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Carcinogenic chemicals in candles Candles create an atmosphere that may be romantic but is also laced with cancer chemicals, researchers have warned. Burning paraffin wax candles is an unrecognised source of indoor pollution, say scientists. Levels of chemicals released by candles can build up in unventilated closed rooms, the American Chemical Society's annual meeting in Washington DC was told. They include harmful substances such as toluene and benzene, which are known to cause cancer. Candle emissions could also irritate the lungs and trigger asthma attacks, said the researchers. Some cases of indoor allergy may actually be a response to inhaling candle chemicals, it was claimed. People who frequently used candles, for instance to help them relax in the bath or provide the right ambience for dinner, are most at risk. Dr Amid Hamidi, from South Carolina State University in Orangeburg, who co-led the study, said: “An occasional paraffin candle and its emissions will not likely affect you. But lighting many paraffin candles every day for years or lighting them frequently in an unventilated bathroom around a tub, for example, may cause problems.” The scientists suggested switching to candles made from beeswax or soy, which were believed to be safer. To investigate candle emissions, the researchers burned a range of candles in the laboratory and collected the mixture of substances they gave off. These were then analysed in a machine which separated out the individual elements and identified their atoms by weight. Paraffin-based candles produced “clear sharp peaks” for many chemicals. Burning candles does not produce high enough temperatures to combust the heavy molecules contained in paraffin wax completely, said the scientists. This led to the formation and emission of hazardous molecules such as toluene and benzene. Dr Joanna Owens, of Cancer Research UK, said: “There is no direct evidence that everyday use of candles can affect our risk of developing cancer. In terms of cancer, a far more significant type of indoor air pollution is second-hand cigarette smoke.” Dr Noemi Eiser, of the British Lung Foundation, said: “We would like to reassure people that occasional use of paraffin candles should not pose any risk to their lung health.”

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The greatest tragic poet of Italy ; b. at Asti (Piedmont), 17 January, 1749; d. at Florence, 8 October, 1803. He was the son of Count Antonio Alfieri and Monica Maillard de Tournon. His training (1758-66) at the Regia Academia of Turin, where, owing to his father's early death, he had been placed by his uncle, Count Benedetto Alfieri, bore no fruit. Recklessly plunging into the world at the age of sixteen, the uncontrolled master of a considerable fortune, after a short service in the Piedmontese army, he took to travelling all over Europe without any definite aim in view, urged on by an overwhelming spirit of unrest. Thus he spent his best years in disreputable intrigues, profitless roving, and the promiscuous reading of unworthy literature. French he knew well enough, but of his native tongue he had little more than a colloquial smattering. His real education was to begin soon after his twenty-ninth year, when his hitherto dormant genius suddenly kindled in him an indomitable literary ambition, which first caused him to delve into Italian, then into Latin, and, nineteen years later, into Greek with sturdy courage and unflagging perseverance. Italy lacked a tragic literature worthy of the name. Alfieri created it. Having settled at Florence in 1778, he contracted there an intimacy with Louisa von Stolberg-Gedern, Countess of Albany, the wife of Charles Edward Stuart, the Pretender. In 1792, when debauchery had brought the latter to his grave, the Countess began to share the poet's home. The criticisms of society were ignored and the lovers lived unwedded to the end. The poet's religious feelings, however, always appeared strong and sincere. He died after receiving the sacraments of the Church and was buried in Santa Croce, where a monument by Canova marks his grave. Alfieri's literary production, begun in 1778, was laborious and voluminous. His fame rests mainly on twenty-two tragedies, viz.: "Filippo," "Polinice," — both based on an extremely weird plot and exhibiting at times the beginner's hand; "Antigone," "Virginia," "Agamennone," showing greater poetic finish and maturer artistic skill; "Oreste," "Rosmunda," "Ottavia," "Timoleone," "Merope," — in which the author is at his best; "Maria Stuarda," a little below the standard previously set; "La Congiura dei Pazzi," full of vigor and poetic impetus; "Don Garzia," "Saul," this being his masterpiece; "Agide," "Sofonisba," "Bruto Primo," "Mirra," rich in striking effects; "Bruto Secondo," "Abele," "Alceste Seconda," and "Antonio e Cleopatra," which closed his repertoire. Alfieri's tragedies have been said to be cast in a form often constrained and pedantic. Even if this be true, the fault almost disappears when their forcefulness, freshness, sincerity of feeling, and inspiration are fully appreciated. Nor is the poet's fame waning in the hearts of contemporary Italy. His unrelenting hatred of tyranny, ringing through every word and line, is now more than ever acknowledged to have been the strongest literary factor in Italy's fight for political unity and independence. There is a complete edition of Alfieri's works in twenty-two volumes, by Capurro (Pisa, 1805-15). It contains, besides the tragedies, the "Vita di Vittorio Alfieri, scritta da esso," the "Misogallo," and sundry minor writings. The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes. Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912 Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online

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Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion Summary (Part 1) In Chapter 2, Mill turns to the issue of whether people, either through their government or on their own, should be allowed to coerce or limit anyone else’s expression of opinion. Mill emphatically says that such actions are illegitimate. Even if only one person held a particular opinion, mankind would not be justified in silencing him. Silencing these opinions, Mill says, is wrong because it robs “the human race, posterity as well as the existing generation.” In particular, it robs those who disagree with these silenced opinions. Mill then turns to the reasons why humanity is hurt by silencing opinions. His first argument is that the suppressed opinion may be true. He writes that since human beings are not infallible, they have no authority to decide an issue for all people, and to keep others from coming up with their own judgments. Mill asserts that the reason why liberty of opinion is so often in danger is that in practice people tend to be confident in their own rightness, and excluding that, in the infallibility of the world they come in contact with. Mill contends that such confidence is not justified, and that all people are hurt by silencing potentially true ideas. After presenting his first argument, Mill looks at possible criticisms of his reasoning and responds to them. First, there is the criticism that even though people may be wrong, they still have a duty to act on their “conscientious conviction.” When people are sure that they are right, they would be cowardly not to act on that belief and to allow doctrines to be expressed that they believe will hurt mankind. To this, Mill replies that the only way that a person can be confident that he is right is if there is complete liberty to contradict and disprove his beliefs. Humans have the capacity to correct their mistakes, but only through experience and discussion. Human judgment is valuable only in so far as people remain open to criticism. Thus, the only time a person can be sure he is right is if he is constantly open to differing opinions; there must be a standing invitation to try to disprove his beliefs. Second, there is the criticism that governments have a duty to uphold certain beliefs that are important to the well being of society. Only “bad” men would try to undermine these beliefs. Mill replies that this argument still relies on an assumption of infallibility–the usefulness of an opinion is still something up for debate, and it still requires discussion. Furthermore, the truth of a belief is integral to whether it is desirable for it to be believed. Mill observes that the assumption of infallibility about a certain question implies that one not only feels very sure about a belief, but also includes the attempt to try to decide that question for other people. It is in stifling dissenting opinions in the name of social good that some of the most horrible mistakes in human history have been made. Mill writes about Socrates and Jesus Christ, two illustrious figures in history, who were put to death for blasphemy because their beliefs were radical for their times. Mill then considers whether society should be able to censor an opinion that rejects a common moral belief or the existence of God and a future state. He gives the example of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, a just and kind man who still persecuted Christianity, failing to see its value to society. Mill argues that if one is to accept the legitimacy of punishing irreligious opinions, one must also accept that if one felt, like Marcus Aurelius did, that Christianity was dangerous, one would also be justified in punishing Christianity. Third, Mill considers the criticism that truth may be justifiably persecuted, because persecution is something that truth should have to face, and it will always survive. Mill replies that such a sentiment is harshly unfair to those who actually are persecuted for holding true ideas. By discovering something true, these people have performed a great service to humanity. Supporting the persecution of such people suggests that their contributions are not truly being valued. Mill also contends that it is wrong to assume that “truth always triumphs over persecution.” It may take centuries for truth to reemerge after it is suppressed. For example, Mill writes that the Reformation of the Catholic Church was put down twenty times before Martin Luther was successful. It is mere sentimentality to think that truth is stronger than error, although truth will tend to be rediscovered over time if it is extinguished. Fourth, Mill responds to the possible argument against him that since we do not actually put dissenters to death any more, no true opinion will ever be extinguished. Mill replies that legal persecution for opinions is still significant in society, for example in the case of blasphemy or atheism. There is also no guarantee, given general public opinion, that more extreme forms of legal persecution will not reemerge. In addition, there continues to be social intolerance of dissent. Mill argues that societal intolerance causes people to hide their views, and stifles intellectualism and independent thought. Stifling free thinking hurts truth, no matter whether a particular instance of free thinking leads to false conclusions. In Chapter 2, Mill looks exclusively at issues of freedom of thought and of opinion. It is significant that he attempts to justify the importance of this freedom by showing its social benefits–for Mill, diversity of opinion is a positive societal good. Mill’s argument that the dissenting opinion may be true brings up some important points. First, it highlights that Mill believes that moral truths do exist. Thus, in defending liberty, Mill does not say that all opinions are equally valid. Mill is not a relativist; he is not saying that all things can be true according to their circumstances. Rather, he is simply saying that any single idea might be true, and that for this reason no idea can be dismissed, since truth is a boon to progress. Second, Mill tries to show the contingency of popular beliefs about truth while going to great lengths to not actually state that any popular views about things like religion are wrong. To accomplish this, he observes that in the past people have been persecuted for what is now believed to be true. Thus, Mill creates a logical situation in which anyone reading must accept that if they support persecuting “false” views, then they are required to accept their own persecution if in the minority on a specific issue. Mill is thereby able to dismiss the persecution of “false” views, without condemning modern views as being false. Third, Mill’s examples of persecuted truths reflect some of his rhetorical strategies in this essay. Mill is very conscious of his audience in 19th century England, and he uses examples, like the crucifixion of Christ, which would certainly have resonance with his readers. This reflects a more general strategy in this essay of choosing familiar and often uncontroversial examples in order to make much broader moral claims. In reading this essay it is important to remember that England did not have the same legal protection of liberty that it has today; Mill uses examples to make his points that would not get him into trouble with the law or English society. Finally, it is worth thinking about the importance of Mill’s assumption in the existence of truth to his justification for freedom of opinion. If no one could be wrong or right, would this require tolerance and respect of difference, or could the strongest opinion simply try to defeat all others? Mill does not try to answer this question, because the existence of truth is assumed throughout. However, thinking about such issues is important in seeing how persuasive Mill can be to people who do not share all of his assumptions. Summary (Part 2) After explaining how popular opinions might be false, Mill makes three further arguments in favor of freedom of opinion. His second argument (after the argument discussed last section that the popular opinion could be false), is that even if the popular opinion is true, if it is not debated it will become “dead dogma.” If truth is simply held as a prejudice, then people will not fully understand it, and will not understand how to refute objections to it. Dissent, even if it is false, keeps alive the truth against which it dissents. Mill then turns to two potential criticisms of his argument. First, one could say that people should be taught the grounds for their opinions, and that having been taught these grounds, they do not then merely hold prejudices but really understand the basis of their opinions. Mill replies that in cases where differing opinions are possible, understanding the truth requires dispelling arguments to the contrary. If a person cannot refute objections, then he cannot properly be said to understand his own opinion. Furthermore, he must hear these objections from people who actually believe them, because it is only these people who can show the full force of the arguments. Responding to objections is so important that if no dissenters exist, it is necessary to imagine them, and to come up with the most persuasive arguments that they could make. A second criticism might be that it is not necessary for mankind in general to be familiar with potential objections to their beliefs, but only for philosophers or theologians to be thus aware. Mill replies that this objection does not weaken his argument for free discussion, because dissenters still must be given a voice with which to object to opinions. Furthermore, while in the Catholic Church there is a clear distinction between common people and intellectuals, in Protestant countries like England, every person is considered responsible for his choices. Also, in modern times it is practically impossible to keep writings that are accessible to the intellectuals from the common people. Mill then presents a third argument for the value of liberty of thought and discussion. He writes that if a true opinion is not debated, the meaning of the opinion itself may be lost. This can be seen in the history of ethical and religious beliefs–when they stop being challenged, they lose their “living power.” Mill says that Christianity faces such a situation, where people’s beliefs are not reflected in their conduct. As a result, people do not truly understand the doctrines they hold dear, and their misunderstanding leads to serious mistakes. Mill presents one possible criticism of this view. He writes that it could be asked whether it is essential for “true knowledge” for some people to hold erroneous opinions. Mill replies that having an increasing number of uncontested opinions is both “inevitable and indispensable” in the process of human improvement. However, this does not mean that the loss of debate is not a drawback, and he encourages teachers to try to compensate for the loss of dissent. Mill then turns to a fourth argument for freedom of opinion. He writes that in the case of conflicting doctrines, perhaps the most common case is that instead of one being true and one false, the truth is somewhere between them. Progress usually only substitutes one partial truth for another, the newer truth more suited to the needs of the times. Dissenting or heretical opinions often reflect the partial truths not recognized in popular opinion, and are valuable for bringing attention to a “fragment of wisdom.” This fact can be seen in politics, where differing opinions keep both sides reasonable. In any open question, the side that is least popular at the time is the side that should be most encouraged. This side reflects interests that are being neglected. Mill then looks at a criticism of this fourth argument. He says that it could be argued that some principles, such as those of Christianity, are the whole truth, and if somebody disagrees, he is completely wrong. Mill replies by saying that in many ways Christian morality is “incomplete and one-sided,” and that some of the most important ethical ideas have been derived from Greek and Roman sources. He argues that Christ himself intended his message to be incomplete, and that it is a mistake to reject secular supplements to Christian morality. Most basically, human imperfection implies that a diversity of opinion would be required to understand truth. After looking at these four arguments for liberty, Mill briefly addresses the argument that free expression should be allowed, but only if it sticks to “fair discussion.” He says that such a standard would be very hard to enforce from a practical perspective. Mill posits that it would likely only be dissenters who would be held to such a high standard of conduct. Ultimately, it is not law’s place to restrict discussion in this way; public opinion must look at individual cases, and hold both sides to the same standard. Mill makes the case that if people hold a true opinion they will benefit from hearing dissenters argue against that opinion. He also observes that he thinks most people only know partial truths, and that they might benefit from hearing other fragments of truth. This discussion reflects a particular conception of how people learn. Mill contends that people learn through debate, and through having their opinions challenged. Thus, dissenting opinions are socially useful because they help people to understand the real strength (and limitations) of their own beliefs. Mill believes that the usefulness of dissenting opinions cannot be substituted for, neither when the unpopular view is partially true, nor when it is completely false. One idea to consider when thinking about Mill’s argument is whether he has an overly idealized view of this learning process. For example, what happens when the conflicting opinions rest on fundamentally different presuppositions–are the conversations that Mill describes really possible? If people do not share the same vocabulary for discussing moral and political issues, then will they really be challenging each other, or simply talking past each other? Think about what answer Mill might give to this problem. If his answer is unconvincing, then can he still say that a diversity of opinions is socially useful? Finally, it is also worth looking at Mill’s refutation of someone who thinks that Christianity is the whole truth. Mill seems to argue that such a person misinterprets Christianity. Would this response be convincing to a person with views on Christianity that are different from Mill’s? Does Mill have other arguments that might provide a better response to this claim? More generally, Mill’s discussion of religious toleration in Chapter 2 brings up the issue of whether Mill can be convincing to people whose beliefs demand intolerance of those who disagree with them. Since Mill is using social benefit as the basis of his justification for liberty, it would seem that a person who believes in intolerance could simply say that any benefits of free opinion are outweighed by allowing something evil to be expressed. Think about how persuasive such a critique is, given Mill’s claims about the need for dissent in order to truly understand one’s own opinions.

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December 5, 2012 The HSUS’ South Florida Wildlife Center Conducts Workshop for Solving Conflicts with Coyotes Combination of education and innovative coyote hazing allows people, pets and wildlife to peacefully coexist Due to an increased number of coyote sightings throughout Broward County, Fla., The Humane Society of the United States’ South Florida Wildlife Center, in collaboration with Broward County Animal Care and Adoption, held two workshops featuring successful techniques for humanely resolving conflicts with coyotes. “The South Florida Wildlife Center took great pride in presenting expert Lynsey White Dasher, renowned urban wildlife specialist from The Humane Society of the United States, as the featured speaker at these workshops,” said Sherry Schlueter, executive director of the SFWC. “Ms. White Dasher presented information on basic coyote ecology and behavior, as well as the most current research findings on the types and causes of conflicts between humans and coyotes.” The first workshop featured tips for protecting pets from coyotes, reducing coyote attractants in neighborhoods and hazing bold coyotes. Coyote hazing helps restore the fear of humans back into habituated coyotes and involves the systematic use of deterrents including noisemakers, projectiles and water hoses. “Although coyote conflicts are still relatively rare in Broward County, it’s an excellent idea to take a proactive approach toward educating residents about coyotes,” said Dasher. “Public education and coyote hazing are not only more humane solutions for resolving these conflicts, but they are also more effective and longer-lasting than the proven failures of lethal measures.” The HSUS held an additional workshop for Broward County animal control and police officers to further train officers in responding to coyote calls and to promote humane deterrents when conflicts arise in urban environments. “We are excited to partner with The Humane Society of the United States to educate our residents, staff and first responders about coyotes in Broward County,” said Lisa Mendheim, public education coordinator, Broward County Animal Care. For more information about solving conflicts with coyotes, please visit humanesociety.org/coyotes. The Humane Society of the United States South Florida Wildlife Center’s mission is Protecting Wildlife through Rescue, Rehabilitation and Education. For hospital admissions, call 954-524-4302, ext. 10; for adoptions, 954-524-4302, ext. 15; to volunteer, call 954-524-4302, ext. 40; to make a donation, 954-524-4302, ext. 52, and to speak with the executive director, 954-524-4302, ext. 16. The SFWC is located at 3200 Southwest Fourth Avenue, Fort Lauderdale. Media Contact: Kaitlin Sanderson: 301-721-6463; firstname.lastname@example.org

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Chapter 17: Windows, Dialogs, Frames, and Menus The exercises here are taken from my forthcoming book The Java Developer's Resource. - What's the difference between a Frame and a Dialog? - What's the difference between a Menu and a MenuBar? - What's the difference between a Menu and a MenuItem? - Why wouldn't you create a Menu inside the MenuBar's add method like you create MenuItem's inside a Menu's add method? - It's a little silly to ask the user if they are sure they want to start global thermonuclear war and then only provide an OK button. Write an OK-Cancel Dialog class that produces a modal dialog with two buttons, OK and Cancel. Make the constructor protected. However include a static method that creates a new instance of the OKCancel class and handles user input. This method should take a single String as an argument and return a boolean indicating whether the OK or the Cancel button was pressed. The dialog should dismiss itself when a button is pressed. Make sure a long String is handled reasonably (that is wrap it to fit the box). - Create a subclass of the OKCancel dialog that has buttons for "Yes" and "No" instead. - Revise Program 17.6 so that instead of printing the Menu Choice on System.out it pops up an Alert Dialog from Program 17.3 with the MenuChoice. - Use exercise 1 to revise Program 17.6 so that it asks the user to confirm each menu selection. [ Exercises | Cafe Au Lait | Trade Shows | Links | FAQ | User Groups ] Copyright 1996 Elliotte Rusty Harold Last Modified August 20, 1996

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This, the centre argues, could offer a springboard for rekindling interest in language learning, in the wake of plummeting numbers taking French and German at GCSE and A-level following the Government's decision to make languages voluntary from the age of 14. Instead of seeing it as a problem that so many students in the UK have English as a second or alternative language, we should be celebrating the fact that we have such a diverse language culture in our schools. Indeed, we should try to encourage some of our monolingual English students to join in the learning of a community language. Sir Digby Jones, director general of the Confederation of British Industry, should approve of that. Four of the languages that are gaining in popularity are Chinese, Russian, Urdu and Portuguese. Just before the A-level results were announced, Sir Digby argued that more pupils should take up Chinese or Russian because these countries are where the markets of the future will be based. A survey at the weekend added India and Brazil to the nations likely to be dominating the world as we approach the middle of the 21st century. The good news is that we should have enough speakers of these tongues to enable them to pass on their knowledge to others. It may be that after-school clubs will have to be set up so that the speakers of, for example, Portuguese and Gujerati can come into the schools to help the teachers. Such a drive would also be given impetus by the Government's move to treat language qualifications like those for musical instruments, whereby pupils can be awarded grades at any age when they have mastered the knowledge and skills. The future for languages in the United Kingdom need not be bleak if we abandon the notion that we have to stick rigidly to French and German as the two main languages pupils should be learning. Welcome to a brave new world in which pupils learn Urdu, Bengali, Gujerati, Panjabi, Mandarin and Portuguese.

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Step 12: Layout coils Once again, follow the template. This is by far the most confusing part, and I think the template should really help. Lay down one group (e.g. "A"), then another, then another. Check that the current all flows one way. That is, if you imagine an electron running through the coils, it always enters the coil from one particular side and exits from another. Just don't cross the wires over, and you should be fine. The arrows on template should help you think about how the electrons should be running through the coil wraps. Now glue those coils down. Glue 'em down good. Once that's set, solder the remaining three ends together (the ones not soldered to thick wire that should be sticking out of the "4" coils). This is the neutral point. In our circuit, you won't need to access this junction again, so you can tape it down or otherwise hide it under the coils' base, along with excess lengths of the other connections. In fact, the more you can do to tidy up stray wires, the better. A malfunctioning turbine that comes out of its divots has a nasty tendency to grab exposed wire and tear it up. Fun to watch, but hell to repair. What you should have left are the three thicker wires connected to the "1" coils on each of the groups. This will lead into the AC to DC conversion circuit.

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- About Us - Career Center - Nano-Social Network - Nano Consulting - My Account April 18th, 2007 Romero's first-place project was "Finding a Beneficial Use for Produced Water." Romero, in her fourth year working on the subject, has learned produced water from oil and gas drilling is useful in potash mining. Romero found this situation true when a nanotechnology membrane was employed to hold back the hydrocarbons and allow the salt and water to pass. She has also studied use of produced water for irrigation. "Since there's such a scarcity of water here in New Mexico, I wanted to find another source of water for irrigation and other uses of water," Romero said. "And produced water is a large source." Much of that water is now disposed of as hazardous water, she continued. |Related News Press| Yale researchers’ technology turns wasted heat into power June 27th, 2016 FEI Launches Helios G4 DualBeam Series for Materials Science: The Helios G4 DualBeam Series features new capabilities to enable scientists and engineers to answer the most demanding and challenging scientific questions June 27th, 2016 Mille-feuille-filter removes viruses from water May 19th, 2016 First single-enzyme method to produce quantum dots revealed: Biological manufacturing process, pioneered by three Lehigh University engineers, produces equivalent quantum dots to those made chemically--but in a much greener, cheaper way May 9th, 2016 Call for NanoArt and Art-Science-Technology Papers June 9th, 2016 Are humans the new supercomputer?Today, people of all backgrounds can contribute to solving serious scientific problems by playing computer games. A Danish research group has extended the limits of quantum physics calculations and simultaneously blurred the boundaries between mac April 14th, 2016

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The first two decades of the 16th century witnessed the harmonious balance and elevated conception of High Renaissance style, perfected in Florence and Rome by Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo. It brought together a seamless blend of form and meaning. In Venice, Bellini, Giorgione, and Titian devoted themselves to an art that was more sensual, with luminous color and a tactile handling of paint, preoccupations that would attract Venetian artists for generations, including Tintoretto and Veronese later in the century. In the 1520s, Florence and Rome, but not Venice, saw a stylistic shift following the social and political upheaval ensuing from the disastrous Sack of Rome. Mannerism, as practiced by Bronzino, Pontormo, and Rosso, was a self-consciously elegant style that traded naturalism for artifice, employing unnaturally compressed space, elongated figures, and acid color. While mannerism became popular internationally, and lingered in northern Europe, by around 1580 it had fallen out of favor in Italy. One factor was the desire of the Church, challenged by the Protestant Revolution, to connect with the faithful. In place of mannerism’s ingenuous complications and artificiality, the Counter-Reformation Church required painting that was direct and emotionally resonant. The “reform of painting,” as it was called, was launched by two brothers and a cousin in Bologna: Annibale, Agostino, and Lodovico Carracci. They established an academy that emphasized drawing from life and looked to inspiration from Titian and other Renaissance masters, restoring the naturalism and classical balance of the early 16th century.

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A recent Danish study suggests that you may not need expensive cardiac testing to determine your risks of heart disease. Just look in the mirror. People who look old--with receding hairlines, bald heads, creases near their earlobes, or bumpy deposits on their eyelids--have a greater chance of developing heart disease than younger-looking people the same age. "Looking old for your age marks poor cardiovascular health," said Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. Tybjaerg-Hansen led a research study which documented the differences between biological and chronological age. A small consolation: Wrinkles elsewhere on the face and gray hair seemed just ordinary consequences of aging and did not correlate with heart risks. The research involved 11,000 Danish people and began in 1976. At the start, the participants were age 40 and older. Researchers documented their appearance, tallying crow's-feet, wrinkles, and other signs of age. In the next 35 years, 3,400 participants developed heart disease (clogged arteries) and 1,700 suffered a heart attack. The risk of these problems increased with each additional sign of aging present at the start of the study. This was true at all ages and among men and women, even after taking into account other factors such as family history of heart disease. Those with three to four of these aging signs--receding hairline at the temples, baldness at the crown of the head, earlobe creases, or yellowish fatty deposits around the eyelids--had a 57 percent greater risk for heart attack and a 39 percent greater risk for heart disease compared with people with none of these signs. Having yellowish eyelid bumps, which could be signs of cholesterol buildup, conferred the most risk, researchers found. Baldness in men has been tied to heart risk before, possibly related to testosterone levels. They could only guess why earlobe creases might raise risk.

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Global internet speeds have been slowed by what is being described as the biggest internet attack in history, with banking and email systems reportedly at risk. An issue ignited by a spat between spam-filtering setup Spamhaus and a large scale hosting firm, the initial row has since sparked a widespread spat centring around continuing cyber-attacks, with the knock-on effect being a global slowing of internet speeds. Having started to affect the wider internet, the reported ‘biggest attack in history’ has reportedly seen web users struggle to load and utilise streaming services such as Netflix and LOVEFiLM. What’s more, experts have suggested that if the problems continue more essential services such as email systems and online banking could be brought down the attacks. A London and Geneva based non-profit organisation which attempts to aid email providers in filtering out spam and other unwanted content, Spamhaus recently added servers run by Cyberbunker, a Dutch web host which promises to host almost any content, to its blocklists of suspected malicious activity. With Distribution Denial of Service (DDoS) tactics having since been implemented to bring Spamhaus to its knees, an attacking method of flooding a site with large volumes of traffic in a bid to render it unreachable, the filtering service has since pointed the finger of guilt at Cyberbunker. Describing the attacks as unprecedented, Steve Linford, CEO of Spamhaus, stated: “We’ve been under this cyber-attack for well over a week.” He added: “They are targeting every part of the internet infrastructure that they feel can be brought down. We can’t be brought down.” Said to have expanded to include “criminal gangs” from Eastern Europe and Russia, the cyber-police-forces of five nations are now reportedly investigating the attacks. Describing the method and implications of these internet affecting attacks, Professor Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity expert from the University of Surrey told the BBC: “If you imagine it as a motorway, attacks try and put enough traffic on there to clog up the on and off ramps. “With this attack, there’s so much traffic it’s clogging up the motorway itself.”

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The Wedge from Substituting Wind H2 Fuel Cell for Gasoline in Hybrid Car A wedge can be achieved through eliminating tailpipe carbon emissions: - H2 is produced by wind power instead of fossil fuel power. - Wind power output is 10,000 TWh/y that needs 4000 GW capacity, which can be achieved by 4 million 1 MWp windmills. As we already saw in Section 2 of the Supporting On-Line Material (Energy Efficiency and Conservation), a wedge is available from more efficient light-duty vehicles. Specifically, we considered cars on the road in 2054, driven 10,000 miles per year, and achieving either 60 mpg or 30 mpg. As in Section 2 of the Supporting On-Line Material, we attribute 3 kgC of carbon emissions to each gallon of conventional fuel, thereby including a 25% overhead on a fuel carbon intensity of 2.4 kgC/gallon. Then, these cars emit, annually, either half a ton of carbon (at 60 mpg) or a full ton of carbon (at 30 mpg). A strategy that puts on the road in 2054 two billion 60 mpg cars, instead of two billion 30 mpg cars, is a wedge. Clearly, a second wedge can be obtained if these two billion 60- mpg cars run on hydrogen, as long as the carbon emissions associated with the hydrogen production are negligible. Let us first assume that the substitution of energy as hydrogen for energy as gasoline is one-for-one. Invoking the useful fact that the energy content (lower heating value) of 1 U.S. gallon of gasoline and 1 kg of hydrogen are both almost exactly the same (120 MJ), the one-for-one assumption, therefore, means one ton of hydrogen fuel backs out three tons of carbon emissions at the tailpipe. The hydrogen vehicle gets 60 miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent and is driven 10,000 miles per year, so it requires 170 kg of hydrogen fuel per year and backs out 500 kg of carbon per year in conventional fuels. Two billion cars require 330 million tons of hydrogen per year and back out 330 billion gallons of gasoline or diesel fuel (containing 1 GtC) per year. Treating the energy stored in hydrogen and stored in gasoline as equivalent leaves out many critical issues. Hydrogen scores less well than gasoline from the perspective of safety and storage. Hydrogen scores better than gasoline, if the full promise of fuel cells can be realized. The NRC Report postulates that fuel cells deliver a 67% premium in energy efficiency for hydrogen, relative to hybrid vehicles running on hydrocarbons (S38, Chapter 4); 100 mpg-equivalent fuel cell cars would displace 60 mpg gasoline or diesel cars, for example1. Then, each kilogram of hydrogen fuel backs out five kilograms of carbon in conventional fuel, and each 100-mpgequivalent hydrogen car requires 100 kgH2 per year and prevents 500 kgC/y of tailpipe emissions. Where two billion 60-mpg-equivalent cars required 330 million tons of hydrogen per year, two billion cars with a fuel economy of 100-mpgequivalent require 200 million tons of hydrogen per year. For the remainder of this section, we will assume the hydrogen fuel cell cars achieve 100 mpg-equivalent, and we will identify several wedges, each associated with a different way of producing, annually, 200 MtH2 of carbon-free hydrogen, or an appropriately larger amount of low-carbon hydrogen. We discuss three ways in which renewable energy can produce wedges by decarbonizing fuel. Hydropower, wind power, and photovoltaic electricity can produce hydrogen via electrolysis. Direct sunlight can provide heat that backs out fossil fuels used for space and water heating in buildings. And, plant matter (biomass) can be converted into fuels. Electrolytic Hydrogen from Renewables Electrolyzers producing hydrogen do not know the difference between renewable electricity, nuclear electricity, and other sources of electricity. Thus, the result above, that 1 kg of hydrogen can be produce from 52.5 kWh of electricity, based on the NRC electrolyzer, holds for renewable energy as well. A wedge from our car substitution strategy requires 10,000 TWh/y of renewable electricity. This may be compared to the 2002 global rate of production of electricity from hydropower, 2650 TWh/y, four times less and almost exactly the same as the rate of production of electricity from nuclear energy (S33, p. 411). While nuclear electricity comes only at large unit scale and must be grid-connected, renewable electricity comes at all scales. It can produce distributed power, and it can produce grid-independent power. A wedge from 10,000 TWh/y of renewable electricity making hydrogen that eliminates tailpipe carbon emissions could be produced by four million 1 MWp windmills or four hundred million 10 kWp photovoltaic arrays, operating at 30 percent capacity factor. S33 International Energy Agency, 2002. World Energy Outlook 2002. Paris, France: OECD/IEA. By subscription: http://library.iea.org/dbtwwpd/ Textbase/nppdf/stud/02/weo2002_1.pdf. S38 National Research Council, 2004. The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.

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The relevance of creation Special 16 Page Centre Liftout—Casebook II Background Considerations Evolution: A Belief System Most people have the wrong idea of what the creation/evolution question is all about. They don’t understand the real issues involved and think that evolution is a scientific theory. Evolution, however, is not a scientific theory; it is a belief system about the past. We don’t have the past; we only have the present! All the fossils, all the living animals and plants, the world, the universe -everything exists in the present. We cannot test the past using the scientific method (which involves repeating things and watching them happen), since all evidence we have is in the present. Evolution is a belief about the past which describes the way some people think the evidence came to be here in its present state. It is important to understand that by definition, creation is also a belief about the past which describes the way in which the evidence in the present came to be. The difference is that we base our understanding of creation upon a book which claims to be the Word of One who knows everything there is to know about everything-who was there and who is able to tell us what happened. On the other hand, evolution comes from the words of men who were not there. This whole issue revolves around whether we believe the words of God who was there, or the words of men (no matter how qualified) who were not there. Many think of scientists as people in white lab coats objectively searching for the truth. But scientists come in two basic forms, male and female, and they are just like you and me-they have beliefs and biases. Bias determines what you do with the evidence; the way in which you think certain evidence is more relevant or important than other evidence. Scientists, then, cannot be objectively searching for the truth in this matter. They are therefore not neutral. They all start with beliefs which determine what they do with the evidence. As we look around the world today, we see things happening which are disturbing and alarming to Christians, because they are largely unable to understand why they are happening. We see more and more marriages breaking up, people not bothering about marriage, an increase in homosexuality and lesbianism, families not functioning in the way they used to, children not coming or not being sent to Sunday School like they used to. There is a great increase in disrespect for authority, and lawlessness is ever on the rise. Things occur which were unheard of a generation ago-e.g. a school in Australia featured a display of ‘good art’ by the students, which consisted of the carcasses of two dead cats stuck inside a frame, as well as some dead, rotting seagulls hanging by their necks from the ceiling as a mobile! The Church is not as effective as it once was. With few exceptions, it is either just maintaining itself or, in many instances, running down. People find it hard to evangelise. Evangelists don’t get the response of previous years. Why not? To begin to understand this, we must first of all consider the relevance of Creation from Genesis. In John 5:46-47, we read of Jesus Christ’s words, ‘For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me: for he wrote of me. But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?’ Then in Luke 16, Jesus quotes Abraham as saying (v.31), ‘If they don’t believe the writings of Moses, they are not going to be persuaded even if one rose from the dead.’ Both references underline the paramount importance placed on the writings of Moses, beginning with Genesis. In Acts 28:23, we read that Paul in Rome preached unto them Jesus from Moses and the prophets. These are all references to the writings of Moses, and in particular there is one book of Moses which is referred to more often in the rest of the Bible than any other book. The book of Genesis is referred to, or quoted from, in the rest of the Scriptures more than any other. But in Theological and Bible Colleges, in Christian and non-Christian circles, which book of the Bible is the most attacked, mocked, scoffed at, kicked, stood on, thrown out, allegorised and mythologized? It’s Genesis! The book that is quoted from more than any other is the one that is most attacked, disbelieved, or ignored. Why is that so? The Foundations under attack Psalm 11:3 states, ‘If the foundations be destroyed, what can the righteous do?’ If you destroy the foundations of anything, the structure will collapse. If you want to destroy any building, the best way is to destroy the foundations. Likewise, if you want to destroy Christianity, destroy the foundations which are established in the book of Genesis. Is it any wonder that Satan is attacking Genesis more than any other book? The Biblical doctrine of origins, as contained in the book of Genesis, is foundation to all other doctrines of Scripture. Refute or undermine in any way the Biblical doctrine of origins, and the rest of the Bible is undermined. Every single Biblical doctrine of theology, directly or indirectly, ultimately has its basis in the book of Genesis. Therefore, if you do not have a believing understanding of that book (not just believing it is true, but believing and understanding what it says), you cannot hope to attain full understanding of what Christianity is all about. You are fooling yourself if you think you understand what Christianity is all about if you don’t understand the book of Genesis. Why do I make such statements? Well, the meaning of anything is tied up with its origins. If you want to understand the meaning of anything, you must understand its origins -its basis. Genesis is the only book that provides an account of the origin of all the basic entities of life and the universe-the origin of life, of man, of government, of marriage, of culture, of nations, of death, the chosen people, of sin and clothes: so it goes on and on. The meaning of all these things is dependent on their origin. In the same way, the meaning and purpose of the Christian Gospel depends on the origin of the problem for which the Savior’s death was and is the solution, as we shall see later. If you are not a Christian, consider these questions. ‘Are you married? Why? Do you believe it is a man, for a woman for life? Why not six wives? Or six husbands? What happens if your son comes home and says, ‘Dad, I am going to marry Bill tomorrow’? Would you say, ‘You can’t do that, son! It’s not the done thing!’? ‘Yes it is, Dad. There are even Churches that will marry us.’ If you are not a Christian, what will you say to your son? Consider why you wear clothes. Is it to keep warm? What then if you live in the tropics? Is it to look nice? If these are your only reasons, why wear clothes? Why not take them off if you want to, where you want to? Does it really matter if you go nude publicly? Ultimately, the only reason for insisting that clothes must be worn is if there is a moral reason. If there is a moral reason, it must have a basis somewhere, and therefore there must be standards connected to the moral reason. What then are the standards? Many girls in our culture (including Christians) just accept the fashions of the day, (e.g. show off their bodies and breasts). Parents, what about the training of your children? What do you say to them about clothes? Why Law and Morality? Consider another area. What do you tell your children about laws? Perhaps you tell them some things are right and some are wrong, but do you ever explain to them where right and wrong came from? Would you say we have right and wrong because God has given us laws? If so, why is that? Why does He have a right to say what is right and what is wrong? Why Sin and Death? Or, suppose someone came up to you and said, ‘You Christians are saying that we need Jesus Christ, that we need to confess our sins. What is sin? Why do we need Him anyway? Besides, God can’t be who He says He is. If He is, like you say, a God of love, look at all the death and suffering in the world. How can that be?’ What would you say? Sadly, the average Christian could not answer any of the above questions in defense of his faith. Because Christians cannot answer these questions adequately, they cannot pass that information on to their children who in turn cannot pass it on to the next generation. The net result is generations of wishy-washy Christians who believe in many things but are not sure why. They have beliefs in marriage, in wearing clothes, a belief that some things are right and others wrong, and a belief in Jesus to save them from their sin-but ask them why and they don’t really know. Yet, the Lord commands us in 1 Peter 3:15, ‘… be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you …’ Let us consider these point by point. When Jesus was asked concerning divorce in Matthew 19, He immediately referred to the origin of the basis of marriage. He said, ‘Haven’t you read that He that made them in the beginning made them male and female?’ and then said, ‘For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother and cleave unto his wife and they shall be one flesh.’ Where did He quote from? Genesis. In fact, He quoted from Genesis, chapters 1 and 2 in the same verse-for those who wrongly say Genesis 1 and 2 are two different accounts of Creation! What He was saying was this: ‘Don’t you understand- the reason for marriage is that there is a historical basis.’ If we didn’t have this historical basis, we wouldn’t have marriage. This is why, if you are not a Christian and you believe in marriage, you are being totally inconsistent because you have no basis for it. The only basis is in the Scriptures. You can say it is convenient for you, but you can’t tell your son he can’t marry Bill. You would have no justification. Now if we go back to Genesis, we read how God took dust and made a man. From the man’s side He made a woman. They were one flesh. Adam’s first recorded words were, ‘She is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh.’ They were one flesh. That is why, when you get married, you become one, because it has this historical basis. If it didn’t it couldn’t be so. Also you are to cleave to one another just as if you had no parents. Just like Adam and Eve who had no parents. We know it is to be a heterosexual relationship. Why? Because God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Bruce. He made a man and a woman. That is the only basis for marriage, and that’s why we know that homosexual behaviour and desire is evil, a perverse and unnatural deviancy. It is time the Church stood up against the increasing acceptance of homosexuality as somehow natural or normal or as an ‘acceptable alternative.’ Paul couldn’t write about homosexuality in the way he does in Romans if he didn’t have that historical basis. What about the rest of the teaching on marriage? There is another aspect which has to do with the family and it is the reason many Christian families go to pieces or the kids go astray. In the majority of Christian homes today it is usually the mother who teaches the children spiritually. What a shameful thing it is that the fathers have not taken on their God-given responsibility! When you look at the biblical roles given to fathers and mothers, it is the fathers who are given the responsibility of providing for their children, providing the family’s spiritual and physical needs (Isaiah 38:19). Mothers are just as much to blame for taking it on themselves. One of the things that happens as a result of this role reversal is that the sons often stop coming to Church, though the daughters may keep coming. Then the Christian girls have no Christian boys to marry, and so end up disobeying the Lord by marrying non-Christians. Many girls go to the mission field, but not many males. A major reason why there are so many problems in Christian families today is that fathers have not taken on the responsibility of being priests in their household as they are commanded. A father is to be a priest to his wife and children. It is not however a boss relationship where men despotically lord it over women. Women’s liberationists think the Bible teaches that in marriage, the idea of a woman having to be in subjection to her husband, means that he is boss in a tyrannical sense. Unfortunately, many Christians think like this also. However, it doesn’t mean that at all. Anyone who uses these Biblical role-absolutes to justify one person seeking power over another has somehow missed the whole message of Jesus Christ (Eph. 5:21, Jn. 13:5). If you do not adopt the God-given roles set out in Scripture, you will find that your family will not work. If you are not a Christian and you believe in marriage, just remember you have no basis for it. You are being totally inconsistent and you could never justify to your daughter why she should marry a man nor to your son why he should marry a woman. Why do we wear clothes? If there is a moral basis, you have a reason. If there is no moral basis, there is no reason except perhaps convenience. But there is a moral basis if you go back to the Scriptures. We read in Genesis that when God made Adam and Eve they were naked. But sin came into the world, and sin distorts anything. Sin distorts nakedness. Immediately Adam and Eve knew they were naked, and they tried to make a pair of pants out of fig leaves. They still saw their nakedness. God came and killed animals and gave them coats. This was the first blood sacrifice. It was a covering for their sin. The same word for these animal-skin coats is used of the priest’s coat. It means a complete covering or ‘atonement.’ Now, let’s be realistic on these issues. Men are very easily aroused sexually. That is why semi-naked women are used in T.V. advertisements, etc. Parents need to explain to their daughters how easily a man is aroused sexually by a woman’s body. They need to know, because many of them do not understand what happens to a man, and you need to tell them. The New Testament says that if a man lusts after a woman in his heart, he commits adultery in his heart. (Sin distorts nakedness). Many Christian girls go bra-less and wear clingy T-shirts or wear clingy clothes to show off their breasts or sexual parts. You can see the boys’ eyes follow them around. But what is happening? Many of those fellows are committing fornication or adultery in their hearts for which they and the girls will have to answer. What we should say is this—there is a moral basis for wearing clothes, because of what sin does to nakedness. We must understand how men are created, that they were designed to be easily aroused sexually and respond to one woman this wife, and this was and is necessary for procreation in marriage. Therefore, clothing should minimise to the greatest extent any stumbling block laid in a man’s way. But a man is no less guilty if he succumbs to the ‘second look.’ Don’t simply accept the fashions of today. There is a moral basis for clothing. Therefore, there are standards. Knowing what men are like and knowing what sin does to nakedness, you thus have a basis for understanding what the standards should be. Law and Morality In many Christian homes the parents have certain beliefs about marriage and clothing. They say to their teenagers, ‘You can’t wear that.’ The teenagers reply, ‘But why not?’, ‘Because it is not the Christian thing’, answer the parents. ‘Why not?’ ask the teenagers again. ‘Because Christians don’t wear that,’ the parents insist. ‘Why not?’ the reply comes. And so comes a real imposed legalism. What a difference it makes when the parents use Genesis as a basis to explain to their children why they must do this or that with regard to marriage, clothing, etc., rather than parents saying, ‘This is what you will do,’ and imposing it on their children with no basis. Why is there right and wrong (e.g. The Ten Commandments)? Remember the story in Matthew 19 when the man came to Jesus and said to Him, ‘Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life?’ Jesus replied, ‘Why do you call me good? There is none good but one, that is God …’ How do you decide if something is right or wrong or good or bad? God, the only one who is good, created us and therefore owns us. Thus, we are obligated to Him and we must obey Him. He has a right to set the rules. He knows everything there is to know about everything (i.e. has absolute knowledge), and therefore we must obey. That is why we have absolutes, why there are standards, and why there is right and wrong. Now, if you are not a Christian and you think some things are right and some are wrong—why do you think like that? You have no basis for such a decision. Where do you get your standards from? How do you decide what is good and bad? Most of the non-Christians who believe there is right and wrong are practicing the Christian ethic but they haven’t the basis for it. The evolutionary philosophy says, ‘There is no God. All is the result of chance randomness. Death and struggle are the order of the day, not only now but indefinitely into the past and future.’ If this is true, there is no basis for right and wrong. In the book of Judges we read that when they had no king to tell them what to do, they all did what was right in their own eyes. When there is no absolute authority, you can do whatever is convenient to you. And if people start believing in a world view called evolution, they are going to say, ‘There is no God. Why should I obey authority? Why should there be rules against aberrant sexual behaviour? Why should there he rules against abortion? After all, evolution tells us we are all animals. So, killing babies by abortion is the same as chopping off the head of a fish or chicken.’ The Consequences of Rejecting God and His Absolutes Missionaries were sent to New Guinea because there were many so-called pagan and primitive people there. Missionaries recount that in one tribe, which has since ceased to be cannibals, men would race into a village, grab a man by the hair, pull him back, tense his abdomen muscles, get a bamboo knife and slit open his abdomen, pull out his intestines, cut up his fingers, and while he was still alive, eat him until he finally died. People hear that and say, ‘Oh, what primitive savages!’ They were not primitive savages! Their ancestor was a man called Noah. The Indians’ ancestor was a man called Noah, the Eskimos’ ancestor was a man called Noah. Your ancestor was a man called Noah and Noah had the knowledge of God and could build ships. His descendants could make musical instruments, build a big tower, and practice agriculture. What happened to the New Guinea natives is that somewhere in their history, as Romans 1 tells us, they rejected the knowledge of God and they were turned over to foolish, perverse and degenerate things. However, this same degeneracy can be seen in so-called civilised nations that cut people up alive all year long-one and a half million of them in the U.S.A. each year—and it is legalised. This is what abortion is -cutting people up alive and sucking out the bits and pieces. If you talk with people in Bible studies about abortion, they will often say, ‘What do you think?’ ‘What if my daughter was raped?’ or ‘What if the embryo was known to be deformed? What do you think? What is right in your eyes?’ That’s humanism. Christians who say this, don’t understand what the Bible is all about. It is not just a book which we add to our life and thinking. Our thinking must start with that book, the Bible. Your bias determines the framework for your world view. That is why the Bible must be the basis for locking ourselves into the right framework. That is why you must start there. Because we have an absolute, i.e. One who knows everything, He can give us the basis for coming to the right conclusions about anything in this world. Christians should start with what our absolute tells us in order to understand these things. If we go to our absolute, we only have to read Psalm 51, Psalm 139, and Jeremiah 1, to find that at the point of conception we receive a God-consciousness and a sinful nature that distinguishes us from animals. At the point of conception we are human-thus abortion is murder and there are no other options. Do Christians make a stand on that? Why does Paul say, ‘Stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye have been taught …’ (2 Thess. 2:15)? Do we stand fast or do we waver? Do we think that we have no right to impose our views on society? What we are seeing in our society today as a result of the evolutionary philosophy, is an outward expression, in more and more of its naked ferocity, of the rejection of God and His absolutes. Thus the increasing popularity of abortion. The Gospel, Sin and Death What is the Gospel message? When God made man, He made him perfect. He made the first two people, Adam and Eve, and placed them in the Garden of Eden where they had a special, very beautiful relationship with God. When He made them, He gave them a free will—they could choose—and they chose to rebel against God. This rebellion is called sin. All sin comes under the banner of rebellion against God and His will. As a result of that rebellion in Eden, a number of things happened. First, man was cut off from God. That separation is called spiritual death. On its own, the final effect of this would have been living forever in our sinful bodies, eternally separated from God. Imagine living with Hitler and Stalin forever! Imagine living in a horrible sinful state forever. But something else happened. Romans 5:12 tells us that as a result of man’s actions came sin, and as a result of sin came death; but not just spiritual death, as some theologians claim. To confirm this, you only have to go to 1 Cor. 15:20 where Paul talks about the physical death of the first Adam and the physical death of Christ, the last Adam. Or Genesis 3, where God expelled Adam and Eve from the Garden so that they would not eat of the tree of life and live forever. Physical death as well as spiritual death resulted from their sin. Why did God send death? Three aspects of death should be considered carefully: 1. God, as a righteous judge, who cannot look upon sin, had to judge sin. He had warned Adam that, ‘dying, thou shalt die.’ The curse of death placed upon the world was and is a just and righteous judgement from God who is the judge. 2. One of the aspects of man’s rebellion was separation from God. The loss of a loved one through death shows the sadness of the separation between those left behind and the one who has departed this world. This parting should remind us of what sin did and how great a gulf has occurred between God and man as a result of sin. When we consider how sad it is when a loved one dies, it should remind us of the terrible consequences of sin which separated Adam from the perfect relationship he had with God. This separation was passed on to all of mankind. 3. Another aspect of death which many people miss is that God sent death because He loved us so much. God is love, and, strange as it may sound, we should really praise Him for that curse He placed on us! God did not want man to be cut off from Him for eternity because of his rebellion. Imagine living in a sinful state for eternity, separated from God! But He loved us too much for that so He did a very wonderful thing. In placing on us the curse of physical death, He provided a way to redeem man back to Himself, in the person of Jesus Christ, who suffered that curse on the cross for us. ‘He tasted death for every man,’ (Heb. 2:9). By becoming the perfect sacrifice for our sin of rebellion, He conquered death. He took the penalty which should rightly have been ours at the hands of a righteous judge, and bore it in His own body on the cross. All who believe in Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour are received back to God to spend eternity with Him. Isn’t that a wonderful message? THAT IS THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY. Man forfeited his special position through sin, and as a result God placed upon him the curse of death so he could be redeemed back to God. What a wonderful thing God did! On Good Friday, we remember Jesus being nailed to the cross, thus saying ‘No’ to what Adam did. On Easter Sunday, we remember His rising from the grave, which says ‘yes’ to mankind. But evolution destroys the very basis of this message of love. The evolutionary process is one of death and struggle, cruelty, brutality and ruthlessness. It is a ghastly fighting for survival, elimination of the weak, and of the deformed. This is what evolution is all about—death and struggle bringing man into existence: death over millions of years. It is an onward, upward ‘progression’ leading to man. Yet, what does the Bible say in Romans 5:12? ‘Man’s actions led to sin, which led to death.’ In other words, evolutionists would say death and struggle led to man’s existence. The Bible says man’s rebellious actions led to death. These statements cannot both be true. One denies the other-they are diametrically opposed. That is why the compromisers who claim to hold both positions at the same time (e.g. theistic evolutionists) are destroying the basis of the Gospel. If life formed in an onward ‘progression,’ how was man to fall upward? What is sin? Sin then becomes an inherited animal characteristic, and is not due to the fall of man through disobedience. The many Christians who accept the belief of evolution and add God to it, destroy the very foundation of the Gospel message they are professing to believe. Even the atheists realise this, as seen in the quote from the article by G. Richard Bozarth entitled, ‘The Meaning of Evolution.’ from ‘The American Atheist,’ September 1978, page 19: ‘… Christianity is-must be -totally committed to the special creation as described in Genesis, and Christianity must fight with all its full might, fair or foul, against the theory of evolution … It becomes clear now that the whole justification of Jesus’ life and death is predicated on the existence of Adam and the forbidden fruit he and Eve ate. Without the original sin, who needs to be redeemed? Without Adam’s fall into a life of constant sin terminated by death, what purpose is there to Christianity? None.’ As the atheist Jacques Monod (noted for his contributions to molecular biology and philosophy) said in an interview broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Commission on the 10th June, 1976 as a tribute to Monod and entitled ‘The Secret of Life’, ‘… selection is the blindest, and most cruel way of evolving new species, and more and more complex and refined organisms … the more cruel because it is a process of elimination, of destruction. The struggle for life and the elimination of the weakest is a horrible process, against which our whole modern ethic revolts. An ideal society is a non-selective society, it is one where the weak are protected; which is exactly the reverse of the so-called natural law. I AM SURPRISED THAT A CHRISTIAN WOULD DEFEND THE IDEA THAT THIS IS THE PROCESS WHICH GOD MORE OR LESS SET UP IN ORDER TO HAVE EVOLUTION’ (emphasis added). Original sin, with death as a result, is the basis of the Gospel. That is why Jesus Christ came and what the Gospel is all about. If the first Adam is only an allegorical figure, then why not the second or the last Adam, Jesus Christ? If man didn‘t really fall into sin, there is no need for a Saviour. Evolution destroys the very foundations of Christianity because it says that ‘death is a part of life’. Now, if you lived in a skyscraper, and if there were people underneath that skyscraper with jackhammers hammering away at the foundations, would you say, ‘So what?’ That is what many Christians are doing. They are being bombarded with evolution through the media, the public school system, T.V., the papers, and yet they don’t even react. The foundations of the ‘skyscraper’ of Christianity are being eroded by the ‘jack-hammers’ of evolution. But, inside the skyscraper, what are many Christians doing? They are either sitting there doing nothing or they are throwing out jack-hammers and saying, ‘Here, have a few more! Go destroy our foundations!’ Worse still, theistic evolutionists (those who believe in evolution and the Bible) are actively helping undermine the basis of the Gospel. As the Psalmist asked in Psalm 11:3, ‘if the foundations be destroyed, what can the righteous do?’ If the basis of the Gospel is destroyed, then the structure built on that foundation (e.g.: the Christian Church) will collapse. If Christians wish to preserve the structure of Christianity, they must protect its foundation and therefore actively oppose evolution. Evolution also destroys the teaching of the new heavens and the new Earth. What are we told about the new heavens and the new Earth? Acts 3:21 says there will be a restoration (restitution). That means things will be restored to at least what they were originally. We read about what it will be like. ‘… They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain.’ There will be no violence! ‘The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them … and the lion shall eat straw like the ox’—i.e. vegetarian! (Isaiah 11:6-9). In Genesis we find that man and the animals were told only to eat plants. They were vegetarians. Only after the flood was man told he could eat meat. So they were vegetarians and there was no violence before Adam sinned. Some people object to the claim that the first creatures were vegetarian by saying that lions have sharp teeth which were created to eat meat. Is that necessarily so? It is what you were taught in school! What we should say is that the lion’s sharp canine teeth are good for ripping. The same teeth that are now good for ripping up other animals could have been used for ripping up plants. According to God’s Word, lions were vegetarian before the Fall and will be once again in a future paradise. By the way, ‘meat-eating’ animals can still be vegetarians. Dogs and cats will survive quite well on a balanced diet of vegetables, so perhaps you are wasting your money feeding them meat. Also, the Bible does not exclude the possibility of direct action by God at the time of the Fall (and in the future restoration) having a direct biological effect on the creatures in relation to feeding habits, etc. To believe in evolution is to deny a universal Paradise before Adam, because evolution necessarily implies that before Adam there was struggle, cruelty and brutality, animals eating animals, and death! Is the world going to be restored to that? If you believe in evolution, you must deny a universal Paradise before Adam and so also at the end of time. Thus evolution strikes at the heart, the foundation of Christianity. We should be out there doing something about it. Many of us have been hoodwinked into thinking that evolution has to do with science and that you need to be a scientist to do anything to combat it. But evolution is a belief system and you don’t need to be a scientist to combat it.

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Active verbs form more efficient and more powerful sentences than passive verbs. This document will teach you why and how to prefer active verbs. - The subject of an active voice sentence performs the action of the verb: “I throw the ball.” - The subject of a passive voice sentence is still the main character of the sentence, but something else performs the action: “The ball is thrown by me.” For a detailed explanation, see my handout, “Active and Passive Verbs.” For a more colorful introduction to the concept, with self-quizzes, and Legos, see the slideshow “Troy Sterling and the Active and Passive Verbs.” (The slideshow will appear in the space below.) About this Slideshow I originally created this with Impress, the Open Office slideshow presenter, and exported it as a Shockwave file. I’m amazed at how tiny the resulting file is. It looks like a few effects didn’t make the transition, but they were just eye candy. I designed this as a simple linear slide show, for me to present in the front of the room. In this online version, all you can do is click to advance to the next page. It should at least have multiple-choice questions, in order to ensure that a bored reader isn’t just clicking through on autopilot. (At any rate, it’s more entertaining than my more traditional online guide to Active and Passive Verbs.) This is just a bit of practice, as I continue to experiment with various media production tools. I’ve also downloaded Jahshaka, an open-source video editing tool, but it crashed on my little wimpy laptop. I’ll try it again when I get some time at the office. Update. 22 July 2011: I’ve de-emphasized the original Flash version (which is still online), and replaced it with the WordPress slideshow version (which runs on iPads and other non-Flash machines).

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My late professor S. Amitzur, a rather well-known algebraist, wrote a book (in hebrew) in which he systematically writes functions on the right: $\,xf\,\,,\,xA=b\,$ , etc. When I asked him why would he do such a thing being that the huge majority of books are written the other, "more usual", way, he said: "Most algebraists gave up the algebraic usual notation and adopted the analysts' notation, being the former a more natural and easier to handle notation in algebra. I won't surrender" . Of course, he said the above in a jokingly mood, yet he consistently used his way to write down stuff in his classes, and this posed some major challenges for greenhorns in linear algebra (and even for graduate students like myself, when trying to adapt things from one writing way to the other one) For example: the matrix representation of a linear transformation is defined in most books as the transposed coefficients matrix resulting from applying the lin. trans. to some basis and writing the resulting vectors as lin. comb. of some other (or the same, in case of operators) basis. With the algebraists' notation one does NOT take the transpose but directly the resulting matrix, what makes things easier though pretty confussing for someone checking things in other books. Thus, nowadays, a lin. transf. $\,f:\Bbb R^n\to\Bbb R^m\,$ has a matrix representation of order $\,m\times n\,$ , whereas with Amitzur's notation we get a $\,n\times m\,$ matrix, which is a little simpler, I guess. And then one has to write "row vectors" to the left of matrices instead of column vectors to the right of matrices. But for that all remains the same. Another rather interesting example is with products of permutations in the symmetric group, where most authors choose to carry on from right to left, consistently with the usual definition of functions' composition, ,and yet here and there one can still find people who does the other way around, a la algebraists... Ittay mentions, apparently, Amitzur's book, and I believe him when he says it isn't very popular...now, perhaps, but 20-25 years ago it was very popular, in particular in my school, the Hebrew Unviersity in Jerusalem, and in spite of being rather elementary (1-2 years in linear algebra), I still use it here and there for consultations.

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Teaching for the future To equip children for the workplace in the 21st century, conventional teaching must give way to the use of technology. The biggest challenges facing teachers in the 21st century is equipping their learners with the skills that enable them to take up their place in the economy, according to Lauren Woodman, senior director of Microsoft’s government and education team. Woodman said equipping children with problem-solving skills, the ability to think critically and work collaboratively were critical outcomes to ensure that upon finishing school they will have the skills that make them employable. “Technology, certainly, is a skill that we can use to reach out to learners with throughout the world, especially in rural areas,” Woodman said. Woodman said she grew up in a rural part of Texas where computers were not part of the learning process for her. She said these days technology can bolster the learning and teaching experience through satellite classes, for example, as well as Microsoft’s Cloud Computing concept through which education can be rolled out much more cheaply on a wider scale, thus benefitting more pupils than anyone had envisaged. “The biggest challenge we face is ensuring that we find ways to make sure that education helps children prepare for tomorrow,” she said. Microsoft is expecting to find wonderful examples of good practices in the classroom when the global Partners in Learning teachers’ competition takes place soon in Cape Town. Speaking during the Imagine Cup technology contest for students held in Poland, Microsoft’s vice-president for education, Anthony Salcito, said technology is not the issue but ensuring how it can be better utilised in terms of providing access to information and ensuring relevance in the classrooms of the 21st century is. To illustrate his point, and emphasise the urgency of tackling education differently, Salcito showed delegates a video in which an American student criticised the tertiary system for not adapting its teaching methods to the 21st century. In the humorous video, a student explains why he quit studies, saying how a professor stands in front of an auditorium before 40 or 200 students, whose names he would not even have learnt. The student says he bought textbooks he never even opened—there was better information available on the internet. “We take tests based on how many facts we can memorise, but society doesn’t care because, in the information age, facts are free,” the student said. “We’ve lost sight of what education should be ... it is about empowering students to change the world for the better. I dropped out of school because my school interfered with my education,” the student said. After the Imagine Cup, world leaders gathered at the fourth annual Education Leaders Forum in Warsaw to examine how the private sector, governments and education systems could work together in delivering engaging, relevant and authentic experiences that would build stronger economies and more cohesive societies. The Education Leaders Forum was attended by 135 delegates from 43 countries, including Microsoft education leader Reza Bardien and the University of South Africa’s executive director of ICT, Deon van der Merwe. At the forum, the spotlight fell on new ways of teaching and learning in the light of the global credit crisis and emphasised the need for faster production of new skills. Microsoft president Jean Philippe Courtois said education should be a life-long quest, and that this ongoing learning is what keeps life and work interesting. Courtois said improving access to education is critical and that the demand for post-secondary education is rising, especially in the developing world. “A number of factors are fuelling this growth, however, the financial crisis has certainly played a role. The crisis has increased unemployment, disproportionately for youth in many countries, raising awareness of the need for higher education and skills development,” he said. At the same time, in many countries, he said, budgets for education are being cut. “It’s clear that we will have to rethink traditional models to address the challenges this growth will create.” Courtois said the dilemma faced by many around the world was improving access and quality with less money. “Many are looking to ICT to help. In essence, “Cloud Computing” is a way of saying that, in the not-so-distant future, many of your IT needs such as computing power and storage will be provided to you as a service, just as a utility provides you with electricity today. The phenomenon of Cloud Computing will mean that technology providers will build and manage massive data centres through which we can deliver IT services to businesses and consumers alike on an on-demand basis where you pay only for what you use.”

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Trace Organic Analysis by Gas Chromatography with Selective Detectors Environment: Water and Waste Published Online: 15 SEP 2006 Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry How to Cite Rosenberg, E. 2006. Trace Organic Analysis by Gas Chromatography with Selective Detectors. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. . - Published Online: 15 SEP 2006 Selective detectors for gas chromatography (GC) allow one to detect selectively after gas chromatographic separation analytes that either contain certain elements or carry functional groups for which the detector is particularly selective (element-selective detectors). Spectroscopic detectors are a class of selective detectors which, in the ideal case, may even allow the identification of the analytes through acquisition of molecule-specific spectra. Selective detectors often allow the detection, quantitation or identification of analytes even in the presence of complex matrices and may thus significantly improve the selectivity of an analytical method.

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In the era of data what is a fact?13 Jan 2012 The Twitter universe is abuzz about this article in the New York Times. Arthur Brisbane, who responds to reader’s comments, asks I’m looking for reader input on whether and when New York Times news reporters should challenge “facts” that are asserted by newsmakers they write about. He goes on to give a couple of examples of qualitative facts that reporters have used in stories without questioning the veracity of the claims. As many people pointed out in the comments, this is completely absurd. Of course reporters should check facts and report when the facts in their stories, or stated by candidates, are not correct. That is the purpose of news reporting. But I think the question is a little more subtle when it comes to quantitative facts and statistics. Depending on what subsets of data you look at, what summary statistics you pick, and the way you present information - you can say a lot of different things with the same data. As long as you report what you calculated, you are technically reporting a fact - but it may be deceptive. The classic example is calculating median vs. mean home prices. If Bill Gates is in your neighborhood, no matter what the other houses cost, the mean price is going to be pretty high! Two concrete things can be done to deal with the malleability of facts in the data age. First, we need to require that our reporters, policy makers, politicians, and decision makers report the context of numbers they state. It is tempting to use statistics as blunt instruments, punctuating claims. Instead, we should demand that people using statistics to make a point embed them in the broader context. For example, in the case of housing prices, if a politician reports the mean home price in a neighborhood, they should be required to state that potential outliers may be driving that number up. How do we make this demand? By not believing any isolated statistics - statistics will only be believed when the source is quoted and the statistic is described. But this isn’t enough, since the context and statistics will be meaningless without raising overall statisteracy (statistical literacy, not to be confused with numeracy). In the U.S. literacy campaigns have been promoted by library systems. Statisteracy is becoming just as critical; the same level of social pressure and assistance should be applied to individuals who don’t know basic statistics as those who don’t have basic reading skills. Statistical organizations, academic departments, and companies interested in analytics/data science/statistics all have a vested interest in raising the population statisteracy. Maybe a website dedicated to understanding the consequences of basic statistical concepts, rather than the concepts themselves? And don’t forget to keep rating health news stories!

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National efficiency standards for appliances, lighting and other equipment will save consumers and businesses more than US$1.1 trillion by 2035, according to the report "The Efficiency Boom: Cashing In on Savings from Appliance Standards", by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) and the Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP). A typical household will save about US$10,000 between 2010 and 2025 by purchasing products compliant with today's minimum standards. To assess the potential impact of future standards, the report evaluates 34 products for which new or updated standards could be adopted within the next four years. New and updated standards that could be completed by 2015 would reduce 2035 electricity use by another seven per cent, the study found The researchers found that existing standards reduced US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by about 200 million tonnes in 2010. They calculate that the annual reduction level will grow to 470 million tonnes by 2035, or roughly the output of 120 coal-fired power plants. It is estimated that new and updated standards would reduce 2035 GHG emissions by another 200 million tonnes, or the equivalent of another 50 coal-fired power plants. Source: Environmental News Service, 12 March 2012

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Bed Bug Extermination Bed bugs are small flat insects that are able to hide in and around beds easily. Bed bugs are parasitic creatures feeding on warm blooded hosts. They’ll migrate to out of sight areas for example mattresses and box spring. They can be comparatively difficult to detect. They multiply pretty rapidly and in only 3 months a small bed bug problem can change in a large bed bug infestation. The absence of signs does not mean that there is no infestation. Bed bugs are resilient creatures. They could endure large amounts of time without feeding. Adult bed bugs can survive up to a whole year without having a food supply. Bed Bug Extermination Options The following types of treatments are tools in the arsenal of the bed bug exterminator. Effective extermination, and depending on the level of an infestation, might require a combined approach. Pesticide treatments are the most economical solutions. They can be more effective than other extermination techniques. In some cases bed bugs are known to show resistance to certain pesticides and might require a second treatment. Steam treatment can effectively kill bed bugs. To be effective, a heat or steam treatment must reach 150-170 degrees for a sustained period. A heat or steam treatment can be labour intensive, as bed bugs can hide in multiple locations even in one room. A thorough steam treatment can take longer than other conventional treatments. There is also the possibility that the steam or heat will not penetrate deep enough in materials to kill all bed bugs. Steam could also cause damage to varnished surfaces. The areas that usually need to be targeted during a steam treatment are, mattresses, bed frame, bedding, carpets and curtains. Cold – Cryonite Treatments Bed bugs are highly sensitive to temperature. They thrive indoors because of the relatively steady temperature with limited air flow. Cold treatments can thus be effective when dealing with a bed bug population. Cryonite treatments have been gaining popularity in recent years as they are effective and non-toxic. The bed bugs are immediately killed as soon as they come in contact with the Cryonite. Live bed bugs as well as un-hatched eggs immediately perish. It does not contain any pesticides or other noxious chemicals. Essentially it is a CO2 “snow” and when it is applied to the infested sites, it generally does not make a poisonous residue that could be harmful to other sorts of life like persons or animals. Most surfaces can be treated with cryonite, even electronics and plastics.

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It was in 1814 that Padre Boscana, who had been serving at San Luis Rey, came to reside at San Juan Capistrano, where he wrote the interesting account of the Indians that is so often quoted. In 1812, its population gained its greatest figure, 1361. In November, 1833, Figueroa secularized the Mission by organizing a “provisional pueblo” of the Indians, and claiming that the padres voluntarily gave up the temporalities. There is no record of any inventory, and what became of the church property is not known. Lands were apportioned to the Indians by Captain Portilla. The following year, most probably, all this provisional work of Figueroa’s was undone, and the Mission was secularized in the ordinary way, but in 1838 the Indians begged for the pueblo organization again, and freedom from overseers, whether lay or clerical. In 1840 Padre Zalvidea was instructed to emancipate them from Mission rule as speedily as possible. Janssens was appointed majordomo, and he reported that he zealously worked for the benefit of the Mission, repairing broken fences and ditches, bringing back runaway neophytes, clothing them and caring for the stock. But orders soon began to come in for the delivery of cattle and horses, applications rapidly came in for grants of the Mission ranches, and about the middle of June, 1841, the lands were divided among the ex-neophytes, about 100 in number, and some forty whites. At the end of July regulations were published for the foundation of the pueblo, and Don Juan Bandini soon thereafter went to supervise the work. He remained until March, 1842, in charge of the community property, and then left about half a dozen white families and twenty or more ex-neophytes duly organized as a pueblo. In 1843 San Juan was one of the Missions the temporalities of which were to be restored to the Padres, provided they paid one-eighth of all produce into the public treasury. In 1844 it was reported that San Juan had no minister, and all its neophytes were scattered. In 1845 Pico’s decree was published, stating that it was to be considered a pueblo; the church, curate’s house and court-house should be reserved, and the rest of the property sold at auction for the payment of debts and the support of public worship. In December of that year the ex-Mission buildings and gardens were sold to Forster and McKinley for $710, the former of whom retained possession for many years. In 1846 the pueblo was reported as possessing a population of 113 souls. Twenty years ago there used to be one of the best of the Mission libraries at San Juan. The books were all in old-style leather, sheepskin and parchment bindings, some of them tied with leathern thongs, and a few having heavy homemade metal clasps. They were all in Latin or Spanish, and were well known books of divinity. The first page of the record of marriages was written and signed by Junipero Serra. [Illustration: CAMPANILE AND RUINS OF MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO.]

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Coincidences: Remarkable or Random? Most improbable coincidences likely result from play of random events. The very nature of randomness assures that combing random data will yield some pattern. “You don't believe in telepathy?” My friend, a sober professional, looked askance. “Do you?” I replied. “Of course. So many times I've been out for the evening and suddenly became worried about the kids. Upon calling home, I've learned one is sick, hurt himself, or having nightmares. How else can you explain it?” Such episodes have happened to us all and it’s common to hear the words, “It couldn't be just coincidence.” Today the explanation many people reach for involves mental telepathy or psychic stirrings. But should we leap so readily into the arms of a mystic realm? Could such events result from coincidence after all? There are two features of coincidences not well known among the public. First, we tend to overlook the powerful reinforcement of coincidences, both waking and in dreams, in our memories. Non-coincidental events do not register in our memories with nearly the same intensity. Second, we fail to realize the extent to which highly improbable events occur daily to everyone. It is not possible to estimate all the probabilities of many paired events that occur in our daily lives. We often tend to assign coincidences a lesser probability than they deserve. However, it is possible to calculate the probabilities of some seemingly improbable events with precision. These examples provide clues as to how our expectations fail to agree with reality. In a random selection of twenty-three persons there is a 50 percent chance that at least two of them celebrate the same birthdate. Who has not been surprised at learning this for the first time? The calculation is straightforward. First find the probability that everyone in a group of people have different birthdates (X) and then subtract this fraction from one to obtain the probability of at least one common birthdate in the group (P), P = 1 - X. Probabilities range from 0 to 1, or may be expressed as 0 to 100%. For no coincident birthdates a second person has a choice of 364 days, a third person 363 days, and the nth person 366 - n days. So the probability for all different birthdates becomes: With its factorials the last equality is not especially useful unless one possesses the capability of handling very large numbers. It is instructive to use a spreadsheet or a loop in a computer language to calculate Xn from the first equality for successive values of n. When n = 23, one finds X = 0.493 and P = 0.507. A plot of the probability of at least one common birthdate, P, versus the number of people, n, appears as the right hand curve of circles in Figure 1. The curve shows that the probability of at least two people sharing a common birthdate rises slowly, at first passing just less than 12% probability with ten people, rising through 50% probability at the open circle corresponding to twenty-three people, then flattening out and reaching 90% probability in a group of forty-one people. This means that on the average, out of ten random groups of forty-one persons, in nine of them at least two persons will celebrate identical birthdates. No mysterious forces are needed to explain this coincidence. Figure 1. Probabilities of Coincident Birthdates: The right-hand curve of circles represents the probability that in a random group of people at least two celebrate the same birthdate. As indicated by the open circle just above the horizontal line at 0.50 probability, an even 50% chance is achieved at just 23 people. The left-hand curve represents the probability that in a random group of people at least two share a birthdate within one day of each other. The 50% chance for this three-day coincidence occurs with just 14 people. Note that the probability of coincident birthdays for 2323=46 people is not 100%, as some might suppose, but 95% as shown by the right-hand curve in Figure 1. Extension of the curve beyond the limit of Figure 1 reveals that fifty-seven people produce a 99% probability of coincident birthdays. The same principle may be used to calculate the probability that at least two people in a random group possess birthdates within one day (same and two adjacent days). This condition is less restrictive than the former, and 50% probability is passed with just fourteen people. The left-hand curve in Figure 1 shows a plot for the probabilities of within-one-day birthdates. Delving a little deeper into some aspects of the probabilities of identical birthdates provides additional insight. Note that we said several times “at least two people” sharing a common birthdate. As the group size increases the chances for multiple coincidences also increase. The descending curve at the left of Figure 2 represents the probability of no coincidences (NC) of birthdates, identical to the Xn values calculated above. The first curve with a maximum plots the probability of only one pair (1P) sharing an identical birthdate. The maximum occurs at twenty-eight people with a probability of almost 0.39. As the group becomes larger the probability of other coincidences increases as well. The second curve with a maximum represents the probability of exactly two pairs (2P) sharing an identical birthdate. Its maximum occurs at thirty-nine people with a probability of 0.28. The last, rising curve in Figure 2 plots the total probabilities of all remaining coincidences (<2P), consisting of three pairs, triplets, etc. For all numbers of people, the probabilities of all four curves total 1.00. Figure 2. Probabilities of Multiple Coincident Birthdates: The descending curve at the left represents the probability for no shared birthdates, no coincidences (NC). The first curve with a maximum plots the probability of only one pair (1P) with an identical birthdate. The second curve with a maximum represents the probability of exactly two pairs (2P) sharing identical birthdates (different date for each pair). The ascending curve at the right plots the probability of all other coincidences (<2P), three pairs, triplet, etc. For any number of people the probabilities of the four curves total 1.00. Figure 2 shows that for twenty-three people the probabilities are 0.36 for one pair, 0.11 for two pairs, and 0.03 for the total of all other coincidences for a probability sum of 0.50. We have broken down the 0.50 probability for at least one coincidence discussed above for twenty-three people into component contributions. For twenty-three people the probability of no coincidences is also 0.50, as shown in the descending curve (NC) of Figure 2. There is an almost triple intersection at thirty-eight people where the chance of 1 identical pair, 2 identical pairs, and the total of all other coincidences is 28-29%. For thirty-eight or more people the total of all other coincidences becomes greater than the exactly one and two pair possibilities, and passes through 50% chance at forty-five people. In a random group of more than forty-five people there is a better than even chance that there are more than two coincidental birthdates. What this series of calculations boils down to is this: If coincident birthdates are so much more common than we would have guessed, isn't it likely that many of those other striking coincidences in our lives are the outcome of probability as well? We should not multiply hypotheses: the principle of Occam’s Razor states that the simplest explanation is to be preferred. |Births, 41 cases (90%)| James K. Polk Warren G. Harding |Deaths, 36 cases (83%)| William Howard Taft |Crowd Size for 50% Probabilities| |At least two have the same, unspecified birthday||23| |At least one has the specified birthday||253| |At least two have the same, specified birthday||613| Consider the birth and death dates of American presidents to see how this reasoning works in real cases. There have been forty-one presidential births, and Figure 1 indicates a 90% probability that at least two presidents should have been born on the same day. There is one such coincidence: James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding were both born on November 2. The result appears in Table 1. With forty-one cases there is a 66% chance of a second coincidence, but none has yet occurred. [The result may be obtained by adding the probabilities for forty-one persons for the 2P (0.28) and <2P (0.38) curves of Figure 2.] Perhaps the next president’s birthdate will coincide with one of the previous forty-one. (The birthdates of neither Albert Gore nor Colin Powell do so.) Of the thirty-six dead presidents Figure 1 indicates an 83% probability that at least two should have died on the same date. The results also appear in Table 1. Both Millard Fillmore and William Howard Taft died on March 8. With 36 cases there is a 51% chance of a second coincidence. In what seems an astounding coincidence, three early presidents died on July 4, as listed in Table 1. Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died in the same year, 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary of their signing the Declaration of Independence. Adams’s final words, that his long-time rival and correspondent Jefferson “still lives,” were mistaken, as Jefferson had died earlier that same day. James Monroe died on the same date five years later. Presidential scholars suggest that the former early presidents made an effort to hang on till July 4. James Madison rejected stimulants that might have prolonged his life, and he died six days earlier on June 28 (in 1836). It seems evident that for the deaths of several presidents July 4 is not a random date. Only one president, Calvin Coolidge, was born on July 4.An important point in all of the preceding is that no birthdate was specified in advance. Table 2 lists the crowd sizes for 50% probabilities. The first entry restates what we already know: a group of twenty-three suffices for at least two to possess the same unspecified birthdate. If we specify a particular birthdate, such as today, a crowd of 253 people is required to have an even chance for even one person with that birthdate. For at least two persons to possess a specified birthdate, the 50% probability is not reached until there is a mob of 613 people. This huge difference of twenty-three versus 613 for 50% probability of at least two persons with a common birthdate is due to the fact that the date is unspecified for the group and specified for the mob. That some improbable event will occur is likely; that a particular one will occur is unlikely. If we look at our personal coincidences, we see that they were rarely predicted in advance. Abraham Lincoln and John Kennedy It is always possible to comb random data to find some regularities. A well-known qualitative example is the comparison of coincidences in the lives of Abraham Lincoln and John Kennedy, two presidents with seven letters in their last names, and elected to office 100 years apart, 1860 and 1960. Both were assassinated on Friday in the presence of their wives, Lincoln in Ford’s theater and Kennedy in an automobile made by the Ford motor company. Both assassins went by three names: John Wilkes Booth and Lee Harvey Oswald, with fifteen letters in each complete name. Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theater, and Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a barn (a kind of warehouse). Both succeeding vice-presidents were southern Democrats and former senators named Johnson (Andrew and Lyndon), with thirteen letters in their names and born 100 years apart, 1808 and 1908. But if we compare other relevant attributes we fail to find coincidences. Lincoln and Kennedy were born and died in different months, dates, and states, and neither date is 100 years apart. Their ages at death were different, as were the names of their wives. Of course, had any of these features corresponded for the two presidents, it would have been included in the list of “mysterious” coincidences. For any two people with reasonably eventful lives it is possible to find coincidences between them. Two people meeting at a party often find some striking coincidence between them, but what it is — birthdate, hometown, etc. — is not predicted in advance In the card game bridge there are a possible 635,013,559,600 different thirteen-card hands. This number of hands could be realized if all the people in the world played bridge for a day. For an individual it would take several million years of continuous playing to be dealt each of these hands. Yet any given hand held by a player is equally probable, or rather, equally improbable, as its probability is 1/635,013,559,600 or a little better than one part in a million million. Any hand is just as improbable as thirteen spades. Bridge hands are an example of the daily occurrence of very improbable events, but of course, the hands are not specified in advance. Consider a group of just 10 or more students in a classroom of a college that draws students from several states. During school session, numerous such classrooms exist each day. Yet the odds against predicting the exact make up of any classroom ten years in advance (all the students and teacher born by then) are truly astronomical. This is another example of the daily occurrence of highly improbable events. Runs of Heads and Tails What sequence of head(H) and tails(T) might you expect in random tossing of a coin? Not all heads nor all tails, nor even the alternating sequence (HTHTHTHT), as this series is obviously regular and not random. In a random sequence we expect runs of both heads and tails. We can simulate progressions of coin tosses from a random sequence of numbers. So far as is known, the decimal digits of the irrational number p, which multiplies the diameter of a circle to obtain the circumference, are random. This does not mean that every time p is calculated a different result is obtained, but rather that the value of any single digit is not predictable from preceding digits. An example of a pattern leading to predictability is the sequence of decimal digits in the fraction 1/7 = 0.142857142857142857. . . , where there is an obvious repeat every six digits. The decimal digits of p have been calculated to hundreds of millions of digits by high-speed computers, but we list only the first 100 digits in four rows of 25 digits. There are fifty-one even digits and forty-nine odd digits. There is an almost an even distribution when the first 100 decimal digits are divided in another way: forty-nine digits from 0 to 4 and fifty-one digits from 5 to 9. Since the decimal digits of p are random, we may simulate a random sequence of heads and tails in coin tossing by assigning even digits to heads and odd digits to tails. The sequence of heads and tails in 100 tosses with 25 tosses per line becomes Combing the random sequence we find some regularities, such as the alternating sequence of eight tosses from 62-69 (underlined). The probability of an alternating sequence of 8 tosses is once in 27 = 128 tosses. There are some long runs of all heads and all tails. There are two runs of 5 heads, one run of 6 heads, one run of 8 tails, and a surprising run of 10 heads. The p decimal digits 69-78 are all even (refer to underlined digits). A run of ten even digits should occur only once in 210 = 1,024 digits. Yet such a run occurs within the first eighty digits. So what have we here? A proof that the decimal digits of p are not random? No, what we have instead is a demonstration of how it is always possible to comb random data and find regularities not specified in advance. Since ten even digits occur within the first 100 decimal digits of p, we might (mistakenly) think we are on to something, and that such a run might occur frequently. In fact a run of ten even digits does not occur again in the first 1,000 decimal digits of p. In the first 1,000 digits a single run of ten odd digits occurs from 411-420. The point is that the very nature of randomness assures that combing random data will yield some pattern. But what that pattern is cannot be specified in advance. If someone finds a pattern combing random data, he or she may use it as a hypothesis for investigation of more data but should never make a general conclusion from it. In our example we discovered (but did not predict) ten even digits within the first 100 digits but not again in the next 900 digits. For confirmation of a trend, the target data must be stated in advance of data inspection. If an unexpected pattern does emerge during inspection after the data is obtained, the pattern can be used as a hypothesis for obtaining and inspecting an entirely new set of data. The heads and tails sequence may be applied in other ways. Consider a football quarterback who completes 50% of his passes or a basketball player who makes 50% of his or her free throws. Assign heads (H) to a pass completion or made free throw and tails (T) to a miss, and then one expects long runs of completions and misses as shown in the HT sequence above. Most hot and cold streaks in sports are just the consequence of randomness. The “hot hand” is most often an illusion of significance that appears in data sets that are random. We may utilize the random sequence of p decimal digits to find likely streaks for a .300 hitter in baseball. For example, assign the digits 0, 2, and 4 to hits and the other seven digits to outs. Then, out of the first 100 decimal digits there are 30 hits and 70 outs. If we divide the sequence of 100 digits into successive groups of four, a representative number of bats per game, we obtain the results for twenty-five games. Our .300 hitter then goes hitless in four games (three in succession for a “slump”), strokes one hit in thirteen games, two hits in seven games, three hits in one game, and has no game in which he gets four hits. Astonishingly, the batter gets at least one hit in the last thirteen games, considered enough to be a real “streak.” But this “streak” arises out of the random sequence of p decimal digits. A batter’s slump or hitting streak is likely just the result of randomness in play. Clearly, unspecified improbable coincidences occur daily to everyone, and these coincidences are most likely the result of randomness. If the data set is large enough, coincidences are sure to appear, as demonstrated with the first 100 decimal digits of p. The chance of tossing five straight heads is only 3 percent, but for 100 tosses the chance becomes 96 percent. Though applied in a different context, Ramsey theory (Scientific American, July 1990) states that “Every large set of numbers, points, or objects necessarily contains a highly regular pattern.” It is not necessary to posit mysterious forces to explain coincidences. Random Prices in the Stock Market Figure 3. Stock Market Simulation: Daily stock market action presented as price for 109 trading days generated from the random decimal digits of p. The representative “head and shoulders top” is shown to be consistent with random play of the market. Of course, the number of days is flexible, one decimal digit may represent any fraction or number of days. See Note for a description of how the price action was generated. Given the current fascination with the long bull market in stocks, we can generate an even more interesting result from the random decimal digits of p. Let us plot on the x-axis the number of the decimal digit and on the y-axis a price value that is generated from the decimal digits as described in the Figure 3 caption and Note so that there is an arbitrary and equal balance between the up and down directions for price. For the first 108 decimal digits of p the entire plot is in positive territory. Starting at zero the plot works its way haltingly to increasingly positive values, attaining a plateau from the 48-71 decimal digits before it begins to work its way down, almost returning to zero on the 99th digit, and crossing into negative territory after the 108th decimal digit. To a stock market technician this plot represents a head and shoulders top in a plot of a stock price or stock market price versus time. It is all there in Figure 3, a top and shoulders on both sides of the top. Yet this plot was generated from the first 109 random decimal digits of p! The maximum value of 65 on the y-axis is reached three times in the plateau region and is more than 7 times greater than the maximum single move of 9. Therefore, we may conclude that a head and shoulders top in stock or commodity prices may represent nothing more than random play in the markets. (Over the longer term there is a rising trend in stock market averages.) A recent sweepstakes received in the mail offered a grand prize of $5,000,000. The fine print stated the chances of winning this prize as one in 200,000,000. Out of this large population some one person will win the sweepstakes. With such incredibly unfavorable odds each person must decide for him or herself whether it is worth the time and the first class postage to return the entry. The sure big winner appears to be the postal service, which garners more than ten times the grand prize amount in postage. So, the next time you hear, “It couldn't be just coincidence,” you will be fully justified in answering, “Why not?” CSICOP Presidential Coincidences Contest Back in 1992, the Skeptical Inquirer held a Spooky Presidential Coincidences Contest, in response to Ann Landers printing “for the zillionth time” a list of chilling parallels between John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln. The task was for readers to come up with their own list of coincidences between other pairs of presidents. There were two contest winners, Arturo Magidin of Mexico City, and Chris Fishel, a student at the University of Virginia. Magidin came up with sixteen stunning coincidences between Kennedy and former Mexican President Alvaro Obregón, while Fishel managed to come up with lists of coincidences between no fewer than twenty-one different pairs of U.S. presidents. A few examples from Magidin’s list: Both “Kennedy” and “Obregón” have seven letters each; each was assassinated; both their assassins had three names and died shortly after killing the president; Kennedy and Obregón were both married in years ending in 3, each had a son who died shortly after birth, and both came from large families and died in their forties. Fishel came up with dozens of coincidences; here are a few between Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. Both men served two full terms; both their wives died before they became president; each had six-letter first names; both were in debt at the time of their deaths; each had a state capital named after him, and both their predecessors refused to attend their inaugurations. [For more information and the full lists, see SI Spring 1992, 16(3); and Winter 1993, 17(2).] I am indebted to Professor Russell N. Grimes of the University of Virginia for discussions of expressions leading to Figure 2 and Table 2. - The price action was generated in a positive direction when the preceding digit is odd (except for 5) and in a negative direction when the preceding digit is even, with the magnitude of the direction given by the value of the digit. Thus preceding odd digits 1 + 3 + 7 + 9 = 20 generate a positive direction and preceding even digits 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20 a negative direction. The sum in the two directions is the same. For the left over digit 5 the direction is up or down depending upon whether the previous digit is odd or even, respectively. In the first 108 decimal digits there are eight 5s, half each generating positive and negative directions. Therefore we have a perfectly arbitrary and equal balance between the positive and negative directions. - Epstein, Richard A. 1967. The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic. New York: Academic Press. - Falk, Ruma. 1981. On Coincidences. Skeptical Inquirer 6(2): Winter: 18-31. - Graham, Ronald L., and Joel H. Spencer. 1990. Ramsey Theory. Scientific American 263 (1): 112-117 (July). - Paulos, John Allen. 1988. Innumeracy. New York: Random House. - Weaver, Warren. 1963. Lady Luck. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

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3 Answers | Add Yours At the beginning of As You Like It Oliver and Orlando hate each other. Orlando is resentful because Oliver, his older brother, refuses to help him improve his education but treats him like a peasant. He says: My father charged you in his will to give me good education: you have trained me like a peasant, obscuring and hiding from me all gentlemanlike qualities. Orlando actually encourages the wrestler Charles to kill Orlando in their upcoming bout, but Orlando wins and then is forced to flee because he learns that Oliver has further plans to kill him. Duke Frederick orders Oliver to pursue Orlando because he believes Rosalind and Celia have run off with him and he blames this on Oliver. The Duke's reason for blaming Oliver is that he suspects him of plotting to kill his youngest brother and forcing him to flee, thereby providing Rosalind and Celia with the protection to flee with him. In other words, the Duke believes that his daughter Celia is to be found with Rosalind and that Rosalind is to be found with Orlando because they are in love with each other. At the end of the play the brothers are reunited and reconciled in the Forest of Arden, where Orlando saves Oliver from being killed by a lioness. Oliver has become a changed man. He promises Orlando that he will give him his estate and all its revenues (V.2) because he wants to marry Celia and live the life of a shepherd in the forest. William Shakespeare's As You Like It is a very witty comedy. Here, the characters of Orlando and Oliver are clearly distinguishable from each other. Oliver is Orlando's elder brother. Both are the sons of late Sir Rowland de Bois. In the very beginning, we find out, in accordance with the rule of primogeniture in England, which instructs that all the property would be inherited by the eldest of the family, Orlando gets the possession of the belongings that his father leaves. Though, he was instructed to take proper care of Orlando, he, out of jealousy and loath, makes Orlando totally deprived. In fact, when the royal wrestler Charles is supposed to fight Orlando, Oliver leaps with joy thinking of the probable death of his brother. But, in Orlando, we find no such cruel feeling or motive. He is not even confident enough to stand on his own feet. He just flees away in fear of his brother. Later in the play, when Oliver is attacked by a lioness in the forest of Arden, it is Orlando who rescues him. Orlando could have shown abhorrence or reacted vindictively by not saving Oliver, but he does not do so. Unlike Oliver, he proves to be a sensible brother and a good-natured human. And, at this point, his valour is also expressed. Another notable point is that, Orlando's character develops gradually with the help of Ganymede, whereas Oliver's character faces a sudden change in the forest of Arden which is very miraculous. Finally , the difference between the two brothers has clearly been depicted in the play, where Shakespeare's portrayal of Orlando is almost a mirror image of Oliver. according to me orlando's and oliver's relationship at the begining was based on jealousy and loath. oliver was always jealous of orlando because of orlando's gentleman like qualities in the second scene of the play only it is clearly reavled that oliver is jealous of orlando's inheritted qualities and also because people used to like orlando more than oliver and oliver was misprised in front of him... and he even tries to kill him by hiring charles the wrestler to kil him and as adam tells orlando that he overhears him that he was planning to set fire in orlandos room.....however his views and behaviour was changed afterwards when orlando saved oliver from lioness... We’ve answered 328,176 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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Go Tell It on the Mountain, Baldwin’s first published novel, tells a passionate story closely paralleling the author’s own family background. It focuses on John Grimes, a black boy growing up in a religious home in Harlem under the stern hand of his preacher father, Gabriel. The action of the novel takes place in 1936, on John’s fourteenth birthday, with sections detailing previous events in the lives of John’s aunt Florence, his father, and his mother, Elizabeth. Florence is a strident and bitter woman who left her ailing mother and irresponsible younger brother to come North. She married a man named Frank, who abused and abandoned her, and now she approaches old age feeling empty, living alone, and sharing in the life of her brother’s family. Gabriel, her brother, had been a wild young man, but he repented, became a preacher, and married a fallen woman named Deborah. Succumbing to temptation, however, he impregnated a young woman he worked with and then refused to acknowledge his paternity. He watched his son Royal grow before his eyes and heard of the boy’s violent death in a knife fight. Gabriel drifted in despair, his wife passed on, and he came to New York to begin a new life. There he met Elizabeth. Elizabeth was nine when her mother died, and, because her father ran a brothel, she went to live with her aunt in Maryland. There she fell in love with a young man named Richard; they moved to New York.... (The entire section is 587 words.)

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Calcium and vitamin D are essential at every age, particularly for older women who face a higher risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures. But most women consume only an average of 895 mg of calcium per day, according to the latest "What We Eat in America" federal food survey &mdash well below the 1,200 mg per day recommended by the Institute of Medicine. To improve calcium levels, many women turn to supplements, which might be a double-edged sword, according to a slew of new studies, raising heart attack and even mortality risk while not providing the desired bone-health boost. Read on to find out more. Calcium Doesn't Reduce Fracture Risk There's no evidence to support the idea that calcium and vitamin D supplements prevent falls and bone fractures in older adults, a new review published in the Annals of Internal Medicine finds. After two systematic evidence reviews and a meta-analysis on the health effects of vitamin D supplements, researchers from the United States Preventive Services Task Force found no evidence that daily supplementation prevented bone fractures, though it did increase a patient's risk of kidney stones. Because preventing falls is so essential for senior health, the task force recommends regular bone density tests and screens for osteoporosis. Calcium May Double Death Risk In a large, long-term study of Swedish women, researchers found that calcium intake greater than 1,400 mg per day was associated with higher death rates, particularly from cardiovascular events. The increase in death risk was more pronounced in those who consumed high amounts of calcium in their diets and used calcium tablets, as much as doubling their death risk, compared to those who ate foods with a lot of calcium but did not take supplements. Joan Salge Blake, MS, RD, a clinical associate professor of nutrition at Boston University who did not work on the study, says it's almost impossible to get too much calcium from diet alone, so the take-home message is to make sure you're eating enough calcium-rich foods in your diet to avoid needing supplements at all. Calcium Supplements Pose Heart Risk The greatest risk of calcium supplementation might be for your heart, according to recent research. In addition to the Swedish study, another article published last week in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that men who took calcium pills, though not women, had a 20 percent higher risk of dying from heart disease. Other studies have found similar results in both men and women. Reena L. Pande, MD, a cardiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston and an instructor at Harvard Medical School, wrote in an exclusive to Everyday Health that these findings should be taken with a grain of salt because they are observational studies and not the "gold standard" randomized controlled trials. Still, the possibility remains that calcium supplements can harm your heart, so use caution while taking supplements, as more research is conducted. Calcium Supplements and Kidney Stones New research published in the Annals of Internal Medicine associated calcium supplements with an increased kidney stone risk, supporting the findings of several past studies published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. But a recent review of studies by researchers at the Hospital Clinico de San Carlos in Madrid, Spain, found that calcium supplements did not significantly increase kidney stone risk in women receiving treatment for osteoporosis, though some patients did report kidney pain, indicating the more study on the link is needed. Calcium and Iron Calcium can decrease the body's absorption of dietary iron, according to the National Institutes of Health. To offset this effect, people should consume foods that enhance the absorption of iron, such as meat protein and vitamin C, particularly when iron needs are high, NIH experts say. Women need more iron during menstruation and pregnancy and if they're only consuming vegetarian iron sources, according to NIH guidelines. Calcium and Constipation According to some research, a less than desirable but not dangerous side effect of calcium supplements can be constipation. In general, calcium carbonate supplements are the most constipating, according to the Mayo Clinic, so you may need to try a few different brands or types of calcium supplements to find one that you tolerate the best, or talk to your doctor about other options. - Last Updated: 02/25/13 - Last Updated: 02/25/13

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American agriculture is marked by several trends. The first is the continuing decline of small family farms. Since 1979, 300,000 small farms have disappeared in the United States, and since 1946 the number of people employed in agriculture has been cut in half. Increasingly, large companies such as Archer-Daniels Midland (ADM) have come to dominate American agriculture. In 2000, ADM had worldwide sales of $12.9 billion. In the beef industry, 4 firms control 80 percent of the U.S. market. Almost 91 percent of U.S. farms are considered to be small (less than 1,000 acres). Large farms (more than 1,000 acres) made up just 9 percent of farms but received 51 percent of total agricultural revenues in 2000. The second trend is the increasing productivity of the sector. Agricultural production in the United States has increased by an average of 5 percent each year since 1990. In addition, the output of each agricultural worker has grown by an average of 0.84 percent each year. On average, one American farmer produces enough food for 96 people. This improvement is partially as a result of the consolidation of farms and partially a result of new technologies and farming methods. The third trend is the growth in both exports and imports. In 1998 total agricultural exports were $60.5 billion. That same year, total imports were $48.9 billion. The fourth and final trend is the loss of agricultural subsidies . Some of these subsidies are in the form of outright payments in exchange for farmers not growing certain crops and are provided to keep the price of crops high. Since the early 1990s, Congress has gradually reduced these subsidies. However, support and aid for certain types of farmers, including tobacco farmers, continues. After declining to a low point of $9 billion in 1997, government spending on agriculture increased to $23 billion in 1999 and $38.4 billion in 2000. The increases mainly came from emergency aid to farmers because of natural disasters during these 2 years. About 40 percent of the land in the United States is used for agriculture of some form, including livestock grazing. This includes 431.1 million acres of cropland, 396.9 million acres of pasture, and 71.5 million acres of forests. In 1998, the total crop output of the United States was 489,976,030 metric tons with a value of $102.14 billion. The largest single crop was corn, which accounted for more than half of the nation's crop output with 247,882,000 metric tons. The second largest crop was soybeans with 74,598,000 metric tons. Wheat is third with 69,327,000 metric tons. Other major crops include sugar cane, sugar beets, potatoes, bananas, and coffee. Tobacco also provides substantial cash returns, although yields are small when compared with many other crops. Total animal output in 1998 was $94.19 billion while forestry products, including timber, totaled $24.68 billion. Of the total American livestock, there were 101.2 million head of cattle, 56.2 million pigs, 8.3 million sheep, 6.15 million horses and 1.5 billion chicken. The remaining livestock includes a variety of species such as bison, turkeys, and geese. Commercial fishing has declined significantly in the United States over the past 30 years. The majority of U.S. fish cultivation is used domestically, and about half is for human consumption. There is a wide variety of species caught, including cod, haddock, pollock, tuna, and salmon. Various shellfish such as lobster, shrimp, or crab account for about 20 percent of the annual harvest, but provide about one-half of the total revenues. Commercial fish farms are increasingly common and used for species such as salmon, catfish, and shrimp. Total fish harvests amounted to $3.7 billion in 1998, of which shellfish totals were $1.6 billion. There have been dramatic improvements in agricultural technology in the United States. Improvements include increased use of computers, scientific soil and crop analysis, and more sophisticated machinery. Genetic engineering of seeds has also increased crop yields but created controversy over the safety of genetically altered products. There has subsequently been a decrease in soil erosion caused by over-farming and an overall decline in the use of pesticides and fertilizers. However, the pesticides used are much more powerful and lethal than earlier chemicals. About two-thirds of the states have had deep reductions in agriculture. Agriculture has declined most significantly in the New England states and New Jersey. In the West and southern plains, some states have had minor declines, while others have had small increases. The only regions of the nation that have seen major expansion of agriculture have been the middle-Atlantic area and the Pacific Northwest. The states with the largest increases in output were Arkansas, Washington, Delaware, Florida, and Georgia. Progress in technology and crop yields has made the United States among the most productive agricultural producers in the world. The United States produces about half of the world's corn and 10 percent of its wheat. It also accounts for 20 percent of the globe's beef, pork, and lamb. With such progress in increasing output and the efficiency of agriculture, food prices for American consumers have had little increase over the past 20 years. Americans spend less on food, as a proportion of their income, than any other nation in the world. U.S. consumers spent 10.9 percent of their income on food. In comparison, the average British consumer spent 11.2 percent, the French 14.8 percent, the Japanese 17.6 percent, and Indians spent 51.3 percent. The United States is the world's largest producer of timber. About 70 percent of the nation's forests are privately owned, but there is also limited logging allowed in federally-owned or managed forests. Almost 80 percent of timber harvested is soft woods such as pine or Douglas Fir. Hardwoods such as oak account for the remaining 20 percent.

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In TCP Connection Terminationlesson, you will learn how Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) terminates an established connection gracefully. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connection Termination When the data transmission is complete and the device want to terminate the connection, the device initiating the termination, places a TCP segment (Segment is the name of the data packet at transport layer, if the protocol is TCP) with the FIN flag set to one. The purpose of FIN bit is to enable TCP to gracefully terminate an established session. The application then enters in a state called the FIN-WAIT state. When at FIN-WAIT state, Device A continues to receive TCP segments from Device B and processes the segments already in the queue, but no additional data is accepted from the application. TCP Connection Termination In the example shown above, assume Device A has completed its transmission and indicates this by sending a segment to Device B with the FIN bit set to 1. Device B will acknowledge the segment with an ACK. At this point in time, Device B will no longer accept data from Device A. Device B can continue to accept data from its application to transmit to Device A. If Device B does not have any more data to transmit, it will also terminate the connection by transmitting a segment to Device A with the FIN bit set to 1. Device A will then ACK that segment and terminates the connection. This Lesson explains how Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Terminates an established connection using FIN flag. Click "Next" to continue.

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The Greene family is an English and American family, its history being divided into two periods, from 1202 to 1635 in England, and from 1635 to the present in America. In the period for 1630 to 1640, that of the great Puritan Migration into Massachusetts, several men by the name of Greene came to the colonies, most of them settling in New England. Of all these, two of them are of particular interest to us. Both of their names were John, and their wives names were Joan. They were second cousins german, that is, one was the second cousin of the other's father. The elder of these John Greenes settled in Warwick, Rhode Island, after a short sojourn He was the founder of the Warwick Greenes, who have furnished more men in public life to the State of Rhode Island than any other family in the state. It is from this family that General Nathanael Greene is descended. The other John Greene settled at Quidnessett and became the founder of the Quidnessett Greenes. These two related families ha ve multiplied so that today, not even the Smiths, Joneses, or Johnsons outnumber them in their native state. It is said to be unwise to speak ill of any Rhode Islander to a Greene because he is sure to be a Greene or a kin of the Greenes! Rhode Island itself might better have been called the State of Greene because of the part the Greene family has played in its entire history from the beginning, the two John Greenes being associated with Roger Williams in the founding of the colony. The John Greene in which we are particularly interested in this sketch is he of Quidnessett, often spoken of as John of Quidnessett. There was a tradition or legend that persisted long years after his coming to Rhode Island that he was really John Clarke, one of the Regicide Judges who condemned Charles I to death in 1649, and that he fled to Massachusetts after the Restoration in 1660 to escape the fury of the Cavaliers, changing his name to the common one of Greene. The story is impossible, however, because we have positive proof, through an affidavit of his written in 1679 that he was with Richard Smith "forty years and more ago" when the latter established his trading post at Aquidneset, or Quidnessett. That would be 1639 at least, ten years before Charles I lost his head. The origin of this story is explained by Mrs. La Mance in her book, The Greene Family and Its Branches, and I shall repeat it later in this sketch. According to the same authority, there is not a single doubt as to John Greene's a ncestry. She has made a thorough study of it from documents, letters and other sources in Rhode Island and England. That which follows is copied almost verbatim from Mrs. La Mance's book. He who steps out into the night finds at first that all is gross darkness, but as he gropes his way, dim landmarks begin to shape themselves out of the darkness. The faint rays of light grow plainer, and the traveller at last walks in a path that has familiar objects to the right and the left to show him how far he has come and in what direction he is going. So in this history, the beginning of the Greene family is shrouded in the night of the unchronicled story of centuries ago. A date or two comes down to us. The hazy figure of Lord Alexander rises like a ghost from his seven centuries of dust. There is a certain branching and widening out of the family. Not until the fourth lord of the line comes more than the name of the Lords de Greene. All that we really know of the first Lord de Greene may be summed up in this brief paragraph. Alexander, of the House of Arundel, a Knight of the King's court, was the great-great grandson of Alen de la Zouche, the uncle of William the Conqueror and Duke of Bretagne, and the great grandson of one of the Norman nobles who invaded England with William the Conqueror in 1066. King John bestowed the estate of Boughton in Northampton upon him in 1202. John was the ruler of both England and France and apparently awarded Boughton, or Boketon, to Lord Alexander in return for the latter's support during a rebellion that raged in England while the king was in France putting down a similar rebellion there. The exact extent of the estate is not known, but the least a great baron could own and hold his rank was fifty hides of land, i.e., six thousand acres. Halstead, in his Succinct Genealogies, a very rare work done in 1585, says that at one time the Greenes were the largest land owners in the kingdom. Lord Alexander assumed a surname after his chief estate de Greene de Boketon, i.e., the Lord of the Park of the Deer Enclosure. A green in the early day was a park. Boketon is an old, old word meaning the buck's ton, or paled-in enclosure. Centuries ago the terminal syllable, ton, had lost its original sense and meant a town. So that Boketon, still used in the original sense, shows that Lord Alexander came to an estate named long before and noted for its extensive parks and deer preserves. Boketon became Bucks, Buckston, and later Boughton, its present name. It lies in Northampton. For five generations the de Greenes spoke Norman-French. They were a family that delighted in athletic sports. They hunted, hawked, and attended tournaments, played games of tennis, cricket, and bowls. All of them in their generations were noted for their fine bowling alleys, two or three of which were the finest in England. Charles I was arrested at Althorpe, where he had gone to bowl, and this once belonged to the Greenes. Alexander had a passionate love of horticulture that has throughout these seven centuries dominated his entire line of descendants. There is probably no other English speaking family today that has so many members that delight in beautiful home grounds and in flowers and fruit and finely kept farms. In 1215, when the English Lords forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, there were only seven barons that adhered to John and Lord Alexander de Greene de Boketon was not one of them. Therefore, he must have been one of the two thousand nobles who put their united protests in the hands of twenty-five lords who presented the Magna Carta to the king and forced him to sign that document that guaranteed both the lives and the property of his subjects from arbitrary spoliation. One of the signers was Roger, Earl of Winchester, whose great-great granddaughter, Lucie de la Zouche, married Sir Alexander de Greene's great-great grandson, Lord Thomas(5). 2. The second baron of the line, as listed in old rolls of the twentieth year of Henry III (1236) and the forty-fifth year of the same king (1261) was Sir Walter de Boketon, son of Lord Alexander, who was a Crusader in the seventh Crusade. He is again listed in the roll of the seventh year of Edward II (1214), and the name of his son, John de Greene de Boketon, is given at the same time. 3.John de Greene de Boketon, above mentioned, was doubtlessly the young crusading Knight who perished in Palestine in 1271, leaving a son born the same year. John died before he came to his title, his father still living, so the states passed onto his young son. 4. Sir Thomas de Greene, the son of John, was born in 1271. Halstead says of him: "Sir Thomas we find recited in an ancient catalog of the knights who accompanied Edward I against the Scots in 1296." Sir Thomas' wife was Alice, daughter and co-heir of Sir Thomas Bottisham of Braunstonl. Sir Thomas de Greene was mentioned in the records of 1319 as then alive. 5. 5. Sir Thomas de Greene, the fifth lord, was born in 1292. When he was about forty, he was made High Sheriff of Northampton (1330-1332) in the early part of the reign of Edward III. He married the Lady Lucie de la Zouche, lineally descended from Alen, the famous Earl and Sovereign of Bretagne. Her ancestry follows: (1) Robert the Strong, son or grandson of Wittekind, the famous Saxon chieftan who defied Charlemagne. Charles the Bold, the grandson of Charlemagne, called on Robert the Strong of Germany to aid him when he was fighting his brothers. In return for his services, Robert was rewarded with rich territorial grants and the titles of Count of Anjou and Duke of the Isle de France. This was in 861. Some time later, he married the granddaughter of Charlemagne. He fell in battle with the Norsemen who were harassing the Frankish kingdom. (2) Duke Robert, the son of Robert the Strong, and his brother, Duke Eudes, are sometimes considered among the kings of France because of the great power that they exercised. (3) Count Hugo the White, or Hugo the Great, became Duke of France and was king in all but name. He was the son of Duke Robert. (4) Hugh Capet, the son of Hugo the Great, seized the throne of France from the weak descendant of Charlemagne in 987 and was crowned king at Rheims. He was the founder of the long line of kings that reigned in France down to 1848. He married a sister of Guilhelm Fier-a-Bras (William of the Iron Arm), Duke of Aquitaine. (5) Robert the Pious, Hugh's son, came to the throne in 996 and reigned until his death in 1031. He was a good man but a weak king. He married Constans of Provence. (6) Henry, who became king in 1031 on the death of his father, was the third of the Capetian line. The whole of his twenty-nine years' reign was a constant struggle with his great nobles. Guerilla warfare was carried so far that the Church proclaimed a "Truce of God", by which no hostilities could take place from Thursday evening until Monday morning, or on feast days, or during Lent or Advent. King Henry married as his second wife and mother of his children Anne of Russia, daughter of the Grand Duke Jarolsav and descendant of Jaroslav the Great. (7) Hugh Magnus, Count of Vermandois, better known as the Great Crusader, was the first of the great leaders to reach the Holy Land in 1096. He was the second son of King Henry. He died in the city of Tarsus in 1102. (8) Lady Isabel, daughter of Count Hugh, married Robert de Bellemont, Earl of Mellent and first Earl of Leicester. (9) Earl Robert, the second, married Aurelia de la Ware, daughter of Ralph, Earl of Norfolk. Earl Robert was the Lord Chief Justice of England. (10) Earl Robert, third Earl of Leicester, married Petronella, daughter of Hugh de Grantes-Mismil. (11) Lady Margaret de Bellemont, married Sieur de Quincy. He was in the Crusade of 1188-1192, under Richard Coeur de Lion, King of England. One of his fellow crusaders was Robert, third Earl of Leicester, afterward his father-in-law. In 1207, King John created t his nobleman Earl of Winchester. Neverthe less, when the barons rose against King John eight years later, he was one of the twenty-five great barons who signed the Magna Carta and compelled the king to do likewise. (12) Earl Roger, second Earl of Winchester, married Helen, daughter of Alen, Lord of Galloway. (13) Lady Elene de Quincy married Alen, Lord de la Zouche, Governor of the Castle of Northampton, who died in 1260. (14) Eudo de la Zouche married Lady Millicent de Cantelupe. (15) Lady Lucie de la Zouche married Sir Thomas, fifth Lord de Greene. 6. Sir Henry de Greene as well as his father, Sir Thomas, received high honors form the hand of King Edward III, one of the best and strongest kings England ever had. Edward's trusted adviser was Sir Henry de Greene, the foremost lawyer of his day. Sir Henry's rank would not permit his pleading before the bar, but he put all his mental acumen and legal knowledge at his royal master's command. Let Halstead tell the rest of his story: "He was a Commissioner to examine certain abuses of which there was great complaint. He was much employed and in special trust and authority under those ministers the king left to govern the land in all the long wars he made in France… His integrity, wisdom, and great abilities did occasion his advancement (1353) to the office of Lord Chief Justice of England. He was Speaker of the House of Lords in two Parlements (1363-1364) and became at last of the King's nearest Counsel (State Cabinet). And such was his good fortune, he left to his posterity one of the most considerab le estates of that age. He died possessed of his ancient manor of Buckton, of Greene's Norton, East Neaston, Heydmon Court, Heybourn, Ashby Mares, and Dodington, with lands in Whittlebury, Paulsbury, and Northampton; the lordships of Drayton, Luffwich, Pesford, Islip, Shipton, Wolston, Wamingdon, Chalton, Houghton, Boteahaseall, with lands in Harringsworth, Harrowden, Hardwich, Raunds, Ringstead, Titchmarsh, Warrington, and sundry other places." One of the Lord Chief Justice's enterprises was the establishment of a Fair, held each year upon the spacious green or park of Boughton. A charter was granted to him to hold a three day's fair on the "vigil, day, and morrow" of the Day of St. John the Baptist, i.e. the twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, and twenty-sixth of June each year. The Boughton Fair became second only to the London Fair itself, and noblemen brought their horses and livestock for exhibition, racing, and sale. The Boughton Fair still exists, five and a half centuries after its rise. The Lord Chief Justice died in 1370, a little under sixty, and was buried at Boughton, the last of the Lords of the line to be buried there. He was early married to Katherine, daughter of John, and the only sister of Sir Simon, of Drayton. 7. Sir Henry de Greene, Lord Chancellor of England. Athough Henry was the second son, his father and older brother, Thomas, the rightful heir, set aside the old English law of primogeniture and gave the titles and most of the lands to him, a thing almost unheard of in those days of entailed estates.. Besides all but two of his father'ss estates, he gained through marriage to Matilda, sole heiress of her father, Lord Thomas Manduit, the lordships of Werminster, Westburg, Lye, Grateley, Dyechurch, and "other fair possessions". More than this, Henry's childless uncle, Simon, Lord of Drayton, settled his large estate upon Henry, stipulating that when he was dead, Henry should assume the title and bear on his escutcheon the Drayton coat-of-arms. According to Halstead, this Sir Henry de Greene was the largest landholder in all England. Like his father, Henry refused to follow the usual Greene policy of burying himself on his estates. He loved public life. His ability was so great that he became as prominent a statesman as his father before him. He was sent to the House of Commons and soon was one of the leaders. The king knighted him, and Sir Henry was made one of the King's near counselors, and later was appointed one of the Parlamentary Commissioners who helped the king govern the country. Better for him had he not been so popular with kings and princes. When Edward III died, his grandson, Richard II came to the throne. Richard II's reign was one of conspiracies and queer doings. One of the conspirators Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford and Lancaster, was banished for ten years, with the king's promise that he should not be deprived of the lands and titles to rold Duke of Lancaster died, called upon Sir Henry de Greene to help him obtain the coveted estates, and Sir Henry pointed out to the commission that the king's demand was lawful because all fiefs in England were held directly or indirectly from the king and could be confiscated by him at will , whereupon the unanimous Board of Commissioners sanctioned the king's action. There was about this time a rebellion in Ireland which Richard set out to quell, leaving the field open for Bolingbroke to seize the throne. He blamed Sir Henry as the "brains" of the commission for his loss of lands and titles and seized him with his two companions, Sir John Bushy and the Earl of Wiltshire, at Bristol where they were beheaded September 2, 1399. The scene is decribed by Shakespeare in his Richard II, Act I and II, although not sympathetically with the "conspirators". Shakespeare did not let actual historical fact interfere with a good story, however. 8. Sir Thomas de Greene was knighted on the field of battle for great bravery. He married his cousin, Ela de Greene. He had a beautiful castle. 9. Sir Thomas Greene, also knighted on the field of battle, ten years after his father was knighted. When Henry VII obtained the kingdom over his enemies, he hated the very name of Greene. He threw the last Sir Thomas into prison, in the Tower, where he died, and Sir Thomas' second son, John, had to flee for his life. It might be interesting to add here that Henry VII's son, Henry VIII, married as his sixth and last wife Lady Catherine of Parr, a daughter of the House of Greene, and she was the only one of Henry's wives to survive the ordeal! 10. John Greene, the Fugitivel. During the Wars of the Roses, 1455 to 1485, the Greenes were the faithful adherents of the House of York. The Yorkist king, Richard III, was one of the worst kings of England but the Greenes remained loyal to him because he represented the Yorkist House. In July 1485 Richard III plotted to have his two nephews murdered and sent this John Greene to the Earl of Warwick, ordering him to put the two princes to death. The good Earl, Sir Robert, refused to do the deed and sent John back to his king with the answer that he would not do so horrible a piece of work. Here the curtain falls on the too faithful messenger. Two years later Richard III was slain in battle, and Henry, the head of the House of Lancaster, came to the throne after marrying Elizabeth, heiress of the House of York, thus ending the Wars of the Roses. He held a grudge against the House of Greene as one of the supporters of the Yorkists, even imprisoning the old Sir Thomas Greene on the charge of plotting trea son. John Greene fled to the continent, where he became famous as the best swordsman in Europe. Homesick for England and family, he ventured back to an English city in which he was a stranger and passed as John Clarke, seeing his family occasionally. Becoming less cautious, as he was not discovered, he was drawn into a bout with the sword and his identity was discovered, from his previous fame in that direction. Again he fled and remained abroad until the death of the king. This story of flight and change of name is the original legend that the family once bore the name of Clarke. In the way of such traditions, the yarn was accredited to a later John Greene who came to America, and to his son, Lieutenant John Greene of Coventry, the details changing to fit the needs and the times. The story was that John Greene of Quidnessett was really a Regicide Jodge by the name of John Clarke who fled from England in 1660 to escape the wrath of the returning Cavaliers, changing his mane to the common Rhode Island name of Greene. This story could fit neither John Greene of Quidnessett, who was in the colonies ten years before Charles I was executed, nor his son, who was not more that four years old when the Stuart lost his head. The story is similar to many other legends of the Middle Ages, attributing the most amazing deeds of the German heroes and the Crusaders to Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar! Shakespeare did the same thing in his historical plays, which were written for an ignorant palace who knew nothing of history and wanted only a good story. 11. Robert Greene, Gentleman. Re purchased an estate called Bowridge Fall, at Gillingham in Dorsetshire, the family seat of the three preceding generations. On the old records it is usually spoken of as Porridge Hill, the local pronunciation of its name. His wife's name is unknown. Whoever she was, it is believed that through her came that extraordinary mathematical ability that has made the majority of her descendants "quick in figures", for every now and then since her day has there cropped out one of those phenomenal cases of instantaneous calculators. In the subsidy rolls of 1543, Robert Greene of Gillingham is listed as an elderly man with grandchildren. One of his daughter's name was Anne, a very popular name with the Gillingham Greenes, their diminutive for which, Welthian, was used in the family for several generations after the family came to America. Of Robert Greene's children, two sons were the forebears of the two families of Greenes who settled in America. Richard was the grandfather o f John Greene who settled at Warwick, becoming the founder of the Warwick Greenes, and John was the great grandfather of the John Greene of Quidnessett, whose line follows. 12. John Greene. He died in 1560. The rolls of theat year list his father, Robert as "very old". 13. Henry Greene, the youngest son of John. He "died suddenly", as the parish records put it, August 22, 1578. 14. Robert Greene. Little is known about him, except that he was the son of Henry Greene and the father of John Greene who came to the New World in 1635 and became known as John Greene of Quidnessett. It was Robert Greene's second cousin, John Greene, who settled in Warwick, Rhode Island. In order to conform to the number of the generations used in Frank L. Greene's book, The Greene Family, I shall begin again, with John Greene of Quidnessett as number one. 1. John Greene was born in England in 1606. As a young man, in 1635, he migrated to the New World, sailing on the ship, Matthew, to the West Indies, where he stayed for a few months. Finding the people there a "Godless set", he sailed to Massachusetts, the great Puritan settlement. Differing with the religious authorities there, he accompanied Richard Smith to Narragansett Bay where the latter had a trading post at Quidnessett, or Aquidneset. The two together established a flourishing trade with the Indians. For some years, Smith and Greene were the only white settlers at Quidnessett. Roger Williams and a Mr. Wilcox purchased land there in 1643 or 1644, and Williams sold his holdings to Richard Smith in 1651. On June 11, 1659 the Indian Sachem, Coquinaquant, sold the entire region of Quidnessett, which had belonged to the Narragansett Indians, to a land company headed by Major Humphrey Atherton. There were few Rhode Islanders in the company but Richard Smith was among them, the rest being Boston and Connecticut speculators. John Greene was one of the early shareholders but not one of the original ones. He became the leader of the Atherton land purchasers when trouble came up concerning the title to the land. The reason for the dispute is not clear, but the settlers were told that there was a Rhode Island law forbidding settlers to buy lands from the Indians, and that they must rebuy their homes from the Rhode Island colony. Connecticut and Massachusetts also claimed the same land. In 1663 John Greene, Richard Smith, and others petitioned to be under the Connecticut jurisdiction. This made the Rhode Island officials angry, and Greene was ordered arrested. He did not go peacefully, and when he arrived in Newport, he stood his ground so sturdily that the authorities came to some terms and he was released on the promise that he would be from that time on a "loyal freeman of Rhode Island". He was "loyal" until he could reach home. The fight between John Greene and Rhode Isand went on for seven years more, and Rhode Island finally gave in, May 1671. A special court was held at that time at Aquidneset, and Greene and his followers were assured full possession of their lands if they would acknowledge Rhode Island's jurisdiciton, so on May 20, 1671, John Greene and his son, Daniel, became "freemen" of Rhode Island and the dispute was at an end. Several times after this, John Greene's name appears on the records as witness to the transfer of land, etc. March 23, 1682, he divided his land among some of his sons who remained in Rhode Island, some of them having gone to New Jersey. John Greene's wife was alive when these deeds were executed. There are some old and dilapidated graves in what was once a part of John of Quidnessett's land. Two of these rude headstones bear the initials D.G. and R.G., marking the graves of John's son, Daniel and his wife, Rebecca. The other gravestone, the oldest of all, is marked I.G. It is believed to mark the grave of Mrs. Joan Greene, wife of John. The letters I and J were often confused and used interchangeably in those days. His grave does not appear beside hers. In Rhode Island they point out a grave some miles away as that of John Greene. He is believed to have lived with his son, John, at Coventry from the time of his wife's death until his own in 1695 and was buried in the Old Field Graveyard, a mile we st of the Maple Root Church. John's wife was Joan. There has been much idle conjecture as to who she was. She was not the daughter of Surgeon John Greene of Warwick, as some have claimed, for that Joan died when a child. Nor was she the daughter of Richard Smith, for Joan Smith married a Mr. Newton. Governor Winthrop, of Massachusetts, speaking of one held to be John of Quidnessett, uses this language: "One Greene who married the wife of one Beggarly". So his wife was a young widow, Mrs. Joan Beggarly, whom he married on one of his business trips to Massachusetts around 1642. It is interesting to note here that the wife of John Greene of Warwick, second cousin of our John, was also a Joan, her name being Tatarsole. They were married and had several children before they came to America. Whether Joan Beggarly was handsome or plain featured; whether she was brilliant or dull, we do not know. But we do know that she possessed a remarkably even, sweet temper that nothing could ruffle or disturb. After the English custom, she had been baptized Joan but was always called Jane. There is an old family superstition among the Quidnessett Greenes tht all their Janes will be self-sacrificing women who will take special care of the sick and care for the old and infirm. This superstitions likely dates from the good, placid Joan. Ever since this good dame's day there have appeared again and again among her descendants some of her own sunny tempered kind. They look through rose-colored glasses and keep up a good heart and serene spirit whate'er betide. This disposition is illustrated by the stock family story of one of these good-natured Greenes whose wife had a furious temper. The story goes that when she was pleasant, he always blandly spoke to her as "Wife". When she began to fret and scold, he would soothingly remonstrate "Come! Come! Sister Greene, let's have no trouble"; but when the storm broke into a tantrum of rage and abuse, he would pick up his hat and beat a hasty retreat, philosophically saying, "Well! Well! Mrs. Greene, have it your own way, have it your own way!" 2. Benjamin Greene, the youngest son of John of Quidnessett, was born probably in Quidnessett (North Kingstown) about 1665. About the year 1687, he married Humility Coggeshall, the sixth child of Joshua and Joan (West) of Newport and Portsmouth, who was born in Portsmouth in January 1670 or 1671. Her father, Joshua, together with Mary Dyer, the Martyr and Daniel Gould , founded the first Friends Society in Rhode Island. She was the granddaughter of John Coggeshall, the first President of Providence Plantations, dying in office November 27, 1648. Benjamin Greene's name appears in the freeman's list of North Kingstown in 1696. In 1698-1703 he was deputy to the General Assembly; 1701-1704, member of the Town Council; 1702, rate-maker; 1703, appointed to lay out highways. On March 26, 1705 he sold his land in Kingstown and soon removed to East Greenwich, where he died in the winter of 1718-1719. His will, dated January 7, 1719, was proved in East Greenwich March 5 following. In it he mentions his wife, Humility, who survived him, and twelve children, of whom the three youngest wer under eighteen. 3. John Greene, the eldest of the family, was born about 1688, probably in Quidnessett. About the year 1708 he married Mary Aylsworth, born as early as 1688, the oldest daughter of Arthur and Mary (Brown) of Quidnessett, but originally from England or Wales. This Mary Brown was the daughter of Reverend John and Mary (Holmes) of Providence, and granddaughter of Reverend Obadiah Holmes, the Baptist minister of Newport. Who was so brutally whipped for being a Baptist in Massachusetts that he had to lie for three days on his face. On October 13, 1726, John gave his wife a receipt for her share of her father's estate. In 1732 he is styled "Lieutenant John". On January 9, 1733 or 1734, being then of East Greenwich, he purchased 149 ¾ acres in what is now West Greenwich, it being "The first farm in the first division in the right of Samuel Cranston". In 1743 he sold farms formerly belonging to his father and brother, Caleb, both deceased. The Cranston farm in West Greenwich was the site of his homestead. In the records preserved by Ethan Greene, his son Joseph's grandson, he is styled "White Hat John" and was also called "Lord John" because of his haughty air. He died in West Greenwich March 29, 1752. His will was made March 26 and proved April 25, 1752. Of his fifteen children, the ninth was Joseph, with whom we continue our story. It might be interesting to note here that, with his large family, he died leaving a fortune quite large for that day. 4. Joseph Greene was probably born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, about 1725. He was married in Westerly, Rhode Island, September 20, 1747, to Margaret Greenman, the daughter of Edward Jr., and Sarah (Clarke) of Charlestown, Rhode Island. She was born October 17, 1725. The births of their eight children are recorded in Westerly, and it is probable that they lived there for twenty years or more, removing to West Greenwich between 1768 and 1774. In the census of June 1774, he is given as a resident of West Greenwich, where also lived his sons, Charles, Luke, John, and his son-in-law, Randall Spencer. They were Seventh Day Baptists, as all their children and a large part of their numerous posterity have been. This may have been due to the influence of his wife, Margaret, who was reared in that faith, though some of his brothers and their children have held to the same belief. In 1779, or early in 1780, all his children with their families removed to Little Hoosick (Berlin), Rensselaer County, New York and settled there; and there is little doubt that he and his wife went with them and died thaere, though no record of thir later years and death has been preserved. Of their nine children, Edward was the fifth, and it is with him that this account continues. 5. Judge Edward Greene was born in Westerly, Rhode Island, March 20, 1760 and died in Alfred, Allegany County, New York, February 24, 1845. In 1778, probably in Rhode Island, he married Huldah Sweet, who was born January 29, 1758 and died in Alfred, March 16, 1839. No record of her parentage has been found, but she is said to have been a sister of "John Sweet of Williamstown, Massachusetts" and probably a sister of Jeremiah and Thomas Sweet, who served in the same company and regiment (Van Rensselaer's) with her husband and whose names were bestowed upon two of her own sons. Judge Edward was a farmer as were his fathers before him and his sons and grandsons after him for four or five generations. During 1777 and 1778 he served in the Revolution with his brothers, Charles and John, in Colonel John Topham's regiment in Rhode Island. Soon after he removed with all his brothers and sisters to Berlin, Rensselaer County, New York. There he served during 1780 and 1781 with his four brothers in the company of Captain Samuel Shaw, 6th Albany Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Henry K. Van Rensselaer. How long he lived here is not known, but he removed to Brookfield, Madison County, New York and perhaps for a time to Adams, Jefferson County, and while in Brookfield served as captain during the War of 1812, in which three of his sons, at least, took part. In 1816 he accompanied his children to Alfred, Allegany County, New York, the eldest, Luke, having preceded them, and took a farm in the eastern part of the town. They were among the eighty pioneer families of Alfred. Here the rest of their lives were spent. He was a man vigorous in mind and in body; he was the first judge of Madison County, and in his later years was known as "Judge" Edward. A veteran of two wars, his autograph, written at the age of eighty-four, is bold and firm. His son Paris, was the fourth child of the family of ten, and it is he who next holds our interest in this account. 6. Paris Green was probably born in Berlin, Renssalaer County, New York November 23, 1785 and died in Alfred, Allegany County, New York March 29, 1868. In Brookfield, Madison County, he married Polly (Mary) Sweet on March 19, 1807. She was the daughter of James Sweet of East Greenwich, Rhode Island (born April 17, 1753, died April 24, 1844) and Mary Baker (born September 22, 1753, died March 17, 1836). When married, Polly was known as Polly Spencer, but afterward was acknowledged and made his heir by her father. She was born in East Greenwich, July 17, 1789 and died in Alfred, New York August 16, 1883. He settled first in Brookfield, whence he moved to Alfred in 1816, being among the pioneer families, and took up a farm about one mile east of Alfred Station, where his long life was spent. He served in the War of 1812 with his father and brothers. Of Paris and Polly Green's family of nine children, Edward was fourth, and it is with him that we continue. 7. Edward Green was born in Alfred, New York July 5, 1816, in the year of the "Great Cold", when it snowed every month of the year, and several people starved to death in Alfred. He died April 14, 1909 on his homestead in Lanphear Valley, midway between Alfred Station and Andover. On June 19, 1847 he married his third cousin, Tacy Hamilton, daughter of Freeborn and Tacy (Green) of Alfred. (See page 18 for her family.) She was born at Alfred, March 15, 1830 and died March 7, 1910 on the farm where she and her husband had always lived. Their's was a small family, there being only two children. The older was Maxson Alvaro, with whom the story continues. The younger was Ella Adell, born February 5, 1853. She was a very lovely and talented girl, but died July 29, 1873, following a lingering illness, which the doctors of the day called "Tuberculous peritonitis" and did not know how to treat properly. Before his marriage, Edward Green taught school for a few years, some of them being spent in the District School in Lanphear Valley, where his children, grandchildren, and some of his great grandchildren attended. As a young man, he was told by the doctors that he had a cancer of the stomach and that he could not live for more than a few months. He was engaged to be married at the time, but broke the engagement because he felt it would not be right to marry. The doctors told him to chew tobacco and swallow the juice and to eat frugally. He followed their directions, and died at the age of ninety-four, a vigorous, keen minded, old man who did his full share of the farm work up until a few months of his death. His death was caused by the ravages of old age and the malady which afflicted his entire family, cancer. 8. Maxson Alvaro Green(e) was born in Alfred, Allegany County, New York on June 12, 1850 on his father's farm in Lanphear Valley. It is around him and his entire family that this sketch has been prepared. He died August 17, 1917 at the home of his cousin, Mrs. Polly Green, at Alfred Station, having had a stroke of apoplexy while driving his car. His youngest son, Ernest, was with him at the time. He was married in Clarksville, Allegany County, January 28, 1880 to Mary A Capen, the daughter of Cyrus N. and Ruisa (Beebe) of Clarksville. She was born October 15, 1853 and died March 3, 1932. (See page 17 for her family.) The Reverend Walter B. Gillette performed the marriage ceremony at her father's home. He spent his entire life on his father's farm, which was also his. There they brought up their family of six children, giving them all they possibly could. There the children learned the principles of right living which helped them to make their own lives successful and which they are passing down to their own children. Although the home was one of the strict Seventh-Day Baptist homes of the community, there was always time for fun and play, into which the father entered with zest and which the mother enjoyed without full participation. Practical joking was always the order of the day, and there are many amusing stories that are told of all the family. In his sermon at the funeral of Mary A. Greene, Reverend Walter Greene summed up their whole lives by saying that their's was the most hospitable home in the community. The people are many who can still hear ringing in their ears and memories "Mac" Green's hearty "Hello, there! Come right in!" and see the quiet, kindly "Mate", hustle another plate onto the table, for few ever got away without eating at the loaded table. Mary or "Mate", as her husband always called her, was a teacher. She taught for ten years before she married and continued to teach all the rest of her life. She not only taught the Three R's to her children and grandchildren, but also she taught them the meaning of honest, kindly living and the strictest observance of what they considered to be their duty regardless of personal discomfort or consequences. Beneath a rather stern and forbidding exterior manner was hidden the kindliest and warmest of hearts, revealed to the uninitiated only by her kindly, smiling eyes. Their family of six children are of interest to all who read this sketch, and each follows in the order of his birth. The number, nine, which precedes each name is the number of the generation in descent from John Greene of Quidnessett. 9. Edward Vergil Greene was born July 19, 1881 at Alfred, on the farm of his father. After attending the District School in Lanphear Valley, he went to Andover High School and then a few months to Cornell University, in the Agricultural School there. On March 22, 1905 he was married to Elizabeth Tucker, of Almond, New York. She was born July 28, 1880, the daughter of Milo and Anna (Bennett) Tucker of Almond. At the time of his marriage, he bought a farm about two miles south of Alfred Station, known as the Edwards Farm. There they lived until 1914, when they moved to his father's farm farther south in the Valley. Their three children were all born at the first home. Since 1914 they have lived on the old home farm, buying it after the death of his father. Their home has continued to be the traditional home for the rest of the family, the place to which they all turn in time of great joy or time of great sorrow, when they want to go "Home". He has served his community in various capacities in elective offices and is now Justice of the Peace. His wife also served many years as the School Trustee in the District. He is a Mason, belonging to the Andover Lodge. At one time, he and three of his brothers belonged to the Lodge at Alfred. They and their family are members of the Second Seventh-Day Baptist Church at Alfred Station. 1. Eloise Anna, born March 16, 1907, married June 27, 1928 to Milton Baker, son of Arthur and Vera (Hill). She graduated from the Alfred High School in 1924, then went to Geneseo Normal School at Geneseo, New York, graduating from there in 1927. She taught a year at Richburg, New York in the elementary school there and the following year in the grade school at Alfred. At both places she was highly successful. Children: i. Mary Elizabeth, born October 28, 1929 at Hornell, New York; ii. Richard Milton, born November 14, 1930 at Hornell, New York. 2. Rose Elizabeth, born June 22, 1910, married December 24, 1932 to Milton Emerson, son of Mark Henry and Lottie (Pierce), born December 24, 1906 at Alfred, New York. She graduated from Andover High School in 1929 and then went to train in the General Hospital at Buffalo, New York, completing two years of the work. 3. Elwin Carlton, born February 15, 1913 at Alfred, New York. He attended the Alfred High School for two years and is now working with his father on the home farm. 10. William Cyrus Greene was born October 30, 1883 at Alfred on his father's farm. After attending the District School in the Valley, he went three years to the Andover High School, then, during the winter of 1903 and 1904 to Willard's Business College at Hornell, New York, graduating from there in 1904. After carrying mail out of Andover a year, he went to Battle Creek, Michigan where he held a position in the Treasurer's Office of the Battle Creek Sanitarium until the spring of 1908. On April 2, 1908 he was married to Nettie May McCluer at Franklinville, New York. She was born April 29, 1887, the daughter of Frederick Odell and Agnes (McPherson) of Franklinville. After they were married, they lived on his father's farm in Alfred until 1914. There both their children were born. In 1914 he resumed carrying mail, this time out of Alfred Station, to which place the family moved, living there until 1917. In September, 1917 he and his wife went to Davenport, Iowas to attend the Universal Chiropractic College there but had to return to the home farm in November because the school had to close on account of the War. The next fall they moved to Warren, Ohio, where he carried mail in that city until 1919, when he resumed his study at the Universal Chiropractic College, which had moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After graduation from there in 1920, he practiced his profession until the summer of 1921 in Warren, when he felt it necessary to stop because of the Ohio law antagonistic to Chiropractors. At this time he joined his brother, Harry, in the Greene Motor Company in Cleveland as a manager of the Parts Room. This position he held, with increasing responsibility in the business, until his death December 11, 1927, following an operation for Gall Stones, performed by Dr. Becker at Fairview Park Hospital, Cleveland. He was buried in the family lost in the cemetery at Alfred, New York. As are his brothers, he was a Mason, having the distinction of being a charter member at two Lodges, the University Lodge at Alfred and the Carroll F. Clapp Lodge of Warren, Ohio. At the time of his death he was a member of Clifton Lodge of Lakewood, Ohio. 1. Maxson Frederick, born February 17, 1909, at Alfred, New York. Attended school at Alfred Station, Warren, and Lakewood, graduating from Lakewood High School in 1927. He went to Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio in 1927-1928, transferring to Alfred University, Alfred, New York 1928-1929 and back to Ohio Wesleyan University in 1929, graduating from there in 1931 with honors. At present he is teaching history in the Frank B. Willis High School of Delaware, Ohio. He is a member of the Alpha Sigma Phi and Phi Beta Kappa Fraternities and of the Presbyterian Church of Delaware. 2. Eleanor Agnes, born January 18, 1912 at Alfred, New York. She attended schools at Alfred, Warren, and Lakewood, graduating from Lakewood High School in 1929, second in a class of over three hundred. She went to Ohio Wesleyan University in 1929, graduating from there with high honors, second in a class of three hundred again in 1933. She is a member of Delta Gamma and Phi Beta Kappa Fraternities and the First Church of Christ, Scientist, of Lakewood, Ohio. 9. Harrison Carlton Greene (Harry) was born August 2, 1885 at Alfred on his father's farm. After going to the District School in the Valley, he attended the Alfred Academy for several years, going then to Syracuse, New York to work in the draughting room of the Franklin Motor Company. There he met and married Lulu Myrtle Paddock, daughter of Charles and Fannie (McCracken), formerly of Amboy, New York, where she was born May 30, 1887. They were married August 22, 1910 and went directly to Cleveland, Ohio where he worked for several years for the Peerless Motor Company and later as a salesman for the Ford Motor Company of Cleveland. After working as a salesman for several years, his ability was recognized and he was given one of the first Ford Agencies in Cleveland, he and Harry Gahn going into the business together in a location on Detroit Avenue near Winchester Avenue in Lakewood, as the G. & G. Motor Company. In 1921 he and Mr. Gahn parted company and he established and agency of his own at 5417 Detro it Avenue. In May of that year his brother, William C., then living in Warren, Ohio, joined him and they enjoyed a very happy and pleasant relationship until the latter's death, December 11, 1927. Due to the shock of his brother's sudden death, the business gradually slipped away from his grasp, after having given up the Ford Agency and taken over a Chevrolet Agency in 1929. In 1931 due to the wretched business conditions and his own loss of power he gave up the business entirely and went into the South, selling whatever he could find to sell. In October 1930 he obtained a divorce from his wife and on May 30, 1931 married a divorcee, Mrs. Dora (Patrick) Brandenburg of Cleveland, Ohio and Lexington, Kentucky. He is a Mason and a Shriner. Child: (by first wife) 1. Christine Adele, born May 4, 1913 at Cleveland, Ohio. She attended the grade schools and Emerson Junior High School of Lakewood, graduating from Lake wood High School in 1931. The year 1931-1932 she spent at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, and in the summer of 1932, she and her mother moved to Delaware, Ohio where she is attending Ohio Wesleyan University. She is doing fine work in the Home Economics Department. 9. Ellen Euphemia Greene was born May 30, 1887 at Alfred on her father's farm. She was married June 23, 1909 at the home of her parents' to Clark Milford Crandall, son of Sherman and Nora (Wood) Crandall of Andover, New York, where he was born September 2, 1882. Since their marriage, they have lived on his father's and his farm in the town of Andover. She attended the District School in Lanphear Valley, then Alfred Academy, from which she graduated in 1906. For several years after graduation she taught in the district schools of the vicinity, the Goose Pasture School at Alfred Station and the Tip-Top School in the home district. She and her family are members of the Seventh-Day Baptist Church of Independence. Her mother lived with her from 1923 until her death in 1932. 1. Edward Wood Crandall, born May 15, 1912 at Andover, New York. After graduation from Andover High School in 1929 he went to a trade school in Lancaster, Pennsylvania where he learned the watchmaker's trade. He is now developing a fine business for himself in Canisteo, New York. 2. Wayne Nelson Crandall, born April 22, 1914 at Andover, New York. After attending the district school at Independence, he went to Andover High School, graduating from there in 1932. At present he is doing excellent work in the Agricultural College of Cornell University. 3. Philip Sherman Crandall, born November 27, 1916. He is a fine student at Andover High School. 4. Mary Maxine Crandall, born October 4, 1919. She is also a fine student at Andover High School. 9. Clarence Eugene Greene was born June 21, 1889 at Alfred, New York on his father's farm in Lanphear Valley. After attending the District School in the Valley, he went to Alfred Academy and then to Alfred University, from which he graduated in 1913, the president of his class. He was married on December 24, 1913 to Vida Stillman at Alfred, New York, by President Boothe C. Davis of Alfred University. She was born July 17, 1888 at De Ruyter, New York, the daughter of George and Cora (Stillman) Stillman. After he graduated from Alfred he taught Mathematics at Governeur, New York for a year, then went to Medina, New York, where he taught Mathematics and was Assistant Principal. In 1915 they needed a strong Principal at Hornell, New York, and he was called there, where he successfully cleaned out a gang of high school ruffians. A few years later he went to Spring Valley, New York as Principal of the High School there. He remained in school work only a short time after that, and is now engaged in the insurance business with the Prudential Insurance Company of New York. He, too, is a Mason. 1. Clarida Stillman, born February 16, 1915 at Medina, New York. She graduated from the Spring Valley High School in 1932 and is at present doing fine work in the Ceramics Arts School at Alfred 2. Clarence Eugene, Junior, born May 22, 1917 at Hornell, New York. He is a student in the Spring Valley High School. 3. Edward Barton, born December 20, 1920 at Spring Valley, New York. 4. Barbara Ruth, born July 17, 1924 at Spring Valley, New York. 5. Marjorie Jeanne, born February 22, 1929 at Spring Valley, New York. 9. Ernest Germaine Greene was born January 26, 1893 at Alfred on his father's farm in Lanphear Valley. After attending the District School in the Valley, he went to the Alfred Academy, graduating in 1912. In 1913 he went to the Hornell Business School and attended Alfred University on year, 1916-1917, in the Class of 1920. He served in the World War, both in the United States, at Camp Dix in New Jersey and Camp Joseph E. Johnston in Florida, and in France, as a Corporal, Batter C, 307th Field Artillery in 1917 and as a Second Lieutenant, Transport Corps, Motor Transport Company #406 at Bordeaux, France in 1918. After returning from France, he worked in several banks in Cleveland, Ohio and is now with the Cleveland Trust Company, Broadview Office, as Head Teller. He was married on July 10, 1926 to Welhelmina Brandt, daughter of Herman and Wilhelmina Brandt of Cleveland, at Garrettsville, Ohio. He, like all his brothers, is a Mason. I am inserting an extra page after this one for each of the families to make any additions or corrections to their own family records that they may desire. Maxson Frederick Greene. TO BE CONTINUED......... Back to the Member Family Links Page This page is maintained by the PHGS Last Update November 20, 1999 | Email Us | Membership Chat and Meeting Room | Disclaimer

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The normal color of urine from rabbits is yellow. Sometimes the urine can become red, pink, brown, or orange. This condition, often simply called "red urine," can occur in healthy rabbits as well as those who are ill. Causes of red urine Plant pigments: In healthy rabbits, the red color of urine can be due to porphyrins and other plant pigments that have not all been identified. Sometimes diets with large amounts of plants high in beta-carotene, such as carrots and spinach, can cause the reddish discoloration. Ingestion of pine or fur needles has resulted in red urine as well. The discoloration is unpredictable: two rabbits may be on the identical diet, and one may have red urine, and the other not. Generally, the changes in urine color caused by diet are intermittent and only last 2-3 days. Antibiotics: The administration of some antibiotics may increase the levels of pigments in the urine. Stress: Some have suggested that stress or even a change of season may result in reddish discolored urine in some rabbits. Dehydration: Dehydration will concentrate the urine, causing it to become darker in color and intensifying any pigmentation that is present. Blood: If the red coloration is due to hematuria (the presence of blood in the urine), it is a sign of disease in the urinary tract, such as: - Kidney or bladder infection - Kidney or bladder stones - Kidney or bladder cancer - Bladder polyps Blood in secretions from the uterus or vagina normally appear as a bloody discharge on the vulva, or as several bloody drops before or after urination. If the rabbit is not seen urinating, the blood may appear to be uniformly mixed in the urine found in the cage. Secretions from the reproductive tract that may cause red urine in nonspayed females may be due to: - Endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the lining of the uterus) - Uterine infection - Uterine cancer - Uterine polyps Bilirubin and urobilinogen: In very rare instances, the discoloration of the urine may be due to the presence of chemicals called bilirubin and urobilinogen. Increased levels of bilirubin and urobilinogen may be found in the blood and the urine if the rabbit has liver disease or her blood cells are being destroyed. Making a diagnosis A veterinarian can test the urine quickly to determine if the discoloration of the urine is due to blood, bilirubin, or urobilinogen. If one of these is found, a complete physical is necessary. A good medical history including urinary habits is very important. If the animal has been straining to urinate, attempting to urinate more often, or urinating smaller quantities (sometimes only several drops) each time, a urinary bladder problem is likely. The condition can be very serious in rabbits who are "blocked" (have an obstruction of the urinary tract, such as with a bladder stone, and are unable to pass urine). Various tests of the blood and urine, including a culture and sensitivity may be used to confirm the diagnosis. Ultrasonography and radiography (x-rays) may also be helpful in determining the cause. If the discoloration of the urine is due to dietary pigments, no treatment is necessary. If there is an obstruction, the rabbit may need to be sedated or anesthetized while the obstruction is removed. Dehydrated rabbits will need to be given intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SQ) fluids. Depending upon the diagnosis, treatment may include surgery, antibiotics, or other medications. Discolored urine should always be checked by your veterinarian. If your rabbit is not showing any changes in eating, urinating, or other behavior, you may simply need to take in a urine specimen to be tested. To obtain a urine specimen, have your rabbit urinate into a clean, empty litter box. Collect the urine with a syringe, and store it in a clean, covered container in the refrigerator for up to 8 hours. It is sometimes difficult to get a clean sample of urine from a rabbit this way, so you may need to take your rabbit to the veterinarian, who can collect the specimen. A specimen that is less than ½ teaspoon in volume, contaminated with droppings, or not stored correctly can cause inaccurate test results. If your rabbit is straining to urinate and producing little, if any, urine, she may be blocked, and should be seen by a veterinarian immediately.

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Content (from CAPS document) Suggested activities and investigations (from CAPS document) Spheres of the Earth - Earth to be understood as complex system where all parts (spheres) interact with each other - Four spheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere - Drawing and labelling concentric layers of inside of earth. - Writing to explain the interaction between the spheres.

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Pillory, Stocks and Whipping Post, Colonial Williamsburg, VA N 37° 16.282 W 076° 41.993 18S E 349284 N 4126331 Quick Description: Stocks, Pillory and Whipping Post outside the Courthouse in Colonial Williamsburg. Location: Virginia, United States Date Posted: 1/18/2009 3:12:55 PM Waymark Code: WM5KGA These instruments of corporal punishment are located just outside the courthouse in Colonial Williamsburg. According to the courthouse reenactor, the Pillory was used to punish lessor felony-type crimes, with the sentance usually being just a few hours. However, the criminal's earlobes were nailed to the Pillory, and upon release the torn earlobes would serve as a permanent record that the person had been convicted of a crime. The Stocks were not used so much as punishment, but rather to hold prisoners while awaiting their trials in the courthouse. The Whipping Post shackles are attached to a post on one side of the Stocks. Also according to the reenactor, whipping was by far the most common punishment handed out by the courts. For most misdemeanor crimes the guilty had the choice of paying a fine or being whipped. The wealthy paid, the poor were whipped. These devices are in good working order but have been safety pegged to keep from pinching. Type of Device: Stocks, Pillory and Whipping Post What is the approximate age?: 01/01/1770 How do you rate this item?: Associated Website: [Web Link] Please submit your visiting log with a picture of the object and include some interesting information about your visit.

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3D Animation Workshop: Lesson 2: 3D Building an Object Lesson 2 - Building an Object - Part 3 Now another big mental step. How do we go from the points alone to a solid object? We use the points to represent the vertices (corners) of six separate squares that form the surface of the cube. The points are used to define linked polygons that define the shape of the cube. Using points, and connecting them to create polygons, we create a MODEL that can be viewed, or "rendered" by 3-D software. Notice how the very tips of the 3 axes are visible in this rendering. This help us to understand where the cube is located in our space. To clarify things even more, we will make the cube translucent, so that the axes may be seen within. Now that we see how a 3-D object is created by using points to create surface polygons (in this case, squares), we can return to the ideas of transformation from Lesson 1. By transforming the upper group of points downward in y (from y=1 to y=.5) and transforming the lower group upward in y (from y=-1 to y=-.5), the cube is compressed vertically. This demonstrates how scaling (resizing) is achieved by transformation of coordinates. By transforming all the points together, we can rotate the object around the vertical axis. And then rotate it again, this time around the z axis. Can you see the complex effect of rotating around two different axes? Look carefully. Finally, we translate (move) the entire object back away from our point of view. In this lesson, we have seen how points are used to create objects by connecting these points to make flat surfaces. This is fine for a cube, or even for something as complex as a cut diamond, because these are all objects with flat, or "planar" surfaces. So how would we create curved surfaces, like those of a ball? Surprisingly enough, it is done in the same way we create the cube, out of flat surfaces. We'll explain this central mystery of 3-D graphics in Lesson 3. |To Return to Parts 1 and 2, Use Arrow Buttons|| Created: March 4, 1997 Revised: March 6, 1998

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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Other Names for this Disease - Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency - AADC deficiency - DDC deficiency - Dopa decarboxylase deficiency See Disclaimer regarding information on this site. Some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the National Institutes of Health. Individuals affected by this condition often have severe movement disorders, abnormal eye movements, autonomic symptoms, and neurological impairment. The condition is caused by mutations in the DDC gene. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Treatment includes a variety of medications which may result in varying levels of success in individual patients. Physical, occupational, and speech therapy may also be of benefit.Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited condition that affects the way signals are passed between certain cells in the nervous system. Last updated: 3/1/2016 - Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. Genetics Home Reference (GHR). May 2008; https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/aromatic-l-amino-acid-decarboxylase-deficiency. - What is Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency?. Pediatric Neurotransmitter Disease Association. http://www.pndassoc.org/diseases/aadc.html. Accessed 3/1/2016. - Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine. - The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition. - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. - Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge. - PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

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Betelgeuse – the somber red star in the shoulder of the constellation Orion the Hunter – is one of the largest stars visible to the eye alone. The star Betelgeuse might someday appear as a spectacular explosion in our sky, a supernova. Brad Schaefer is an astronomer in Baton Rogue, Louisiana. He said Betelgeuse could become a supernova any day now. Brad Schaefer: For all we know, Betelgeuse has just gone supernova. Betelgeuse is about a thousand light years away. So if Betelgeuse has gone supernova anytime in the last thousand years, the light of this supernova explosion could be speeding to us even as we speak – maybe it will arrive tonight – and suddenly Betelgeuse will flash into being brighter than a million full moons in the sky – all up above us. It would be a spectacular sight. Schaefer said that if Betelgeuse replaced the sun in our solar system, Earth would be submerged inside this star. Its outer layers would extend halfway to Jupiter. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant. It long ago burned up its main star fuel – hydrogen – that keep stars like our sun shining. Stars like our sun shine due to thermonuclear fusion. They fuse light atoms in their cores to make heavier atoms. Eventually stars run out of the raw materials needed for fusion. Then, if a star is massive enough, it’ll explode as a supernova. Schaefer said that even if Betelgeuse became a supernova, it would be too far away to do us any actual harm. By the way, if our sun went supernova, just the blast wave would destroy Earth. The nearest star to our sun, Alpha Centauri, is not likely to become a supernova. But if a star at that distance did go supernova, there would be very heavy damage here on Earth. How close could Earth be to a supernova, without suffering damage? Schaefer said that people argue back and forth about this (there are many unknown effects that go into these sorts of calculations), but, he said, a typical figure might be 100 light years away. Thanks today to Research Corporation – a foundation for the advancement of science. NOTE: Schaefer was off a bit on the distance to Betelgeuse. Its estimated distance is 520 light-years away. Our thanks to: Louisiana State University Jorge Salazar has conducted thousands of in-depth interviews with scientists in the process of creating science content for EarthSky. He also helps host the 90-second EarthSky podcasts. Jorge has a bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Texas at Austin. He knows a lot about a lot of different things. For EarthSky, he has explored subjects as diverse as nanotechnology, ecosystem-based management, climate change, global health, international environmental treaties, astrophysics and cosmology, and environmental security. His penetrating research style, poetic writing, and ability to track down and speak with Nobel prize-winning laureates, all make him a huge asset to EarthSky.

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The Black Duiker ranges from Guinea to Southwestern Nigeria. This area includes the following countries: Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native ) Black Duikers are heavily built: short, stocky legs; long body; long head. They are dark brown to black in color. The bridge of their nose and other parts of their head are more reddish in color. They have bare nasal speculums and pointed hooves. Both sexes have horns. The male's are between 7.5 and 17.5 cm. The female's horns are between 2.5 and 3 cm. The body is between 80 and 90 cm long. The tail is between 12 and 14 cm long. The underside of the tail is white. The shoulder height is 45 to 50 cm. And they weigh between 15 and 20 kg. Range mass: 15 to 20 kg. Range length: 80 to 90 cm. Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry C. niger is a terrestrial animal that is found in several different areas of the forest. It lives in areas of the rainforest and in in other forests. It can be found on the edges of these forests, in bushes and thickets. It can also be found in shrublands and degraded forests. (Walther, 1990). Habitat Regions: tropical Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest Habitat and Ecology Black Duikers eat a wide variety of foods. Fruits and foliage are the most common, however, their diet also includes everything from insects to eggs. It is possible that they occasionally eat birds, also. Foods eaten include: flowers, leaves, buds, young shoots, grasses, herbs, berries, fruits, termites, ants, snails and eggs. Animal Foods: birds; eggs; insects; mollusks Plant Foods: leaves; fruit Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore ) Niger Delta Terrestrial Vertebrate Associates The Niger Delta is an enormous classic distributary system located in West Africa, which stretches more than 300 kilometres wide and serves to capture most of the heavy silt load carried by the Niger River. The peak discharge at the mouth is around 21,800 cubic metres per second in mid-October. The Niger Delta coastal region is arguably the wettest place in Africa with an annual rainfall of over 4000 millimetres. Vertebrate species richness is relatively high in the Niger Delta, although vertebrate endemism is quite low. The Niger Delta swamp forests occupy the entire upper coastal delta. Historically the most important timber species of the inner delta was the Abura (Fleroya ledermannii), a Vulnerable swamp-loving West African tree, which has been reduced below populations viable for timber harvesting in the Niger Delta due to recent over-harvesting of this species as well as general habitat destruction of the delta due to the expanding human population here. Other plants prominent in the inner delta flood forest are: the Azobe tree (Lophira alata), the Okhuen tree (Ricinodendron heudelotii ), the Bitter Bark Tree (Sacoglottis gabonensis), the Rough-barked Flat-top Tree (Albizia adianthifolia), and Pycnanthus angolensis. Also present in its native range is the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) There are a number of notable mammals present in the inner coastal delta, including the limited range Black Duiker (Cephalophus niger), a near-endemic to the Niger River Basin. In addition, the Endangered Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is found in the Niger Delta. The near-endemic White-cheeked Guenon (Cercopithecus erythrogaster, VU) is found in the inner delta. The Critically Endangered Niger Delta Red Colubus (Procolobus pennantii ssp. epieni), which primate is endemic to the Niger Delta is also found in the inner delta. The restricted distribution Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), a primate often associated with rivers, is found here in the Niger Delta. The Near Threatened Olive Colobus (Procolobus verus) is restricted to coastal forests of West Africa and is found here in the upper delta. Some of the reptiles found in the upper coastal Niger Delta are the African Banded Snake (Chamaelycus fasciatus); the West African Dwarf Crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis, VU); the African Slender-snouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus); the Benin Agama (Agama gracilimembris); the Owen's Chameleon (Chamaeleo oweni); the limited range Marsh Snake (Natriciteres fuliginoides); the rather widely distributed Black-line Green Snake (Hapsidophrys lineatus); Cross's Beaked Snake (Rhinotyphlops crossii), an endemic to the Niger Basin as a whole; Morquard's File Snake (Mehelya guirali); the Dull Purple-glossed Snake (Amblyodipsas unicolor); the Rhinoceros Viper (Bitis nasicornis). In addition several of the reptiles found in the outer delta are found within this inner delta area. Five threatened marine turtle species are found in the mangroves of the lower coastal delta: Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coricea, EN), Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta, EN), Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea, EN), Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretomychelys imbricata, CR), and Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas, EN). Other reptiles found in the outer NIger Delta are the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), African Softshell Turtle (Trionyx triunguis), African Rock Python (Python sebae), Boomslang Snake (Dispholidus typus), Cabinda Lidless Skink (Panaspis cabindae), Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard (Holaspis guentheri), Fischer's Dwarf Gecko (Lygodactylus fischeri), Richardson's Leaf-Toed Gecko (Hemidactylus richardsonii), Spotted Night Adder (Causus maculatus), Tholloni's African Water Snake (Grayia tholloni), Smith's African Water Snake (Grayia smythii), Small-eyed File Snake (Mehelya stenophthalmus), Western Forest File Snake (Mehelya poensis), Western Crowned Snake (Meizodon coronatus), Western Green Snake (Philothamnus irregularis), Variable Green Snake (Philothamnus heterodermus), Slender Burrowing Asp (Atractaspis aterrima), Forest Cobra (Naja melanoleuca), Rough-scaled Bush Viper (Atheris squamigera), and Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus). There are a limited number of amphibians in the inner coastal delta including the Marble-legged Frog (Hylarana galamensis). At the extreme eastern edge of the upper delta is a part of the lower Niger and Cross River watersheds that drains the Cross-Sanaka Bioko coastal forests, where the near endemic anuran Cameroon Slippery Frog (Conraua robusta) occurs. - leopards (Panthera pardus) - eagles (Accipitridae) - African golden cats (Profelis aurata) - Lybian wild cats (Felis silvestris) - servals (Leptailurus serval) - civets (Viverridae) - large owls (Strigiformes) - crocodiles (Crocodylus) - monitor lizards (Varanus) - pythons (Boidae) Known prey organisms This list may not be complete but is based on published studies. Life History and Behavior Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical The lifespan of C. niger is between 10 and 12 years. Status: wild: 10 to 12 years. Status: captivity: 14.8 years. Lifespan, longevity, and ageing There does not seem to be a restricted breeding season in C. niger. Females reach sexual maturity between ages 9 and 12 months. Males reach sexual maturity between ages 12 and 18 months. Gestation lasts about 7 months. Only 1 offspring is born per birth; and the offspring weighs about 1 kg. Weaning lasts no longer than 5 months. Range number of offspring: 1 (low) . Average number of offspring: 1. Range gestation period: 4.2 to 7 months. Range weaning age: 5 (high) months. Average weaning age: 5 months. Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 to 18 months. Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 9 to 18 months. Key Reproductive Features: year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ) Parental Investment: altricial Molecular Biology and Genetics Statistics of barcoding coverage: Cephalophus niger Public Records: 0 Specimens with Barcodes: 2 Species With Barcodes: 1 C. niger is one of the most common duikers in Africa. Still, it suffers from overhunting. It is considered to be rare and endangered in Sierra Leone, Togo, and Nigeria (Kingdon, 1997). However, the IUCN has it ranked as a lower risk species, that is, near threatened. Many are killed each year for meat and skins. Stricter rules on the bushmeat trade would help the status of this mammal. US Federal List: no special status CITES: no special status IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern IUCN Red List Assessment Red List Category Red List Criteria Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems Humans use the Black Duiker for its meat and its skin. Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material Black duikers stand around 500 mm (20 in) tall at the shoulder and weigh 15 to 20 kg (33 to 44 lb). They have, not surprisingly, black coats. The head is a rust colour with a large red crest between the ears. Black duikers have long, thin horns of 80 to 170 mm (3.1 to 6.7 in), but the horns of females reach only 30 mm (1.2 in). Black duikers live mainly in lowland rainforest, where they eat fruit, flowers, and leaves which have fallen from the canopy. They are probably diurnal, though this is surmised only from captive specimens. Black duiker are reported to be solitary, territorial animals. The mating season of the black duikers is year round, but more offspring are born from November to January. The gestation period lasts 126 days, and is thus comparably short, usually only one young is born. Its average weight is 1.94 kg; it is weaned around 90 days of age. The birth interval is seven and a half months. In captivity, the black duiker lives up to 14 years. - IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Cephalophus niger. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 11 May 2008. - Th. Haltenorth; H. Diller: Säugetiere Afrikas und Madagaskars. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, ISBN 978 3405 11392 6 Jonathan Kingdon: The Kingdon Pocket Guide to Afrikan Mammals. A&C Black Publishers Ltd., London, 2004, ISBN 978 0 7136 6981 7 C. P. Groves & D. M. Leslie, Jr.: Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants). In: D. E. Wilson und R. A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, 2011 (S. 764-765) ISBN 978-849-655-377-4 Cephalophus niger in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012.2. Eingestellt von: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, 2008. Abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2012

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In the near future, instead of antibiotics your doctor might present you with a vial of a specific strain of good bacteria which you are lacking that directly targets your particular health concern. In the meantime, generally repopulating a healthy environment of benevolent bugs in your system is an important start. New research has genetically mapped the trillions of cells in the human body. It turns out that 90% of the cells in the human body are microbial (bugs), leaving only 10% of us that consists of human cells! Good thing our human cells are so much bigger than bug cells, or we would all look more like bugs! With this in mind, instead of killing the bad bugs – which is the logic behind antibiotics – future medicine will focus on re-populating the beneficial bacteria, or good bugs, that have diminished in your body. After all, doesn’t it make sense to treat the 90% of us – the bugs – so that they clearly and effortlessly maintain the health of the remaining 10%? The trick is: how do we keep the trillions of beneficial microbes in the body alive and flourishing? Casualties of the War on Bacteria After years of anti-bacterial assault and our war on bacteria, many of the 10,000 possible strains of good bugs that can proliferate in the body simply do not exist anymore. In a recent article, I talked about Sister Noella in Connecticut who made raw cheese in an ancient wooded barrel – a process that relies heavily on the activity of good bugs. When she added E. coli to her cheese to see what would happen, the good bacteria rallied and effectively wiped out the E. coli. We RecommendA Holy Case for Raw Cheese That is exactly what is supposed to happen in the gut. The gut – or intestinal tract – is where experts believe 80% of the body’s immunity lies. Thus, a good crop of diverse and healthy microbes in the gut is responsible for much, if not all, of our health and wellbeing. Is Our Sterile Lifestyle Wiping Out the 90%? What is even more interesting is that these microbes replicate extremely quickly. Some can reproduce up to 1 million times in eight hours. So in a typical work day, they have a million babies, giving them the leverage to genetically morph and adapt to our ever changing world. But as prolific as they are, researchers are finding that they do not proliferate well in the presence of toxins, chemicals and processed and preserved foods. If we continue to sterilize everything and eat foods that our good bugs can’t digest, the 90% of us will slowly die. And as the microbial diversity within us slowing wanes, so will our health. Feed Bugs Real Food Bugs don’t like processed foods. For example, a modern store-bought loaf of bread can sit on your counter for 2-3 weeks and not go bad, while homemade bread would go bad in a day if left out. Going bad means that it would be attacked by bacteria that are responsible for rotting food. If a food takes forever to go bad, it means that, for some reason, bacteria are unwilling or unable to break it down. If the bugs – the 90% of you – won’t eat that bread, then should you? Think about all the foods in your cupboard and fridge that hang out for months without going bad. This is an unnatural phenomenon, and your bugs just have no idea how to digest all that preserved and processed food. Microbial diversity as the key to optimal health and longevity may be one of the most exciting theories in medicine to surface in decades. While researchers openly admit they know very little about the microbes of the human body, it is very clear that they are supporting our health and wellbeing, rather than us supporting them. We need them. Start ’em Young on the Good Bugs In one study, researchers found that being exposed to healthy gut bacteria early in life offered measurable immune support later in life in the areas of (1): – Blood sugar – Digestive health – Healthy breathing – Joint health – Nervous system function – Skin health Bugs for Blood Sugar Support One study done way back in 1951 isolated a fungus called Aspergillus orzyae, also called Koji mold, in Japanese sake and rice wine vinegar. It turns out that this fungus manufactures an enzyme called transglucosidase that breaks down starches into a form of oligosaccharides that other microbes ingest. So why is that important? If not broken down, the oligosaccharides that feed the gut’s microbes would otherwise remain as starches and sugar that would hit the bloodstream hard and raise blood sugar levels. Thus, studies show that transglucosidase helps to support healthy blood sugar levels and healthy weight management (2). Sake anyone? Bugs for Your Bones In another 2013 study published in the Journal of Cellular Physiology, researchers set out to prove the connection between digestion, the good bugs in the gut, and bone health. For years, researchers have been stumped trying to understand why bone health is an issue in the west but not in developing countries. Now, researchers have identified a bacteria called Lactobacillus reuteri that is indigenous to the human gut and supports healthy bone density. Lack of these bacteria in the gut might cause problems. These instances and many others strongly suggest that the future of medicine may be finding the missing strain of bacteria and administering that as a way to employ a natural immune response that is way more sophisticated than we ever imagined. The Probiotic Craze – Pros and Cons Considering all of the above, the logical thing to do is to run out and buy some probiotics, right? What has always disturbed me regarding probiotics is that they are transient and generally do not adhere to the gut wall. While they may have a therapeutic effect while you are taking them, if they don’t adhere to the gut wall and help your own good bacteria to proliferate, what you have is a sort of band-aid effect. Because of this, for years I discouraged my patients from taking them, focusing instead on supporting a healthy intestinal environment needed to proliferate healthy microbes. Meanwhile, I have been waiting to see some research demonstrating that a given probiotic will actually adhere to the gut wall. This means the microbe must be able to make it through the stomach acid, the liver’s bile secretions and the pancreatic enzymes without being destroyed. Then it has to literally adhere to the gut wall, indicating that it has found a home. Promising Probiotic Strains One microbe that does this was discovered in 1899 and is called Bifidobacterium lactis HN019, or just HN019 for short. In one study, the HN019 microbe was shown to adhere to the gut wall and be able to survive the transit through the human gastrointestinal tract (3). My favorite study on the HN019 microbe showed that introducing it resulted in a significant increase in populations of other good gut bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, when tested on elderly folks over 60 (4). This backs what researchers for the Human Microbiome Project are saying: that these bugs have an incredibly complex symbiotic relationship. Their level of symbiotic intelligence allows them to know how to feed off each other in a certain way in order to proliferate the microbes that are needed at a certain time for a certain reason. It is a level of intelligence that we simply cannot comprehend as of yet. There is another probiotic that has also been shown to be able to safely transit the gastrointestinal tract and adhere to the gut wall. It is called Lactobacillus plantarum and is commonly found in fermented foods like sauerkraut and fermented olives (4). Lactobacillis plantarum is missing in many westerners diets and has been shown to support immune function. What You Can Do for Your Bugs Make it a priority to add small amounts of fermented or cultured foods to your diet regularly. A little bit on a regular basis goes a long way. When searching out a probiotic, look for a formula that contains the strains Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 and/or Lactobacillus planetarum. These are exciting times with regard to optimal health and longevity strategies. Understanding how to repopulate the microbiome of the human body will be at the forefront for years to come.

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The availability of neighborhood amenities, such as playgrounds, community centers, and libraries, provides children with opportunities for recreation, education, and socializing without going far from home. Overall, 73.3 percent of children were reported to live in neighborhoods with sidewalks or walking paths; 80.8 percent had a park or playground in their neighborhood; 86.0 percent had a library or bookmobile in the community; and 65.0 percent had a recreation center, community center, or Boys’ and Girls’ club. Only 4.6 percent of children were reported to live in neighborhoods with none of these amenities, while 48.2 percent of children lived in neighborhoods with all of these amenities. Children in urban areas were more likely to have access to neighborhood amenities than rural children. More than half of urban children (52.0 percent) had access to all four amenities, compared to one-quarter (25.3 percent) of children in small rural areas and 37.1 percent of those in large rural areas. Very few children (3.5 percent) in urban areas had access to no amenities, compared to 9.4 percent of children in small rural areas and 9.8 percent of those in large rural areas. However, rural communities may have other features, such as swimming holes or hiking trails, that were not included in the survey question. Libraries and bookmobiles were most likely to be available in all locations; more than 80 percent of children in both urban and rural areas have access to a library. Children in small rural areas were least likely to have access to a recreation center or community center; this was reported to be available to only 44.7 percent of children in these areas. Among children in large rural areas, the amenity least often reported was sidewalks or walking paths, available to 58.4 percent of children.

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Turn your iPhone or iPad into the hub of a distributed sensor network with the help of an Arduino microcontroller. In this video course, you’ll learn how to connect an external sensor to an iOS device and have them talk to each other through Arduino. You’ll also build an iOS application that will parse the sensor values it receives and plot the resulting measurements, all in real-time. iOS processes data from its own onboard sensors, and now you can extend its reach with simple, low-cost projects. If you’re an Objective-C programmer who likes to experiment, this book explains the basics of Arduino and other hardware components you need—and lets you have fun in the process. Learn how to connect the Arduino platform to any iOS device Build a simple application to control your Arduino directly from an iPad Gather measurements from an ultrasonic range finder and display them on your iPhone Connect an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch to an XBee radio network Explore other methods for connecting external sensors to iOS, including Ethernet and the MIDI protocol By the end of the course, you'll be able to use your phone to talk to serial hardware, build a sensor network, and more. Alasdair Allan is a senior research fellow in Astronomy at the University of Exeter, where he is building an autonomous, distributed peer-to-peer network of telescopes that reactively schedule observations of time-critical events. He also runs a small technology consulting business writing bespoke software and building open hardware, and is currently developing a series of iPhone applications to monitor and manage cloud-based services and distributed sensor networks.

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The Equine Hock: What Horse Owners Should Know The “hock” is a horseman’s term for the tarsus, an anatomic region of the horse’s hind limb. Horses of all breeds, types, and disciplines can suffer from hock-related lameness problems, especially those that work heavily off of their hind limbs. This article discusses basic hock anatomy and function, describes desirable hock conformation, and discusses common lameness problems associated with this area. WHAT IS THE HOCK? A horse’s hock is the evolutionary equivalent to the human ankle. When looking at a horse from the side, the point of the hock is the backward-pointed part halfway down the rear limb. Over millions of years of evolution, the ankle and part of the foot of the early horse raised off the ground, leaving the horse walking on the tip of its third toe. This evolved into the hoof. The other toes and several of the metatarsals (foot bones) were lost in the process. This lower limb change was part of the adaptation that allowed the horse’s lower limb to become lighter and better adapted for explosive speed. Horses were heavily selected for great speed as they occupied the prehistoric plains. At that time, there was a great assortment of effective predators that culled any individuals that were slow. The hock is complex, and consists of four basic joints and many bones, all joined by ligaments. The topmost joint is the high motion joint and accounts for about 90% of the range of motion in the area. The three lower joints together account for the remaining 10% of range of motion and consist of two rows of cube shaped bones lying on top of one another. Below the lower row of these small bones is the cannon bone, which drops down to the fetlock. The digital flexor tendons pass through and over the inside and back part of the hock, and are critical to supporting the horse’s weight. The Achilles (gastrocnemius) tendon runs down the back of the limb above the hock and attaches on the point of the hock. If this tendon is cut, the whole function of the hock is lost, the hocks folds, and a horse cannot support any weight. Ideal hock conformation varies depending on the breed and intended use of a horse, but there are some basics that every horse owner should know about conformation in this area: - A hock should appear stout and smooth, without obvious swellings. The left and right hocks should look symmetrical. The bones that make up the hock should generally be thick and heavy. This is simple mechanics; there are massive stresses placed on the lower limb of working horses. If this structure is too light, there is a greater chance for injury. - When looking at the hock from behind, the limb should appear straight through the hock, without major angulation inward or outward. - When looking from the side at a horse that is standing squarely, the cannon bone should be near perpendicular to the ground. The angle between the limb above the hock and below the hock should not be too straight (post legged) or too angled (sickle hocked). - Deviation from good hock conformation just means that there will be more stresses placed on the joints, tendons, and ligaments. This may increase the chance for hock-related lameness. - Major changes in hock conformation and rear limb conformation can limit performance in certain disciplines. An example is found in cutting and reining horses, which are expected to stop and turn hard on their hind limbs. Hocks that are placed too “high” (i.e. long cannon bones) create a mechanical disadvantage for this kind of work and are considered undesirable for this discipline. COMMON HOCK-RELATED LAMENESS Lameness problems that commonly arise in the hock area have, through hundreds of years of observation by horsemen, been coined with various names including “bog spavin,” “thoroughpin,” and “capped hock.” These terms refer to swellings in various structures of the hock. The most common problem associated with the hock is arthritis and pain in the lower, low-motion joints of the hock. Swellings and obvious lameness related to these joints has historically been known by horsemen as “bone spavin.” Even though these lower joints account for little range of motion, they are commonly the cause of hock-related lameness, especially in horses competing in disciplines that require more use of the hindquarters. Deviations from normal hock conformation mean a higher likelihood of development of problems in this area. Many performance horses are routinely treated for pain in these lower hock joints. Injection of the joints with a steroid with or without other anti-inflammatory medication is a very common procedure in the performance horse world. While joint supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and MSM may help overall joint health, they often do not drastically improve lameness from hock arthritis. The good news is that this problem can usually be managed to allow horses to continue to work. For horses that do not respond to typical treatments and management, these low motion joints may be surgically fused, which, in many horses alleviates the lameness. Relatively new, and potentially very effective therapies that we now use to treat pain in these joints include shockwave treatment, and injection of the low motion joints with alcohol to chemically fuse them. A common lameness in performance horses, which can be confused with bone spavin, is injury to the high suspensory ligament at the back of the hock. This important ligament can be a source of low-grade chronic pain and can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Another common lameness in this region is osteochondrosis (OCD), a problem of abnormal joint development. OCD can be found in any joint but the top (high motion) joint of the hock is a common site. The problem usually appears as lameness or swelling of this joint in young horses. Back soreness is often secondary to hock and other hind limb lameness. Underlying lameness should always be considered and ruled out in a back sore horse. It is unfortunate when horses are treated for a sore back for long periods of time, often with alternative therapies, without considering that a lameness-related problem is the source of the back soreness. A more effective approach is to work with your veterinarian to diagnose specific lameness problems first, and then to treat and manage these problems appropriately. Back soreness often improves when the lameness is alleviated. That said, there are some back problems that are not related to underlying lameness. THE LAMENESS EXAM The lameness exam is a methodical process of elimination your equine veterinarian conducts to arrive at a diagnosis. This exam begins with a careful history and physical examination. In any lameness exam, it is important to know the type and amount of work the horse does. In the exam, there may be obvious swelling or symptoms of a problem in the painful area, but more often there is not. A common procedure done in assessing hock lameness and hind limb lameness generally is the “Spavin” test (hock/stifle or upper limb flexion). In doing this, the examiner holds the hock and upper limb in flexion for a given period of time and then evaluates the change in degree of lameness when the horse is asked to trot off. While flexion of the upper limb often makes hock lameness worse, it also will accentuate lameness from other parts of the limb, and so must be thought of as just one piece of useful information and not a diagnosis in and of itself. In all lameness exams, the lameness is first narrowed down to an area using examination, flexion, nerve and joint blocks. Once the lameness is narrowed down to a region, then x-ray, ultrasound and other imaging techniques are used to define the problem precisely. Proper treatment always depends on making a correct diagnosis. As I mentioned before, a very common treatment is hock injections performed on the lower hock joints. Treatment of OCD might involve surgery or joint injection. Treatment of suspensory ligament injuries usually requires ample healing time but can also being treated effectively with newer therapies like extra-corporeal shockwave application and injection of stem cells into the injured area. PREVENTION OF HOCK PROBLEMS The first step in preventing hock problems is to select horses that are the appropriate type and conformation for your intended use, and do not have preexisting lameness problems. The most reliable way to do this is to have a pre-purchase examination performed by a qualified veterinarian. Hock conformation is a very important part of a pre-purchase examination. Breeders should select for horses with good hock and rear limb conformation. As a horse owner, you should be familiar with the basic anatomy of the hock and what your horse’s hocks look like normally. This enables you to recognize swellings and other abnormalities that might suggest a problem. Be aware of your horse’s normal behavior and movement. If you suspect that your horse is lame or back sore, consult your veterinarian early for a proper diagnosis and treatment. It is also very important to follow a program for conditioning performance horses to prevent overloading and injury of tendons and ligaments in this and other areas.By Douglas O. Thal DVM Dipl. ABVP Board Certified in Equine Practice Thal Equine LLC Last Updated August 2011 Observation – Swollen Hock, Generally Observation – Excessive Bend in Hocks, Sickle Hocks Diagnostic – Radiography, Hocks or Tarsus Diagnosis – Bed Sores, Fetlocks or Hocks Diagnosis – Bone Spavin, Distal Hock Arthrosis Diagnosis – Osteochondrosis, Osteochondritis Dissecans, OCD

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UnBooks:A Logical Interpretation of “Green Eggs and Ham" From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia hi I present to you fine people my award winning analysis of Dr. Seuss' most famous work known simply as "Green Eggs and Ham." I have grown tired of people interpreting this book wrong, so now I must present the proper meaning to everyone via the web in the full hope to destroy insolence. I’m going to write a paper about how Dr. Seuss’ children’s book “Green Eggs and Ham” is a reference to white Americans unwillingness to accept blacks. I first noticed this after reading the book several times in an attempt to get a Guinness World Record™ for "longest time reading “Green Eggs and Ham” by Dr. Seuss continuously without going to sleep" – after browsing their other records I didn’t find the acceptance of my record to be entirely unbelievable. Anyway, the ham represents black people due to its connections with Africa, the eggs represent Asians, and the guy who doesn’t want any of the green eggs and ham represents white American society, and the fact that he loves the foods after he eats them illustrates that there are many advantages to getting along with blacks and Asians, so people should accept them. edit The Meaning of the Book Not far into the book we are able to notice that the main character, not Sam-I-Am but the other guy, claims that he does not like green eggs and ham, but he also says that he has never actually tried them. This shows the close-mindedness of white society and its inability to accept other, competing cultures. Now, I’m not one to say that black are better than white, because, quite frankly, they aren’t, but at the same time I think we should accept all people, even retards and blacks. Asians on the other hand, as represented by eggs, should never be pushed aside due to their high level of naturally born intelligence. I believe Dr. Seuss felt the same way and that’s why he made Asians to be represented by eggs as opposed to ham, used to represent blacks. You see, ham is a fitting representation for blacks because it is a strong, earthy food and eggs represent Asians because they are delicate and classy. edit The Black Man and Ham We know that colored folk are represented by ham because of ham’s ties with African culture. In French ham is known as jambon, and in food a French ham is known as delicious. This connection between French and ham brings us to our next connection, which will eventually bring us face first into our connection between the ham and negroes, but at this point you’re probably asking, “Why couldn’t he be talking about the French?” If you knew any history on Dr. Seuss you would know that he was from an American-German family and therefore, naturally, he hated the French, so he wouldn’t write a book that ended in the acceptance and love of the French by white, American society. You see, the French had a strong colonial presence in Africa during the 1800s, and Dr. Seuss likely knew this, so he decided that would be a good way to incorporate a reference to black people without being too blatant. We can make this assumption on the fact that Dr. Seuss went to Lincoln* College and enrolled in the humanities department, and history is a branch of the humanities. - Dr. Seuss actually went to Dartmouth College. edit Connections Between Green and Black We can further see the connection between this “green” ham and Africa through more modern problems in Asia. Because the color green is largely associated with sickness and the ham is green we can conclude that Seuss was saying the ham represented sick people. For nearly forever sickness has been plaguing Africa and what place contains more black people than Africa? The connection is quite obvious once we take this into account. edit Asians and Eggs The connection with Asians and eggs is just as unconventional and genius as Seuss’ connection between blacks and ham. The eggs are colored green and, along with sickness, green is often used to illustrate disgust. In a certain inferior part of Asia, a land that contains many Asians, there is a food composed of a boiled duckling egg with the embryo still intact called balut. This food sounds disgusting, and due to the inferior Asians who eat it we can guess it is disgusting, so the connection is, again, quite obvious. Not only has Dr. Seuss included the greenness and egginess of the green eggs into a single way to reference the Asian people, but he has done it without making it to obvious to children, who most likely won’t know too much about the world. ==Conclusion==The reason Dr. Seuss wanted to keep the true meaning of his story hidden from children is because he didn’t want them to question their naturally born white powers over certain cultures, but he did want them to be able to look back when they were adults and go, “Hey, I think Dr. Seuss thinks we should accept a few different people (not the French), so let’s do that.” This is why he decided to use such vague references, but now that you have been illuminated into the deeper working of “Green Eggs and Ham” you too can say, “Hey, I think Dr. Seuss thinks we should accept a few different people (not the French), so let’s do that,” and do it. ^ 1. Just check any French dictionary or translation site and you will see that I’m correct. ^ 2. I found this here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss ^ 3. Information on balut can be found here: http://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/pateros/balut.htm

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It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker. Please white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool. Some features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker. Originally posted by Cthulwho I thought the Kurgan hypothesis, which suggests Indo Europeans originated in modern day Ukraine, was more widely accepted than the "out of India" theory. As an adaptation of the Latin Arianus, referring to Iran, 'Aryan' has "long been in English language use". Its history as a loan word began in the late 1700s, when the word was borrowed from Sanskrit ā́rya- to mean the same thing it originally did in that Old Indic language, namely as a (self-)identifier of speakers of North Indian languages. When it was determined that Iranian languages – both living and ancient – used a similar term in much the same way (but in the Iranian context as a self-identifier of Iranian peoples), it became apparent that the shared meaning had to derive from the ancestor language of the shared past, and so, by the early 1800s, the word 'Aryan' came to refer the group of languages deriving from that ancestor language, and by extension, the speakers of those languages. Then, in the 1830s, the term "Aryan" was adopted for speakers of Indo-European languages in general, in the erroneous belief that this was an ethnic self-identifier used by prehistoric speakers of European languages. This development was in turn instrumental to the development of the concept of an "Aryan race", which by the early 20th century became closely linked to Nordicism, which posited Northern European racial superiority over all other peoples (including Indians and Iranians). In Nazi Germany the classification of peoples as Aryan or not was most emphatically directed towards the exclusion of Jews.[n 1] This racialist interpretation engendered both the "Aryanization" programs of Nazi Germany, and – in a late 19th century British-mediated form – to a racialist reinterpretation of Indian society, texts and history. Following the end of World War II and the discovery of the genocide that the self-styled "Aryans" had caused, the word 'Aryan' ceased to have a positive meaning in general Western understanding. In colloquial modern English it is typically used to signify the Nordic racial ideal promoted by the Nazis. It is indeed ironic that the origin of this theory does not lie in Indian records, but in 19th Century politics and German nationalism. No where in the Vedas, Puranas or Itihasas is there any mention of a Migration or Invasion of any kind. In 1841 M.S. Elphinstone, the first governor of the Bombay Presidency, wrote in his book History of India: The actual origin of the myth is obscure. Hankins (The Racial Basis of Civilization, 1926) traces it back to the early period of the nineteenth century, and if its roots extend further into the past, they are not clearly uncovered. The German warmongers, in the latter part of the century, avidly adopted the myth as dressing for the doctrine sometimes called "Pan-Germanism": the doctrine of a race of supermen, destined to dominate the world with the ruthlessness of ancient savagery. This doctrine of a great German race, however, is older than the Aryan myth. It was well established before Nietzsche fulminated against morality and humanitarianism. Perhaps the German paranoia can be traced back to Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, as Hankins implies, and as Kolnai (The War Against the West, 1938) seems to think it can be. This possibility is not important for our present purposes. The doctrine of a German race of supermen is certainly older than the Aryan myth. One of the main ideas used to interpret and generally devalue the ancient history of India is the theory of the Aryan invasion. According to this account, India was invaded and conquered by nomadic light-skinned Indo-European tribes from Central Asia around 1500-100 BC, who overthrew an earlier and more advanced dark-skinned Dravidian civilization from which they took most of what later became Hindu culture. This so-called pre-Aryan civilization is said to be evidenced by the large urban ruins of what has been called the "Indus valley culture" (as most of its initial sites were on the Indus river). The war between the powers of light and darkness, a prevalent idea in ancient Aryan Vedic scriptures, was thus interpreted to refer to this war between light and dark skinned peoples. The Aryan invasion theory thus turned the "Vedas", the original scriptures of ancient India and the Indo-Aryans, into little more than primitive poems of uncivilized plunderers. This idea totally foreign to the history of India, whether north or south has become almost an unquestioned truth in the interpretation of ancient history Today, after nearly all the reasons for its supposed validity have been refuted, even major Western scholars are at last beginning to call it in question. These theories continue to be maintained by modern historians, where not only are "Indo-Europeans" still believed to be the ancestors of modern Europeans, but of Indian civilization as well. However, as David Frawley has pointed out in Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India, not a single item of evidence is available. The only shred of proof provided is an ambiguous reference in the Hindu Vedas, to a battle between the forces of "light" and the forces of "darkness." Nevertheless, according to the Columbia History of the World: "it is probable that as the Aryan invaders battled their way down from the northwest through the Ganges Valley, they conquered and enslaved local peoples most of whom were darker and smaller than their Aryan foes. The most archaic word for slave is dasa (dark), and the classical word for caste if varna (color). The principle became the basis for a further development."

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VISITING PERENNIAL GARDENS AND OTHER AUGUST GARDENING TIPS By Dr. Leonard Perry and Lisa Halvorsen n Extension Nursery and Greenhouse Crops Specialist University of Vermont August is generally a month to harvest, not plant, crops although it's not too late to put in one last crop of lettuce, as well as spinach, chard, and kale for fall picking. It's also a good time to plant perennials in pots to add late season color to the garden. Check with your local garden store or perennial nursery to see what's in bloom. Or visit some of Vermont's perennial display gardens for ideas for plants that will flower in August and into the fall. You can pick up a free brochure listing many of these gardens at many local chambers of commerce. Or order the brochure from the Vermont Department of Agriculture, Food and Markets' Website at http://www.state.vt.us/agric/brochures.htm. Click on "Vermont Perennial & Herb Display Gardens Open to the Public," then fill out the on-line form. Once your peas and other early garden crops have stopped production, remove them from the garden. Getting these plants out of your way makes it easier for you to care for remaining vegetables and reduces the chance for diseases to get going on aging foliage. It also opens up space for planting later-producing crops or cover crops that need an early start if they are to put on significant growth before frost, such as oats. If you've been trying to grow "the great pumpkin" for an end-of-the-summer fair or Halloween, early August is the time to do some pruning and fertilizing. Start by taking off all but one or two pumpkins from the vine. Pinch the ends off the vines to encourage development of the fruit already set on the vines. Apply liberal amounts of composted cow manure or a diluted plant fertilizer around the base of the plant. Keep the area free from weeds to prevent competition for nutrients and moisture. Mulching with straw or leaves can help. You also may want to spray the foliage with an appropriate fungicide to prevent mildew from reducing the vigor of the plant. Raccoons can be a problem in sweet corn. They seem to know, even before you do, when the corn is ready to pick. The only surefire way to keep them out is to use an electric fence. The first strand should be six inches above ground level, the second about 16 inches high. Just make sure no weeds or grass touch the wire fence as it will short out the charge and allow the raccoons to get into the corn. In late August repair problem area in your lawn. Many brown spots are not the result of summer dormancy due to drought but rather injury caused by white grubs. Talk to the experts at your local garden center for advice on proper treatment. This is also the time to reseed severely injured areas, keeping newly seeded lawns moist and mulched. After all this work, you're probably ready for a day away. Why not plan a trip to Montreal where you can visit both the Montreal Botanic Gardens and Mosaiculture International Montreal 2001, a stunning display of floral mosaics located in the Old Port district, next to Old Montreal. Floral mosaics are two- and three-dimensional art and sculptures made of living plants. Many countries are represented this year with excellent descriptions in both French and English by each of the exhibits to explain what is portrayed and the inspiration behind the exhibit. Two-dimensional designs are often seen in formal gardens, especially in Europe, but 3-D sculptures are rare. Other activities for August: on a handle donate surplus vegetables to your local food shelter; remove blackberry and raspberry canes that have fruited; visit a pick-your-own blueberry farm.

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What are the Humanities? CSU, Chico’s Program in Humanities is devoted to the study, appreciation, and analysis of cultural traditions from an interdisciplinary perspective. Through the study of philosophy, religion, history, literature and languages, architecture, art, film, and music students will attain a foundational education in the important achievements of individuals and world cultures. Students who declare Humanities as a major should love the study of cultures and their creative and intellectual development; be solid writers and critical, motivated thinkers who relish discussion and debate; be willing to develop a program of study that reflects their personal interests and the insights of several different academic fields; be committed to attaining proficiency in a foreign language; and welcome overseas study and internships. The Humanities Program is interdisciplinary, comparative, and critical. Students learn best when they are empowered to use the full range of tools developed in the humanities, and social and natural sciences. Courses in the major allow students to work with faculty in various disciplines and to explore how these different perspectives can help one better understand culture and individual intellectual expressions. Human knowledge is best studied comparatively. The Program in Humanities emphasizes developments in western culture, but students are expected to do a substantial amount of work related to non-western cultures as well (selected from those of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East). Finally, students are encouraged to become critical thinkers–to analyze, to question, and to seek to understand cultural objects and texts from various critical perspectives. The Program will help students make critical and informed judgments about culture based on aesthetic, literary, philosophical, and historical criteria in intellectual dialog with texts, professors, and fellow students. Students become critical inquirers not only because they acquire fluency in multiple disciplines, but because they are active participants in conversations, and conversations are what the humanities are all about. Good writing and oral presentation skills are the cornerstone of an outstanding Humanities Program. Nearly all the courses students take will require substantial critical reading of sources, intense and thoughtful writing, and discussion of important texts, ideas, and perspectives. All students are required to participate in an advanced seminar and write a senior (20–30 page) thesis on a topic they select in conjunction with their advisor. Learn a foreign language and study abroad. It is impossible to understand the development of human knowledge and culture without appreciation of the role of multiple languages in this process. Humanities students are required to study a classical language (such as Hebrew, Greek, Latin, or Arabic) or a modern language (such as Chinese, Japanese, Russian, French, German, or Spanish). Many students link required language study to a study abroad program (see below). Overseas study and experiences solidify a student’s appreciation of another culture, reinforce earlier language study, and provide students with friendships, contacts, and other career-oriented resources that will last a lifetime. The Program in the Humanities takes advantage of the study programs offered by the University in more than 15 countries and at 35 different universities. Such courses of study can last for as little as three weeks, or for a full academic year. Use your degree when you graduate. A degree in Humanities provides a classic liberal arts education which helps prepare students for careers that require critical thinking, sensitivity, imagination, skill in oral and written communication, and the adaptability that comes from a broad cultural and intellectual background. Our majors have pursued careers in public and private administration, teaching, journalism, performance, and museum work, among others. The degree is also excellent preparation for law school and graduate study in various humanities disciplines. Call us with your questions, and explore our program! The Program in Humanities offers a wide variety of fascinating courses in more than a dozen departments, personable and knowledgeable faculty, and access to the libraries and online resources of the campus. You will also benefit from the friendship and collaboration of other humanities students whom you will meet in your core classes. At least half of the courses for the major average less than 20 students per class.

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WikipediaRead full entry Some authors consider G. lineatum and G. italicum as two different species, others treat them as subspecies or geographic color forms: G. lineatum, with orange legs, is present in the south of Italy, in Sardinia, in North Africa and in the Near East while G. italicum, blacklegged, is distributed more towards the center and north of Europe (Ribes et al., 2008; Dusoulier and Lupoli, 2006). - Graphosoma lineatum italicum (O.F. Müller, 1766) - Legs are black, except for the third tibia. - Graphosoma lineatum lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758) - Similar, but having always red legs. Color tends to orange. Graphosoma lineatum can reach a length of 8–12 millimetres (0.31–0.47 in). The body is almost round, with a large shield. The basic color of the upperside of the body is bright red, with wide black longitudinal stripes. The pronotum has six black bands. The antennae are black. Also the sides of the abdominal segments (connexivum) are red with many small black spots. The legs may be black or red, depending on the subspecies. The bold red and black warning colours (aposematism) indicate that the insects are foul-tasting, protecting them from predators. The nymphs have no the red-black stripe pattern, they are mostly brownish or grayish. - Graphosoma semipunctatum (Fabricius, 1775). The legs are orange, the red and black bands are interrupted on the pronotum, where they form black points. The distribution is restricted to the Mediterranean region. - Graphosoma melanoxanthum, Horvath, 1903. Dark connexivi with small red points. It is distributed in South Russia, Turkey and Iran G. lineatum italicum is common across most of Europe, while G. lineatum lineatum can be found in North Africa, southern France, Corsica, Portugal, Spain, southern Italy, Sardinia and in the Near East. G. lineatum is an insect of warm and sunny areas. It prefers warm slopes and meadows located on south-facing slopes. |Wikispecies has information related to: Graphosoma lineatum| |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphosoma lineatum.| - Johansen, A. I. (2009) Adaptive change in protective coloration in the striated shieldbug Graphosoma lineatum (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Dissertation, Stockholm university. - Larsson, F. K. (1989) Female longevity and body size as predictors of fecundity and egg length in Graphosoma lineatum L. Deutsche Entomol. Zeitschr. 36: 329-334. - Sˇlachta, M et al. (2002) Entering diapause is a prerequisite for successful cold-acclimation in adult Graphosoma lineatum (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). J. Ins. Physiol. 48: 1031-1039. - Michael Chinery, Insectes de France et d'Europe occidentale, Flammarion, May 2005, 320 p. - Dusoulier et Lupoli, Synopsis des Pentatomoidea de France, Nouvelle Revue d’entomologie,

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See H. Seymour, Baseball: The Early Years (1960), Baseball: The Golden Age (1971), and Baseball: The People's Game (1990); L. S. Ritter, The Glory of Their Times (1966); D. Voigt, American Baseball (3 vol., 1966–83); R. W. Peterson, Only the Ball Was White (1970); W. Goldstein, Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball (1989, repr. 2009); J. M. DiClerico and B. J. Pavelec, The Jersey Game (1991); G. Ward and K. Burns, Baseball (1994); P. Williams and W. P. Kinsella, When the Giants Were Giants (1994); C. C. Alexander, Our Game: An American Baseball History (1997) and Breaking the Slump: Baseball in the Depression Era (2002); M. E. Lomax, Black Baseball Entrepeneurs, 1860–1901 (2003); B. Snyder, Beyond the Shadow of the Senators (2003); N. Lanctot, Negro League Baseball (2004); H. Bryant, Juicing the Game (2005); F. Vincent, The Only Game in Town (2006); P. Morris, But Didn't We Have Fun? An Informal History of Baseball's Pioneer Era, 1843–1870 (2008); J. Thorn, Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game (2011); S. Banner, The Baseball Trust: A History of Baseball's Antitrust Exemption (2013); R. Weintraub, The Victory Season: The End of World War II and the Birth of Baseball's Golden Era (2013). See also The Baseball Encyclopedia (10th ed. 1996), N. Dawidoff, ed., Baseball: A Literary Anthology (2002), J. Thorn et al., ed., Total Baseball (8th ed. 2004), and L. Cassuto and S. Partridge, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Baseball (2011). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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In a study published in “Food and Chemical Toxicology” researchers led by Gilles-Eric Seralini from CRIIGEN have found that rats fed on a diet containing NK603 Roundup tolerant GM maize or given water containing Roundup, at levels permitted in drinking water and GM crops in the US, developed cancers faster and died earlier than rats fed on a standard diet. They suffered breast cancer and severe liver and kidney damage. This research was conducted by a team of scientists led by molecular biologist Professor Gilles-Eric Seralini of the University of Caen, France, who is an authority on studies into the health impact of GMO’s. It was supervised by independent research organization, CRIIGEN. The researchers hypothesize that the reason why NK603, NK603 sprayed with Roundup, and Roundup on its own, all produced very similar negative health outcomes, is that both the genetically engineered maize and the herbicide Roundup have similar disruptive impacts on the endocrine systems of animals that ingest them. Endocrine glands are responsible for producing a range of hormones that regulate many key bodily functions, notably including cell reproduction. Although previous research has shown that glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup and a known endocrine disruptor, can cause liver and kidney failure if consumed above maximum permitted residue levels, this is the first research that suggests that even very low levels, such as those found in drinking water, are harmful when consumed over an extended period. Read More Here: Sustainable Pulse Source and Full Information: criigen.org Full Study: sustainablefoodtrust.org Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize The health effects of a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize (from 11% in the diet), cultivated with or without Roundup, and Roundup alone (from 0.1 ppb in water), were studied 2 years in rats. In females, all treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls, and more rapidly. This difference was visible in 3 male groups fed GMOs. All results were hormone and sex dependent, and the pathological pro-files were comparable. Females developed large mammary tumors almost always more often than and before controls, the pituitary was the second most disabled organ; the sex hormonal balance was modified by GMO and Roundup treatments. In treated males, liver congestions and necrosis were 2.5–5.5 times higher. This pathology was confirmed by optic and transmission electron microscopy. Marked and severe kidney nephropathies were also generally 1.3–2.3 greater. Males presented 4 times more large palpable tumors than controls which occurred up to 600 days earlier. Biochemistry data confirmed very significant kidney chronic deficiencies; for all treatments and both sexes, 76% of the altered parameters were kidney related. These results can be explained by the non linear endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup, but also by the overexpression of the transgene in the GMO and its metabolic consequences. Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois

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Sneezing? Sniffling? Coughing up a storm? A new scientific review suggests that taking zinc may help shorten the duration of common cold symptoms by several days. But the review, published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, also cautions that users should be aware of possible adverse effects. To help tackle the question of zinc's efficacy, researchers studied 17 trials that included more than 21,000 participants. Compared to adults taking placebos, those who took oral zinc saw a drop in the duration of their cold symptoms. There was no effect found in children. "The common cold is a frequent respiratory infection that is generally benign and self-limited. However, colds can lead to substantial morbidity, lost productivity and school [or] work absenteeism resulting in substantial economic burden," Dr. Michelle Science, who works at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and is a co-author of the study, told The Huffington Post in an email. "As such, a treatment that could shorten the duration of cold symptoms would likely be beneficial on an individual and societal level." In the U.S., more than 60 million cases of the common cold occur each year, resulting in the loss of 22 million days of work annually. Science said that the new review showed a "relatively minor" reduction in the duration of cold symptoms. But most colds last between one and two weeks, so to many people, even just a few days can make a big difference. "There are a myriad of over-the-counter medications, as well as herbal and homeopathic remedies, aimed at relieving common cold symptoms ... but there is certainly no gold standard," said Dr. Richard Lebowitz, an associate professor with the Department of Otolaryngology at the NYU School of Medicine who is not associated with the study. "As with any medication, these cold remedies have potential side effects [that] must be weighed against the potential benefits, which for the most part have not been proven," he continued. "For this reason, many patients choose to just 'wait it out.'" Indeed, the new review found that adverse effects were common among people taking zinc. They were approximately 65 percent more likely to experience nausea and a bad aftertaste than those taking a placebo. The authors also caution that the quality of the individual trials studied for the new review varied greatly. Their overall conclusion aligns with a similar literature review by the Cochrane group, which found that zinc can help reduce the duration and severity of the common cold, but that more research is needed before experts can issue a general recommendation regarding its use. "Although it is possible that oral zinc preparations impact symptoms of the common cold," Science said, "there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend its use in children, and only a weak rationale for use in otherwise healthy adults."

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Latest Updates on Hunt The West More Information on the Unintentional Impacts of Lead Ammo December 2, 2008. At the risk of over-covering the issue, I wanted to share two timely articles that discuss the potential impacts of lead rifle ammunition for big game hunting. As we know, lead bullets do not retain 100% of their mass as they pass through an animal. The percentage that is not retained ends up in the meat (where we eat it) or in the gut pile. Previous studies have shown elevated lead blood levels in scavengers of those gut piles. More evidence of this unintentional impact to wildlife continues to be brought forward. From Minnesota, the Minneapolis Star-Tribune ran a piece discussing the increase of lead poisoning in bald eagles brought to the University of Minnesota’s Raptor Center following the onset of deer season. Bald eagles are ingesting lead when feeding on deer gut piles, carcasses, or wounded animals that later die, doctors believe. Of the 100 to 125 eagles brought to the University of Minnesota's Raptor Center each year, 80 percent have elevated lead levels. And each year, at least 20 bald eagles die from lead poisoning. The Star-Trib's article does not cite formal scientific data, but the circumstantial evidence is compelling — including X-rays showing bullet fragments that have been ingested by eagles suffering from lead poisoning. I recall the last time I shot a deer in Minnesota, about 5 years ago — I was out in the field the next day and saw 3 bald eagles on the gut pile. Fortunately, I had switched to non-toxic ammunition in my 12 gauge slug gun (Remington Copper Solids) several years earlier. From Wyoming, the Jackson Hole News ran a piece discussing the preliminary results of a study of lead blood levels of grizzly bears. Although the findings are still preliminary, they suggest that lead bullet fragments in gut piles could be poisoning Greater Yellowstone grizzly bears as they scavenge the remains of big game during hunting season. The preliminary data from University of Montana graduate student Tom Rogers echoes earlier studies on ravens and eagles from researchers at Craighead Beringia South, a research institution based in Kelly. Rogers checked blood samples of 24 grizzly bears for lead contamination. Of 13 bears sampled during hunting season, 46 percent showed elevated blood lead levels, which he defined as 10 micrograms of lead per deciliter. The 11 bears sampled outside of hunting season didn’t show any signs of lead in their blood.

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Alternate names: Brezin or Brzezin [Yid], Lowenstadt and Berental [Ger]. Brzeziny was located in Skierniewickie region and Tarnopol district. This town along the banks of the Pisza, which is a tributary of the Warta River, in Łódź Voivodeship at 51°48′N 19°45′E about 20 km E of Łódź and seat of Brzeziny gmina. 2004 population is 12,417. Gmina Brzeziny is a rural administrative district in Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Gmina Brzeziny contains the villages and settlements of Aleksandria, Brzeziny, Chudoba, Czempisz, Dzięcioły, Fajum, Jagodziniec, Jamnice, Moczalec, Ostrów Kaliski, Pieczyska, Piegonisko-Pustkowie, Piegonisko-Wieś, Przystajnia, Przystajnia-Kolonia, Rożenno, Sobiesęki, Wrząca, Zagórna and Zajączki. Yizkor. Town pictures. "Brzuzy" in Polish means "birch tree", hence the town name. Brzeziny, established in 1278, banned Jewish residence until 1793, when Prussian rule distributed property to the people, although Jews probably resided their from about 1530. Jewish population: 10 Jewish families in 1793, 32 in 1808; 172 in 1827; and 406 out of 1899 in 1921, and about 6,800 out of a total population of 13,000 in 1939. The Jewish community dating from 1825 included several neighboring settlements and had two synagogues, a beit midrash, and a cemetery. Most of the Jews lived and worked in the center of town and controlled the town's trade and commerce with a weekly market day. Nothing remains of that town center. The town was occupied by the Russians after the start of WWII, but on July 7, 1941 the Nazis took it and changed the name to Berental. Murder and harrassment commenced. In February 1942, a ghetto was created. The May final liquidation of the ghetto that sent the elderly to Chelmo death camp and the rest to the Lodz ghetto enabled local Poles to loot their possessions left behind. Story about Nazi occupation. Journal that includes Brzeziny. [April 2009] CEMETERY: Photos. The monument commemorating the Jews of Brzeziny (lodzkie province) was vandalized with graffiti on the plaque. The Jewish cemetery on ulica Reymont used until the Shoah probably was established in the 16th century. Destroyed during WWII and after when a sand mine was begun among the graves. Witnesses claim that sand mixed with human bones was used to produce prefab apartment buildings. Many tombstones were stolen and used for paving banks of fishing ponds and similar efforts. In 1992, descendants of Brzeziny Jews had the cemetery fenced. The story of Brzeziny shtetl was described Light in the Valley of Tears by Sara Zyskind. [April 2009] US Commission No. POCE000222 Cemetery: ulica Reymonta. 1991 town population: 5,000-25,000 with no Jews. The earliest known Jewish community was 1557 and was affected by the Polish-Swedish War in 1656. The 1921 Jewish population was 4979. The cemetery was probably established in the 16th century, with the last known Orthodox or Conservative burials in 1939-1945. The isolated suburban hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all with no wall, fence, or gate (no longer true, see below) . The size of cemetery before and after WWII is 0.5 hectares. No gravestones are visible because they were removed to line the edges of fishponds in the NW part of town. The municipality owns the unused cemetery property, which borders gravel pits and residential areas. Rarely, organized Jewish group tours and private individuals stop. It was frequently vandalized during and after World War II. No maintenance or care. Security is a slight threat. Pawel Fijalkowski, ulica Ziemowita 11, 96-500 Sochaczew, tel. 22791 completed this survey on 26 June 1991. He visited the site in May 1990.

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By Paul Abelson, senior technical editor Continuing our quest for the 10 mpg truck takes us to solutions available today, things with proven results and relatively quick payback. Aerodynamics, the study of airflow around a body, can be a major contributor to fuel use. By properly managing air flow with new devices, we can significantly reduce the energy a truck consumes. Remember, anything that requires energy lowers fuel mileage, and anything that lessens the need for energy improves fuel economy. While we can’t see or feel it, we know air has mass. We’ve experienced it as kids, sticking our hands out car windows. With fingers pointing into the wind, we could hold them there quite easily. But when perpendicular to the air flow, much more force was needed to hold them. The greater the speed, the more effort it took. Methods for overcoming air resistance depend on the frontal area and the size of the trucks. It is what it is, usually 102 inches wide and 13 feet 6 inches tall. It also depends on the speed of the truck through the air. That force varies with the square of the speed, not in direct proportion to it. Doubling from 30 mph to 60 mph requires four times the energy to overcome the resistance. Cruising at 75 mph is only 25 percent faster than 60 mph, but it takes 56 percent more energy. Coefficient of drag is a mathematical value reflecting the shape of the truck. The smoother the body, the lower the coefficient of drag. While I love the look of a classic old long-nose truck with its “barn door” chrome bumper, high radiator and chromed air cleaners on the side of the engine, I wouldn’t want to buy the fuel for one. With all the airflow changes around the truck, the difference in fuel economy can be 1 mpg or more. Since the late 1970s, accessory makers and truck builders have been working to improve tractor aerodynamics. The first major device to smooth air flow was called the Airshield. It helped smooth air flow from tractor to trailer, and yielded an astonishing 13 percent initial fuel mileage improvement in TMC Type II tests. By the mid-’90s, improvements in tractor design included front air dams to route air smoothly around and under the truck; cab extenders to transition flow from tractor to trailer; and side fairings to reduce turbulence around tool and battery boxes, fuel tanks and generator sets. For years, the major emphasis was on tractors. With the exception of the Nose Cone and Belly Cone, almost no attention was paid to the trailer. But studies reported at the SAE International meetings show trailers accounting for three-quarters of total drag. With a typical van trailer, about 30 percent of the drag occurs at the nose and in the gap. Thirty-five percent is at the rear where air becomes turbulent. The remaining 35 percent is below the trailer, as air tries to find a path around landing gear, suspensions, wheel assemblies and tires. Even the cross members of the trailer frame create drag. Trailer aerodynamics have become a hot topic today, largely because of the California Air Resources Board’s greenhouse gas regulations regulating trucks in the state and EPA SmartWay program’s acceptance of various devices to improve fuel economy. The most visible and common are trailer side skirts. Laydon Composites, Fleet Engineers Inc. and Transtex Composite recently showed their products at the TMC Annual Meeting and Product Exhibition. These devices attach to the trailer chassis. Running from the landing gear to just before the trailer tandems, they guide outside air past the trailer, leaving air under the trailer to be moved along in the space between the skirts so it creates minimal turbulence. Side skirt models differ in how they are supported, their resiliency and ability to absorb impacts and abrasion, as well as designed-in structure and reinforcement. Several are modular, allowing for less expensive repairs. Fuel economy is improved 6 percent to 7.4 percent in SAE/TMC testing at 60 mph, so it shouldn’t take long to return your investment. Another method of managing air under the trailer is a system of fairings developed by SmartTruck. It consists of a front tray that channels air over axle fairings and on to a rear diffuser in front of the ICC bar. Side fairings and a rain gutter divert air flowing along the sides and top to help fill in the drag-causing low pressure zone behind the trailer. The entire system has tested to greater than 10 percent improved mpg at highway speeds. It is less susceptible to damage than skirts. By creating tapering tail extensions and then cutting them off, drag is greatly reduced. This is known as a Kammback, developed by Professor Wunibald Kamm and other German aerodynamics researchers in the 1930s. Kammback designs appeared on race cars in the 1960s, and recently on van trailers. ATDdynamics’ TrailerTail first appeared at the 2008 Mid-America Trucking Show. It creates a taper that extends four feet beyond the trailer rear. Early models had to be folded down before trailer doors could be opened, and set up again when the doors were closed. The most recent TrailerTail, introduced at this year’s TMC show, sets up and folds automatically. The operator need only open and close trailer doors manually. In SAE/TMC tests TrailerTail delivered 6.6 percent fuel economy gains at 65 mph. Another approach to creating a Kammback truck comes from StreamLine Aerodynamics. Their TailStreamer system is inflatable. Made of Duratex, a proprietary laminate of 1000 Denier polyester and heavy PVC, it takes only 1 psi above atmosphere to inflate and keep the TailStreamer in its aerodynamic shape. The built-in air pump shuts off when the trailer doors open, allowing the device to deflate for loading and unloading. Test results approach a 7 percent gain. With major areas of drag being addressed, aerodynamicists are examining others, such as inside wheels and behind tires. The Deflecktor Aero Wheel Cover has a plastic frame that fits into an outer dual or wide single wheel and a cover that zips onto the frame. It creates a flat wheel surface that eliminates turbulence inside the wheel. SAE/TMC tests have shown a 1 percent fuel economy gain per tandem, or 2 percent on tractor and trailer. The low-cost device, adopted by Schneider, offers a quick payback. Finally, we’ve all seen mudguards flapping behind tires. That flapping is resisting aerodynamic force, and that consumes energy. Eco-Flaps from Anderson Flaps Inc. and the Spraydown Aero Guard System available through Betts Spring both developed mud flaps that allow air to pass through while they trap spray and channel it to the ground. Fuel savings for tractor and trailer are in the 3.5 to 4.0 percent range at 60 to 65 mph, also providing a high rate of return for a small investment. With more than half the energy consumed due to drag, it makes sense to improve aerodynamics. It’s one of the most effective routes to the 10 mpg truck, and the improvements are available now. LL

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Sleep Apnea - Overview & Facts Obstructive sleep apnea is a common and serious sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing during sleep. The airway repeatedly becomes blocked, limiting the amount of air that reaches your lungs. When this happens, you may snore loudly or making choking noises as you try to breathe. Your brain and body becomes oxygen deprived and you may wake up. This may happen a few times a night, or in more severe cases, several hundred times a night. In many cases, an apnea, or temporary pause in breathing, is caused by the tissue in the back of the throat collapsing. The muscles of the upper airway relax when you fall asleep. If you sleep on your back, gravity can cause the tongue to fall back. This narrows the airway, which reduces the amount of air that can reach your lungs. The narrowed airway causes snoring by making the tissue in back of the throat vibrate as you breathe. Sleep apnea can make you wake up in the morning feeling tired or unrefreshed even though you have had a full night of sleep. During the day, you may feel fatigued, have difficulty concentrating or you may even unintentionally fall asleep. This is because your body is waking up numerous times throughout the night, even though you might not be conscious of each awakening. The lack of oxygen your body receives can have negative long-term consequences for your health. This includes: - High blood pressure - Heart disease - Pre-diabetes and diabetes There are many people with sleep apnea who have not been diagnosed or received treatment. A sleep medicine physician can diagnose obstructive sleep apnea using an in-lab sleep study or a home sleep apnea test. Sleep apnea is manageable using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, the front-line treatment for sleep apnea, oral appliance therapy or surgery. Obstructive sleep apnea in adults is considered a sleep-related breathing disorder. Causes and symptoms differ for obstructive sleep apnea in children and central sleep apnea.

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The growing acceptance of medicinal plants these days can be attributed to the disappointment of modern man in most synthetic miracle drugs that have caused unexpected and sometimes terrifying side effects. It is reported that the incidence of complications in drug therapy in the U.S. is about 10% and that approximately 5% of patients admitted to the hospitals suffer not from diseases but from serious drug reactions. The growing concern over the harmful side-effects of some drugs if improperly taken, have encouraged people to go back to the use of medicinal plants especially in primary health care. As an example, it is now acknowledged that the use of antibiotics for viral infections not only prolongs, but also worsens viral infection. While before it was considered that a possible secondary infection can be prevented by prophylaxis treatment with antibiotics, this is now considered an obsolete mode of treatment. While studies indicate that most viral infections are self-limiting, and there is no drugs yet that can scientifically prevent colds or reduce their effect, many people still spend a lot on over-the-counter remedies for cough and colds exposing themselves to the risk of harmful effects. Fever is now considered not as an illness itself, but as a protective mechanism of the body that also serves as a warning symptom of an infection that needs to be properly treated. “Lagundi” is effective in lowering fever of viral origin and for coughs and colds. When you have flu, colds, measles, chicken pox, or mumps, all you have to do is to take one stem of this plant and boil it in water. Lagundi is safe and effective as any of the pharmaceutical antipyretic in the market today. Studies have shown that Lagundi is just as effective as the popular cough syrups in the drug market. Clinical trials have also indicated that it is effective for bronchial asthma. It has anti-histamine and bronchial relaxing as well as mild anti-microbial effects. As early as 1963, it has been discovered that Lagundi has anti-cancer activity since it can control tumor growth in-vitro and in-vivo clinical studies. Today, there is a growing worldwide interest in medicinal plants and traditional methods of healing. It is mainly because the result of research studies has tremendously influenced a growing reversal of traditional perceptions. It is now the consensus thinking that both the traditional methods of healing including the use of medicinal plants and the modern medicines work well, and their integration leads to better treatment. In China and other countries in Asia, the use of herbs or medicinal plants is common. Lagundi is a fast growing tree and one stem contains at least 5 leaves. It can be planted anywhere even in the wild since this plant is not a sensitive one. Its leaves can be harvested 3 months after planting and can be used for aromatic bath or sponge bathing for wounds and rheumatism. You can also apply the pounded leaves in your forehead for relief of headaches and fever. Do you think Lagundi is really a miracle medicinal plant, or a myth?

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In December, the Mars Express spacecraft will celebrate the fifth anniversary of its arrival at Mars. In observation of this milestone the German Aerospace Center DLR has put together a collection of some of the best images from the High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), the main camera on board the spacecraft. The stunning, high resolution images this instrument has produced of Mars’ surface are nothing short of jaw dropping, and they have provided new perspectives and new discoveries about our neighboring planet. One of the iconic images from Mars Express is the image above of water ice inside a crater near Mars North Pole. And here’s more from The Best of Mars Express: My personal favorite is the image above of Echus Chasma, located in the Lunae Planum high plateau, north of Valles Marineris the ‘Grand Canyon’ of Mars. It doesn’t take much imagination to consider the possibility that once, gigantic water falls may have plunged over these 4,000 meter high cliffs on to the valley floor. See more of Echus Chasma here. Here’a another of my favorites, this perspective color view of Coprates Chasma and the “Grabenkette” (a chain of depressions or rifts in Mars’ surface) Coprates Catena in an eastern section of Valles Marineris. The ability of the HRSC to provide “perspective” views — images that are not just straight down camera shots — are what sets the Mars Express mission apart from all the other orbiting spacecraft. When seen in full resolution (please, go download the biggie image here) these 3-D perspective views, are mind blowing! In March of this year, Ian wrote about these high resolution and 3-D images from Hebes Chasma, one of the deepest canyons on Mars, so see more images there, along with links to additional images and information. The HRSC is imaging the entire planet in full color, 3-D and with a resolution of about 10 meters. Selected areas will be imaged at two-meter resolution. One of the camera’s greatest strengths is he unprecedented pointing accuracy achieved by combining images at the two different resolutions. Another is its ability for 3-D imaging which reveals the topography of Mars in full color. Here’s another look at Mars north arctic region, with water ice visible in Chasma Boreale. Below is a view of Aureum Chaos, located in the eastern part of Valles Marineris. This “chaotic” landscape is dominated by randomly oriented, large-scale mesas and knobs that are heavily eroded. These mesas range from a few kilometres to tens of kilometers wide. For a little more history on Mars Express, the spacecraft was launched on June 2, 2003 from Baikonur Cosmodrome on a Soyuz-Fregat rocket. The goal of Mars Express is to search for water and the possibility of Martian life. Mars Express is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission to the Red Planet involving a consortium of countries (primarily France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Spain, and the United States). The mission consisted of the orbiter and the Beagle lander, which unfortunately crash landed on Christmas Day 2003. Mars Express is currently in its second mission extension, which goes until May 2009. And finally, Mars Express not only takes images the surface of the Red Planet, but also of Mars’ moon Phobos. On July 23 of this year, the spacecraft flew only 93 kilometers from Mars’ moon Phobos, and took the most detailed images ever of the small, irregular moon. Read more about the flyby here.

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A new study, presented yesterday at the American Heart Association conference, indicates that children who have high cholesterol or who are obese show early warning signs of heart disease. The study authors found that the neck arteries of obese children and teens look more like those of 45-year-olds. “There’s a saying that ‘you’re as old as your arteries,’ meaning that the state of your arteries is more important than your actual age in the evolution of heart disease and stroke,” said the lead author of the study, Dr. Geetha Raghuveer, an associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine and cardiologist at Children’s Mercy Hospital. “We found that the state of the arteries in these children is more typical of a 45-year-old than of someone their own age.” Dr. Raghuveer’s study involved 70 children and used an ultrasound to measure the thickness of the inner walls of the neck (carotid) arteries that supply blood to the brain. Dr. Raghuveer believes that an increased thickness in the cartoid artery wall indicates the fatty buildup of plaque within arteries feeding the heart muscle and the brain, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Further studies are needed to determine whether artery build-up will decrease if children lose weight, exercise, or are treated for abnormal lipids. Some studies have shown that the thickness of the cartoid artery wall can be reduced when children at extremely high risk are treated with cholesterol-lowering statin medications, and that exercise can improve blood vessel function in children with a high body mass index. “I’m optimistic that something can be done,” Dr. Raghuveer said. “In children, the buildup in the vessels is not hardened and calcified. We can improve the vessel walls and blood flow in adults through treatment, and I’m sure we can help children even more.”

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Date: December 2008 Creator: Bogel, Gayle Description: State digital libraries are manifestations of the diffusion of technology that has provided both access to and delivery of digital content. Whether the content is being accessed and used equitably in K-12 schools has not been assessed. Determining patterns of the diffusion of use across socioeconomic groups in K-12 schools may help measure the success of existing efforts to provide equitable access and use of digital content, and help guide policies and implementation to more effectively address remaining disparities. This study examined use of the Connecticut Digital Library (ICONN) in K-12 schools in Connecticut by determining annual patterns of use per school/district over a four-year period, using transaction log search statistics. The data were analyzed in the paradigm that Rogers (2003) describes as the first and second dimensions of the consequences of an innovation - the overall growth and the equality of the diffusion to individuals within an intended audience --- in this case, students in K-12 schools. Data were compared by school district and the established socioeconomic District Reference Groups (DRGs) defined by the Connecticut State Board of Education. At the time of this study, ICONN used aggregate data (total searches) for K-12 schools, but did not have relevant ... Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries

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Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help |University of Cambridge| |View and download Isaac Netwon's handwritten papers: his own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica; the so-called "Waste Book," a large notebook that he inherited from his stepfather, and which Newton filled with notes and calculations when forced to leave his Cambridge studies during the Great Plague; and other manuscripts and letters that concentrate on his mathematical work (c1660s) and reveal how he thought about and developed the calculus. Newton came to Cambridge University as a student in 1661, graduated in 1665, and from 1669 to 1701 held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics. This digitization of works previously available only at Cambridge University's Library results from a collaboration between Cambridge and the University of Sussex, home to the Newton Project.| |Levels:||High School (9-12), College, Research| |Resource Types:||Recreations, Reference Sources| |Math Topics:||Calculus (Single Variable), Calculus (Multivariable), History and Biography| © 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.

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After World War II forced the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Olympic Winter Games, scheduled for Sapporo and Cortina d’Ampezzo respectively, the first Olympic Winter Games in 12 years took place in St. Moritz. For the first time in its Winter Olympic history, Canada won more than one gold medal. These were the first edition of the Olympic Winter Games to be held in Scandinavia, the birthplace of numerous winter sport disciplines. The occasion was marked by the lighting of the Olympic flame in the hearth of the home of Sondre Norheim, the pioneer of modern skiing. Four years before hosting the summer Olympic Games in Rome, Italy welcomed the world’s best winter athletes to Cortina d’Ampezzo, a resort in the Dolomites. These were the first Olympic Winter Games to include athletes from the Soviet Union, who were housed separately from the other delegations. It was the Soviets who brought an end to Canada’s ice hockey dominance. When Squaw Valley won the right to host the 1960 Olympic Winter Games, the future ski resort was little more than a hotel. Canada enjoyed its most successful Olympic Winter Games since 1932, winning four medals, including two gold. After losing a close race to host the 1960 Olympic Winter Games, Innsbruck was a near-unanimous selection for 1964, winning the vote 49-9 over Calgary. It was in Innsbruck that Canada competed in Olympic bobsleigh for the first time and delivered what has been called the biggest upset in Olympic bobsleigh history. Grenoble won the right to host the 1968 Olympic Winter Games in a close vote, 27-24, over Calgary. Canada’s star of the Games was alpine skier Nancy Greene, who in her third Olympic appearance won gold in the giant slalom and silver in the slalom. In 1972 Sapporo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Winter Games, winning the vote on the first ballot over three cities, including Banff. At the time, Sapporo was the largest centre to host the Winter Games. Canada’s lone medal was a silver in figure skating by Karen Magnussen. The city of Denver was supposed to host the 1976 Olympic Winter Games, but when the people in the state of Colorado voted overwhelmingly against the use of public funds to support the Games, forcing Denver to withdraw, the IOC asked Innsbruck to step in, which it did successfully.

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|Morphology and Anatomy||Life Cycle| |Return to Paratylenchus Menu||Economic Importance||Damage| |Return to Tylenchulidae Menu||Feeding||References| |Go to Nemaplex HomePage| Paratylenchus hamatus Thorne and Allen, 1950 From Thorne and Allen (1950). mb = membrane(or advulval flap) lateral to vulva. Note small, hooked sheath around protruded spicules. Small plant-parasitic nematodes, 0.3mm long. Cuticle marked with fairly coarse striae. Lip region continuous with body contour. Four incisures in lateral field. Females: Gravid female may swell anterior to vulva. Strong stylet, usually about 36 µm. Ovary single, prodelphic, outstretched. Vulva a transverse slit with lateral membranes which may extend inward over the vulval opening. In other literature these are referred to as advulval flaps (Ghaderi et al., 2014). | Males: Stylet moderately developed and median bulb appearing weak. Spicules elongate arcuate, resting in a thin, trough-like gubernaculum. When protruded, the spicules are surrounded by a short sheath, with a posterior hook-like process, protruding from the cloacal opening. The specific name hamatus is derived from the presence of the hook like process. Ref: Thorne and Allen, 1950. Europe and North America. Widely distributed in California, but not usually found in cooler grape-growing regions. Originally described from fig in soil samples taken by E.F. Serr near Planada, California (11 miles west of Merced) and sent to Gerald Thorne in Salt Lake City for diagnosis. From those samples, Thorne and Allen (1950) described both Xiphinema index and Paratylenchus hamatus. Paratylenchus hamatus is apparently the most common species of pin nematode in woody perennials of California (Raski, 1975). It can occur in abundance in vineyards free of other vegetation, but it is not associated with vine damage except when young grapevines have been planted into very high population levels. Highest population levels of this nematode are often measured on the most vigorous vines and its presence appears to slow the build-up of other endo- and ectoparasites (Ferris and McKenry, 1975; Ferris et al., 1976). Feeding of large numbers produced shallow, localized lesions on grape roots (Raski and Radewald, 1958). Celery, figs, grapes, and peaches in the San Joaquin Valley of California. It does not occur on Juglans spp. For an extensive list of host plant species and their susceptibility, copy the name select Nemabase and paste the name in the Genus and species box Similar to P. neoamblycephalus, but has a different host range and there are differences in the life cycle of the male. Associated with crop decline in figs (Thorne and Allen, 1950), but a positive correlation with vigor has been observed in grape and peach (Ferris and McKenry). McKenry has suggested that P.hamatus may have an antagonistic or competitive relationship with Mesocriconema xenoplax - in field experiments (1998-90) soil around peach roots was inoculated with P. hamatus after fumigation, but results were not convincing. This nematode also causes damage to celery in North Eastern U.S. and the Netherlands; can also deform carrots. Plant weights of mint may be reduced and flowering delayed by P. hamatus infestation in the Yakima Valley of Washington (Ingham and Merrifield, 1996). In pot experiments, dry weights of peppermint and scotch spearmint plants 22 weeks after inoculation were reduced 20%-34%. Infected plants remain succulent longer which renders them susceptible to winter injury (Faulkner, 1964). In tall fescue grass, tillering was increased but top growth is stunted (Coursen and Jenkins, 1958). Tops of celery attacked by pin nematodes can become stunted and chlorotic (Lownsbery et al., 1952). Figs infected by pin nematodes become chlorotic with undersized fruit (Thorne and Allen, 1950). For a list of plant species or cultivars (if any) reported to be immune or to have some level of resistance to this nematode species, copy the name select Nemabase Resistance Search and paste the name in the Genus and species box Coursen, B.W. and W.R. Jenkins. 1958. Host-parasite relationships of the pin nematode, Paratylenchus projectus on tobacco and tall fescue. Plant Disease Reporter 42:865-872. Faulkner, L.R. 1964. Pathogenicity and population dynamics of Paratylenchus hamatus on Mentha species. Phytopathology 54:344-348. Ferris and McKenry, 1975 Ferris et al., 1976 Ingham, R., Merrifield, K. 1996. A Guide to Nematode Biology and Management in Mint. Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Pub. No. 996. 38 p. Lowensbry, B.F., E.M. Stoddars and J.W. Lownsbery. 1952. Paratylenchus hamatus pathogenic on celery. Phytopathology 42:651-653. Raski, D.J., Radewald, J.D. 1958. Symptomology of certain ectoparasitic nematodes on roots of Thompson seedless grape. Plant Disease Reporter 42:941-943. Thorne, G. and M.W. Allen. (1950) Paratylenchus hamatus n. sp. and Xiphinema index n.sp., two nematodes associated with fig roots, and a note on Paratylenchus anceps. Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash 17:27-35.

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While cooking brings out nutrients in some vegetables (e.g. tomatoes, asparagus, carrots), some other vegetables (e.g. onions, bell peppers) are more beneficial when consumed raw. It was suggested here that if you are eating two pounds of vegetables in a single day, aim for one pound cooked and one pound raw - in other words, half-half ratio of cooked vs raw in your total vegetable consumption. In the Chinese diet, however, we do not regularly consume a wide variety of raw vegetables. Salads such as Arugula, Radish, Grapefruit Salad and Arugula Apricot Salad are not part of our daily routine. Most of our vegetables need to be cooked, or minimally cooked the least e.g. Broccoli, Mushrooms, Tomato Salad, Shungiku (Edible Chrysanthemum Leaves) Salad. The most common raw food in the Chinese diet is probably Cucumber Pickles. Even in Korean cuisine, you find a plethora of ways how raw vegetables are incorporated in their meals, for example, in banchan (small appetizer-side dishes that usually go along with main entrees). Any more examples of Chinese salads/raw vegetables side-dishes? Asparagus is one vegetable that is better cooked than raw. Cooked asparagus particularly steamed ones, makes it easier for our bodies to benefit from asparagus's protective antioxidants. (Source: BBC Good Food). The advantage of cooking this dish in a skillet is just so that after pan-searing of scallops, the pan can be de-glazed then the thinly sliced asparagus can be steamed in the remaining scallop essence (aroma) while absorbing scallop flavors. One-Skillet Pan-Seared Scallops & Steamed Asparagus 香煎鲜贝蒸芦笋 Pat-dry the scallops (thaw overnight in the fridge if using frozen scallops), season with salt and black pepper. In a lightly-oiled medium-hot pan, add the scallops on one-side, sear for about 3 minutes till nicely browned (medium charred and crusted), then turn over and pan-sear the other side for about 3 more minutes till scallops are cooked. Dish out the scallops, set aside. Add in about 2-3 tbsp of water and de-glaze the brown bits on the pan, add in the thinly sliced asparagus and make sure they are spaced evenly around the skillet (Note: A wide-area flat-base skillet works really well here). Cover the skillet, turn down heat to low-medium and steam the asparagus for about 3 minutes till tender and cooked. Salt and ground pepper to taste. Serve with pan-seared scallops on top of the asparagus. Tag: scallops asparagus stir fry, pan-seared scallops,steamed asparagus An Escape to Food on Facebook

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Anchored by Jake Tapper, The Lead airs at 4 p.m. ET on CNN. We've moved! Come join us at our new show page. (CNN) – The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention believes the incubation period for MERS is about five days, but it could last as long as two weeks. "We're not taking any chances, and we're just watching people for a full 14 days," says Dr. David Swerdlow, head of MERS response activities at the CDC. "We don't know exactly how it's transmitted, and who could get the virus ... we're monitoring everybody, we're asking everybody to take temperatures, to call the health department if they get sick," says Swerdlow. For those monitored for 14 days, the CDC is also collecting blood samples to see if anybody actually was infected with the virus. The chance of MERS spreading is generally low unless you're a health care worker with a MERS patient, or someone who would be in close contact with that patient. But a professor at Harvard raised concerns about MERS may possibly mutate into something much more serious. "We have been monitoring for any changes in the virus all along. And so far, there's no evidence that there's been any change," says Swerdlow. "We're always watching for any chance that there could be evidence of ... sustained human-to-human transmission. That would be the marker that something has changed. And we have been very vigilant for that," says Swerdlow. For more from Dr. David Swerdlow, check out the video above.

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V2 Vocabulary Building Dictionary Definition: describes a rate of increase that is extremely quick, appearing to grow by mathematical exponents Synonyms: mathematically, numerically, rapidly, quickly, expeditiously Antonyms: slowly, sluggishly Tips: When learning the word exponential, think of the root word exponent, which in mathematics means "a number that indicates how many times another number should be multiplied by itself." Exponentially describes growth that moves quickly (as if the quantity is being increased by exponents). The related adjective exponential describes things with rapid growth. The new advertising strategy is expected to increase sales exponentially. (rapidly, quickly) After the boss quit, employee moral grew exponentially. (expeditiously, quickly, rapidly) We are expecting exponential growth in profits this next year. (quick, rapid, mathematically and numerically significant) adjective The number of homes with Internet connections has seen exponential growth over the last few years. (rapid, expeditious) adjective Discover How You Can Improve Your Vocabulary 10 to 100 Times Faster with the Power Vocabulary Builder The definition and lessons for the word exponentially were made available by the . The Power Vocabulary Builder will help you develop a fuller, richer vocabulary 10 to 100 times faster than any other program available. Visit the thesite right now to discover how you can get full access to this breakthrough program today!

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Exposure to Estrogen & Breast Cancer Risk Estrogen is a normal female hormone made in your ovaries and in your fat (adipose) tissue. Estrogen is also recognized as a carcinogen in your body for certain types of cancer including breast cancer. Estrogen stimulates your breast tissue to increase cell divisions (mitosis). This sometimes results in cancers due to errors in cell division (mutations). Other substances (carcinogens) or exposures (e.g., high dose radiation) can also result in cancer. Below is an illustration of that effect: The time it takes to go from one cancer cell to two, from two to four, four to eight, etc., is referred to as the doubling time. To go from one cancer cell to a group of cells about ½" inch in diameter takes approximately 8-10 years, if that cancer has an average doubling time. One-half inch is about the size at which a cancer can be found by physical examination. Mammograms can find tumors ¼" in diameter. This is why, after being exposed to a risk factor; it may take 8-10 years before a cancer can be detected, even if the risk exposure has caused a cancer to develop. Prolonged and increased estrogen exposure may cause your breast cells to progress from hyperplasia to atypical hyperplasia to cancer. Hyperplasia refers to the overgrowth of cells; for example, in multiple layers instead of one layer in a milk duct (see diagram). Proliferative breast disease found on biopsy indicates an exposure to increased levels of estrogen. An increased risk of breast cancer is found in women who have proliferative breast disease. Simply stated, the more estrogen your breasts are exposed to over your lifetime, the higher the risk of breast cancer. During each monthly menstrual cycle, a woman is exposed to increased estrogen levels, especially at the time an egg is produced by her ovaries (ovulation). Both early age at the start of menstrual cycles (menarche) and late menopause increase breast cancer risk through increased exposure to estrogen during menstrual cycles. Similarly, late age for menarche and early age for menopause decrease breast cancer risk. Birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy increase breast cancer risk through increased exposure to estrogen. Likewise, removing both ovaries before natural menopause decreases breast cancer risk by decreasing levels of estrogen. The more alcoholic beverages you drink, the more impaired your liver becomes in its ability to eliminate (metabolize) estrogen in your body. That is why regular alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk in direct proportion to the amount of alcohol you drink. After menopause, obesity increases breast cancer risk by increasing your level of estrogen. This is because fat tissue produces small amounts of estrogen. The more fat you have, the higher your estrogen level. Before menopause, obesity causes hormonal changes which decrease estrogen production by the ovaries and can even result in infertility. Therefore, premenopausal obesity does not increase breast cancer risk.

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and concern for the environment impact consumer decisions A new survey by Capital One Auto Finance found that when it comes to Americans’ auto preferences, bigger may not always be better and fuel efficiency is in the driver’s seat. The survey, which examined drivers’ views about fuel efficiency and alternative motor vehicles, found that 53 percent of respondents said that their next car will be more fuel efficient than their current vehicle and 55 percent would be very likely or somewhat likely to give up a larger vehicle for a more fuel efficient The study also explored alternative motor vehicles, or vehicles that run on a fuel other than “traditional” petroleum, such as electric vehicles or gas-electric hybrids. While the overwhelming majority of those surveyed do not currently own an alternative motor vehicle and 76 percent have never driven or test-driven one of these types of cars, nearly 80 percent believe they are not just a passing fad. Alternative motor vehicles – fad or future? Just over one-third of the respondents said it is somewhat or very likely that their next car purchase will be an alternative motor vehicle and most drivers surveyed think they will own an alternative motor vehicle in their lifetime. Forty-two percent of survey respondents predict that in ten years, 25-50 percent of cars on the road will be gas-alternative models, while nearly 23 percent believe that over 50 percent of cars on the road will be alternative cars by the year 2020. In the near term, however, consumers say that pricing is the primary factor holding them back from purchasing an alternative motor vehicle. Understanding new technologies and pricing With new technologies emerging, the study also found that consumers may not be doing enough research on alternative vehicles and may be unaware of valuable tools to consider when purchasing a new car. The United States government is currently offering a tax rebate for the purchase of some alternative motor vehicles, yet 41 percent of consumers surveyed did not know about this rebate program. Of those who said they were likely to purchase an alternative motor vehicle, nearly three-quarters have not calculated the savings in gas over a traditional vehicle. Helping consumers navigate the car buying process Employ the following tips to help drivers manage the car-buying - Research different models. It’s important for car buyers to do their homework and learn more about the features of different models, especially if considering an alternative motor vehicle. For those who would like to save money on gas and are considering trading in a gas guzzler for a more fuel efficient car, Edmunds.com offers a calculator that shows how long will it take before you pay off the balance of a vehicle purchase and begin saving money. - Learn about vehicle pricing. Research new and used car prices online. Know what you can afford and use those target numbers as a reference point for your pricing information. - Research and compare different financing options. There is a range of auto financing options available, including dealer financing, loans from banks and credit unions, and pre-approved no-obligation online loans. - Make sure you are comfortable with the contract. If it’s not the price or deal you want, be ready to walk away.

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Head of state and government: Mwai Kibaki Death penalty: abolitionist in practice Population: 40.9 million Life expectancy: 55.6 years Under-5 mortality (m/f): 112/95 per 1,000 Adult literacy: 86.5 per cent A new Constitution was passed providing a more comprehensive basis for the protection and fulfilment of human rights. The Constitution also offered a framework for addressing much needed political, judicial and other reforms. The government introduced a number of laws aimed at giving effect to the provisions of the new Constitution. However, impunity for past and current human rights violations continued to prevail, including for crimes committed during the post-elections violence of 2007/8 and for endemic violence against women. On 4 August, a significant majority (nearly two-thirds) of voters in a public referendum voted to adopt a new Constitution. The Constitution came into effect on 27 August. Campaigns for the referendum and the conduct of the referendum itself were relatively peaceful but there were some reports of violence. These included three grenade attacks in June at a rally opposing the proposed Constitution at Uhuru Park in Nairobi, the capital. Six people were killed and over 100 injured in the explosions and ensuing stampede. The government announced investigations into the attacks but no progress was reported by the end of 2010. In June, three Members of Parliament and one political activist were arrested and charged over remarks that implied that certain communities would have to leave their homes if the Constitution was ratified. Their trial was pending at the end of the year. The official anti-corruption authority filed various cases in court against high-profile public officials. Proceedings continued at the end of the year. In line with the new Constitution, a cabinet minister accused of corruption in a pending court case was suspended. No measures were implemented to ensure accountability for human rights violations, including possible crimes against humanity, committed in the post-election violence in 2007/8. A private members' bill seeking to establish a special tribunal to investigate and prosecute these crimes stalled in Parliament. - There was no progress in the investigations into the killings of Oscar Kingara and Paul Oulu, two human rights activists killed in 2009. - By the end of the year the killers of Francis Kainda Nyaruri, a freelance journalist murdered in 2009, had not been brought to justice. Impunity - police and security forces The government announced that it was finalizing three proposed laws on police reforms - the Independent Policing Oversight Authority Bill (establishing a police oversight authority), the National Police Service Bill (providing a new legal framework for policing) and the National Police Service Commission Bill (establishing a police service commission). The Bills had not been submitted to Parliament by the end of the year. There were cases of unlawful killings and other human rights violations by the police and other security personnel. In March, eyewitnesses reported that seven men were shot dead by a group of administration police during a police operation in Kawangware, an informal settlement in Nairobi. Police officers claimed the men were part of a criminal gang, but witnesses said they were taxi drivers. The trial of seven police officers charged with the men's killings was pending in court by the end of the year. No individual police officers or security personnel were brought to justice for unlawful killings and other human rights violations committed during the year and in the recent past.

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The Disbanding of the Waardgelders (mercenaries on the pay of the town government) by Prince Maurits in Utrecht, on July 31, 1618. Joost Cornelisz Droochsloot was a Dutch painter of genre pictures, village scenes, moral allegories and biblical stories. He was active in Utrecht from 1616 to 1660. He became a member of the Utrecht Guild in 1616 and married in 1618. In 1620 he bought a house which he had been paying for over twelve years by painting pictures. He had a number of pupils, including his son, Cornelis Droochsloot (1630-1673). Jan Peterson, P van Straesborgh, Steven de Leeuw and Jacob Duck were also apprenticed to him in the early years of their careers. His early works reflects the influence of Pieter Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Brueghel the Younger and the Flemish David Vinckboons. He continued the tradition of Flemish landscape painting. Droochsloot predominantly painted village scenes that in his early period resembled the work of Esaias van de Velde. He usually painted a broad village street leading into the distance with houses on both sides. Village activity is depicted with numerous figures and a moral note is often struck: people nursing the sick or feeding the poor. He often repeated his compositions with slight alterations. Droochsloot was a versatile painter, whose work reflects the influence of artists such as David Vinckboons (1576-1633). He worked in Utrecht all his life, was dean of the Guild of St. Luke several times, and was also regent of the St. John’s hospital, to which he donated appropriate pictures. You Might Also Like: Jan Steen (c.1626-1679) Dutch Master of Genre Painting Pieter Claesz. Still Life. Breakfasts Johannes Franciscus Spohler. Sugartown Hurdy-Gurdy players were a popular subject matter in painting and images dating from the early 14th century where it was usually angels that were depicted playing the instrument. Later on during the 16th and 17th centuries the subject matter broadened until it became acceptable to depict the player on his own. It seems here that Droochsloot has chosen a more anecdotal depiction of a charming village scene. The accompanying musicians are playing something close to Spike Fiddles which are an unusual instrument for Dutch paintings and are thought to originate in Persia. These though appear to have pig's bladders as a resonance box and are being played upside down if they are spike fiddles.

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Most of us own several devices that promise to save time: microwaves, smart phones, computers, email, cars, etc. Nevertheless, we are more stressed, medicated, and burned-out than at any other time in history. For some, the thought of taking a vacation or going on "retreat" might be considered a luxurious indulgence; for others a sign of personal weakness. But Scripture speaks a different language. In the story of the Creation, rest turns out to be of equal significance to work. In the biblical understanding, a day starts at sunset: "And there was evening and there was morning, one day" (Gen. 1:5, NASB et al.). So, rest precedes work. But rest also follows work, as we read: "By the seventh day God completed His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done" (Gen. 2:2). These two verses teach us that rest is not just a luxury for the wealthy or for those with four weeks of vacation a year. Rest lies at the foundation of creation: "God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made" (Gen. 2:3). Therefore, God commanded his people to remember the Sabbath day, and to keep it holy (Ex. 20:8). Continual work without rest runs against the natural created order. The words of the prophets in the Old Testament make it clear that Israel's failure to faithfully keep the Sabbath played significantly into their being led into exile. This fact would suggest that observing moments of rest is very difficult. It probably says much about our attitude toward work and rest that in our understanding, the day starts at sunrise. In our purpose-driven culture (and churches), rest is deemed unproductive and thus granted to ourselves primarily out of necessity for the work of the next day. But restlessness can be dangerous spiritually. When our work is not shaped by rhythms of rest, our individual efforts acquire a weight of self-importance that blinds us to reality. We gradually believe that our individual efforts are responsible for our success. The Apostle Paul corrects this false notion when he says that even our good works are "prepared in advance for us to do" (Eph. 2:10, NIV). Rest is God's way of equipping us for the work that he has given us to do. Rest and retreat are not only for those with a predisposition to quiet reflection—introverts, journal-keepers, and pensioners. Sabbath-keeping is the primary way men and women created in God's image remember that our work is not about us. We rise from sleep and go to work every morning as an act of stewardship for the creation that God has put in our care. By responding to God's instruction to observe periods of rest—every day, once a week, or on retreats—we participate in God's intention to bestow his Shalom on all creation, which of course will deeply influence our personal lives and relationships. Yes!, send me a free trial issue of Men of Integrity. If I like it, I'll pay just $19.95 and get five more bimonthly issues (a full year in all), plus complete web access. If not, I'll simply return my bill marked "cancel", owe nothing and keep my free trial issue.

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The Steinbach Family, the German Erzgebirge and the Steinbach Nutcrackers The Steinbach family Originally from Austria, the Steinbach family history dates back to the 13th century. Family members worked as judges, merchants and architects. Erwin V. Steinbach was a famous architect and built the Muenster (Dome) in Strasbourg (France) during the 13th century. Because of many wars and religious persecution the family was forced to change their domicile and settled in the German Erzgebirge long before they thought about the first Steinbach Nutcracker. Life was rough during that time and people had to fight hard just to stay alive. The German Erzgebirge The Erzgebirge ("Ore Mountains") is a low mountain range in the east of Germany. It lies in the south of the German State Saxonia and nowadays is certainly one of most beautiful and most traditional regions in Germany. Altogether the mountains extend on a length of 90 miles and a width of 25 miles. The mining industry helped the Erzgebirge become very wealthy. Hundreds of magnificent castles and impressing churches are an interesting sight for tourist from around the world. Also the culture of the Ore Mountains was shaped considerably by the mining industry. During their daily work the miners were constantly confronted with wood and developed special talents to shape the wood. After the end of their workday the miners carved figures and scenes of their everyday life. When the mining industry lost importance the population had to find new ways to make a living. They decided to use their skills in woodworking to start a new trade. From these roots in the course of time all of today's variety of products (including the wonderful Steinbach Nutcrackers) was developed from. Today the skilled craftsmen manufacture Nutcrackers, Christmas Pyramids, Incense Smokers, Schwibbogen (Candle Arches), Music Boxes and many other wonderful wooden Figurines & Miniatures. The Steinbach company The Steinbach company (the full name is: Steinbach GmbH - Vereinigte Werkstätten Deutscher Volkskunst) has two production plants in Germany. The first one is located in Hohenhameln in northern Germany and the second is located in the heart of the German Erzgebirge in Marienberg. Since the area of the Erzgebirge lies in the former German Democratic Republic the Marienberg plant was built after the Communist occupation had finally ended. For most of two centuries the Steinbach family has been producing fine wooden products such as Steinbach nutcrackers, incense smokers and wooden ornaments. Today, Herr Christian Steinbach heads the family operation carrying on the tradition with his daughter Karla. Karla Steinbach, who is Vice President, is being groomed to become the sixth generation to head the company after her father retires. A nutcracker is a device used to break open the shells of hard, dry fruits, known commonly as nuts, produced by certain species of trees. The edible material within the shell is known as the kernel. But this is not really the type of nutcracker that the Steinbach company produces. The decorative nutcrackers were first developed around 1870 by Wilhelm Friedrich Fuechtner. Some of the nutcrackers from that time can still be seen in museums in the Ergebirge and already look quite similar to the modern nutcrackers. Often nutcrackers are the image of authorities from the past. Especially kings, soldiers and gendarmes are used as a model. In former times the population was dependent on the benevolence of the authorities and tried to express some protest by giving the Nutcrackers a grim look. His energetic face makes him look very powerful and helps you crack the toughest nuts in life. The Nutcracker is usually standing on a base and sometimes is manufactured in over 100 work procedures generally from fir wood. The chosen wood has to dry for several years before it is cut into the sizes needed for the production process or the part of the body it is used for. After the pieces are trimmed the automatic lathe shapes the different parts of the body. The next steps are painting the different body parts and then assembling them to a nutcracker. Nutcrackers can be found on Christmas Markets and in stores around the world. Since most Erzgebirge workshops produce Nutcrackers there are hundreds of different models obtainable. The Steinbach Nutcrackers When Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Nutcracker Suite" premiered in 1892, the popularity of nutcrackers spurted tremendously. The Nutcracker Suite became very popular in many countries around the world and helped the Erzgebirge Nutcracker become just as famous. The strong following of this classic production greatly increased the popularity of collecting nutcrackers in many countries around the world. Outside Germany particularly in the United States the Nutcracker has many collectors and enthusiast and the Steinbach Nutcrackers are the most popular among them. You might ask yourself why Steinbach Nutcrackers are the most popular ones among collectors. Especially if one looks at a worldwide perspective this is an interesting fact. As we have mentioned above the Erzgebirge Nutcrackers in general have images of authorities like military, kings and police men. Herr Steinbach expanded his range of subjects and started to create nutcrackers with images of legends and German folklore and later introduced many new models with characters from around the globe. Steinbach Nutcrackers with Civil War Generals, American Presidents and characters from novels and motions pictures became so popular that the Steinbach Company had trouble meeting the demands. With his vast choice of subjects, superb quality and exceptional craftsmanship Herr Steinbach raised the Steinbach nutcrackers to a different level. Enthusiast started to collect the Steinbach Nutcrackers and the new models where eagerly waited for each year. Then Herr Steinbach had another great idea. He thought about the needs and wishes of collectors and decided that some of the Steinbach nutcrackers should be limited editions. That made the Steinbach nutcrackers unique and increased the collectability and later on greatly increased the value of many items. By this enthusiasts of Steinbach nutcrackers had one more reason to collect his products. The first limited edition Steinbach nutcracker was King Ludwig II with 3000 pieces. It was a great success and the Steinbach nutcrackers fan club increased tremendously. During the last decades Herr Steinbach has visited many collector shows around the world and is known for taking great interest in every collector he meets. He signs his superb Steinbach nutcrackers for collectors and treats every enthusiast individually. A Steinbach nutcracker signed by Herr Steinbach is something very special and very treasured among worldwide collectors. The Steinbach Nutcrackers Series The Erzgebirge Palace offers over 200 different models of the following series and editions: - Steinbach Nutcracker Limited Editions - Steinbach Nutcracker Troll Series - Steinbach Nutcracker King's Court Series - Steinbach Nutcracker Big Series - Steinbach Nutcracker Chubby Series - Steinbach Nutcracker Elve Series Check out all Steinbach nutcrackers here. We can get Steinbach nutcrackers signed by members of the Steinbach familiy. If you are interested don't hesitate to contact us. Erzgebirge-Palace® is a registered trademark of WIBROS Management oHG

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Plankton patchiness: biology in the physical vernacular Abstract:Using examples drawn primarily from productive continental shelf systems (the southern British Columbia coast and the North Sea) we describe some important features of the horizontal patchiness of phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and community patterns. At least in these systems, the intensity, morphology, and scale dependence of the plankton spatial pattern are strongly regulated by and spatially correlated with physical oceanographic processes (turbulent advection, upwelling, convergence, and vertical mixing) and the interaction of these processes with bathymetry. Although frequently considered in theoretical studies, purely biological forcing mechanisms such as predator-prey oscillations do not appear to be as important as biological–physical interactions. The development and persistence of biological spatial pattern in the ocean is dependent on the existence of spatial gradients in the local rate of population increase or decrease. The approximate proportionality between spatial extent and temporal persistence of physical features in the ocean provides a basis for estimating the relative effectiveness of the biological rates (competition coefficients, population growth rates, motility) responsible for patch generation. Document Type: Research Article Publication date: September 1, 1985 More about this publication? - The Bulletin of Marine Science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world's oceans. All aspects of marine science are treated by the Bulletin of Marine Science, including papers in marine biology, biological oceanography, fisheries, marine affairs, applied marine physics, marine geology and geophysics, marine and atmospheric chemistry, and meteorology and physical oceanography. - Editorial Board - Information for Authors - Subscribe to this Title - Terms & Conditions - Ingenta Connect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites

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Israel has no endangered species law per se. As part of Israel's Nature Reserve Law under the National Parks, Nature Reserves, Memorial Sites and National Sites Law of 1992, there is a special section which empowers the Minister of Agriculture to designate certain species, inanimate objects and such as Protected Natural Assets. For example, there are special kinds of cylindrical rocks which managed to make their way to Israel from volcanoes in pre-historic Egypt and they are no less protected than the corals in the Gulf of Eilat, or the local leopards, wolves or karakuls. There is a blanket prohibition on destroying, damaging, picking up, uprooting, poisoning or changing a protected natural asset. The success Israel has had in protecting natural assets is a result of the Minister of Agriculture's extensive regulations and [the] encyclopedic lists prepared for him by Israel's Nature Reserve Authority, which he has historically signed into force. The guts of the process are the many regulations which have been filed. From a quarter page series of enabling provisions, Israel has a fairly solid system in place. Of course the law doesn't focus sufficiently on habitat preservation, and this will take some time to improve.

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Classify Two-dimensional Figures Aligned To Common Core Standard: Grade 5 Geometry- 5.G.4 Printable Worksheets And Lessons - Properties of Quadrilaterals Step-by-step Lesson- Tell us all the properties that you know for each shape. - Guided Lesson - We ask you to name a specific set of quadrilaterals and see if we can prompt you in number two. - Guided Lesson Explanation - There are a number of ways to answer these problems. Some people worry about sides, corners about corners. - Practice Worksheet - Name each two dimensional figure that we throw at you. - Identify Quadrilaterals Five Pack - You may have to draw a few too. - Building Quadrilaterals Five Pack- We want fixed unit shapes. You might want to use a pencil with a good eraser for this one.. - Matching Worksheet - A nice mixture of problem types for you here. - The Quadrilateral Family Worksheet Five Pack - Word problems that lead you towards naming a quadrilateral of some kind. View Answer Keys- All the answer keys in one file. Make sure that you pay attention to the measure. They are there for a reason. Some more shape reminders here. A lot of teachers tell me that they will give students the answers to these and ask them what the question is.

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A University of Minnesota research project is a step closer to learning how to create fuel from algae. The project uses two types of bacteria — one converts carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into sugars, the other turns the sugars into hydrocarbons similar to gasoline. Team leader and biochemist Larry Wackett said his team had to figure out how to get the second one to produce more hydrocarbons. "We're doing some genetic manipulations to get more of their metabolism sort of focused on making these hydrocarbons," Wackett said. Wackett said it could be a small piece of the quest to replace fossil fuels. "We're going to be taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, making it into fuels, and then we burn the fuel it makes carbon dioxide but at least we're recycling that carbon dioxide," Wackett said. "So environmentally, it's much better." The university has applied for patents on the process, but it could be years before consumers might see the product in the marketplace. The project is paid for with a $2 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy.

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Czech Books Ernest Thompson Seton: A scout appeals for peace Ever since the publication of the first Czech translation of Longfellow’s Hiawatha in the 1860s, Czechs have had a special affection for the American West. This was always more than just a fantasy about the space and freedom of the open plains; for many Czechs, after centuries under Austrian rule, there was also a somewhat romanticized sense of identity with the fate of Native Americans at the hands of white settlers. So it is not surprising that when scouting gained popularity at the time of the First Czechoslovak Republic, it took on many symbols associated with the American Indian. As David Vaughan reports, a major role in this process was played by the writer Ernest Thompson Seton, one of the pioneers of scouting in the United States, who visited Czechoslovakia in 1936. This is the last of a series of programmes I have been making in cooperation with journalism students from the Anglo-American University, working from the Czech Radio archives. The starting point is a recording of a talk that Ernest Thompson Seton gave for Czechoslovak Radio during his 1936 stay in Prague. This was part of what he himself called a peace mission to Europe – Thompson Seton and his wife Julia, who was also a writer, visited several European countries – at a time when war was looming. Here is Thompson Seton, opening his talk. In days like these one can accept or assume no higher or better mission than that of peace messenger, a personal messenger of peace and understanding among the nations. Given that he was one of the most important figures in the history of the scouting movement, Ernest Thompson Seton deserves to be better remembered. He was also a writer, a pioneer of what today we would call “animal fiction”, the attempt to tell the story from the point of view of the animal itself. And he would often draw parallels between the hunting down of America’s wildlife and the fate of the country’s native population. Here in the Czech Republic he continues to have a loyal following and his influence is still felt strongly, even among people who have never heard his name: for example, in the particular stress that the Czech scouting movement places on spending as much time as possible in the countryside or in the continuing tradition of the “tramping” movement that also draws from Native American symbols. In 2010 a conference was held here to mark the 150th anniversary of Thompson Seton’s birth and two years later, his biography by H. Allen Anderson was published in Czech translation. His visit to Prague in 1936 is also well recorded, and a significant fragment in that mosaic is the talk he gave to the radio. The surest way to achieve understanding is by personal contact and conversation. There is a story told by Charles Lamb and his friend Steele [?], as they sat in their London coffeehouse. A stranger entered. Lamb glared at him, then growled to Steele, “I hate that man.” Steele laughed, “Why, you do not know him, you never even saw him before.” Lamb replied in a more reflective tone, “Perhaps that is why I hate him. If I really knew him, I probably would rate him as a jolly good fellow.” Ever since founding his first scout group, the Woodcraft Indians, in Connecticut in 1902, Thompson Seton had been convinced that it was possible to live in harmony with the natural world and that this also implied living in harmony with each other. His ideas caught on very early in Czechoslovakia and the first Czech branch of the Woodcraft League was founded as far back as 1922. Its popularity spread and Thompson Seton’s visit to Prague in 1936 drew a good deal of attention. His popularity here was in part due to the same things that brought him into conflict with other central figures of the scouting movement in America and even with scouting’s founder, Lord Baden-Powell. Not everyone in the American scouting movement agreed with his focus on American Indian traditions, and his total rejection of militarism was far from Baden-Powell’s version of the movement. His pacifism is felt strongly in the talk preserved in the radio archive. During the Great War many soldiers were taken prisoner by the opposing army. These prisoners were sent afar into military camps and prisons. They were fed, sheltered and, if wounded, had medical care. They had in short everything but freedom. Incidentally, they and their captors got acquainted, and although they had been taught to hate each other and to seek each other’s destruction, they now were subjected to other influences. They got acquainted, they began to understand each other. Understanding ripened into respect and respect into friendship. There can be no doubt that thousands of lifelong friendships were in that way founded during the war, all evidencing the great principle that understanding is the best remedy for misunderstanding. Of course, such work would be less expensive and more effectual if brought about by peaceful activities, and this is the wise thought which is at the back of all such undertakings as international expositions, world tours, Rhodes Scholarships, Olympic Games, Peace Ambassadors and whatever tends to make foreign travel easy and contact with foreign countries the great privilege within the reach of all that have moderate means. If I may speak of my personal experience and observation, I have never yet known a man to go and live with a foreign nation without wholly reforming his previous concept of them, especially if that appraisal had been unfavorable. Every American student who spent a few years in France or in Germany came back saying, “I have learned to love those French or those Germans now that I understand them.” Every Rhodes Scholar goes back from Oxford with a new and high appreciation of the old land and something like affection for its sterling qualities and even its eccentricities. I know of several men who spent years among the Negro tribes of Africa and came back in each case with a deep-rooted admiration of these so-called “primitives” and a real personal affection for many, if not all, of their black acquaintances. Anglo-American University student Michaela Koštálová has made a study of the broadcast: “The first half of the speech is talking about tolerance between nations and societies in general and I concluded that was why it was broadcast in Czechoslovakia in those days, because the atmosphere in Europe was very tense at that time. Hitler had already had absolute power in Germany for some two years, so it was pretty clear that it was quite possible that war was coming. His speech in general is something like a call for tolerance. He uses very noble phrases, calling for peace and understanding among nations, saying that understanding is the only remedy for misunderstanding. So he is persuading people to get to know each other. “I find it interesting that he mentions students going abroad to get to know people and he mentions some of his friends or students who went to Germany, met Germans and became friends. Even though there are dissimilarities and a lack of real understanding among peoples, they can still respect and tolerate each other. And I think he mentions Germans on purpose, because at that time if everyone was against Germans, it would make them feel that they needed to fight to prove that they were good. “I think that if I had been listening to the speech then, I would have found it really uplifting. You think that maybe everything’s going to be fine in the end. Now we know how it actually did turn out in the end, and it’s not easy to listen to it nowadays.” Part of the tragedy is that scouts in Czechoslovakia ended up being really quite brutally suppressed during the German occupation and by the subsequent communist regime… “Yes, because even the scout movement is a kind of ideology, or it developed into an ideology. In the Czech Republic the scout movement is called ‘Junák’ and on their website today they say that their main beliefs are fair play, cooperation with others, preserving the environment, a relationship to nature, and so on. These ideals are very democratic and clash with any totalitarian regime. So, of course, this movement was stopped by the Nazis and it happened again under communism.” A large part of Thompson Seton’s 1936 talk is devoted to his own inspiration, drawn from the Native Americans, the people he describes as “the great Red Men of America”. To Czech audiences at the time this would have seemed both exotic and inspiring, as they stood in the shadow of war. Fifty-odd years ago I went West to live on the plains of America in contact with the North American Indians. I was attracted by the glamor that Fenimore Cooper and other romanticists had shared about the red man. And yet I was warned and distrustful, because of countless alleged histories of Indians’ cruelty, Indian massacres, Indian cold-blooded atrocities. I had to live with them many years and accumulate a library of thousands of records, talk with hundreds of old-timers, who knew the truth, before I learned that all these stories of wickedness and cruelty were pure fabrications, wicked slanders, invented by the white men to justify the invaders in seizing the Indian lands and dispossessing him of all his property, his gain, his horses, his liberty, as well as his home and children. I came at last to the same conclusion as General Miles, Buffalo Bill and a score of outspoken leaders, who assured me that the Indian was the most heroic and noble type the world has ever seen. He was without degrading vice until the white man introduced whisky, horrible diseases and the love of money, and would easily have resisted the white invader, had he been equipped with the white men’s destructive weapons and boundless resources. The highest development of the red man’s culture was seen in Peru. We know now that under the Incas, those red men faced and solved all the great economic and social problems that are tormenting us today. We that are troubled over these great issues believe that we can most quietly and quickly get light and practical guidance by studying these methods and results of the great red men of the past. It is with this as my compelling thought and motive that I am going about from land to land proclaiming the methods and delivering the gospel message of the great red men of America. I hope that in a future programme, we’ll be able look in some more detail at the continuing influence of Ernest Thompson Seton in this country.

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A school’s culture is a living, breathing activity; not a fixed entity as is commonly experienced by many school members. And it is always in play, either helping or hindering staff and student learning. The Snaps Project has devised a dynamic way to encourage school members to take responsibility for actively creating their school culture rather than being reactive to it. Grounded in a strong recognition of the myriad challenges and demands being faced by schools today, our team of trainers help staffs move from calcified environments in which staff and students get stuck in restrictive and at times self-defeating roles, to ones that encourage growth and creativity. This kind of fluid culture ensures that schools can maximize their capacity to be responsive to the changing needs of their often diverse and complex communities. How do we help schools affect this kind of change? By offering a unique blend of improvisation and brain research: One, a revolutionary new method for learning and organizational development and the other, a cutting edge discovery in the field of neurobiology. The Approach: Theatrical Improvisation or “Improv” Improv is a wonderfully effective tool for developing school cultures. Its principal mechanisms can be found in almost every successful innovative endeavor from organizational development to scientific discovery and is being used successfully around the globe in business, education, psychology and medicine. Because improvisation requires careful listening, attentiveness to others, and acceptance of all “offers,” it is the foundation for building effective learning groups of any size. Through improvisation, staffs are empowered to respond immediately and inventively to each other and their environment. Equipped with a broad array of improv activities, our team of talented trainers helps staffs and students jumpstart creativity, take risks, become better learners, effectively manage stress, and forge collaborative relationships – all key to any successful learning organization. As author and Snaps Project consultant, Dr. Carrie Lobman says, “As teachers and students experience the fun and success of improvisation, they will increase their capacity to focus and gain confidence, self-motivation and the willingness to access these skills when faced with unknown experiences.” (See Unscripted Learning:Using Improv Activities Across the K-8 Curriuclum.) Knowlege of the Brain’s Neuroplasticity Whether we’re leading professional development workshops, providing executive coaching, or building effective classroom teams, the Snaps Project makes use of some of the latest findings in neurobiology. Discoveries made through technology-aided brain research have shown that thinking, learning, and acting can actually change the brain’s functional and physical anatomy. This process is called Neuroplasticity — arguably one of the most important breakthroughs in neuroscience, overthrowing the centuries-old notion that the brain is fixed and unchanging. As he relays in his recent book, The Brain that Changes Itself, Dr. Norman Doidge says “Neuroplasticity not only gives hope to those with mental limitations, or what was thought to be incurable brain damage, but expands our understanding of the healthy brain and the resilience of human nature… All of the humanities, social sciences, and physical sciences, insofar as they deal with human nature, are affected (by these discoveries), as are all forms of training.” Snaps Trainers make these discoveries accessible to staffs and students as we train them to be proficient improvisers. It turns out that a bit of knowledge in this area goes a long way as these findings help staffs understand the extent to which the human brain is “hard-wired” to be reactive, while simultaneously having the capacity to “re-wire.” This knowledge further supports them to be freed up to try new performances as it equips them with the awareness that they can overcome brain limitations and open up possibilities. How might these discoveries impact on teachers’ understanding of learning and development? We invite you to embark on the wonderful discovery process that ensues when educators explore the potential of these findings for themselves and their students. The Connection between Improv and Neuroplasticity So, how do we bring this all together? Simply put, our fun and engaging improvisational workshops support staffs and students to go beyond themselves. At the same time, they attain some basic insight into the ways in which the collective creating of a new school culture can also support the growth and development of their brains! Because improvisation is so effective in helping people to try new things, it also turns out it can jump start the brain’s development by creating new brain pathways. In essence, new activities—including new ways of thinking—can chart the course, and our brains then scramble to catch up. Individuals and communities can continuously create new kinds of relationships, take risks, and break out of limiting roles and rules, They can improvise and change to an extent previously thought impossible.

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We have met Neanderthals, and they are us – or about 1 to 4 percent of each of us. That is one implication of a four-year effort to sequence the Neanderthal genome – essentially setting out in order some 3 billion combinations of four key molecules that together represent the Neanderthals' genetic blueprint. So far, the international team reporting the results notes that they've sequenced 60 percent of the Neanderthal genome. And the 60 percent they have – essentially a rough draft – is likely to be rife with errors that will emerge and get corrected over time. Still, the results mark "just the beginning of an exploration of human uniqueness that it now possible" as anthropologists move beyond fossils to genes in uncovering the story of human evolution, says Svante Pääbo, who heads the Neanderthal Genome Project at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Among the tale the genes tell: A few anatomically modern humans mated with Neanderthals, likely in North Africa or the Middle East as modern humans initially were moving out of Africa, the researchers say. The team came to that conclusion after comparing the Neanderthal genome with those of five humans today: one each from Europe, Asia, and Papua New Guinea, and two from different regions of sub-Saharan Africa. They found that from 1 to 4 percent of the DNA in the genomes of people from Eurasia and the southwestern Pacific were inherited from Neanderthals. Neanderthal-derived genes failed to show up in the African genomes. The results overturn what Dr. Pääbo calls the "hard out-of-Africa hypothesis" in which a small group of anatomically modern humans migrates from Africa "and replaced everyone else in the world without any admixture." It's entirely possible that African genomes also contain some other form of what Pääbo dubs "caveman biology" from more archaic hominins. "We just don't know that yet," he says. Nor is it clear yet whether the presence of this DNA in modern humans represents positive selection – genetic material worth holding on to – or biological antiques whose functions have long been lost, the researchers say. So far, the inherited material does not seem to be concentrated in genes, but spread somewhat randomly in non-gene portions of the modern-human genomes.

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http://www.today.az/news/interesting/133991.html

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en

Guatemala’s territory, due to its geographical, geological and tectonic conditions, is classified as one of the countries with a highest potential for multiple natural hazards. And due to its social and economic situation as well as its environmental degradation and development, its vulnerability conditions are high. Therefore, a large percentage of the population, infrastructures and services are exposed to various risks of disasters caused by natural hazards. Furthermore, some anthropogenic-natured threats are also present as consequence of human/nature activities that generate high-risk conditions. The National Coordinating Agency for Disaster Reduction is the entity that aims to prevent, mitigate, respond and participate in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the damage caused by the presence of disasters.

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http://www.un-spider.org/es/node/5985

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en

Pictured are Angela Blair and a group of school children in a re-enactment of days gone by at the Wilson-Blair African American One Room School. The History of the Wilson- Blair School Museum The Wilson-Blair African-American One-Room School which stands on Grove Street in Fredonia, Kentucky, is a historical testament to the way of life back in the era of one-room schools. For over 40 years the African- American students of Fredonia attended school on Piney Lane. The school census of 1897-1899 recorded 62 boys and 43 girls enrolled. The school closed after the building became in disrepair. The Elders of the Colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church owened property in Fredonia and in 1926 sold it to the Caldwell County Board of Education for the sum of $1.00 cash in hand for a new "Colored School" to be built. In 1927, a school census taken by Mr. Charlie Baker states there were 35 boys and 26 girls enrolled in the Fredonia school. In 1948, the school closed with only nine students in attendance due to families moving away for work. Miss Virginia Blair, who attended this school, lives next door today. She and her family have been caretakers of the property for over 60 years. They donated the property to the city of Fredonia in 2005 for the preservation of the building. Volunteers began working to restore the school and preserve its rich history. The school is named in memory and honor of Jesse Blair and James "Suge" Wilson, Miss Virginia Blair's late husband and stepfather respectively. "Suge" (1894-1977) was a kind man who did whatever he could to help his community. Jesse (1910-1997) always said, you should have God, faith, and an education in your life." With grant money and local donations, work is continuing to restore the building as it was circa 1927. Any one wishing to contribute to the school can contact the numbers listed. If you would like more information please contact Angela Blair.

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http://www.westernkyhistory.org/caldwellcemetery/wilsonblair.html

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en

Wagner and Modernism| FRST 339, MUSC 285, COL 349, GRST 239, GELT 239| This course focuses on Richard Wagner and his complicated legacy to modernism in Europe from the 1860s through the Nazis and beyond. Wagner's work stands at the crux of debates surrounding a modernist aesthetic. Key questions raised by his work are the relationship between poetry, music, dance, and the visual arts; art and religion; art and racism; art and a mass audience; art and politics; synaesthesia; and the relationship between abstraction and figuration. We will begin by analyzing Wagner's music and writings, and especially his idea of the GESAMTKUSNTWERK. The core of the course, however, will consist of looking at the idea that Wagner represented for artists in France, Germany, and Italy between 1860 and 1950. Artistic movements that we will examine include symbolism, German expressionism, futurism, Fascist art, and Socialist realism. We will also look at the influential writings on Wagner by Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Friedrich Nietzsche, Theodor W. Adorno, and Clement Greenberg. Whether for or against Wagner, these writers and theorists decisively influenced artists' views of the composer. Interpretation: This course will draw students' attention to the diverse ways in which a single oeuvre -- the writings and music of Richard Wagner -- have been interpreted. Writing: Students will be asked to write a substantial research paper and to present their arguments to the class for discussion. ||Gen Ed Area Dept: |Course Format: Seminar||Grading Mode: Graded| ||Fulfills a Major Requirement for: (ARHA)(ARHA-Asian/Isla)(ARHA-Eur/Am/Afr)(ARST)(COL)(FRST)(GRST)(MUSC)(RMST) ||Past Enrollment Probability: Not Available |Major Readings: (If discrepancies exist between major readings in Wesmaps and the results generated by the Text Book Information link, defer to the readings posted in Broad Street Books.)| Text Book Information Wagner on Music and Drama (Da Capo Press, New Ed edition, 1988). ISBN-10: 0306803194 ISBN-13: 978-0306803192 Friedrich Nietzsche, The Basic Writings of Nietzsche, trans. Walter Kaufmann (Modern Library Edition, 2000). ISBN-10: 0679783393 ISBN-13: 978-0679783398 Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra. A Book for Everyone and No One. Penguin Classics, reprint edition 1961. ISBN-10: 0140441182 ISBN-13: 978-0140441185 Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art. Createspace 2010. ISBN-10: 1453627421 ISBN-13: 978-1453627426 Christine Poggi, Inventing Futurism. The Art and Politics of Artificial Optimism. ISBN-10: 0691133700 ISBN-13: 978-0691133706 Theodor Adorno, In Search of Wagner (Verso; 2Rev Ed edition (August 1, 2005). Paperback. London: Verso. ISBN-10: 1844673448 ISBN-13: 978-1844673445 Articles and book chapters made available through E-reserve |Examination and Assignments: | Short weekly response papers, oral presentation, 15 page research paper. |Instructor(s): Kuenzli,Katherine M. Times: .M..... 07:00PM-09:50PM; Location: SQU113; | |Total Enrollment Limit: 19||SR major: 5||JR major: 5|| || | |Seats Available: -3||GRAD: X||SR non-major: 4||JR non-major: 5||SO: X||FR: X| |Web Resources: Moodle|

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https://iasext.wesleyan.edu/regprod/!wesmaps_page.html?crse=012068&term=1121

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en

A million dollar measles outbreak: epidemiology, risk factors, and a selective revaccination strategy. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). [Record Source: PubMed] Between February 8 and April 4, 1986, an outbreak of measles occurred in the State of Arkansas. A total of 489 suspected measles cases were reported from 53 counties; 86 schools statewide reported suspected measles cases. There were 284 cases confirmed in 18 counties; 23.6 percent among students in one university and 41.2 percent among students in kindergarten through 12th grade in 32 schools. An epidemiologic investigation was carried out to evaluate risk factors for vaccine failure and to assess the effectiveness of a selective revaccination strategy in the outbreak setting. A cohort study conducted at a junior high school showed that, compared with students vaccinated against measles at ages 15 months or older, those vaccinated at ages 12-14 months had a three-fold increased risk of measles (relative risk 3.2, 95 percent confidence interval 1.5, 6.9). For schools reporting measles, the Arkansas Department of Health and the Department of Education jointly required reimmunization of students vaccinated at ages younger than 15 months and the exclusion of students not vaccinated at ages 15 months or older until they were vaccinated or until 2 weeks after the last rash onset. To implement these recommendations, more than 100,000 doses of combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were distributed at a cost greater than $1 million. Adolescent, Age Factors, Arkansas, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Communicable Disease Control, Data Collection, Disease Outbreaks, Drug Costs, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Infant, Measles, Measles Vaccine, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors Detailed Record Information |Record Type||Journal Article| |Record Source Status|| |

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https://www.ethicshare.org/node/424422

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en

The final member of this subfamily to be noticed is Bulwer’s Petrel (Bulweria bulweri) of the temperate North Atlantic and Pacific oceans, which differs from the last by its longer, more graduated tail, less compressed bill, and smaller feet. It is only ten inches long and in color is uniform fuliginous dusky, lighter and more grayish brown beneath, while the wings are blackish. It breeds in the Canaries and Madeira, nesting in holes in rocks near the foot of the cliffs. Its cry is said to resemble that of a puppy. > > Bulwer’s Petrel

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http://birds.yodelout.com/birds-bulwers-petrel/

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en

Establish a foundation on which to build more advanced Adobe Illustrator skills by completing this tutorial. We'll cover how to use shapes and gradients to achieve a simple landscape environment. Final Image Preview Here is the image we'll be creating. Start by drawing a rectangle with the Rounded Rectangle Tool. You can use the Pathfinder Palette to make a traditional matte or the more simple technique is to give your rectangle a really thick stroke. Place your rectangle on it's own layer and keep all other layers below it. As we continue throughout the tutorial you can make new layers as you see fit to place your different objects on. We will leave that up to your discretion; as such, we won't be pointing out when we make new layers. In lieu of making a matte that covers the square edges of your artwork, you can again use the Pathfinder Palette to trim any of the art that touches the corners of the rectangle. This is more time-consuming and mainly useful when your final artwork should not contain any additional objects, like a matte. Draw a rectangle and give it a nice greenish-blue color. This is the basis of what will become the sky. Note that this looks like a rounded corner rectangle because it is behind the matte layer. Add your color to the Swatches Palette by dragging it to the palette. Power Tip: You can change the size of the swatches in the palette by clicking the flyout menu (highlighted below) and selecting Medium Thumbnail View. Double-click on your swatch and the Swatch Options dialog box comes up. Select Preview and move the CMYK sliders around to find a color in a similar tone as the current color. Once you find a color you like select OK to add it to your Swatches Palette. Drag both colors to your Gradient Palette. Select Radial from the drop down list and adjust your gradient to resemble the one below. Create the illusion of water using the same technique we used to create the sky. The only difference is that instead of Radial we will select Linear from the drop down list. Using the Pen Tool (P) draw a shape that will become your snow-covered mountains. Even simple shapes can come to life when we add a couple gradients to them. Draw another shape that covers the tip of the mountain. Intentionally going outside the line of the mountain will ensure that the edge of both shapes meets at the same place once we complete the next two steps. Select both shapes and in the Pathfinder Palette click Divide (shown below.) Go to the top of your screen and select Object > Ungroup. Once your objects are ungrouped you can delete the extraneous parts of the mountain tip. This technique allows the edges of both shapes to meet perfectly. Use the same technique as we did for the tip of the mountain to create the shadow on the left side. Keep in mind that the colors will change, these colors are just to show you where the different shapes are. Using the Pen Tool, draw a few wavy shapes that resemble stress or divits in the mountain. We can quickly and effectively give many of our shapes the same gradient based off of a single gradient by changing the options that the Eyedropper Tool selects. Double-click on your Eyedropper Tool to open the Eyedropper Options dialog. Turn down the triangle to reveal all of the options. Select everything in both columns making sure to select Appearance last. Select OK when you are done. Note: The Appearance checkbox remains unchecked until you turn the triangle up to close the options (second screenshot.) Give your mountain a subtle grey to white gradient. Since these various objects that are colored below aren't similar in shape we will not use the Eyedropper Tool to duplicate colors. Instead, manually fill each shape with the grey to white gradient. This is where you'll sample the gradient from the first stress line or divit that you just colored. Select your object that needs a gradient, then select the Eyedropper Tool, last, select the object you wish to duplicate color from. Even though there are only three stress marks on the mountain, this technique is good to learn for future reference as there are many applications for it. Note: Duplicating attributes such as color is commonly referred to as sampling. Repeat Step 15 to color the last stress mark. Vary the size and flip of your mountains to achieve a series of mountains. Next we'll create a sense of atmosphere in the sky. Draw a few flowing lines similar to what's shown below. Place these shapes over your sky area and use the Eyedropper Tool to sample the attributes of the sky. This quickly allows the shapes to blend into the surrounding colors. Click on each individual color in the Gradient Palette and move the slider slightly in the Color Palette to obtain a new color that is similar to the surrounding colors. Notice how the lines in the sky naturally fade into the background? This technique is handy whenever you need a subtle color change and is much easier than trying to guess what color you should pick to match an existing color. Give the water motion by using the same technique for creating atmosphere in the sky. This is what your image should look like right now. See how it is starting to come to life? All we've done is used simple gradients that suggest depth and movement. Give your illustration some details, like an iceberg. Again, use a simple grey to white gradient to indicate where the top and sides of the iceberg are. We've added little details like penguins to add some extra interest to the design. As you can see, there are few details that are used to compose the penguin. Make more copies of the iceberg and penguin and place them in other locations. This is what your illustration should look like right now. To make stars in the sky we will start by drawing a condensed ellipse. Instantly angle the top and bottom of the ellipse by clicking on the points with the Convert Anchor Point Tool (Shift+C.) Intersect the shapes to create a plus symbol and duplicate them to achieve a full sky of stars. Circles are used as the basis of the clouds. Draw a few circles with varied sizes. Use the Pathfinder Palette to merge the shapes together. First click Add to Shape Area then click Expand. Once you expand the shape draw a rectangle to cover the bottom half of the circles and repeat this process. Add a simple grey to white gradient to complete the clouds. The last detail to complete the illustration is the Moon. Draw a circle to start. Arbitrarily make shapes that will resemble craters on the Moon. It's OK to go outside the edge of the Moon, as we did in Step 9. Use the Pathfinder Palette to eliminate the overlap. You should now have a better insight into what it takes to use simple shapes, color, and gradients to create an arctic landscape environment. A pleasing illustration is not always about intricacy. One of the most rudimentary factors is composition (which includes a good use of negative space.) Keep practicing, learning, and continue to have fun. Keep exploring all of Illustrators features!

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http://design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/create-an-attractive-arctic-landscape-environment-in-illustrator--vector-137

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en

Climate change is considered by many to be the most serious issue of our times. Nonetheless, international negotiations intended to organize a collective global response to rising temperatures have stalled as politics overruled action. Meanwhile, Kruger Inc. voluntarily reduced its emissions of greenhouse gases to 485,000 tonnes per year by 2008 from 858,000 tonnes in the baseline year 1990. This 43% drop far exceeds Canada’s Kyoto commitment of a 6% reduction. On an intensity basis, Kruger Inc. improved its performance by 64% over the same time period. Experts agree that we need to avoid increasing global temperatures by more than two degrees above pre-industrial levels. In order to meet this imperative, some scientists recommend that greenhouse gas emissions be reduced by 25% to 40% by 2020 and by 50% by 2050.These reductions are both relative to emissions in 1990. Despite already having attained the 2020 target on a corporate-wide basis, Kruger Products has an aggressive target of reducing emissions even further. Sustainability Target 2015 Reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by 15% by reducing our consumption of traditional energy and increasing our use of alternative and renewable energy. The majority of our emission reductions will be realized through our corresponding 15% reduction in energy use (Target #5). By burning less fossil fuel, we reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are other means of reducing or offsetting our emissions, such as planting trees and improving our transportation policies (Target #7). We will also lower emissions by reducing our use of packaging materials (Target #3). Our multi-million-dollar biomass gasification system at our mill in New Westminster, BC, is a Canadian first. Since it began operating in December 2009, it has been converting locally sourced wood waste that was destined for landfill into clean-burning “syngas” that replaces natural gas in steam-generating boilers. This system will reduce by 50% the greenhouse gas emissions currently produced by this mill and will have a significant impact on our ability to meet our emission-reduction goal. The climate change benefits are equivalent to removing 5,500 cars from the road or planting three-million trees.

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http://sustainability2015.ca/operations_emissions_reduction.html

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en

posted on May, 25 2004 @ 02:47 PM Qlone asked this very profound question... The Alien Letter "W" So simply put why is the letter "DOUBLE U" the only letter with more than one syllable? Any english scholars out there? Why couldn't they think of a name for it with only one syllable like the rest of the letters of the alphabet? Which response to have been very shallow all the rocket scientists seem to be staying down to earth-which is typical of the anglo-saxon mind in these matters of esoterica, which only they are supposed to be the authority. Above in my reply I came off the top of my head and gave you an answer which may have eluded most of you-then I'm sure some are aware of your genetic make-up, i.e. your true origin; if you want to believe in J.C. thats ok too, we must understand that DNA is The blueprint of life, therefore it is not man who do what he does save life itself if you get my point, when Quran says,and Allah is as close to you as your juglar vein this means that Allah knows all it is he who cause us to do what we do and not we ourselves I'm aware that you's might be joking around, but I'm still present the facts of this matter of the double u's now go back up and read what I said above before I went to see what The 'Wyaat' man had to say about this subject, first I would like to say in relation to my first post that the DNA is Binary, i.e. double helix as the binary star sirius that is to say back up sun to ours and its own twin stars B/C, now to Academia's or a 'Wyaat' man's research... The Cosmic Code by Zecharia Sitchin Chapter 7 – Sacred Knowledge, Sacred Texts There is more to the first alphabet as a secret of the gods. It is based in our opinion on the most sophisticated and ultimate knowledge-that of the When the Greeks adopted the Mosaic alphabet a thousand years later (reversing it as a mirror image), they found it necessary to add more letters in order to allow for all the pronunciation needs. In fact, within the confines of the twenty-two letters of the Mosaic-Semitic alphabet, some letters can be pronounced as "sot" (V, Kh, S, Th) or hard (B, K, SH, T); and other letters had to double up as vowels. Indeed, as we contemplate this limitation to twenty-two -no more, no less – we cannot help recalling the constrictions applied to the sacred number twelve (requiring the addition or dropping of deities in order to keep the "Olympian Circle" to precisely twelve). Did such a hidden principle – divinely inspired – apply to the restriction of the original alphabet to twenty-two letter? The number ought to be familiar in this day and age. It is the number of human chromosones when The Adam was created, before the second genetic manipulation has added the sex chromosones "Y" and "X"! The Twelth Planet Chapter 2 – The Sudden Civilization Even the Hellenic alphabet, from which the Latin and our own alphabets derive, came from the Near East. The ancient Greek Historians themselves wrote that a Phoenician named Kadmus ("ancient") brought them the alphabet, comprising the same number of letters, in the same when order, as in Hebrew; it was the only Greek alphabet when the Trojan War took place. The number of letters was raised to twenty-six by poet Simonides of Ceos in the fifth So we can see if we have eyes to that the orgin of the two u's is truely Alien and not from this planet it is genetic meaning there is not a discovered it was all here before u's were genetically created... [Edited on 25-5-2004 by LordEnki]

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread48677/pg1

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en

After they made hundreds of people sick on the Central Coast, and nearly killed at least two children, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Secretary A. G. Kawamura of the CDFA are changing tactics and no longer aerial spraying highly populated cities with untested pesticides. For that, residents of Northern and Central California are grateful. They were wrong about the public’s willingness to be aerial sprayed with pesticides. Now, if only the governor and secretary would realize that they are also wrong about the threat posed by the light brown apple moth (LBAM). To read Kawamura’s statements in the press, you would think that the light brown apple moth is so voracious that New Zealand, where it has been established for 110 years, would be a barren landscape, with no surviving plants. Yet New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, and parts of the United Kingdom consider the apple moth to be an insignificant pest. The United States’ trade embargo and policies related to LBAM are the only things that do significant damage, and the damage is economic. The crusade against the apple moth is a political charade. In his characteristically misleading way, Kawamura likes to say the apple moth was discovered in California in 2007, implying it is a recent arrival. But leading entomologists say there is no way the moth could be spread out from Los Angeles to Napa, over an area of 10,000 square miles, unless it has been here for at least 30-50 years. The moths only fly a short distance in their lifetime. Scientists also note that the moth has caused no damage anywhere because it is the same as many other leaf-rolling species already in the state, and is likely being controlled by natural predators. Two courts in Monterey and Santa Cruz have ruled that the state’s LBAM eradication campaign was launched under the pretense of a false emergency and therefore has been illegal. Gov. Schwarzenegger and Secretary Kawamura have been willing to defy and break state environmental laws, in the opinion of two judges, who found there is no evidence of any damage caused by the moth in California. Therefore, the self-proclaimed “People’s Governor” and his appointee, Kawamura, have been willing to put people at risk while breaking state law. With appalling arrogance and for no good reason, they have rushed to use an untested biochemical mix that included plastic microcapsules that people breathed in and that affected their body systems in a variety of horrifying ways. Children were harmed. Two nearly died. Their suffering—and the unspeakable terror their parents experienced—needs to be remembered. The state’s investigation of the hundreds of illnesses was cursory, inconclusive and flawed because it was based on false information provided by the pesticide manufacturer, which claimed the microparticles in the spray were too large to inhale. Thanks to work done by independent scientists, we now know that is not true, and that half of the microparticles in the spray were small enough to become lodged deep in a person’s lungs. According to the American Lung Association, “Breathing particle pollution can kill. Deaths can occur on the very day that particle levels are high, or within one to two months afterward. Breathing particle pollution year-round can shorten life by one to three years. It causes many other health effects, premature births to serious respiratory disorders, even when the particle levels are very low. It makes asthma worse and causes wheezing, coughing and respiratory irritation in anyone with sensitive airways. It also triggers heart attacks, strokes, irregular heartbeat, and premature death.” In effect, the aerial spraying was a vast and dangerous experiment on people’s health without their informed consent. No one knew how the spray’s ingredients would impact people’s health, because no inhalation studies were done in advance, even though the pesticide was delivered in the air people breathed. The short-term effects were dire. We still do not know the long-term effects and can only pray they won’t be severe. Standards of ethics such as the Nuremberg Code, established after the atrocities of World War II, prohibit such human experimentation. Yet Schwarzenegger and Kawamura don’t think there was anything wrong with their actions. Almost certainly, they would still be aerial spraying pesticides on our homes and schools if there were not so much political, legal and public opposition—and moral outrage. Now Schwarzenegger and Kawamura want to continue their reckless, poorly conceived and poorly managed program on the ground, using a variety of techniques to eradicate a moth that experts say is harmless and cannot be eradicated. Will the ground-based measures in densely populated neighborhoods be safe? Based on their legacy of pain, people have a right to be worried about other next steps the governor and secretary might take. Before they can even begin to regain the public’s trust, both the governor and the secretary need to issue an apology to the people they have already harmed, and they need to show that they are truly listening to experts who express concerns about whether their program is safe, necessary and effective. These independent experts need to have a stronger voice and be part of the process, beginning now. Mike Lynberg of Pacific Grove collected hundreds of complaints of illnesses following aerial spraying in the Monterey and Santa Cruz areas. He sent reports of the illnesses to state agencies and elected officials, including the governor, and the illness complaints have been widely reported in the press. A graduate of UCLA and Harvard, he works as a communications consultant in Silicon Valley, and has written 10 published books.

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http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2008-07-03/article/30474?headline=Aftermoth-A-Legacy-of-Pain--By-Mike-Lynberg

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en

The muscle of the sperm whale is rich in the protein myoglobin. The reason for this abundance is as follows: • As the whale swims long distances underwater, it needs to have a high concentration of oxygen for its muscles to work. • As it does not come up frequently to the surface for a breath of air, it has a high concentration of myoglobin, which maintains a ready and plentiful supply of oxygen for the muscle tissue. • This high concentration of myoglobin in its muscle helps the sperm whale to undertake longer journeys underwater, without the necessity of coming up for a breath of air. Therefore, the sperm whale muscle is proposed to be a rich source of this protein myoglobin.

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A large rock is placed in a gallery. Instructions for picking it up are posted next to it. When the viewer attempts to pull the rock away from the center of the earth, it looks like nothing is happening – the rock is too heavy to be picked up, so the viewer, the rock and the planet remain immobile in their respective places. However, if you look at these three elements from a point of view of energy flow, quite a lot is happening. In thermodynamics terms, transfer of energy can be seen in heat emitted and work being done, and in fact the viewer is working as hard as he or she can. Work performed by a system is the energy transferred by the system to its surroundings. For example it can be measured as the force on an object that overcomes a resistive force. Here work is done by resisting the force of gravity and changing the potential energy of the rock. The rate at which work is performed is power. Energy is one of the most fundamental and universal concepts of physical science, but one that is remarkably difficult to define in a way that is meaningful to most people. This perhaps reflects the fact that energy is not a “thing” that exists by itself, but is rather an attribute of matter that can manifest itself in different ways. It can be observed and measured only indirectly through its effects on matter that acquires, loses, or possesses it.

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- 2 updates A review last year by NHS medical director, Professor Sir Bruce Keogh, concluded the PIP breast implants were not toxic or carcinogenic. Today's European study said the implants have not been associated with higher risks of cancer. It added: "Laboratory tests on PIP implants have been negative for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity." The study said PIP implants have been subjected to chemical analysis "in an effort to find organic and inorganic compounds (including heavy metals) that may be potentially toxic, but none have been found even at very low levels". European regulators have concluded that there is no evidence that women who have PIP breast implants are at higher risk of cancer. Women also do not need to have the faulty implants removed as a precaution although they may wish to have them taken out if they feel anxious, according to a review of PIP safety published by the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). Around 47,000 British women are thought to have been given the implants manufactured by the closed French company Poly Implant Prothese (PIP).

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Christmas is around the corner. Santa Claus or Saint Nicholas or Father Christmas is a merry old and portly figure with red and white clothes who has a legendary origin related to celebration of Christmas festival. He is believed to bring gifts and goodies to the homes of the good children during the night hours of Christmas Eve, December 24. Because of his popularity with kids, Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in department stores, shopping malls, or at parties to make people buy gifts. Santa Claus's home traditionally includes a residence and a workshop where he creates — often with the aid of elves — the gifts he delivers to good children on the Christmas Eve. Different countries believe different places of his stay as follows. - In America and Canada, it is believed that Santa lives at postal code H0H 0H0 in the island of Montreal in Quebec. -In Alaska it is believed that he lives at the North Pole where a tourist attraction known as the "Santa Claus House" has been established. -Norway claims he lives in Drobak. -In Denmark, he is said to live in Greenland near Uummannaq. -In Sweden, the national postal terminal in Tomteboda in Stockholm receives children's letters for Santa. -In Finland, Korvatunturi has long been known as Santa's home, and two theme parks, Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located near Rovaniemi. Here are some popular jokes about Santa. What do you call someone who doesn't believe in Father Christmas? A rebel without a Claus! What's red & white and red & white and red & white? Santa rolling down a hill! What did Santa say to Mrs. Claus when he looked out the window? Looks like "rain", "Dear"!

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Dr. Oz: A Guide to Your Body's Color Coding Neck, armpits and groin Dark, velvety patches found in your armpits and on your neck and groin are likely acanthosis nigricans. This slow-developing skin condition, which is more common in overweight and obese adults, can be a sign of type 2 diabetes. Researchers believe that insulin resistance (which causes high blood sugar and can lead to type 2 diabetes) can send some skin cells into overdrive, increasing skin thickness and darkening pigment. Protect Yourself: To help prevent diabetes, pay particular attention to your diet. Filling up on high-fiber foods (think oatmeal, beans, and broccoli) can slow the body's absorption of sugar and, as a result, may keep blood sugar within a healthy range. One study found that prediabetics who consumed the most fiber were 62 percent less likely to develop full-blown diabetes than those who consumed the least.

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Interactive Read-Aloud is a time for teachers to model using comprehension strategies while reading a variety of texts to the whole class. The teacher thinks-aloud to uncover what proficient readers do and show students the invisible work of comprehending texts. It is interactive as the teacher exposes her/his thinking while reading, then students do the same as their skills grow through numerous attempts to employ the various strategies. Students may be asked to stop and think, turn and talk, stop and jot, show how the character may be feeling, etc. so that all students are actively engaged throughout the text. Additional Information and Resources for Interactive Read-Aloud:

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The past few years in the reef aquarium hobby has witnessed an explosion in the use and availability of phytoplankton products. As is my normal mode of operation, I will not be covering the various advantages or differences in the various phytoplankton products available. However, what I will cover are some of the immensely complex and largely unknown aspects of what phytoplankton are: and what they are not. I have witnessed the widespread belief that phytoplankton are unicellular plants that are consumed by corals, and that the addition of phytoplankton comprises a newly discovered beneficial supplement for reef aquariums. Unfortunately, that belief is largely erroneous and highly simplified. I am, by no means, an expert on phytoplankton - either by science, or by experience with their uses in aquaria. I would urge anyone seeking a greater depth of information to seek out review articles and texts on the subject, of which there are thousands, or to contact someone with more expertise in the field. Yet, perhaps something of value may be gained from the words that follow. What Are Phytoplankton? Suspended drifting material in the water is either living or dead. In the first case, it is commonly referred to as plankton, and in the latter, detritus. Detritus will be covered in a future article. The word phytoplankton comes from the Greek words, phyton, meaning plant, and planktos, meaning to drift or wander, and combined to mean, "drifting plant." A problem arises from the fact that the original name certainly stemmed from the notion that green things that used sunlight and had cell walls were plants. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Most of the phytoplankton are in the Kingdom Protista, or protists, and may share unique attributes that are neither animal nor plant, or perhaps a bit of both. Phytoplankton belong to a diverse taxonomical assemblage that had origins nearly 2 billion years ago. Some phytoplankton are among the most evolutionarily ancient organisms on earth, while others, such as the diatoms, have evolved relatively recently. Most current taxonomical sources recognize five Kingdoms: Monera (the bacteria and blue-green algae), Protista (protozoa, algae, and slime molds), Plantae (true plants), Fungi, and Animalia. Phytoplankton are found in Monera and Protista, and none are found in the plant kingdom Plantae. Current classification may not incorporate the five kingdom scheme and more information can be found at: http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html Kingdom Monera, or the bacteria and bacteria-like organisms, have about 2000 discovered species in marine environments, although it is likely many, many more exist. This kingdom is divided into two primary groups, the Archeobacteria and the Eubacteria, with the latter group having members, the Cyanobacteria and the Chloroxybacteria, that contain chlorophyll a. For many years, it was thought that the blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, were exclusively freshwater species, until the discovery of marine species in the late 1950's. It is now known that there are large numbers of them in both the marine benthos and in marine plankton, and they play a major role in nitrogen fixation in the marine environment. Kingdom Protista was a "catch-all" of organisms grouped mainly by being generally simple unicellular species that do not fit in the other Kingdoms. It really has disappeared from recent (last 5-10 years) treatments. Most of the algae are considered to be part of this Kingdom today, having been assigned mainly in the past to the Kingdom Plantae. Even the macroalgae are largely considered to be in Protista, and not Plantae, with a few somewhat disputed exceptions. Phytoplankton are considered to be algae, and are not plants. Algae are typically separated by the types of their photosynthetic pigments, storage products, chloroplast structure, cellular features, cell wall structure and composition, flagella (if present), types of cell division, and life history traits. Protist phytoplankton, with some exceptions, belong predominantly to the divisions Chrysophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Euglenophyta and Cryptophyta. There are none from the red or brown algae divisions (Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta). Most phytoplankton are unicellular, either solitary or colonial, although some may be multicellular and filamentous. About 5000 species are currently described, but estimates of 100,000 species of diatoms (based mainly on freshwater forms) would indicate that the marine environment is, to put it mildly, hugely unexplored. Phytoplankton are comprised primarily of diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, cyanobacteria, and other flagellates. Phytoplankton are found in bodies of water ranging in size from small puddles, formed after a rain, to the oceans. It may seem confusing that many of these same organisms may normally live on sediments or surfaces and become suspended by water turbulence; however, these sedentary forms are not usually properly considered true phytoplankton. Furthermore, some species have life cycles that include a dormant or encysted stage that can last for extended periods of time (up to years), and only part of their life is planktonic. Most phytoplanktors are motile, with the most motile being dinoflagellates that have swimming speeds of 50-500 µm/sec. They are grouped according to cell size and are often counted by measuring the amount of chlorophyll in the water, rather than by actually sorting and counting the cells, although the latter may be done for some studies.. The majority of phytoplankton, in numbers and biomass, can be considered an autotrophic part of the microbial community since they are in the smallest planktonic size classes; the picoplankton and nanoplankton, also known as ultraplankton. Size in microns (mm) The picophytoplankton, perhaps the most important component of the phytoplankton in terms of their abundance and global ecological role, were only discovered about 25 years ago (Johnson and Sieburth 1979). In fact, the larger sizes, such as the microplankton seem only able to develop when nutrient levels are above those required by the pico- and nanoplankton. Picophytoplankton, comprised mainly of prokaryotes including bacteria, cyanobacteria, and prochlorophytes, as well as protist forms, can account for 50% or more of the primary production of oceanic waters. A recent study has shown that a single species of prochlorophyte, Prochlorococcus marinus that occurs to a depth of 250m in the subtropical and tropical oceans, can account for more than 50% of the total chlorophyll-a in the central Pacific Ocean! (Suzuki et al. 1995). Nannochloropsis, a genus of marine picophytoplankton having cells smaller than 0.2 µm, is commonly employed in "phytoplankton" products for marine aquariums. This genus also is capable of forming dormant stages resulting in forms where chilling can allow darkness tolerance for up to 24 weeks (Antia and Cheng 1970). This is a relatively rare trait that makes it an excellent candidate for live culture products such as DT's phytoplankton. There is a great diversity of shape and form in phytoplankton, and dinoflagellates and diatoms are quite "famous" for these attributes. It is thought that the various shapes are predominantly adaptations related to their suspension in water. Generally, phytoplankton are denser than water, having silica, cellulose and/or carbonate components, and tend to sink. Various modes exist whereby these tiny cells may remain as drifters in currents, rather than sinking to the bottom. Some remain easily suspended because of their diminutive size. Others have shapes that alter the hydrodynamic forces and tend to give them "lift" or "resistance." Some have gliding, flexing, or active swimming behaviors, while still others have utilized cellular components filled with gas or positively buoyant It is generally true that phytoplankton use sunlight, carbon dioxide, nutrients and trace minerals as requirements for their existence. However, a large component of them, notably flagellates, can have pronounced heterotrophic qualities; they can engulf, build up and store dissolved or particulate organic material, and in many cases may be predatory. It is important for phytoplankton to remain suspended in order that they are able to obtain adequate light to supplement scarce oceanic nutrients. Picophytoplankton, for instance, have a negligible sinking rate, and their tiny size allows for the most efficient diffusion of nutrients into and out of the cell. Diatoms, in contrast, may depend on sinking resulting from their density and size to force conduction and lower the diffusive boundary layer surrounding them. Swimming behavior also accomplishes this, especially when coupled with positive phototaxis, or swimming toward light, such as seen in some of the flagellates. Positive buoyancy, as found in many cyanobacteria, also accomplishes higher nutrient uptake, but movement occurs upwards instead of downwards. Phytoplankton are largely limited to the photic zone; an area from the water surface down to the point, called the compensation depth (or critical depth), where the energy production of phytoplankton by photosynthesis matches their energy destruction by respiration. Even so, some phytoplankton are able to exist short to rather long durations without light, and can exist far below the photic zone. As might be expected, since the zooxanthellae of corals are dinoflagellate algae acting as "captive phytoplankton," the responses of phytoplankton to light irradiance follow some similar patterns. In general, they can modify their photosynthetic and associated pigment concentrations, plastid size, thylakoid density, number of photosynthetic antennae, or production of light shielding compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids, or MAA's). a b c1 c2 + + + + + + + + + (and higher plants) | + + 3 . The distribution of photosynthetic pigments in the most common phytoplankton taxa (from Richardson et al. 1983) Phytoplankton can use swimming and/or positive and negative buoyancy attributes to moderate their light environment. In general, phytoplankton are species that prefer a reduced light environment; both photosystem damage and photoinhibition are common at higher irradiance levels, such as those found in shallow oligotrophic waters like coral reefs. Generally, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria grow best at very low irradiance levels and may be photoinhibited even at low levels. Diatoms can tolerate much higher irradiance levels, but may not prefer to be exposed to it. The green algae typically have the highest photosynthetic compensation points of the phytoplankton and can tolerate very high irradiance levels (Richardson et al. Phytoplankton require a source of nitrogen that they can utilize after direct uptake. Nitrogen is usually taken up as ammonium-N, with nitrate and nitrite uptake also possible. Phosphorous is preferentially taken up as phosphate, although they can also utilize polyphosphate and organic phosphate sources. In general, microphytoplankton populations increase significantly in response to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment, but the smaller nano- and picophytoplankton populations do not (Takahashi et al. 1982). Silicon is required and acquired by diatoms and silicoflagellates. Additionally, organic nutrients such as vitamins are required. Although phytoplankton are autotrophic with respect to carbon production, many are auxotrophic (requiring a substance beyond levels normally found in the environment) with respect to vitamins. In a study of 400 clones of phytoplankton, 44% required vitamin B12, 21% required thiamin and 4% needed biotin (Swift 1980). Vitamin requirements were found to vary according to species, with certain groups, such as diatoms, requiring different vitamins than dinoflagellates. Nanomolar concentrations of trace elements required usually include zinc, iron, copper and manganese. Higher levels may be toxic (Huntsman and Sunda 1980). The vitamins and trace metals are thought to be acquired by their association with bacteria, through the death of other microalgae and zooplankton, and in areas where such organic and inorganic components are found in greater abundance, such as in coastal zones or areas of higher sediment loading. Phytoplankton distribution, while quite consistent when considered on a global scale, tends to occur in patches on smaller scales. This is believed to be mostly a function of water motion, patchy distribution of nutrients, and the presence of herbivory by zooplankton or other sessile phytoplanktivores. Blooms also occur, usually in spring, and often occur successionally. The successions are usually initially diatoms, followed by coccolithophorids and then dinoflagellates. This is thought to result from both increased metabolism in warmer temperatures, a response to rising irradiance levels coupled with reduced zooplanktivory. While bacterioplankton outnumber phytoplankton by several orders of magnitude on coral reefs, diatoms and naked dinoflagellates tend to be the predominant larger forms, along with picophytoplankton and nanoplankton such as Platymonas spp. Other studies found seasonal variations on coral reefs with 70% of winter phytoplankton composed of protist nano- and picophytoplankton, while Synechococcus sp. cyanobacteria formed the majority during the summer (Yahel et al. 1998). Rapid responses by the phytoplankton create a nutrient deficit during the summer and result in reduced phytoplankton growth. Most notable are the "red tide" blooms of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates that can produce seriously harmful toxins. In the tropics, these are usually caused by Trichodesmium spp. cyanobacteria. However, not all cyanobacterial or dinoflagellate species that produce blooms produce toxins, and not all harmful algae blooms are red. Here are some links for supplemental information on red Ecologically, phytoplankton are the major source of primary production in the ocean, and one of the most important driving forces of global ecology. In fact, phytoplankton production influences all life by being at the lowest rings of the food chain, and even plays a role in global climate. In terms of their growth and ecology, they are in many cases most similar to bacteria. In fact, only bacteria share such similarities in size, growth rate ecological tolerance, and rapid response to nutrient enrichment. As an aside, I am reminded of an advertisement in the aquarium literature that uses the promotional headline, "Nature uses algae, not bacteria, to filter water." In fact, this may be more the case than we realize. For many years, we have operated under an old assumption that nitrifying bacteria are responsible for converting ammonia into nitrite, and then nitrate. However, the rapid proliferation of algal "blooms" and diatoms in newly established tanks begs the question of whether the phytoplankton are not equally, or perhaps even more, involved in tank "cycling." The single celled algae have doubling times from a few doublings per day (in the smaller, faster growing species) to once every week or so for slower species. During red tides in the Puget Sound region, dinoflagellates such as Gonyaulax can double every 30 minutes or so. They are also able to directly take up ammonia from the water column, thus "cycling the water prior to the nitrification "cycle." Despite their rapid response to elevated nutrients, phytoplankton are not particularly important primary producers, by themselves, in terms of efficiency. The reason they are so important on a regional or global scale is simply by virtue of the fact that the upper 200m of oceanic waters is filled with phytoplankton and covers over 70% of the earth's surface. One source (Dawes 1998) compares primary producers in terms of carbon production (kg C m-2 as follows, from most to least efficient: corals and large seaweeds (0.5 - 2.5), benthic microalgae (0.2 - 2.0), salt marsh grasses and seagrasses (0.4 - 1.5), mangroves (0.5 - 1.0), coastal phytoplankton (0.1 - 0.5) and oceanic phytoplankton Grazing - The Big Question. What eats phytoplankton? In the water column, zooplankton are without question the primary consumers of phytoplankton. Zooplankton grazers vary according the area and the time of year, but include primarily ciliates, copepods, amphipods, and tintinnids. Protozoans and some invertebrate larvae are the primary consumers of nanoplankton with copepods and amphipods consuming the larger phytoplankton size classes. Seasonal cycles with zooplankton increasing following phytoplankton blooms are well known (Harvey et al 1935, Frost 1980). However, the efficiency of zooplankton feeding on phytoplankton can be extended to encompass a diurnal cycle. Evidence for zooplankton as influencing daily cycles of phytoplankton abundance comes from Yahel et al. (1998), where it was found that phytoplankton abundance was greatly reduced over the course of the night when zooplankton are at their highest abundance. Of perhaps the most interest to those keeping reef aquaria is to know what non-planktonic grazers of phytoplankton exist on coral reefs. Benthic grazers are mainly bivalves, ascidians (tunicates), sponges and polychaetes. Other major consumers are gastropods, crinoids, foraminiferans and soft corals. Because more carbon is contained in the biomass of phytoplankton than zooplankton (usually by at least an order of magnitude), and the nutrients are often limited around coral reefs, phytoplankton are an obviously important food resource to many organisms. The community of phytoplankton consumers on coral reefs can drop phytoplankton levels 15-65% below adjacent open ocean waters (Yahel et al 1998). Further support for their consumption comes from a concomitant increase in the levels of phaeopigments, breakdown products of phytoplankton and substances released by zooplankton. While some studies have indicated that some stony corals are capable of clearing phytoplankton from the water, these experiments have not been rigorous (Wilkinson et al. 1988, Szmant-Froelich and Pilson 1984, Sorokin 1981, 1995). Ingestion does not equate to digestion. The extent to which phytoplankton contribute to stony coral nutrition is unknown, but it is probably unlikely that phytoplankton are an important food source for most stony corals. Among those reported or suggested to clear or ingest phytoplankton are: Acropora, Siderastrea, Montipora, Porites, Astrangia and Tubastraea. Other studies tend to directly refute these suggestions for all but Astrangia and Porites. More directly, Goniopora and Alveopora may have more herbivorous tendencies (Peach unpublished thesis). Stony corals are generally not well adapted to the sieve or filter type feeding that characterizes the soft corals (Fabricius et al. 1995, 1998). They are, however, well suited to the capture of zooplankton prey. I am sure that future studies will examine potential roles of phytoplanktivory in the Scleractinia in more detail. However, I think it safe to assume that the number of stony corals that depend on phytoplankton as a food source will be minimal, or that the relative contribution of phytoplankton to their energy needs will be slight. Big Question Number 2 - How Much Should As I said, I am not fond of giving recommendations for aquarium protocol. Rather, I would prefer simply to communicate some information and let each individual work out the "rules" that apply to their own circumstances. It is of paramount importance to recognize that the biomass of potential grazers in an aquarium is many times what it would be in the same volume of water or surface area as the bottom of oceans or on reefs, and also that the availability of water column borne food is many times greater in the ocean than in an aquarium. This creates an immediate and perhaps irresolvable dilemma. It is also important to consider the types, sizes, and numbers of potential consumers of phytoplankton in a given aquarium. For example, a clam and soft coral tank with a large sponge community and a refugium with many small crustaceans and a deep sand bed with many polychaetes will have a vastly greater uptake/consumption of phytoplankton than a bare bottom, no refugium stony coral garden-type tank. However, if one were to attempt to recreate natural levels of phytoplankton in the aquarium, the following chart may be of some use, especially if the density of cells per phytoplankton product is known. of cells/ml water picoplankton and nanoplanktonn I mention bacteria and viruses in the chart for two reasons. First, to call attention to an upcoming part in this series on the food value of bacteria. Second, because viral infection accounts for between 30-60% of mortality in bacteria and cyanobacteria in the ocean (Proctor and Fuhrman 1990), and it is suggested that similar mortality figures for phytoplankton are likely, especially given the abundance of viral particles in the water. Third, and perhaps most importantly, is the almost ubiquitous interaction between bacteria and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton release dissolved organic substances and bacteria utilize them as nutrient sources. Most phytoplankton cells, especially large ones, are coupled nearly continuously with coatings of bacteria. The bacteria are apparently both beneficial and detrimental in that they provide breakdown products able to be utilized by the phytoplankton, but also increase the diffusive boundary layer whereby the phytoplankton would ordinarily be able to directly uptake nutrients from In conclusion, phytoplankton are hugely abundant in numbers and biomass and are present at levels that make them among the most ecologically important groups on the planet. Diversity and biomass is likely to be higher near coastal environments and in temperate environments rather than in oceanic or oligotrophic tropical waters like coral reefs. They constitute an important trophic resource to zooplankton and many sessile benthic invertebrates, perhaps ironically not those to which a majority of aquarists apparently expect to see direct benefits of phytoplankton additions. In regards to aquariums, I offer the following bulleted list of suggestions and comments regarding phytoplankton in reef aquariums: The amounts of phytoplankton present in reef aquariums are not known but are probably considerable. However, they are also probably rapidly removed by grazing and export devices. Similarly, the amounts required to produce an equivalent level to sustained natural seawater levels is not known, and is probably highly dependent on individual differences in tank stocking, but is likely a considerable amount. Algae "blooms" in aquariums are normal, and follow seasonal patterns that are apparently similar to those found in the wild. As in the wild, grazing or nutrient conditions probably change rapidly to limit blooms to rather short durations. Many of the phytoplankton are species not normally considered or deemed desirable, including diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria. Yet, just as they are important and functional constituents of wild phytoplankton populations, so they should be in aquariums. Not all phytoplankton will likely be beneficial in aquariums. Many species produce toxins that can be harmful to tank inhabitants. Common evidence of this is found in coral deaths involving cyanobacterial blooms and snail and echinoderm deaths during dinoflagellate blooms. However, not all dinoflagellates or cyanobacteria necessarily have these toxins or produce these results probably available in tanks in significant amounts when substrate associated algae are put into circulation by strong water flow or during tank glass scraping. In order to maximally benefit the largest number of potential tank inhabitants that are phytoplankton consumers, it is probably wise to allow for the occurrence of similar ratios of various size classes as found in the wild. To my knowledge, despite the numbers of available products, relatively few variations in size classes are available, and thus supplementation with a certain size class will probably not benefit large groups or organisms incapable of feeding on them. Supplements using living cultures or products containing living cells are probably far more beneficial than those made of dead cells. Dead cells are, for all practical purposes, decomposing particulate material that, while potentially useful as a food source, do not offer the benefits of living cells as described in the To end this article in the continuing series on coral reef food, I offer the following list of "famous" Symbiodinium spp. - the symbiotic algae of corals, clams, and other organisms are dinoflagellate protist phytoplankton. piscicida - dinoflagellate ambush predator responsible for fish kills by micropredation. spp. - one of several cyanobacterial phytoplankton causing toxicus - one of several dinoflagellates responsible for quecketii - the microalgae found living in the extremely low light of coral skeletons below the living tissue. oculata - the primary phytoplankton of aquarium phytoplankton australis - newly discovered toxic diatom that accumulates in fish and shellfish and can cause brain damage in low amounts. 2 , Part

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See what questions a doctor would ask. Hyperactive behavior in toddlers: Can be described as a physical state in which the toddler is abnormally and easily excitable or exuberant. See detailed information below for a list of 8 causes of Hyperactive behavior in toddlers, Symptom Checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes. Home medical tests possibly related to Hyperactive behavior in toddlers: Listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with Hyperactive behavior in toddlers, as listed in our database. Visit the Symptom Checker, to add and remove symptoms and research your condition. Review further information on Hyperactive behavior in toddlers Treatments. Some of the comorbid or associated medical symptoms for Hyperactive behavior in toddlers may include these symptoms: Research the causes of these more general types of symptom: Research the causes of related medical symptoms such as: Research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom Hyperactive behavior in toddlers: Read more about causes and Hyperactive behavior in toddlers deaths. Undiagnosed stroke leads to misdiagnosed aphasia: BBC News UK reported on a man who had been institutionalized and treated for mental illness because he suffered from...read more » Dementia may be a drug interaction: A common scenario in aged care is for a patient to show mental decline to dementia. Whereas this can, of course, occur due to various medical conditions, such as a stroke or Alzheimer...read more » Mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children: Because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be over-diagnosed (it can, of course, also fail to be diagnosed...read more » Blood pressure cuffs misdiagnose hypertension in children: One known misdiagnosis issue with hyperension, arises in relation to the simple equipment used to test blood pressure. The "cuff" around the arm to measure blood...read more » ADHD under-diagnosed in adults: Although the over-diagnoses of ADHD in children is a well-known controversy, the reverse side related to adults. Some adults...read more » Bipolar disorder misdiagosed as various conditions by primary physicians: Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder) often fails to be diagnosed correctly by primary care physicians. Many patients with bipolar seek help from their physician, rather than a...read more » Eating disorders under-diagnosed in men: The typical patient with an eating disorder is female. The result is that men with eating disorders often fail to be diagnosed or have a delayed...read more » Depression undiagnosed in teenagers: Serious bouts of depression can be undiagnosed in teenagers. The "normal" moodiness of teenagers can cause severe medical depression to be overlooked. See ...read more » Children with migraine often misdiagnosed: A migraine often fails to be correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients. These patients are not the typical migraine sufferers, but migraines...read more » Undiagnosed anxiety disorders related to depression: Patients with depression (see symptoms of depression) may also have undiagnosed anxiety disorders (see symptoms of anxiety disorders). Failure to diagnose...read more » Other ways to find a doctor, or use doctor, physician and specialist online research services: Research extensive quality ratings and patient safety measures for hospitals, clinics and medical facilities in health specialties related to Hyperactive behavior in toddlers: Rare types of medical conditions and diseases in related medical categories: Conditions that are commonly undiagnosed in related areas may include: The list below shows some of the causes of Hyperactive behavior in toddlers mentioned in various sources: This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of Hyperactive behavior in toddlers. Of the 8 causes of Hyperactive behavior in toddlers that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information: The following list of conditions have 'Hyperactive behavior in toddlers' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. Select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of Hyperactive behavior in toddlers or choose View All. Ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums. Medical story forums: If you have a medical story then we want to hear it. Medical Conditions associated with Hyperactive behavior in toddlers: Children's health symptoms (230 causes), Hyperactivity symptoms (273 causes), Behavioral symptoms (4608 causes), Movement symptoms (6001 causes), Brain symptoms (2787 causes), Neurological symptoms (9575 causes), Muscle symptoms (7251 causes), Nerve symptoms (9132 causes), Psychiatric symptom (971 causes), Musculoskeletal symptoms (6264 causes), Personality symptoms (4029 causes), Society problems (1785 causes), Head symptoms (10192 causes) Symptoms related to Hyperactive behavior in toddlers: Doctor-patient articles related to symptoms and diagnosis: These general medical articles may be of interest: Search Specialists by State and City

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The Threshermen's Review, Volume 17 October 1908 page 12 The season is finished. It lasted about 10 weeks, and some good tallies were recorded. Some machines threshed one hundred thousand bushels: the majority averaged seventy thousand. Price of threshing was three pence for wheat and barley and two pence for oats. Crops were fairly good, taken all over, and threshed out very well considering the dry weather. How threshing was done in the early days. The first threshing outs used were of the portable type, driven by a portable engine. The price for threshing with portable outfits was one shilling to fourpence per bushel. Traction engines came into use about the year 1882, and most of them are still working. All English machinery was and is still used, as other types are found not suitable for this country. Some details as to the present day threshing in our part , viz: Canterbury. The season begins about the middle of January and finishes in may or June. The first three or four weeks the outfits are engaged in stook threshing, and after that it is all stack threshing. Stacks average about 200 bushels each; but some yield as much as three or four hundred bushels each. All the grain in this country is put into sacks, which hold four bushels of wheat, or barley, and from four to five bushels of oats. Next season not more than 200lbs can be put in sacks or else farmers will have to pay four times the ordinary cost of carriage of grain on the railroad. The mill owner has to find all the men required to work the outfit except when stook threshing, when the farmers have to find three or four men extra, The farmer also has to find the teams. He also has to haul the coal required for threshing. The average consumption of coal is 1,200lbs, per thousand bushels, this amount includes shifting from stack to stack, and from one farm to another, getting up steam, etc. Coal costs 30 shillings per team. The crew consist of eleven men who are engaged at the following work: Engine driver, band cutter, three men on the stack, one bag weigher, one bag carrier, one man man on straw stack, one water hauler and a cook. The wages are: 12 shillings per thousand for wheat and barley, and 10 shillings for oats. The engine driver and band cutter get more wages, viz, one per pound per thousand bushels for the driver, and fifthteen shillings for the band cutter, The cook gets two pounds ten shillings per week. The mill owner finds a cooking galley and the men pay a shilling a week for the use of it. It costs each man about 15 shillings per week for food share of cook's wages, use of galley etc. The men sleep in tents which they tae always take with them. All our machines are fitted with straw elevators and chaff fans and most of them are fitted with self feeders. The suction blast is coming in favor here. John Thomas Hearn, Rangitata Island, Canterbury, N.Z. The traction engine is a 8hp single cylinder Fowler. Michael Crowley, engine driver, Otaio. John Bray's property, "Langdon", Cricklewood, Fairlie. Written on the mill ? M. Crowley, Otaio What year, season, crop? The mill was built in 1911. Summer. Wheat or oats. Michael came out on the Boyne, at age 16, as a nominated immigrant from County Kerry. The vessel arrived in Christchurch in Feb. 1879 with his mother, sister and two brothers (John and Denis). His sister (Mary) who married Tim Brosnan [page 59] in Oamaru in 1878 had arrived in the Rakaia in Feb. 1875 as a dairymaid age 20. Denis worked on the Brosnan farm, Kerrytown and is buried in the Brosnan plot in Temuka with his mother, Hannah, who died in 1912, aged 86. John later went to America. Mary died in 1915. The thumbnail photo looks like a double crank compound Fowler. Waimate County No 82 11Tons Timaru Herald, 10 May 1895, Page 3 SEADOWN. Things have gone on quietly in our district since my last contribution. The farmers are busy ploughing for winter wheat. Stock are already on the turnips, which are, I am sad to say, too few, and potato lifting is nearly over. The local schoolmaster, I know, sincerely wishes the potato-picking was over, for it is the cause of many children, big and small, absenting themselves from school. When remonstrated with for detaining the children the farmer says, quite seriously and truly too, "Times are hard and I must be careful." If there were no other sign that the approaching winter will be cold and wearisome the formation of a dancing class in our district points in that direction. The young, and some of the old who will not admit that " their dancing days are over," have formed a class for their amusement during the coming season. The attendance at school is now somewhat irregular on account of the before mentioned potato-picking. The school has increased in numbers since Mr Gillespie took charge, and now has a roll number of 103. The main road to Timaru is the scene of busy traffic, and the numerous mobs of sheep which one daily sees pass by lead one to wonder where they all come from. They are mostly "boilers," and the drover will quietly tell you their destination is Washdyke — their price from ninepence to eighteenpence a head. The traction-engine still puffs noisily by, loaded with wheat, and has slow and feeble opposition in the shape of two waggons. These two methods of haulage make one reflect. The former travels quickly, and carries a load of four times the latter, it feeds and drinks as it proceeds, whilst the latter crawls along snail-like, takes twice the time of the traction, and must stop to feed and rest. The steam train as a means of transport will soon displace the team waggons and wool trucks of the good old days. Snapshot of the page as it appeared on Oct 30, 2013 Family’s heads are full of steam By RUTH GRUNDY MOST children bring home stray animals and ask if they can keep them. The Winter boys bring home traction engines. George Winter (79), two of his three sons, John and Evan, and grandson Bill (10) drove two traction engines from their homes in Cave, South Canterbury, to North Otago Vintage Machinery Club’s 25th anniversary celebrations at Clarks’ Mill, near Maheno, at Labour Weekend. The family owns four traction engines. Mr. Winter senior said he had always had a “bit of an affiliation” with the machines, which had been part of his family’s history for five generations. “My grandfather had them, and my uncle and father. Then they were sold off.” But it was not many years before he began buying them back again. Evan said the preoccupation with the engines was “hereditary”. “Some people take up golf,” he said. But the Winter family had “taken up” traction engines and had restored three when “the boys” — John, Evan and Brent — bought a fourth. Mr Winter senior did not know anything about the new purchase until a neighbour let the cat out of the bag. “And I said ‘oh no, they haven’t bought another one’,” Mr Winter senior said. The family keep the engines at Seadown, at W J Clarke’s sheds, which were built to house up to 13 traction engines when the machines were in their heyday. “Clarke’s was one of the biggest operators [of the engines] in the world [at the time],” Evan Winter said. The engines were used to operate threshing mills and for hauling. Once the fourth engine is restored, the Winter family would own three of the original “Clarke engines”, Evan Winter said. Mr Winter senior was reluctant to speculate on how much the collection might be worth. Picture View from on high: Looking down on a 1911 McLaren traction engine owned by the Winter family, of Cave, South Canterbury. The family are the second owners of the engine, which was bought new by the Ruddenklau family, of Waimate (picture left). Picture Family of enthusiasts: Standing with one of two traction engines they took to the North Otago Vintage Machinery Club’s 25th anniversary are grandfather George Winter (79), son Evan (41) and grandson Bill (10), all of Cave, South Canterbury. Picture Vintage chaff: Operating the traction engine-powered chaff cutter Timaru Herald, 2 August 1905, Page 1 FUNERAL NOTICE. The Friends of Denis Crowley are respectfully invited to attend his Funeral, which will leave the residence of T. T. Brosnahan, Mill Road, Kerrytown, This Day, 2nd August, at 1 p.m., for Temuka Cemetery. H. C. DOSSETT, Undertaker, Pleasant Point. Timaru Herald, 11 January 1911, Page 3 SOMETHING NEW IN THRESHING Mr M. Crowley, of Makikihi, has recently had made to his own design, by Messrs Anderson and Co., Christchurch, an up-to-date threshing combine. The machine is a credit, to New Zealand manufacture. The frame is made of spotted bluegum; the shaker is 16ft. The riddle-box is fitted with Anderson and Ell's patent suction dresser, which is half the weight of that in any imported machine, and has also four inches more dressing room in the riddles. Tim caving riddle has four inches more length than in any of the imported machines. The road wheels are of a now design also, and are strongly bushed with gun-metal. The drum is made of solid steel, and the drum spindle is extra strong, and is fitted with the latest improved Saunders' concave. The bearings throughout are fitted with ring oilers. The hummeler was made to Mr M. Crowley's own design. The top riddle, box is differently constructed from any imported, and it, has a much quicker delivery to the screen. The screen itself is the only part of this machine, not made out of New Zealand material, and it is one of the best English make. Another improvement is that the mill is 5in higher off ground than usual, while the top is 8in lower to fork to. The whole combine reflects the greatest credit on the designer and the makers, Mr M. Crowley and Messrs Anderson and Co. Ltd. (Christchurch), who have carried out Mr Crowley's ideas so skillfully. The new combine should prove an eye-opener to those interested in this of machinery. Timaru Herald, 13 March 1895, Page 4 Temuka -Tuesday, March 12th, 1895. (Before C.A. Wray, Esq., S.M.) Michael Crowley was charged with propelling an engine after sunset on the 4th March without showing a red light. The evidence of Michael Quinn went to show that accused did not burn a led light on that night, and that he had considerable difficulty in passing the engine. It was ten minutes to 8 o'clock when he passed. His Worship said that accused was liable to a fine of £10 and any damages, but as this was the first case of the kind he would inflict a fine of 20s and costs. Timaru Herald, 27 September 1906, Page 1 M. CROWLEY, having now in his possession one of the best Steel Saw Benches procurable in South Canterbury, and which is fitted with Crowley's gauges, is prepared to saw anything from a 1 x 1 up to any size. M. CROWLEY, Otaio, Thresher, Chaffcutter, and Sawer. Houses removed. North Otago Times 1 October 1908, Page 1 Waimate County Council That the Clerk make a demand on Mr Crowley, Makikihi, for payment of the costs, amounting to £5 1s 6d, incurred in repairing damage to Rodgers' road by his traction engine. Oamaru Mail, 18 July 1917, Page 3 WAIMATE MAGISTRATE'S COURT. Failing to Register Traction Engine. Edward Crowley, for failing to register his traction engine, was ordered to pay costs 20s. Timaru Herald, 27 September 1917, Page 2 Waimate County Council Mr M. Crowley asked permission to haul a few trucks of timber on the road without having to register under the heavy traffic by-law. The by-law must be carried out. Timaru Herald, 10 March 1919, Page 6 Heavy yields of oats are being reported from all parts of South Canterbury, but a record was surely reached last week at Makikihi, where Mr M. Crowley threshed a ten-acre paddock of Ruakura oats for Messrs Quinn Bros., and returned 161½ bushels per acre. The previous heaviest yield recorded this season was 132 bushels to the acre from 11 acres at Waimate. Harvesters at Langdon, Cricklewood (John Bray's farm) near Fairlie. In the Court of Arbitration of New Zealand, Canterbury Industrial District - In the matter of "The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1905," and its amendments, and in the matter of an industrial dispute between the Waimate Workers' Industrial Union of Workers and the under mentioned persons, firms and companies (hereinafter called "the employers"):- pg 353. Albury Farmers' Threshing Company (Limited), Albury Brodgen, M., Temuka Buckingham, W.T., Waimate Batchelor, Henry, Fairlie Beattoe Bros.., Orari Buxton, R.C., Peel Forest Benbow and Barney, Temuka Chapman and Fleming, Geraldine Clarke, J. Seadown Cumming Bros., Waimate Clough, R., Morven Fleming, J.C., Geraldine Fitzgerald Bros., Orari Bridge Gregan, W. Geraldine Guthrie, Peter, Waihao Downs Hughes and Johnston, Waitohi Flat Herron, James, Temuka Harmer Bros., Belfield Hearn, Stevens and Watts, Rangitata Hawkins Bros., Waimate Hayman, Walter, Studholme Hayman, Henry, Studholme Keane, John, Pleasant Point Mitchell, John, H. Studholme Norrish, R., Otaio Neilson, John Peter, Pleasant Point Orr Bros., Waitohi Pelvin, Fred, Waimate Preddy, Mark, Temuka Prew, Thomas, Waimate Robertson, James, Winchester Rodgers Bros., Makikihi Ruddenklau, Henry, Waimate Ross and McClintock, Waimate Stewart, James, Hakataramea South Canterbury Threshing-mill owners' Industrial Union of Employers, Timaru Sherratt Bros., Geraldine Slee, F.J., Waimate Stocker, Frank, Washdyke Snell, J. Rangitata Thornley, Thomas, Temuka Wilson, James, Fairlie Whyte, George, Albury Walker, James, Temuka Walker, J.C., Geraldine Wilson and Horner, Geraldine 1. The hours of labour shall be left to the discretion of the mill-owner, but he shall not require employees to work by lamplight or other artificial light, except in cases of emergency, when one hour shall be allowed. 2. When employees are engaged to work by the hour their rate of pay shall not be less than 1s per hour. 3. Any employee may agree with his employees to employ them on piecework, and in such cases the piecework rates shall be as follows: For ordinary workers, 12s per 1,000 bushels wheat or barley, and 10s per 1,000 bushels oats. Three bagman shall be employed in all cases, and shall be paid at the same rate as those fixed for ordinary workers, but it shall be at the option of the employer to get one of the three to assist the stackman when required. 4. Nothing in this award contained shall apply to any driver or feeder. 5. It shall be the duty of the waterman to attend to his horses whether the mill is working or not. 6. Men employed at piecework rates who are required to be on duty to assist in shifting the mill from camp to camp shall be paid at the rate of 1s per hour for the time during which they shall be required to be on duty for such purposes, but they shall not be entitled to any payment for shifting the mill from stack to stack. 8. A weeks notice of termination of employment shall be given by the employer to his men, and of the intention to leave the employment shall be given by the men of the employer. 9. All food shall be supplied on the co-operative system; the employer to supply the galley, cooking utensils and coals only, at a charge of 15s per week, and the cook, food and al other requirements to be paid for by the employees. The galley and cook shall be under the control of the employer, and a pass-book containing a record of the provisions purchased shall always be kept in the galley for the inspection of the men. 10. This award shall apply to all threshing-machines working in South Canterbury.... Frederick R. Chapman, J., President. Reference: Awards, Agreements, Orders, Etc., Made Under the Industrial Conciliation, by New Zealand Dept. of Labour - 1907 - Page 352 Auckland Weekly News June 20 1907 Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, AWNS-19070620-12-2 Otago Witness 29 April 1897, Page 47 TUSSOCK AND ASPHALT RHYMES By David M'Kee Wright. No. II — AFTER HARVEST He came down after harvest, he ain't been here three days, The bloke that does the shouting, the bloke that always pays ; They chewed his ear in dozens, he made his money fly, And now he's bumming round for beer with coppers hot and dry. For it's up with bluey boys and out upon the track, There's a mill or two short handed still a-threshing at the back. There's the bunnies fit for killing, and the poison gangs are filling. And we'll waltz around Matilda till we make another cheque. He was up about Waimate working fairly night and day, He'd forked in eighty bushels wheat — that wasn't no child's play — He'd wallabied right into town to save his blooming fare, And now if he'd a thrummer left he says he wouldn't care. For it's up with bluey boys and start to travel back, There ain't do points in starving here with tucker on the track, We'll soon be fit and willing, and the poison gangs are filling, So we'll waltz around Matilda till we make another cheque. There are longish tramps and weary in the land where tussocks grow, The frosts are pretty keen at night, the hills have copp'd the snow ; There's a fairish bit of hunger and the rabbits aren't there, If he had a plug of Juno now he says he wouldn't care. For it's hump your bluey boys with the billy in your hand, There's, a lot of men amoving round about the blooming land ; There's plenty blokes is willing, but there ain't no rabbit killing, And the waltzing round Matilda in the winter will be grand! Dunedin, April 1897. Billy - a tin can with lid and wire handle used to boil food or water over an open fire Boil the billy - stop for a meal Bluey- a blue blanket - commonly used by swagmen for wrapping their processions, now swag To hump the bluey -to go on a tramp, carrying a swag on your back Matilda - a swag Waltzing Matilda -carrying a swag April 28, 1889 NYT What with the hedge and the hay and grain ricks, the willow-bordered streams, the mills with water wheels and the solid styles of architecture, both in town and country, the traveller at times fancies himself in Yorkshire or Devon. The stacks like huge beehives await the coming of the thrashers. All the reaping in NZ is done with American reapers and binders, of which as many as forty may be seen at work in a field at once, and the thrashing is also accomplished by machinery, which is not generally owned by the farmers, but is taken from one station to another by a company which owns them and thrashes out the grain by contract. Otago Witness 21 March 1906, Page 75 Dear Dot, — Since I last wrote I have had a pleasant six weeks' holiday up Fairlie way and at Waimate. We are having splendid harvest weather, and the farmers are very busy getting their harvest all over. There was a mill and about dozen men camped at our gate for two days, and they were a. rowdy lot of fellows. Yours truly, SILVERY EYE. Timaru Herald, 14 May 1881, Page 2 Fire at Waiho.— A stack of wheat belonging to Mr Studholme, and a threshing mill belonging to Messrs Quinn Brothers of Makikihi, were burned at Waiho Downs on Thursday night. The threshing mill had been engaged threshing Mr Studholme's wheat. The origin of the fire is unknown. Timaru Herald, 16 October 1893, Page 3 A special meeting of the committee of the Timaru branch of the Shearers and Labourers' Union was held in the Oddfellows' Hall on Saturday afternoon. The meeting was called for the purpose of discussing with the threshing mill owners of the district a scale of wages that was drawn up, and submitted to them, by the members of the Union to their general meeting held in August last. There was a good attendance of members, but the mill owners were poorly represented, only six attending— namely, Messrs J. Talbot, W G. Campbell, W. S. Harkness, B. Pelvin, W Pulford, and Preddy. Mr Talbot said that he had been connected with threshing mills for the past twenty years, and he found the system of paying by the hour to work the best. He had always paid one shilling per hour to all his men, cook included, the men finding all the provisions, and he always found that after everything was paid it cost the men 10s 6d per week per man for their food. He considered that it was absolutely necessary that the Union all over South Canterbury should be unanimous in fixing a scale. Timaru Herald, 24 August 1897, Page 3 IN BANKRUPTCY. J. F. DOUGLAS, THRESHING MACHINE OWNER. A first meeting of the creditors of James Ferguson Douglas, threshing-machine owner, Studholme. Sworn and examined by Mr Montgomery, the bankrupt stated that he was a threshing machine owner, residing at Studholme since last April. Before that had lived at Temuka for about 18 years Attributed his difficulties to small profits obtained for threshing. Had his combine burned last year. It was mortgaged to Mr Anderson, who got the insurance money. Lost some threshing through the combine being burned, and had a very poor season. Was sued by four creditors, and therefore filed. One of his sons had also been sued, as a partner, as he had carried on as J. F. Douglas and Son since he began chaff-cutting, but his son had no money in it. His name was put m m order to enable him to collect debts. Produced the two books he had kept, and bank pass-book. Had butts of cheques at home. Could make no offer, To Mr Tennent : Had an interview with you on 31st May last, and gave you a statement of my position. Mr Tennent read a statement showing assets £1170, liabilities £440, showing a surplus of £730. The items were : Assets —Goodwill of leasehold sections, Temuka, £60, threshing mill £650, galley, horses, dray, cart, £100, freehold sections, Temuka, £200, leaseholds, Waimate,£20, book debts for threshing done £140; total £1170. Liabilities— due on mill £360, on sections at Temuka. £80; total £440. Ashburton Guardian, 3 February 1900, Threshing Facilities.—Messrs Wooding Bros., of Woodbury, W Greig, of Gleniti, and Messrs Preddy Bros., of Temuka, have each imported one of Clayton and Shuttleworth's latest improved machines for the coming season. Otago Witness 14 April 1883, Page 17 Thresher, Timaru, writes: Having noticed in one of your issues a statement about threshing-machines, I would like to give you my experience of the Marshall. I have wrought [sic] one for the last 10 years, and am now working two of the firm's latest improved, and I can safely say that I can thresh 64 bags an hour and have the grain dressed to compete with any other maker. As regards shaking the grain, and strength and durability of machinery, Marshall's is far superior to any machine I have seen working. Timaru Herald, 24 March 1919, Page 2 AN INQUEST. At the Courthouse on Saturday, before Mr. V.G. Day, Coroner, an inquest was held touching the death of Thomas NcNicholl, who died suddenly on Friday last at Claremont when working on a threshing mill. T. A. Burn, cook on the mill referred to, said that deceased had gone to the galley and asked for a drink of water, shortly after the mill had ceased work for the day. After drinking the water deceased collapsed. All efforts at resuscitation were fruitless. The Coroner returned a verdict of death from heart failure. Timaru Herald, 24 August 1914, Page 9 FAIRLIE FARMERS OFFER TO SOW A well attended meeting of farmers was held in the Fairlie Public Hall on Friday afternoon to discuss the question of solving additional spring wheat for the good of the Empire in case of emergencies arising out of the present war. Mr C. J. Talbot was voted to the chair, and he explained that the meeting had been called to ascertain what help Fairlie farmers could give in the movement taking place in other parts of South Canterbury, in the direction of increasing the area, of spring wheat. There was likely to be a shortage in the Old World for at least a couple of seasons. In the Homeland starvation conditions would be the lot of some if the war continued. New Zealand was the only country in the world which could sow wheat now and reap the harvest during the next few months; therefore it was their duty to help great Britain in feeding its multitudes. Any suitable areas, however small, should be sown, for every acre sown might be the means of feeing at least four or five people for a year. The chairman alluded to the appeal being made to grain growers' by the Prime Minister and the Farmers Union. He also read a telegram from Mr. J. Connolly, the meeting success and detailing what had been done by the workers in Geraldine in the direction of using land given rent free for the relief of probable local distress. Mr Heckler reported having attended with Mr. J. Connolly, a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce in Timaru. He stated that the merchants were making concessions in regard to the price's of seed wheat and manure, and the Government was being approached with the request for a reduction in railway carnage on these commodities. He strongly urged farmers to grow wheat where ever possible. Mr Isitt said that he would grow some wheat, but his difficulty was that on difficult country it was almost impossible to procure a threshing mill. With so many men leaving for the front it might be difficult to get harvesters, particularly in the back blocks. Mr Tortter said that he had something to do with a mill and he would guarantee that any extra areas sown would be threshed wherever they were (Applause.) He was also sure that crops would be harvested even if townsmen had to come out to do it. He mentioned that Crown tenants held their leases under restriction as to the amount of cropping to be done in each year. He moved that the Minister of Lands be asked to remove cropping restriction on Government lands for this season in respect of extra areas sown in cereals. This was seconded by Mr W. Gallen and carried unanimously. The chairman was authorised to wire this revolution to the Hon. W. F. Massey, and to also ask for a reduction in railway freights on seed wheat and manured. The question of procuring seed wheat was next discussed. It was stated that the kind of spring wheat most favoured by Fairlie farmers Red Tuscan, could not be procured in Timaru. Mr Bryce Wright said that he had three stacks of Red Tuscan. He would endeavour to get it threshed immediately, and would sell to farmers in the district at 4s a bushel on the farm at Cricklewood. It was a good sample. This generous offer was received with thanks and applause. It was decided to ask those collecting for the Defence Fund to also canvass farmers urging them to sow cereals at once. Mr Peter Gaffaney was added to the electing committee, and several of these present, including the Rev. H.O. T. Hanby offered to drive canvassers round in their motor cars. Farmers present also promised to interview their neighbours on the matter at once. Mr Annan (Meville Downs) offered to work in his district, and said that spring wheat could be put in for another month. He instanced his success with Marshall's White, sown much later than this last year. Of course everything depended upon the season. On the suggestion of Mr Trotter the clergy in the district were asked to mention the matter from the pulpit. Offers to put in additional areas of spring wheat were then received as follows:— C. W. Isitt 50 acres J. Connor 30 acres Bryce Wright, John Trotter, W. Bain, W. Bray, A. L. Dobson 20 acres each: W. Gallen. C.J. Talbot, J. W. Sealey, G. Giding and C. Rudd 10 acres each, total 230 acres. It was also, announced that Mr G Macdonald (Kimball) had 30 acres which he intended putting in oats, was ploughed, and he would lease it for wheat growing at a very moderate rental. It was decided to ask all who posses vacant sections to allow workers to utilise them rent free for growing produce during the coming season. National Efficiency Board 1917 July: “Will all expert stack builders in the County kindly send their names, addresses and age to Chairman of Committees Fairlie” As the second division for war was soon to be called, many of the farmers themselves would be called up for the First World War. They could not recommend keeping back single men to work chaffcutters if it meant sending married men in their place. The government had agreed to allow youths of 18 years to sit for their engine drivers certificates. It was advised that 195 Christchurch High School boys, also boys from Waitaki and Timaru High Schools had signified their willingness to go out on farms and work during the Christmas vacation. The Efficiency Board was notified it would need the boys for three months. Very complimentary reference was made to the work done by these boys. Extracts from ‘Sherwood Downs and beyond’ by Connie Rayne Just getting started a traction engine and mill working at the Geraldine Anzac Commemorations Rangitata Island Aerodrome, Brodie Road, April 2014. The wheat at Rangitata would barely thrash, far too wet. It sat out in that dreadful weather over Good Friday, uncovered, so was drenched. Chaff cutter throws a belt - it is a dusty job Sewing up the bags Winchester Showgrounds April 2014 with the South Canterbury Traction Engine Club truck. The old boys would be chuckling about all the crew on the bagging station - two men used to keep up and hand sew the bags and not with a sewing machine and stack the bags in those days of yore. Fred W. using a bag sewer behind the chaff cutter - and was told that they can no longer get hold of seaming twine...an old observer at Winchester had them on about the same thing, and he still had a needle and twine stuck into his hat - been there 50 years Fred reckons! Bag or seaming twine was excellent stuff very strong and even, suspect the twine was made by Doneghy's, of sisal and definitely not flax. It was used both for wool bales and bags. Came in a hank, long lengths enough to sew a bag. The sewing palm is a piece of leather that went across the palm, with a thumb hole and fastened with a buckle across the back of the hand. On the heel of the Palm was riveted a flat brass cup that the eye-end of the needle would sit in when it is being pushed through the sack. You couldn't manage with out it, the hand wouldn't stand it as some force was needed on occasion to push the needle through. They weren't used in the shed at all, just on the header as bags were being sewn all the time. The requirement for bags slowly petered out as bulk handling of grain advanced, and those seeds requiring bags would be sewn up with a bag sewer. Then the change over to capless woolpacks and hooks saw the demand from wool sheds drop suddenly. The two together helped the manufacturer to discontinue an 'obsolete' line, much to the consternation of the country's vintage machinery clubs. Probably still manufactured somewhere on the Sub Continent. Info. The chaff cutter is on is a 1935 Ford V8 chassis, this was Andrews & Beavan’s Commonwealth model driven off a ‘power take off’ from the truck transmission and all hands went back to base at night. It took five men to operate it, two on the stack, one man feeding and two men on the bags. photo. There is an interesting story about the cab though. Apparently they were sent out with a chassis and bonnet only, the cab had to be made locally, which they were in Wellington. This was the case for all the American trucks at that time and is the reason why Ford's, International's etc. look so similar, their cabs were all made by the same firm. Extract from John A Lee's 'Shining with the Shiner' p12-13 He talks about the Shiner and how he had walked with as a young man as he headed south from Canterbury and then writes:- The bar room knew who could shear against the world's best, who could sew wheat sacks behind a mill however short the straw and heavy the ear and fast the golden stream. Do I not myself croon with pleasure at the memory of sewing nearly sixty bags an hour as a boy, when a golden stream from short straw threatened to overwhelm me in Southland. That seems a pretty awesome rate to be sewing wheat bags including threading the needle, rolling the top, through and round the right hand lug twice and then about 5-6 stitches to the left , around the second lug twice and then a double stitch to finish and on to the next. Whew!!! There must have been another man fitting the new sack and stacking the completed one. J.S. Aug. 2015. Fairlie has a similar truck. It is a Ford 1936. Original owner: William Winter, Albury. Price when new: £960. In January 1984 the Timaru Herald had a photo of this truck. The members of the Horse Drawn Society had produced more than 3000 bags of chaff during the past season. Profits of the sale were put towards restoration work and another donation enabled the society to complete the entrance and finish restoring the blacksmith shop and fitted a new set of wheels onto the Cobb and Co. coach to make it again available to lead the Mackenzie Country and Western Carnival parade. Fairlie. Johnny Dick operated a traction engine and threshing mill. Fred Allan's was a Burrell. The mill was painted red. They made a lovely hum or drone when operating as the wheat was separated from the straw and directed into bags at one end while the straw was delivered by an elevator at the other to form a rough stack. Threshing would be done either from the stook at the start of the season say about February and then would carry on into the late autumn from stacks. In the off season Fred Allan would turn to sawmilling again using the Burrell as an energy source. When he became involved in transport F.V. Allan Carrier, Fairlie he needed a suitable crate to attach to his truck to hold sheep on there way to the works either Smithfield or Pareora. He used his mill to produce a supply of very light but strong poplar battens which Jack Shears then used to build a crate. He had others built but at Jack Shears funeral (1975) Fred said that that crate had been the best and had lasted for something like 20 years including a capsize. The Gallen Bros. who operated a chaffcutting business around Fairlie. John Shears Jan. 2014. William John Dick was the manager on Mr. W. Gallen's farm, Fairlie. 1936 Otago. "Whites Aviation Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library". WA-03150-F. Why do some of the belts have one twist when working? The main drive belt drives better when it is crossed and it doesn't flap in the wind. The belts are leather. I was a boy when the mill came around. Firstly putting a twist in the belt was how you corrected the rotation of the driven pulley when it needed to be the opposite of the driving pulley, I can think of no other reason, as, when crossed, the belt edges rubbed and it would wear quicker. I would guess that the belts were mainly a very heavy canvas impregnated with something to give it some grip, leather was of course used for belting but these were long belts and leather would have been costly. Also the Mill's drum central to threshing the grain was heavy and acted as a flywheel providing extra energy as bigger clumps of material hit it, avoiding extra strain on the belt. The person feeding the Mill at the top would cut the sheaves and spread them as evenly as possible on the conveyor into the Mill to avoid overloading the machinery. The most vivid memory I have of the mill's visit is as the stack got smaller, its inhabitants, 100s of mice would start running out we boys encouraged by the men to slaughter then or see who could catch the most - by the tail. Ed. Fenn, ex Gleniti. Jan. 2013 Ashburton Guardian, July 2 2013 pg9 Growing fuel for the farm workforce A working draught horse needed about a bag of chaff per horse every two days. There is about 24 to 26 bags to a tons. A six horse team would require a 25 acre paddock of oats to provide sufficient chaff and they also needed a run off paddock. During the winter non- work period straw and chaff with a smaller quantity of oats added as well as some meadow hay or its equivalent was needed. On a farm using several teams of horses a chaffcutter was a necessary item of farm equipment. A contractor could be called on to cut chaff for a lesser number of horses. Early small chaffcutters could be drawn by a 'horse power' or 'whim' which required two horses to turn the mechanism which drove the cutter or perhaps a stationary engine for the same purpose. Booth MacDonald Ltd of Christchurch were early manufacturers of such small machines. Andrews & Beaven Ltd of Christchurch manufactured most portable chaffcutters. They produced two large models, Empire and Commonwealth with a 10, 12, or 14 inch feed. The Empire was driven from the side with the cutter wheel running at right angles to the machine body and the Commonwealth driving mechanism allowed the cutter wheel to run paralled with the machine body. Once cut, the chaff was riddled to take out the bits of string which had been the band on the oat sheaves, and the long straws or flag and blow it out and also cut the very fine cut, as was the case if some grass was in the oats. Andrews and Beaven made two smaller models, the Canterbury and the Selwyn. A Selwyn model of 1910 vintage has a 10in "feed" and a three blade cutter wheel. It is a single bag machine which had to be stopped to change the bags. Bags used we knew as 'three strippers'. They needed to be sound and hole free, as the screwpress applied pressure in filing the bags and they were then pulled together tightly at the top. About every fifty bags cut the knives were changed in order to make a good job. Once stacked, a period of at least six weeks was allowed for the stacks to sweat before being cut for chaff. In 2013 the demand for oat sheaf chaff is minimal, and along with lucerne chaff it is used mainly for light horses and race-horses. 1936 Timaru Herald, 11 June 1919, Page 3 Fairlie, mild winter. The grass has dried up under the influences of frost and wind, but the sheep are doing well owing to the absence of rain and cold winds. Everything is now made as snug as possible for the winter. Potatoes are dug and roots pitted and straw has been carted for the stock. Threshing is now at an end. The mills having had a remarkably good run. Even the most out of the way places have had a visitation from the thresher. The chaff cutter is still out, and will find plenty to do no matter how long the the weather lasts. Timaru Herald, 13 September 1916, Page 4 The grass is growing rapidly and the crops have made a good start. Lambing has commenced under good circumstances, and farm work is being pushed on rapidly. The spring threshing will commence this week and the chaff-cutter is now on its spring round. Timaru Herald, 23 January 1915, Page 2 TO THE GRAIN-GROWING PUBLIC OF SOUTH CANTERBURY. FROM 20th January, 1915, I have severed by connection with the S.C. Millowners' Union, therefore I am now free to Thresh your Grain at reasonable prices. Rates on application. W. J. CLARKE, Mill owner, Levels. Timaru Herald 6 August 1920, Page 9 FOR SALE SEVERAL THRESHING PLANTS. W. J. CLARKE, Levels. Harvesting hay with three teams of horses, stooks in the background, hay stacker in firground. - south of Waimate, April 1947 "Whites Aviation Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library". A haystack falling down. Cottage with a woodshed, near woolshed near Timaru, 11Aug.1950 Whites Aviation Collection ATL Waimate countryside May 1951 Whites Aviation Collection ATL. 5x haystacks and another one across the road, belonging to a neighbour, a different shape. Haystack by Douglas Stewart, 1934 The creamy frost of toi-toi plumes Above the rushes' blue-green shrilling Forewarns the farm that winter comes, But the rich land is not unwilling, For where begins the yellow sward Against that trembling sea-green rumour, Strong hands have here in haystack stored A whole green field, a whole gold summer. The field is bare that once concealed So much of little fur and feather, Too shorn of cover now to shield A field mouse from the hawk or weather; There was a clear I was taught by an old Irishman. "Look after the corners John and the middle will look after itself" These were conventional wheat and hay rectangular stacks. J.S. June 2015, writing about pre 1940. The hay conveyor was painted with the obligatory red oxide paint. Band cutter - person who cuts the bands off the sheaves. The band was twine and it had to be cut and the sheaves fed in at a steady rate or the grain did not separate properly. Binder - a machine for binding, as sheaves, books, etc. Binder twine - sheaves from a binder machine were tied with twine hence binder twine. Bushel - a dry measure of 8 gallons Chaff - straw cut small for cattle feeding, the husk of grains, worthless matter. Chaffcutter - A chaff cutter has knives in it and it cuts up all the straw as well as the grain that goes into a sack. This is usually used for horse feed. Cocked up - The less exposure hay gets to the weather the better. If the weather is drying all that is needed is to rake it up into windrows after it has been cut, and shortly after it should be cocked up, both of which operations may be done with the hay rake. After the hay has been dumped into heaps from the windrow the cocks should he straightened up with the fork, so that they will turn a shower if it comes. dead ripe - when the grain is hard as shot goose necked - all the sap has left the straw, which curls over as it dies ripe enough - cutting the wheat a little on the green side Dun oats - a variety of oats G.B.O.S. - Good bright at sheaf 24 bags per ton Hay - grass mown and dried for fodder Haycock - a conical heap of hay Hay raking - turning hay to day- now days placed into windrows Hayrick or haystack- a large pile of hay with ridged or pointed tip Hayseed - (colloq.) a rustic; a country bumpkin Hay sweep - with a hay stacker 1920s Reaper - a harvester, to cut down ripe grain for harvesting Rick - a stack of grain or hay Scythe - mowing implement with a long curve blade swung by a bent handle in both hands Sheaf - bundle of stalks of wheat, oats or any other grain Sheave - to bind into sheaves Sheaves -a bundle of grain e.g. wheat. Sheaf single. Sickle - a reaping hook with a semi circular blade and a short handle Stack - a large heap of hay or straw Stack - build a stack of wheat sheaves. Stacks may look "outside", they are wrongly put together "inside". The bottom of the stack should be begun by setting up a stook in the middle and building all around that with the heads of the sheaths up and the butts down until the outside is reached. By this means the grain is saved at the bottom and there is no waste. The outer sheaves may lie with a slope downwards and outwards and thus shoot off the rain or damp. Keep the heart of the stack full. Thatching a stack and building a stack is different Stacking - goal a safe stack. A proper built stack should not require supports. A great many good stack builders build forward and kneel upon each sheaf as it is placed before them but some think this is a needless waste of time and trousers to jump along upon one's knees when it can be done as efficiently and more speedily on one's feet. Others work on their feet and by working backward place three rows into position and the outer ring bound by the two inner rings seldom slips outwards, unless the sheaves are very short. It is not everyone who is able to build a stack as it should be built. Any ordinary farm labourer can throw the sheaves butt outwards into a heap and call the pile a stack. The top or roof of the stack the outer sheaves should be thatched on or laid overlapping like the slates on a roof. Apart from the prettiness, the square, trim appearance of the stacks, these matters ought to be attended to. Stook - a group of sheaves set up in a field of grain. To set up in stooks. Stooking- each pair of sheaves should stand up independent of the other sheaves thus enabling air to pass through the crevices between each pair, when badly built it cannot shoot the rain and when once wetted through cannot dry without being shifted and set up again. Point then due north and south, so that one side gets the sun in the morning and the other in the afternoon. Straw - a stalk after grain has been threshed out; collection of such dry stalks, used for fodder Teamster - the man who walked behind his horse team, he was also responsible for looking after his team of horses which in most cases could be six draught horses. He would begin his day by feeding his team of horses by 5.30 each morning, then they would be groomed (brushed down), and all the harnesses put on, before the teamster would have breakfast at 7 a.m. He would leave the stables by 7.30 am and yoke up his team and head for the paddock, where he would walk behind his horses with whatever implement he was using for four hours. Then they would be given an hour or so at their feeders. By 1 p.m. they would be yoked up together, in their chains, and do anther four hours of work, before returning to the stable, where they would be unharnessed and fed. After tea the teamster would groom the horses, put their canvas covers on for the night and stabled or turn out to the pasture for the night. They might do six acres per day. Ted - to spread out for drying, as newly mown hay Thrashing - to separate grain from the chaff by use of a flail or threshing machine. It threshes the grain out which goes into a sack and all the straw goes out over the elevator. The grain is sold to wheat mills etc. Threshing machine or mill - an agricultural machine for thrashing grain Whim - a horse gin. A horse capstan. A mill that uses a horse as the power source Winnow - to separate grain from chaff by means of wind or current of air Windrow - hay raked into a row for drying. Windmows - vs stooking. A practice in the Old Country in a wet "catchy" harvest. If the practice were general, contract stookers would soon come supplied with an old horse and dray, or even a sledge, and would wind-mow more easily, and almost as quickly as they now stook. Whenever wheat is fit to cut it is fit to put in wind-mows containing not more than a small dray load each, so that every sheaf that was cut could be put safe before night. However bad the weather may be, his wheat will take no harm, beyond the top inverted sheaf, and that be need not mix with the rest. Once in wind-mows the farmer can sleep in peace. Apart from the greatly improved quality, it would always repay a little extra expense by the saving in waste caused by harsh drying, birds and other vermin. He need not hurry his stacking or threshing, but can wait until the wheat and the weather are quite fit for either. Thus he can always take advantage of the very driest and best weather for stacking, and do it at the best pace that will give the wheat the advantage of a good airing if it need it. The reason that wind-mows are not universally adopted by all good farmers in Britain is, that by drying more slowly they cause some delay at a time when the sun there is getting low and powerless. Timaru Herald, 11 March 1885, Page 3 Timaru Herald, 29 December 1920, Page 8 Haymaking by If the season has been has been so dry that there will be less hay made than usual. The sooner hay can be safely stacked after it is cut the sweeter and more nutritious it is for stock. The best time to cut hay is when the majority of the grasses are in bloom. Some say it should be done when the sorrel is beginning to ripen. If the crop is left too long before cutting the juices all dry up and the hay loses in quality and colour. In stacking hay it is not advisable to build too big a stack, as tins may mean loss of time and effort. The stack should be slightly sprung, so that the rain cannot penetrate the side from the eaves. It should be kept well hearted up throughout, and after it is topped a load of straw should be put on as soon as possible. A little salt sprinkled on the stack with each load will increase the quality of the hay, and will make it more acceptable to stock, especially if it has been weathered. The stack should be tied, down immediately after it is put up, so that there may be no danger of wind interfering with it. Timaru Herald, 14 January 1909, Page 4 The The plough does not appear to have been much in favour with the early settlers, doubtless because they found plenty to do in the perfecting of the arrangements for carrying on the pastoral industry. At all events the "Timaru Herald," in its first issue, June 11th, 1864, had the following:— "Until the present season very little attention has been paid to agricultural farming in and about Timaru. In fact we may say that there has been literally no farming. Certainly we have a few farms about Arowhenua and the Waimate, and also a very limited number near Timaru, but the supplies from these farms are not sufficient for one third of the population of Timaru alone. A glance at the imports will convince our readers that we are almost entirely supplied with farm produce from Lyttelton and Dunedin." A little later in the year the "Herald" recorded that the area of land in cultivation was 900 acres, and that "Several thousand bushels of oats have been imported, and the district supplied 500 bushels. The price is now 6s, and oats have scarcely ever been lower than 5s. Flour last week was £30 per ton, cash." The first farm in South Canterbury was probably Neal's, just north of Temuka between the Main Road and the river. Mr Neal came down from Christchurch early in 1859, bringing with him draught horses, implements, seed, and dairy cows, and as a member of the household a youth of 16, George Levens, who has been ever since and still is well known in that district. Mr Levens had been a carpenter's apprentice, and this training made him very useful in the erection of Neal's house. He took as readily to horse as to hammer and plane, taking the first load of wood drawn by horses into Timaru, and becoming a first-prize ploughman when ploughing matches were, instituted. Timaru Herald, Volume C, Issue 15369, 11 June 1914, Page 12 THE FIRST FARM. ROUGHING IT. The first agriculturist proper in South Canterbury appears to have been a man named Neal, who bought some land near Temuka, and occupied it in June 1859. There came down from Christchurch with the Neal family a boy named George Levens, who has ever since lived,in Temuka, and happily still lives there. Mr Levens supplies the following notes of their first pioneering days. We came overland from Christchurch, and stopped at Giles's accommodation house at Orari, until Mr Neal found the land he had bought, and that took up a week or two. Even then we camped on the wrong land. Eventually we found the right land, and then, with a tarpaulin (not a new one), we rigged up a tent, as a storeroom for perishables and a sleeping place, for men servants. There, were four of us, and we lived for three years, under that tarpaulin. Mr and Mrs Neal and three children slept, in a dray with a tilt over it. In about 18 months we got a wooden house built for them, and they, were more comfortable. We were the first settlers, in Temuka, and when the river was up our nearest neighbours were the Gileses at Orari. Mr Neal brought the first draught horses and farm implements to South Canterbury, and also a horse-power thresher, with which he threshed for the whole district for a few years, going as far south as Pareora station. Our first visit to Timaru, was to bring a load of wood (the first drawn across the Levels plain by horses) to Sam Williams's public-house, on the beach just south of where the railway station stands. We missed Timaru and got as far as Saltwater Creek before, we learned our mistake. We met a surveyor and asked him how much farther it was to Sam William's, and he told us we had passed it. Timaru was a small place at that time you will understand. One great hardship of those early days was the flour we had. It was all American (Chilian) flour, in casks, and all, more or less damaged by sea water or dampness. That portion next the cask would be caked as hard as concrete, whilst in the centre there would be what the women called a chimney, five or six inches in diameter perhaps, containing decent flour, if it was not full of mites. Of course this was used first. Then came the trouble with the other stuff, breaking, it out with a tomahawk and chips flying all over the place, and soaking it to soften it for use. Things were not so bad when we got potatoes. There was any amount of game in these days, paradise and grey ducks in millions, and many other birds, some of then now apparently extinct. And in the, riverbed within 200 yards of our camp regular Captain Cook wild pigs used to come. As settlement progressed we found means of amusing ourselves, with races—round a distant post and back again - cricket and ploughing matches. We were cut off from the rest of the world, the Old Country newspapers were months old when we got them, and they were passed round the district. As for local news that had to be passed from mouth to mouth, and such news gossip was not a bad thing, as it led to sociability. When the "Timaru Herald" came, out it was a godsend, as we got our local news regularly, and a picking of the, news of what was going on elsewhere. "I wonder," concludes Mr Levens, "how our farmers of the present day would like to have to work their farms in the same manner as the old settlers had to work theirs, that is to say with the old single furrow plough, and to cut their crops with a scythe a sickle, and thrash it with a flail or a horsepower machine, and winnow it with a hand machine; get half the crop blown out by the hot nor'-westers, and then get half-crown a bushel for their wheat delivered by dray in Timaru. I have had that experience myself." Mr Neal brought the first threshing machine into the district, a 3-horse "coffee-pot" power, with small iron thresher that packed with the powerbox on a pair of wheels for transport, and a separate winnower. The terms were 1s per bushel, pay and feed all hands (10) and feed the horses (6 or 8), and the average output was about 100 bushels a day, so that threshing cost about 2s a bushel. That, however, would be cheaper than threshing with the flail and winnowing with a breeze or a "fanner." In 1866 Mr E. Pilbrow, of Temuka, brought in the first steam thresher and combine, and his terms were "All hands found, grain dressed, bagged and weighed, 1s per bushel; or if farmer finds coal and extra hands (i.e., all but driver and feeder) 9d per bushel." Mr Sealey states, in the paper already quoted, that the district from Temuka to the Waihi Bush was settled before 1870, because, like some settled districts in North Canterbury, not because there were no runs there, but because the land being nearly all level and nearly all of good quality, the squatters found it impossible to "spot" it so as to prevent farmers buying it, as was done with the downs land. Prior to 1870 there were very few farmers south of the Selwyn except around Temuka and Winchester. A threshing machine at Temuka 1861 photographed by an unknown photographer. This machine came from the Heathcote wharf and was landed at Timaru by whaleboat and was worked at Riccarton before it was taken to Temuka. This was the first painted photograph in South Canterbury, taken by a travelling photographer. (Information from back of file print, source not recorded) ATL In 1865 Agriculture, with a capital A, was formally recognised in the organisation of the Timaru Agricultural and Pastoral Association. This title must have been at the time either adopted or prophetic, as there was nothing in the conditions of the district at the time to suggest the inclusion of the word " Agricultural." The first show of the Association was held in that year, with 112 entries of all kinds, a number that was considered "extremely large." The runholders lived somewhat solitary lives, miles apart, and were glad of any valid excuse for assembling for friendly intercourse. The Show provided one of the best and most popular of these excuses, and whether held at Timaru, Waimate, or Fairlie, the "Show" still maintains its pre-eminence as the rural holiday of the year. The literary and prophetic recognition of Agriculture was followed by the fact. The whole of the available country having been taken up under pastoral leases, newcomers must perforce turn their attention to farming for grain, the high price ruling for all kinds of farm produce was a good incentive, and in 1867 the estimated yield of wheat was 64,000 bushels, and of oats 91,000. In 1917 South Canterbury Threshing Mill Owners Union set the price for threshing from stack - by contract 4½d per bushel for oats, 5¼d per bushel for wheat or barley - by the hour- 37s 6d. Threshing from the stook - by contact 4½d per bushel for oats, 5½d per bushel for wheat and barley. -by the hour 40s.When threshing by the hour time commenced from when the mill started the first set on each farm, or from the time starting in the morning, and continued during all hours worked, including the time for shifting from stack to stack and ten minutes in the morning and ten minutes in the afternoon for lunch, but did not include the additional 5 minutes allowed for each lunch or the 50 minutes allowed for dinner or any time for repairs or other unavoidable causes, or time occupied from shifting from farm to farm. When the Mill's owner waterman could not supply water in sufficient quantities to the Mill, the farmer was expected to arrange for any additional supply required. Evening Post, 9 March 1878, Page 2 9th March. About eight o'clock this morning, David M'Cracken, a prisoner just sentenced to six months' imprisonment at the criminal sessions of the District Court, for larceny, while working in the hard labor gang, at the west town belt, bolted during the temporary absence of one of the warders. The police, after scouring the outskirts, recaptured him. He was hiding in a haystack on Wilson's farm, behind the Timaru Public Schools. Wanganui Chronicle, 21 January 1881, Page 2 Timaru. January 20. Two swagsmen, named Commisky and Egan, have been arrested and remanded till Monday, on a charge of burning a haystack at Gosling's farm, Mount Horrible. Haymaking 1930s. Teams of draught horses were generally for farm work. Ploughing, discing, harrowing, sewing & rolling. A team of four was generally the norm, Mostly four abreast but for ploughing a three-one configuration. Some other tasks would use one or two. Mowing, raking, tumble sweeping, tedding, etc. I have fond memories of working with a mixed four horse team with one gentle giant Clydesdale gelding 'Pete' and a sassy Mare called 'Dolly" who led me a wild journey around the hay paddock the first time I was in charge of the rake. She got faster and faster until the only way I could get control was leave the tines down. The rest of the crew were roaring their heads off by the baler. The gear had names we never hear now; swingle trees, breachings, blinkers, hames, snig chains (for snigging) hauling logs from plantation, to name a few. Once drove a Massey-Ferguson reaper Binder but not horse drawn rather a 10HP Caterpillar tractor, thank goodness, it was a busy enough task without having to handle a pair of draft horses. J.S. (ex Fairlie) June 2015 Taken from the supplement to the Weekly News 12 March 1941 p32 The scene is a Burrell Engine and a Threshing mill all setup to start the day's threshing. The engine driver calls out to the feeder who is standing on top of of the mill with his sharp knife ready to cut the first sheaf of the day. So.. the call goes out across the considerable distance between the two. "Are yee reet Jock? Aye, Weel stand cleer e Mull man." J.S. Press, 25 February 1933, Page 13 Copper, copper, and gold, and browned, The fields of wheat are ripe and ready; The oaten crops are silver-crowned, And their shining wands are copper-ruddy. Hurry, hurry, for autumn turns Back to winter, and will not tarry; Plentiful treasure to fill the barns, And fill up the sacks, come, cut and carry. Flutter, flutter your wheeling staves, Reapers and binders; clatter and babble, Bow down the swaths, and bundle the sheaves, And line them along the honeycomb stubble. Pretty! pretty the tawny stooks, Nattily tilted. Sunlit at even, They might be the tents of Michael's troops Pitched in the shining""*fields of heaven. Rumble, rumble, labouring wheels, To and fro; now, up and tumble The tidy bunches, then, heel to heels, Crown to crowns, stack up stout castle. Tower, tower, high threshing-flail; Humming engine, it is your hour; Feed the hopper, and hoard the spoil, Heap the straw to a golden bower. Chatter, chatter, you sparrow-tribes, Squabble and scatter, pick and prattle; Carol, larks, to tbe friendly skies; Grasshopper, twirl your silver rattle. Follow, follow, you gulls from the sea, With joyful screams that sound like sorrow; Ploughing's begun in the fields on the lea, Follow the team, and rifle the furrow. Copper, copper, and silver, and gold Shorn away now, and the fields forsaken; Bountiful treasure, measured and told, Carried away, and sold for a token.... by E.H.

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A Leader’s Role When Tragedy Strikes This column is a service of the Institute for Local Government’s Ethics Project, which offers resources on public service ethics for local officials. For more information, visit www.ca-ilg.org/trust. Special thanks to Best Best & Krieger for its support of this column. This column frequently addresses core ethical values — trust, respect, responsibility, loyalty, fairness and compassion. I have a question about compassion and responsibility. Our community just went through a harrowing experience: a group of our young people were the innocent victims of a violent crime. As a community leader, I found myself uncertain about what to do. Yet people seemed to look to me and other leaders to do something. In such situations, what are my responsibilities as a responsible and compassionate community leader? You are describing a community in crisis. An extremely helpful publication for leaders on communicating in a crisis, Crisis & Emergency Risk Communications by Leaders for Leaders (available at www.bt.cdc.gov/cerc/pdf/leaders.pdf), analyzes the experiences of federal, state and local government leaders in responding to many kinds of community crises. This column draws heavily on that publication, which we call the CERC guide. If this topic interests you, it’s well worth reading the entire publication (also available as a resource at www.ca-ilg.org/tragedy). According to the CERC guide, in a crisis the public wants a number of things from its leaders, including: - Prompt, reliable and trustworthy information; and - A plan of action.1 Empathy is the ability to understand what someone else is feeling. As the CERC guide notes, empathy does not necessarily require that you feel the same emotion, but it does require that you relate to both those who lost loved ones as well as those who fear for their own and their loved ones’ safety.2 Experts advise leaders to express empathy right away. Your community needs to hear that you understand what they are going through. This includes acknowledging people’s fears. It’s natural to want to reassure people and to remove the sources of fear and anxiety. The CERC guide strongly discourages leaders from simply trying to reassure people that there’s nothing to worry about or fear.3 Empathy involves acknowledging those feelings and, if appropriate, dealing with them. For example, you may have information that suggests the threat of harm has indeed passed. If you believe this, help people in your community reach the same conclusion — share with them the information that convinced you.4 Although grief is a universal emotion, no two people experience it in exactly the same way.5 As a result, it can be tricky to communicate empathy by saying, in essence, you know how someone feels (for example, by equating your experience to their experience). If someone doesn’t agree that the experiences equate, such an approach can be inadvertently counterproductive. Instead, focus on what you think the universal reaction to such a terrible event is. Also, listen to understand what people are experiencing. This is the primary goal when meeting with victims of loss. Accept moments of silence and understand that some 90 percent of communication is nonverbal.6 The CERC guide also notes that how something is said can be more important than what is said. Prompt, Reliable and Trustworthy Information The public wants to make well-informed choices about how to keep themselves and their loved ones safe. Research indicates that any reliable information is empowering and uncertainty is more difficult to cope with than knowing a bad thing.7 If your agency is involved with catching the perpetrators in your particular situation, explain what’s being done to achieve that objective — without sharing information that might undermine that goal. Examples include: - “Here’s what we know and can share.” - “This is what we’re doing to get answers to the questions we don’t yet have answers to.” - “Here’s where we need your help with getting more information.” - “There are the steps you can take to keep your family safe.” It’s also important that only reliable information be shared — this is essential for your and your agency’s credibility. Emphasize your interest in giving accurate information to the public. Explain what you’re doing to get correct information and that you will provide updates as more is known. The CERC guide shares the story of the Washington, D.C., sniper attacks, which resulted in enormous widespread fear and not a great deal of information for local officials to share. Officials offered tips on recognizing signs of mental illness and being a good witness.8 This helped empower the community to be part of the law enforcement team’s eyes and ears. With respect to credibility, it’s important not to make promises that you cannot be confident will be kept. Instead of promising that the perpetrators of the violence will be brought to justice, explain that your agency is doing everything it can to catch them.9 The CERC guide offers a number of other helpful tips, including: - In a crisis, people are starved for information. They (and this includes the media) will seek that information anywhere they can find it. Be forthright about what you know, acknowledge what you don’t know and explain what you’re doing to get more information.10 - Help the media report knowledgeably on the event.11 Engage experts who can serve as accurate sources for background information on what happened and help put the information in context. - Include communications planning as well as logistical planning as part of disaster preparedness efforts.12 - Don’t confuse the media with your audience. Your audience is the community members who are feeling frightened, confused and possibly angry. React to them and not the media that serves as the intermediary for your communications.13 Picture your ultimate audience before you begin speaking.14 The CERC guide also points out that in terms of trust and confidence, it’s especially important for the public to know that all leaders are working together as a team in difficult situations. The media and the public quickly pick up on people who are trying to use a crisis for self-advancement.15 The guide notes that speaking disparagingly of someone, assigning blame or passing the buck all tend to be unbecoming.16 If something needs to be criticized, attack the problem and not a person or organization.17 A Plan of Action According to the CERC guide, the number one goal in a crisis is to counteract feelings of hopelessness and helplessness.18 The way to do this is to set people on a course of action. The guide says, “As much as possible, give [people] relevant things to do: things that are constructive and relate to the crisis they are facing. Anxiety is reduced by action and a restored sense of control.”19 The actions can be symbolic (put up the flag or another display of community solidarity) or preparatory (donate blood or create a family check-in plan). The actions can also involve honoring the lives that were lost. This can be something the community does together to help support the families of those most directly affected by the loss. It can be very comforting for family members to know that others appreciated a lost loved one’s special qualities and contributions. It won’t stop the pain of the loss, but finding ways to demonstrate that the lost lives mattered can help. The City of Fairfield applied this concept when the community lost two advocates for youth engagement, Matt Garcia and Frank Kardos, in the same month. Council Member Garcia had been, at age 21, one of the youngest elected officials in California and a champion of youth engagement issues. Council Members Frank Kardos and John Mraz shared this commitment, leading a local push to create a Police Activities League that would provide a safe space for teens after school. Tragedy struck the community in early September 2008 when Council Member Garcia was shot and killed. The loss was compounded when Council Member Kardos passed away a few weeks later. The council decided to honor their colleagues’ legacies by redoubling efforts to fund the youth center. Mayor Harry Price explains the process this way, “The youth center was to be named after Billy G. Yarbrough, a long-time Fairfield resident and business owner who had dedicated his life, including his time and fortune, to city youth. In a profound gesture that began the community healing process, the Yarbrough family requested the youth center be renamed the Matt GarciaYouth Center. The community now had an outlet to turn grief into healing. Donations for the youth center began pouring in.” Mayor Price notes that the tragic events of 2008 have led to a legacy of support for community youth and given them a positive place to learn and grow — a fitting tribute to the leaders that the community lost. Other ways to honor the memories of those lost include flying flags at half mast, adopting resolutions honoring the contributions that people made to the community (or their schoolmates), and writing newspaper or blog articles that pay tribute to the kind of people they were. Physical memorials, such as planting a tree or dedicating a particular piece of playground or other equipment, can also be meaningful. And attending any memorial services the family invites you to is another very important gesture. For many people struggling to cope with losing a loved one, it can be helpful to know that the loved one’s life mattered not only to the family but also to the larger community. While there is nothing you can do to make the pain go away — and it’s important to recognize that — such actions make those grieving most deeply feel a little less alone. Find Practical Tips Online For more information, including tips on handling public meetings after a tragedy, developing culturally appropriate responses and what to do in cases where the agency bears some responsibility for the tragedy, see information below. Thanks to Our Supporter The Institute for Local Government (ILG), which is a 501(c)(3) organization, receives funding from a variety of sources. Its public service ethics program relies on support from publications sales, training fees and private donations. ILG gratefully acknowledges the firm of Best Best & Krieger for sponsoring the first three “Everyday Ethics” columns in 2010. Best Best & Krieger represents 32 California cities as city attorney. Western City and ILG appreciate Best Best & Krieger’s shared commitment to promoting ethics in public service. Tips on Handling Public Meetings After a Tragedy The CERC guide is fairly direct on this issue: If you are a public official, you owe your community the opportunity to meet with you.20 The guide also emphasizes that your goal in having such a meeting is not to offer solutions but to help the community discover its own solutions. Here are a few tips or successfully conducting a meeting of this type. Let people talk. Have experts and public officials there as resources, but don’t let them dominate the meeting. Ask questions. What you think the issues are may not in fact be what’s bothering people. Treat everyone’s input with respect. Tell the truth. Admit when you don’t know something, and commit to following up to get the information that attendees are seeking. Understand the source of people’s emotions. They may feel hurt, threatened by risks they can’t control, ignored or disrespected. Even if these feeling manifest in angry and disrespectful comments, do your absolute best to be understanding and not respond in kind.21 For more tips on dealing with emotional audiences, see the October 2009 installment of this column, “Dealing with Emotional Audiences” (at www.westerncity.com under “Columns” and “Everyday Ethics”). Culturally Appropriate Responses Just as no two people experience grief in the same way, it’s also important to keep in mind that people react to and recover from tragedies within the context of their individual life experiences, values and culture. They will react differently to gestures (such a physical touch and expressions of caring that have religious overtones, like “I am praying for you”). They also may have a different sense of what information is private. Listening is perhaps the most important element of responding to a community and people who have suffered a loss. Part of that listening may involve securing translation services so people are communicating in the same language. Another part of that listening may involve seeking out not only individuals, but civic associations and social clubs, neighborhood groups, faith-based organizations and interfaith groups, service clubs, health care and social service providers, and other kinds of nonprofit organizations. Some questions to ask may include: The CERC guide notes that it is important to be realistic in dealing with potential stakeholders and stakeholder groups — there will be those who want to help, those who are adversarial and those who are ambivalent.22 The key is to anticipate the needs and reactions of all three groups so you can address them. What If the Agency Bears Some Responsibility? It’s always okay to say that one is sorry that something happened (what the CERC guide describes as being “regretful as opposed to defensive”23). This is not the same as admitting responsibility. For a discussion of the ethical issues that arise in such a situation (including whether it is ethical for an elected official to admit liability unilaterally and commit his or her agency’s taxpayers to pay the tab for an injury), visit www.ca-ilg.org/sayingyouaresorry. That piece also examines the issue of whether taking steps to address the immediate needs of a victim can decrease the victim’s likelihood of suing. 1 More completely, the CERC guide lists five things the public seeks: 1) information to protect themselves, their families and pets from danger, 2) to make well-informed decisions, 3) to have an active, participatory role in response and recovery, 4) to evaluate the use of public and donated resources, and 5) to recover or preserve well-being and normalcy. See page 4. The guide also provides advice in the form of five “don’ts” and another five “do’s.” See pages 5-8 (“Five Communications Failures that Kill Operational Success”) and pages 9-12 (“Five Communications Steps for Success”). See also tips on page 20 (“First Message in a Crisis”) 2 CERC Guide, pages 10-11. 3 CERC Guide, page 7 and page 12 (“reality check” box). 4 CERC Guide, page 7. 5 CERC Guide, page 37. 6 CERC Guide, page 37. 7 CERC Guide, page 11. 8 CERC Guide, page 23 (sidebar). 9 CERC Guide, page 15. 10 CERC Guide, page 31. 11 CERC Guide, page 28. 12 CERC Guide, pages 4-5 (public perception of an organization’s effectiveness turns on speed of information; leaders frequently find that more time is spent on communications issues than logistical issues), 9 (a communications plan is just as important as a logistical plan) and 24-5 (elements of crisis communications plan). 13 CERC Guide, page 33. 14 CERC Guide>, page 34. 15 CERC Guide, page 8 (on the importance of not having public power struggles) and page 20 (see comment in sidebar). 16 CERC Guide, page 36. 17 CERC Guide, page 23. 18 CERC Guide, page 13. 19 CERC Guide, page 13. 20 CERC Guide, at 40. 21 CERC Guide, at 40. See also Lawrence Susskind and Patrick Field, Dealing with an Angry Public, New York: The Free Press (1996) at 16-17. 22 CERC Guide, at 39. 23 CERC Guide, page 34.Edit Module

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The main features of the National Agricultural Policy are: 1. Privatisation of agriculture and price protection of farmers in the post QR (Quantitative Restrictions) regime would be part of the government’s strategy to synergise agricultural growth. 2. Private sector participation would be promoted through contract farming and land leasing arrangements to allow accelerated technology transfer, capital inflow, assured markets for crop production especially of oilseeds, cotton and horticultural crops. 3. The policy envisages evolving a ‘National Livestock Breeding Strategy’ to meet the requirement of milk, meat, egg and livestock products and to enhance the role of draught animals as a source of energy for farming operations. 4. High priority would be accorded to evolve new location-specific and economically viable improved varieties of farm and horticulture crops, livestock species and aquaculture. 5. The restrictions on the movement of agricultural commodities throughout the country would be progressively dismantled. The structure of taxes on food grains and other commercial crops would be reviewed. 6. The excise duty on materials such as farm machinery and implements and fertilizers used as inputs in agricultural production, post-harvest stage and processing would be reviewed. 7. Rural electrification would be given high priority as a prime mover for agricultural development. 8. The use of new and renewable sources of energy for irrigation and other agricultural purposes would be encouraged. 9. Progressive institutionalisation of rural and farm credit would be continued for providing timely and adequate credit to farmers. 10. Endeavour would be made to provide a package insurance policy for the farmers, right from sowing of crops to post-harvest operations including market fluctuations in the prices of agricultural produce.

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Best of the Blog 2010 – Electronics and Robotics Adding electronic components to your projects can seem overwhelming, but doing so opens up an enormous range of possibilities. To help get you started here are ten of our favorite posts from the Electronics + Robotics archives. This project increases our physical engagement with music by using a webcam to sense motion which affects the behavior of a record player. The txtBOMBER uses our favorite microcontroller, Arduino, to print large messages onto any surface. The dashes are made by a row of permanent markers. A clever maker figured out how to use a computer controlled drawing tool to “print” transistors with conductive ink. Brilliant. Just about anything can be made from cardboard, and this project proves it. Four students built a huge machine almost entirely from this remarkable material. This skin-safe conductive ink turns a person into a circuit. I’m not sure what the practical applications are, but it looks like a lot of fun to play with. It’s a 3D printer made from LEGO that builds with LEGOs. Imagine Terminator and the intelligent computers, except as LEGOs. Scary, yet awesome. If you make anything from electronic parts, you need a case for it. Why not lasercut it? The designer was originally trying to block prying eyes without blocking the entire window with this moving curtain, but it backfired when it began to draw crowds. Even though this project is still in alpha testing, it still looks extremely promising. It would allow people to build Arduino-based project without any coding using a graphical interface. If you haven’t seen them yet, be sure to check out the Sparkfun electronic components now available through Ponoko Make. You can now make projects using lasercutting, 3D printing, and electronics, all through Ponoko, which means you can make just about anything you can imagine.

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Here is the basic ignition sequence for a furnace. - Thermostat signals for heat. - Exhaust blower creates a vacuum in the tube and causes the vacuum switch to operate. - Pilot valve opens allowing gas to flow to pilot burner (if there is a pilot). - Spark generator produces spark. - Pilot lights and flame is rectified (if there is a pilot). - Main burner valve opens. - Pilot ignites main burner. - Blower motor blows air across heat exchanger, and into conditioned space. - Thermostat signals set temperature is reached. - Gas valves close, main burner and pilot shut off. - Exhaust blower motor shuts off. - Blower motor shuts off. If your exhaust motor is coming on, but the gas is not flowing. The first thing you should look at, is the vacuum switch. This switch is used to tell the furnace that the exhaust blower is on, and that the blower will clear any exhaust gases produced. If the switch does not close, the furnace will not light to prevent toxic gases from being spread through the conditioned space. Check the tubing attached to the switch, to insure it's clear. Sometimes creepy crawlies like to make homes in things like this, so make sure there are no obstructions. To check the switch... - Turn off the breaker to the furnace (or the serviceman switch where applicable). - Locate the vacuum switch (it will be a small metal bit, with a rubber tube attached to it). - Disconnect the wires from the switch (make sure you mark them and remember where they're supposed to go). - Set your multimeter to check continuity. - Connect the probes of the multimeter to the wires on the switch. - Check continuity (should be open). - Suck on the tube (lightly). - Check continuity (should be closed). Professionals will likely use a different technique, but since it's not the safest practice I will not explain it here. If the switch tests OK, you'll have to move on to the next part of the system. If the switch does not close, replace it and test the system again. The next thing to check would be the pilot assembly, control module, and gas valves. However these checks are probably best left to a professional.

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Seismic profiles extending from the southern South African shelf into the deep sea reveal a strong erosional activity, which affects large parts of the continental margin. Recent to Oligocene sequences, and in places the whole sedimentary column, appear to have been removed. Mass movements were considered as the origin of this erosion. However, structures indicating slumping could only be identified in a few places, The erosional activity is confined to specific water depths, which correlate well with the activity levels of water masses observed here. We thus suggest that the Agulhas Current, Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, and Antarctic Bottomwater have intensively shaped the sedimentary sequences for a considerable period. It is difficult to estimate the duration of the erosion. Numerical simulation of sediment transport and erosion is needed to indicate the onset of the erosional activity. Helmholtz Research Programs > PACES I (2009-2013) > TOPIC 3: Lessons from the Past > WP 3.2: Tectonic, Climate and Biosphere Development from Greenhouse to Icehouse

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THE FOUNDATION OF EUGENICS. 87 partments, like horses in the front of a row of stalls (Fig. 4), and their tops joined. There will be one more side to the row of stalls than there are horses, otherwise a side of one of the extreme stalls would be wanting. Thus there are two ways of indicating the position of a particular variate, either by its serial number as ' first,' ' second,' ' third,' or so on, or by degrees like those of a thermometer. In the latter case the sides of the stalls serve as degrees, counting the first of them as o°, making one more graduation than the number of objects, as it should be. The difference between these two methods has to be made clear, and that while the serial position of the Median object is always the same in any two Arrays whatever be the number of variates, the serial position of their subdivisions cannot be the same, the ignored half interval at either end varying in width according to the number of variates, and becoming considerable when that number is small. Lines of proportionate length will then be drawn on a blackboard, and the limits of the Array will be also drawn, at a half interval from either of its ends. The base is then to be divided centesimally. Next join the tops of the lines with a smooth curve, and wipe out everything except the curve, the Limit at either side, and the Centesimally divided Base (Fig. 5). This figure forms a Scheme of Distribution of Variates. Explain clearly that its shape is

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Apparently it is possible but takes years of training: There is a vocal technique used by Tibetan monks which allows them to literally sing a chord, or three notes simultaneously. This technique is not considered appropriate for most styles of western popular music, and therefore is somewhat of a mystery to many in the west. The technique when properly done has a pronounced droning which sounds similar to a digital audio effect. The technique may take years to master, but can be mimicked by producing a low sound from the back of the throat, and then shaping the tongue against the roof of the mouth as if sounding out the letter R. Adjust the shape of the mouth slightly until you hear harmonic overtones which are two octaves higher than the note being sung. I have sung in various choirs throughout my life and have never come across anyone who did this or any music scored for it so I am guessing it is very unusual. It is likely to refer to the false vocal cords explained here: The vocal folds ... sometimes called 'true vocal folds' to distinguish them from the false vocal folds. These are a pair of thick folds of mucous membrane that protect and sit slightly superior to the more delicate true folds. They have a minimal role in normal phonation, but are often used to produce deep sonorous tones in Tibetan chant and Tuvan throat singing, as well as in musical screaming and the death growl vocal style. Full wiki entry The false folds are also called vestibular folds and ventricular folds. The vestibular fold (ventricular fold, superior or false vocal cord) is one of two thick folds of mucous membrane, each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue, the ventricular ligament, which is attached in front to the angle of the thyroid cartilage immediately below the attachment of the epiglottis, and behind to the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage, a short distance above the vocal process. The lower border of this ligament, enclosed in mucous membrane, forms a free crescentic margin, which constitutes the upper boundary of the ventricle of the larynx. The vestibular folds of the larynx play a greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway, breathing, and phonation (speech). People who have had their epiglottis removed because of cancer do not choke any more than when it was present. They have a minimal role in normal phonation, but are often used to produce deep sonorous tones in Tibetan chant and Tuvan throat singing, as well as in musical screaming and the death growl singing style used in various forms of metal. They are lined with respiratory epithelium, while true vocal cords have stratified squamous epithelium.

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Compare the differences and find the similarities in the history of rulership and the roles of rulers in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Framing the Issues - The "Law Codes" of Mesopotamia - Symbols of Royal Power in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt - The Connection Between Mesopotamian and Biblical Law Research Associate, University of Chicago LESSON 1: Images of Power LESSON 2: Should Church and State be Separated?

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