurring more frequently. It is, therefore, important to help clients identify their skin type and understand what it means to exfoliate. It is also crucial to explain to clients why they should make time for skin care. Everyone is busy and when clients are asked to add one more thing to their already-complicated life, it makes it difficult for them to hear the professional and follow their advice. Instead of telling them that they need to exfoliate, try to help them improve an aspect of their appearance with which they are concerned. When clients are approached with the following statement – "If you do (this), it will help you with (this concern)." – they are usually more willing to listen. It is also helpful to point out that exfoliation provides better skin care product penetration because clean pores absorb more products and that it creates a flawless base for makeup application. Makeup will go on more smoothly and less will be needed to cover imperfections. METHODS OF EXFOLIATION As a very precise, machine-driven exfoliation method, microdermabrasion is still very popular and helps to polish the skin and improve skin tone. On its own, however, microdermabrasion may seem like too little to most clients. Therefore, adding a mud mask or a light peel after the treatment, as well as a facial massage, is recommended. These additions will give the client a more complete session and help them feel as if they are getting their money's worth. Crystal microdermabrasion, although it is not as common as diamond-tip microdermabrasion, uses aluminum oxide crystals, which pass through a vacuum tube, to exfoliate the surface of the skin. When using this device, professionals should take caution with clients that have underlying skin conditions such as rosacea, broken capillaries, or extreme skin sensitivity. In these situations, any harsh form of exfoliation should be minimized or avoided all together and replaced with a milder method. Microdermabrasion not only helps to smooth the skin, but also to control oil production; eliminate dull skin; improve the appearance of enlarged pores, fine lines, and skin texture; reduce clogged pores and blotchiness; and enhance the effectiveness of chemical or light peels to reduce brown spots and hyperpigmentation. This technique became popular a few years back and involves the use of an extremely sharp surgical blade to gently scrape away dead surface skin and soft facial hair. This technique helps to remove skin and should be followed with a light peel to help brighten any dark spots. Dermaplaning may produce less redness, so it can be easier on sensitive skin. Because the use of sharp blades carry risks, it is extremely important for skin care professionals to have the proper training and properly assess the client's skin type and skin conditions before performing this treatment. Some of the benefits of dermaplaning include enhancing the effectiveness of additional treatments, such as chemical peels; helping in the reduction of recent acne scars; and potentially providing an alternative for sensitized skin. Skin care professionals have many options for manual exfoliation. Because scrubbing agents like nut powders get a bad rap, many new exfoliants contain small, spherical, all natural beads – like jojoba – that are extremely safe for any skin type. However, any scrub that is used properly is safe for the skin. There are also enzyme-based scrubs, as well as some of the light acid scrubs that contain glycolic, salicylic, or lactic acids, that digest dead skin without the need to mechanically exfoliate. These ingredients act like chemical, rather than mechanical, exfoliants at a pH above 3. Professionals should first use a mild scrub, followed by a light peel. This combination enhances the effect and allows for better results of smoothness and clarity. For body treatments, the use of exfoliating gloves is recommended. Although rotating and sonic brushes are mainly used as a cleansing device, they also have the ability to provide a decent exfoliation effect. When combined with the right cleanser, these devices have the ability to loosen dirt, especially around the nose area; this action unclogs pores and helps provide a deeper cleaning and an easier treatment for the skin care professional. Some clients may have concerns about the potential negative effects of cleansing brushes, wondering if these devices can lead to broken capillaries. Broken capillaries are caused by the sun and hereditary conditions. It is true that they can be exacerbated by overtreatment, but, in this case, exfoliation dosing is critical. That said, professionals should take care when using cleansing brushes on clients with sensitive skin or broken capillaries as some settings may exacerbate the client's condition. The benefits of using a mechanical cleansing brush during a treatment include quicker cleaning, the loosening of clogged pores, superior oil removal, and a deeper cleansing in order to reduce the cost of further steps. SENSITIVE AND SEVERLY ACNEIC CLIENTS These two skin conditions are often complex for skin care professionals. It may be counterintuitive, but acneic skin should be treated the same way as sensitive skin. Manual scrubbing is still a very good way of gently sloughing off dead skin without harshness. Professionals can mix a scrub with a creamy cleanser to make it milder, being sure to carefully watch the client's skin to ensure no adverse effects take place during treatment. Light chemical or enzyme peels may be best for an acne-prone client. For sensitive skin, a patch test prior to any treatment is always recommended to avoid any unnecessary consequences. Skin care professionals should be heavily involved in the homecare options that their clients choose. Exfoliation should be done on a regular basis and professionals should carry retail options that will not only enhance their business, but also provide a reason for clients to return to the spa. When it comes to homecare, many clients get busy and start scaling back on their regimen until they look at an old picture and realize that they may have been wrong. Slowing the aging process is hard work and takes consistency. Skin care professionals need to educate their clients on the value of staying consistent with treatments to avoid expensive procedures later on in life. Christiane Waldron is the founder and CEO of Jenetiqa, a professional, luxury skin care company focused on providing highly bio-available skin care products that combine scientifically-proven antioxidants with natural botanicals and skin vitamins. Waldron is a chemical engineer by profession and is the chief scientist for Jenetiqa. She personally hand picks each ingredient in the formulas. Waldron's philosophy is to design and formulate multi-tasking products that help address all signs of aging.

<urn:uuid:0d4e5999-0a35-41dc-b114-a8501fb6c9fc>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.dermascope.com/exfoliation/the-scrubdown-on-exfoliation

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

4.2 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, (OFDM) and its close relative Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), are widely used forms of modulation. They are used in DSL broadband, 4G mobile communications, WiFi, digital television, powerline communications, cable television and digital audio broadcasting (DAB). Modulation always spreads the power of a transmission around the carrier frequency. In conventional frequency division multiplexing (FDM), as used in radio broadcasting for example, carrier frequencies are well separated to prevent the intrusion of power from neighbouring carriers. Figure 4.1 shows power distribution around some modulated carriers. In OFDM, by contrast, all the carriers (known as subcarriers) are closely packed. As a result, their spectra overlap. The expected mutual interference doesn’t occur because each subcarrier frequency coincides with zero power in all the other subcarriers, as shown in Figure 4.2. The subcarrier spacing required to make this happen is determined by a mathematical relationship between the spacing and the symbol rate of the modulation. All the subcarriers operate at the same symbol rate, but each is usually modulated independently of the others. We can think of each subcarrier as being at the centre of a narrow frequency channel, as in Figure 4.3. In OFDM, these channels are called subchannels, and their width is equal to the subcarrier spacing. A good example of the use of subcarriers and subchannels is Digital Subscriber Line broadband, or DSL.

<urn:uuid:44b72b08-2875-4059-857b-db3cf346314e>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/exploring-communications-technology/content-section-4.2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

Creating less harmful alternatives to cigarettes The smoke from a cigarette contains nicotine, a natural constituent in tobacco, and many harmful chemicals. These toxins – not the nicotine – are the primary cause of smoking-related diseases. We are developing alternative products to cigarettes, which contain nicotine and offer a satisfactory taste to existing smokers, but without the smoke. We’ve focused on two ways to do that, both of which eliminate the burning (combustion) of tobacco. The first is to heat tobacco to generate a flavorful nicotine-containing vapor while significantly reducing the levels of harmful chemicals in the vapor. The other way is to produce a nicotine-containing vapor without using tobacco. And this is just the beginning. Heated tobacco products Through intensive research and development, we have managed to create two breakthrough heated tobacco products: IQOS and TEEPS. Each product heats tobacco in a distinctive way. Thanks to sophisticated electronics, IQOS heats specially prepared and blended tobacco to just below 350°C, without combustion, fire, ash, or smoke. This generates a flavorful nicotine-containing vapor, releasing the true taste of heated tobacco. Since there is no burning process, the levels of harmful chemicals are significantly reduced compared to cigarette smoke. This is what makes IQOS a smoke-free product that is highly appealing to smokers, with millions of consumers already having made the switch. The heating system works with three main components – a tobacco stick (called HEETS or HeatSticks), an IQOS holder, and a charger. The consumer simply inserts the tobacco stick inside the holder, where it is heated up by an electronic heating blade. The consumer then draws on the tobacco stick. Once it is finished, the consumer removes the stick from the holder, and it can be disposed of safely in a waste bin. When needed, the consumer recharges the holder by inserting it into the charger. Similar to IQOS, TEEPS heats tobacco to release its true taste. But TEEPS uses an alternative source of heat to extract tobacco flavors and nicotine from tobacco leaves: it is carbon-heated and has a look and feel similar to a cigarette, without being one. The carbon heat source at the end of TEEPS is ignited. Heat is then transferred to a uniquely processed tobacco plug. The consumer puffs on TEEPS to inhale a flavorful nicotine-containing vapor until the end of the experience. The patented design of TEEPS prevents tobacco from burning. Products without tobacco We are also developing two product platforms that contain nicotine but not tobacco – both of which use nicotine extracted from tobacco leaves. These tobacco-free products produce a nicotine-containing vapor in distinctly different ways. One product platform heats an e-liquid containing nicotine and flavors with an electric heater to generate an e-vapor. This platform includes e-cigarette products such as Vivid Nicocig available in the U.K. It also includes MESH, our next generation e-vapor product. MESH heating technology uses a metallic mesh with tiny holes to heat a pre-filled, pre-sealed e-liquid cartridge that contains nicotine and flavors to generate a vapor. MESH also features puff-activated heating and a low-liquid level detection system that ensures the consistency and quality of the vapor generated and inhaled. These improvements address the current concerns of adult vapors in relation to quality, safety, consistency, and origin. We launched a city test of MESH, along with four new unique e-liquid flavor offers, in the U.K. in November 2016. The other product platform is developed based on technology that we acquired in 2011. Products in this category replicate the feel and ritual of smoking without tobacco and without burning. STEEM, unlike an e-cigarette, generates a nicotine-containing vapor in the form of a nicotine salt. When a consumer draws on the mouth piece, a chemical reaction between nicotine (a weak base) and a weak organic acid takes place to produce a vapor containing nicotine salt.

<urn:uuid:55556998-4ef3-456b-9b1d-978cf7f96b04>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.pmi.com/markets/vietnam/en/science-and-innovation/breakthrough-products-for-smokers

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

Public Sewer Service The Possum Valley Sewer Authority was incorportated on July 2, 1972 by the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania to obide by the provisions of the Municipal Authorities Act of 1945. Dually created by Bendersville Borough and Menallen Township to serve the sanitary service needs of both Municipalities. In the early to mid 1980's the Sewer Authority, with the help of a $3.5 million grant, installed one of the first STEP systems in the area to serve Bendersville Borough and portions of Aspers. The step system utilizes septic tanks to catch the solid wastes. Pumps within the basins pump out all the gray water to the sewer mains which gravity flows to the plant for processing. This system was recommended due to the hilly terrain in the service area. Currently PVMA has roughly 100 septic tanks, 85 pump stations and nearly 500 customers on its system. NOTE: PVMA Sewer Service is to parts of Aspers and all of Bendersville Borough and includes Applewood Development NOTICE TO ASPERS *****IT IS ILLEGAL TO HAVE A SUMP PUMP TIED TO YOUR SEWER SERVICE***** -Illegally discharging into the public sewer takes up valuable capacity, drives up costs, and forces expensive expansions of treatment facilities which in turn is passed back to the community. -Ensure that downspouts, driveway or foundation drains, sump pumps, and other stormwater connections are not connected to the sanitary sewer system. SEWER RULES & REGULATIONS Public Water Service The Aspers Water System was created around 1900 when several citizens in Aspers Village financed the installation of a water system to provide water for their homes. They allowed their neighbors to hook up to the water system. By the 1990’s all the original owners had died and the system ownership had fallen to two surviving sons or grandsons. The system operated under the PA Public Utility Commission rules. The water system was not allowed to increase rates until improvements were made to the water system. The low alkalinity and pH of the water and the resulting copper levels in the drinking water were causing disposal issues of the wastewater treatment facility biosolids. The only legal way that the biosolids could be disposed of was to haul them to another treatment facility in the Philadelphia Area. The water system had approximately 99 customers and $9,500 in debt. The Authority paid off the existing debt and acquired ownership of the water system and installed corrosion treatment (1993). About the same time, the PA DEP was starting the SWIP (Surface Water Influence Protocol) testing of public water sources and agreed to put Possum Valley as far down the list as possible. SWIP testing required water to be tested daily for four or five parameters and correlated with rain events in an effort to determine if there was indication of a surface water influence. The Authority then abandoned the idea of locating a well in the Big Hill/Gablers Road Area where it was thought that relatively soft water may be found near the existing transmission mains. The Opossum Creek intake was considered only because a significant investment had been made in filtering equipment and at least part of the year water could be withdrawn. The Authority has made at least ten(10) different attempts to locate a well. Reportedly the existing well that was constructed near the reservoir has not been pump tested but is thought to yield 15 gpm or more. The Pear Orchard Well was thought to yield 30+ gpm before it was pump tested. Any future wells attempted will probably be in the Aspers village area. Based on existing Motts Wells the water volume can likely be found. The water is likely to be hard and require treatment. The softener backwash would have to be properly disposed of. The best choice is likely sending it to the Possum Valley Wastewater Treatment Facility. This would use treatment capacity at the treatment plant and would be noticeable on Chapter 94 reporting. The amount of capacity would depend upon the volume of water used and the actual hardness of the water. We had previously estimated 10 EDU would be required. A new treatment building and a connection to the existing water system would be required. NOTE: PVMA Water Service is to parts of Aspers only. Bendersville Borough has their own water system and also serves Applewood Delvelopment. 609 Clearview Road Aspers, Pa 17304 Board of Directors Chairman - Michael Johnson Vice Chairman - Christopher Hartsock Secretary/Treasurer - Harry Melhorn Assistant Treasurer - Dan Kuhn Assistant Secretary - Fred Hartman Plants Superintendent - Steve Russell O.M./Operator in Training - Chad Smith Operator in Training - David Rupp Operations Hours - May 1st - September 30th - 6AM - 2PM October 1st - April 30th - 7AM - 3PM Office Hours - By Appointment only Harry Eastman Jr. Terrence L. Sheldon, P.E., RLA Boyer & Ritter LLC.

<urn:uuid:deeaf041-8892-4d7f-b9a0-471f77371be8>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.possumvalley.com/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

November 18, 2021 Researchers study the link between vitamin D and inflammation An active metabolite of vitamin D—(not the over-the-counter version) — is involved in shutting down inflammation, which could potentially be beneficial in patients with severe COVID-19. WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — Scientists recently gained insights into how vitamin D functions to reduce inflammation caused by immune cells that might be relevant to the responses during severe COVID-19. In a study jointly published by Purdue University and the National Institutes of Health, scientists do just that. Majid Kazemian, assistant professor in the departments of Computer Science and Biochemistry at Purdue University, was co-lead author of the highly collaborative study, along with Dr. Behdad Afzali, chief of the Immunoregulation Section of the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Our work demonstrates a mechanism by which vitamin D reduces inflammation caused by T cells. These are important cells of the immune system and implicated as part of the immune response to the infection causing COVID-19. Further research, especially clinical trials, and testing in patients, are necessary before this can be adopted as a treatment option.” Kazemian said. “We do not recommend the use of normal vitamin D off the shelf at the pharmacy. No one should be taking more than the recommended doses of vitamin D in an attempt to prevent or combat COVID infections.” Previous studies have shown vitamin D’s ability to reduce the inflammation caused by T cells — inflamed cells in the lung characteristic of the most severe and dangerous cases of COVID-19. But as important as understanding that a drug works is understanding the how and the why. This is both to maximize benefit and minimize harm (such as preventing people from eating livestock dewormer or injecting household cleaners into their veins) as well as to pave the way for future treatments. If scientists understand how vitamin D works to combat inflammation, they understand more about how both the drug and related diseases work, paving the way for new, even more effective drugs. Kazemian and his team began by studying how viruses affect lung cells in a previous study. Finding that viruses can trigger a biochemical pathway, known as the immune complement system, the researchers started looking for ways to disrupt that pathway and ameliorate the subsequent inflammation. The team studied and analyzed individual lung cells from eight people with COVID — something only possible because of Kazemian’s experience with gene sequencing and data mining. They found that in the lung cells of people with COVID, part of the immune response was going into overdrive, exacerbating lung inflammation. “In normal infections, Th1 cells, a subset of T cells, go through a pro-inflammatory phase,” Kazemian said. “The pro-inflammatory phase clears the infection, and then the system shuts down and goes to anti-inflammatory phase. Vitamin D helps to speed up this transition from pro-inflammatory to the anti-inflammatory phase of the T cells. We don’t know definitively, but theorize the vitamin could potentially help patients with severe inflammation caused by Th1 cells.” In patients with COVID-19, the pro-inflammatory phase of the Th1 cells seems not switched off, possibly because the patients didn’t have enough vitamin D in their system or because something about the cell’s response to vitamin D was abnormal. In that case, the researchers posit, adding vitamin D to existing treatments in the form of a prescribed highly concentrated intravenous metabolite may further help people recovery from COVID infections, though they have not tested this theory. “We found that vitamin D – a specialized form of it, not the form you can get at the drugstore — has the potential to reduce inflammation in the test tube, and we figured out how and why it does that,” Kazemian said. However, it’s important to understand that we did not carry out a clinical study, and the results of our experiments in the test tube need to be tested in clinical trials in actual patients.” The work was funded by NIGMS, NIDDK, NIAID and NHLBI of the NIH, with additional funding from the Wellcome Trust, the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America, the British Heart Foundation, the Showalter Trust, the German Research Foundation, the National Agency of Research and Development of Chile, and England’s National Health Service’s National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Research Facility. About Purdue University Purdue University is a top public research institution developing practical solutions to today’s toughest challenges. Ranked in each of the last four years as one of the 10 Most Innovative universities in the United States by U.S. News & World Report, Purdue delivers world-changing research and out-of-this-world discovery. Committed to hands-on and online, real-world learning, Purdue offers a transformative education to all. Committed to affordability and accessibility, Purdue has frozen tuition and most fees at 2012-13 levels, enabling more students than ever to graduate debt-free. See how Purdue never stops in the persistent pursuit of the next giant leap at https://purdue.edu/. Writer, Media contact: Brittany Steff, email@example.com Source: Majid Kazemian, firstname.lastname@example.org Autocrine Vitamin D-signaling switches off pro-inflammatory programs of Th1 cells Daniel Chauss, Tilo Freiwald, Reuben McGregor, Bingyu Yan, Luopin Wang, Estefania Nova-Lamperti, Dhaneshwar Kumar, Zonghao Zhang, Heather Teague, Erin E West, Kevin M Vannella, Marcos J Ramos-Benitez, Jack Bibby, Audrey Kelly, Amna Malik, Alexandra F Freeman, Daniella M Schwartz, Didier Portilla, Daniel S Chertow, Susan John, Paul Lavender, Claudia Kemper, Giovanna Lombardi, Nehal N Mehta, Nichola Cooper, Michail S Lionakis, Arian Laurence, Majid Kazemian, Behdad Afzali DOI : 10.1038/s41590-021-01080-3 The molecular mechanisms governing orderly shutdown and retraction of CD4+ T helper (Th)1 responses remain poorly understood. Here, we show that complement triggers contraction of Th1 responses by inducing intrinsic expression of the vitamin D (VitD) receptor (VDR) and the VitD-activating enzyme CYP27B1, permitting T cells to both activate and respond to VitD. VitD then initiated transition from pro-inflammatory IFN-g + Th1 cells to suppressive IL-10+ cells. This process was primed by dynamic changes in the epigenetic landscape of CD4+ T cells, generating super-enhancers and recruiting several transcription factors, notably c-JUN, STAT3 and BACH2, which together with VDR shaped the transcriptional response to VitD. Accordingly, VitD did not induce IL-10 in cells with dysfunctional BACH2 or STAT3. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CD4+ T cells of COVID-19 patients were Th1-skewed and showed de-repression of genes down-regulated by VitD, either from lack of substrate (VitD deficiency) and/or abnormal regulation of this system.

<urn:uuid:c699995a-e6d9-4b15-9f0e-cd1b3f1f43c4>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2021/Q4/researchers-study-the-link-between-vitamin-d-and-inflammation.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

The latest information about the California Common Core Standards is now available on the Sacramento County Office of Education (SCOE) website. Included in the information is a helpful list of Frequently Asked Common Core Questions designed to better explain the standards changes. In August 2010, the State of California joined 33 other states and the District of Columbia in approving national K-12 academic standards for math and language arts. The new academic benchmarks were recommended by the 21-member California Academic Content Standards Commission, which worked to join the state standards and federal Common Core standards. The State Board of Education adopted the Common Core Standards on August 2, 2010. The goal of the new education framework is to provide instruction that is consistent, and consistently rigorous, nationwide and allow for comparisons in standardized tests. The standards also will make it easier to share successful teaching techniques, curriculum and standardized tests and make transitions smoother for students who move to another state. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger appointed Sacramento County Board of Education Trustee Greg Geeting to serve as one of the Commission members. Mr. Geeting also served as Commission chair. The Sacramento County Office of Education provided the staff for the Commission's work, including retired experts in the area of English language Arts and Mathematics. Sue Stickel, SCOE Assistant Superintendent overseeing Curriculum and Instruction, served as Project Director. The Commission held 2-day meetings on June 17 and 18, July 6 and 7, and July 14 and 15. All meetings were held at the Sacramento County Office of Education. SCOE coordinated and broadcast a live Internet video feed of the meetings. The work of the Commission and its staff was supported by funding from various foundations. The Commission concluded its work by July 15, 2010 as outlined in Senate Bill X5 1 (Steinberg). The new standards are expected to be in place within the next two years. For more information, visit the Commission website.

<urn:uuid:6ba69448-aebb-4db2-8a89-f104a580f36b>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.scoe.net/news/library/2010/september/08ca_standards/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

St. George's Head of Science is Channel Islands' first UN Accredited Climate Change Teacher We are extremely proud to let you know that Andrea Lathwell, our Head of Science, has become the first Climate Change Teacher on the island to be officially accredited by the United Nations! Mrs Lathwell can now deliver up-to-date climate action lessons to all pupils at St. George’s Preparatory School and plans to share Best Practice during a specially arranged ‘Positive Climate Action Day’ to be held during the spring term. The day will involve all teaching staff as well as pupils, so that they too can take part in this innovative programme currently being trialled throughout the world. Mrs Lathwell has this to say about the accreditation: ‘I completed the course over the summer break as I’m very keen to ensure that St. George’s is at the forefront of positive climate change action. Understanding all the issues behind climate change is essential to be able to identify where behaviour change would be most effective. During the course, I learnt in detail about the effects of climate change that are already evident and became even more motivated to mitigate it where we can for future generations. I shall be bringing this knowledge into the science curriculum at St. George’s across all age groups to ensure we’re identifying opportunities to look after our world wherever we can.’ Mr Timothy, has this to say: ‘As a School, we are very aware of our responsibility to lead by example, and to educate ourselves so that we can help the future generations in our care to make positive, lasting changes for the benefit of our island and planet. Our motto is ‘Preparing Children for Life’ and this works on several levels. It’s vital that we help pupils to see themselves as citizens of the world with an ability and a responsibility to make a positive difference for themselves and others in the way they live their lives. I’m extremely proud that Mrs Lathwell is the first officially UN accredited climate change teacher in the Channel Islands and as a school we will do all we can to support her in passing on her knowledge to help us all to affect positive change.’ St. George’s has also signed up to support a Climate Emergency Declaration, committing to take defined actions against climate change. This includes writing letters to local politicians, encouraging zero emissions transport to and from school, planting more trees and spreading the word amongst the wider school community to ensure changes are long-lasting and taking place both within and beyond the school grounds. The more of us that take part in accreditation schemes like this, the more effective our changes will be. Anyone wishing to sign up to the course for educators can visit: https://www.educcateglobal.org/ Any schools wishing to sign up to the official ‘Climate Emergency Declaration and Mobilisation in Action’ can find details at: www.cedamia.org/schools

<urn:uuid:0bcaa99e-94bd-4438-84dc-29bf93f2dece>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.stgeorgesprep.co.uk/latest-news/st-georges-head-of-science-is-channel-islands-first-un-accredited-climate-change-teacher/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

Questions answered on the Road to Monocacy posts A reader raised a question about the spelling of Monocacy after reading several of my posts over the past weeks. She noted the spelling in the original Lancaster County document uses the spelling Monocasy and questioned, “Why do I use the Monocacy spelling when the original document uses Monocasy?” Grace Tracey & John Dern note multiple spellings for Monocacy in their book “Pioneers of Old Monocacy.” A sampling of spellings on early land records, wills, maps, etc. include: Monocacy, Monocasy, Monoquesey, Monachasie, Manaquicy, Monocksey, and Manakisy. All these spellings refer to the same area, road or river in Frederick County, Maryland and over time they became standardized as Monocacy. Monocacy is the spelling one finds on current maps and documents. The pictured section of the 1770 Pennsylvania Map by William Scull showing the western end of the Monocasy Road from Hanover, Pennsylvania to the Manakisy River in Maryland. Did anyone spot the error on this map? The Manakisy (Monocacy) River label should be on the next north-south river to the east. The mislabeled waterway in the lower left is Toms Creek the whole way as it continues south, and then bears east, eventually joining the Monocacy River. Looking on current maps, Rock Creek flows south from fields east of Gettysburg and Marsh Creek flows south from fields west of Gettysburg. Rock Creek and Marsh Creek join just inside Maryland to form the Monocacy River, which flows south into the Potomac River. Related posts include: - Original Route of the Monocacy Road in Eastern York County? - What Happens When One Projects an 1821 Map onto a 1953 Map? - Monocacy Path used by Native Americans began at Conejohela - Platting the Monocacy Road from Original 1739/40 Survey; Part 1: Eastern York County - Leap Day a Century ago in York Your geography and spelling history lessons for today are finished. Continue reading as I explain the “1739/40” notation that another reader questioned. As a preface, I’ll first examine steps taken to survey the first road West of the Susquehanna River; i.e. the road through what would extend through York County to the Monocacy in Maryland. Technically we’re looking at the first road in Hellam Township, Lancaster County, since York County was not established until 1749. In 1739, a majority of the Lancaster County land west of the Susquehanna River was known as Hellam Township. The Court of General Quarter Sessions, meeting in Lancaster County, PA on August 7th, 1739, acted upon a petition by inhabitants of Hellam Township for a road from John Wright’s ferry towards the Potomac River. The actions of this court to the petition are recorded on page 263 of the Lancaster County Road Docket No. 1, as follows: Upon the Petition of Several of the Inhabitants of the township of Hallem, on the West side of Susquehanah, setting forth the necessity of a road from John Wright’s fferry, towards Potomac river, and praying that persons may be appointed to lay out the Same: Ordered by ye Court, that Joshua Minshall, Henry Hendricks, ffrancis Worley Jun, Christian Crowl, Michael Tanner & Woolrick Whistler view and, if they or any four of them se cause that they lay the same by course and distance, ffrom the said fferry to the line dividing the Provinces, and report ye same to ye next Court. The six men appointed to this task of laying out the road did not finish by the next Court of General Quarter Sessions in November 1739. Their task was continued until the February 1739/40 Court. During the Court of General Quarter Sessions, meeting in Lancaster County, PA on February 5th and 6th, 1739/40, the following return of the six men was handed to the Court and recorded on page 279 of the Lancaster County Road Docket No. 1, as follows: The Persons appointed at the August Court last & continued to November Court following do report that, pursuant to order, they have viewed and laid out a road from Susquehanah river South Westerly, towards the Province line, according to the courses & distances following, viz.: Beginning at the said river, in the line between the lands of John Wright Jun. And Samuel Taylor; thence . . . Hence follows the courses & distances, i.e. the metes & bounds, that I’m platting (in three parts) on the earliest available historical topographic maps: Another reader asked the question: “The title implies you are not sure of original record year. 1739 or 1740? How can this be? Isn’t the court record dated?” The 1739/40 notation references January 1st to March 24th of the beginning months following December 31st, 1739. Per the current Gregorian calendar the year 1740 would have begun January 1st, 1740; however the English and her colonies did not switch from the Julian calendar to the current Gregorian calendar until 1752. Therefore in these very early colonial times the next chronological date after December 31st, 1739 is January 1st, 1739 and so on until March 24th, 1739; after which the new-year date March 25th, 1740 follows. Confused? Just think what it would be like to live in those times when countries adopted the Gregorian calendar at different times. Thus 1739/40 means “1739” in the Julian calendar that existed in the colonies at that time and “/40” the chronological next year 1740 to which we are accustomed. For reference the Eastern York County section of 1770 Pennsylvania Map by William Scull follows. William Scull tended to use long straight-line segments to indicate roads; his maps show approximate locations and are definitely not to scale.

<urn:uuid:d7a19ed5-ff16-40d8-83f9-2779505671dc>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://yorkblog.com/yorkspast/questions-answered-on-the-road-to-monocacy-posts/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00191.warc.gz

en

NASA Space Science News for November 16, 1999 Leonids Environment Operations Center monitors meteor activity -- A global team of observers coordinated by the US Air Force and the University of Western Ontario will provide meteor counts for satellite operators. Data summaries will be posted at http://www.LeonidsLive.com for members of the public. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA Nov. 15, 1999 The Astrobiology mission began when two U.S. Air Force planes, the ARIA and the FISTA, lifted off from Edwards Air Force Base, Edwards, CA, on Nov. 13 at 11:15 a.m. (PT) enroute to Royal Air Force Mildenhall Airbase in the United Kingdom. During the mission, an international cadre of scientists will point their instruments towards the sky to study the Leonid meteors from the unique vantage-point of the aircraft. "The planes provide a perfect platform for viewing the meteors," said Peter Jenniskens, chief scientist for the Leonids mission. "They lift us above the weather to ensure a fantastic view. By flying over 35,000 feet in the air, we are above most of the atmospheric water vapor, and our instruments get the best data possible." The Leonid meteor showers occur each November when the Earth passes through the debris shed from periodic comet 55P/Temple-Tuttle. The meteors, named the Leonids because they appear to stream from the constellation Leo, are about the size of a grain of sand. Studying comets and meteors, which are made from ice and dust that existed when the universe was formed, may help scientists develop a better understanding of how life began on Earth. "Comets and meteors are fascinating to study because they are a frozen record from the time when the universe formed," explained astrobiologist Dr. Scott Sandford of NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. "Due to geological activity, all of Earth's materials have been reformed several times over, and we must study comets, meteors and meteorites to get an early view of our universe." Most years, observers with ideal viewing conditions can see 10 to 20 meteors per hour during the Leonid showers. Every 33 years when the parent comet Temple-Tuttle passes particularly close to the Earth, as it did in 1998, meteor storms with hundreds or thousands of meteors per hour are possible. In 1998, following Temple-Tuttle's pass by Earth, counts of 250 meteors per hour were recorded. Predictive models have indicated that, in 1999, it may be possible to see 200 to 5000 meteors per hour around the longitudes of Europe and the Middle East. The 1999 Leonid Multi-instrument Airborne Campaign (MAC), a mission jointly funded by NASA and the United States Air Force, has been designed to fly over these longitudes for three consecutive observation nights, Nov. 16-18. Both aircraft being used for the mission have been specially outfitted with a variety of instruments, including spectrometers and cameras, to study the meteors. The FISTA, an NKC-135 aircraft, has been modified with 20 upward-facing viewing ports. The ARIA, an EC-18 airplane, has telemetry equipment that will allow researchers to send images and near real time data regarding comet flux, or counts, to the ground. Research objectives for the mission involve taking many measurements that have never been done in airborne astronomy, including real-time meteor counts, spectroscopy (mid-infrared, near-infrared, ultraviolet and visible) and stereoscopic viewing of meteors using intensified high-definition television cameras. The stereoscopic view, obtained when instruments on both aircraft image a meteor, will provide the first-ever three-dimensional model of meteor trajectories. About half of the scientists on the current mission participated in the 1998 Leonid MAC mission that flew over Japan. That highly successful mission is credited with observing more than 3,200 meteors, obtaining the first differential spectrometry data from meteors as they burned through the sky, and obtaining the first stereoscopic images of a persistent meteor train. After departing Edwards Air Force Base Nov. 13, the planes flew to Mildenhall Airbase in the United Kingdom. During the night-time crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, scientists tested and calibrated their instruments and completed initial observations, including taking measurements of the Aurora Borealis. The mission will begin Nov. 16 when the planes depart England and fly the scientists overnight to Tel Aviv. The following night, Nov. 17, during the expected peak of the storm, the scientists will fly from Tel Aviv to Lajes Air Base in the Azores. The final night, Nov. 18, the planes will fly from the Azores to Patrick Air Force Base in Florida. The peak of the storm is expected to occur at 0200 (UT) Nov. 18 (9:00 p.m. ET, Nov. 17) over Europe and the Middle East. While the best viewing of the storm will be in these locations, it may be possible to see the Leonid meteors in the United States, particularly in the predawn hours of November 17 and 18. Current information about the Leonid MAC Astrobiology mission. European Space Agency 12 November 1999 Michael has been enlisted by the ESA Space Science Department in ESTEC (Netherlands) to participate in an international project to study the famous Leonid meteor shower. If all goes well, he should be able to witness one of the most majestic sights in nature -- a meteor storm to rival the most glorious of man-made firework displays. Over a period of four nights around the predicted peak of meteor activity, he will climb aboard a specially equipped NASA Boeing 707 with scientists from the United States and Europe for the photo opportunity of a lifetime. Unfortunately, Michael has been given a full research programme, so he won't have much time to admire the view. "There are windows in the ceiling of the aeroplane through which we can point our cameras," said Michael. "The cameras will be fixed to a kind of rail so that they can stand alone to take video images of the shower." In order to avoid getting a stiff neck, Michael will be given a useful little gadget to wear on his head. "The view of the night sky seen in my camera will be fed to a Video Head Display so that I can see everything in the camera's field of view," he explained. "We say what we see, then someone notes it down, and every 15 minutes or so the meteor count is forwarded to a NASA ground station." Counting meteors is an important job. Although most meteors are no larger than a grain of sand, the Leonids travel so fast (40 times faster than a rifle bullet) that if they plough into a satellite they can cause serious damage. The results from Michael's vigil will be fed to satellite operators around the world so that they can take measures to protect their satellites if they see a storm building. After a rehearsal on 15-16 November, the work will start in earnest the following night. However, the most exciting time of all will come on 17-18 November, when the number of meteors is expected to reach its peak. "Our observations will last much longer on this night," said Michael. "The plane will fly against the Earth's rotation so that we stay in darkness for the longest time possible." So how does he feel about his mission to catch a shower of falling stars? "Although I'm a keen amateur astronomer, I've never done anything like this before," he admitted. "However, I'm used to counting meteors and know what to look for." "Curiously, I've never actually seen the Leonids," he added. "I looked last year, but the cloud cover was too bad." If you want to read about Michael's adventures, extracts from his diary will be published on this Web site during each day of the Leonid meteor campaign. Diary of the ESA Space Science Department Leonid99 team. NASA Space Science News for November 11, 1999 NASA wants you! (to help observe the Leonids) - You don't have to be a rocket scientist to observe the 1999 Leonid meteor shower, but you can help out scientists by sending your observations to Science@NASA. This article includes observing tips for sky watchers in the northern and southern hemispheres, instructions for scientific meteor counting, and a place to submit your pictures and meteor counts after the shower. ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 10 November 1999 Professor Bailey is putting his confidence in the work of his colleague at Armagh, Dr David Asher, who collaborated with Rob McNaught of the Australian National University. They believe they have discovered enough about the location in space of the dust streams responsible for the meteors to give 2.08 a.m. on 18th November, give or take 5 minutes, as the time for the peak of the display. The number of meteors is more difficult to assess. Dr Asher says, "It's marginal as to whether the meteor activity will reach storm level in 1999, but however strong it turns out to be, European longitudes are ideally placed for observing the outburst". His best estimate is a maximum of 20 meteors a minute visible to a single observer in ideal conditions under a clear, dark sky (conditions rarely experienced by casual observers). Professor Iwan Williams of Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, who has also done research on the Leonids, is more cautious, but said "Most models lead us to expect a better display than last year". Neither Asher nor Williams expects anything like the spectacular storm of 1966, when the rate reached 40 a second for a brief period. Professor Bailey comments, "It is sometimes said that comets are like cats: they have tails and are unpredictable. If that's the case, predicting a meteor storm has to be about as easy as herding cats! But Asher and McNaught believe they have discovered how to do it. The 1999 Leonids will be a serious test of their method." Apart from knocking a spacecraft off alignment or causing physical damage, such collisions can also generate a cloud of plasma which may cause electrical shorts or damage a spacecraft's sensitive electronics. This threat is not simply theoretical. In 1993, a European Space Agency satellite called Olympus spun out of control, possibly as the result of an electrical disturbance caused by the impact of a particle from the Perseid meteor shower. There are currently more satellites in orbit around the Earth than ever before, all of which pose a tempting target for one of nature's miniature missiles. Fortunately, impacts with spacecraft are quite rare, but satellite operators around the world will be monitoring the situation very closely and taking a variety of precautions. "There could be a lot of activity, but we just don't know for sure," commented Dr Walter Flury of the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) at Darmstadt in Germany. "It's better to take precautions now than be sorry later." The European Space Agency's Space Science Department will provide information on meteor numbers to ESOC every 15 minutes. Using this data and radar counts from other sources, ESOC will be able to issue a security alert, warning spacecraft operators to power down their spacecraft or turn them away from the storm. One of the largest targets, the NASA-ESA Hubble Space Telescope will be manoeuvred so that its mirrors face away from the incoming meteors and its solar arrays are aligned edge on to them during the Leonids' predicted peak. Apart from reducing the exposed area of giant solar arrays, operators may shut off power to vulnerable electrical components of satellites. In the case of ESA's two European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites, all of the science instruments will be switched off during the peak of the Leonid activity. Even spacecraft located some distance from the Earth may be at risk. ESA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) studies the Sun from a vantage point 1.5 million kilometres away, but it, too, will be turned so that its main navigational aid, the star tracker, is pointing out of harm's way. Meteor watchers awaiting the Leonid shower last year (1998) were taken by surprise when a spectacular display of bright meteors occurred 16 hours before the predicted time for the maximum of the shower. However, the explanation for this phenomenon was discovered afterwards by David Asher, Mark Bailey, and Professor Vacheslav Emel'yanenko of South Ural University, Chelyabinsk, Russia, and was published in April (see RAS Press Notice 99/09). They showed that the bright meteors were seen when Earth passed through a dense arc-shaped trail of particles shed from Comet Tempel-Tuttle in the year 1333. Leonid meteors are dust particles that have come off Comet Tempel-Tuttle. Most of this dust is still following the comet fairly closely in space. The comet takes 33 years to complete an orbit around the Sun, and planet Earth ploughs through its main dust trail when the comet returns to our vicinity every 33 years. In the years when this happens, a strong shower or storm takes place. Particularly intense storms were recorded in 1833, 1866 and 1966. In the years between returns of the comet, a very small number of Leonid meteors are seen in mid-November. Some meteor showers produce about the same rate of meteors around the same date every year. Regular annual showers happen when the dust from a comet has spread around the whole of the comet's orbit, something that takes place gradually over a long period of time. An example is the Orionids, a shower in late October each year caused by dust from Halley's Comet. The Leonids are so-called because the trails of the meteors belonging to the shower appear to radiate out from a point in the constellation Leo. But this is an effect of perspective. In reality, the meteor particles enter the atmosphere along parallel tracks from the same direction in space. People who wish to observe the Leonids are recommended to wrap up in warm clothes and find a cloud-free, dark site away from city lights, preferably with a good view towards the north-eastern horizon. Between about 11 p.m. and dawn, they can expect to see rapidly moving shooting stars anywhere in the north-eastern sky, emanating from the 'sickle' (a backwards question mark) made up by the stars in the head of the constellation Leo. Air Force News Service 9 Nov 1999 EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE, Calif. (AFPN) -- After a weak celestial show in 1998, NASA's Peter Jenniskens dreamed of chasing Leonid meteor storms once again in 1999. "This will be our last shot at it for a century," he said after last year's effort. "The mission we have in mind would circle the world, and do that in just a few days." He's getting his wish with two Edwards airplanes: a modified KC-135 tanker called the Flying Infrared Signature Technology Aircraft, or FISTA, and an EC-18 that normally serves as an Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft, or ARIA. Both aircraft, which belong to the 452nd Flight Test Squadron, and 25 airmen will ferry 50 scientists on an eight-day, 18,000-mile journey that will take them from the Mojave Desert to Europe to the Middle East and back. The researchers' intent: to gather data during a natural fireworks show called Leonid. A Leonid meteor shower occurs every November when Earth passes close to the orbit of comet Tempel-Tuttle. Usually not much happens, according to NASA officials. Earth plows through a diffuse cloud of old comet dust that shares Tempel-Tuttle's orbit, and debris burns up harmlessly in the atmosphere. Typical Leonid meteor events consist of only 10 to 20 shooting stars per hour. But every 33 years, that meek shower surges into a full-fledged storm, when thousands of shooting stars rain down from the sky hourly. That's what Jenniskens and his crew hope to witness on this trip. The two-ship formation leaves here Nov. 13 with the first stop being a "gas and go" at McGuire Air Force Base, N.J., said Capt. Jeff Lampe, aircraft commander for FISTA. From there it's on to Royal Air Force Mildenhall, England, where they'll launch late Nov. 16 for a seven-hour mission to Tel Aviv, Israel, hoping to capture a streaking light display in clear, dark skies. The next night they will leave on their main flight, an eight-hour mission to Lajes Field, the Azores, a small island several hundred miles off the coast of Portugal. It's there scientists believe they will follow a trail of thousands to tens of thousands of meteors per hour. On this route, the two Edwards planes will fly 100 miles parallel to each other, giving researchers "an almost stereoscopic (three-dimensional) viewing," said Maj. Tracy Phelps, commander of the EC-18. Finally, the team will fly another seven-hour mission from Lajes to Patrick AFB, Fla., Nov 18-19, and then return home Nov. 20. With powerful telescopes scattered throughout the world, some people might wonder why take such a time-consuming trip. The answer: Only an airborne mission can bring scientists to the right place at the right time to view Leonid, and guarantee clear weather. Moreover, using both the FISTA and C-18 allows scientists to measure meteor trajectories and orbits in space along with triangulating data. Indeed, this mission centers on two Edwards aircraft serving as observation platforms for cameras and investigative instruments. Therefore, both planes have undergone modifications for the journey, including installation of optical windows, special camera gear and antenna mounts. And besides helping collect data for NASA, the C-18 also will downlink real-time video for Air Force Space Command. Capt. Jon Haser participated in last year's Leonid event and will be going again this year. He said the crews didn't get the expected meteor storm. "It was sporadic, but they were some persistent trails that lasted five seconds or so. Hopefully, the sky's alive this time." Maybe he will get to witness what James Young of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's California Table Mountain Observatory did in 1966, when the last great Leonid storm occurred. He remembers a heaven "absolutely full" of meteors. Young called it a "sight never imagined ... and never seen since." An EC-18 aircraft from the 452nd Flight Test Squadron, Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., will transport NASA scientists overseas to study the Leonid meteor storm. The EC-18, which normally serves as an Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft, or ARIA, also will downlink real-time information to Air Force Space Command during the storm. Capt. Jamie McKeon, left, Capt. Jon Hasser, Capt. Jeff Lampe and Maj. Tracy Phelps plan the 452nd Flight Test Squadron's eight-day mission for the Leonid meteor shower. The Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., unit is flying NASA scientists overseas to study the Leonid meteor storm in modified EC-18 and KC-135 aircraft. (Photo by Dennis Taylor) Marshall Space Flight Center Nov. 9, 1999 In a separate effort to learn more about these dazzling fireballs, NASA scientists will launch a balloon to record meteor images and sounds -- and maybe even catch a piece of a "shooting star." A Leonids shower happens every year when Earth passes close to the orbit of the comet Tempel-Tuttle and the debris left in the comet's path. As Earth travels through the comet dust, the debris burns up in Earth's atmosphere, and observers typically see about 10 to 20 shooting stars an hour. But some experts predict this year's annual shower may turn into a "storm" -- a spectacular display of 1,000 meteors per hour or more. To monitor any increases in meteor activity, the Leonid Environment Operations Center at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., will be staffed 24-hours a day from the afternoon of Nov. 15 until the shower has passed on Nov. 19. Marshall Center engineers will coordinate and distribute pre-Leonid storm information and real-time observations about Leonid activity, intensity and potential threat to NASA and U.S. Air Force spacecraft. A worldwide network of radar and optical observation sites sponsored by the Air Force and operated by the University of Western Ontario will send information to the Leonid Environment Operations Center at Marshall, where scientists and engineers will analyze the information and distribute it to satellite operators. "NASA, the Air Force, the University of Western Ontario and several other organizations have teamed together to provide these space weather updates to keep spacecraft operators well informed so they can best protect our satellites," said Dr. Jeff Anderson of the Marshall Center's Engineering Directorate. "Monitoring the Leonid meteor stream also provides a rare look at a natural phenomenon that will continue to grow in importance as more and more satellites orbit our planet, and we venture deeper into space." Although a typical meteor is smaller than a grain of sand, it travels more than 40 times the speed of a bullet. The Leonids are the fastest of all the meteor streams, fast enough to circle the globe in less than 10 minutes. Meteor impacts can impair satellites and their sensitive sensors. Space weather forecasts are not something one hears on the nightly news because they are tricky at best. Will this year's annual Leonids display be just a shower -- a few to a few hundred shooting stars per hour? Or will it be a storm -- a few thousand to a few hundred thousand meteors an hour? "In 1998, the world watched and nothing happened," said Anderson. "But in 1966, most folks in the western U.S. were sleeping while one of the most spectacular displays in history was going on over their heads." It is because many experts are predicting a storm this year that the Marshall Leonid Operations Center is being staffed around the clock during the shower. Just last year, the comet Tempel-Tuttle visited our inner solar system, depositing a dense cloud of debris. But because Earth crossed the comet's orbit too soon after the comet's passage, there was no storm -- just a strong shower. In 1999, the Earth will pass only 68,200 miles (110,000 kilometers) from the comet debris cloud, making a storm more likely. In another activity, Marshall scientists will work to give the public a clearer view of the streaking fireballs. Weather permitting, they will launch a 10-foot (3-meter) diameter weather balloon from Marshall's Atmospheric Research Facility at approximately 12:30 a.m. CST, early Thursday morning Nov. 18. The balloon will ascend approximately 20 miles (32 kilometers), carrying a sensitive camera for capturing pictures of the meteors. During the flight from around 12:30 a.m. to 3:30 a.m. CST, both still and low-resolution television from the onboard camera can be viewed online at the Science Directorate's Web site at http://www.leonidslive.com. Last year, more than one million people tuned into the live Web cast or saw the replay the next day on the Web site. This year a new feature will be a recording device that sends back sounds of meteors from space. Visitors to the Web site will be able to hear the "whistlers" and other bizarre noises that meteors make as they interact with ionized gas or plasma in the Earth's atmosphere. Scientists hope to use this radio receiver to record very low frequency electromagnetic emissions below 10 kHz emitted by the meteors. A capture device on the balloon may even bring back a meteor particle. Scientists are still analyzing data from an aerogel-collecting device that was flown last year to capture bits of comet Tempel-Tuttle. The meteoroid capture device on the upcoming flight uses xerogel, a close relative of aerogel, and a variety of low-density acrylic materials. "It works like flypaper," said Dr. John Horack, an astronomer at the Marshall Center. "We expose these materials to the air up in the stratosphere while the meteor shower is under way. When tiny particles strike the exposed xerogel, they stick." NASA Photo #9906509 : To keep their satellites safe, this month NASA, the U.S. Air Force and the University of Western Ontario will operate the first center for around-the-clock monitoring of the annual Leonids meteor shower. From left, NASA engineers Dr. Bill Cooke, Dr. Jeff Anderson and Dr. Rob Suggs discuss the meteoroid approach angles at the Leonid Environment Operations Center at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. Engineers will coordinate and distribute pre-Leonid storm information and provide updates to satellite operators about Leonid activity, intensity and potential threat to spacecraft. (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Photo by Emmett Given) NASA Space Science News for November 3, 1999 Leonids on the Moon: When the Leonid meteor shower strikes on November 18, Earth won't be the only place in the cross hairs. The Moon will also pass very close to the debris stream of comet Tempel-Tuttle. Leonid meteorite impacts on the Moon might be visible from Earth and provide a means for long-distance lunar prospecting. As it approaches the inner solar system and is heated by the sun, the comet replenishes its path with tiny bits of material eroded away by the solar wind and radiation. As Earth travels in its path around the sun and encounters this debris stream, the small grains of material in this stream slam into Earth's upper atmosphere at a very high rate of speed becoming incandescent and leaving an ionized and luminous trail that we see as meteor or "falling star". On an average year, 15 to 20 Leonid meteors per hour can be seen, depending on your local viewing conditions. During a storm year, anything can happen as history has shown. The last major Leonid Meteor Storm occurred on November 16, 1966, peaking for observers in the mid-western United States. Hourly meteor rates were estimated to be as high as 144,000! Historical accounts dating back to the 1833 and 1866 Leonids are fascinating to read! The 1899 and 1932 Leonids were largely missed and it is suspected that Jupiter may have altered the meteor stream's orbit for those years. Studies also suggest 2000, 2001 or even 2002 could be much better than normal years, with significantly higher meteor counts than normal years! The 1999 Leonid Meteor Shower is an event that has been long anticipated by the astronomy community. If the peak occurs during the earlier predicted time, Asia and Europe will be positioned favorably with the radiant high overhead. If it occurs a few hours past the later predicted time, the western portions of Europe and Africa, along with the East Coast of the United States, will be positioned favorably. This is certainly an event not to be missed and it would be well advised to look for the Leonids during the early morning hours of November 17th and November 19th, due to the uncertainty. NASA Space Science News for November 1, 1999 NASA Meteor Balloon Rises Again: NASA scientists and ham radio amateurs are teaming up for a weather balloon flight to the stratosphere during the Leonid meteor shower on November 18, 1999. The balloon will transmit a live webcast of the meteor shower from an altitude of 100,000 ft or more, far above any bad weather or obscuring clouds. The transmission will include audio from a VLF radio receiver designed to capture natural radio signals from the meteors. Marshall Space Flight Center Leonids in The Crystal Ball "Good evening space weather lovers! Last night Earth was hit by a high-pressure solar wind stream. It's expected to persist for 3 or 4 more days producing a 50% chance of mid-latitude aurora. But the big news today is the 1999 Leonid meteor shower. Experts are predicting a big storm on November 18th with up to 100,000 shooting stars per hour. Of course, we could be off by a couple of years. The storm might hit in 2001 instead. Or maybe not at all! Hey, if predicting these things were easy we wouldn't need experts!" One day, space weather forecasts like this could be commonplace. As our society comes to rely on satellites, cell phones, and other space-age gadgets, forecasting solar storms and meteor showers can be just as important as knowing the chances of rain tomorrow. Three weeks from now we may be treated to a very visible reminder of space weather when the Leonid meteor shower strikes on November 18, 1999. What's the probability of significant meteoroid precipitation? That's what stargazers and satellite operators everywhere would love to know. Most experts would agree that predicting the Leonids can be tricky. To understand why it's helpful to know the difference between a "meteor shower" and a "meteor storm." Simply put, meteor showers are small and meteor storms are big. Meteor showers produce a few to a few hundred shooting stars per hour. Meteor storms produce a few thousand to a few hundred thousand meteors per hour. A meteor storm, like a total solar eclipse, ranks as one of Nature's rarest and most beautiful wonders. A Leonid meteor shower happens every year around November 17 when Earth passes close to the orbit of comet Tempel-Tuttle. Usually not much happens. The Earth plows through a diffuse cloud of old comet dust that shares Tempel-Tuttle's orbit, and the debris burns up harmlessly in Earth's atmosphere. A typical Leonid meteor shower consists of a meager 10 to 20 shooting stars per hour. Every 33 years something special happens. Comet Tempel-Tuttle swings through the inner solar system and brings a dense cloud of debris with it. For 3 or 4 years after its passage the Leonids can be very active. In 1966 for instance, over 100,000 meteors per hour were seen from parts of North America. Curiously, there isn't a full-fledged storm every time Tempel-Tuttle passes by. Sometimes there's simply a stronger-than-average shower. Sometimes nothing happens at all! The period of maximum activity during the 1998 Leonid shower took place about 12 hours before the earth crossed Tempel-Tuttle's orbital plane. The early activity caught many observers by surprise, but it was business as usual for the unpredictable Leonids. Rainer Arlt of the International Meteor Organization noted that while the maximum activity came early, there was a secondary maximum when the Earth passed the comet's orbit. This pattern is similar to that observed in 1965, the year that preceded the great Leonids storm of 1966. In his report, Bulletin 13 of the International Leonid Watch: The 1998 Leonid Meteor Shower, Arlt wrote: [T]he radar, visual, and photographic records of the 1965 Leonids indicate an activity profile which resembles that of the 1998 Leonids. Even the low population index seems comparable. Judging from these phenomenological facts, we may expect 1999 to show a similar shape of activity as in 1966. The actual maximum meteor numbers are hardly predictable.If the 1999 Leonids are anything like the 1966 storm, stargazers are definitely in for a treat. The 1966 event was, predictably, somewhat unexpected. The comet had passed by Earth's orbit in 1965, so astronomers were aware that something might happen. But, judging by the paucity of the 1899 and 1932 showers, it was widely thought that the orbit of the debris stream had been deflected so much by gravitational encounters with other planets (mainly Jupiter) that a close encounter with Earth's orbit was no longer possible. The best predictions suggested a strong shower over Western Europe with 100 or so meteors per hour. Instead, there was an stunning display of shooting stars over western North America. This recollection by James Young at JPL's Table Mountain Observatory in California gives a sense of what the storm was like: "This very noteworthy meteor shower was nearly missed altogether... There were 2-5 meteors seen every second as we scrambled to set up the only two cameras we had, as no real preparations had been made for any observations or photography. The shower was expected to occur over the European continent.The 1966 return of the Leonids was one of the greatest displays in history, with a maximum rate of 2400 meteors per minute or 144,000 per hour. The shower peaked around 4 a.m., with some 50 meteors falling per second. We all felt like we needed to put on 'hard hats'! The sky was absolutely full of meteors...a sight never imagined ... and never seen since! To further understand the sheer intensity of this event, we blinked our eyes open for the same time we normally blink them closed, and saw the entire sky full of streaks ... everywhere!" Joe Rao, a Leonids expert who lectures at New York's Hayden Planetarium, also advocates 1999 as possibly the best year for a storm during this 33 year cycle. Writing for Sky &Telescope he says: Based on what happened last November, I will venture a prediction. If a meteor storm is to take place at all, 1999 would appear to be the most likely year for it to happen. But even if this year's Leonids are richer in number, observers should not expect the same high proportion of fireballs that were seen in 1998. Instead, a more even mix of bright and faint meteors is likely. [ref]Rao bases his argument on historical precedent and the Earth-comet geometry. During the seven most recent Leonid storms when Earth crossed Tempel-Tuttle's orbit soon after the comet, the average distance between the comet and Earth was 0.0068 astronomical unit. The average number of days between the comet's passage and the Earth's arrival at the plane of the comet's orbit was 602.8 days. With the 1999 values of 0.0080 AU and 622.5 days, Rao says we ought to be in a prime position to see significant, if not storm-level, activity. Rao is also a meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, which seems a suitable occupation for predicting meteor showers. In 1999, the Earth will pass nearly three times as far from the comet's orbital path as it did in 1966 and more than six times farther than it did during the great storm of 1833. If the peak of the Leonids arrives exactly when the Earth passes through the comet's orbital plane, Donald Yeomans of JPL gives 01:48 UT on November 18, 1999 as the most likely time for the 1999 maximum [ref]. That would make Europe and West Africa the best places to watch the show. However, Leonid meteor showers frequently arrive much earlier or later than predicted, so any place on the globe could be favored. If the peak of the Leonids occurs over Europe or the Atlantic Ocean, then observers in the USA could be in for an unusual treat. The Leonid radiant would just be rising over North America at the time. In the eastern US sky watchers would see a large number of earth-grazing meteors skimming horizontally through the upper atmosphere. "Earth grazers" are typically long and dramatic, streaking far across the sky. All sorts of conjectures were made by all sorts of people ... We may learn of this that, when men are in a high state of excitement, their testimony must be taken with many grains of allowance.Most experts agree that 1999 is the most likely year for a Leonids meteor storm during the current 33 year cycle. However, if 1999 turns out to be a disappointment, don't despair! There are other studies that suggest 2000, 2001 or even 2002 could be better years. The Leonids are simply hard to forecast. From a first-hand account of the 1833 Leonid Meteor Shower. by Elder Samuel Rogers If 1999 is the year, when should you look? Most experts predict that the Leonids peak will occur between 0100 and 0400 Universal Time on November 18th. However, it is important to remember that such predictions are always uncertain. The 1998 Leonid fireball display occurred nearly 16 hours before the predicted maximum! No matter where on Earth you live, the morning of November 18 will probably be the best time to look for Leonids in 1999. This is true even if morning where you live occurs much earlier or later than 0100-0400 UT. Conventional wisdom says that meteor observing is always best between midnight and dawn local time on the date of the shower (November 18 in this case). For a shower or storm like the Leonids that might be relatively brief, it is best to start watching no later than midnight. In fact, when the author of this story went outside last year at midnight to view the 1998 Leonids, the shower was already well underway! With this in mind you may decide it's a good idea to begin observing even earlier, say, 10 p.m. on November 17. In the coming weeks Science@NASA will post more stories about the Leonids with observing tips for meteor watching with the naked eye, video cameras and other types of recording devices. One thing seems sure, no matter where you live: The Leonids are coming and, on Nov 18, 1999 the place to be is outside, looking up! Air Force News Service 26 Oct 1999 Between Nov. 16 and 19, scientists will gather at Starfire to train a variety of instruments on the Leonid meteor shower. Grains of sand and dust from the comet Temple Tuttle produce these meteors. Named for the constellation Leo, from which they appear to emanate, these meteors vaporize in the Earth's atmosphere. According to Dr. Jack Drummond, the laboratory's Directed Energy Directorate astronomer, the Leonid meteors leave behind trails which, unlike ordinary meteors that fade in a matter of seconds, can last up to an hour and are still unexplained. "I call these lingering meteor trails 'glowworms in the sky' since they are not only visible for minutes by chemical reactions, but are twisted by the winds into serpentine shapes, appearing like snakes or worms," Drummond explained. Scientists hope to gather enough information to explain one of the more curious atmospheric phenomena -- What makes the meteor trails glow? The glow, called chemiluminescence, is the production of light from chemical reactions similar to bioluminsescence, the same kind of glowing reaction found in biological entities such as fireflies and their larvae, glowworms. Drummond, who last year guided lasers onto the trails when they appeared last November, said the lingering meteor trails are self-luminescent. "They do not shine by reflected moonlight or sunlight," he said, adding, "but the exact chemical reactions involved are unknown." The scientists will direct a lidar, a laser that operates at visible wavelengths to gather data, onto the lingering trails. This instrument, on loan from the University of Illinois, was steered onto meteor trails last year to probe the meteors' compositions. The data gathered by the lidar, which is attached to the 3.5-meter telescope at Starfire, indicates that although sodium may be involved in a catalytic reaction with ozone to produce sodium airglow, it is not the principle emission from the trails. This year, additional instruments will be used to try and identify the emission lines. Three spectrographs will be aimed at the trails to try and determine the chemical reactions that are responsible for the glow. A spectrograph divides light into a color spectrum, revealing bright (emission) and dark (absorption) lines produced by elements and molecules. The operation of two spectrographs, one from the University of Arizona and one from the University of Illinois, will study light visible to the naked eye. The third spectrograph, from Aerospace Corporation, will study light in the infrared at wavelengths that are not visible to the naked eye. An electronic charge-coupled device camera and video camera will be used to record the changing appearance of the trails. Shown at several conferences, last year's 13-minute video, "blew the audiences away," according to Drummond. He said most people have never seen or heard of these 'glowworms in the sky' which are characteristic of the Leonid Meteor showers. The scientists hope to answer why the 'glowworms' are peculiar to the Leonid storm periods, which occur every 33 years, and why they are rarely seen at other times. They wonder if it may imply something about the composition of the parent comet. Although this year's shower is expected to peak over Europe on the morning of Nov. 18, it is hoped that some of the fireball components of the storm will be visible locally one or two days before or after the main peak. Here, on a dark quiet mountaintop on the southern end of Kirtland Air Force Base, N.M., scientists will be watching, waiting and hoping to unravel a mystery occurring 60 miles overhead. Images supporting this release ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 30 August 1999 In the early hours of 17th November last year (1998), meteor watchers awaiting the Leonid shower were taken by surprise when a spectacular display of bright meteors occurred 16 hours before the predicted time for the maximum of the shower. The explanation for this phenomenon was discovered by Dr Asher and his colleagues Professor Mark Bailey of Armagh Observatory, and Professor Vacheslav Emel'yanenko of South Ural University, Chelyabinsk, Russia, and was published in April (see RAS Press Notice 99/09). They showed that the bright meteors were seen when Earth passed through a dense arc-shaped cloud of particles shed from Comet Tempel-Tuttle in the year 1333 and they proved for the first time that meteoroid streams can have complex braid-like structures within them. This work pointed the way to more precise predictions of the timing and intensity of meteor showers, such as those Asher and McNaught are now making for the Leonids. The latest analysis, covering Leonid meteor storms over the past two hundred years, shows that the peak times of the strongest storms and sharpest outbursts are predictable to within about five minutes. The technique involves mapping the fine `braided' structure of the dense dust trails within the Leonid meteoroid stream. Although comet Tempel-Tuttle, the 'parent' of the Leonid stream, passed close to the Earth in 1998, Asher and McNaught predict strong meteor storms in both 2001 and 2002. 1999 and 2000 will be less spectacular, but good. In 1999, observers at European longitudes are favoured, and may see up to 20 meteors a minute (in ideal conditions under a clear, dark sky) at around 2 a.m. on the morning of November 18th. Meteors, popularly known as 'shooting stars', can be seen on any night, given a sufficiently clear, dark sky. They are produced by the impact on the Earth's atmosphere of small dust grains released from comets. Most meteors arrive in 'showers' at fixed times of the year, when the Earth passes close to the orbit of the parent comet. But occasionally - just a few times a century - a phenomenon known as a meteor storm occurs. During a storm, meteors appear at astonishing rates, sometimes several per second. The most famous example, the incredible Leonid display of 1833, is credited with starting the serious scientific study of meteors. Good news for meteor observers can be a concern for satellite operators. A satellite can be disabled by the impact of even a small dust grain. While the hazard from man-made space debris is well known, the danger from meteoroids has been more difficult to assess. Prior knowledge of the detailed structure of the Leonid stream is potentially of immense value. Satellite operators could use this information to take appropriate avoiding action and minimise the risk. With this new work, McNaught and Asher have defined the structure of the Leonid dust trails more accurately than ever before. A few months after developing the technique, McNaught and Asher extended their work to permit estimates of meteor rates (in addition to predicting storm timings), and applied it to forthcoming encounters of the Earth with Leonid dust trails. There is no doubt that 2001 and 2002 will provide opportunities to witness exceptional Leonid meteor storms. The fact that something out of the ordinary is expected in both 2001 and 2002 had in fact been published more than a decade ago, by two researchers, Kondrat'eva and Reznikov, in Kazan, Russia. The English translation of their paper did not come to the notice of many western researchers. ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 15 April 1999 The Leonid meteor shower occurs between 15 and 21 November each year, with peak activity on the night of the 17/18 November. These meteors are produced when small dust particles ejected from Comet Tempel-Tuttle enter the Earth's atmosphere at high speed and burn up. Comet Tempel-Tuttle moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit taking approximately 33 years for a complete revolution. Its orbit is similar to that of Halley's Comet, and so Comet Tempel-Tuttle is classified as a Halley-type short-period comet. Owing to the large angle between the Earth's orbit and the comet's (162 degrees), the dust grains collide almost head-on with the Earth, and hit the atmosphere at about 71 kilometres per second. At this speed, a one-centimetre particle carries the same amount of energy as a speeding truck on a motorway. Every 33 years or so, when Comet Tempel-Tuttle passes near to the Earth, the intensity of the Leonid display is greatly enhanced because the stream of dust grains is more densely packed close to the comet. Meteor 'storms' have been seen many times during the past thousand years, notable events being those of 1799, 1833, 1866 and 1966. The earliest record of Leonid meteors dates back to the year 899. November 1998 saw astronomers preparing for a possible meteor storm during the night of 17/18 November. Although a moderately strong peak was observed as predicted, the meteor shower as a whole was dominated by the appearance of hundreds of exceptionally bright meteors, known as fireballs, more than 16 hours ahead of the predicted peak. The intensity and duration of this exceptional event indicated that the Earth must have passed through an extremely dense, narrow stream of large dust grains and particles, having sizes ranging up to several centimetres. The timing suggested that these particles occupied an orbit somewhat different from the main stream of small grains, and that they left the comet's nucleus many hundreds of years ago. But in that case, it is necessary to explain why the stream has held together so tightly for so long. To solve the problem, Dr David Asher and his co-workers calculated the motion of large dust grains ejected from the comet at each of the last 42 occasions when it made its closest approach to the Sun. (Comets release very little dust, if any, when they are far from the Sun's heat.) They checked each case to see whether any of the particles could explain the fireballs seen in 1998, and identified September 1333 as the time when most of the observed particles were released. These particles did not spread out in space because of a dynamical process known as a resonance. (A similar process gives rise to the fine structure seen in Saturn's rings.) Many comets and asteroids swing around the Sun in orbits that are simple multiples of the orbital period of Jupiter, the most massive planet in the solar system and the biggest disturbing influence on cometary orbits. Comet Tempel-Tuttle is no exception to this rule, having entered one of these 'resonant' orbits as long ago as the seventh century AD. For every fourteen revolutions of Jupiter, Comet Tempel-Tuttle makes five, and the same relation holds true for the largest dust particles gently released by the comet. The large grains therefore have average orbital periods very close to that of the comet, and are kept in step by the influence of Jupiter. Instead of spreading around the whole orbit, they occupy a rather short arc, leading to the formation of a dense strand of large particles, distinct from the 'normal' storm strands of small particles, ahead of and behind the comet. The structure of the meteoroid stream close to the comet can be visualized as rather like a telephone wire, made up of many separate, narrow strands. These form a complex, braided structure of material within the broader, ribbon-like meteoroid stream. The calculations by David Asher and co-workers showed that in November 1998 most of the resonant arcs missed the Earth by a wide margin, but the arc of particles released in 1333 cut right through the Earth's orbit, and the calculated time for when this happened matched the observed fireball maximum to the hour. This remarkable result is the first observational demonstration of one of the most important dynamical features of meteoroid streams associated with Halley-type short-period comets. The work highlights the presence of fine structure *within* meteoroid streams, and suggests important new avenues for research. For example, by observing the variations in meteor rates close to the peak of a shower it may be possible to infer the precise distribution in space of the meteor-producing strands. Variations in meteor rates may be correlated with changes in the meteor brightness distribution to infer the history of mass loss by a comet over many revolutions around the Sun. The researchers are not expecting a repeat performance of bright fireballs in November this year (1999). All the resonant strands in the meteoroid stream will be well past Earth in space. However, a strong 'normal' display is likely, peaking at about 2 a.m. on November 18th, due to meteoroids ejected from Comet Tempel-Tuttle in the years 1866, 1899 and 1932, which have not yet had time to disperse around the comet's orbit. All-sky photograph of 156 Leonids taken by the Astronomical and Geophysical Observatory (AGO) at Modra, Slovakia

<urn:uuid:8581f225-501b-44eb-95f5-4be3d1d49b15>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://carlkop.home.xs4all.nl/leonew.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

'This book moves us beyond a theoretical pondering of the issues and makes concrete suggestions for teachers and students for how things can be different in mathematics classrooms. This is long overdue.' Peter Gates, University of Nottingham Teaching Mathematics as if the Planet Matters explores how Mathematics teachers can develop approaches to curriculum and learning which help students understand the nature of the contemporary world. It sets out a model for teaching and learning that allows teachers to examine existing approaches to teaching and draw upon the insights of mathematics as a discipline to help students relate classroom mathematics to global issues such as climate change, the economy, food supplies, biodiversity, human rights, and social justice. Including practical examples, suggestions for teaching activities and detailed further reading sections, the book covers: • the mathematics of description in the measuring, recording and statistical analysis that informs our knowledge of climate change, consumption and sustainability; • the mathematics of prediction in the modelling used by governments, scientists and businesses to plan roads, power stations and food supplies and their effects; • the mathematics of communication in the news reports, blogs and environmental campaigns, incomplete without graphs, charts and statistics. The true worth of a school subject is revealed in how far it can account for and respond to the major issues of the time. The issue of the environment cuts across subject boundaries and requires an interdisciplinary response. Mathematics teachers are part of that response and they have a crucial role in helping students to respond to environmental issues and representations.

<urn:uuid:d92f68b8-0dda-4fd7-bd38-0523cba2530d>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/teaching-secondary-mathematics-as-if-the-planet-matters

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

Entry updated 7 October 2019. Tagged: Theme. The force of gravity is the most inescapable and unvarying fact of terrestrial life, and when writers first sent characters into Spaceships and on to other planets the phenomenon of low gravity, or of no gravity at all, figured prominently among the wonders of space. Many early authors did not realize that complete weightlessness is a consequence of free fall, but this soon became a fact to be taken for granted in describing Space Flight, and now few writers bother to emphasize it. A delightful account of the attractions of weightlessness was given by Fritz Leiber in "The Beat Cluster" (October 1961 Galaxy); a more straightforward introduction is contained in Arthur C Clarke's Islands in the Sky (1952). In Bob Shaw's The Ragged Astronauts (1986) the most difficult part of interplanetary travel by Balloon (no free fall here) between two mutually orbiting planets only 5000 miles (8000 km) or so apart, and with a common atmosphere (this being an Alternate Cosmos), is the transition of the weightless zone where the two gravitic pulls cancel out. Weightlessness in practice is more likely to be a nuisance than anything else. The favoured method of providing "artificial gravity" in a spaceship, Space Station or Space Habitat is to spin the construction about an axis to generate a perceived centrifugal force acting outward from the axis, so that the vessel's wall becomes the "floor". The visual paradoxes associated with a "gravity" that acts outwards on the inside of a hollow object were exploited in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), in Arthur C Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama (1973), and in Harry Harrison's Captive Universe (1969). Few writers apart from Clarke consider the additional space-station complications caused by the Coriolis force, an effective sideways force on a moving object which also results from a spinning system, and makes things tend to move along curved paths relative to a rotating ship or planet. This might be a severe disadvantage in a fast-spinning spaceship. Robert M H Carter's "Rotating Frame-Up" (in Pulsar 2, coll 1979, ed George Hay) uses just such a setting for a somewhat contrived "murder mystery" involving Coriolis deflection of a thrown weapon. The Coriolis force is not encountered if the gravity is provided by a constant linear acceleration, nor if the problem is solved outside known science by having recourse to gravity generators such as Spindizzies or the artificial-gravity grids in James White's Sector General stories. Larry Niven, in "A Kind of Murder" (April 1974 Analog) characteristically considers Coriolis force as a complicating factor in Matter Transmission between different latitudes of Earth. Centrifugal force also comes into play on rapidly rotating planets, where it combines with the force of gravity to define the direction of the vertical. Since the surface of a planet tends to be generally at right angles to the combined centrifugal and gravitational forces, the centrifugal force can be treated for most practical purposes as a part of the gravity, having the effect of decreasing the gravity at the equator (where it is already likely to be lower because of the shape of the planet), as in Hal Clement's Mission of Gravity (April-July 1953 Astounding; cut 1954; text restored with additions and one added story, as coll 1978). This novel tells of the very high gravity on the massive, rapidly rotating, discus-shaped planet of Mesklin, and of the effect of these conditions on the psychology of the planet's intelligent lifeforms. In our solar system high gravity, nowhere near as extreme as Mesklin's, can be found on Jupiter; this is described in Poul Anderson's "Call Me Joe" (April 1957 Astounding), James Blish's "Bridge" (February 1952 Astounding) – the story which describes the development of spindizzies – and Arthur C Clarke's "A Meeting with Medusa" (December 1971 Playboy), from which was developed The Medusa Encounter (1990) by Clarke and Paul Preuss. Human adaptation to high-gravity planets is frequently considered in Colonization of Other Worlds scenarios, and massively muscled people from such worlds became something of a Cliché – a well-known example being the Valerians, mighty-thewed colonists of a 3g world, who appear in E E "Doc" Smith's Galactic Patrol (September 1937-February 1938 Astounding; 1950) and later Lensman novels. A darker view of such adaptation, and the divisions which it would inevitably cause, is presented in Robert Silverberg's "Misfit" (December 1957 Super-Science Fiction) and Harry Harrison's "Heavy Duty" (May 1970 Analog) as by Hank Dempsey. Much stronger gravitational forces than these can be expected near the very massive but small objects composed of collapsed matter (see Neutron Stars; Physics). Not just the gravitational field's overall strength is important: the variations in its strength between different locations can exert forces even on an object in free fall. These are called "tidal forces": the tides on Earth, caused by the difference between the Moon's gravitational pull on opposite sides of Earth, provide the most familiar example. Tidal forces feature in Larry Niven's stories "Neutron Star" (October 1966 If) – where they are strong enough to kill – and "There is a Tide" (July 1968 Galaxy). A collapsing star of sufficient mass (about three times that of the Sun) would pass through the neutron-star stage to become a Black Hole – some high-gravity stories of the 1970s and 1980s are discussed under that heading – and there has been a large amount of sf set around (or even within) such venues. The wish for a method of manipulating gravity has been a rich source of Imaginary Science. Indeed Antigravity has been something of a Philosopher's Stone to sf writers, and is discussed in some detail in that entry (see also Tractor Beam and Pressor Beam). The attraction of antigravitational themes grows from a kind of resentment at the inescapable restraints gravity imposes on us in the real world. Cecelia Holland deals in rather cavalier manner with gravity in Floating Worlds (1976), the worlds of the title being cities floating above Saturn and Uranus. David Gerrold's Space Skimmers (1972) exploits an imaginary gravitic effect (using gravity as a kind of point applied to a surface) which yields an attractive spaceship designed as if by M C Escher. Walkers on the Sky (1976) by David J Lake owes more to wish fulfilment than to science, but does offer a technological explanation for the behaviour summarized in the title. Gravity control also suggests the possibility of locally increasing gravity. This yields a Weapon in E E "Doc" Smith's First Lensman (1950), where a fortress is surrounded by an ultra-high gravity field which traps and crushes attacking Spaceships; a portable "gravity mine" deals similarly with a fast-moving assassin in James H Schmitz's A Tale of Two Clocks (1962; vt Legacy 1979). Local gravity concentrations (in translation, "mosquito mange") are deadly hazards in "Piknik na obochine" (1972 Avrora; trans as Roadside Picnic in Roadside Picnic/Tale of the Troika, coll 1977) by Arkady and Boris Strugatski; in Piers Anthony's Macroscope (1969; cut 1972) the low gravity of Neptune's moon Triton (see Outer Planets) is focused to provide a region of normal Earth gravity for the convenience of visitors. Gravity as a theme has naturally been in the main the province of Hard-SF writers like Hal Clement and Larry Niven. Writers who have worked very much in their tradition are the physicist Robert L Forward, who wrote two interesting novels about a lifeform living in intensely high-gravity conditions on the surface of a neutron star – Dragon's Egg (1980) and its sequel Starquake! (1985) – and Stephen Baxter, whose Raft (September/October 1989 Interzone; exp 1991) is set in an Alternate Cosmos where gravity, instead of being (to simplify) the weakest of the fundamental forces, as it is in our Universe, is one of the strongest. The results, including the fact that the mutual gravitic attraction between human bodies is perceptible to ordinary senses, are described with élan. [TSu/PN/DRL] see also: Cosmology. previous versions of this entry

<urn:uuid:01907cf5-8343-44e9-abc2-908d9a1ef422>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/gravity

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

A stereoisomer of glucose molecule characterized by its ability to rotate the plane polarized light in the clockwise direction, and one that which is biologically active, naturally occurring, and more abundant than L-Glucose Glucose is a hexose monosaccharide since it is comprised of six carbon atoms. One of the carbon atoms is part of an aldehyde functional group. Hence, it is member of the aldohexose group. Depending on the position of the hydroxyl (-OH) groups, it may either be dextro- (as in D-glucose) or laevo- (as in L-glucose). This nomenclature based on Fischer projection designates D– when it rotates the plane polarized light in the clockwise direction. L– is when it rotates the plane polarized light in a counterclockwise direction. D-glucose occurs more abundantly in nature than L-glucose. D-glucose is a short form of dextrorotatory glucose. It is one of the two stereoisomers of glucose, and is the one that is biologically active. It occurs in plants as a product of photosynthesis. In animals and fungi, it is the result of the breakdown of glycogen. In humans, it is present in blood and urine in which the normal clinical values are 75-115 mg/dl for blood, and 50-300 mg/24 hr for urine. - grape sugar - corn sugar - dextrose monohydrate

<urn:uuid:3b5880be-521d-4b22-bda5-e72b4e688aa8>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/d-glucose

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

Daphne Koller: Three Stanford computer science courses were opened to all online She says thousands took part, showing the hunger for education around world Online education could upgrade skills, reach people who couldn't afford college, she says Koller: Online education enables lifelong learning and promotes innovation Editor’s Note: Daphne Koller is Rajeev Motwani Professor in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University and co-founder and co-CEO of Coursera. She is the recipient of awards including the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers and the MacArthur Foundation Fellowship. Koller spoke at the TED Global conference in June in Edinburgh. TED is a nonprofit dedicated to “Ideas worth spreading” which it makes available through talks posted on its website. Almost exactly a year ago, Stanford University took a bold step. It opened up an online version of three of its most popular Computer Science classes to everyone around the world, for free. Within weeks, close to 100,000 students or more were enrolled in each of these courses. Cumulatively, tens of thousands of students completed these courses and received a statement of accomplishment from the instructor. This was a real course experience. It started on a given day, and the students would watch videos weekly and do homework assignments. These were real homework assignments for a real grade, with a real deadline. One of those classes was taught by my co-founder, Andrew Ng. In his on-campus Stanford class, he reaches 400 students a year. It would have taken him 250 years to reach the number of students he reached through that one online course. The Stanford endeavor showed what is possible. It showed that it is possible to produce a high quality learning experience from some of the top instructors in the world at a very low cost. At the same time as this project was being run, it had become clear that changes in higher education were desperately necessary. A high-quality education is now a critical need for most people who aspire to a better life, while it continues to be out of reach for many. In many parts of the world, including large parts of Africa, Asia and South America, good education is often not available because of lack of capacity. Even in the United States, where education is arguably there to be had, it may not be within reach. Since 1985, tuition costs have gone up 559%, almost double the rate of the escalating costs of health care. This Stanford project led to the founding in early 2012 of Coursera, a social entrepreneurship company that hosts around 200 free courses from 33 of the world’s best universities, including Princeton, Stanford, Penn, Michigan, Caltech, Duke, Illinois, Washington and others. The courses span a spectrum of topics: physics, biology, computer science, engineering, medicine, literature, sociology, poetry, business and many more. The courses are full courses complete with short video lectures, quizzes and assignments. For some courses, papers or projects are assessed through a peer grading system. They serve a rich community of learners from all over the world, crossing geographic, ethnic and language boundaries. More than 1.4 million students have enrolled to take these great courses, opening new intellectual horizons as well as opportunities. One of the greatest opportunities of this technology, one that is yet untapped, is the window that it opens into understanding human learning. The data that one can measure is unprecedented in both the level of detail and in its scale. Thus, we can apply data analytics in entirely new ways to understand what works and what doesn’t, ranging from general educational strategies to specific design choices for a given course. This transformation from a hypothesis-driven to a data-driven mode has revolutionized other disciplines, such as biology, and may now allow us to systematically improve the quality of education. This paradigm, which combines meaningful work that can be graded at scale with peer-teaching among students, allows us to offer some of our best educational content to students around the world, at a negligible marginal cost of pennies per student. It therefore makes feasible the notion of universal education, with the potential of some remarkable consequence. First, it allows us to establish education as a basic human right, so that anyone with the motivation and the ability would have the opportunity to get the skills that they need to make a better life for themselves, their families and their communities. Second, it enables lifelong learning. For many of us, learning stops when we finish our formal education. With the availability of these amazing courses, we would always have the opportunity to explore new directions, whether to expand our minds or to make a change in our lives. Finally, it opens the door to a wave of innovation. Because talent can be found everywhere. Maybe the next Albert Einstein or the next Steve Jobs is living in some remote village in Africa. With access to education, he or she can come up with the next big idea and help make the world a better place for all of us. As Tom Friedman wrote in May, “Big breakthroughs happen when what is suddenly possible meets what is desperately necessary.” Follow @CNNOpinion on Twitter Join us at Facebook/CNNOpinion The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Daphne Koller.

<urn:uuid:d4f0cab0-895d-4988-83c1-5f7ccba2c0c9>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.cnn.com/2012/09/23/opinion/koller-online-college-courses

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

Smart lithium batteries communicate with host machine to protect, monitor and control the host's operation, and ensure that the battery pack can produce the maximum amount of power by using high energy density and longer cycle life cells. Smart lithium-ion battery packs can provide accurate battery calculations and report for real-time information on battery health and battery parameters. 1.Communication protocols: RS485, SMBUS, I2C, CAN, etc. 2.Voltameter: knows exactly how much electricity is left 3.Charge and discharge management 4.Boost-Buck DC to DC 5.Any shape, voltage, size customization Medical equipment, security communication, rail transit, exploration and mapping, handheld equipment, robot /AGV, instruments and meters, special equipment, photovoltaic energy storage, etc. Battery Cell Selection + PCM & BMS + Structure Design + Chargers Cell Selection and Cell Quality Detection Design of shape and internal structure Electrical performance design：protection function, accurate power display, host communication, certification, battery set-making, charging Charger design：External or built-in charger Mid-term overall re-evaluation Basic electrical performance test, and test under different environmental conditions As portable electronic devices become more complex, many devices rely on smart lithium-ion battery packs to provide accurate electric energy measuring, monitoring, and diagnosis. LARGE is committed to the design and development of smart lithium battery systems to meet the needs of today's portable electronic devices and various mobile devices. 1. It has higher accuracy and stability. 2. Accurate understanding of the battery power, real-time output battery power 3. How much is electricity exactly left. 4. Support USB interface and PC communication function, which can send the battery information to the upper computer. 5. It can prevent unexpected system shutdown, host machine and user can grasp the status of the battery more accurately (with data reading interface, which can read the manufacturer, type, temperature and other basic information such as the battery effective capacity, current charge/discharge rate, historical cumulative times of charge/discharge, predicted cycle life, etc.)

<urn:uuid:51082c3f-3009-4dba-95b6-ed961ad5d306>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.large-battery.com/smart-ithium-battery/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

What is Tay-Sachs disease? Tay-Sachs disease is a rare and usually fatal genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the nervous system. In the most common form of the condition, symptoms usually begin at around six months of age, when a previously normal child's development begins to slow and they gradually lose their ability to move. The most noticeable early symptoms include a child being excessively startled by sudden noises and red dots appearing near the middle of the eyes. The child will then develop problems such as muscle weakness, increasing loss of vision, loss of hearing and seizures. Most children with the condition die by the age of three to five years. Less common forms of Tay-Sachs disease can begin later in childhood or even early adulthood. These usually progress less rapidly than the disease seen in very young children. However, only in rare cases is life expectancy not affected. Read more about the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease. What causes Tay-Sachs disease? Tay-Sachs disease is caused by two genetic mutations. This happens when the instructions found in cells become "scrambled" in some way, causing one or more processes of the body to not work properly. In Tay-Sachs disease, a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene results in the body not producing an enzyme called Hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A). Without this enzyme, a fatty substance called GM2 ganglioside builds up in the cells of the brain and nerves, causing them to stop working normally and eventually destroying them. Both parents have to be carriers of a HEXA mutation to be at risk of having a child with Tay-Sachs disease. If both parents are carriers, each child they have will have a 25% chance of developing the condition. Read more about the causes of Tay-Sachs disease. Testing for Tay-Sachs disease Screening for Tay-Sachs disease is recommended for people in high-risk groups before planning a family. In the UK, this includes people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and anyone with a history of the condition in their family. Screening can take place at two points, either before or after a baby is conceived. If the condition is diagnosed in an unborn baby, the parents can decide whether to continue with the pregnancy or not. Read more about testing for Tay-Sachs disease. How is Tay-Sachs disease treated? There is currently no cure for Tay-Sachs disease, so treatment involves making the child feel as comfortable as possible by treating the associated symptoms. Research is being carried out into possible cures for Tay-Sachs disease, but this is still at an early stage. Read more about treating Tay-Sachs disease. Tay-Sachs disease symptoms In the most common form of Tay-Sachs disease, classic infantile Tay-Sachs disease, a baby will develop normally until they are around three to six months old. One of the first noticeable signs of the condition is the appearance of a red dot at the back of their eyes. You may also notice that their vision seems poor or that they are excessively startled by noises and movement. It is likely that your baby will be much slower in reaching developmental milestones, such as learning to crawl. Additional symptoms usually develop after about eight months of age and quickly become more severe. They include: - increasing muscle weakness that progresses to paralysis (inability to move body parts) - increasing loss of vision - loss of hearing - difficulties swallowing (dysphagia) - muscle stiffness (spasticity) - lack of interest in the world around them - repeated fits (seizures) Due to the increasing damage to the nervous system, children with Tay-Sachs disease become increasingly vulnerable to infection, particularly lung infections. Many children with the condition die from a complication of an infection such as pneumonia. Most children with infantile onset Tay-Sachs disease die at around four years old because of complications from repeated infections. Rarer forms of Tay-Sachs disease There are two much rarer forms of Tay-Sachs disease, which are described below. In the juvenile form, the symptoms do not usually begin until a child is 2 to 10 years old. Initially, the child will have problems with speech and motor skills, such as balance, walking and holding objects. Some children may also develop problems with vision. As the condition progresses, the child will have repeated fits and experience an increasing loss of mental abilities such as memory, thinking and understanding. This is known as dementia. Dementia is usually associated with ageing but it can affect people of all ages, although it is rare in children. Children with the juvenile form of Tay-Sachs disease will usually die in the second or third decades of life due to a complication of an infection. The symptoms of late-onset Tay-Sachs disease develop later in life, usually during the teenage years or even early adulthood. - slurred speech - loss of balance and co-ordination - uncontrollable shaking of the hands (tremor) - muscle cramps and twitching - muscle weakness Around one in three people with late-onset Tay-Sachs disease will also develop psychosis. Psychosis is a mental health condition where a person is unable to tell the difference between the real world and their imagination. They may see or hear things that aren't there (hallucinations) or believe things that aren't true (delusions). Unlike other forms of the condition, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease doesn't always shorten life expectancy. Tay-Sachs disease causes Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene. This mutation affects the production of an enzyme called Hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A). Enzymes are proteins that the body uses for chemical reactions. The Hex-A enzyme plays a vital role in helping to remove a fatty substance called ganglioside from nerve cells. Without the Hex-A enzyme, ganglioside will build up inside these cells and they gradually stop functioning. In most cases of Tay-Sachs disease, this enzyme is completely absent. However, in the rarer forms of the condition that develop later in life, the enzyme is present but its function is severely limited. This means it takes longer for ganglioside to damage the nerve cells. The build-up of ganglioside in the nerve cells can have a catastrophic effect on many bodily functions, including vision and hearing, speech, physical movement and mental functions. How the mutation is inherited All the genes in your body come in pairs. You receive one half of the pair from your mother and the other half from your father. Mutations in the HEXA gene that causes Tay-Sachs disease do so in an autosomal recessive manner. This means that a child with the condition received two copies of the mutated gene: one from their mother and one from their father. If you only receive one copy of the mutated gene from one of your parents, you will not develop Tay-Sachs disease. However, you will be a carrier of the mutated gene. If you are a carrier of a HEXA mutation and you have a baby with a partner who is also a carrier of a HEXA mutation, there is: - a 25% chance that the baby will receive a pair of normal genes and will not develop the condition - a 25% chance that the baby will receive a pair of mutated genes and will develop Tay-Sachs disease - a 50% chance that the baby will receive one normal gene and one mutated gene, and will become a carrier of a HEXA mutation but will not develop the condition It's estimated that around 1 in 250 people are carriers of the HEXA mutation. Diagnosing Tay-Sachs disease Tests can be carried out to check if you are a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease or to diagnose the condition after birth. Screening for the HEXA mutation that causes Tay-Sachs disease is recommended if you are planning to start a family and you are in a high-risk group for developing the disease. In the UK, two main groups of people are thought to have a high risk of developing the condition: - people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent – this applies to most people of Jewish descent in the UK - people with a known history of Tay-Sachs disease in their family Screening involves checking yourself and your partner for the HEXA mutation using a blood test. If you both test positive, you have a 25% chance of conceiving a baby who develops Tay-Sachs disease. It is also possible to test a foetus for Tay-Sachs disease during pregnancy (antenatal screening) using tests such as: - chorionic villus sampling (between weeks 10 and 13 of pregnancy) – where a sample of cells is taken from the placenta to be tested - amniocentesis (between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy) – where a needle is used to remove amniotic fluid for testing If a diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease is confirmed, you can choose to terminate or continue the pregnancy. Tests after birth A diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease would be strongly suspected if a young baby develops symptoms that are closely associated with the condition, such as an exaggerated response to sudden noises and red spots at the back of the eyes. Blood tests can also be carried out to check if the body is producing the Hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A) enzyme (see causes of Tay-Sachs disease for more information). If there is any doubt about the diagnosis, it can usually be confirmed by taking a blood sample and extracting DNA from it to check for the HEXA mutation. Receiving the diagnosis Being told that your baby has a fatal and incurable condition is a devastating experience, and it's likely you will experience profound feelings of grief, bereavement and even guilt. The UK-based charity Genetic Alliance UK also provides information and services for people who have been affected by genetic conditions such as Tay-Sachs disease, as do organisations such as Climb. You may also find it useful to read more about caring for a child with a terminal illness. Tay-Sachs disease treatment There is currently no cure for Tay-Sachs disease, so the aim of treatment is to make living with the condition as comfortable as possible. Treatment usually focuses on: - preventing problems with the lungs and airways - relieving any feeding or swallowing problems (dysphagia) - using medication to help control or relieve symptoms such as fits and muscle stiffness Your child's care plan Due to the rarity of Tay-Sachs disease, it's likely that you will be referred to a specialist centre that has experience of treating children with complex health needs. Children with Tay-Sachs disease can have complex needs. They will therefore need to be treated by a team of different specialists working together. These types of teams are called multidisciplinary teams (MDTs). After the initial diagnosis, you and your child will probably need to spend some time at the specialist centre so that a detailed treatment plan can be drawn up. Once your child's symptoms stabilise, your MDT may be able to speak to your doctor or your local clinical commissioning group (CCG) so that any necessary treatment can be given where you live. This will mean that hopefully you and your child will only have to visit the centre occasionally. Problems with the lungs and airways Children with Tay-Sachs disease are more vulnerable to developing problems with their lungs and airways. This is because: - food or liquid can fall into the lungs and trigger an infection – this type of infection is called aspiration pneumonia - increasing muscle weakness can result in poor cough reflexes and a build-up of mucus in their lungs (congestion) Children with Tay-Sachs disease are prone to drooling and the excessive production of saliva can further disrupt breathing. These difficulties are described in more detail below. Aspiration pneumonia can be very difficult to prevent in children with Tay-Sachs disease, even if the care they receive from their parents and health professionals is of the highest standards. Antibiotics are the most common form of treatment for aspiration pneumonia. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, the child may be given antibiotic tablets or injections. In particularly severe cases where airways become inflamed and swollen, a tube may be required to help keep the airways open. Congestion of the lungs with mucus can usually be treated with a type of therapy known as physical therapy of the chest, or chest PT for short. Chest PT involves several techniques, such as using your hands to pat your child's chest to help encourage their cough reflex. Only attempt chest PT if you have been properly trained by a qualified healthcare professional. Performing the technique incorrectly could damage your child's lungs. Drooling and saliva Two medications used to reduce the production of saliva and control the symptoms of drooling are: - hyoscine skin patches – originally designed to treat motion sickness, these patches have the useful side effect of causing dryness of the mouth - trihexyphenidyl or glycopyrrolate – these medications are available in oral form and cause dryness of the mouth Feeding and swallowing difficulties Feeding young babies with initial symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease can be difficult because they often lack a suck reflex. This means they have problems latching on to a nipple or the teat of a bottle. There are a number of things you can do to help, such as helping your baby close their lips around the nipple or teat, or stroking their cheek towards their lips to encourage their suck reflex. For more information and advice about feeding, you can download a home care manual produced by the support group National Tay-Sachs and Associated Diseases (NTSAD). As your child gets older and moves onto solid food, they may require a feeding tube. There are two main types of feeding tube: - a tube that is passed down the nose and into the stomach (nasogastric tube) - a tube that is surgically implanted directly into the stomach (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, or PEG tube) PEG tubes are often recommended for children with Tay-Sachs disease because they are designed for long-term use, but general anaesthetic is required to fit them. See treating dysphagia for more information and advice. Medication such as gabapentin and lamotrigine can be useful in preventing seizures, but this can become more difficult as the condition progresses and higher doses may be required. Problems with muscles, such as stiffness and cramping, can be relieved using medications designed to relax the muscles (muscle relaxants), such as diazepam. As your child gets older, it's highly likely that they will experience repeated lung infections, which will damage their lungs and prevent them from breathing. This is known as respiratory arrest. Respiratory arrest can be treated, but often with a low chance of success. In such circumstances, you and your partner may decide that you do not wish your child to be treated and that you would prefer them to die peacefully in their sleep. If this is the case, you will need to make what is known as a do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) order. Once the order is made, it will be placed with your child's medical records. However, it can be withdrawn at any time should you change your mind. This is a very difficult decision and there is no right or wrong choice. Some parents decide that even if treatment prolongs their child's life by just a few days or months, it is still precious time they get to spend with their child. Other parents feel that attempting to resuscitate their child will just prolong the inevitable and that treatment should be withdrawn. Discuss the issue carefully with your partner, family and loved ones.

<urn:uuid:c01c1a72-0489-48ea-bea3-e6beae9aaae9>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.livehealthily.com/inherited-conditions/tay-sachs-disease

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

The Board currently has ten (10) wheat silos around the country but the system must be written to seamlessly handle at least twice that number. Each silo has a unique name and storage capacity (in tonnes) that must be stored in the proposed system. In addition the system must maintain the current amount of wheat stored in the silo. Obviously when the silo is full no further deliveries of wheat can be made to that silo before some is offloaded onto a ship for export overseas. Similarly a silo cannot off-load more wheat onto a ship than is currently stored. We will assume that when off-loading to a ship, no trucks can unload due to operational and safety considerations. Only one ship can be handled at a time at each silo. We will assume that only one truck can unload into a particular silo at any one time. Therefore during busy times each silo also maintains a queue of trucks waiting to unload. Trucks should only be entered into the waiting queue when there is sufficient room for the wheat that the truck holds, i.e. you need to know that the current storage plus all the loads currently in the queue will not exceed the silos capacity. The system will keep a record of all ships that have been registered to transport wheat overseas for the Wheat Board. The ships name, nationality and capacity (in tonnes) will be stored. The ship's captain can specify the amount of wheat to be off-loaded into the ship as long as it is less than the ships capacity and also the silos current amount in storage. The system will keep a record of the amount of wheat off-loaded to the ship and adjust the current storage appropriately. As each loaded truck arrives at the silo, it is weighed to ascertain the amount of wheat in the truck. The system maintains a list of registered trucks and their empty weight (in tonnes). Therefore, a single weighing is sufficient to determine the wheat load. If there is sufficient room in the silo then the wheat is off-loaded into the silo and a record is kept of the amount off-loaded against both the truck registration number and the farmer providing the wheat. Date and Time Normally we would maintain the date and time of each operation (truck delivery or ship off-loading) however to simplify this assignment we will ignore those aspects. Instead, we will keep a sequential count of each operation for each silo. Therefore, we will have a history of the order of truck unloading and ship off-loading operations that take place for each silo. The system would be able to say for example, that silo HORSHAM_1, operation number 999 involved 25 tonne of wheat delivered by the truck registered TONKA owned by Jack Black from farmer Bob Smith. Then operation 1000 was an off-loading operation of 125,000 tonnes to the ship "Southern Aurora". There is also a need to keep track of the operation order between silos, therefore we will keep a global sequential count of the operations at silos as well. Refer to the table below as an example: You will need to decide how to demonstrate that your system specification works and satisfies the client requirements. (You might wish to discuss your approach with your tutor.) The submission must be presented in a professional, clear and concise manner. If you need further system information please use your initiative and make reasonable and logical assumptions. Questions of a general nature (for example to clarify some part of the assignment requirements) can also be sent to the discussion forums, note these should not in any way give solutions or parts thereof. Similarly you are encouraged to ask questions about the Z specification language, it is not simple and no students will have encountered it before. Z Schema Operations Z Schema Operations You are to create a Z schema that adequately describes the WTC system. It should include at least one state space and the following operations: An initialization operation called Init. An operation Enter_new_silo that an operator uses to enter the details of a new silo into the system. Assume the new silo is currently empty. An operation Accept_delivery that an operator uses to signal the system to begin off-loading x tonne of wheat from a truck. Note that the system must do a check to see if that storage capacity is available in the silo, if not then an error message must be output and no truck unloading done. Additional information needed by this routine is the truck registration and the farmer’s name. If successful this operation stores all necessary details into the system for that delivery. If a truck is already unloading then this new truck will be placed in a queue waiting for its turn to unload. An operation Leave_queue. This operation is run by the system operator each time there is a queue for a silo and the driver of a specified truck decides that the anticipated waiting time is too long and leaves the queue. The operation outputs to the operator the list of trucks in the queue after the specified truck is removed or if none in the queue a reasonable error message. An operation Silo_account that outputs the total amount of wheat in tonnes delivered to a particular silo by ALL farmers in a specified time period (note that means between two global operations numbers in our simplified system). In other words between global operations 10000 and 10500 for example. An operation Ships_total_account that outputs the total amount of wheat that a particular ship has taken from ALL silos in the total history of the system. An operation Farmers_account that outputs the total amount of wheat delivered to ALL silos in between two specified global operation numbers (e.g. 10000 and 10500). You should provide robust versions of each operation that are capable of handling any possible error conditions. For example, if the ship or truck is not correctly registered in the system an appropriate error message must be given. The submissions will be considered for presentation, conciseness and correctness (both logically and notationally). Versions of the operations that are developed using the Z Schema Calculus will be more highly considered than monolithic versions that account for all conditions within a single schema.

<urn:uuid:6010a755-419e-4f54-82ad-b98a6096cb19>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://www.ozpaperhelp.com/solution/software-engineering-methodologies-397.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00511.warc.gz

en

We’re frequently presented with approaches to teaching and learning as if they are somewhat new. Or there’s a new study defending the efficacy of the approach as if it had never been proved effective before. For example: Social learning. Emotional learning. Democratic learning. All sound, valuable concepts. But if we look back, we can see some genesis for these methodologies in earlier pedagogical constructs. When I was in grad school, I was introduced to the work of Paolo Freire, the Brazilian-born educator whose work to eliminate illiteracy in Brazil eventually landed him in prison in the 1964 coup d’état. Freire’s work was seminal to the work I was doing at the time and was incorporated into my thesis project. Over the years, I have turned to his book “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” to refresh my thinking and to shed some light on issues that we are confronting in educational practice. A Newly-Defined Relationship between Teacher, Student, and Society Most importantly, Freire’s work assumed a newly-defined relationship between teacher, student and society which, I believe, we are still striving to achieve. He defined as the antithesis of his approach the “banking” concept of knowledge, in which “knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing.” I’m thinking that Paolo Freire would have loved the concept of flipped classrooms! Steps towards Knowledge Building As steps toward achieving an open and equal relationship between learners, teachers, and society; and as a means of utilizing literacy as an instrument of freedom, Freire incorporated a number of concepts into his approach that may have impact on how we view and design learning programs today. The tool of literacy had as its basic purpose the goal of liberating a class of people with no voice. Dialogue is a process that according to Freire “presupposes equality amongst participants.” This includes mutual respect, care, and commitment. Through dialogue, he wrote, we recognize that thoughts will change and new knowledge will be created. - Problem Posing The process of problem posing enables people to become active participants in a dialogue, linking knowledge to action. Freire believed that action and reflection must both be present for dialogue to be effective. By taking action, you then can critically reflect on reality in order to change it further. These are a few of the concepts Freire promoted and ones that should play a part in the decisions we make when considering the direction education is taking. You can learn more here. Democracy, Tolerance, Language, and Standards Freire eschewed being defined solely as a specialist in literacy. Instead, he preferred that literacy be thought of as one chapter in his critical view of education. He proposed a critical way of thinking, knowing, and working with students. Freire recognized that students needed to learn the “standard” language in order to participate in and change society. At the same time, he urged teachers to recognize the beauty of their students’ natural speech and their right of students to use it. Today’s test-driven and standards-based curriculum makes it difficult to appreciate the diversity of not only language, but also approaches to thinking, problem solving and creativity. This is one reason I believe neurodiversity is such an important concept to incorporate into education these days. What would Freire think? Do We Want Things to Stay the Same? Paolo Freire believed that “We did not come into the world to keep the world as it is. We came to change reality.” We need to decide if we want things to stay the same in terms of educational practices, or if we want things to change. We should ask ourselves: - When we send our children to school, do we encourage them to find and use their own voices? - Do we provide teachers with the means of engaging in effective dialogue with their students? - Are the activities we offer as part of daily curricula ones that encourage action and reflection? One of the most obvious tools for change that we have at our disposal today is technology. Technology can help us understand how students problem solve, individualize their learning, and extend access to world class learning programs where none previously existed. This is where we need to put our efforts, not in digitally recreating poor learning methodologies. The ultimate success of an educational system will be a citizenry of independent problem solvers who feel welcomed by and equipped to participate in a democratic process. That starts with learning. The willingness to learn comes from engagement in the learning process. Social, emotional, and democratic learning can add great value to the educational process. Sometimes we need to look back in order to discuss best steps for moving forward.

<urn:uuid:21ea95b2-2b84-4dbb-8f97-dfe7cef518ba>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://designs2learn.com/blog/pedagogy-of-the-oppressed-redux/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363418.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207201422-20211207231422-00191.warc.gz

en

The purpose of federal programs is to provide opportunities that will enhance students’ educational endeavor beginning as early as kindergarten. These programs are designed to promote student achievement as each student acquires the knowledge and skills as outlined in the State’s Curriculum Frameworks in the areas of language arts/reading and mathematics, as well as augment the character education and drug-free curriculum that is addressed in all schools. These allocations, combined with state and local funds, supplement the programs that are currently in place within the district to improve student achievement. Schools with forty percent (40%) or more children from low-income families qualify to receive schoolwide services for all students in the school funded by Title I, Part A funds. Currently, the Senatobia Municipal School District uses Title I, Part A, funds at two of our three schools that meet this criterion: Senatobia Elementary School and Senatobia Middle School. |Bernice Jackson||Amanda Roby| |Assistant Superintendent / Federal Programs Director

<urn:uuid:f4cb182f-0c2f-471e-8866-3873a724b83f>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

http://www.senatobiaschools.com/site/?page_id=106

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363418.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207201422-20211207231422-00191.warc.gz

en

How do I know if my scuba tank is aluminum or steel? To determine the type of metal, look in the middle of the first row. These days, you will most likely see either “3AA” or “3AL”. “3AA” is the markings for chrome-molybdenum steel, which is practically all steel cylinders made today. “3AL” is the designation for the aluminum alloy used in cylinder manufacturing. Why are scuba tanks made of steel? Steel is stronger and more durable than aluminum, which is why tanks made with the latter usually have thicker walls to compensate for the reduced tensile strength. Why are scuba tanks so heavy? Scuba tanks also come in different sizes. While most are no more than two and a half feet long, some are larger than this, and these naturally tend to weigh more. Larger tanks will also have more air capacity, allowing divers to stay underwater longer. (Source. Why do scuba tanks weigh so much? One is that the extra aluminum makes the tanks heavier. … Most are around two and a half feet long and weigh about 26 to 40 pounds, but the largest tanks are even bigger and heavier than this. A larger tank will also have greater air capacity, letting divers have longer bottom times. What PSI is a scuba tank? High Pressure steel scuba tanks allow up to 3442 psi to be pumped into a cylinder, while low pressure steel scuba tanks can fill up to 2640 psi. Steel dive tanks weigh more due to the material in which it’s made, requiring less weight to be used in a weight belt. How long does a scuba tank last? But how long a scuba tank lasts also directly depends on the depth at which it’s used. Based on personal experience, an average open water certified diver using a standard aluminum 80-cubic-foot tank on a 40-foot dive will be able to stay down for about 45 minutes before surfacing with a safe reserve of air. What two metals are scuba tanks made from? In Australia, the most common Scuba air tanks are made from steel. Although there are still some older, less popular, aluminium units still in circulation. Each of these metals has their own advantages and disadvantages: Steel – steel is much harder than aluminium and is more resistant to dents and other damage. Do scuba tanks explode? Exploding scuba tanks are rare and devastating events. But in cases such as the 1981 blast that cost a Lakeland man his legs, the cause of the explosions appeared to be catastrophic failure of the pressurized metal tanks — not the gases inside the tanks. Can I fill my scuba tank with an air compressor? Scuba tanks typically need to be filled at very high pressure (about 3,000 psi). Using a regular air compressor would only be able to provide a fraction of the air that scuba compressors can. Secondly, the scuba compressors have filters that are designed to purify the air that goes through them and fills the tank.

<urn:uuid:0b746dd8-f793-4303-a3e5-f6352f1a95f9>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://beachvacationsholiday.com/swim-wear/frequent-question-what-are-scuba-tanks-made-of.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363418.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207201422-20211207231422-00191.warc.gz

en

by Yulia Lomanova | December 31, 2015 7:44 am Note: the article was updated in July 2020. Software testing professionals recognize these abbreviations: SRS, FRS, and BRS. Meaning “software”, “functional”, and “business” requirement specifications, they are main document types used particularly in testing when referring to comprehensive requirements for a product, laid out by developers/business analysts, and based on the client’s needs. Among the three types of documentation, an SRS that stands for Software Requirement Specification outlines the summary of a project, covering the functionality and features of a technology, as well as the desired business goal. Since an SRS includes a framework for each team member to follow, it enhances the efficiency of the development process. All the necessary information gets prepared by system analysts, who then distribute it across different departments. While a typical SRS consists of a mix of vital functional and non-functional requirements – a perfect one would also cover use cases, tables, and diagrams to describe software interactions and provide an understanding of all technology-related elements. It appears extremely advantageous for cutting down the non-productive time and frustration. Certainly, Functional Requirement Specification (FRS) offers the main point of interest for software professionals. That is where they can learn an algorithm of the development of the operations and find a comprehensive explanation of how the software is expected to function. It is the most detailed document laid out by developers and testers, covering all the software components and expected interactions, business aspects, compliance, and security requirements. Just as developers use an FRS to understand what product they are about to create, it comes in handy for software testers to learn the scenarios in which the product is expected to be examined. The ultimate goal of an FRS is to satisfy all the requirements listed in the SRS and BRS documents. The product performance expectations, key targets, as well as other business objectives the client is seeking to achieve with a certain product, get listed in a BRS (Business Requirement Specification). This document is usually created at the initial stage of the project, highlighting the approach towards fulfilling the client’s requirements on a more general level. While the SRS and FRS provide a roadmap for developers, keeping in mind a business perspective calls for a BRS. Therefore, use cases and diagrams are not included here, leaving it to the software and functional requirements lists. Usually, the final version of the document gets reviewed by clients themselves – to check whether every step and the outcome correspond to their vision. We hope that you found this explanation handy. To get more information about Software Testing & QA, check out our services or chat with us right away! Source URL: https://blog.qatestlab.com/2015/12/31/srs-frs-brs/ Copyright ©2021 QATestLab Blog unless otherwise noted.

<urn:uuid:f49297a1-2353-43b4-af8f-c92005e715e3>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://blog.qatestlab.com/2015/12/31/srs-frs-brs/print

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363418.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207201422-20211207231422-00191.warc.gz

en

« PoprzedniaDalej » Such empty expressions are finely ridiculed in the Rehearsal : Was't not unjust to ravish hence her breath, ACT IV. Sc. What is the effect of figurative expressions?-what is their effect when exaggerated ? What sort of words are used in expressing the active passions ? -what sort for the expression of melancholy? What other circumstance is requisite to preserve the resemblance between the sound and the sense? Give examples of passion redoubling words to express strong conceptions. In what is Shakspeare superior to all other writers ? How should soliloquies where a man reasons on an important subject be carried on? What is the next class of errors noticed ? Give an example of a jingle of words--of words with no distinct meaning. Beauty of Language. Painting and sculpture are imitative fine arts ; architecture and music are productive of originals: language resembles these last, and like them copies but little from nature. The beauty of language arises from its power of expressing thought; the beauty of thought makes it appear more beautiful. This beauty is the beauty of means fitted to an end. The beauty of language arises from sound; signification; resemblance between sound and signification ; and the beauties of verse and prose. Section 1.—Beauty of Language with respect to Sound. This subject requires the following order: The sounds of the different letters come first; next, these sounds as united in syllables; third, syllables united in words; fourth, words united in a period; and, in the last place, periods united in a discourse. The vowels are sounded with a single respiration; each of the vowels, a, e, i, o, U, sound agreeably to the ear. Consonants have no sound of themselves, but serve with vowels to form articulate sounds; every syllable into which a consonant enters has more than one sound, though pronounced with one expiration of breath: every syllable is composed of as many sounds as there are letters, supposing every letter to be distinctly pronounced. In inquiring how far syllables are agreeable to the ear, we find a double sound more agreeable than a single sound; for the diphthong oi, or ai, is more agreeable than either of these vowels pronounced singly. Thus, the harmony of pronunciation differs widely from that of music; since in the latter we find many sounds which are singly agreeable, but in conjunction disagreeable. From syllables we proceed to words, of which the agreeableness or disagreeableness depends partly upon the effect of syllables in succession ; and principally from the agreeableness or disagreeableness of their component syllables. But different nations judge differently of the harshness or smoothness of articulate sounds. The English language is rough: the Italian so smooth, that vowels are frequently suppressed to produce a rougher and bolder tone. We come next to the music of words as united in a period. Periods may be constructed to ascend, or to descend, in musical harmony. The rising series, or a strong impulse succeeding a weak, makes double impression on the mind; the falling series, or a weak impulse suceeeding a strong, scarce any impression. The last article, the music of periods as united in a discourse, shall be dispatched in few words. By no other human means is it possible to present to the mind such a number of objects, and in so swift a suc as by speaking or writing; and for that reason variety ought more to be studied in these, than in any other sort of composition. Hence a rule for arranging . the members of different periods with relation to each other, that to avoid a tedious uniformity of sound and cadence, the arrangement, the cadence, and the length of the members, ought to be diversified as much as possible: and if the members of different periods be sufficiently diversified, the periods themselves will be equally so. Section II.—The Beauty of Language with respect to Signification. The present subject divides itself into parts; and what follows suggests a division into two parts. In every period, two things are to be regarded: first, the words of which it is composed; next, the arrangement of these words, the former resembling the stones that compose a building, and the latter resembling the order in which they are placed. Hence the beauty of language with respect to signification may be distinguished into two kinds: first, the beauties that arise from a right choice of words for constructing the period; and next, the beauties that arise from a due arrangement of these words. I begin with rules that direct us to a right choice of words, and then proceed to rules that concern their arrangement. And with respect to the former, communication of thought being the chief end of language, it is a rule that perspicuity ought not to be sacrificed to any other beauty whatever: if it should be doubted whether perspicuity be a positive beauty, it cannot be doubted that the want of it is the greatest defect. Nothing therefore in language ought more to be studied, than to prevent all obscurity in the expression; for to have no meaning, is but one degree worse than to have a meaning that is not understood. Want of perspicuity from a wrong. arrangement, belongs to the next branch. Obscurity from a wrong choice of words is a common error among the herd of writers; and there may be a defect in perspicuity proceeding even from the slightest ambiguity in construction; as where the period commences with a member conceived to be in the nominative case, which afterward is found to be in the objective. Another error against perspicuity, and which passes with some writers for a beauty, is the giving different names to the same object, mentioned oftener than once in the same period. The next rule, because next in importance, is, that language ought to correspond with the subject. Heroic ictions or sentiments require elevated language; tender sentiments ought to be expressed in words soft and flowing; and plain language void of ornament, is adapted to subjects grave and didactic. Language is the dress of thought: and where the one is not suited to the other, we are sensible of incongruity; as where a judge is dressed like a fop, or a peasant like a man of quality. Where the impression made by the words resembles the impression made by the thought, the similar emotions mix sweetly in the mind, and double the pleasure; but where the impressions made by the thought and the words are dissimilar, the unnatural union they are forced into is disagreeable. This concordance between the thought and the words has been observed by every critic, and is so well understood as not to require any illustration. But there is a concordance of a peculiar kind, that has scarcely been touched upon in works of criticism, though it contributes to neatness of composition. It is what follows. : In a thought of any extent, we commonly find some parts intimately united, some slightly some disjoined, and some directly opposed to each other, To find these conjunctions and disjunctions imitated. in the expression, is a beauty ; because such imitation makes the words concordant with the sense. Two members of a thought, connected by their relation to the same action, will be expressed by two members of the period governed by the same verb; in which case these members, to improve their connexion, ought to be constructed in the same manner. This beauty is common among good writers. Where two ideas are so connected, as to require but a copulative, it is pleasant to find a connexion in the words that express these ideas, were it even so slight as where both begin with the same letter. Next as to examples of disjunction and opposition Artificial connexion among words is a beauty when it represents any peculiar connexion among the con

<urn:uuid:2799bf46-25a8-439f-b883-3e71a3211628>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://books.google.pl/books?pg=PA133&vq=writers&dq=editions:OCLC12230727&id=E5FUAAAAYAAJ&hl=pl&output=html_text

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363418.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207201422-20211207231422-00191.warc.gz

en