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A young Maine lobsterwoman pulled up a surprising find as she checked her traps this weekend: a striking blue crustacean that scientists say could be a 1 in 2 million specimen. Meghan LaPlante, 14, who has a summer job with her parents at Miss Meghan’s Lobster Catch in Old Orchard Beach, said she was excited and surprised to see the unusual lobster. She has found other interesting catches — including a 6-pounder that she had to throw back because of its size, but nothing like this. “I knew that it was definitely rare, but I actually have never seen any other unordinary lobster,” said LaPlante, who is about to start her freshman year in high school. She and her dad have been lobstering many summer afternoons this year. The catch Saturday drew attention from around the country, in part because it’s so out of the ordinary to find live American lobsters that are any other color than the dark blue and greenish-brown commonly seen in New England’s restaurant tanks. According to the Lobster Institute at the University of Maine in Orono, blue lobsters like the one LaPlante found are rare. The color comes from a genetic defect that leads to excessive production of a particular protein. But the institute says that some colors are even rarer in live lobsters, including the bright red typically found when the shellfish are cooked. Those odds are 1 in 10 million. Yellow lobsters are even rarer, at 1 in 30 million. In 2012, a lobster showed up at Jasper White’s Summer Shack in Cambridge with a blue-brown and orange, marbled “calico” pattern. The odds of such a find are also 1 in 30 million. A similar lobster appeared July 23 in New Hampshire’s Hampton Harbor. But the Lobster Institute says the rarest lobsters of all, at 1 in 100 million, are albino — or crystal — lobsters that have no coloration at all. For her part, LaPlante said she will donate her rare blue lobster to the Maine State Aquarium.

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https://www.bostonglobe.com/2014/08/25/maine-blue-lobster-find-could-one-million/8zwXkJrnC8Je95KoHtStTM/story.html

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How bad is poverty in Africa? The situation is improving, but Africa remains the poorest continent on Earth. But what many people may not know are the effects of poverty in Africa—including hunger, disease and a lack of basic necessities. Poverty in Africa Facts - Seventy-five percent of the world’s poorest countries are located in Africa, including Zimbabwe, Liberia and Ethiopia. For the past two years, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa’s second largest country, has also been ranked the poorest in the world with a Gross Domestic Product (based on purchasing-power-parity) of $394.25 in 2013. - According to Gallup World, in 2013, the 10 countries with the highest proportion of residents living in extreme poverty were all in sub-Saharan Africa. Extreme poverty is defined as living on $1.25 or less a day. In 2010, 414 million people were living in extreme poverty across sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World Bank, those living on $1.25-a-day accounted for 48.5 percent of the population in that region in 2010. - Approximately one in three people living in sub-Saharan Africa are undernourished. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations estimated that 239 million people (around 30 percent of the population) in sub-Saharan Africa were hungry in 2010. This is the highest percentage of any region in the world. In addition, the U.N. Millennium Project reported that over 40 percent of all Africans are unable to regularly obtain sufficient food. - In sub-Saharan Africa, 589 million people live without electricity. As a result, a staggering 80 percent of the population relies on biomass products such as wood, charcoal and dung in order to cook. - Of the 738 million people globally who lack access to clean water, 37 percent are living in sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty in Africa results in over 500 million people suffering from waterborne diseases. According to the U.N. Millennium Project, more than 50 percent of Africans have a water-related illness like cholera. - Every year, sub-Saharan Africa loses $28.4 billion to water and sanitation problems. This amount accounts for approximately five percent of the region’s gross domestic product (GDP)—exceeding the total amount of foreign aid sent to sub-Saharan Africa in 2003. - Thirty-eight percent of the world’s refugees are located in Africa. Due to continuing violence, conflict and widespread human rights abuses, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reports that 11 million people, including stateless people and returnees, exist in Africa. - Fewer than 20 percent of African women have access to education. Uneducated African women are twice as likely to contract AIDS and 50 percent less likely to immunize their children. Meanwhile, the children of African women with at least five years of schooling have a 40 percent higher chance of survival. - Women in sub-Saharan Africa are over 230 times more likely to die during childbirth or pregnancy than women in North America. Approximately one in 16 women living in sub-Saharan African will die during childbirth or pregnancy. Only one in 4,000 women in North America will. - More than one million people, mostly children under the age of five, die every year from malaria. Malarial deaths in Africa alone account for 90 percent of all malaria deaths worldwide. Eighty percent of these victims are African children. The U.N. Millennium Project has calculated that a child in Africa dies from malaria every 30 seconds, or about 3,000 each day. – Jordanna Packtor * Email is only used to send you a tax-deduction receipt. You will not be added to a newsletter.

<urn:uuid:6818333a-4523-47bf-bba5-7ac96e21e73c>

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http://borgenproject.org/10-quick-facts-about-poverty-in-africa/

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en

From the current archaeological evidence, it seems that after MIS 5, the different lithic traditions within Arabia develop along separate trajectories, with no indication of additional input from Africa. Recent genetic evidence (Fernandes et al., 2012) also indicates that the relict distribution of minor haplogroups N1, N2 and X, reflects an ancient ancestry of these groups within the Arabian Peninsula which, the authors conclude, then spread from the Gulf region toward the Near East and Europe between 55 and 24 ka. The potential occurrence of increased humidity within the Arabian interior during MIS 3 would, therefore, have been instrumental in determining the success and trajectory of the autochthonous development of early human communities within the region at this time. Although Rosenberg et al. (2012) may be correct in their description of Arabia between ca. 75 and 10.5 ka as a natural barrier for human dispersal, it is possible that indigenous inhabitants may have persisted in environmental refugia around Arabia, such as the Gulf Oasis (e.g. Rose, 2010). The occurrence of a pluvial phase during the early stages of MIS 3, therefore, may have facilitated a range expansion of early humans previously contained within such refugia. To address these important issues, we present a multiproxy record of an early MIS 3 wet phase from a palaeolake sequence within the continental interior of SE Arabia.Quaternary International Available online 22 February 2013 An early MIS 3 pluvial phase in Southeast Arabia: Climatic and archaeological implications Ash Parton et al. Climatic changes in Arabia are of critical importance to our understanding of both monsoon variability and the dispersal of anatomically modern humans (AMH) out of Africa. The timing of dispersal is associated with the occurrence of pluvial periods during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 (ca. 130–74 ka), after which arid conditions between ca. 74 and 10.5 ka are thought to have restricted further migration and range expansion within the Arabian interior. Whilst a number of records indicate that this phase of aridity was punctuated by an increase in monsoon strength during MIS 3, uncertainties regarding the precision of terrestrial records and suitability of marine archives as records of precipitation, mean that the occurrence of this pluvial remains debated. Here we present evidence from a series of relict lake deposits within southeastern Arabia, which formed at the onset of MIS 3 (ca. 61–58 ka). At this time, the incursion of monsoon rainfall into the Arabian interior activated a network of channels associated with an alluvial fan system along the western flanks of the Hajar Mountains, leading to lake formation. Multiproxy evidence indicates that precipitation increases intermittently recharged fluvial systems within the region, leading to lake expansion in distal fan zones. Conversely, decreased precipitation led to reduced channel flow, lake contraction and a shift to saline conditions. These findings are in contrast to the many other palaeoclimatic records from Arabia, which suggest that during MIS 3, the latitudinal position of the monsoon was substantially further south and did not penetrate the peninsula. Additionally, the occurrence of increased rainfall at this time challenges the notion that the climate of Arabia following MIS 5 was too harsh to permit the further range expansion of indigenous communities.

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2013/05/lakes-in-se-arabia-60-thousand-years-ago.html?m=0

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82 whales stranded on New Zealand coastFebruary 4, 2011 in Biology / Plants & Animals Ten pilot whales died when about 82 of the mammals beached at the top of New Zealand's South Island on Friday, officials said, warning that the others could not be refloated immediately. "It is an ordeal for them to be exposed stranded like that and be exposed in the sun," Conservation Department spokeswoman Trish Grant said. "Unfortunately some just do die." "We'd be optimistic that there's surviving whales tomorrow that we can refloat." The stranding occurred at Farewell Spit on Golden Bay, about 150 kilometres (95 miles) west of the tourist city of Nelson. Local residents initially reported about 30 whales were stranded and the number grew through the afternoon. About 100 department of conservation staff were working to keep the whales cool and hydrated in the afternoon sun, Grant said. The next high tide was due around midnight but it would be too dangerous to refloat the whales then and staff would wait until the morning to carry out the rescue attempt. Whale strandings are not uncommon in the area and Grant said there were various theories why the animals beached themselves. "It's something that has occurred reasonably often in Golden Bay with pilot whales, and just even the shape of the bay could mean they kind of get a bit caught with the spit coming round, so it could just be navigational error." Pilot whales up to six metres (20 feet) long are the most common species of whale seen in New Zealand waters. Last month 24 died after stranding near Cape Reinga in the far north of the country. In December 2009, more than 120 whales died in two separate beachings at Farewell Spit and Colville Bay in the North Island. (c) 2011 AFP "82 whales stranded on New Zealand coast" February 4, 2011 http://phys.org/news/2011-02-whales-stranded-zealand-coast.html

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http://phys.org/print216018142.html

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It is estimated that the human brain contains 100 billion (1011) neurons averaging 1000 synapses on each; that is, some 1014 connections. How to unravel the workings of such a complex system? Progress has been slow, but a solid start has been made in determining how the brain processes information reaching it from the eyes. In fact, the processing starts within the eyes. (This should not be surprising inasmuch as the retina is actually an extension of the brain.) |Link to discussion of the eye.| The visual receptors, rods and cones, synapse in the retina with several types of interneurons, e.g., bipolar cells. The bipolar cells, in turn, synapse with ganglion cells. The axons of ganglion cells make up the optic nerve and conduct impulses to the brain. But each receptor does not have its own private circuit back to the brain. There are some 108 rods and cones in each eye, but only 106 ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve. Thus a single ganglion cell must receive inputs from a number of receptor cells.By inserting an electrode in a single ganglion cell, it was shown (by Stephen W. Kuffler) that Thus the optic nerve is not telling the brain simply that light has been detected but that contrast between light and dark (i.e., shape) has been detected. The axons of the optic nerve pass back close to the center of the base of the forebrain to a part of the diencephalon called the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), where they synapse with a new set of interneurons. The axons from these cells lead up and back to the visual cortex in the occipital lobes. Two associates of Kuffler, David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel inserted electrodes in these areas but instead of directing light into the eye, they projected images on a screen in front of the animal (an anesthetized cat or monkey).Using this procedure, they found that The preference that these first ("simple") cortical cells have for lines can be explained if we assume that they can be activated only if they receive inputs from a number of LGN cells whose areas of response (circular) are arranged in a line. The diagram shows this mechanism by which the circular response areas of ganglion and LGN cells can be converted into the rectangular response areas found in the cells of the visual cortex.Other cells ("complex cortical cells") still want their edges oriented in one direction, but the edges can now be moved across the screen. As the figure shows, this can be explained if a set of simple cortical cells Thus these complex cortical cells continue to respond to the stimulus even though its absolute position on the retina changes.While these studies provide only the tiniest glimpse into the workings of the brain, they provide some clues of what will be found: The importance of these studies was recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1981 to Hubel and Wiesel (too late for Kuffler, who died in 1980).

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The term “soldier” refers to the enlisted men and women and officers who are members of the U.S. Army. They defend the country not just by going into combat, but by specializing in repairing vehicles, driving tanks, loading artillery or programming computers. Their salaries depend on their experience and rank, and include perks not ordinarily available to civilian workers. As of 2010, a Congressional Budget Office report estimated that the average active duty soldier receives an average $99,000 per year in compensation that includes pay and benefits, with 60 percent of the total being non-cash compensation. As an example, the Army website broke down the annual $29,380 compensation of a military police sergeant into $29,380 for salary, $16,164 for housing, $3,900 for food allowances, $1,800 for special pay, and tax advantages of $2,716. An example of tax savings are the allowances for food and housing, which are typically exempt from both federal and states taxes. All members of the Armed Forces, including those in the Army, receive salaries from the monthly basic pay table. For enlisted staff, this table is divided into nine pay grades starting from the lowest of E-1 to the highest of E-9, with each grade representing rank. The wages in each pay grade increase with experience. For example, as of 2012, the E-1 grade, or private, earned a maximum $17,892 annually, not including bonuses, allowances or other benefits. At E-4, or corporal, soldiers earned $23,360 annually for less than two years of experience, $27,198 yearly for four years of experience and $28.357 per year at six years of experience. At E-6, or staff sergeant, annual salaries jumped to $27,814 for less than two years, $33,268 for four years, or $34,636 for six years. Officer pay is divided into 10 grades, starting from the lowest O-1 and continuing to O-10. For example, as of 2012, the O-1 grade, or second lieutenant, earned $33,941 per year for less than two years of experience, $42,703 annually for four years and $42,703 yearly for six years. The O-3 grade of captain granted yearly wages of $45.256 for less than two years, $60,372 for four years and $63,263 for six years. At O-4, or major, officers made $51,473 annually for less than two years, $64,447 yearly for four years and $68,317 per year for six years. Bonuses are one-time additions to pay for soldiers who have a specific skill, complete additional training or take on additional responsibilities. In 2012, simply enlisting in the service granted up to $20,000 in bonuses. Those with a bachelor’s degree could receive an education bonus of $2,000, while those with a high school diploma and 30 to 59 college semester hours made $1,000. Enlisted soldiers who completed Officer Candidate School and received a commission earned up to $10,000. And, staff who spoke critical Middle-Eastern languages could make $35,000 in bonuses as translators. - Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images

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en

What is Hurler Syndrome? Hurler syndrome belongs to a group of inherited metabolic storage disorders in which a person cannot break down chains of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans. These complex sugars are necessary for the body to build bones and tissues. Hurler syndrome belongs to a group of diseases known as mucopolysaccharidoses or MPS. It is also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type I or MPS I as well as gargoylism. Mucopolysaccharides used to be a term referred to as glycosaminoglycans. Mucopolysaccharidoses are disorders characterized by a genetic mutation. Hurler syndrome is just one of the three subtypes of mucopolysaccharidoses but is considered to be the most severe of the MPS I subtypes. The other two types are Scheie Syndrome or MPS I S and Hurler-Scheie Syndrome or MPS I H-S. The subtypes are usually classified based on the severity of symptoms. Hurler syndrome is named after Gertrud Hurler, a German Pediatrician and Medical Practitioner. The condition is also clinically related to Hunter Syndrome, which is X-linked. Hurler syndrome, on the other hand, is autosomal recessive. Causes Of Hurler syndrome People with Hurler syndrome usually have a deficiency in the enzyme alpha-L iduronidase thereby affecting various organs and tissues in the body. This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans. The absence of alpha L-iduronidase would cause a buildup of heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate causing damage to the organs, including the heart. The disorder is usually inherited with both parents needing to pass the faulty gene in order to develop Hurler Syndrome. Signs and Symptoms - Common symptoms for Hurler syndrome include having a short stature, mental retardation, difficulty in breathing, corneal clouding and chronic runny nose. The symptoms would usually appear between 6 months to 2 years of age. Children affected with the condition usually live past the age of 5 but unfortunately do not survive beyond 10 years old. - Hurler syndrome is usually marked by progressive deterioration. Enlargement of the liver and spleen are usually prevalent along with dwarfism and characteristic facial features like short nose, flat face and large head. - Developmental delay is usually evident alongside mental retardation. By age 4, children would already stop developing. Physical skills would also deteriorate. Loss of hearing and enlargement of the tongue is possible. Carpal tunnel syndrome and limited range of movement in the joints are also highly likely. - Children usually appear larger than normal at birth and may have inguinal or umbilical hernias. Height may grow faster in the first year but would stunt after reaching 3 years old. Their height would usually reach around 4 feet only and the body trunk would appear short with the ribs becoming wider and oar-shaped. Unique facial features would become more noticeable by 2 years of age. - Feeding and bowel problems may be experienced by children. - Obstructive airway disease, respiratory tract infections and cardiac problems would usually be the cause of death by children affected with Hurler syndrome. Hurler Syndrome Pictures Picture 1 : Hurler Syndrome Inheritance Chart Picture 2 : Hurler Syndrome photo Hurler Syndrome Diagnosis Hurler syndrome can be diagnosed through clinical examination and a series of tests. - Urine tests are undertaken to check excess mucopolysaccharides that may be excreted. - Blood tests and skin samples to check for the presence of alpha-L iduronidase. - Genetic tests for positive gene mutation. - Radiographic examination to check for damaged spine. - Electrocardiogram or echocardiogram to check heart function and valve problems. - Prenatal diagnosis through amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling would determine if a fetus carries a mutated gene, which causes Hurler syndrome. Treatment for Hurler Syndrome The goal of the treatment plan for those with Hurler syndrome is to provide the body with the lacking enzyme so as to be able break down glycosaminoglycans. Unfortunately, there is no direct cure for Hurler syndrome. - Enzyme replacement therapy is usually undertaken to provide the alpha-L iduronidase, which the body lacks. This is done through medication like laronidase (Aldurazyme), which is commercially prepared by Genzyme. Laronidase has shown to be effective in improving problems with breathing, growth, heart, bones and joints. In addition, it has been proven useful in reducing pain and non-neurological symptoms. However, enzyme replacement therapy is not yet advised for those children who have MPS I with mental retardation like Scheie Syndrome and Hurler-Scheie Syndrome. Laronidase has not been shown to have any effect in improving mental development problems associated with Hurler syndrome. - Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and umbilical cord transplantation (UCBT) is also used to treat MPS. Transplantation of the bone marrow or the umbilical cord has shown to be halt abnormal physical features and neurologic degeneration. Also, bone marrow transplant is the only form of treatment for Hurler syndrome that has shown effective in stopping the progression of mental damage. However, there is a high risk for morbidity and mortality because both are considered to be invasive and intensive procedures. Still, transplant seems to be the best chance of success in helping children with MPS I especially if it is performed at the earliest possible time. - Gene therapy is still under research but has also been used in treating MPS I among mouse, dog and cat models. It may also eventually pave the way of treating humans with MPS I in the future. Hurler syndrome is a serious condition that needs the early diagnosis and treatment of children affected with the condition. Although it has a poor prognosis with the children not surpassing the age above 10 years, early diagnosis would help the child be treated early thereby improving their chances for a better life. This would also provide the children with normal or near-normal life if steps would be taken to halt mental retardation. It is also best advised that parents would talk to genetic counselors as there is the possibility that both parents carry the mutated gene necessary in developing the disorder. Genetic testing would enable couples to determine if they possess the gene thereby possibly preventing the birth of child with Hurler syndrome. There are also various support groups that could help parents with their experiences in taking care of children with Hurler syndrome. People with hurler syndrome can contact the organizations listed below for assistance and further information: - Society for MPS Diseases -> www.mpssociety.co.uk - The National MPS Society -> www.mpssociety.org - Canadian Society for MPS and associated Diseases -> www.mpssociety.ca

<urn:uuid:c0b1e081-eb60-4ebb-ae63-f264c84dc1d3>

CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://www.allhealthsite.com/hurler-syndrome-signs-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-prognosis.html

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We reviewed the evidence that acupuncture, acupressure, laser therapy or electrical stimulation help people who are trying to stop smoking. Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese therapy, generally using fine needles inserted through the skin at specific points in the body. Needles may be stimulated by hand or using an electric current (electroacupuncture). Related therapies, in which points are stimulated without the use of needles, include acupressure, laser therapy and electrical stimulation. Needles and acupressure may be used just during treatment sessions, or continuous stimulation may be provided by using indwelling needles or beads or seeds taped to to acupressure points. The aim of these therapies is to reduce the withdrawal symptoms that people experience when they try to quit smoking. The review looked at trials comparing active treatments with sham treatments or other control conditions including advice alone, or an effective treatment such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or counselling. Sham treatment involves inserting needles or applying pressure to other points of the body not believed to have an active effect, or using dummy needles that do not go through the skin, or inactive laser or electrical stimulation devices. Using this type of control means that the patients should not know whether they are receiving active treatment or not. To assess whether there was a sustained benefit in helping people to stop smoking we looked at the proportion of people who were abstinent at least six months after quit date. We also looked at short term outcomes, up to six weeks after quit date. Evidence of benefit after six months is regarded as necessary to show that a treatment could help people stop smoking permanently. We included 38 randomised studies published up to October 2013. Trials tested a variety of different interventions and controls. The specific points used, the number of sessions and whether there was continuous stimulation varied. Three studies (393 people) compared acupuncture to a waiting list control. Nineteen studies (1,588 people) compared active acupuncture to sham acupuncture, but only 11 of these studies included long-term follow-up of six months or more. Three studies (253 people) compared acupressure to sham acupressure but none had long-term follow-up. Two trials used laser stimulation and six (634 people) used electrostimulation. The overall quality of the evidence was moderate. Three studies comparing acupuncture to a waiting list control and reporting long-term abstinence did not show clear evidence of benefit. For acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture, there was weak evidence of a small short-term benefit but not of any long-term benefit. Acupuncture was less effective than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and not shown to be better than counselling. There was limited evidence that acupressure is superior to sham acupressure in the short term but no evidence about long-term effects. In an analysis of the subgroup of trials where the treatment included continuous stimulation, those trials which used continuous acupressure to points on the ear had the largest short-term effect. The evidence from two trials using laser stimulation was inconsistent. The seven trials of electrostimulation do not suggest evidence of benefit compared to sham electrostimulation. The review did not find consistent evidence that active acupuncture or related techniques increased the number of people who could successfully quit smoking. However, some techniques may be better than doing nothing, at least in the short term, and there is not enough evidence to dismiss the possibility that they might have an effect greater than placebo. They are likely to be less effective than current evidence-based interventions. They are safe when correctly applied. Although pooled estimates suggest possible short-term effects there is no consistent, bias-free evidence that acupuncture, acupressure, or laser therapy have a sustained benefit on smoking cessation for six months or more. However, lack of evidence and methodological problems mean that no firm conclusions can be drawn. Electrostimulation is not effective for smoking cessation. Well-designed research into acupuncture, acupressure and laser stimulation is justified since these are popular interventions and safe when correctly applied, though these interventions alone are likely to be less effective than evidence-based interventions. Acupuncture and related techniques are promoted as a treatment for smoking cessation in the belief that they may reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms. The objectives of this review are to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture and the related interventions of acupressure, laser therapy and electrostimulation in smoking cessation, in comparison with no intervention, sham treatment, or other interventions. We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register (which includes trials of smoking cessation interventions identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) and AMED in October 2013. We also searched four Chinese databases in September 2013: Sino-Med, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data and VIP. Randomized trials comparing a form of acupuncture, acupressure, laser therapy or electrostimulation with either no intervention, sham treatment or another intervention for smoking cessation. We extracted data in duplicate on the type of smokers recruited, the nature of the intervention and control procedures, the outcome measures, method of randomization, and completeness of follow-up. We assessed abstinence from smoking at the earliest time-point (before six weeks) and at the last measurement point between six months and one year. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Those lost to follow-up were counted as continuing smokers. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis pooling risk ratios using a fixed-effect model. We included 38 studies. Based on three studies, acupuncture was not shown to be more effective than a waiting list control for long-term abstinence, with wide confidence intervals and evidence of heterogeneity (n = 393, risk ratio [RR] 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98 to 3.28, I² = 57%). Compared with sham acupuncture, the RR for the short-term effect of acupuncture was 1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.38), and for the long-term effect was 1.10 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.40). The studies were not judged to be free from bias, and there was evidence of funnel plot asymmetry with larger studies showing smaller effects. The heterogeneity between studies was not explained by the technique used. Acupuncture was less effective than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). There was no evidence that acupuncture is superior to psychological interventions in the short- or long-term. There is limited evidence that acupressure is superior to sham acupressure for short-term outcomes (3 trials, n = 325, RR 2.54, 95% CI 1.27 to 5.08), but no trials reported long-term effects, The pooled estimate for studies testing an intervention that included continuous auricular stimulation suggested a short-term benefit compared to sham stimulation (14 trials, n = 1155, RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.16); subgroup analysis showed an effect for continuous acupressure (7 studies, n = 496, RR 2.73, 95% CI 1.78 to 4.18) but not acupuncture with indwelling needles (6 studies, n = 659, RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.69). At longer follow-up the CIs did not exclude no effect (5 trials, n = 570, RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.74). The evidence from two trials using laser stimulation was inconsistent and could not be combined. The combined evidence on electrostimulation suggests it is not superior to sham electrostimulation (short-term abstinence: 6 trials, n = 634, RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.46; long-term abstinence: 2 trials, n = 405, RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.23).

<urn:uuid:dedc98f6-b1d9-43c9-a958-3d876262d095>

CC-MAIN-2016-26

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Focus on the process (rather than the goal) of play. Ask exploratory questions that help extend the child’s play. - A child is making honking noises as he pushes a truck. Teacher: “Where is that truck going?” or “That is such a noisy truck. What is it honking at?” - A child holds a baby doll in the kitchen play area. Teacher: “What does the baby like to eat?” Elaborate and build on children’s play or interests. Make comments, offer new and varied materials. - A child is busy racing and crashing trains. Teacher: “Those trains really must be in a hurry. I wonder what they are doing.” - For children who enjoy the creative arts table (and to attract children who don’t), offer varied art situations to support explorations, such as sponges, rollers, and different textures to paint on. This builds on children’s interests while extending the types of experiences they have. - Talk about what the children are doing or ask questions to support and extend their play. Teacher: “You are washing that baby. She must have been dirty,” “I wonder where that pig is going now. Is he hungry?” Reflect the emotions children express in their play and actions. This labels and validates children’s feelings. - A child stomps away from a peer who is using her favorite truck. Teacher: “It made you really angry when Jacob took your dump truck.” - A child sits quietly in a corner soon after her parent has left. Her head is down, and she is not engaged. Teacher: “You really miss your mommy. She always comes back to get you. It’s OK to miss your mommy when you’re at school.” Define the problem. Help children learn negotiation skills. Encourage them to think about alternatives. - Two children are tugging on a ball. Teacher: “It looks like you both want that ball. What can you do to work this out?” If the children are too young or lack the verbal abilities to verbalize a solution, the teacher can try to define the conflict and offer an alternative: “It looks like you both want that ball. Here is another one just like it that one of you can use.” - One child grabs a marker away from another child, who then cries. Teacher: “It looks like there is a problem here. Can each of you say what just happened?” If children are young and lack verbal abilities, the teacher can say, “It looks like you both need that marker. Next time, you can tell Lupe, ‘That’s mine!’” At the same time, she offers another marker. - All of the desired toys are being used in the context of a pretend play situation. If a child looks around for a toy to use but is not engaged, suggest alternatives. Teacher: “This rolling pin can be a pretend phone” or “ This scarf would make a warm blanket.” Provide varied materials to encourage exploration and play. - Provide materials not usually found at home—finger paints, a variety of musical instruments, dress-up clothes, and hammer toys. These allow children to engage in open-ended and exploratory play. - Supply natural and synthetic materials—feathers, leaves, sand, water, shaving cream (in the water table), Styrofoam, scarves, stickers. These provide a range of opportunities for exploration and play. - Add “real life” toys, like kitchen utensils, blankets and pillows, and medical kits, that provide opportunities for symbolic play and to work out fears. Provide open-ended materials for play. - Wooden blocks, Legos and other building toys, and playdough all provide children with open-ended stimuli that allow them to play as they choose. - Add props to encourage pretend play—people or animal figures in the block area, baby dolls or plastic dishes in the water table.

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The Content and Uses of Shuttle Cost Estimates NSIAD-93-115: Published: Jan 28, 1993. Publicly Released: Mar 2, 1993. - Full Report: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) estimates of the space shuttle's average cost per flight and marginal cost per flight, focusing on: (1) the costs NASA included or excluded from each estimate; and (2) how NASA should allocate these costs to payload missions that are transported to space in the shuttle. GAO found that: (1) the average cost per flight, estimated at $413.5 million in fiscal year 1993, includes most costs that NASA budgets as shuttle operations; (2) the average cost does not include any of the $30.2 billion spent through 1992 to develop the shuttle, acquire reusable hardware, and construct and modify facilities; (3) the average cost per flight does not include the more than $1 billion that NASA estimates will be needed annually for future shuttle upgrades and for improvements; (4) NASA estimated the marginal cost savings associated with deleting a single flight at $44.4 million; (5) NASA states that fixed costs required to maintain the capability to fly the shuttle eight or nine times per year account for 90 percent of the total operations cost of a flight; and (6) NASA uses the marginal cost per flight when attributing shuttle transportation costs to payloads because the elimination of a single flight in a given year would allow NASA to avoid only incremental costs. Recommendation for Executive Action Status: Closed - Not Implemented Comments: NASA has rejected the recommendation. NASA believes that even with the use of the shuttle by the Space Station Freedom program, the shuttle would still fly six to eight missions a year. Therefore, the programs are mutually exclusive and only the cost of the incremental use of the shuttle by the space station program should be recognized. GAO rejected this position in its response to NASA in NSIAD-93-187 and NSIAD-93-208, both dated May 18, 1993. Recommendation: Although NASA should continue to use marginal cost per flight estimates to allocate shuttle transportation costs to payload missions that are only occasional users of the shuttle, the Administrator, NASA, should use the average cost per flight when calculating shuttle transportation costs for the Space Station Freedom program during those years when the station is the predominant user of shuttle capabilities. Agency Affected: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Research Committee on Sociology of Education, RC04 The promotion of social justice and democratization in education: Assessments of structural opportunities and barriers - A. Gary DWORKIN, University of Houston, United States, email@example.com - Marios VRYONIDES, European University Cyprus, firstname.lastname@example.org RC04 Liaison in Argentina Eduardo Langer, Asociación Argentina de Sociologia and Universidad Nacional de San Martín, email@example.com Volunteer at the venue Yanina Penna, firstname.lastname@example.org All Forum participants (presenters, chairs, discussants, etc.) need to pay the early registration fee by April 10, 2012, in order to be included in the programme. If not registered, their names will not appear in the Programme or Abstracts Book. Sessionsprovisional as of March 15, 2012, in alphabetical order Academic capitalism: Transformation of justice or democracy development?Academic capitalism became a rather economically profitable source for many developed countries. The world educational market has turned into a global fight among national educational systems. For example the European Union, trying to unify national systems within the limits of uniform European educational space, builds a justice formula as a guarantee of that education in any EU country corresponds to world-class requirements and facilitates the mobility of students and teachers. In Russia, justice was perceived as equal educational access guaranteed by the state at all levels, and democracy– as guaranteeing equal quality of teaching in all educational institutions irrespective of their locale and the class characteristics of the pupils. Bologna process is generated in some measure by academic capitalism in opposition to the American education system. It seeks to gain leadership in the world educational marketplace. The Bologna process creates social pressures on national educational to systems that raise issues of `justice´ and `democracy.´ Within the limits of the declared theme it would be desirable to discuss such questions as: - What is justice and democracy in national educational systems? - How has academic capitalism altered national systems? - What forms of social pressure are exerted on students, teachers, or the population? Academic choices and barriers on the transition to tertiary education: Issues of social justiceOne of the side-effects of the massification of Higher education was the transformation of the role of Higher education as a determinant of class. Simply gaining access to Higher education is an important but not a sufficient criterion of social success any more. The highest level of academic qualification is still important but not a sufficient determinant of social success in the sense that educational stratification is not only vertical but also horizontal. It has been claimed that educational choices, such as the field of study and the actual university of study, can be very important. The particular manner with which families as well as other actors influence the structuring of educational opportunities and decision making (i.e. choices) can be directly related to issues of class, gender, religion and ethnicity. For example, in many fields of study men or upper class students almost monopolize more prestigious and elite departments compared with women or lower class students who are overrepresented in fields such as humanities and social sciences. Moreover, retention– as well as admission– is related to various forms of capital, fiscal as well as cultural and social. However, choices and barriers can be very different from country to country, and are related to the specific rules and regulations governing university access, and retention policies. All in all, a session dedicated to the numerous choices people make on their transition to tertiary education, and the barriers they face, will be very useful, especially in a neo-liberal context of fiscal austerity. As the world turns: Higher education for democratic participation or status quo elitism?In today’s increasingly diverse and global marketplace, knowledge is power. Higher education changes individuals and nations. In societies around the world, despite rhetoric of equity, higher education continues to be the exclusive preserve of dominant minority elites. Durable inequality, rooted in historical, social, cultural and economic circumstances, map national patterns of inequality on to the faces and spaces of universities. Generally the more powerful are most prominent on university campuses. Paradoxically, higher education can also be a vehicle for social mobility, national development and social change. Expanded higher education in the 20th century increased economic status, influence and power for dominated individuals and nations. Despite progress universities still mirror and serve the interests of dominant elites. Privileged student’s access coveted pathways to the nation’s most prestigious leadership and economic opportunities. This session interrogates how traditional university hierarchy relates to 21st century needs, terms and contexts which demand a new order. We invite authors to examine higher education’s engagement with social justice and democratization from multiple perspectives- theoretical, critical, and empirical. Essays and studies should rigorously assess, re- imagine and re- formulate higher education. What challenges are posed by social justice and democratization? Indicate best practices for: increased participation of excluded groups; elimination of achievement gaps; improved community service and more equitable delivery of higher and tertiary education to diverse students. Is higher education truly a democratic institution? Education: A catalyst for human development, sustainable equity and enduring redress. What does it mean for developing and under-developed countries in the global 21st century? Higher education policies to promote retention and graduationOne equal opportunity pillar adopted in several countries was the expansion in the total supply of places in higher education. Although this approach has allowed students from different social classes and cultural capital backgrounds to access this level, inequality still persists in terms of their ability to obtain a degree. Moreover, students from lower socioeconomic classes are overrepresented in institutions showing low levels of public expenditure per student and a scarce professionalization of the academic staff and research careers. Cultural and economic capital barriers are reflected in high levels of non-completion rates and students that remain in the system without graduating for a number of years. The goal of this session is to discuss the international experiences of institutional and public policies to promote both retention and graduation, especially for lower-income groups and excluded populations worldwide. It focuses on those policies that affect higher education institutions, rather than the individual student, in order to promote institutional commitment to the goal of equality of outcome. Justice in schools and civic educationThis session will focus on the role of schools in the internalization of civic values and attitudes, especially democratic values and social orientations. We contend that (a) school experience is a meaningful venue through which students´ attitudes, values and beliefs are shaped and reflected in their short-and long-term behavior, and (b) a sense of distributive and procedural justice in school may contribute to the development of greater sense of trust, a more democratic orientation and behavior, and a more positive attitudes toward social welfare. We call for theoretical and empirical papers dealing with issues such as: The dimensions of a just school and their social and attitudinal antecedents and consequences at both individual and group level; the role of school in shaping perceptions of social justice in the wider society; teachers` behavior that effect students` sense of justice in school; school structural factors affecting individual and group sense of justice; the relationship between school structure, school experiences, sense of justice in school, and democratic attitude. Comparative studies in this respect are very welcomed. Leisure education: Social justice in life-long learning. Part IJoint session of RC04 Sociology of Education and RC13 Sociology of Leisure [host committee] The concept of Lifelong Learning (LLL) is connected both with the emancipation of the citizen from the confinements created by a lack of training in these special skills demanded by the new economic activities, as well as with the social cohesion. Such learning occurs both in the context of leisure activities and work-related training. In various documents –for example those produced in the aftermath of the declaration of the so-called ‘Lisbon Strategy’ in 2000 for the EU countries— the LLL was defined as every learning activity that takes place throughout one’s own life and aims at the improvement of knowledge, skills and abilities, within a framework of personal development and of personal engagement in the labor market. However, many critics argue that one core dimension of the life-long learning strategies so far implemented is the increasing cultivation of the idea of ‘personal responsibility’ for any future ‘investment’ that a person may wish to make in order to improve her/his negotiating power in a highly competitive labor market. Amidst the global financial crisis and increasing ‘downsizing’ of the Welfare State, what kind of barriers and inequalities in access to LLL do exist, in what ways are those manifested, how adult learners perceive their potentials and future educational and occupational prospects within this framework of opportunities? Papers in this session should focus particularly on the interconnection between leisure and lifelong learning. Leisure education: Social justice in life-long learning. Part IIJoint session of RC04 Sociology of Education and RC13 Sociology of Leisure [host committee] Leisure education: Social justice in life-long learning. Part IIIJoint session of RC04 Sociology of Education and RC13 Sociology of Leisure [host committee] Opportunities and barriers to educational access and equity in developed nations: Issues of race, ethnicity and immigration on schooling in a globalizing worldMuch of the content of UNESCO’s Millennium Development Goals addressed the closing of the economic and educational gaps among populations in developing nations and to ensure basic literacy and numeracy among all peoples. These are laudable goals. However, in the developed nations the gaps are less often between literacy and illiteracy, but rather in terms of access to skills that facilitate successful competition in a globalizing world. Racial and ethnic minority populations in many developed nation lag behind their majority group counterparts in essential skills that can lead to a middle-class life style. In many instances, even despite the advent of school accountability systems, minority students are more likely to experience the digital divide, attend lower-performing schools, experience academic failure, and drop out of school when compared with majority students. Additionally, immigration from developing nations has resulted in greater challenges to the schools in many developed nations. New and emerging minorities bring additional educational problems that tax the capacity of the schools to meet their needs. Some developed nations have discussed restricting further immigration and this may serve to adversely affect the educational opportunities of the new immigrants already in host countries. The proposed session would examine access and equity in obtaining quality educational opportunities in developed nations, including the effect of barriers to educational quality experienced by racial and ethnic minorities and new immigrant populations in developed nations. Special attention should be paid to the issue of how social changes in a nation (both inside and outside of education) affect educational policies and the likelihood of democratization of education. RC04 Business Meeting RC04 Sociology of Education Round Table Session: Issues of democracy and justice in education - RC04 Round Table 1: Democracy - RC04 Round Table 2: Teachers and schooling - RC04 Round Table 3: Educational issues in Latin America - RC04 Round Table 4: Educational issues of globalization - RC04 Round Table 5: Issues of ethics in education Round Table Social justice and participation: The role of higher education. Part IJoint session of RC04 Sociology of Education and RC10 Participation, Organizational Democracy and Self-Management [host committee] The purpose of the session is to continue the debate and exchange started during the conference jointly organized by RC4 and RC10 in 2011 on the issue. Papers are invited that consider ways in which higher education plays a role in facilitating social justice and democratic participation, and ways in which hurdles in access to higher education and inequalities may hinder social justice and participation. Papers may consider issues of higher education, social justice, and participation in particular regions or countries, as well as make cross-cultural comparisons. Round Table Social justice and participation: The role of higher education. Part IIJoint session of RC04 Sociology of Education and RC10 Participation, Organizational Democracy and Self-Management [host committee] Round Table Social justice and participation: The role of higher education. Part IIIJoint session of RC04 Sociology of Education and RC10 Participation, Organizational Democracy and Self-Management [host committee] Social compromise in higher education for social cohesionThe spectacular development of higher education coexists with high levels of exclusion, poverty, inequality, and insufficient development in education that limit the opportunities of people to progress in life, weaken the social fabric, and reduce the impact of the advances attained in the betterment of the population’s material conditions. The basic imbalances in equality tend to accentuate the selective character of the universities and other HEI and produce undesirable effects in the redistribution of knowledge that are progressively more necessary for carrying out responsible citizenship. The present challenge will be to find integration strategies that respect the local values and rescue them, so that the different formulas of institutions are able to dialogue with people who reflect on these measures without imposing exogenous models, thus allowing definition of priorities to recover their rich history so as to transform educative policies that contribute to a more equal society and to discovering paths for the integration which, based on rigorous social research, propose new kinds of linkage with the society from which they are generated. Social distinctions and gender patterns in higher education and opportunities and barriers on the labor marketIs increasing individualization in late modernity related to the issues of gender equality, possibilities and barriers created and institutionalised within higher education? Are there any signs of change in the contemporary strongly gender-divided higher education system? It is a paradox that in spite of policies of social justice and democracy in many countries, traditional gender patterns in higher education are still strong. In spite of increasing individualization and no restrictions in choice, the students still choose traditional gender set paths: female dominate, care sciences and male the technique and engineering sciences. Eventually the product of higher education, white collar workers, will enter/affect the labour market, reproducing gender patters, affirming it as mainstream. The 2007 University Reform, based on the Bologna process (and similar), aims to promote student’s employability. This fact opens up for many questions to discuss. Is there a risk that breaking traditional gender and class patterns becomes harder within higher education as well as on the labour market as these two fields become increasingly closer connected? Is it possible and appropriate to actively try to influence students’ choice of education? Social inequalities and secondary education: Theories, methods and research findingsIn this session, papers will examine how social inequalities- such as social class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.- interplay with young people’s educational and social participation in state and private secondary schools. Papers will alternatively present theoretical analyses, methodological approaches, or research findings. The first type of papers will offer theoretical reflections on how social and educational inequalities in secondary schooling have been or could be studied. These papers will offer theoretical insights that would foster debates around the nature and scope of these complex relationships. The methodological papers will focus on how research on these issues has been carried out. The focus of these contributions should revolve around the challenges, limits and possibilities of different methodological approaches to study social and educational inequalities at secondary school level. Finally, the third strand of papers will present research results, whether from qualitative and/or quantitative perspectives. The democratic schooling: Limits, possibilities, and consequences, and national agendas in a globalizing worldPapers in this session will combine two themes: limits and possibilities of democratic schooling within a society and the structural impacts of globalization-driven population mobility on the likelihood of democratic schooling. There is disagreement as to whether education can ever be a totally democratic process. However there are expectations that at least some aspects of the school, and of the behaviors of those within it (such as principals and teachers), can be democratic, and that these will have positive consequences for teacher morale and productivity, and for student engagement and academic performance. Potential papers might include studies of democratic (or less democratic) practices in school administration, curriculum, or teaching practices and their outcomes. Furthermore, papers may address the relationship between the level of democratic school environment on specific issues such as teacher stress or burnout, or student misbehavior. Papers should try to discuss the potential policy implications of their findings. National agendas for democratic schooling increasingly respond to globalising processes. The movements of people and ideas make borders and boundaries appear more porous at the same time that nation states re-imagine themselves in their uniqueness and separateness. Many nations are embracing change and education is the vehicle through which this change is being shaped and realised. Other nations seek to reassert a sense of stability and risk reduction in the face of change and the challenges this presents. These ‘openings and closings’ reveal the structural opportunities and barriers to democratization processes in education. In this session we aim to explore the ways in which processes of globalisation impact on nation states across a diverse range of contexts and how these relate to conceptions of social justice and citizenship education. The policies for tertiary education: Does diversification mean democratization?Latin American countries developed policies to expand and diversify tertiary education and in many cases they succeeded. The session would discuss this expansion and diversification and the social tensions and disputes involved both in the accession of poor and low middle class people to university and in the value associated to different kind of diplomas.- The role of professional ethics in promoting social compromise. Part I The role of professional ethics in promoting social compromise. Part II Twenty years of educational democratization in Taiwan: Forms and consequencesSince the lift of martial law in 1987, calls for democratization had swept through Taiwan, and the field of education was no exception. The government adopted the ‘educational democratization’ propaganda from grassroots groups in early 1990s and has made it one of the priority guidelines for policymaking ever since then. Unfortunately enough, the concept of educational democratization was never fully discussed before it was put into practice. As a result, it could speak for almost everything. For example, some radical nationalists took it as promoting local studies curriculum, while most liberalists equated it to promoting student rights, and still some of communitarians considered it as promoting multicultural education. For the past score, these ‘democratic’ reforms have brought consequences, structurally and culturally, with good and bad results. There were indeed related researches, but those with theoretical focus on social justice were found lacking in systematicness. In view of this, it is relevant to call for discussions on this topic at the moment.

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Travel Guide: History of Warsaw Poland The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided in 1281 by Boleslaus II, the Duke of Płock, a new similar settlement was lodged on the grounds of a small fishing village called Warszowa. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, in 1413 becoming the capital of Masovia. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526. In 1529 Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent since 1569. In 1573 Warsaw gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, an agreement by the Polish gentry to tolerate different religious faiths in the Kingdom of Due to its central location between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of Vilna and Cracow, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and at the same time of the Polish Crown in 1596, when King Sigismund III Vasa moved the capital from Cracow. Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of New East Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1807, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Copyright LukeTravels.com - Luke Handzlik All Rights Reserved. Following the decisions of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of the Polish Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia. Following the repeated violations of the Polish constitution by the Russians, the 1830 November Uprising broke out. However, the Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of the Kingdom's autonomy. On 27 February 1861 a Warsaw crowd protesting the Russian rule over Poland was fired upon by the Russian troops. Five people were killed. The Underground Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during January Uprising in 1863-1864. Warsaw became the capital of the newly independent Poland again in Warsaw flourished in the late nineteenth century under Mayor Sokrates Starynkiewicz (1875–1892), a Russian-born general appointed by Tsar Alexander III. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer William Lindley and his son, William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernization of trams, street lighting and gas works. In the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, the huge Battle of Warsaw was fought on the Eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital of Poland was successfully defended and the Red Army defeated. Warsaw Photo Gallery Preview Warsaw has been devastated many times in its history. Having suffered dreadful damage during the Swedish and Prussian wars of 1655–1656, it was again assaulted in 1794, when the Russian army massacred the population of the right-bank suburb of Praga. A large part of it was destroyed during the Second World War. The city would be rebuilt in the following decades. The Second World War began when Germany invaded western Poland on 1 September 1939. On 17 September eastern Poland was invaded by the USSR. Poland capitulated after 6 weeks of fighting. Western Poland was incorporated into the German Reich, eastern Poland into the USSR, while central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a Nazi colonial administration. In the course of the Invasion of Poland, Warsaw was severely bombed, and in the course of the Siege of Warsaw approximately 10 to 15% of its buildings were destroyed. Warsaw became an occupied city under the control of the Nazi Wehrmacht and SS. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population — several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city — herded into the Warsaw Ghetto. When the order came to liquidate the Ghetto as part of Hitler's "final solution", Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, the survivors were massacred. During 1943 and 1944 the tide of the war turned, as the USSR, which had been at war with Germany since 1941, inflicted a number of severe defeats on the German army. By July 1944 the Soviets were deep into the Polish territory, pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government-in-exile based in London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize the control of Warsaw from the Nazis just before the Soviets arrive. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Soviet army was nearing the city very fast, the Home Army and the general population started the Warsaw Uprising. Despite Stalin's hostility towards Poland, the Poles had expected that the Soviet troops would assist them against their common German enemy. However, after the Red Army captured the right-bank Warsaw, the Soviet offensive was abruptly stopped, while the Germans went on to ruthlessly suppress the uprising. Although the insurgency, planned to last 48 hours, held out for 63 days, eventually the Home Army fighters were forced to capitulate. They were transported to the POW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Hitler, ignoring the negotiated terms of the capitulation, ordered the entire city to be razed to the ground, and the library and museum collections robbed or burned. When on 17 January 1945 the Soviets crossed the Vistula and entered through the left-bank, they found a Warsaw that had almost ceased to exist; 85% of the city had been destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle. The surviving Home Army fighters were rounded up by the NKVD and either murdered or deported to Siberia. The city was once considered a shining metropolis, but due to total destruction, it has lost its baroque tinge. Although many of the destroyed significant historical buildings were restored, little remains of the resplendence of Warsaw baroque. After the war, Boleslaw Bierut's puppet regime set up by Stalin made Warsaw the capital of the communist People's Republic of Poland, and the city was resettled and rebuilt. Large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage. Few of the inhabitants of the pre-war Poland returned: Hundreds of thousands were dead, thousands more in exile from the new regime. Nonetheless, the city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto UNESCO's World Heritage list. Travel Guide: History of Warsaw: Timeline Warsaw has existed for more than 700 years. The exact date of the origin of the town is not known, since there is no written document preserved about it. About 12000 years BC: first human life sightings in the area of today Warsaw 700-400 years BC: cemetery of Luzycka Culture in Grochow X century AD: castle on Brodno existed. Archeologists have ascertained that by the 10th century a fortress built of wood and earth existed in Brodno, where one of Warsaw's housing estates is now situated. On both banks of the Vistula, burial grounds from the Paleolithic age were discovered. The first ever mention of the trading post, Kamion, on the right bank of the river dates back to 1065. A settlement on the left bank was named 1065: Boleslaw Smialy gives the village Kamion to Benedictians from Mogilno 1262: attack on the duke's castle in Jazdow (today Ujazdow). 1281: Bolesaw II attacks Jazdow the oldest entry mentioning the Warsaw town refers to the founding of St. George's Church the trial between the Polish king Casimir the Great and the Teutonic Order was held in Warsaw before a papal tribunal, from February 4 to August 15. The Teutonic Knights had been accused of the illegal capture of Pomerania and the Chelm foundation of New Warsaw, north from the city walls - New Town Warsaw became the capital of Mazovia death of the last duke of Mazovia the act of incorporation of Warsaw into Polish Crown together with Mazovia Warsaw's first Sejm Walny takes place Sejm of Polish and Lithuanian Kingdom takes place building of first bridge on Vistula River, directed by Erazm Czioto (Giotto) Warsaw became the place of Polish and Lithuanian royal elections Stefan Batory receives tribute from Jerzy Fryderyk premiere of first polish tragedy/drama/play "Odprawa Poslow Greckich" written by Jan Kochanowski takes place on the grounds of Warsaw became the capital of the federation of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish - construction of the first city sewer system with collectors on Nalewka triumphant entry to Warsaw of Hetmana Stefana Zolkiewskiego after victorious war with Moscow. Tzar Wasyl Szujski and his brothers were brought as captives building of Zygmunt's military structures building of Rzeczpospolita's Arsenal the Column, a monument to Sigismund III Vasa was erected by his son Ladislaus founding of Praga, a district of Warsaw on the east bank of Vistula capitulation of city -- Swedish occupation causes a huge demolition of the city. first polish periodical magazine "Merkuriusz Polski" foundation of first polish astronomical observatory in Ujazdow by Tytus Liwiusz Burattini first post office in Warsaw - on the Krzywe Kolo Street opening of Marywil - modern market halls with luxurious towers construction begins of the 1.5 km long Saxon Axis (Saxon Garden and Saxon 2.5 km long Calvary Road from 3 Crosses Square to Belveder the opening of the Colegium Nobilium, an exclusive military college creation of "Komisja Brukowa" with marshal Bielinski as its chairman opening of Zaluski's Library opening of first Theater -- Operalnia coronation of Stanislaw August Poniatowski at the Warsaw Cathedral creation of "Komisja Dobrego Porzadku" (a police unit) opening of National Theater foundation of Knight's School first lanterns appear on streets of Warsaw creation of "Komisja Edukacji Narodowej" - first in the world ministry of begining of Great Sejm Powazkowski cemetery founded - first communal cemetery Sejm resolves the law of cities on April 19th, which equalizes laws of townsmen with the first democratic constitution in Europe and the second in the world was voted on May 3 by the Sejm occupation of Warsaw by Prussian army foundation of Warszawskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciol Nauk (academic capital of Warsaw duchery Warsaw becomes capital of "Krolestwo Kongresowe" which was a part of Russia. University of Warsaw founded foundation of Bank Polski opening of Teatr Wielki (Great Theater) in new building constant fire brigade the inauguration of the first part of the rail-link between Warsaw and construction of sewers construction of a gas-plant opening of Szkola Glowna (central school) construction of first steel bridge on Vistula River first horse-powered tram first rail bridge start of modern filters, waterworks and city canalization opening of Politechnika Warszawska opening of Filharmonia Warszawska start of Warsaw power-station initiation of electric traction for city trams Warsaw becomes again, on November 11, the capital of Poland after regaining Warsaw reached a level of 1 million inhabitants first audition of Polish Radio first piano contest in the name of Fryderyk Chopin first experimental television the defense of Warsaw against the German invasion during the Second World War, lasting from September 6.II - Pabst plan "Warschau die neue deutsche Stadt" - technical plan of demolition of Warsaw by the Nazis 2.X. - creation by German occupant Jewish district 19.IV - insurrection in Warsaw Ghetto 63 days of the Warsaw Uprising which lasted from July 1 to November 2. Entire population of Warsaw left the Warsaw as Hitler planned to destroy the 1.VIII-2.X - 63 days of Warsaw Insurrection 14.IX - liberation of Warsaw district "Praga" 2.X-16.I - Warsaw is completely demolished by Germans by special division of Vernichtungskommando troops of the First Polish Army entered the town on January 17. People returned to their capital en masse and proceeded to rebuilt Warsaw from ashes 17.I - divisions of the First Army of Polish Army come to right-sided July - opening of first reconstructed bridge on river Vistula July - opening of W-Z Route with a second reconstructed bridge subway construction begins end of reconstruction of the Old Town 1956: second time in its history population exceeds 1 million of inhabitants reconstruction of the Royal Castle begins Warsaw Site Menu Warsaw Main Page | Warsaw Photo Gallery | Warsaw Facts | Attractions and Sights | Warsaw's Royal Castle | History of Warsaw | How to Get There - Air and Hotel Info | Krakow Site Auschwitz Site | Contact Us | LukeTravels.com

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Behind the buzz and beyond the hype: Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles Posted: Nov 21, 2006 Textile transistors to create truly wearable electronics (Nanowerk Spotlight) If current research is an indicator, wearable electronics will go far beyond just very small electronic devices. Not only will such devices be embedded on textile substrates, but an electronics device or system could become the fabric itself. Electronics textiles will allow the design and production of a new generation of garments with distributed sensors and electronic functions. Such e-textiles will have the revolutionary ability to sense, act, store, emit, and move (think biomedical monitoring functions or new man-machine interfaces) while leveraging an existing low-cost textile manufacturing infrastructure. Today, only a few steps towards new architectural possibilities of realizing circuit topologies that can be implemented with textile technique have been made: one an example of nonplanar devices and one of textile based devices. Researchers in Italy have now developed an organic field effect transistor (OFET) fully compatible with textile processing techniques. Dr. Annalisa Bonfiglio's lab at the University of Cagliari in Italy is working on the assembly of electronic devices and circuits on textile substrates. This can be done by following two alternative approaches: a "top down" one, consisting of assembling devices to transfer on textile substrates and a "bottom up" approach consisting of assembling an electronic fabric starting from electronically functionalized textile basic components. Top down approach Organic semiconductors (polymers and oligomers), having the electrical properties of semiconductors and the mechanical properties of plastics, are good candidates for realizing flexible transistors, suitable to be transferred on unconventional substrates as textiles. Fiber integration issues, however, are very challenging. Patterning in particular, is a significant concern. While fiber transistors could be fabricated using conventional lithography, these would have limited scalability to large volume textile processing. What is required is an e-textile technology that facilitates the fabrication of fiber transistors in a textile-compatible, highly scalable manner. Previously, based on a completely flexible and transparent polyester film, Bonfiglio's lab has studied a "transistor in a fiber" realized by glueing this film on a textile ribbon, in order to obtain a flexible yarn that could be employed in a textile process (for more details see "Organic Field Effect Transistors for Textile Applications"). Here the polyester film is the insulator layer of the field-effect transistor (FET) structure as well as the mechanical support of the whole structure. "In particular, we have demonstrated the possibility of obtaining a cylindrical organic thin film transistor that, due to the employed materials and the dimensions, can be used in a textile process such as weaving or knitting" she says. (a) Structure of the cylindrical OFET. (b) Optical microscope image of the channel area. (Reprinted with permission from the American Institute of Physics) The cylindrical OFETs have been obtained starting from a metallic fiber used in textile processes. The metal core of the yarn, covered with a thin polyimide layer, is the gate of the structure. A top-contact device was obtained by depositing a layer of organic semiconductor followed by the deposition of source and drain top contacts, made by metals or conductive polymers, deposited by evaporation or soft lithography. This transistor has shown very interesting performances, with typical values of the electronic parameters mobility, threshold, Ion / Ioff ratio very similar to those of planar devices. Bonfiglio explains the potential of this research to Nanowerk: "More than solving a problem, the possibility of making a transistor in yarn form paves the way to an entire new group of applications and offers the possibility to leverage existing textile technology for building electronic circuits. For example, with weaving technology (the simplest way to make a fabric), one can build a matrix of crossing yarns: if each of these yarn bares a series of transistors, each node of the textile matrix can be singularly addressed. If each node bares a sensor or a led, then it is possible to read or write the matrix one 'node-pixel' per time. In this way, a flexible and wearable electronic platform can be produced." Bonfiglio is currently coordinating an EU-funded 6th framework project called ProeTEX that focuses on textile-based MicroNano technologies to develop textile and fiber based integrated smart wearables for emergency disaster intervention personnel with a goal of improving their safety, coordination and efficiency and additional systems for injured civilians aimed at optimising their survival management. Previously, Bonfiglio's Eolab was involved in two projects that explored the feasibility of textile transistors: A 2003 EU-funded IST-FET (Information Societies - Future and Emerging Technologies) program called ARIANNE - Feasibility study of yARns and fabrIcs with ANNexed Electronic functions; and FIRB, funded by the Italian Bureau of Scientific Research, a project for the development of technologies for implementation of electronic components and devices on textile substrates.

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With $1.4 million in funding from the NSF, Philip Goode, distinguished professor of physics and director of NJIT's Solar-Terrestrial Research Center, is leading a team in building the world's largest optical telescope designed for solar research. The image above, right is a perspective drawing of the new telescope. The light path through the telescope is shown in green. The team, in collaboration with the University of Hawaii, will upgrade Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) by replacing its principal, 65 cm aperture telescope with a modern, off-axis 1.6 m clear aperture instrument from a 1.7 m blank. The new telescope offers a significant incremental improvement in ground-based infrared and high angular resolution capabilities, and enhances the center's continuing program to understand photospheric magneto-convection and chromospheric dynamics. These are the drivers for what is broadly called space weather -- an important problem, which impacts human technologies and life on earth. The highest resolution solar telescopes currently operating are in the sub-meter class, and have diffraction limits which allow them to resolve features larger than 100~km in size on the sun. They are often photon-starved in the study of dynamic events because of the competing need for diffraction limited spatial resolution, short exposure times to minimize seeing effects, and high spectral resolution to resolve line profiles. See a powerpoint program on the new solar telescope.

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Cook's voyages to the Pacific VOYAGES OF THE RESOLUTION Although the observation of the transit of Venus did not provide the clear results that had been hoped for (owing to the phenomenon known as 'black drop effect', which made it difficult to determine the exact moment at which Venus began to cross the edge of the sun), Cook's expedition was a great success. The extensive natural history and ethnographic collections gathered by Banks' party, the useful maps, charts, views and drawings that had been created, the scientific readings and accurate calculations of longitude for many parts of the Pacific, and the new territories claimed for Britain — all these successes provided powerful arguments for a speedy return voyage to the South Seas. Cook appended an argument (and even an itinerary) for just such a voyage to his Endeavour journal before handing it over to the Admiralty on his return in 1771. The program he outlined — to finally resolve whether the Great South Land of legend actually existed — became the principal aim of the next voyage, but the opportunity to test the effectiveness of chronometers in establishing longitude was also pursued. Two ships were chosen for this second Cook expedition of 1772–75, a precaution warranted by the Endeavour's near destruction on the Great Barrier Reef in June 1770. The ships were named HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure. Cook was captain of the Resolution, the larger and faster ship of the two, and Tobias Furneaux, who had been on the voyage that discovered Tahiti in 1767, was captain of the Adventure. It had also been Banks' intention to return to the Pacific in the Resolution, and he paid for considerable additions to the ship's accommodations. When these works were found to have made the ship unseaworthy, they were summarily removed and although Banks protested to the First Lord of the Admiralty, and even to the king, they were not restored. Banks withdrew from the voyage, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg were given the role of 'Scientific Gentlemen' on board the Resolution instead. The long-case astronomical regulator, made by John Shelton, that features in the exhibition was carried by Cook aboard the Resolution on both his second and third voyages to the South Seas. Regulators were accurate clocks used specifically for timing astronomical events, such as transit observations, to the exact second; this regulator is one of five created by Shelton for the Royal Society for the purpose of timing the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769. The regulator measures sidereal time (time measured from the apparent movement of the stars) instead of solar time (time measured from the apparent movement of the sun). In 1828 this regulator was used to compare the strength of gravity at both the top and bottom of a mine in an attempt to find the density of the Earth. Right: Regulator carried by Cook on the Resolution made by John Shelton, London, about 1769, with replica tripod stand. The Royal Society. While the regulator was extremely accurate, it could only be used on land. Until John Harrison produced his chronometer H4 in 1759, no simple and effective method existed for accurately calculating longitude at sea. (H4 was the fourth model Harrison created in his pursuit of £20,000 prize offered by the Board of Longitude for an accurate method of keeping time at sea.) In the absence of accurate readings of longitude, maps were inaccurate, ships were wrecked and lives were lost. The nautical tables provided in 1767 by Nevil Maskelyne, Astronomer Royal, Fellow of the Royal Society and member of the Board of Longitude, had been used by Cook to perform the mathematically complicated but effective method of calculating longitude based on lunar distances during the Endeavour voyage, and his maps of the South Seas were much more useful as a result. H4 had undergone sea trials in 1761 and been awarded an interim prize of £2500 by the Board of Longitude, but the Board demanded further tests. Larcum Kendall, a British clockmaker, was commissioned by the Board to create a copy of H4, and astronomer William Wales was appointed to oversee the trial of Kendall's chronometer, known as K1, aboard the Resolution. The timepiece passed with flying colours. Cook took another three timepieces with him — two for his companion ship, the Adventure, and a second for the Resolution. All three had been made by John Arnold. The two Arnold chronometers included in the exhibition were both made in 1771 and used aboard the Adventure. None of the Arnold timekeepers were as reliable as K1, which may account for their preservation in the Royal Society's collection: accurate timepieces were too valuable not to be used, and K1 would later travel with Governor Arthur Phillip on the voyage of the First Fleet to New South Wales in 1788. Particularly fascinating for its glimpse of relations between the Royal Society's Fellows is the letter from Daines Barrington to Dr Charles Blagden, dated 26 June 1775. Barrington's letter informed Blagden — a Fellow and later Secretary of the Society — of news he had just received of Cook's arrival at the Cape of Good Hope on 22 March, noting that in a voyage of 28 months not a single person had been lost to sickness, many new islands had been discovered, and 260 new plants and 200 new animals had been collected. The letter mentions the work of the expedition's landscape painter, William Hodges, as masterly, and provides possibly the first record of Cook's attitude to Omai, a young Polynesian man who had accompanied the Adventure on its return to Britain in 1774.Barrington tells us that Cook considered Omai to be 'a very great blackguard' (a term used to denote his low social status) and advises Blagden not to disclose this particular detail to 'his patient', Joseph Banks, for fear that Banks might call Cook out to a duel. In a postscript, Barrington, who was also a Fellow of the Society, added that Cook had found Kendall's watch (K1), together with the lunar tables, to be a 'most faithful guide' during the voyage. The breathless tone of Barrington's letter to Blagden conveys the excitement and expectation with which the arrival of the Resolution was greeted, and the voyage's successes ensured that a third expedition would proceed, this time to investigate whether a navigable passage existed at high northern latitudes between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Such a passage, if it existed, would greatly facilitate trade, and so, in 1776, Captain Cook sailed once more for the Pacific in the Resolution to resolve yet another major geographical question. This time he was accompanied by the Discovery under Captain Charles Clarke. The third voyage had the additional purpose of returning Omai to the Pacific. Next to Barrington's letter is a Tahitian–English dictionary. Found in the papers of Sir Charles Blagden (although he may not have compiled it), the dictionary consists of an unbound sheaf of 20 sheets of paper, each folded in half to create 40 'pages'. It lists words in English followed by the equivalent in Tahitian, with pronunciation stresses indicated. Additional papers relating to the dictionary, which may be the rough notes from which a clean copy was drawn, contain the phrase 'Omai taiomaitai no Asoso', which translates as 'Omai friend good of Asoso'. Asoso was the name Omai gave Surgeon William Anderson, whom he met on Cook's second voyage and travelled back to the Pacific with on the third voyage. The last item in this section is Captain Cook's magnifying glass, another object drawn from the Museum's National Historical Collection. It was purchased at auction in 2006 and had once belonged to William Bayly, the astronomer on the Adventure during the second voyage, and on the Discovery and then on the Resolution during the third. Bayly bequeathed the magnifying glass to his 'pupil, friend and executor' Mark Beaufoy. Many years later Beaufoy's son purchased a silver reliquary to hold it; he inscribed the lid with various details, noting that the magnifying glass had been given to Bayly by Cook. Bayly may have acquired the magnifying glass at the sale of Cook's personal possessions that was held by his shipmates after his death in Hawai'i on 14 February 1779. Or it may have originally belonged to Omai, who was given a magnifying glass at a Royal Society dinner in 1776. He may have presented it to Cook or another of his friends on board the Resolution when he left the ship at Huahine in 1777.

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( Originally Published 1920 ) MAN'S earliest attempts at decoration were by the incised method applied to the walls of his cave, as well as the sides of the great monolithic stones he used in worship, which he adorned with dots, rings, circular cup-like hollows and curving lines. But when mud walls began to be built, frequently with courses of stone or wattle-work peeping out, the desire to ornament them with bands of shells, patches of coloured stones stuck in the soft material (just as we see to this day in the flint-faced cottages of East Anglia) must have been irresistible. It is probably in this way that the art of using small pieces of contrastingly coloured stone, bedded in the surface of a building in order to produce a pattern, originated. At all events, specimens of this style, even of a refined character, go back to remote periods in Egypt, and Layard found ivory and gold tesseræ in Nimroud. Pliny, mentioning the use of mosaics in Rome, says that Scylax first introduced " stone-laid work " about 80 B.C. It rapidly spread, and from the time of Constantine the Great (A.D. 320) onward the art assumed enormous importance, both on account of the frequency with which its aid was sought in embellishing public and private buildings, and the high perfection in design and execution to which it was brought. Of the making of mosaics, as we have said, there are, if not endless, certainly many ways. If the Egyptians and Assyrians employed small regularly shaped cubes, in Rome and other places squares and oblongs, triangular and circular pieces, pentagons, hexagons, octagons and other geometrical figures were called into service, and much effective work was accomplished with small and large irregularly shaped pieces. Moreover, the contrasting materials differed widely both as regards periods and locality. We find the Romans adorning the vaults and ceilings of the Baths of Caracalla with plain black and white mosaics. In some cases the ceiling was framed round with lines and foliage, then the whole surface divided up into big oblong panels with intersecting small circles and squares, the oblongs containing coarsely drawn gigantic figures of athletes very spirited in appearance, the smaller panels filled in with laurel wreaths, a discus or other article used in the circus and training school. Such simple contrasts scarcely satisfied the taste for luxury, and so both large and small tesseræ of coloured marbles, alabaster, and other costly stones rapidly came into fashion and long remained popular, though component parts often differed according to locality. This adaptation of materials close at hand for decorative purposes is quaintly and strikingly illustrative in the volcanic mosaics. In these cases, lava of different shades is cut into thin slabs, divided into cubes, or broken up into irregular fragments, the fine grained surface being highly polished, and then, imbedded in plaster, elaborate designs produced. Perhaps the best specimens of this style are to be seen on the Duomo and great cloisters of Monreale in Sicily, constructed out of lava belched forth from Etna and brought in a molten flood to the very hands of the designers. Other notable examples are to be seen in the churches of Amalfi and Ravello from the lava cast out from Vesuvius, and in those of the puy-du-Dome from material deposited in past ages by long since extinct craters. Another school, that of the Easternised Greeks of Byzantium, fired by the sensuous glories of Asia, added glass as a predominating material, thus introducing the most vivid colours, scintillating effects, and the marvellous foil of gold beneath clear or tinted vitrious glazes. A variation on this is introduced with the use of small self-coloured glazed tiles, or tiles decorated with filigree patterns. Ciampini, who has probably written most fully and learnedly upon the subject, divides the art of mosaic into four great classes. Tesselatum consists of small cubes of marble in. square (tesserae), usually black and white and worked into geometrical patterns, and sectile is composed of slices of marble (sectilia), generally employed to produce broad effects, rarely for elaborate subjects. Both of these, our author puts down as pavement work. But, as we have seen, black and white mosaics were used in the vaulted roofs of the Baths of Caracalla. The third class is figilnum, known in Italy as lavoro di smalto, fictile work, composed of very small fragments of a compound of silica and alumina, coloured by oxides, and, of course, produced in the glass-maker's furnace. In this way, any colour can be obtained, with great brilliance and softness. This is used on walls and vaulted spaces. Vermiculatum is a mixture of cubes of coloured marbles (figilnum), gold beneath enamel, and even precious stones employed to produce complete pictures, with human figures, animals, plants and so on in their natural colour. This, too, is for adorning walls and ceilings. A fifth class is the opus Grecanicum, consisting of incrustation in grooves cut in white marble, or other stone, of tiny cubes of coloured and gilded smalto, together with cubes of serpentine, porphyry and other costly materials. It is usually handled to produce conventional and geometrical designs, in thin ribbons, broad bands or smallish panels, outlining the semi-circle of an arch, or embellishing its intrados, ringing the capital of a pillar, emphasising a window or lending colour and distinction wherever most needed. Opus Grecanicum was used to outline the entablature, arches and capitals at San Lorenza-fuori-Mura, Rome, while in the cloisters of San Giovanni Laterano the variously shaped columns—circular, octagonal and twisted—are adorned with this form of mosaic in vertical bands or in spirals. As regards style, the Roman mosaics were employed chiefly in carrying out geometrical and conventional designs, though natural objects were by no means excluded, as we see by the above mentioned athletes, and as we know from that chained house dog, " Cave Canum," found at Pompeii and reproduced in all kinds of materials ad nauseam for many years past. In the early days their first work seems to have been reserved for pavements, and also for conventional mural and vault decoration. When natural objects were attempted, coarse work is the rule, as this appears to be most effective when seen at a distance, more especially when placed at a considerable height. Serlio gives reproductions of some very fine, exquisitely conceived mosaics from the temple of Bacchus and the Baths of Diocletian, which was mixed with carved stone and stucco work in the vaults. Originally Byzantine work had strong traces of the Roman and Grecian love of conventional incidental decoration, though expanding in the luxuriancy of the Orient. Nevertheless the religious sentiment prevailed, and the Byzantine artists in mosaics also set the law in this for the whole of medieval Europe, and employed their art largely to depict natural objects suitable to adorn their basilicas. The rich cubes are imbedded in cement covering the walls and vaults. Pictures usually have a background of gold tesserte, and are elaborately framed with conventional line or foliated designs. Specimens of this work are to be seen almost all over Europe, but the best adorned are the Cathedral of San Marco and other churches in Venice, where the art was carried to a pitch of perfection. In Sicily, and certain Southern Italian towns, the Byzantine mosaics have a peculiar character, apparently influenced by Saracenic taste. Wonderful specimens are to be seen in the Cathedral of Monreale, near Palermo, which, with its precincts, is lavishly enriched with mosaics of the polychrome vermiculatum and the monochrome volcanic types. The most celebrated is the half-figure of our Saviour, greatly exceeding life size, shown in the act of benediction in accordance with Roman ritual, which occupies the semi-dome of the apse. Vivid colours are used, and the background is of the characteristic broken gold type. The tesseræ are rather large and of irregular outline. With the Renaissance freedom was sought from the rich yet austere formalism of Byzantium. Michel Angelo, was among the chief of Christian emblems, symbolising the Saviour. This work is a mixture of coarse tesselatum and fine vermiculatum. The Turks in Constantinople and Asia Minor modestly, but effectively enough, carried on the Byzantine traditions by employing rather large pieces of glazed earthenware. In Persia—where, indeed, mosaic seems to be indigenous. judging from the very ancient, very persistent and commonly used form of decoration on pottery, graven and enamelled metal vessels, stitchery, and so on ; the mosaic work is carried out by means of small, highly glazed bricks, with occasional resort to a large piece of faience. The Mauresque style admits both a modified form of the Byzantine fictile, and the use of fairly large tiles impressed with deep cut, very intricate geometrical and knot tracery patterns. these being smeared over with Raphael and other foremost artists of the day designed set pictures, and decorative pieces for mosaic work in churches, ecclesiastical and other buildings. They painted in mosaic as they painted in fresco or oils, and if they adopted some of the exuberant grotesques and other accessories from antiquity, they discarded the older style of the Latins of outlining by means of a series of rectangular steps, such as we see in needlework tapestry, a memento of the' large square cubes. Very beautiful work, was produced under these masters and their successors, in which, however, occasionally naturalism jostles somewhat incongruously with weird arabesque fantasies. Naturalism, how-ever, was not altogether neglected by the men of old ; witness the huge spreading vine incrusting the whole vault of the baptistry dedicated by Constantine to Santa Costanza, which stands near the basilica of Sant' Agnesi-fouri-le-Mura. It conveys the idea of a pergola in some monastery or country villa, although amidst its leaves are introduced numerous symbols of Christianity. The vine itself, of course, made of clay, squeezed into moulds of different shapes, glazed, and then fired (baked). The edges were slightly bevelled to facilitate removal and give a good key. In India a particular school of mosaic art seems to have had its centre at Agra and Delhi. It is said to be foreign to the country, imported by Italian workers imbued with the Byzantine feeling. If so, the Indians knew how to accept a good thing and make it their own. But there is much-in native decoration both of architecture and in the enamelling of metals that suggests a much older origin. Indian mosaic consists of an incrustation of very small pieces of marble, jasper, agate, blood-stone and other precious stones, placed very close together. It is fine work, almost luscious in colouring. The designs are good, but quite Hindu in feeling, with practically no attempt to copy nature, though with an underlying hint of Bordeaux, and here we have a certain admission of birds and figures. In the Taj Mahal the spirit is Asiatic, the spandrels, angles and more important details being incrusted with mosaic in precious stones, arranged in wreaths, scrolls and frets. Indeed, looking at the glowing bands of mosaics, it is difficult not to believe that the root idea of this embellishment is derived from the festal garlanding of persons and shrines with flora of the country. It must be remembered that Indian gardens and forests are green caskets afire with crimson and gold flowers, softened by sky-blue blooms and waxen white petals. Sir George Bird-wood, writing of the red silk cotton tree, says he " came upon a grassy glade over-hanging the profound forest depths below, and there, at its furthest edge, stood a colossal specimen of this tree, quite fifty feet high, the trunk straight as the mast of some great ammiral, deeply buttressed at its base, and sending out horizontal branches, like the yard-arms of a ship, in whorls of five and seven, gradually tapering to the top, and at this season—the month of March—leafless, but covered on every branch, in place of green leaves, with huge crimson flowers (by reflected light crimson ; by transmitted, the radiant red of a ruby), each from seven to five inches in diameter, and forming in the mass a vast dome-like, symmetrical head that, with the beams of the rising sun striking through it, shone in its splendour of celestial, rosy red like a mountain of rubies." He also speaks of the golden flowered bava, the purple taman, vermilion chrome yellow flowered pulas, the scarlet pangri, all fine trees. Then there are the oleanders and rhododendrons, the roses and jasmines, and hundreds more, both big and little. With all these wonders of nature about them, is not a jewelled style of decoration the most obvious and appropriate, whether on ceilings, on handsome vessels, or personal raiment? Necessarily, practice in laying mosaics differs rather widely according to the materials used. Indian mosaic, like the riches of vermiculatum, is made up of small pieces, and these are imbedded in the cement so as to form a close jointing, the aim being to produce an effect of fine embroidery or cloisonné enamelling. Considerable mixture of colours is the rule, although blue, red, or yellow may be the prevailing hue, white and the other colours being placed in small dots here and there to give the jewelled effect. Tile work also requires careful jointing, but here colour is more mixed. With mural and ceiling work in Europe of the medieval period, and subsequently, a distinct aim is shown to produce a glowing, animated picture. Colour is used as in ordinary painting, and even shading is admitted. Flatness is redeemed by breaking up of the surface by cubes. No attempt is made to conceal joints by bringing pieces close together or staining the cement stopping. Indeed, perhaps the majority of the best specimens, old and new, are quite coarse in execution. If the mosaics of Chigiana Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo, those of St Peter's in Rome, and those upon the dome of London's St Paul's (respectively fifteenth and nineteenth century work) be examined, it will be seen that the jointing is very wide. On the other hand, grouping and drawing are as perfect as they can be. This is right, for they are meant to be looked at from a distance ; they are essentially brightening motives in a general scheme of decoration. Now, under these conditions wide jointing and other lack of finish is not seen, indeed, too elaborate a finish would, under certain light conditions, produce the effect of mere flat washes of colour. But the quality of grouping and drawing is easily appreciated from a distance, and some regard to perspective must be paid. The best artists always emphasise drawing by outlining all profiles with a row of tesseræ of the same material and colour as the background. This throws up the figures, while it pre-vents the outline being broken upon by the horizontal or vertical lines of the back-ground, which would destroy much of the effect. While mosaic is commonly employed to give brilliancy, to bring light into dark places, it is also exceedingly useful when carefully handled to correct defects of planning and construction. Horizontal lines give length and breadth, vertical lines give height. This is true whether bands or panels are selected by the designer. Quite happy results may be achieved when decorating a ceiling if this is borne in mind, while for adorning cupolas this method is invaluable. The very structure of mosaic decoration is an aid to training the vision in the way desired, emphasising the general flow of the design This holds good with all schools of mosaic, though, of course, it is most marked when small tesseræ are the medium.

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Meet the Team: Dr. Deborah Kelley Dr. Deborah Kelley is an Assistant Professor in the School of Oceanography at the University of Washington. On this expedition, she will be the chief scientist aboard the John P. Tully, the research ship that will lift the targeted black smokers off the seafloor. She talked to us about life in a submersible and aboard ship, and the challenges of trying to bring up a NOVA: What was the most dramatic submersible dive you've ever had? Kelley: The most dramatic for me was the first dive. You're nervous, you don't know what to expect, and you're afraid of doing something wrong. And there's always so much build-up—two years of writing proposals and stuff to get the I was nervous, but I was never worried. When they closed the hatch for the first time, I thought, well, I'm stuck in here. The water was an incredibly iridescent blue color. The sub sinks about 25 meters a minute, and it starts getting darker and darker, and then it looks like you're floating through the stars: these iridescent or phosphorescent critters float by the window. Then it's dark, and you just keep floating down. It takes about an hour and a half. Right before you hit the bottom, they turn the lights on, and you see a completely different environment. The startling thing for me was that, on a first dive into a new area, no one's ever seen it before. If you're not near a vent area, it looks like a desert. There are hardly any life forms at all. It looks almost like a moonscape, only underwater. There are big pillow flows and some sediment, depending on where you are. Then as you start traversing towards the venting area, the biology increases, and you see things like crabs and tubeworms. The first time I saw a black smoker, it was pretty incredible. They just come out of the middle of nowhere, and all of a sudden there's just this huge effusion of biology, a little oasis compared to the area around it. NOVA: What's it like inside the submersible during a dive? Kelley: It's not a very comfortable environment. It's very small. I usually dive with people who are tall, so their feet are in my face for most of the dive. It's cold. They keep the oxygen low, for safety reasons. There are constant pinging sounds and little odd noises. The windows are very close to the floor, so you're always kind of curled up in a fetal position, looking out the window. And it's tiring. The very first time I dove, I was completely amazed that I fell asleep on the ride up. I was so excited, and then we just all knocked out. But it's really peaceful. There's always good music in the sub. People are in a good mood, and everyone's chattering away. So it's just a fun environment to NOVA: Is it frightening not knowing where you are, or is it exhilarating? Kelley: No, I love just wandering around. You just don't know what you're going to come up on. Especially if you're looking for an area of potential venting. It must have been like when they explored the West and were going across mountain passes, never knowing what was on the other side. NOVA: Is descending to the depths similar to traveling into space? Kelley: Yes. You're in a very small, enclosed capsule in an environment that's difficult to get to, on a mission that takes several years to plan. It involves working with a lot of people very closely. It's very similar to what happens on the space shuttle: The night before you dive, a whole sequence of plans and goals are laid out. It's not just your science; it involves a whole bunch of other scientists who have also worked very hard to have that project come to And you know that outside of your capsule you're not going to survive very long. You're dependent on that equipment to get you through. So you have a lot of faith in the people that have worked on that—on the sub or space shuttle—that they've done whatever they can to make sure that it's safe. NOVA: Why do you think that the first fields discovered were given these very colorful names of Rose Garden and Garden of Eden? Kelley: Hydrothermal vent systems are remarkably colorful. The sulfide materials, when they're fresh, are this nice orange yellow color. You'll see mats of microorganisms coating the chimneys that are bright orange and, at times, bright blue. The tubeworms, if they're active, have white, almost plastic-like shells or tubes, and inside are bright red worms. The colors are really vibrant, once you get up close to the structure. It's also a contrast thing. Ten meters away, it's black. You don't see anything. So, you're driving along in a sub in a dim, ghostly environment, and you see little wisps of things out of the sub window, but if you're not close to them, none of those colors really come out. Then, all of a sudden, you get up close to something that's pumping out 400°C (752°F) fluid, and there are bright red animals, and white crabs and limpets and snails. The contrast is pretty startling. I never get tired of it. NOVA: You discovered the Mothra field, the one from which you'll try to pull up black smokers. What was that like? Kelley: It was during a cruise in 1996. We spent a lot of time exploring with a tool that looks at the water column and can tell if there's some kind of hydrothermal signature. We were able to pinpoint a place within about 50 meters that we were pretty confident was an active area of black smokers. We took the sub down, started wandering around, and came upon some structures that were about 18 meters (60 feet) tall. They were all aligned with one another and looked like picket fences. They were much different than sulfide structures to the north, which are large mounds and have very large flanges. These structures were very tall pinnacles, some of them fairly active black smokers that are covered in animals. You can't even see the minerals underneath the structures, because there's so much biology covering them. NOVA: Is it exciting to be taking part is something that has never been Kelley: There's a lot of excitement in the recovery project. It's exciting, but it's also scary. People have put a lot of energy into this. We're all waking up at three in the morning. We decided we might as well have meetings at three in the morning now, because Le, John, and I wake up then, and as soon as we wake up our brains click in, thinking about the project. NOVA: What will it be like being the chief scientist aboard the Tully? Kelley: I've looked forward to being a chief scientist for a long time, but it's hard to get a feeling for what that kind of responsibility feels like. It's one thing to go out there as a scientist: you know your job and you just do it. But it's another thing to make sure that everybody is getting the kind of science they need to get. Especially on the Tully, it's going to be complicated, because there will be a lot of scientists. Everybody wants a piece of the rock, and you want to make sure that happens. NOVA: How hard will this recovery attempt be? Kelley: It's a very hard environment to work in. You've got a mile of water above you. You're using a joystick to manipulate a remotely operated vehicle. We hope we know the sizes of the structures and how hard they are. Nobody's ever cut into these things with a chainsaw. We don't want to cut into one of these structures and have it fall over. We want to cut into it, but have it pinned to its stump, and then have tension so that we can haul this thing under the water under If it falls over on the seafloor, it's not a disaster, we can still pick up the cage, but what if we cut into it, we don't cut enough, and we end up anchoring the ship to the seafloor? We have contingencies for that, but those are the kinds of problems you have to think about. The other thing is, you have to haul this thing up through a mile of water, it weighs 15,000 pounds out of the air, and you have to physically transfer it from the sea's surface when it could be quite wavy. How do you lift this thing up onto the deck? We have special winches to do that with, but you have to make sure it's good weather. NOVA: You always have to be prepared for stormy seas, right? Kelley: The lucky scientists get to go in warm weather conditions, where it's nice and flat and the seas look like mirrors. But in the northeast Pacific, we are hardly ever that lucky, and weather's just a thing you have to deal with. You always plan for a couple of weather days, and if you're lucky it's only a couple. During a storm, even things that are tied down can move. When you see 30-foot waves hitting a ship and the whole ship stops and shudders, it gives you a new view on safety. NOVA: What is it about heading out to the wide, open sea that inspires Kelley: I love going to sea. I like being away from lots of people and being able to look out on the horizon. You see birds, waves, clouds. You can see forever, and it can be very peaceful. It can also be tense at times, when there are storms. But it's just so different than anything you experience on land. Things are well-defined. You have a very specific purpose, you're away from telephones, and it's a really directed part of your life. I like being with a bunch of people working towards the same thing. For three weeks, everybody has the same goal, everybody's working long hours, and then if you're lucky, you have success. And you can't ask for much better. Birth of an Expedition | Mission Plan | Through the Porthole | Meet the Team The Mission | Life in the Abyss | The Last Frontier | Table of Contents | Editor's Picks | Previous Sites | Join Us/E-mail | About NOVA | Site Map | PBS Online | NOVA Online | © | Updated October 2000 Support provided by For new content visit the redesigned

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What is history but a myth agreed upon? THE BABE RUTH MYTH By John B Holway This April baseball will mark the 50th anniversary of Jackie Robinsons debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers, honoring Branch Rickey as one of the saints of baseball, if not American, history. (See Baseball Guru, date) This is one of the Five Great Myths of baseball, myths that have become so enshrined as facts that they are steadfastly believed more than the truth. They are now so encrusted in the re-telling that they may never be dislodged. Today lets explore Myth #1: Babe Ruths homers led the game to new attendance records in the 1920s. The Babe didn't cause the dramatic attendance boom of the 1920s. The attendance boom caused Babe Ruth. More than 80 years later, we can now see what was not apparent then: Baseball attendance always plunges in a war and rebounds to new heights after it. It happened in both world wars, plus Korea, and Vietnam (though the rebounds after the last two were less dramatic). It also happened in the Great Depression. Baseball is a summer game, to be savored when the world is balmy and the livin is easy, both the climate and the nations psyche. When things go wrong, and we feel like making a fist and smacking someone, thats when we turn on the TV and watch 22 big guys bang into each other and help us get rid of our own aggressions. What happened to baseball in the 1960s and 70s was not good football or good pitching, it was Vietnam. In 1920 Babe Ruth suddenly shot up from 29 homers in Boston to 54 in New York. That's mostly because he moved from Fenway, with the games longest right field target, to the Polo Grounds, with the shortest 258 feet. In 1918 he had tied for the lead league in homers but didn't hit a single one at home. Then in 20 he suddenly had a target 70 feet closer to home plate. He also got to play full-time and pick up a few more at bats. We say the ball was lively also, but I wonder. Anyway, these were lucky breaks for Ruth, not for baseball. His luckiest break was being born in 1896, which made him 25 in 1920, at the height of his the athletic powers. If he had been five or ten years earlier or later, he wouldn't have caught the wave right at its crest. Remember: National League attendance also surged without any help from the Babe or from home runs. Sure, Ruth hit more homers than entire teams. But that's not because he was better than entire teams its because entire teams had not yet waked up to the revolutionary new game; they were still playing Cobbean baseball winning games with a walk, steal, bunt, and error. Slowly others slowly saw the light Gehrig, Hornsby, Cy Williams, Ken Williams. High school kids were also going for the long ball and would soon come into the league Wilson, Foxx, Klein, and later Greenberg, Medwick, and DiMaggio. Then Babe couldn't out-hit whole teams any more. The truth is: Babe didn't create the wave. He rode it.

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Why would toothpaste need a warning label?…especially toothpaste marketed to children? Is there a possible toxin (or toxins) in the substance we apply daily to our mouths, gums and teeth ? Yes, there are often multiple toxins, the most common poison being fluoride. And, yes, we mean that same chemical they’re putting in our drinking water―which is another issue itself. But, for now, let’s stick to toothpaste―toothpastes that doesn’t require a warning label―those that are good for us, and for our children. How do you find one? First, read the label and avoid anything with fluoride in it. Second, take another look at the label to see if the toothpaste contains sodium lauryl sulfate. It’s a degreasing and foaming agent, and it’s being studied regarding its correlation to cancer and numerous other health conditions. Any time we can keep sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, and sodium lauryl sulfoacetate (different words for almost the same molecule), and fluoride out of our toothpaste, we’re doing ourselves a favor. What is wrong with a toothpaste displaying a warning label “Harmful if swallowed?” The problem here isn’t simply the obvious fact that someone could easily swallow most substances they put in their mouths, but also the fact that digestion begins in the mouth. Our mouths are part of the gastrointestinal tract and are the gateway to our body. The mouth begins the digestive process of the body’s absorption of both nutrients and toxins. Common sense would dictate that a substance which is harmful to the body should never be put in one’s mouth, which is, currently, still considered part of the body! Last time we checked, even government entities still agree with this assessment! Luckily, consumers have better options than playing Russian Roulette via dental hygiene… So, what are some better toothpaste choices? The following are recommended by nutritionist and homeopath David Getoff: Xyliwhite from NOW Foods and Spry by Xlear―both use xylitol, a natural substance which your body manufactures. It’s a non-toxic sweetener (it’s always good to avoid sugar) and an antibacterial agent. A study was done by a dental school where they had people use xylitol chewing gum or mints between meals or after a snack. It was found that people who used these items had fewer cavities. Putting xylitol in toothpaste seems like a good idea, too―you’re getting all the bacteria fighting goodness without the chemical dangers of fluoride. Weleda offers another option with its use of minerals like sea salt, and organic plant extracts such a blackthorn (disinfectant), myrrh (soothing), and calendula (anti-inflammatory). Peelu has an interesting ingredient―Peelu vegetable fiber―a great substance to help whiten your teeth. This compound has tannin (antibacterial), vitamin C (strengthens gums), sulphur (reduces bacteria buildup), and natural resins (enamel strengthener) It’s a good product for whitening your teeth without harmful abrasives and bleach. Another good choice would be PerioPaste from Bio-Pro Dental. It contains all sorts of different things like folic acid, CoQ10, herbs, and essential oils that kill bacteria, reduce inflammation, rebuild damaged tissue, and support healthy gum growth. It also contains Lysine, which is often used to combat herpes virus and cold sores. Because it’s a professional brand, you won’t find the Bio-Pro® Dental PerioPaste in health food stores. However, there are many places that sell it online. And last, but not least, is good ol’ baking soda and salt. Baking soda is a strong alkalizer so it will help temporarily neutralize acids in the mouth. The body is unharmed if one swallows baking soda; however, if swallowed during a meal or immediately after it can hinder digestion as baking soda’s alkalinizing properties will neutralize stomach acid and prevent proper digestion. The salt is an antibacterial agent because most bacteria are killed by a high enough level of salt. The ideal combination is equal parts baking soda and salt. Make sure to use unrefined salt with minerals and no added chemicals such as Real Salt. These ingredients can be used with a dry toothbrush or one which has been lightly moistened in filtered water. The combination is an inexpensive way to use a cleaner, an alkalizer, and an antibacterial agent. Keep in mind that some dentists believe that baking soda can be abrasive to tooth enamel. You may want to alternate this combination with the toothpastes we recommend above. There are a lot of options available―more than just listed here. Plan to take a few extra minutes next time you’re searching through the internet or browsing through the health food store to read some labels. Avoid fluoride, avoid sugar and avoid sodium lauryl sulfate (along with all of its similarly-named friends). Instead find products that have natural antibacterial substances, herbs, and minerals―all the things that will help your body fight against dental cavities and disease. But first and foremost, find a toothpaste without a legally mandated warning label regarding ingesting substances you use to clean your mouth. After all, toothpaste should NOT need a safety warning!

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This video is about the enzymes that, for me, first turned cells into little toy chests full of delightful tiny gadgets. All of the mechanical things that our bodies do, like keeping other things out, or seeing, can be described by somewhat abstract functions. For example, ‘the skin makes a protective sheet’ or ‘the lens focuses light’. But then all of those abstract functions can be broken down again into mechanical motions of the small molecules inside the cells, complete with hinges and springs, making them seem tangible once more, at least to my mechanism-oriented mind: The outside of each skin cell is littered with little molecules that hold on to the same types of molecules on the next cell in a strong handshake, forming a tight, grime-proof layer, while lens cells pack hundreds of copies of a single type of protein up tight against each other, forming almost a crystal, and then jettison all of things in the cell that would scatter light, like DNA or mitochondria, in order to let light pass cleanly through the cell. This story in this video is about a problem that all living things have — how long and thin DNA is, and how easy it would be to get it all tangled. Not only is there a huge amount of DNA in each cell (around two meters in each human nucleus, for example), but also every time a cell divides into two, the two strands of all of that DNA have to be untwisted from each other to be copied. Think about pulling the fibers of a length of twine apart; the wound end gets tighter and tighter and then twists up on itself, making it impossible to move forward. Thankfully there are these little enzymes, called topoisomerases, that are there to iron out the wrinkles.

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More than 13 million fish died in "fish kill events" in North Carolina in 2009—the most in the 13 years that data has been collected. Eighty percent perished in one event last fall when too many fish and not enough oxygen killed 10.2 million Atlantic menhaden fish in the Neuse River, according to a presentation before the Environmental Review Commission last week. (Download the report, PDF 2.1 MB) The fish kill event lasted 50 days from mid-September through October near the New Bern portion of the river and Broad Creek. Scrumptious algae attracted the fish, which range in size from 3 to 5 inches. Soon, an eight-mile long, 100-yard wide school of fish packed the river like sardines, but warm weather meant the water couldn't hold enough oxygen for them to breathe. Tests showed no significant lesions on the fish, toxic algae or chemical compounds that could account for the die-off. "The take-home message for why we saw so many dead and dying fish is low oxygen in the river at that given time at that given location," said Jason Green, a senior environmental specialist and division leader for the Neuse River Rapid Response Team. "These fish were in the wrong place at the wrong time." There are economic consequences of such a large die-off. Menhadens are fished commercially and processed for their oil and bone meal, which is used in poultry and livestock feed, cosmetics and paint. And environmentally, the fish kill is a harbinger of troubled waters, according to a Neuse Riverkeepers' report. Excessive algae is often a sign of high amounts of nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrates, in the water. Nutrients are a byproduct of runoff from industrial livestock farms, stormwater runoff and fertilizer-rich discharges from home lawns. As for the figure of 13.8 million, investigators used conservative estimates and say the actual total could be double that number. Fish kill events, defined as 25 or more fish dying together, occurred in five of the state's 17 major river basins. There were 33 events total, a drop from 61 in 2008. But the events were far more deadly. There were 7.5 million fish deaths in 2008 compared with less than 1 million annually for four straight years. Two thirds of the 2009 deaths happened in the Neuse (213) and Tar/Pamlico (113) estuaries, the report states. Estuaries, which mix fresh and saltwater, are particularly dangerous because they can't hold as much oxygen. The Neuse, and mainly the Atlantic menhaden, accounted for 97 percent of all fish mortality in 2009. "These are small, sensitive fish. They swim in large, dense schools," Green said. "They are clearly susceptible to low oxygen." The last similar fish kill occurred in 2001, Green said, but that only claimed 200,000 fish. It's difficult to predict when the next one could occur, he said, because these events are often connected to the weather. The Triangle region experienced only two fish kills. About 100 died in August at MacGregor Lake in Cary. Dead fish were discovered at the bottom of a spillway on the third consecutive day of 99-degree temperatures. At Pine Lake near Roxboro, 100 fish died in May because of a lack of water in the pond combined with runoff from a leaking septic system upstream. (According to the fish kill report, "the system was recently dug up and repaired but is not permitted by the state and is still leaking based on fecal results obtained at the site.") Sen. Floyd McKissisck Jr. (D-Durham), one of only a half-dozen committee members still in attendance when Green presented, asked how one disposes of 10.2 million dead fish. Green said they disintegrate quickly, sometimes in only three days. "And seagulls have a blast," said commission co-chairman Rep. Pryor Gibson (D-Anson).

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The Advantages To Earning A Special Education Degree Earning a special education degree gives students the ability to provide instruction to children and adults with special needs and disabilities which impair mental, physical or psychological function. Graduates with special education degrees gain the knowledge necessary to modify educational programs and manage classrooms with students who have special needs. Special education programs give students skills to provide classroom instruction, create curricula, and manage behavior, like standard education programs. Additionally, special education programs offer specialized knowledge regarding learning disabilities, mental and physical retardation, and behavior issues to advance to careers as special education professionals within schools, organizations, and other institutions. Most colleges and universities have developed innovative online programs due to the increasing demand of students managing work and family responsibilities while pursuing a degree. Online programs offer virtually the same educational experiences, materials, and instruction as traditional, on campus programs. Many online programs also offer students the added benefits of increased flexibility with course scheduling and 24 hour access to course information. Online classes generally consist of groups of 25 students with one on one access to instructors and other classmates through Internet chats. Many students find the most convenient and affordable ways to advance their education is through online degree programs. What Students Learn Within Special Education Degree Programs Students enrolled within special education degree programs gain the skills necessary to work with and instruct children and other individuals with special needs. Special education degrees give students an understanding of the standard educational system with additional specialized training to manage and modify instruction to students with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities. Special education professionals are required to complete a minimum of bachelor degree studies to qualify for employment though many employers prefer candidates with master’s level training. Some students begin studies at an associate degree level with a major in an early education and special needs program. Courses at an associate’s level include: interpersonal communications; college Algebra; introduction to computer science; introduction to early childhood education; foundations of early childhood development; early childhood curriculum planning; child safety, health, and nutrition; creative activities for young children; young children with special needs; introduction to psychology; sociology; advocating for children with special needs; the inclusive classroom; the exceptional child; curriculum and instruction for children with special needs; computer applications and business systems concepts; observation and assessment in early childhood education; introduction to philosophy; ethics; introduction to literature; introduction to human biology; principles of economics; general psychology; U.S. history: 1900 to the present; and human geography. Students who complete associate degree programs may gain employment as special education teacher’s assistants or advance to bachelor degree programs. Bachelor degree programs give students expanded and specialized training regarding the field of special education. Bachelor level courses include: English composition; literature and advanced writing; college Algebra; introduction to philosophy; introduction to biology; United States History; principles of psychology; world cultural geography; public speaking; human development and behavior; introduction to education of exceptional children; foundations of education; children and youth in urban school; educational psychology; teaching, math, science, health, physical education methods for special population; introduction to legal issues in special education; behavior management in the classroom; assessment of the exceptional children; vocational aspects of disabilities; development of individualized educational programs; observation and student teaching in special education; language acquisition; teaching reading in elementary and secondary schools; technical/corrective remedial reading; introduction to adaptive physical education; child health and nutrition; theory and application of mathematics; children’s literature; and field experience in special education. Graduates with bachelor degrees advance to licensing procedures as determined by state regulations and often may gain entry level employment as special education teachers. Some students may advance to graduate level programs. Student who pursue master’s degree programs receive a broad understanding of education as well as means of developing the potential of children with special needs. Courses at a master’s degree level include concentrations in autism, technologies for special education, languages and cultural issues, and other topics. Courses at a master’s level include: fundamentals of special education; the inclusive classroom; literacy and content skill development; special education processes; emotional and behavioral support;high incident disabilities; teaching students with low incident disabilities; pervasive developmental disorders; integrating technology for learning and achievement; special educations: methods and practices; characteristics and methods of autism; character and methods of high functioning autism; communication and language interventions; behavior and sensory support; technologies for performance support; computer skills for teachers; multimedia instructional design; research and evaluation instruction techniques; language learning and teaching; structure and sound systems of English; design and assessment; the intercultural learner; and action research for special education teachers. Graduates from doctoral degree programs are qualified as experts in the field. Prospective Jobs For Graduates With Special Education Degrees Graduates who complete special education degree programs may advance to multiple career opportunities in the field. Most graduates gain employment as special education instructors or teachers within private or public school districts though employment is based upon education level, area of specialty, work experience and geographic location. Special education teachers work closely with their students’ parents, social workers, school counselors, occupational or physical therapists, other teachers, and school administrators to ensure the educational needs of students are met within inclusive programs. Some special education teachers work within their own classrooms with only special needs students. Other special education teachers work within general education classrooms or within resource rooms. Special education teachers also work within hospital environments, private residences, preschools, or residential facilities as tutors. Graduates with associate degrees often work as assistants to special education teachers. Bachelor degree graduates who complete education programs and licensing requirements work as entry level special education teachers, instructional coordinators, or curriculum developers. Graduates with master’s degrees often work as secondary educators providing special education instruction, administrators within school systems, directors within residential facilities, or sometimes as instructors within vocational schools. Doctoral degree graduates are considered experts in the field and work as instructors or researchers within colleges, universities, or other facilities. Salary Range For Graduates With Special Education Degrees Graduates with special education degrees have earnings which vary and are based on several factors. Salaries for special education degree graduates are dependent upon level of education, organization of employment, geographic location, area/s of specialty, grade level, enrollment, and related work experience. Graduates who work within secondary schools generally earn $41,810 to $65,680 annually. Graduates who complete associate degree programs and are employed as special education assistants generally earn $17,610 to $28,180 annually. Entry level special education teachers who complete bachelor degree programs who work within preschool and elementary schools earn $40,480 to $63,500 annually. Graduates who work within middle schools earn $41,720 to $63,480 annually. Graduates with master’s degrees who work within secondary schools generally earn $41,810 to $65,680 annually. Graduates with doctoral degrees employed as college professors generally earn $41,600 to $83,960 annually. As with most occupations, graduates who complete advanced degrees, increase skills through continuing education programs, and gain work experience often have higher earnings than candidates with less education and experience. Career Outlook and Advancement Opportunities For Special Education Degree Graduates Graduates with special education degrees may expect plentiful and stable job opportunities due to an increasing demand for qualified special education professionals. The U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics expects job growth for special education teachers to increase by 17 % through 2018 at a faster than average rate in comparison to other occupations. Despite a predicted slow growth in student enrollment within many schools, the number of special needs students is expected to increase the need for special education teachers. Many school districts have an increased number of special education teacher vacancies as educational improvements and governmental legislation focus upon educational reform, student performance, and improving training for individuals with disabilities. Graduates will find the best employment prospects within urban, inner city schools as well as rural school districts. Population increases within regions of the South and West will also provide increased job opportunities for graduates with special education degrees. Additionally graduates who specialize training to offer instruction to children with multiple or severe disabilities and those who complete bilingual studies may expect increased employability. Many special education teachers begin employment as entry level instructors and advance to supervisory or administrative positions. Many continue studies in advanced degree programs to advance to instructor positions within colleges and universities. Some graduates advance to positions within private educational organizations as instructional coordinators, curriculum developers, and other positions. Some graduates leave the field to pursue alternative employment due to physical and emotional demands and occupational stress.

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en

The elimination of the indirect association couplets and the acceptance of the remainders as fair portrayals of the influence of objects and movements on recall is therefore a much nearer approach to truth than would be the retention of the indirectly associated couplets. The following conclusions deal with recall after two days only. The recall after longer intervals will be discussed after Table III. The summary from Tables I. and II. shows that when objects and nouns are coupled each with a foreign symbol, four of the six subjects recall real objects better than images of objects, while two, M and Ho, show little or no preference. The summary also shows that when body movements and verbs are coupled each with a foreign symbol, five of the six subjects recall actual movements better than images of movements, while one subject, M, shows no preference. The same subject also showed no preference for objects. With the subjects S and B the preference for actual movements is not marked, and has importance only in the light of later experiments to be reported. The great difference in the retentive power of different subjects is, as we should expect, very evident. Roughly, they may be divided into two groups. M and Mo recall much more than the other four. The small percentage of recall in the case of these four suggested the next change in the conditions of experimentation, namely, to shorten with them the intervals between the tests for permanence. This was accordingly done in the C set. But before giving an account of the next set we may supplement these results by results obtained from other subjects. It was impossible to repeat this set with the same subjects, and inconvenient, on account of the scarcity of suitable words, to devise another set just like it. Accordingly, the B set was repeated with six new subjects. We may interpolate the results here, and then resume our experiments with the other subjects. The conditions remained the same as for the other subjects in all respects except the following. The tests after nine and sixteen days were omitted, and the remaining test for deferred recall was given after one day instead of after two. In learning the series, each series was shown four times instead of three. The results are summarized in the following table. The figures in the left half show the number of words out of sixteen which were correctly recalled. The figures in parentheses separate, as before, the correctly recalled indirect-association couplets. In the right half of the table the same results, omitting indirect-association couplets, are given in per cents, to facilitate comparison with the summary from Tables I. and II. SHOWING RECALL AFTER ONE DAY.

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en

Jesus and Muhammad Words, Actions, Teachings Contrasted By William J. Federer What motivates fundamental Muslims to violence? Much effort has gone into answering this. Muslim apologists are quick to point out Christians have also committed violence. Secularists suggest anybody who believes in God is prone to violence, conveniently ignoring the atheistic killings of the French Revolution, Stalin's purges and Mao Tse-tung's Cultural Revolution. In an attempt to uncover motivations, founders of the world's two largest religions can be compared. According to the http://www.CIA.gov World Factbook, the world's 6.5 billion people are 33.32 percent Christian and 21.01 percent Muslim. If a computer acts up, the technician resets it to the default settings it had when it left the factory. If followers of a religion act up, one should examine the default settings the religion had when it left its founder. One can examine the life of Jesus from the four Gospels. One can examine the life of Muhammad from the Quran, Hadith and sources like the Sirat Rasul Allah. The Quran is a collection of private revelations Muhammad received between A.D. 610-632. Conflicting versions were passed down orally until Caliph Uthman standardized them around A.D. 650. The Hadith are stories about Muhammad passed down orally until Caliph Umar II began collecting them around A.D. 717-720. The Sirat Rasul Allah, or "The Life of the Prophet of Allah," was written by Ibn Ishaq between A.D. 707-773 and preserved in copies by Ibn Hisham (d. 833) and al-Tabari (838-923). In 1861, Sir William Muir published an English translation, "The Life of Mahomet." Edward Rehatsek's translation, edited by Michael Edwardes, was presented to the Royal Asiatic Society of London in 1898. Oxford University published Alfred Guillaume's translation in 1955. A review of these resources reveal: * Jesus was a religious leader. * Muhammad was a religious leader and a military leader. * Jesus never killed anyone. * Muhammad killed an estimated 3,000 people, including beheading 700 Jews of the Banu Qurayza tribe in Medina, A.D. 627: "The Jews surrendered and the apostle confined them in Medina. Then the apostle went out to the market and dug trenches in it. Then he sent for them and struck off their heads in those trenches as they were brought out to him in batches. ... There were 600 or 700 in all, though some put the figure as high as 800 or 900. As they were being taken out in batches to the apostle they asked Ka'b what he thought would be done with them. He replied, 'Will you never understand? Don't you see that the summoner never stops and those who are taken away do not return? By Allah it is death!' This went on until the apostle made an end of them." (Sirat Rasul Allah) * Jesus never owned slaves. * Muhammad received a fifth of the prisoners taken in battle, including women. (Sura 8:41) "Muhammad gave command and the heads of the two chiefs were severed from their bodies. The scene of torture and bloodshed was hardly ended when Muhammad sent Bilal to fetch the wife of Kinana. ... He cast his mantle around her in token that she was to be his own." (Conquest of Khaybar, A.D. 628, Sirat Rasul Allah) "The apostle occupied the Jewish forts taking prisoners as he went. Among these were Safiya, the wife of Kinana. The apostle chose Safiya for himself. The other prisoners were distributed among the Muslims." (Sirat Rasul Allah) "Married women are forbidden unto you, except those whom your right hands possess (taken in battle.)" (Sura 4:24) * Jesus never married. * Muhammad had many wives. "Anas said, 'The prophet used to visit all his wives in an hour round, during the day and night and they were 11 in number.' I asked Anas, 'Had the prophet the strength for it?' Anas replied, 'We used to say that the prophet was given the strength of 30 (men).'" (Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 1, Bk. 5, No. 268) "Muhammad said: 'Woman can be married for religion, her fortune, or her beauty. So marry one for the religion.'" (Abu Issa al-Tarmidi, Sunan al-Tarmidi, Medina n.d., p.275, B: 4, H:1092) "Prophet, we have made lawful to you the slave girls whom Allah has given you as booty." (Sura 33:50) When Muhammad's behavior is reviewed, Muslim scholars point out that King David was also a prophet yet he killed people, owned slaves and had many wives. The response is still that Jesus never killed anyone, never owned slaves and never married. David only wanted a small piece of land. There is no Bible command for Jews to subdue the world. * Jesus never forced followers to continue believing. After Jesus made a difficult saying, "many of his disciples went back and walked no more with him. Then Jesus said to the twelve, 'Will ye also go away?' Then Simon Peter answered him, 'Lord, to whom shall we go? Thou hast the words of eternal life.'" (John 6:31-69) * Muhammad forced followers to continue believing, "Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him." (Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 9, Bk. 84, No. 57) * Jesus taught God was our Father (Matthew 6:10). * Muhammad taught it was blasphemy to call Allah your father (Sura 5:18) * Jesus taught man was made in God's image. (Matthew 22:20, ref. Gen. 1:26-27) * Muhammad taught Allah has no image. (Sura 42:11, Sura 112:4) * Jesus taught "forgive those who trespass against you." (Matthew 6:10-15) * Muhammad taught to avenge trespasses against your honor, family or religion. "Narrated Anas bin Malik: 'On the day of the Conquest, the Prophet entered Mecca, wearing a helmet on his head. When he took it off, a man came and said, "Ibn Khatal is clinging to the curtain of the Ka'ba." The Prophet said, "Kill him."'" (Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari Vol. 5, Book 59, No. 582) "Ibn Khatal ... had two slave girls who used to sing for him and for his companions songs full of abuse of the Prophet. The Prophet's instructions specified that the two slave girls should also be killed. Another (to be kiilled) was al-Huwayrith Nuqaydh Wahb Qusayy, one of those who used to insult him in Mecca." (Sirat Rasul Allah) * Jesus never tortured anyone. * Muhammad tortured the chief of a Jewish tribe. “Kinana had been guardian of the tribe's treasures, and he was brought before the apostle, who asked where they were hidden. But Kinana refused to disclose the place. The apostle of Allah handed him over to al-Zubayr, saying, 'Torture him until he tells what he knows', and al-Zubayr kindled a fire on his chest so that he almost expired; then the apostle gave him to Muhammad b. Maslama, who struck off his head.” (Sirat Rasul Allah) * Jesus did not retaliate when violence was committed against him, saying "Father, forgive them." (Luke 23:34) * Muhammad retaliated when violence was committed against him, ordering the death of his enemies. "Muhammad sent Abdullah to use diplomacy to gain an opportunity to assassinate Sofyan. Abdullah went forth, pretending to be on his Sofyan's side, and when the moment was right, cut off his head. He carried it to Muhammad, who was in the Mosque in Medina. Muhammad was so gratified, he gave the assassin his staff, saying: 'This shall be a token betwixt you and me on the day of resurrection. Verily, few on that day shall have anything to lean upon.'" (Sirat Rasul Allah). "Ibn Sa'd Tabaqat reported: 'The apostle of Allah entered through Adhakhir into Mecca. He ordered six men and four women to be killed." (Kitab al-Tabaqat, written by Ibn Sa'd (A.D. 745-845), Vol. 2, p. 168.) * Following Jesus was voluntary, from the inside out. * Following Muhammad could be coerced, from the outside in. "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission and feel themselves subdued." (Sura 9:29) * A martyr in Christian and Jewish thought is one who dies for his faith. * A martyr in Islamic thought is one who dies for his faith while killing infidels. "Narrated Abu Huraira: 'The Prophet said, "The person who participates in (holy battles) in Allah's cause and nothing compels him to do so except belief in Allah and His Apostles, will be recompensed by Allah either with a reward or booty (if he survives) or will be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in the battle as a martyr)."'"(Hadith al-Bukhari Vol 1, Bk 2, #35) * Christianity teaches God wants a personal relationship with each individual. * Islam teaches individuals cannot have a personal relationship with Allah, as he is transcendent and unknowable. * Jesus' religion is known for forgiveness and love. * Muhammad's religion is known for obedience and fear. *None of Jesus' Apostles led armies. A village did not receive Jesus "and when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, 'Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven and consume them, even as Elias did?' But he turned and rebuked them, and said, 'Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of. For the Son of man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them.'" (Luke 9:52-56) * All of the caliphs who followed Muhammad led armies. (Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Muawiyya, the Umayyads, the Abbasids, etc.) * In the first 300 years of Christianity, there were 10 major Roman persecutions, and Christians were fed to lions in the Coliseum. Never did Christians lead an armed resistance against those who attacked them. * In the first 300 years of Islam, Muslim armies conquered Arabia, Persia, the Holy Land, North Africa, Spain, Southern France, Central Africa, and invaded vast areas of Asia and Asia Minor. Fighting is inconsistent with Jesus' example but not Muhammad's, as the Sirat Rasul Allah records Muhammad personally led 27 raids, including Battle of Badr, 624 AD; Battle of Uhud and expulsion of Banu Nadir, 625 AD; Attack on Banu Mustaliq, 626 AD; Battle of the Trench and killing Banu Qurayza, 627 AD; Battle of Khaybar, 628 AD; Battle of Mu’tah, 629 AD; Conquest of Mecca, Battle of Hunayn, Battle of Auras and Siege of al-Ta’if, where Mohammed used a catapult, 630 AD; Battle of Tabouk, Subjugation of Banu Thaqif (Yemen) and subjugation of Ghassanids (Arab Christians), 631 AD. Jesus' teaching on how to treat enemies: * Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, pray for them which despitefully use you (Matthew 5:44). * Resist not evil (Matthew 5:39). * If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to them the other (Matthew 5:39). * If someone takes your coat, give them your shirt (Matthew 5:40). * If someone make you carry something one mile, carry it two (Matthew 5:41). * Forgive and you shall be forgiven (Matthew 6:14). * Judge not, that ye be not judged (Matthew 7:1). * Blessed are the peacemakers (Matthew 5:9). * Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy (Matthew 5:7). * Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt not kill, but I say who ever is angry with his brother is in danger of the judgment (Matthew 5:21-22). * Treat others the same way you want them to treat you (Luke 6:27-36). * Feed the hungry, clothe the naked, visit the sick, whatever you do to the very least you have done unto me (Matthew 25:40). Muhammad's teaching on how to treat enemies: * Infidels are your sworn enemies (Sura 4:101). * Be ruthless to the infidels (Sura 48:29). * Make war on the infidels who dwell around you (Sura 9:123, 66:9). * Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day (Sura 9:29). * Strike off the heads of infidels in battle (Sura 47:4). * If someone stops believing in Allah, kill him (al-Bukhari 9:84:57). * Take neither the Jews nor the Christians for your friends (Sura 5:51, 60:13). * Never be a helper to the disbelievers (Sura 28:86). * Kill the disbelievers wherever we find them (Sura 2:191). * No Muslim should be killed for killing an infidel (al-Bukhari 1:3:111). * The only reward of those who make war upon Allah and His messenger will be that they will be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet on alternate sides cut off, or will be expelled out of the land (Sura 5:33). What motivates fundamental Muslims to violence? Where Jesus was a religious leader, Muhammad was a religious leader and a military leader, thus the effort to separate the militant aspect of Islam from the religious aspect is an attempt to split Muhammad. The closer one follows the example of Jesus, the more peaceful is one's motivation. The closer one follows example of Muhammad, the more militant is one's motivation.

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There's a good chance you've never seen a Mountain Beaver before. Or even heard of it, for that matter. But the truth is, it's got quite a backstory. Mountain Beavers are the world's most primitive species of rodent, dating back more than 25 million years. They're often called the 'Living Fossil' and they live in Canada, in the mountains of British Columbia. Trouble is, there aren't many of them left. No one knows the exact number. But in 1999, researchers found 634 occupied nests in southern B.C. Logging is the biggest threat to the mountain beaver, because the heavy equipment presses the earth together - making it tough for them to dig their dens. Plus, we keep expanding where we live and end up closer and closer to their habitat. Throw in climate change and the mountain beaver is having a rough go of it. Because they're a primitive species, mountain beavers are sensitive to heat and drought. So as temperatures rise, they're in more danger. In fact, if it's a really hot day - more than 32 degrees - and they're in the heat for more than a few hours, they can die. Mountain Beavers originally lived throughout North America. But eventually ended up in Pacific Northwest, where the forests are cooler. They don't have much in common with the North American Beaver. They don't build dams; they live in dens in the ground. And their tails are short and stubby, not big and flat. Right now, the Mountain Beaver is considered a species of special concern. The Committee on the Status of Endandered Wildlife in Canada wants it to stay that way. But it's up to Environment Minister Peter Kent. Last week, he denied this status to three other species. You can read about that here.

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en

In her novel of Englandís Peninsular War against Napoleon from 1812 to 1815, Tillyard focuses on the lives of particular characters to capture the tense atmosphere of the era. Men engaged in a great endeavor against a serious threat to their country leave behind the women, who endure waiting with the noblest of intentions. Perhaps the most sympathetic is Harriet (Harry), new bride of James Raven, a soldier about to discover firsthand the damages of war. Daughter of a scientist, at twenty Harry is attracted to the calm and dignified demeanor of Dorothy Yallop, wife of Major Yallop, Ravenís superior officer and mentor. Most inspirational of Tillyardís characters is Kitty Wellington, wife of brilliant military leader and serial adulterer Lord Wellington. Kitty adores her husband, her affection gradually tarnished by his abuse of their marriage vows and the distance between them by virtue of his position. Kitty takes a particular liking to the impulsive Harry Raven, who struggles to retain the intimate memories of her beloved James despite the passionate letters he pens. Alternating between scenes of war and carnage and the experiences of the women on the home front, Tillyard explores the effects of a military campaign on those left behind. The scenes of battle are vivid and detailed, especially in contrast to bustling London society, where each wife deals privately with her individual challenges. Harry exemplifies the faithful wife waiting for the return of her soldier husband, her yearning sublimated over time to more immediate concerns, science ever her comfort. As expected, Harry finds work a welcome panacea to loneliness, though here hides another temptation, channeling her energy toward the betterment of mankind. Like James, Harry is generous and spontaneous, a helper by nature. Her friend, Kitty Wellington, makes life-altering decisions, maturing to fit her position in society and her aspirations as a woman. Other historically important characters in Regency England are introduced into the novel, notably Nathan Rothschild, a prescient student of finance who builds a fortune and includes Kitty Wells as a favored client. The bloody chaos of war is artfully captured by the genius of Francisco Goya, whose paintings stand as a testament to the horrors of the conflict. Assorted others people the battlefields and a London society held in thrall by the fortunes of war, each woman dealing with the direction of her own future and expectations. Through contrasting the two arenas, the scenes of war and the home front, Tillyard mines the conflicts that arise through separation, experiences and divergent needs. Personalizing the Peninsular War through her female characters and the men they support, Tillyard paints a broad historical picture but humanizes the war and its effects on families through the very personal dramas of individuals. Her enthusiasm for the subject is apparent, especially in Harriet Ravenís awakening, but this is an ambitious undertaking, a vast drama that perhaps cannot be so easily reduced to the size of a novel that shifts from battle scenes and death to the romantic inclinations of societyís insulated ladies.

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Growing potatoes is easy, even in small spaces and containers. What's more, the humble spud comes in myriad shapes and colors and has many uses in the kitchen, from summer salads to all-season chips. How to Grow Potatoes need an open, sunny site with moist, well-drained, fertile soil, improved with plenty of well-rotted organic matter, such as garden compost. Sold as “seed” potatoes (small tubers), they are labeled as “earliest,” “mid-season,” or “late,” depending on when they are ready to harvest. For an early start, cover the planting area with sheet plastic to warm the soil, and plant the tubers through it. This also retains moisture and suppresses weeds. Once “chitted”, plant earliest potatoes after the frost in the spring; mid-season in mid-spring; and late types from mid- to late spring. Plant the tubers 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) deep, and cover the chits with 1 inch (2.5 cm) of soil. Space them 12 inches (30 cm) apart with 24 inches (60 cm) between rows for earliest, 30 inches (75 cm) for late types. Keep plants well watered, weed regularly, and “earth up” as needed. Harvest earliest types in early summer, scraping away some soil first to see if they are large enough. Mid-season will be ready in midsummer, and lates from late summer to fall. Unearth them with a fork, taking care not to spear them. Clear all plant debris from the soil. Types and Varieties of Potatoes Try ‘Accent’, ‘Concorde’, ‘Epicure’ ‘Foremost’, ‘Pentland Javelin’, ‘Red Duke of York’, ‘Swift’, ‘Vivaldi’ and ‘Winston’ varieties. Try ‘Belle de Fontenay', ‘Charlotte’, ‘Estima’, ‘Kestrel’, ‘Kondor’, ‘Lady Christl’, ‘Picasso’, ‘Ratte’ and ‘Yukon Gold’ varieties. - Late: Try ‘Desiree’, ‘Golden Wonder’, ‘King Edward’, ‘Maris Piper’, ‘Navan’, ‘Nicola’ ‘Picasso’, ‘Pink Fir Apple’ and ‘Salad Blue’ varieties. Garden Speak: "Chitting" Potatoes Early potatoes can be “chitted” before planting, which involves giving them an early start indoors. To do this, place the seed potatoes with their “eyes” facing upward in trays or egg boxes in a warm, light place so that short green shoots, or “chits,” appear. Once the chits are 1/4- to 1/2-inch (5–10 mm) long, the tubers are ready to be planted out. When the developing stems reach 6in (15cm) tall, start “earthing up” by mounding up the surrounding soil to cover the shoots, burying them by half their height. Repeat every few weeks as the shoots grow. This prevents tubers being exposed to sunlight, which turns them green and makes them poisonous. It also helps stifle weeds and deters blight. Potatoes grown through black plastic sheeting don’t require earthing up. Earth up potatoes carefully to avoid damaging the stems, which are brittle at the base and can snap. Earthing up also prevents wind damage. Growing in Containers If you don’t have much space, you can grow a decent crop of potatoes in a container or strong bag. Ensure that it is at least 12 inches (30 cm) deep with drainage holes, and half-fill it with compost. Place one or two potatoes on top and cover with 4 inches (10 cm) of compost. Add compost to half-cover the shoots as they grow, and water regularly. Harvest the potatoes as soon as they are ready. This method is suitable for all New potatoes are ideal for growing in strong plastic bags. Harvest the crop by tipping the potatoes out once they have matured. If you’re not sure when to harvest potatoes, look for tell-tale signs above ground. Earliest varieties are ready when their flowers begin to open or the buds drop. Late crops are ready when their foliage yellows, although they can be left in the soil until mid-fall to bulk up. Cut back stems 10 days before lifting. Open flowers mean that the earliest are ready to lift, but late crops still need time to grow. Storing Late Potatoes Lift potatoes on a dry day, and leave them to dry on the soil surface. Discard any that are diseased or damaged, and use smaller tubers fresh since they deteriorate sooner. Once the skins are dry, remove excess soil, but don’t clean them further to prevent damaging the skins. Store the tubers in paper bags or in trays, somewhere dry, well ventilated, and frost-free. Check them often for damage or decay. Watch Out for These Pests and Diseases Potato cyst eelworms cause leaves to yellow and plants to die off early, reducing the crop. There is no control, but it helps to rotate crops, and use resistant varieties. Another problem that can plague potatoes is blight, which causes dead patches on the leaves and stems and on the tubers, which then rot. It is prevalent in damp summers, so if the season starts wet, spray plants with fungicide. Destroy infected plants.

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en

|Declaring that the rapidly expanding German army threatens European peace, Winston Churchill addresses a Theydon Bois, Essex, gathering on August 27, 1938. (National Archives)| The most depressing time in Winston Churchill’s long life was the 1930s. It was a period during which he clearly saw the approaching Nazi danger and during which his speeches — in fact his greatest — warned a heedless polity of its reckless course. Then, after every strategic advantage enjoyed by France and Britain had been’squandered and thrown away,’ Churchill found himself as prime minister. What separated Churchill from his contemporaries was his recognition from 1933 on that Nazi Germany represented a terrifying strategic and moral danger. It was in that dark combination, he believed, that the rights, traditions, and fundamental beliefs of Western civilization were already under assault. In July 1934, Churchill wrote in the Daily Mail: I marvel at the complacency of ministers in the face of the frightful experiences through which we have all so newly passed. I look with wonder upon the thoughtless crowds disporting themselves in the summer sunshine, and upon this unheeding House of Commons, which seems to have no higher function than to cheer a Minister; [and all the while across the North Sea], a terrible process is astir. Germany is arming. As a result of this understanding, there were two sides to the coin: his critique of the government’s rearmament policies and his articulation of alternatives to the British government’s course. Yet one must understand that Churchill’s policy of rearmament and cooperation with those nations opposed to Nazi Germany did not necessarily aim at war. It is fair to take Churchill at his word. Above all, he wished to deter Hitler and his supporters from embarking on the kind of risky foreign policy that would unleash another terrible European war. If, however, Britain and her friends could not deter Nazi Germany — and that was the grim reality, given what we know today about Hitler and his regime — then at least the West could fight the next war with some prospect of success. Throughout his career, Churchill was a supporter of the Roman saying: ‘If you wish peace, then prepare for war.’ The 1930s certainly lived up to his fears of the consequences of not following such a path. On rearmament, Churchill maintained a steady, and at times furious, barrage against what he viewed as the consistent failure of Prime Ministers Ramsay MacDonald, Stanley Baldwin, and Neville Chamberlain to address Britain’s fundamental security needs. In April 1938, an exasperated backbencher interrupted Churchill during one of his speeches urging more air defense, crying, ‘How much is enough?’ Churchill replied that the question reminded him of the man who received a telegram from Brazil informing him: ‘Your mother-in-law dead; wire instructions.’ The man, Churchill indicated, immediately replied: ‘Embalm, cremate, bury at sea. Take no chances.’ But Churchill was not an unregenerate defender of high defense budgets. He had played a major role in developing the infamous ten-year rule in the early 1920s, which required that military budget estimates be based on the assumption that Britain would not be in a major war in the next ten years. The result was the general rundown of Britain’s defense industries, as well as its military services. Still, one must judge Churchill’s advocacy of restraints on military expenditure in the 1920s by reference to the political and strategic context of the decade. Germany was then a republic and her military shackled by the Versailles Treaty. But when the international environment underwent a drastic turn for the worse in the early 1930s, he at least recognized that Britain must fundamentally change its defense policies. So too did the government. The argument between those in power and Churchill was over the scale of rearmament. In November 1933, with the arrival of Hitler and massive German rearmament, the cabinet authorized the Defense Requirements Committee to examine Britain’s defenses. After eight months of interminable wrangling and arguments, the cabinet finally agreed on the sum of seventy-one million pounds over the next five years to repair the defense deficiencies — this at a time when Hitler had already issued blank checks to the German military. By this point, the pace of Nazi rearmament had already accelerated well beyond Britain’s. Churchill’s attacks on the government’s policies reflected his belief that the strategic dangers and general inadequacies in defense spending would fundamentally undermine Britain’s security. To a certain extent, the government’s initial response reflected its readings of the British electorate’s mood and the deep hostility to any idea of rearmament throughout virtually all of British society. One must note that up to September 1938 there was no alternative to the Conservative government’s position on defense — unless, of course, one accepted Labor’s position that no defense was the best defense. Kingsley Martin’s column in the New Statesman shortly after the Anschluss suggests the willful opposition to even minimal defense expenditures that the Left exhibited throughout the decade: ‘Today, if Mr. Chamberlain would come forward and tell us that his polity was really one not only of isolation but also of Little Englandism in which the Empire was to be given up because it could not be defended and in which military defense was to be abandoned because war would totally end civilization, we, for our part, would totally support him.’ Labor’s record of opposing every single defense bill through to the conscription bill of April 1939 suggests why Churchill remained so isolated, given his repeated urgings for major rearmament programs. Yet even on the Conservative side, there was enormous opposition to increased defense expenditures. Churchill’s quarrels with the government came out most clearly in the arguments over allocation of resources to the Royal Air Force (RAF). Beginning in 1934 he articulated a series of warnings that the government was missing the growing threat from German air armament. In an eloquent and, in retrospect, all too accurate speech in November 1934, he warned: ‘To urge preparation of defense is not to assert the imminence of war. On the contrary, if war were imminent, preparations for defense would be too late.’ Prime Minister Baldwin replied by assuring the House of Commons, ‘His Majesty’s Government are determined in no condition to accept any position of inferiority with regard to what air force may be raised in Germany in the future.’ In fact, the government was doing little to force the pace of RAF rearmament — all the more extraordinary in view of the fact that earlier that same year Baldwin had uttered his claim that ‘the bomber will always get through.’ Baldwin’s statement began a period of obfuscation, dishonesty, and lying in the face of Churchill’s attacks — one in which the government still refused to provide reasonable levels of funding to the RAF. Serving RAF officers, meanwhile, kept Churchill well informed on both the state of their service and German efforts to build up the Luftwaffe. He did not focus on the technical details of air rearmament due to his belief that what was crucial was that the RAF receive increased funding. In the end, the government of Neville Chamberlain made the crucial decision in late 1937 that Britain could only afford the buildup of a fighter, as opposed to a bomber, force, but it reached that decision because fighters were cheaper, rather than based on any belief in the efficacy of air defense. Churchill’s constant hammering on the lack of preparedness in the air and the importance of air defense supported what buildup did occur and provided much of the narrow margin by which Fighter Command won the Battle of Britain in 1940. Churchill’s support for specific programs for the other services was less influential. Neither army nor naval officers proved quite so willing to tattle on the government’s sorry record of support. Although Churchill never expressed support for Basil Liddell Hart’s ahistorical strategic concept of ‘limited liability’ — a belief that Britain should not commit major military forces to the Continent in the case of a general war — the horrific casualty rates in France during World War I had scarred him, like his contemporaries. While recognizing that Britain would have to commit troops to the Continent in support of France in another war, he also saw that some things were better left unargued in the political and intellectual atmosphere of the 1930s. Thus, he did not argue so vehemently in favor of financial increases in the army’s budget to support the French. But Churchill’s larger understanding was that underfunding the overall defense budget would ensure a state of unpreparedness at the onset of hostilities that would have dark consequences on future battlefields. He was right. The navy, largely due to the Washington Naval Treaties, seemed least threatened by a German buildup. Certainly in its own eyes it was ready to master the immediate threat. But it, too, would not be ready for the war in the North Atlantic in 1939. What Churchill failed to see were the intellectual and doctrinal weaknesses in the preparations of Britain’s military forces. The army’s culture and its lack of understanding of what had happened on the battlefield in the last war had already put the British out of the ground-war race even before German rearmament began in February 1933. Unfortunately, Churchill remained blind to the systemic weaknesses in the army, and that blindness prevented him from forcing that organization to come up to the mark even by the end of World War II. The other great issue between Churchill and virtually everyone in power in Britain in the 1930s — and most in opposition — had to do with his fundamentally different Weltanschauung (worldview). His beliefs were similar to those of the great Greek historian Thucydides, who had suggested that his purpose in writing a history of the Peloponnesian War was so that ‘these words of mine [will be] judged useful by those who want to understand clearly the events which happened in the past and which (human nature being what it its) will, at some time or other and in much the same ways, be repeated in the future.’ Throughout the interwar years, Churchill was hard at work on his great histories, The World Crisis and Marlborough, His Life and Times. By writing history during so much of the 1920s and ’30s, Churchill expanded his sense of the continuities and dangers of the past. The real world of human strife remained firmly in his understanding of the current world. One passage in Marlborough, among many, reflecting on the strategic framework within which the War of the Spanish Succession was fought, illustrates that brilliant combination of past and present in Churchill’s writing and his recognition that we must see the world as it is, not as we wish it to be: It was a war of the circumference against the center. When we reflect upon the selfish aims, the jealousies and shortcomings of the allies, upon their many divergent interests, upon the difficulties of procuring common and timely agreement upon any single necessary measure, upon the weariness, moral and physical, which drags down all prolonged human effort…we cannot regard it as strange that Louis XIV should so long have sustained his motto, ‘Nec pluribus impar.’ Lying in his central station with complete control of the greatest nation of the world in one of its most remarkable ebullitions, with the power to plan far in advance, to strike now in this quarter, now in that, and above all with the certainty of complete obedience, it is little wonder how well and how long he fought. The marvel is that any force could have been found in that unequipped civilization of Europe to withstand, still less to subdue him. Even as he evaluated the world of the 1930s, Churchill held an historical and fundamentally pessimistic view of what the German threat meant to Britain. This influence thoroughly informed his views on foreign and defense policy. Those who determined Britain’s response in the late 1930s did not agree. Over them, as over Churchill, hung the shadows of the Loos, the Somme, and Paschendaele. But where Churchill aimed at meeting the challenge by backing up a strong foreign policy with major rearmament programs, they chose another tack. Admittedly, British politicians and strategists confronted complex problems. Britain’s economic position had weakened considerably compared to 1914, she faced a major threat to her interests in the Far East, and even the Italians were a significant challenge in the Mediterranean. |A stern-faced Churchill and British Foreign Minister Lord Halifax walk to Parliament several weeks after Germany’s annexation of Austria. The British government had already concluded that, according to Halifax, ‘Czechoslovakia is not worth the bones of a single British grenadier.’ (National Archives)| Underlying the government’s policy was an unreasonable belief that international affairs had changed in fundamental ways since 1914. Strategic interests did not matter, military power would not play a significant part in the equation again, and above all, war was something that no reasonable statesman would ever consider. Appeasement, as practiced by the British governments of the late 1930s, represented an odd combination of naivet, optimistic assessments, and a belief in the supremacy of morality in international affairs. Neville Henderson, ambassador to Berlin, best caught this mixture in a cable he sent to the foreign minister, Lord Halifax, in May 1938 as the political struggle over the future of Czechoslovakia’s predominantly German Sudetenland began heating up: Yet even when I try to imagine that which I feel in my heart to be inevitable and evolutional is neither, and when I think in terms of British interests only, regardless of right or wrong, I still feel that however repugnant, dangerous, and troublesome the result may be or may seem likely to be, the truest British interest is to come down on the side of the highest moral principles. And the only lastingly right moral principle is self-determination. The British Empire is built upon it and we cannot deny it without incalculable prejudice to something which is of infinitely greater importance to the world than apprehensions of the German menace. Three months later, as the Czech crisis was exploding, Henderson wrote Halifax: ‘Personally I just sit and pray for one thing, namely that Lord Runciman [head of a diplomatic mission to Czechoslovakia] will live up to the role of the impartial British liberal statesman. I cannot believe that he will allow himself to be influenced by ancient history or even arguments about strategic frontiers and economics in preference to high moral principles.’ As the great twentieth-century historian of Eastern Europe Louis Namier has pointed out, the 1,250 pages of published documents on British foreign policy dealing with the Czech crisis over the summer of 1938 contain not a single reference to the strategic and military impact of abandoning Czechoslovakia without a fight and the consequences that such an action would have on the European military balance of power in succeeding years. Since the opening up of the British cabinet documents in the early 1970s, we know that this crucial question does not appear in cabinet discussions until September 16, 1938, when Oliver Stanley, president of the Board of Trade, asked what the results of a surrender of Czechoslovakia might be. In fact, Chamberlain and his supporters in the cabinet were not afraid of losing a war to Germany in 1938. As Halifax told the cabinet in mid-September 1938, he ‘had no doubt that if we were involved in war now, we should win it after a long time.’ Halifax then, however, continued on to add what lay at the heart of the appeasers’ objection to a hard policy toward Germany — an approach that might result in war. He ‘could not feel that we were justified in embarking on an action which could result in such untold suffering.’ Consequently, the result was a consistent ‘best case’ analysis of German intentions, goals, and behavior — a state of mind that all too often slipped over into the intellectual dishonesty exhibited in an entry in the diary of Geoffrey Dawson, editor of the London Times, that he was engaged in a constant battle to take out everything in the paper that might hurt German sensibilities. Moreover, reinforcing the thrust of British policy throughout the late 1930s was a military ‘worst casing’ of the strategic situation. In some instances, such as Chamberlain’s charge to the chiefs of staff for a European evaluation done in reaction to the Anschluss, the government deliberately loaded the dice to encourage gloomy assessments of the strategic situation. But the chiefs of staff hardly needed encouragement in 1938 to paint a dark picture of British and Allied prospects should war occur. In the March 1938 appreciation, they commented: We conclude that no pressure that we and our possible allies can bring to bear, either by sea, on land or in the air could prevent Germany from invading and overrunning Bohemia and from inflicting a decisive defeat of the Czechoslovakian army….In the world situation today it seems to us…Italy and Japan would seize the opportunity to further their own ends and that in consequence the problem we have to envisage is not that of a limited European war only, but of a World War. On this situation we reported as follows some four months only: — ‘Without overlooking the assistance we should hope to obtain from France and possibly other allies, we cannot foresee the time when our defense forces will be strong enough to safeguard our territory, trade and vital interests against Germany, Italy, and Japan simultaneously.’ A careful reading of the military and strategic evidence, however, indicates that the military situation in 1938 was far more favorable to the Allies than what they were to face in 1939. Even a substantial number of Germany’s senior military leaders felt the same. Churchill remained opposed to the government’s and the military’s assessments for realistic reasons. He understood the nature of the Nazi regime and recognized that it represented an enormous ideological threat, although he phrased his understanding more in terms of good and evil than in terms of ideology. Consequently, he understood what his contemporaries refused to see: There was no chance of reaching a long-term accommodation with Hitler or the Nazis. Any agreement could only result in undermining Britain’s values, traditions, and moral position. On the military side, he evaluated the strategic balance more favorably than did the chiefs of staff. In the end it was a good thing that Churchill remained out of office during the 1930s. There is no doubt that he sought office during this period. He was particularly upset that he failed to get the position of minister for the coordination of defense in 1936. Baldwin appointed the little-known and unsuited Sir Thomas Inskip to that position, an appointment Churchill accurately described as the most astonishing since Caligula had appointed his horse consul of Rome. The larger issue, however, in view of the political realities and limitations of the 1930s (and not in view of what we know about the results) is the question of what Churchill could have achieved that the governments of the time did not. As a member of the government in 1937 and 1938 — given political attitudes within the cabinet, particularly after Chamberlain became prime minister — Churchill would have had little room to maneuver in trying to expand defense spending. Moreover, as a member of the government, Churchill would have had to carry the opprobrium of defending the government’s defense expenditures in public. Much of the argument over defense in the late 1930s rested on the capability of the British economy to support a sustained program of rearmament. British governments displayed extraordinary concern throughout the period about the country’s financial position — a reasonable attitude, considering the 1931 financial panic and continuing difficulties over Britain’s balance of payments. Chamberlain warned the cabinet in spring 1937, shortly before he became prime minister, that he could not accept the question at issue [the services’ request for increased defense spending] as being a purely military matter. Other considerations entered into it. The country was being asked to maintain a larger navy than had been the case for very many years; a great air force, which was a new arm altogether; and, in addition, an army for use on the Continent — as well as the facilities for producing munitions which would be required not only for our forces but also for our allies. Chamberlain’s path as both chancellor of the Exchequer and prime minister represented a consistent effort to minimize British defense expenditures, at least through March 1939. Certainly, the political consensus through much of the period agreed with his economic and diplomatic analysis. It is worth noting, however, that there were elements even within the Treasury that believed that Britain could have supported higher levels of rearmament. Admittedly, even as prime minister Churchill would have found it difficult to push much beyond Chamberlain’s armament programs — at least until late summer 1938 — given the attitudes within the Conservative Party, not to mention the country as a whole. In fact, either a strong rearmament policy or an adventurous foreign policy — or the two in combination — might well have fractured the British polity and made the kind of unity demanded by a great world war impossible. Up till September 1938, Chamberlain’s foreign policy was defensible in terms of British popular attitudes. However, the prime minister stepped off into disaster when he refused to recognize that Hitler’s behavior in the summer and fall of 1938 had revealed the darker aims and goals of the Nazi regime. But having come face to face with Nazi intransigence and truculence in the period before the Munich conference, Chamberlain had crumbled. The eventual result was the tragic and disastrous surrender of Czechoslovakia at the end of September 1938. Throughout that summer and fall, Churchill saw the terrible strategic and military consequences of the government’s course. He could badger the ministers, but he could not change the policy. The greatest speech of his career came in his chilling depiction in early October 1938 of what the Western powers had abandoned to the Nazis at Munich. A few short paragraphs provide all the reader needs to know about Churchill’s separation from the perceived wisdom of the British nation at large — a gulf the furious reception that most of the House of Commons gave to his dire warnings further underlines: All is over. Silent, mournful, abandoned, broken Czechoslovakia recedes into the darkness. She has suffered in every respect by her association with France, under whose guidance and policy she has been actuated for so long….Every position has been undermined and abandoned on specious and plausible excuses. I do not grudge our loyal, brave people, who were ready to do their duty no matter what the cost, who never flinched under the strain of last week, the natural, spontaneous outburst of joy and relief when they learned that the hard ordeal would no longer be required of them at the moment; but they should know the truth….They should know that we have sustained a defeat without a war, the consequences of which will travel with us along our road; they should know that we have passed an awful milestone in our history, when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged and that the terrible words have for the time been spoken against the Western Democracies: ‘Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting.’ And do not suppose that this is the end. This is the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup…. The collapse of the Munich agreement with Hitler’s seizure of Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939 restored Churchill’s political position after the darkness of a wilderness that had lasted almost a decade. What was particularly disastrous for Britain’s prospects in the coming war was the fact that Chamberlain had done virtually nothing to accelerate British military preparations between September 1938 and March 1939. Outside of construction of a few escort vessels and extension of contracts for fighter production from 1941 into ’42, his government refused to address any of the substantial weaknesses that had appeared during the mobilization occasioned by the Czech crisis. In the end, there had been no speeding up the rearmament effort. Despite the shock of Hitler’s occupation of Prague in March 1939, Chamberlain still refused to bring Churchill into the cabinet. One suspects that the prime minister had two reasons: a fear of Churchill’s dominating personality and a belief that Churchill’s inclusion in the cabinet would represent to many in and outside of Germany that Britain regarded war as inevitable. After March 1939, Chamberlain and Halifax were more interested in deterring Germany and cutting her off diplomatically than in creating a viable military coalition to defeat the Nazis. Their failure to approach the Soviet Union and the distribution of guarantees to the states of Eastern Europe, none of which France and Britain had the slightest hope of supporting with military force, suggest an unwillingness to face the hard realities of a fast-approaching war. From what we now know of Soviet policy, there was no chance that the West and the Soviets might have reached an accommodation, especially after the Germans recognized that they could make a deal with the Soviets. But the guarantees throughout Eastern Europe were strategic madness. Churchill welcomed the government’s change of direction but was soon appalled by its attitudes toward Russia. He also recognized the necessity for a stand in Eastern Europe. But, again, the lack of realism in much of Chamberlain’s policy — at least what Churchill knew of the government’s policies — could not have pleased him. His cutting comment on the guarantee to Poland in his memoirs suggests the degree of his differences: And now, when every one of these aids and advantages has been squandered and thrown away, Great Britain advances, leading France by the hand, to guarantee the integrity of Poland — to that very Poland which with hyena appetite had only six months before joined in the pillage and destruction of the Czechoslovak state. There was sense in fighting for Czechoslovakia in 1938 when the German army could put barely a dozen trained divisions on the Western Front, when the French with nearly sixty or seventy divisions could most certainly have rolled forward across the Rhine or into the Ruhr. But this had all been judged unreasonable, rash, below the level of modern intellectual thought or morality. Yet now at last the two Western Democracies declared themselves ready to stake their lives upon the territorial integrity of Poland. History which we are told is mainly the record of crimes, follies and miseries of mankind, may be scoured and ransacked to find a parallel to this sudden and complete reversal of five or six years’ policy of easy going placatory appeasement, and its transformation almost overnight into a readiness to accept an obviously imminent war on far worse conditions and on the greatest scale. What is apparent in the course of British policy in 1939 is that two major assessments of Germany — the political and the military — had undergone substantial change since Munich. On the political level, the government had revised its picture of the Nazi regime and of Hitler in particular. Churchill agreed fully with the change in political assessment, although unlike the government, he recognized that war was inevitable. But on the strategic side, the British military downgraded its estimates of Germany’s military and economic ability to meet the demands of another great world war, while they were increasing their estimates of their own potential. Two factors explain the change. First, British strategic intelligence, even as the Czech crisis lurched to its end in September 1938, had picked up how badly prepared militarily and economically the Germans had been to meet war in fall 1938. Throughout the winter of 1938-39, a flood of intelligence confirmed that Germany’s situation had been dangerously weak in the fall. The second factor was that after the German occupation of Prague, the firestorm of political anger in Britain forced the government to begin a massive program of rearmament to meet the Nazi threat. The prospects of that program lifted much of the British military’s forebodings as to the situation. It should not have. Over the summer of 1939, the Chamberlain government continued making crucial decisions on the basis of general ignorance of strategic factors. Its record thus far had not been stellar; it did not improve in the last months before war. Here is where one suspects that Churchill might have contributed much to these desperate prewar debates, the unfortunate outcomes of which resulted in Nazi Germany’s escape from its strategic vulnerabilities in the first seven months of the war. Churchill’s unrivaled ability to strip faulty reasoning from the body of argument and to plunge through to the heart of the matter might well have pushed the Western powers on a more realistic course. One of the crucial arguments in the summer of 1939 revolved around the Italian problem: Should Britain and France appease Benito Mussolini or, if war broke out, encourage him to enter the conflict at Germany’s side? For one of the few times in the 1930s, the Chamberlain government got the issue right. The prime minister himself argued in a meeting of the Foreign Policy Committee that there were important advantages in having the Italians on Germany’s side during any war. Nevertheless,in the end the British chiefs of staff talked the government out of one of the few sensible strategic courses that it had considered during the 1930s. The military’s arguments rested on entirely specious grounds — that Italy might ‘be in a position to hit us more effectively at the outset than we can hit her….’ The difference that Churchill might have made in the debate over Italy is suggested by his participation, as first lord of the Admiralty, in the debates after the start of war. In early October 1939, there arose a question as to whether the Allies should mine the Norwegian leads, or coastal waters, to prevent transshipment of Swedish ore through neutral waters to Germany. Not surprisingly, Churchill backed this course. In December the chiefs of staff raised objections because they wished to persuade the Scandinavians to allow a major movement of Allied forces across Norway and Sweden to support the Finns. Churchill’s devastating one-page reply to such nonsense underlines why his leadership, with its extraordinary grasp and understanding, was so essential to British victory in World War II: The self-contained minor operation of stopping the ore from Narvik and Oxelsund [namely the mining of the Norwegian leads] must not be tried because it would jeopardize the larger plan. The larger plan [getting Norway and Sweden to invite the Allies in] must not be attempted unless Norway and Sweden cooperate. Not only must they not resist militarily or adopt a purely passive attitude, but must actively cooperate….But is there any prospect of Sweden and Norway actually cooperating with us of their own free will to bring about a series of operations which as is well set out in their [chiefs of staff] paper will a) ruin the trade of their ironfield and the shipping which carries it; b) involve them in a war with Germany; c) expose the whole southern part of both countries to German invasion and occupation? Left to themselves they will certainly refuse, and, if pressed diplomatically, they will protest loudly to the world. Thus, the minor operation is knocked out for the sake of the bigger, and the bigger is declared only practicable upon conditions that will not occur. A combination of Halifax’s opposition to strong actions against neutral powers and the chiefs of staffs’ prestige thwarted Churchill’s support for the mining operation in the winter. Eventually, immediately before Germany’s April 9, 1940, invasion of Scandinavia, the operation went forward. Consequently, the British provided the Germans with an excuse for their aggression while gaining little military advantage because the mining came so late. It was in his ability to recognize the heart of the argument that Churchill was to be such a great war leader. Much of the nonsense that characterized arguments put forward by the government’s military advisers in the late 1930s never passed muster under Churchill’s alert and penetrating gaze during the war. In 1938 this would have made little difference, even had Churchill been in the cabinet; Chamberlain and his supporters had made up their mind on the basis of the political assessment that the men in Berlin were reasonable individuals.In summer 1939, however, Churchill might have made some considerable difference in a cabinet more open to strategic or military direction. Lord Ismay best summed up Churchill’s abilities as a strategist in a letter that he wrote to the new theater commander in the Middle East, General Claude Auchinleck: The idea that he [Churchill] was rude, arrogant, and self-seeking was entirely wrong. He was none of those things. He was certainly frank in speech and writing, but he expected others to be equally frank with him. To a young brigadier from Middle East Headquarters who had asked him if he could speak freely, he replied: ‘Of course. We are not here to pay each other compliments.’…He had a considerable respect for the trained military mind, but refused to subscribe to the idea that generals were infallible or had any monopoly on the military art. He was not a gambler, but never shrank from taking a calculated risk if the situation so demanded…. Another one of Churchill’s military advisers characterized the change from Chamberlain to Churchill in the following terms: ‘The days of mere ‘coordination’ were out for good and all….We were now going to get direction, leadership with a snap in it.’ Churchill himself accurately remarked that the strategic decision-making system under his predecessors had represented ‘the maximum of study and the minimum of action. It was all very well to say that everything had been thought of. The crux of the matter was — had anything been done?’ Over the summer of 1939, Churchill waited for the war that he knew was coming. As he told an American audience in a sarcastic speech broadcast from Britain: Holiday time, ladies and gentlemen! Holiday time, my friends across the Atlantic! Holiday time, when the summer calls the toilers of all countries for an all too brief spell from the offices and mills…. Let me look back — let me see. How did we spend our summer holidays twenty-five years ago? Why those were the very days when the German advance guards were breaking into Belgium and trampling down its people…. But perhaps we are wrong. Perhaps our memory deceives us. Dr. Geobbels and his Propaganda Ministry have their own version of what happened twenty-five years ago. To hear them talk, you would suppose that it was Belgium that invaded Germany! There they were, these peaceful Prussians, gathering in their harvests, when this wicked Belgium — set on by England and the Jews — fell upon them…. But to come back to the hush I said was hanging over Europe. What kind of hush is it? Alas! it is the hush of suspense, and in many lands it is the hush of fear. Listen! No, listen carefully; I think I hear something — yes, there it is quite clear. Don’t you hear it? It is the tramp of armies crunching the gravel of the parade-grounds, splashing through rain soaked fields, the tramp of two million German soldiers and more than a million Italians — ‘going on maneuvers’ — yes, only on maneuvers! Of course it’s only maneuvers — just like last year. After all, the dictators must train their soldiers. They could scarcely do less in common prudence, when the Danes, the Dutch, the Swiss, the Albanians — and of course the Jews — may leap out upon them at any moment to rob them of their living space, and make them sign another paper to say who began it. Churchill’s time soon came. But Chamberlain waited until the actual outbreak of war with Germany’s invasion of Poland and the declaration of war by Britain before he allowed Churchill to re-enter the charmed circle of decision makers in the cabinet. On September 3 he was named first lord of the Admiralty. By this point, Churchill’s reputation was such that, given the accuracy of his predictions and warnings, not even the failure of the Norwegian campaign — which was not his greatest moment — could prevent him from assuming the leadership of his nation in the dark days of May 1940. How to evaluate the years in the wilderness? Churchill, indeed, waged a lonely crusade against the revealed wisdom of most of Britain’s literate society. His position on the outside allowed him to express his opinions with a freedom that would not have been possible within the cabinet. Moreover, through to the Czech crisis, there was little chance that the British government could have pursued a stronger course in either foreign policy or in rearmament, given national attitudes, without the considerable danger of splitting the nation. Where British policy sorely missed Churchill’s wisdom was in the post-Munich period. Through March 1939, the government refused any speedup in its rearmament programs. The year between Munich and the outbreak of war was one that Britain largely wasted and of which the Germans took full advantage. Moreover, Churchill’s absence from strategic debates after March 1939 drove British and French strategy toward a supine unwillingness to undertake any military action, despite the considerable weaknesses still plaguing the German military and economy. As a result, Germany escaped its predicament, and in the May 1940 campaign in the West completely overturned the European balance of power, at least for the short run. But Churchill’s prestige, gained in his lonely battles of the 1930s, provided him the persona to persuade the British people to stand alone after the fall of France. Churchill’s prewar efforts, then, had gone for naught — his own people had not listened. Might his course have prevented war? That, of course, is one of the great imponderables of the 1930s. The evidence available certainly suggests that nothing could have avoided war except abject surrender. But the course that Churchill advocated carried with it a real level of military and strategic preparation that might at least have enabled the West to win the conflict at less cost, whatever the nature or the timing of the war that broke out. As for that lonely fight against the tide of public opinion, the intellectual elite, and the masters of his own party, perhaps only the words of seventeenth-century poet John Milton capture the courage and tenacity of Churchill’s struggle against those who knew better: So spake the Seraph Abdiel faithful found Among the faithless, faithful only hee; Among innumerable false, unmov’d Unshak’n, unseduc’d, unterrifi’d His Loyalty he kept, his Love, his Zeal; Nor number, nor example with him To swerve from truth, or change his Though single. From amidst them forth Long way through hostile scorn, which Superior, nor of violence fear’d aught; And with retorted scorn his back he turn’d. This article was written by Williamson Murray and originally published in the Winter 2001 edition of MHQ. For more great articles, subscribe to MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History today!

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The Valley of Blessing by Henry M. Morris, Ph.D. “And on the fourth day they assembled themselves in the valley of Berachah; for there they blessed the LORD: therefore the name of the same place was called, The valley of Berachah, unto this day.” (2 Chronicles 20:26) The name Berachah means “blessing,” and the people of Judah surely had much reason to bless the Lord. The armies of the Moabites and Ammonites, and many others, had invaded their land, and King Jehoshaphat had no forces sufficient to oppose them. But Jehoshaphat had already led his people back to the Lord, and now he prayed for their deliverance, acknowledging that the Lord was “God in heaven . . . so that none is able to withstand thee.” Therefore God replied, through the prophet Jahaziel, that “the battle is not yours, but God’s . . . stand ye still, and see the salvation of the LORD” (2 Chronicles 20:6, 15, 17). God then set the invading armies against each other, until all were slain, and God’s people were delivered without even lifting a sword. No wonder the people “blessed the LORD”! The Hebrew word berachah (“blessing”) is used some 68 times in the Old Testament, the first being God’s promise to Abraham when he followed the Lord: “And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing” (Genesis 12:2). God’s promise to Abraham has been abundantly kept, though there is much more to come. We, like the people in the valley of Berachah, have much for which to bless the Lord, for we also have seen the salvation of God: “Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and blessing” (Revelation 5:12). Therefore, “bless the LORD, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name” (Psalm 103:1). HMM

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We've always known that mosquitoes are not our friends. News from health officials lately only confirms the problems these annoying pests can cause. Michigan health officials report an 87-year-old woman from Kent County is the fifth person to die from the West Nile virus in the state this year. The announcement came a day after Michigan Department of Community Health Interim Chief Medical Executive Dean Sienko told reporters that Michigan is experiencing an "epidemic of West Nile virus activity." Experts think a mild winter, early spring and hot summer have helped stimulate mosquito breeding and the spread of the virus. Meanwhile, officials with the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and Michigan State University's Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health have confirmed Eastern Equine Encephalitis in an eight-week-old puppy in Van Buren County in lower Michigan. Eastern Equine Encephalitis is a serious viral disease spread by mosquitoes that can affect people, horses, and poultry such as pheasants, emu, ostriches, quail, and ducks. Eastern Equine Encephalitis infection and disease can occasionally occur in other mammals, such as this puppy, and in reptiles and amphibians. "There have been other reported cases of EEE in dogs, but as far as we are aware, not in Michigan," said Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Associate Director Dr. Thomas Mullaney. "Private veterinarians may want to consider EEE if there are neurological issues during an examination, especially if dogs have been living outside with no mosquito control on the premises." Mosquito management is vital in the prevention of West Nile Virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and heartworms in dogs and cats. Eliminate standing water by properly discarding old tires, filling ruts and pot holes, and removing water from tarps, pool covers, and other items where it may collect. Changing water in bowls, buckets, troughs, bird baths, and wading pools at least once each week, especially during the warmer weeks of late summer, are just a few simple steps to prevent mosquito-borne illnesses. With all these problems, the Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development is providing residents with mosquito mitigation tips and reminding them to exercise care when applying insect repellents such as DEET, lemon eucalyptus, and picaridin. Excessive use of insect repellents containing DEET can result in adverse health effects, particularly in children if not properly applied. "The holiday weekend falls during the peak of mosquito season, so it is important that when spending time outside with friends and family, residents exercise caution when applying insect repellents," said Jamie Clover Adams, Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development Director. "You should always follow the guidelines listed on the bottle, especially when applying repellents on children," Adams said in a statement. Follow these tips to reduce mosquito bites and mosquito population levels: - Consider using non-chemical means to prevent biting, such as screens, netting, long sleeves, closed shoes, and pants. - Practice prevention by eliminating breeding grounds for mosquitoes, such as standing water near the home. - Consider using biological controls for small lakes and ponds you own, such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, which is available at many stores. When applying insect repellents on children, follow the guidelines recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health: - Do not use repellents with DEET on infants less than two months old. - Apply repellent on your hands and then rub it on the child. - Avoid spraying children's eyes and mouths, and use the repellent sparingly around their ears. - Never apply repellent to children's hands or their skin under clothing. - Do not allow young children to apply insect repellent to themselves. - Once a child is indoors or the repellent is no longer needed, wash the treated skin with soap and water. - Keep repellents out of reach of children. Additional precautions to keep in mind regarding applying repellents and eliminating possible breeding grounds for summer insects: - Avoid mosquitoes during their prime feeding hours of dusk and dawn. - Before applying repellent, read all label directions; not all repellents are intended to be applied to the skin. Repellents with low concentrations (10 percent or below) are effective and may be preferred in most situations. - Start with a low-concentration product and re-apply if necessary. - If applying repellents over a long period of time, alternate the repellent with one having another active ingredient. - Do not use repellents on broken or irritated skin or apply to eyes and mouth. - Avoid breathing sprays and do not use near food. Reactions to repellents are rare, but exposure to excessive levels of DEET may cause headaches, restlessness, crying spells, mania, staggering, rapid breathing, convulsions, and possibly coma. The Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are also warning consumers to immediately stop using a repellent if they experience any of the above symptoms. If the product is swallowed, consumers should immediately contact a poison control center or the hospital emergency room. To determine if a repellent is registered for use in Michigan, visit www.michigan.gov/mdard.

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Defining Characteristics: Great beginner frog | Pale Yellow, White, and black coloration | Bold | Easy to breed | Quiet call | Large | Can be kept in groups when young | Best kept in pairs as adults Name: Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback'. Commonly the Dyeing Poison Dart Frog (based on an early belief that natives used brightly colored frogs to dye fabric). In the hobby, simply known as Yellowbacks or Cits. Yellowback refers to it's bright lemon yellow color. Recommended Vivarium Size: A 10 gallon aquarium is suitable for a single Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback', but Josh's Frogs recommends a 20H or 18x18x18 Vivarium for 1-3 frogs. Not sure how to set up a vivarium? Please watch our video on How to Set Up a Vivarium. Temperature: Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' can tolerate a temperature range of 65 F to 80 F, but prefer temperatures in the low to mid 70s. Temperatures over 85F are dangerous. Humidity: Like most poison dart frogs, Yellowbacks prefer a humidity range of 70 – 100%, but can tolerate humidity down to 50% for short periods of time if the frogs have access to water. Low humidity levels, especially without access to water, can quickly be fatal. Size: Adult female Yellowbacks are one of the largest species of tincs, measuring in at approximately 2.5 inches. Male Yellowback are a bit smaller, averaging about 2 inches at maturity. All of the Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' froglets Josh's Frogs sells are well started juveniles, and measure approximately 1” long. Age: Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' is capable of living well over 20 years in captivity under ideal conditions, although a lifespan of 10 years is more common. In the wild, it is thought that Yellowback may live 4-6 years. All Yellowbacks for sale at Josh's Frogs are well started juveniles, and are 2-3 months old. Feeding: Like most poison dart frogs, Yellowbacks prefer smaller foods. All of the Yellowbacks Josh's Frogs sells will readily eat Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Adult Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' will readily consume Drosophila hydei fruit flies and pinhead crickets. All ages of poison dart frogs will enjoy springtails and isopods. All feeder insects should be dusted with a vitamin/mineral supplement. For more information on what poison dart frogs can eat, please visit our How-To Guide on Feeding Poison Dart Frogs. Sexing: Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' is not sexable until 10-12 months of age. Male Yellowback tend to be smaller than females, which often appear both longer and wider. Males also tend to have wider front toe pads and a less defined back arch than females. Josh's Frogs sells 2-3 month old juveniles that are not sexable unless otherwise noted. For more information on sexing poison dart frogs, please visit our How-To Guide on Sexing Poison Dart Frogs. Color/Pattern: A very variable poison dart frog, all Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' are mostly pale yellow interrupted by black spots or blotches, and no spots in some individuals. The amount of yellow can vary substantially among individuals, even siblings. Some Yellowback have yellow 'bracelets' around their front wrists. Leg color tends to be black with a varying amount of pale yellow or white. This morph of tinctorius is very variable. Some individuals show a reduced yellow coloration, where 90% of their body is black. These are sometimes referred to as 'lemon drop' tinctorius or skeleton tincs. As yellowbacks age, the yellow can fade to an almost white color. Josh's Frogs does not recommend, support, or endorse line breeding as we believe this leads to weaker captive animals and nature has done a wonderful job of creating an amazing variation in color and pattern of poison dart frogs already. Social Behavior: Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' do well housed in groups up to sexual maturity, as long as enough space is provided. Josh's Frogs recommends approximately 10 gallons per frog. As they reach sexual maturity at 10-12 months of age, the social dynamic in a group of Dendrobates tinctorius may change, and all but one female may need to be removed. Female D. tinctorius may fight with each other over a mate. For that reason, many breeders recommend keeping Yellowbacks in pairs as adults. Josh's Frogs strongly recommends against housing different species/morphs of dart frogs - for the health of your pets, please avoid mxing! Josh's Frogs recommends purchasing multiple frogs if you are interested in breeding them – this greatly increases the chances of getting a pair. Breeding: Yellowbacks are very simple and easy to breed. Like most Dendrobates tinctorius, Yellowbacks are best bred in pairs as adult females may fight with each other in the presence of a male. Generally, eggs are deposited on a smooth broad leaf, or on a petri dish under a cocohut. The eggs hatch into tadpoles, which then take 60-80 days to complete metamorphosis into miniature versions of the adults. For more information on breeding and raising poison dart frogs, please visit our How-To Guide on Breeding Poison Dart Frogs. Please try to breed this morph - it is quite uncommon, and in danger of disappearing from the US hobby. Natural Range: Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' is native to Suriname, along the Maroni River, which serves as a border between Suriname and French Guiana. Some froggers suspect that Yellowbacks occur on both sides of the river, and captive animals may be a result of collections on the Suriname side, the French Guiana side, or possibly both! History in the Hobby: First imported in the early 1990s, the early yellowbacks were originally imported from French Guiana, with later imports coming from Suriname. To add to the confusion, this species is very similar to the French Guiana tinctorius 'Atachi Bakka'. Links of Interest: Tinctorius Morphguide, with great information on all morphs of Dendrobates tinctorius. IUCN Redlist article on Dendrobates tinctorius. Still not sure if Dendrobates tinctorius 'Yellowback' from Josh's Frogs is the right poison dart frog for you? Read the reviews below and see what other customers are saying!

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Words formed when one letter is changed in flues Letter 1 (F) changed: 4 words found: No words found when changing letter 2 (L). Letter 3 (U) changed: 3 words found: Letter 4 (E) changed: 1 word found: Letter 5 (S) changed: 1 word found: A total of 9 words can be formed from flues by changing one letter.

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FROM ISSUE NUMBER 133 - FALL 1998 GO TO TABLE OF CONTENTS Does immigration harm the poor? PARTLY as a result of reforms undertaken in the 1960s, the United States is currently experiencing the largest sustained wave of immigration in its history. Each year, the United States admits between 700,000 and 900,000 legal immigrants; additionally, the Immigration and Naturalization Service estimates that 5 million illegal aliens now live in the country, with 400,000 new illegal aliens settling here annually. This influx of legal and illegal immigration has caused the foreign-born share of the population to double from roughly 5 percent of the population in 1970 to 10 percent today. ‘While less than the 15 percent recorded in 1910, the 27 million immigrants now living in the country is more than twice the 1910 number. To download a PDF of the full article, please click here.

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Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger |Died||January 4 1961 (aged 73) |Institutions||University of Wroclaw University of Zurich University of Berlin University of Oxford |Alma mater||University of Vienna| |Academic advisor||Friedrich Hasenöhrl| |Known for||Schrödinger's equation| |Notable prizes||Nobel Prize in Physics (1933)| Decoherence · Interference Quantum field theory Copenhagen · Ensemble Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961) was an Austrian-Irish physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrödinger's cat as an imaginary thought experiment to magnify the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum experiments to the patent-absurdity of a cat that is both full-of-life and stone-cold-dead at the same time, in a supposition of states. In 1887, Schrödinger was born in Erdberg, Vienna, to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, k.u.k. Technische Hochschule Vienna). His father was a Catholic and his mother was a Lutheran. In 1898, he attended the Akademisches Gymnasium. Between 1906 and 1910, Schrödinger studied in Vienna under Franz Serafin Exner (1849-1926) and Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874-1915). He also conducted experimental work with Friedrich Kohlrausch. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner. In 1914, Erwin Schrödinger achieved Habilitation (venia legendi). Between 1914 and 1918, he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery (Gorizia, Duino, Sistiana, Prosecco, Vienna). On April 6, 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie Bertel. The same year, he became the assistant to Max Wien, in Jena, and in September 1920, he attained the position of ao. Prof. (Ausserordentlicher Professor), roughly equivalent to Reader (UK) or associate professor (U.S.), in Stuttgart. In 1921, he became O. Prof. (Ordentlicher Professor, that is, full professor), in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland). In 1918, he made up his mind to abandon physics for philosophy, but the city he had hoped to obtain a post in was ceded to Austria in the peace treaties ending World War I. Schrödinger, therefore, remained a physicist. In 1922, he attended the University of Zürich. In January 1926, Schrödinger published in the Annalen der Physik, the paper, "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem" (tr. Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem_ on wave mechanics and what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. In this paper, he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time independent systems, and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for the hydrogen-like atom. This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century, and created a revolution in quantum mechanics, and indeed of all physics and chemistry. A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the quantum harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor, and the diatomic molecule, and gives a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation. A third paper in May showed the equivalence of his approach to that of Heisenberg and gave the treatment of the Stark effect. A fourth paper in this most remarkable series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in scattering problems. These papers were the central achievement of his career and were at once recognized as having great significance by the physics community. In 1927, he joined Max Planck at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In 1933, however, Schrödinger decided to leave Germany; he disliked the Nazis' antisemitism. He became a Fellow of Magdalen College at the University of Oxford. Soon after he arrived, he received the Nobel Prize together with Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. His position at Oxford did not work out; his unconventional personal life (Schrödinger lived with two women) was not met with acceptance. In 1934, Schrödinger lectured at Princeton University; he was offered a permanent position there, but did not accept it. Again, his wish to set up house with his wife and his mistress may have posed a problem. He had the prospect of a position at the University of Edinburgh but visa delays occurred, and in the end he took up a position at the University of Graz in Austria in 1936. In 1938, after Hitler occupied Austria, Schrödinger had problems because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition to Nazism. He issued a statement recanting this opposition. (He later regretted doing so, and he personally apologized to Einstein). However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the university dismissed him from his job for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and received instructions not to leave the country, but he and his wife fled to Italy. From there he went to visiting positions in Oxford and Ghent Universities. In 1940, he received an invitation to help establish an Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin, Ireland. He became the Director of the School for Theoretical Physics and remained there for 17 years, during which time he became a naturalized Irish citizen. He wrote about 50 further publications on various topics, including his explorations of unified field theory. In 1944, he wrote What is Life? which contains a discussion of Negentropy and the concept of a complex molecule with the genetic code for living organisms. According to James D. Watson's memoir, DNA, The Secret of Life, Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the gene, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. Similarly, Francis Crick, in his autobiographical book What Mad Pursuit, described how he was influenced by Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules. Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955. During this time, he remained committed to his particular passion. Scandalous involvements with students occurred and he fathered two children by two different Irish women. He had a life-long interest in the Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, which influenced his speculations at the close of What is Life? about the possibility that individual consciousness is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the universe. In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ad personam). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference, he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his skepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period, Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of wave-particle duality and promoted the wave idea alone, causing much controversy. Schrödinger decided, in 1933, that he could not live in a country in which persecution of Jews had become a national policy. Alexander Frederick Lindemann, the head of physics at Oxford University, visited Germany in the spring of 1933, to try to arrange positions in England for some young Jewish scientists from Germany. He spoke to Schrödinger about posts for one of his assistants and was surprised to discover that Schrödinger himself was interested in leaving Germany. Schrödinger asked for a colleague, Arthur March, to be offered a post as his assistant. The request for March stemmed from Schrödinger's unconventional relationships with women. His relations with his wife had never been good and he had had many lovers with his wife's knowledge. Anny had her own lover for many years, Schrödinger's friend Hermann Weyl. Schrödinger asked for March to be his assistant because, at that time, he was in love with March's wife, Hilde. Many of the scientists who had left Germany spent the summer of 1933 in Alto Adige/Südtirol. Here, Hilde became pregnant with Schrödinger's child. On November 4, 1933, Schrödinger, his wife, and Hilde March arrived in Oxford. Schrödinger had been elected a fellow of Magdalen College. Soon after they arrived in Oxford, Schrödinger heard that, for his work on wave mechanics, he had been awarded the Nobel prize. In the spring of 1934, Schrödinger was invited to lecture at Princeton University and while there he was made an offer of a permanent position. On his return to Oxford, he negotiated about salary and pension conditions at Princeton but in the end he did not accept. It is thought that the fact that he wished to live at Princeton with Anny and Hilde both sharing the upbringing of his child was not found acceptable. The fact that Schrödinger openly had two wives, even if one of them was married to another man, was not well received in Oxford either. Nevertheless, his daughter, Ruth Georgie Erica was born there on May 30, 1934. One of Schrödinger's lesser-known areas of scientific contribution was his work on color, color perception, and colorimetry (Farbenmetrik). In 1920, he published three papers in this area: Schrödinger's enduring contribution to the the development of science was to describe the atom in terms of the wave and particle aspects of the electron established by the pioneers of quantum mechanics. His insight, while derived by considering the electron, applies equally to the quarks and all other particles discovered after his time. In particle physics, the electron, like all fundamental particles is a unified entity of wave and particle (or wave-particle duality). The wavefunction tells the particle what to do over time, while the interactions of the particle tell the wave how to develop and resonate. The wave aspect of the atomic electron is atom-size, while the particle aspect is point-like even at scales thousands of times smaller than the proton. The electron jitters so rapidly about in the wave that, over even fractions of a second, it behaves as a 'solid' cloud with the shape of the wave. Applying the classical wave equation to the electron, Schrödinger derived an equation—which now bears his name—that gave the shape of the wave and thus the shapes of the atoms. The wavefunction, unlike classical waves that can be measured with real numbers—is measured with complex numbers involving the square root of minus one. In English, his equation states that the negative rate of change in the value of the wavefunction at a point at a distance from the tiny central nucleus equals the product of 1. the value of the wavefunction at that point 2. the difference in total and potential energy at that point (called the action and 3. the inertia of the particle—its rest mass-energy. This requirement determines the shape of the wavefunction, or orbital, and hence the shape of the atom. In math symbols, this is written: where the Greek letter psi, ψ, is the complex value of the wavefunction at a distance from the nucleus, m is the mass, E is the total energy, V is the potential energy at that distance from the nucleus, and the h-bar squared—Planck's Constant divided by 2π—simply converts the mass and energy measured in human units—such as grams and ergs—into natural units. The electron density over time at any point equals the absolute square of the complex number value of the wavefunction, |ψ|, which is always a real number. While this equation, remarkably enough, explains everything about the nature of atoms, the current state of math is such that it can only be solved for the two simplest atoms, hydrogen and helium. Perturbation theory is used to generate approximate—and quite accurate—solutions for the more complex atoms. Max Born, one of the quantum founding-fathers, stated his opinion, in 1926, that: "The Schrödinger Equation enjoys in modern physics the same place as in classical physics do the equations derived by Newton, Lagrange, and Hamilton." Born's opinion of the legacy and fame was correct; the Schrödinger Equation is the very foundation of all atomic physics and chemistry. |Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates| Jean Perrin (1926) • Arthur Compton / Charles Wilson (1927) • Owen Richardson (1928) • Louis de Broglie (1929) • C. V. Raman (1930) • Werner Heisenberg (1932) • Erwin Schrödinger / Paul Dirac (1933) • James Chadwick (1935) • Victor Hess / Carl Anderson (1936) • Clinton Davisson / George Thomson (1937) • Enrico Fermi (1938) • Ernest Lawrence (1939) • Otto Stern (1943) • Isidor Rabi (1944) • Wolfgang Pauli (1945) • Percy Bridgman (1946) • Edward Appleton (1947) • Patrick Blackett (1948) • Hideki Yukawa (1949) • Cecil Powell (1950) |DATE OF BIRTH||August 12 1887| |PLACE OF BIRTH||Erdberg, Vienna, Austria| |DATE OF DEATH||January 4 1961, age 73| |PLACE OF DEATH||Vienna, Austria| New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

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Spiral Galaxy NGC4402 About this image This three-color composite image of spiral galaxy NGC4402 shows several key lines of evidence for the galaxy being stripped bare of its star-forming material by its violent ongoing encounter with the hot gas in the center of the Virgo galaxy cluster, as NGC4402 falls into it. First, the galaxy’s dust disk appears to be truncated; second, the dusty disk appears to be “bowed” upward, bent by the wind of hot gas blowing from the southeast (from the lower left of the image); third, it appears that the light emitted by the north side of the stellar disk has been reddened and dimmed by dust that has been pushed up in front of it by the pressure of the cluster gas; and fourth, the linear filaments of dust to the south of its main disk are being “ablated,” or stripped away, in an outside-in fashion. This extremely disruptive process is believed to be a major influence on the evolution of galaxies and their star-forming ability over time. See NOAO Press Release 04-06 for more information. The image was taken at the WIYN 3.5-meter telescope on Kitt Peak using the WIYN Tip-Tilt module, an adaptive optics device that uses a movable mirror to provide first-order compensation for the jittery motion of the incoming image caused by variable atmospheric conditions and telescope vibrations. Minimum credit line: H.Crowl (Yale University) and WIYN/NOAO/AURA/NSF Comments by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org

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August 24 - By Debra Pretty-Straathof, Vice-President, Ontario Federation of Agriculture Drought’s slow burn of North American crops this season has sent prices for food commodities – such as corn, soybeans and wheat – soaring. But the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) suggests the subsequent rise in food prices might be less impactful on consumers than originally feared. This outcome should prevail in Canada as well. USDA noted this week that the prices received by farmers who produce commodities still only accounts for about 14 per cent of the total cost of food at retail outlets. This is a small portion of the price consumers actually pay for their food. Other factors affecting food prices at the retail level include food processing, packaging, retail trade, finance,food service costs, energy and transportation. While consumers are expected to see a rise in the amount of money they spend on food, food price inflation will be close to the historical average (of approximately 3 per cent) this year and slightly above that next year, USDA says. The farmer’s share – the amount of income Canadian farmers earn from popular processed food products – varies across food products. However, for a box of cereal or a loaf of bread – it is often a very small portion of the product’s overall price. For example, on a box of corn cereal costing $3.54, farmers will net approximately 11 cents. On average, Canadian consumers enjoy some of the world’s lowest food prices, with less than 12 per cent of income spent on food. In February each year Canadian farmers mark Food Freedom Day in Canada, when consumers have earned enough income in the calendar year to pay for their food purchases for the entire year. In 2012, Food Freedom Day fell on February 12. Crops such as grain corn are for food processing, livestock feed and production of biofuels. Ontario farmers who managed to dodge the worst of this year’s drought will obtain higher prices for their crops because they’ll be in short supply. Higher commodity prices and a good crop are good news for rural communities and the thousands of spinoff jobs that rely on Ontario’s primary agriculture sector. This more positive economic outlook based on a potential for profit serves to attract and retain young farmers entering the business of food production. This renewal and the innovation it brings to Ontario agriculture will help drive our rural economy and contribute food sector jobs for thousands more Ontarians in the years to come. For farmers who have lost a crop and subsequent farm income due to drought, the Ontario Federation of Agriculture will continue to advocate on their behalf, and work with government in delivering much-needed financial assistance to keep farmers farming. Overall, although the drought takes its toll, our food system in Ontario and across Canada remains vibrant. The risk management partnership between governments and farmers helps overcome the challenges of drought to continue to deliver reasonably priced, safe food to our fellow Ontarians and to customers worldwide.

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|Doctrines|| ||A key aspect of Australian aboriginal belief is the Dreaming. At the heart of this is the belief in powerful beings who arose out of the land, created or gave birth to people, plant life and animal life, and connected particular groups of people with particular regions and languages. The Dreaming beings continue to control the natural world, but their willingness to release the powers of fertility depends upon people continuing to perform certain rituals.| People are believed to possess spirits which originate from the dreaming. As children grow up they undergo a variety of rites of passage which initiate them into adulthood. Boys would be subjected to practices such as, circumcision, subincision into the urethra, blood letting or tooth pulling. Girls would be ritually decorated, and subject to partial seclusion or food taboos. Totemism was also important to the aboriginal world view. The representation of mythic or living beings was seen to provide the means to access the spiritual powers of the Dreaming. |History|| ||Aborigines first arrived in Australia about 40,000 years ago at a time when there was a land bridge between Asia and Australia. Overtime much of the continent came to be occupied and cut off from Asia as a result of rising sea levels. Between 3,000-4,000 years ago the Aborigines began to use various stone tools. Over the past 2000 years the population grew significantly and adapted itself to the various environmental and climatic conditions of the continent. By the time the first Europeans settled in Australia in 1788 there were perhaps as many as a million aborigines in Australia and over 200 different spoken languages.| Prior to the arrival of the Europeans the only known outside encroachment into Australia was by Indonesian Muslims, the Macassans, who fished off Arnhem Land in the northern territory and who are the subjects of a number of aboriginal myths. While the impact of the Macassans on the aboriginal population was limited, the impact of the Europeans was huge. The presence of Europeans had a devastating effect on the indigenous population. By 1850 96 per cent of the indigenous people of south-easteran Australia had been wiped out through disease, enforced labour or outright murder. This situation inspired the emergence of a number of millennial cults which anticipated the destruction or repatriation of white settlers. Among the best known of these was the Mulunga, a ceremony designed to use supernatural powers to undermine the power of whites. Europeans brought with them Christian missionaries. In 1821 the Wesleyan Missionary Society established the first missionary presence among the aborigines. From this basis the missionary presence spread throughout the whole continent so that by the middle of the 19th century there were church settlements virtually throughout Australia. In spite of some resistance to missionary teaching, evangelical Christianity was widely accepted among the aborigines. Today over two thirds of Australian aborigines would identify themselves as Christian. |Symbols|| ||There is considerable variety in the art forms to be found in traditional Australian aboriginal religion. The oldest remaining art forms are engravings on cave walls of animals or people. In New South Wales large sculptures engraved in trees have been found. Smaller artefacts such as baskets, shields, boomerangs contain various abstract forms or animals such as snakes and fish. | |Adherents|| ||Traditional Australian religions are no longer practised.| | ||Aboriginal communities were to be found throughout the whole of Australia.|

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January 20, 2010 Face Recognition Ability And IQ Inherited Separately Finding supports modularity of the mind theory Recognizing faces is an important social skill, but not all of us are equally good at it. Some people are unable to recognize even their closest friends (a condition called prosopagnosia), while others have a near-photographic memory for large numbers of faces. Now a twin study by collaborators at MIT and in Beijing shows that face recognition is heritable, and that it is inherited separately from general intelligence or IQ.This finding plays into a long-standing debate on the nature of mind and intelligence. The prevailing generalist theory, upon which the concept of IQ is based, holds that if people are smart in one area they tend to be smart in other areas, so if you are good in math you are also more likely to be good at literature and history. IQ is strongly influenced by heredity, suggesting the existence of "generalist genes" for cognition. Yet some cognitive abilities seem distinct from overall IQ, as happens when a person who is brilliant with numbers or music is tone-deaf socially or linguistically. Also, many specialized cognitive skills, including recognizing faces, appear to be localized to specialized brain regions. Such evidence supports a modularity hypothesis, in which the mind is like a Swiss Army knife "” a general-purpose tool with special-purpose devices. "Our study provides the first evidence supporting the modularity hypothesis from a genetic perspective," said lead author Jia Liu, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at Beijing Normal University in China of the study published in the Jan. 7 issue of Current Biology. "That is, some cognitive abilities, like face recognition, are shaped by specialist genes rather than generalist genes." "Our finding may help explain why we see such disparities of cognitive abilities within the same person in certain heritable disorders," added co-author Nancy Kanwisher of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, where Liu studied before moving to Beijing. In dyslexia, for example, a person with normal IQ has deficits in reading, while in Williams Syndrome, people have low IQ but excellent language skills. How they did it: For the study, Liu and his colleagues recruited 102 pairs of identical twins and 71 pairs of fraternal twins aged 7 to 19 from Beijing schools. Because identical twins have 100 percent of their genes in common while fraternal twins have just 50 percent, traits that are strongly hereditary are more similar between identical twins than between fraternal twins. (Identical twins still show variability because of the influence of environmental factors.) Participants were shown black-and-white images of 20 different faces on a computer screen for one second per image. They were then shown 10 of the original faces mixed with 20 new faces and asked which ones they had seen before. The scores were more closely matched between identical twins than fraternal twins, and Liu attributed 39 percent of the variance between individuals to genetic effects. Further tests confirmed that these differences were specific to face recognition, and did not reflect differences in sharpness of vision, general object recognition abilities, memory or other cognitive processes. In an independent sample of 321 students, the researchers found that face recognition ability was not correlated with IQ, indicating that the genes that affect face recognition ability are distinct from those that affect IQ. Liu and Kanwisher are now investigating whether other cognitive abilities, such as language processing, understanding numbers, or navigation, are also heritable and independent from general intelligence and other cognitive abilities. Researchers at the Beijing Normal University and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences contributed to this research: Qi Zhu, Yiying Song, Siyuan Hu, Xiaobai Li, Moqian Tian, Zonglei Zhen and Qi Dong. Next steps: In addition to providing new insight into the structure of the mind, this work could shed light on the underlying causes of developmental disorders like autism and dyslexia. "The heritability of these cognitively specific diseases suggests that some genes have specific cognitive effects, but it's a big mystery how genes produce cognitively specific effects," said Kanwisher. Source: Zhu Q, Song Y, Hu S, Li X, Tian M, Zhen Z, Dong Q, Kanwisher N, Liu J. Heritability of the specific cognitive ability of face perception. Current Biology (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.067 Funding: The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, the Ministry of Education of China, the National Eye Institute, the National Center for Research Resources, and the Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery Institute. By Cathryn M. Delude, McGovern Institute On the Net:

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Color space is a set of rules that allows describing colors with numbers. A computer always needs a explicit or implicit color space when it is displaying a color or an image. The answer to this seemingly simple question requires a surprising amount of knowledge from various fields including physics, biology, and art. In this article, I will consider color to be something you can see and distinguish with your (human) eyes. The Red-Green-Blue color space is a probably the simplest and most natural color space. Each color is represented by 3 numbers. The numbers indicate the intensities of the 3 primary colors - red, green, and blue in range from 0% to 100%. Imagine you are in a dark room without any windows. Though you cannot see anything you know that the walls are covered with white paint. You have 3 colored flashlights. One red, one green and one blue. The light intensities are adjustable from 0 to a maximum value. You turn on the red flashlight and you see a red circle on the wall. No surprise. Now you turn on the green flashlight. You see a green circle. Then you adjust the flashlights so that the circles overlap. You now see a new color - yellow. After turning on the last flashlight and aiming it at the same spot, the color of the circle changes to white. By adjusting the intensities of the individual flashlights, you are able to get virtually any color. The 3 basic colors are combined (added up) in various intensities to obtain the target color. RGB is an additive color space. As mentioned above, RGB color space is a natural color space. This is because it was designed to mimic the inner working of the human eye. The eye contains (among others) three kinds of cells that are sensitive to red, green and blue rays. If light rays of all these (RGB) colors are hitting human eyes, they appear as white. RGB is used in most LCDs and old CRTs. If you looked very closely (possibly using a looking glass) at an old CRT, you should be able to distinguish tiny colored R-G-B areas. The Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black color space is a counterpart of the RGB color space. A printer puts tiny drops of ink on a white paper. The ink absorbs light rays of certain colors and reflects or transmits the others. When inks of two colors are mixing, the resulting ink absorbs light rays that were absorbed by any of the original inks. The mixing of inks is not ideal though, the physical properties of the actual inks used in printers can get close to the ideal behavior, but not reach it. That is one of the reasons, why the Black ink is used in addition to the 3 colored inks. Another thing to consider is the color of the paper. The resulting image would look differently if printed on snow-white or yellowish paper. Because printers and inks used by them are different, a color profile is needed to reproduce colors as accurately as possible. CMYK is a subtractive model, because by adding more ink, the light rays that are reflected or transmitted are fewer and the resulting color darker. This color space represents each color with 3 numbers, similarly as the RGB space. The Y component represents the intensity of the light. The Cb and Cr components indicate the intensities of the blue and red components relative to the green component. This color space exploits the properties of the human eye. The eye is more sensitive to light intensity changes and less sensitive to hue changes. When the amount of information is to be minimized, the intensity component can be stored with higher accuracy than the Cb and Cr components. The JPEG file format makes use of this color space to throw away unimportant information. The Hue-Luminance-Saturation and the Hue-Saturation-Brightness color spaces represent colors with 3 numbers. The hue component usually ranges from 0 to 360 degrees. The other 2 components range from 0 to 100%. The hue is intentionally using degrees because the hues are considered cyclic (0 degrees = 260 degrees). This color space is often used when drawing color wheels, when generating colors visually close to a selected color, or when making sepia images (or other monochromatic pictures). RealWorld Designer applications always use the RGB color space internally. Pictures in other color spaces (such as CMYK jpegs) are converted to RGB before displaying them. But I need the colours to see my cursor then I can have a yellow circle around my cursor please elaborate little more , like which color space is to be used in which condition(s) and why .

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When Germany’s Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble gave a talk to an audience of schoolchildren recently about Russia’s invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula, he reached for a historically fraught comparison. “We know this from history,” Schaüble, a veteran of the ruling Christian Democratic Union, said. “Hitler used such methods in Sudetenland—and a lot more.” The outrage from Moscow was immediate, and predictable. “We consider this kind of pseudo-historical excursion from the German minister to be a provocation,” the Russian foreign ministry cried in a statement. The new German ambassador was summoned for a dressing down—his first official visit to the ministry. What was surprising was the fact that Berlin seemed to agree. Though Germany’s Chancellor Angela Merkel has talked tough about the behavior of Russian President Vladimir Putin, she nevertheless distanced herself from Schäuble’s remarks, describing Crimea as a “standalone case.” Merkel had very real reasons for wanting to defuse the situation: Germany is dependent on Russian natural gas exports and has long tried to play a mediating role between Moscow and the West. But comparisons between Putin and Hitler seem to have touched a very specifically German nerve, with results that go beyond Realpolitik. “Is Germany a Country of Russia Apologists?” asked a recent edition of the newsweekly Der Spiegel. Indeed, misplaced historical sympathy for Russia has become so prevalent in German society that it even has its own word: Putin-versteher, quite literally “Putin understander.” (The phrase was coined by Joschka Fischer, a Green Party stalwart and former foreign minister who is decidedly against the trend.) The question matters because, in the Ukraine crisis, Germany matters. It is Europe’s biggest economy and one of Russia’s largest trading partners. And because economic sanctions seem to be the only weapon that the West is willing to use to dissuade Russia from undertaking further aggression against Kiev, Germany will have to play a pivotal role in any resolution of the crisis. But rather than responding in a way befitting a world power confronted with the greatest threat to European peace and stability in decades, Germany appears to be descending into one of its perennial bouts of navel-gazing, substituting real discussion about how to contain Putin for meta-debate about the suitability of appropriating Hitler. At an event in Washington earlier this month, Guido Westerwelle—another of Germany’s former foreign ministers and a former leader of the Free Democratic Party—remarked that “any comparison between Putin and Hitler is more than counterproductive.” Westerwelle, who served in the Cabinet alongside Schäuble before the FDP was voted out of government last year, spoke only of unnamed “German officials,” whose comments, he asserted, “damaged the dignity of Russia, not only the dignity of President Putin.” After his speech, I approached Westerwelle and reminded him that former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had drawn exactly the same conclusion about Putin. Indeed, she was the first figure of real international stature to liken the Russian president’s actions in Crimea with Hitler’s strategy in Austria and Czechoslovakia when, last month, she told a private audience of Democratic donors that, “Hitler kept saying they’re not being treated right. I must go and protect my people, and that’s what’s gotten everybody so nervous.” Westerwelle, visibly annoyed, reiterated to me that he was only addressing German officials; Americans, he seemed to imply, can make such comparisons if they wish, but Germans, of all people, ought to know better. Germans are right to look askance at modern-day equivalencies with Nazi Germany. The conditions that led to the rise of the Third Reich were specific to time and place. In its sheer enormity, exterminationist ambition, and industrial scale, no event in history compares to the Holocaust of European Jewry. Whereas most nations boast of the things that make them proud and prefer to forget or outright ignore the dark spots in their history, Germans have collectively confronted their past like no other people and take an almost masochistic pleasure in letting the world know how awful they were. They are usually the first to condemn attempts by those who say that such-and-such a massacre or war or genocide was in any way comparable to what they, the Germans, perpetrated in the last century. This process of coming to terms with the past is so thorough and exceptional, forming such an integral part of the country’s contemporary identity, that there’s word in German for it: Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Germany, along with the State of Israel, is a moral leader in protecting the memory of the Holocaust. Last month, when Chinese President Xi Jinping requested that a visit to Berlin’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe be included in the official itinerary of his state visit, Chancellor Merkel refused. The Chinese have long been frustrated over Japan’s hesitance to acknowledge its wartime crimes and hoped that a visit to the Holocaust Memorial would send Tokyo an unsubtle message about how a nation properly atones for its sins. Merkel, however, adamantly did not want her country’s history to be abused in a political tit-for-tat. Yet while Germany’s solemn commitment to educating the world about its own experience of totalitarianism is a laudable one, sometimes Germans can take things too far when it comes to insisting on the historical uniqueness of its experience with fascism—and the backlash against Schäuble is just such an instance. In his brief conversation with me, Westerwelle indicated that he has joined the ranks of the Putin understanders. “No other country had more victims in World War II than the Russians,” he said when I asked what made comparisons between Putin and Hitler verboten. This is an accurate historical point. But with Russia gobbling up an entire region of Ukraine and threatening to annex even more, how is reminding people of the Soviet Union’s 70-year-old victimhood at the hands of the Nazis—while completely ignoring its own, subsequent subjugation of Central and Eastern Europe, not to mention Stalin’s depredations against his own people—in any way relevant? Decades after World War II, contemporary German political culture is marked by a rejection of everything that led to the rise of National Socialism. Today, Germans love consensus; from the shop floor to the Bundestag, Germany is marked by a cooperative disposition. The major political parties are committed to what’s popularly known as the “social market economy,” pledging to uphold the country’s regulated free-market system, with disagreement arising only over the tinkering around its edges. The relationship between management and labor is not nearly as adversarial as it is in the United States or in other European countries. This month’s strike by Lufthansa pilots was a rarity, particularly compared with the rest of the continent, where the “work stoppage” or “la grève” is a common occurrence. Germans appreciate political harmony as well. In the run-up to last September’s federal elections, most Germans said that they wanted the resumption of the “grand coalition” between Merkel’s Christian Democrats and her erstwhile opposition, the Social Democrats, and that’s exactly what they now have: a government composed of the country’s two major political parties, something unimaginable in Washington or London. Likewise when it comes to political debate, Germans shun charismatic leaders—with some exceptions when it comes to foreign leaders; see Barack Obama’s 2008 visit to Berlin—and intemperate language, haunted as they are by the ghosts of the past. The jolly back and forth of Prime Minister’s Questions in Britain or the screaming matches on American talk radio would, if replicated in Teutonic form, give Germans the chills. Listening to and watching German politicians, one gets the sense that, in their collective subconscious, an image of the führer maniacally delivering a speech before tens of thousands of adoring listeners plays on loop. But the German predilection for emphasizing the uniqueness of the Nazi era, combined with a culture of banal political comity, can leave them blind to today’s threats. If one of the chief purposes of learning history is to ensure that its tragedies are not repeated, then that requires gleaning lessons about how the past remains relevant. The situation in Crimea certainly merits such analysis. On the discrete question of whether Putin’s behavior in Crimea warrants association with that of Adolf Hitler in the years leading up to World War II, Schäuble was entirely right. Hitler justified his Anschluss of Austria, as well as his annexation of the Sudetenland and later all of Czechoslovakia, on the pretext of “protecting” his ethnic brethren in another sovereign state. Putin, seven decades later, justified his annexation of Crimea on precisely such terms, alleging, without evidence, that ethnic Russians in Ukraine were under threat from a “fascist” government in Kiev. His now infamous speech on the subject, in March, established a heretofore-fundamental Russian right to intervene abroad wherever ethnic Russians require further “protection.” Hitler’s actions led to the worst war the world has ever witnessed, and while no one is predicting—or even really claiming—that Putin has such a monstrous vision, has actions represent a grave threat to the state system and utterly destroyed the postwar assumption that European borders would never again be redrawn via force. For those who still think that this comparison is ludicrous or unfair, try seeing if you can tell the difference among these 16 quotes, compiled by the Washington Free Beacon, of Putin and Hitler justifying their annexations of Crimea and Austria/Czechoslovakia, respectively. In their quickness to condemn Schäuble, Germans are mimicking Russia’s own crackdown on dissenters and allowing Putin to portray himself, absurdly, as victim. Last month, after the Russian history professor Andrei Zubov wrote a newspaper article headlined “It’s Happened Before” comparing the annexation of Crimea with the Anschluss, he was fired from his job at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. Zubov, the Russian government claimed, was guilty of “harming the learning environment” merely for warning that Russia “must not behave the way Germans once behaved, based on the promises of Goebbels and Hitler.” Germany’s low tolerance for Hitler comparisons comes from a good place: a desire to ensure that the Nazi era and all of its atrocities are never minimized or relativized. But denying the Hitler comparison with regard to Putin is also politically useful in that it lets Germany avoid the consequences that such a comparison entails. After all, if Putin is acting like Hitler, then surely Europe, led by Germany, would have to take stronger measures against him. Most Germans, however, want nothing of the sort; only 38 percent support any sanctions on Russia. Another poll found that 49 percent of Germans want their country to take a “middle position” between Russia and the West, only 45 percent favor Berlin joining a united Western response. The country seems to sympathize with Social Democrat MP Ralf Stegner, who described Schäuble’s comments as “definitely not useful.” Indeed, if pacifism at all costs and appeasing tyranny are a country’s core foreign policy principles—as most Germans seem to want them to be—then speaking clearly about Russian aggression is certainly “not useful.” Denying the gravity of Putin’s behavior and chastising those who properly call him out as the expansionist brute that he is absolves Germany of taking the responsibility incumbent upon a country to which many are fruitlessly looking for leadership. Editor’s Note: An earlier version of this story suggested that Guido Westerwelle remains active in the Free Democratic Party; he stepped down as party leader in 2011. Like this article? Sign up for our Daily Digest to get Tablet Magazine’s new content in your inbox each morning.

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Basic Weight Training Information for Beginners Before any person starts with weight training they should first write down their objectives. The more specific your plan is the better you can plan your workouts to achieve a specific goal. From improving your baseball game to adding 10 pounds of muscle, you should be as specific as you can. Bodybuilding or weight training is built on a foundation that is a lot more than how and when you train. Your success at increasing strength (i.e muscle) is dependent what you eat and how you relax. Factors like drinking enough water are also a pre-requisite for health and increased muscle mass. Your time spent at the gym will be breaking the muscle down, stretching the muscle to the point of failure so that when you eat during the 90 minute window after your workout, your muscles start the repair process called protein synthesis. You muscles need to prepare it-self to be ready for the next workout which it knows will be worse than the last one. Over time your muscles are forced to adapt to the stress they are put under even it is for only 45 minutes three times a week. The muscles start becoming larger, they do not change their shape, muscles become larger in order to cope with the extra load. This is called progressive resistance. When you join a gym or you decide to train at home the most important aspect of training with weights is form. This means how you do the movement when lifting and lowering the weight. Your form is critical if you want to avoid injury which could stop you lifting forever. When starting as a novice the weight that you lift does not mean anything, so get the idea of pushing a 300 pound bench-press or a 500 pound squat out of your brain. You first need to learn form and how to execute the movement correctly. Sports science has studied these movements for years, if they tell you do it that way it is for a reason.

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Nanoparticles could be a big problem Nanotechnology was supposed to revolutionize the world, making us healthier and producing cleaner energy. But it’s starting to look more like a nightmare. Nanomaterials—tiny particles as little as 1/100,000 the width of a human hair—have quietly been used since the 1990s in hundreds of everyday products, everything from food to baby bottles, pills, beer cans, computer keyboards, skin creams, shampoo, and clothes. But after years of virtually unregulated use, scientists are now starting to say the most commonly used nanoproducts could be harming our health and the environment. One of the most widespread nanoproducts is titanium dioxide. More than 5,000 tonnes of it are produced worldwide each year for use in food, toothpaste, cosmetics, paint, and paper (as a colouring agent), in medication and vitamin capsules (as a nonmedicinal filler), and in most sunscreens (for its anti-UV properties). In food, titanium-dioxide nanoparticles are used as a whitener and brightener in confectionary products, cheeses, and sauces. Other nanoparticles are employed in flavourings and “nutritional” additives, and to reduce fat content in “health” foods. In the journal Cancer Research in 2009, environmental-health professor Robert Schiestl coauthored the first comprehensive study of how titanium-dioxide nanoparticles affect the genes of live animals. Mice in his study suffered DNA and chromosomal damage after drinking water with the nanoparticles for five days. “It should be removed from food and drugs, and there’s definitely no reason for it in cosmetic products,” said cancer specialist Schiestl, who is also a professor of pathology and radiation oncology at UCLA’s school of medicine. “The study shows effects [from the nanoparticles] on all kinds of genetic endpoints,” Schiestl told the Georgia Straight in a phone interview from his office. “All those are precursor effects of cancer. It’s a wake-up call to do something.” After Schiestl’s study came out, he said, he started getting calls from nervous people saying they had discovered titanium dioxide was listed as a nonmedicinal ingredient in their prescription medication. “They wanted to know how to get it out,” he said. “I said, ”˜I don’t know how to get it out.’ ” Schiestl’s study is cited by groups like Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth in their calls for a moratorium on nanomaterials in food and consumer products. “They were thought to be safe. Our study shows a lot of harm,” Schiestl said. Nanoparticles can be harmful because they are so tiny they can pass deep into the skin, lungs, and blood. They are made by burning or crushing regular substances like titanium, silver, or iron until they turn into an ultrafine dust, which is used as a coating on, or ingredient in, various products. Schiestl is now studying two other common nanoparticles, zinc oxide and cadmium oxide, and he has found they also cause DNA and chromosomal damage in mice. Yet two years after Schiestl’s first study, titanium dioxide and other nanoparticles remain virtually unregulated in Canada and the U.S. Products containing nanoparticles still don’t have to be labelled, and manufacturers don’t have to prove they are safe for health or the environment. In fact, only a small fraction of the hundreds of nanomaterials on the market have been studied to see if they are safe. “The public has had little or no say on this. It’s mostly industry guiding government to make sure this material isn’t regulated,” said Ian Illuminato, a nanotech expert with Friends of the Earth, speaking from his home office in Victoria. “Consumers aren’t given the right to avoid this. We think it’s dangerous and shouldn’t be in contact with the public and the environment,” he said. Meanwhile, the number of products using nanomaterials worldwide has shot up sixfold in just a couple of years, from 212 in 2006 to more than 1,300 in 2011, according to a report in March by the Washington, D.C.–based Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. Those numbers are based on self-reporting by industry, and the real numbers are thought to be much higher. A Canadian government survey in 2009 found 1,600 nanoproducts available here, according to a report in December from the ETC Group, an Ottawa-based nonprofit that studies technology. Nanotech is worth big money. More than $250 billion of nano-enabled products were produced globally in 2009, according to Lux Research, a Boston-based technology consultancy. That figure is expected to rise 10-fold, to $2.5 trillion, by 2015. Lux Research estimated in 2006 that one-sixth of manufactured output would be based on nanotechnology by 2014. Nanotech already appears to be affecting people’s health. In 2009, two Chinese factory workers died and another five were seriously injured in a plant that made paint containing nanoparticles. The seven young female workers developed lung disease and rashes on their face and arms. Nanoparticles were found deep in the workers’ lungs. “These cases arouse concern that long-term exposure to some nanoparticles without protective measures may be related to serious damage to human lungs,” wrote Chinese medical researchers in a 2009 study on the incident in the European Respiratory Journal. When inhaled, some types of nanoparticles have been shown to act like asbestos, inflaming lung tissue and leading to cancer. In 2009, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Cancer Research declared titanium dioxide to be “possibly carcinogenic to humans” after studies found that inhaling it in nanoparticle form caused rats to develop lung cancer and mice to suffer organ damage. Nanoparticles can also hurt the skin. All those nanoparticles in skin creams and sunscreens may be behind a rise in eczema rates in the developed world, according to a 2009 study in the journal Experimental Biology and Medicine. The study found that titanium-dioxide nanoparticles caused mice to develop eczema. The nanoparticles “can play a significant role in the initiation and/or progression of skin diseases”, the study said. Schiestl said nanoparticles could also be helping to fuel a rise in the rates of some cancers. He wouldn’t make a link with any specific kind of cancer, but data from the U.S. National Cancer Institute show that kidney and renal-pelvis cancer rates rose 24 percent between 2000 and 2007 in the U.S., while the rates for melanoma of the skin went up 29 percent and thyroid cancer rose 54 percent. Schiestl said workers who deal with nanoparticles could be the most affected. That concern prompted the International Union of Food, Farm, and Hotel Workers to call in 2007 for a moratorium on commercial uses of nanotechnology in food and agriculture. But despite all the health risks, we may already have run out of time to determine many of nanotech’s health impacts, Schiestl said. “Nanomaterial is so ubiquitous that it would be very difficult to do an epidemiological study because there would be no control group of people who don’t use it.” What happens when nanoparticles get out into the environment in wastewater or when products are thrown out? Nanosilver is the most common nanomaterial on the market. Its extraordinary antimicrobial properties have earned it a place in a huge variety of products, including baby pacifiers, toothpaste, condoms, clothes, and cutting boards. Virginia Walker, a biology professor at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, decided to study nanosilver one day after a grad student said her mother had bought a new washing machine that doused clothes with silver nanoparticles to clean them better. It sounded intriguing, Walker recalled thinking, but what would happen if nanosilver in the laundry water wound up in the environment? “What would it do to the bacterial communities out there?” she wondered. On a whim, Walker decided to study the question. She figured the nanosilver would probably have no impact on beneficial microbes in the environment because any toxicity would be diluted. “I did the experiment almost as a lark, not expecting to find anything,” she said by phone. “I hoped I would not find anything.” In fact, Walker found that nanosilver was “highly toxic” to soil bacteria. It was especially toxic to one kind of nitrogen-fixing bacterium that is important to plant growth. “If you had anything that was sensitive to nanoparticles, the last thing you would want is to have this microbe affected,” Walker said in a phone interview from her office. The study prompted Walker to do more studies on nanoparticles. In one study now being reviewed for publication, one of her students found that mice exposed to nanoparticles developed skeletal abnormalities. “People should have their eyes open. There are so many different nanoparticles, and the consequences of their use could be grave. We know almost nothing about these things,” Walker said. Other scientists have raised concerns about nanosilver too. Some clothes makers now put it in socks and shirts, promising it will help control body odour. In a 2008 study in the Washington, D.C.–based journal Environmental Science and Technology, researchers took nanosilver-laced socks and washed them in water. They found the socks released up to half of their nanosilver into the water. “If you start releasing ionic silver, it is detrimental to all aquatic biota. Once the silver ions get into the gills of fish, it’s a pretty efficient killer,” said study coauthor Troy Benn, a graduate student at Arizona State University, in a ScienceDaily.com story in 2008. “I’ve spoken with a lot of people who don’t necessarily know what nanotechnology is, but they are out there buying products with nanoparticles in them.” And what about the promise that nanotech could produce cleaner energy? The idea was that nanoparticles could make solar panels more efficient, be used as fuel additives to improve gas mileage, and make lighter cars and planes. Most of the promised efficiency gains haven’t materialized, according to a 2010 report from Friends of the Earth. And it turns out that making nanomaterial is itself a huge energy guzzler. A kilogram of carbon nanotubes—a nanoparticle used in cancer treatment and to strengthen sports equipment—requires an estimated 167 barrels of oil to produce, the Friends of the Earth report said. Carbon nanotubes are “one of the most energy intensive materials known to humankind”, said a 2010 report to a symposium of the U.S.–based Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. That report said many nanoproducts may remain profitable despite their high energy cost only because of enormous government subsidies to the nanotech industry—$1.6 billion from the U.S. government last year. But despite all this, regulation of nanotech remains glacially slow. The European Parliament voted nearly unanimously to recommend that nanoproducts be banned from food in 2009. But the European Commission rejected that recommendation last year, agreeing only that it may require labels on food containing nanomaterials. It will also require labels on cosmetics containing some nanoingredients starting in 2014. Canada and the U.S. have yet to go even that far. At Health Canada, which regulates nanotechnology, a web page dealing with nanoproducts hasn’t been amended in four years and contains outdated information. Health Canada spokesman Stéphane Shank did not return calls. They used to say small is beautiful. But that was before small got scary.

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://www.truesnow.org/learn/reclaimed-waste-water-news/2780-nanoparticles-could-be-a-big-problem

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en

This post originally appeared on ChinaFAQs.org. China recently confirmed an ambitious goal to reduce its economy’s carbon intensity by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020. WRI’s China Director Zou Ji, a former Chinese climate negotiator, discusses the significance of this step by the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitter, and what it means for China’s relations with the United States and the world. Q: Why has China, a developing country, made these ambitious commitments to a clean energy economy? China has done so because it is in the country’s own interests. First, China has a huge population that will suffer very much from the negative impacts of climate change. Second, China faces a big energy security problem, and energy savings programs can help to address that problem. Third, actions to reduce greenhouse gases will also reduce emissions of health-threatening pollutants common in China such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrous oxides (NOX) and particulates. If U.S. Senators visited China and witnessed the progress being made in the deployment of renewables and more efficient technologies, they would understand how real and important this agenda is to China. Q: What is the significance of China’s commitment to the international negotiations on a new climate treaty? The fundamental significance is that China’s action will encourage other key countries in the negotiations – the United States, the European Union and the other so-called BASIC countries (India, Brazil and South Africa) to take more constructive steps toward a new global agreement. The Copenhagen Accord is a political agreement. My impression is that China wants to reflect the spirit of the Accord in further negotiations within the two track UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) process which they hope will result in some kind of legally binding document at the next Conference of the Parties in Mexico in November. However, China’s intensity target also sends a signal that, no matter how the international process plays out, China will be taking domestic action to transition to a low carbon economy. Q: What is the significance in terms of U.S. - China relations on climate change? China-U.S. cooperation in these areas will be very important for two reasons. First, because these countries are the two biggest greenhouse gas emitters and the largest developed and developing countries, the effectiveness of their actions will be critically important to the world’s efforts to address climate change. Second, because the United States has the most advanced clean technologies and China has a huge market. We need to make the two complementary through bilateral and international cooperation. The United States can help China do more, faster, in a way that will benefit China, the United States, and the world. Q: How can the United States and the international community be sure that these commitments will be fulfilled? Verifying commitments made by all parties is a matter of trust between countries. There is general agreement that the targets set by developed countries, the nationally appropriate mitigation actions committed to by developing countries, together with assistance in financing, technology and capacity building, must all be subject to monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV). But for China, I think U.S. questions about verification have good answers. China is already going down this path – of low carbon development – and will continue to do so, because it is in China’s best interests. Moreover, China is preparing to develop a domestic system for greenhouse gas accounting and statistics. This will be a key step in enhancing the basis of the agreed international process for MRV. Q: How will China meet these ambitious targets? What policy signals and measures will be signposts? If U.S. Senators visited China and witnessed the progress being made in the deployment of renewables and more efficient technologies, they would understand how real and important this agenda is to China. Energy efficiency measures are being applied in many areas of Chinese life – heating and cooling systems, construction, household appliance codes. Much more money is also being allocated to clean technology development, for example for photovoltaic solar power, electric vehicles, smart grid deployment and carbon capture and storage. The government has shut down many smaller polluting power plants and factories in recent years, and is now considering how to allocate public finance to support the carbon intensity targets, including looking at the feasibility of a carbon tax.

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http://www.wri.org/blog/2010/03/qa-chinas-carbon-intensity-target

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Even the largest race teams produce limited runs of cars during racing season. These low production volumes tend to drive up the cost of production, especially when tooling is required. The use of additive manufacturing (3D printing) to make parts for race cars provides the important advantage of being able to economically produce parts in volumes as low as one without the need for tooling. "Motor Trends: Additive manufacturing drives production of race-ready cars" is a Stratasys white paper that discusses the use of additive manufacturing to produce race-ready parts. In the third excerpt, Chief Designer Paul Doe of the Prodrive FIA World Rally Championship (WRC) racing team discusses the advantage of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) in low volume production. Doe cites many advantages to additive manufacturing. Chief among them is cost. “We make only 25 cars per year, so it is hard to justify tooling costs. FDM eliminates tooling, which keeps cost down and shortens response time,” he said. As a designer, he also likes that Prodrive can manufacture anything that his crew dreams up, which optimizes performance. “We’re not limited by normal constraints, such as how to de-mold a part from a tool. This opens up new directions and new opportunities for our designs.” View or download the complete "Motor Trends: Additive manufacturing drives production of race-ready cars" white paper. View the first excerpt previously posted the week of May 28th. View the second excerpt previously posted the week of June 4th.

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http://blog.stratasys.com/2012/03/26/excerpt-3-motor-trends-additive-manufacturing-drives-production-of-race-ready-cars/

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en

Minimize the Adverse Affect of the Dog Days of Summer on Reproduction Posted: June 5, 2006 This has presented the dairy producer with a constant challenge to maintain high production and good reproductive performance during the dog days of summer. In lactating Holsteins, the critical limit when hyperthermia occurs is approximately 78°. Even in Pennsylvania periods of high temperature decrease reproductive performance. It is real! Researchers at Penn State analyzed over 1 million insemination records from Pennsylvania cows serviced during 2000- 2004 by a Genex Cooperative, Inc. technician to determine the effect of ambient temperature on 90- day non-return rate. Non-return rates by month of insemination are presented in the table below. Non-return rates are expected to be inflated by approximately 15-20% relative to true conception rate because there is no way to identify cows that were culled after insemination, serviced by a herd bull, serviced by a non-Genex technician and several other factors. However, the relationship of temperature with 90-day non-return rate will be very similar to the relationship of temperature with conception rate. It is clear that conception rates in Pennsylvania are lower during the summer months, particularly July and August. The effects of heat stress are beginning to become evident as early as June and continue through September. Two major problems occur during hot weather. The duration of estrus and expression of estral signs decrease and there is a significant reduction in the number of cows that conceive and maintain pregnancy. Reduced rates of estrous detection are likely due to overall reduction in cow activity during warmer weather and lower circulating levels of estradiol. Estradiol from the follicles is important for the onset and intensity of estrus. Quite possibly during heat stress lower estrogen might reduce uterine blood flow and restrict the cooling mechanism for the uterus. Some researchers suggest that luteinizing hormone (LH) may also be reduced. This hormone is important in the process of ovulation, oocyte maturation and formation of the corpus luteum. Most cells in the body produce Heat Shock Proteins in response to heat stress that limit the damaging effects of elevated temperature on cell function. Unfortunately in cattle, around the time of ovulation, the oocyte and /or the resulting early embryo are unable to produce such proteins. Consequently, embryo viability is compromised resulting in lower conception rates. Collaborative research from Penn State and the University of Florida demonstrated that as embryos develop beyond the first 48 hours they become more resistant to heat stress. Why is this important? It demonstrates that there is a narrow window of time when embryos are very susceptible to hyperthermia. Most any effective heat abatement strategy should have a significant payback due to improved reproductive performance and maintenance of high milk production. For example, it has been shown that an increase in uterine temperature of only 1.0°F on the day of insemination will reduce conception rate approximately 12%. In addition to implementing heat abatement procedures there are management strategies that can be implemented to improve reproductive performance during the summer. These include the following: - Observe for estrus more frequently and during the cooler periods of the day. Use heat detection aids. - Since high temperatures reduce the expression of estrus, consider implementing a timed breeding program. - Review feeding management practices with your nutritionist so that energy intake is not severely depressed and adequate levels of potassium and sodium are consumed. - Provide enough watering stations so water intake is optimized. - Since overcrowding can aggravate heat stress conditions, adjust animal density especially for cows in the early lactation and breeding groups. - An increase in the incidence of uterine infections, retained placenta and mastitis can be expected if precautions are not taken to provide clean, dry and well-ventilated transition cow and calving pens. Clean and bed these areas more frequently. - Bull management - dairy and beef producers using natural service should be aware that prolonged high temperatures can severely reduce the bull’s ability to maintain optimal testicular temperature. It only takes an increase of a few degrees in testicular temperature for several days to suppress sperm production and cause production of abnormal sperm cells. Since spermatogenesis is such a long process, the effect on pregnancy rate will not be seen immediately and may continue into the cooler months. The key to minimizing the effect of heat stress on reproduction is to develop a plan now. Michael O’Connor and Chad Dechow, Professor of Dairy Science and Asst. Professor of Dairy Cattle Genetics, Dairy and Animal Science Extension

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/news/2006/minimize-the-adverse-affect-of-the-dog-days-of-summer-on-reproduction

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en

- Operating System Study Sheet - Operating System Interface Design Between 1981-2009 | Webdesigner Depot - Visual Tour: 25 Years of Windows - Via: Wix.com the Free Flash Website Builder - Operating Systems Timeline - Virtual machines - Time-sharing systems - Distributed Computing Environments - Assembler: A program that translates a program written in assembly language into an equivalent program in machine code. - Assembly language: A user-oriented programming language that is close to machine code in form but that uses English operation codes and symbolic labels to refer to memory - Batch operating system: An early second-generation operating system in which user requests were recorded in groups and run through the computer in one batch. Each user request included simple commands to the operating system (load, compile, and so on) as well as the user’s program and data. - Binding: The process of associating a symbolic name with a physical memory address. Command language: A simple set of commands to an operating system, usually batch or with a text-based interface, with which a user can access the system software. - Compiler: A program that translates a high-level programming language (for example, Java or C++) into a low-level one (for example, assembly language). - Deadlock prevention: The operating system uses resource allocation algorithms that prevent deadlocks from occurring in the first place. - Encryption: The process of storing important information in a form that cannot be read without access to the proper encryption/decryption algorithm and keys. - Graphical user interface: A user interface that gives an intuitive visual view of the computer (or if it is an application program, of the program itself and its data). - High-level programming language: A programming language whose structure is very abstract and distinct from the computer architecture. - I/O System: A part of the system software that manages the various input and output - Interpreter: A program that run a program in a high-level programming language without first creating a low-level version. - Label: A name placed at the beginning of an instruction. - Low-level programming language: A programming language whose structure closely resembles that of the underlying computer architecture and its machine code. - Memory manager: A part of the system software that manages the loading of programs and data into the computer’s memory. - Network operating system: An operating system that exists on a computer network and manages the resources of a single computer and the capabilities of a local area network (LAN). - Operating system: The program that controls the overall operation of the computer and manages the different programs that provide services to the user. - Parallel processing operating system: Can efficiently manage computer systems containing tens, hundreds, or even thousands of processors. - Pass: The process of examining and processing every assembly language instruction in the program, one instruction at a time. - Password: A secret code string used to verify that the person requesting access to a computer is the person that he or she is claiming to be. - Password file: Stores all valid user name/password combinations. - Privileged operation codes: Use was restricted to the operating system or other system - Scheduler: A part of the system software that manages which other programs get access to - Source program: A program written in assembly language. - System software: A collection of computer programs that manage the resources of a computer and facilitate access to those resources. - Time-sharing operating system: A multiprogramming operating system in which many users and programs appear to run at one time; access to the CPU is measured out in “time slices” and shared among all processes. - User interface: The way in which the end user communicates with the computer. - >User name:A special name used to identify a particular user of a computer system; required to be unique. - User operation codes: Can be included in any user program, - Virtual machine: The set of services and resources created by the system software that hides the details of the underlying machine.

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http://juliabensonslaughter.com/csci-1300/course-library/systems-software/

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How come germany doesn't have a Jewish history month? America - is responseable for massive genocide of blacks. Germany - is responseable for massive genocide of Jews. America - revoked black civil rights. germany - revoked jewish civil rights. America - raped black women. Germany - raped jewish women. America - enslaved a culturals/nationality. Germany - enslaved a culturals/nationality. Germany - Anti-semitic. e.g. Shylock? devil horns? hook nose? kike? America - racist. e.g. N.igger? m.onkey? c.oon? roughly 200,000 jews still live in germany. The way I figure germany should give the jews April as their history month. Could it be that racial mindsets are products of social constructionism therefore, only a racial mindset can have a history month?

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://rapmusic.com/threads/why.1034016/

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If we design a building that is aesthetically appealing and also decorate it beautifully from inside, yet if its surrounding outside area is unclean and disorganized, then the impact of the pleasing appearance of the building will considerably reduce. A beautifully designed building should also have a beautiful, pleasant and lively surroundings… This art of decorating and designing the surroundings with various different natural and artificial elements is called Landscape Architecture. As mentioned in the previous article, Landscaping is an art of planning the drives, walks, lawns, shrubs, gardens, flower-beds etc. so as to form a beautiful setting for a building. The main purpose of landscaping is to create a joyful environment round the building and give the occupants a healthy breath, good appearance and natural beauty. In this article, we are going to list out various elements of Landscape and discuss “Planting” in the design of Landscape Architecture. Landscape Design is a vast field. It is not just limited to planting but it has various other elements that are important for the design of a beautiful landscape. Importance of Landscape Architecture in design is very huge. Without the art of Landscaping, the surroundings will remain dull and boring…! Here are some of the elements of Landscape Design: - Sculptures and Water Bodies - Fences, Drainage and Lighting - Rock Gardens and Street Furniture These Landscape elements were derived from the “Modern Garden Architecture“. Planting is the major and the most important element of Landscape Design… The plants cover 80% of the ground to be landscaped…. They can be either plants, trees, shrubs, bushes or groundcover. In this article, we will also discuss planting in plant containers and importance of groundcover… - Part of a landscape could be designed by studying the existing varieties of trees, shrubs, flowers. - Plant material is an important design element. It can articulate space, provide privacy or act as a focal point. - It can also provide shade or act as a wind break, surfacing material or filter. - It may enframe a view. It gives rise to shadow patterns which add interest during daylight hours. - These are tree planters or pots. Tree planters must be of appropriate size to enable trees to grow above structures such as Parking Garages. - Trees and plants grow much better when they are planted directly in the ground. - Pots are small plant containers which are versatile or maybe moved or arranged for displays. Concrete is most commonly used for plant containers. - These could be in the form of concrete rings, which are precast or made in-situ. - This is the landscape element that flows through the entire design and ties everything together. - Grass is the best example of groundcover. It can be easily cut or maintained. - Groundcover adds to total appearance of the landscape. English Gardens is the master of Landscaped Garden Architecture…. All the above mentioned elements of Design have been beautifully used in the design of English Gardens! English Gardening Style is considered as the “Legendary Gardening Style”. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://www.architecture-student.com/landscape/art-of-planting-elements-of-landscape-architecture/

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en

The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, and, in German, as the Hitlerputsch or ... After two days, Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. ... On 20 December 1924, having served... On this day in History, Hitler sent to Landsberg jail on Apr 01, 1924. Learn more about what happened today on History. ... In November 1923, after the German government resumed the payment of war ... democratic government were dismantled, leaving Hitler the sole master of a nation intent on war and genocide. A few days before Christmas 1924, Adolf Hitler emerged a free man after nine months in prison, having learned from his mistakes. In addition to creating the ... Jun 23, 2010 ... Adolf Hitler enjoyed special treatment while jailed in 1924 and was ... Hitler was imprisoned in Landsberg after his abortive bid to seize power ... Leave voter regrets voting Leave when he realises it means we're now Leaving ... Hitler was arrested and, after a 24-day trial, sentenced to five years in Landsberg fortress. The name ... On December 20, 1924, Hitler was released from prison. Dec 4, 2014 ... Führer fake: Hitler leaves what is not Landsberg Prison. ... 1924, to mark Hitler's release from Landsberg Prison in Bavaria, where ... the picture carried the caption 'Hitler leaving Landsberg Prison', written ... It quickly became a well- known image, with Hitler even re-enacting the scene for Hoffmann after... Citation: C N Trueman "Adolf Hitler 1918 to 1924" ... Adolf Hitler remained in the German Army after World War One ended in November 1918. Seething with anger .... What happened next varies. ... He was arrested for treason and put on On November 8, 1923, Adolf Hitler attempted to seize control of Germany through a ... Hitler was arrested three days later and, after a short trial, was sentenced to five ... deal with a clash between his armed men, leaving Ludendorff in charge. Dec 22, 2015 ... The Nazi Party attempted to seize power after the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, .... Hitler, pictured outside the Landsberg prison in 1924 spent eight ...... cute cami top on night out with pals in West Hollywood Spotted leaving 10AK ... If this happened world civilization would decline: "On this planet of ours human .... Hitler was released from prison on 20th December, 1924, after serving just over a ... In a speech he made soon after leaving prison he associated himself with ...

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=3053&o=102140&oo=102140&l=dir&gc=1&q=What+Happened+To+Hitler+After+Leaving+Jail+In+1924

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en

Commercial Property is a classification of real estate. Types of Commercial Property include income-producing property such as office buildings, gasoline stations, restaurants, shopping centers, hotels and motels, parking lots and stores, and other similar uses. Commercial properties in Pima County are primarily valued using the market approach. However, in some instances, the cost or income approach may also be used; or a correlation of all three approaches. For ad valorem purposes, single-property appraisal is not an efficient method due to the large number of properties, which must be valued each year. Therefore, the Assessor's office determines values using mass appraisal. Mass appraisal is the process of establishing values on groups of properties as of a given date using standardized procedures. Its purpose is the equitable and efficient appraisal of property for ad valorem purposes. The process involves data collection, market analysis, and quality control. The Three Approaches to Value There are three approaches used to determine property value. These approaches are based on three aspects of value: - Replacement Cost: The cost of reproducing or replacing a property plus land value minus accrued depreciation - Market (or Sales Comparison): The value indicated by recent sales of comparable properties in the market, with adjustments for age, condition, and other characteristics - Income: The investment value represented by the net earning power of a property based on the capitalization of the income stream. There are situations where only one or two approaches may be applicable. For instance, an owner-occupied residential property is not likely to produce rental income that could be capitalized into an estimate of value through use of the income approach. Therefore, the sales comparison or cost approaches might be more appropriate. Vacant land has no cost of improvements, so the cost approach would not be an appropriate method for that situation. Specialized properties such as mortuaries, hospitals, or zoos do not typically change hands enough to generate comparative sales, so the cost or the income approach might be more appropriate in those cases. The Replacement Cost Approach Basic steps to this approach are: - Estimate the Replacement Cost New of the improvements (RCN) - Estimate the loss in value from depreciation - Deduct the total amount of depreciation to arrive at the Replacement Cost New Less Depreciation (RCNLD) - Estimate the value of the land as if vacant - Add the land value estimate to the depreciated cost value to arrive at the total property value Replacement Cost New is defined as the cost and overhead that would be incurred in constructing an improvement having the same utility as the original, without necessarily reproducing exactly the same characteristics of the property, but using today's materials, labor, and building techniques. In other words, replacement cost represents the cost to create an equally desirable substitute property In Arizona for cost estimation, the unit-in-place method is used. The unit-in-place method is less detailed than the quantity survey method, but still reasonably accurate and complete. This is the method used in the Construction Cost Manual prescribed by the Arizona Department of Revenue, for many building components. These allow the appraiser to make adjustments for individual components for various types of structures. This method combines direct and indirect costs into a single cost for a building component (the unit-in-place) which is then multiplied by the area of the portion of the building being valued to arrive at a total cost for that component. The depreciation rates in Arizona's Department of Revenue Construction Cost Manual reflect only the physical factors affecting the value of structures. These tables were developed from market analysis. The rates assume that normal maintenance has been performed. The rate of physical depreciation is calculated based on the age of the structure and the quality of the construction. When the overall quality of an improvement is low, normal physical deterioration is more rapid than for fair or good construction. Normal physical deterioration is calculated according to actual age. Other factors are computed as they arise in individual structures. If a structure has a serious physical defect, the appraiser will first estimate the RCN, and then compute the cost to cure the physical defect (if curable) and then deduct that amount from the RCN to arrive at RCNLD. In ad valorem appraisal, deferred maintenance is not normally included in a valuation consideration. This would have the effect of punishing property owners who kept a property in good condition and rewarding those who let properties rundown. Special obsolescence factors may be noted and taken into consideration, but the aim is to achieve equity, so that owners of similar properties bear an equal share of the tax burden, regardless of whether they perform regular maintenance. In situations where modernization has occurred during the life of a structure, the appraiser must estimate the RCN of each type of structure and compute the effective age and/or the weighted age. The effective age is calculated by taking the percentage of the remodeling or modernization in relation to the whole. The Market (or Comparative Sales) Approach The Market Approach is based on comparison of the subject property to similar properties, which have been sold in the same market. Similarities and differences must be noted in detail—date of sale, location of property, physical characteristics, and conditions of the sale are a few examples. For investment properties, potential income should also be documented. The conditions of the sale are extremely important when considering whether a property is comparable to the subject or not. If the parties are related, or special financing was obtained, or the seller was forced to sell by some condition of their life (a move, divorce, etc.) then the sale might have to be eliminated as invalid. Remember the definition of "market value": "the most probable price, in terms of cash, in a competitive and open market, assuming a willing and knowledgeable buyer and seller, allowing sufficient time for the sale, and assuming that the transaction is not affected by undue pressures." Some factors like size or shape or location may have to be accommodated by adjusting the value of the comparable up or down to reflect the difference between that property and the subject. The comparable is always adjusted, never the subject property. The market approach indicates a range of possible values, rather than a precise figure, especially if few sales are available or many adjustments have to be made. In Arizona, the market approach is the most widely used for residential property valuation. It is ideal for types of property that is regularly sold. Furthermore, it may be the only valid approach for valuing properties that are very old or where reliable cost or income data is unavailable. The Income Approach The Income Approach is used to value commercial or industrial properties, or properties, which are bought and sold by investors primarily because of their income producing potential. This approach to value depends on reliable and detailed information on the income and the costs of doing business for a particular business or enterprise. This is referred to as the "income stream" of the property. The Income Approach defines value as "the present worth of future benefits of owning a property." These are composed of the annual income for an estimated number of years (called the economic life of the property) plus a capital amount representing land value or land value plus some remaining worth of the improvements. This approach emphasizes investment components rather than physical components of a property. The steps in the income approach are: - Estimate Potential Gross Income (PGI) - Deduct vacancy and collection losses - Add miscellaneous income to derive Effective Gross Income (EGI) - Deduct operating expenses to derive Net Operating Income (NOI) - Select appropriate capitalization rate and method - Develop an estimated value There are certain property types that are statutorily valued. Please return to the home page for further information regarding these property types.

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Chain Letters 2Language brain teasers are those that involve the English language. You need to think about and manipulate words and letters. The following two 4x4 grids each contain a 12-letter word. Each word is formed by a chain of letters. A word can begin with any of the letters. The second letter of a word is adjacent (either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) to the first letter, the third letter is adjacent to the second, and so on. No letter can be used more than once. Four letters in each grid will be unused. HintThe first letter of the first word is in the second row. The first letter of the second word is in the third row. AnswerThe words are KALEIDOSCOPE and AMBIDEXTROUS. Rate Brain Teaser If you become a registered user you can vote on brain teasers. Posted by spikethru4 on Apr 19, 2013| Good one. The second one jumped right out at me, but would probably have never got the first. Posted by eighsse on Jul 28, 2013| I agree, the second one was easy, it jumps out without even studying it. The first one, however, took me 5 minutes or so, but I did get it To post a comment, please visit the Full Site Back to Top

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costs are the costs for the plant that are not included in direct labor or material costs. These costs are often the largest cost for a product. Allocation of these costs to the product is often done - Indirect labor costs benefit costs for plant salary and labor - Plant leases and utilities cost - Plant maintenance costs - Machinery maintenance and depreciation When allocating to a part or a job, the Cost Accountant needs to develop a reasonable allocation method must take into consideration:< - If certain machines require more maintenance - If more indirect labor is used on certain jobs. - If area used is more expensive due to building This is sometimes a difficult job for the Cost Accountant. However, allocation should not be done in haste. These costs are very large and can make a part or service profitable or unprofitable. The end result needs to fairly allocate costs to jobs. Allocation needs to be based on cost studies and interviews with plant personnel. of the rate to the job: The allocation rate is usually calculated for each machine or The allocation rates can be based on the time each part spends at the operation or in the machine. Some other method may be used The outcome of the allocation should be to accurately reflect the cost to produce the part.

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January 26, 2009 People are becoming more and more reliant on the portable gadgets they carry every day and at no time is that reliance more pronounced as when those gadgets’ batteries run out of juice. While we’ve seen some fuel cell technologies appear in recent years that offer the future prospect of powering portable devices, none are quite as small as this new working fuel cell created by US chemical engineers and featured recently in New Scientist that measures just 3 millimeters across. Although fuel cells are able to store more energy than batteries in the same space, batteries continue to reign supreme as they are much easier to produce at the small scale than the pumps and control electronics required in a fuel cell. The pumps in such devices can also use more energy than they generate making them impractical. Now a team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has overcome this problem by designing for a tiny fuel cell that generates power without consuming it. The fuel cell works by allowing water molecules from the water reservoir to reach an adjacent chamber containing metal hydride as vapor through tiny holes in a thin membrane. Once there, the vapor reacts with the metal hydride to form hydrogen, which fills the chamber, pushing the membrane upwards and blocking the flow of water. The resultant hydrogen reacts with an assembly of electrodes beneath the metal hydride chamber to create a flow of electricity as it is gradually depleted. Since the device is so small it can rely on surface tension, not gravity, to control the flow of water through the system, meaning that the cell will operate even if moved and rotated. Also, since the new device carries its fuel internally, when measured as a volume, the power density of the new fuel cell is a relatively high 100 watts per liter. The first designs generated 0.7 volts and a current of 0.1 milliamps for 30 hours before the fuel ran out, but the team says the latest designs give currents of around 1 milliamp at a similar voltage. While that's not yet enough to drive mobile phones or MP3 players, which use batteries typically rated at a few volts, the prospect of such fuel cells being used to power greener gadgets in the future is definitely promising. Via New Scientist.

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Sleep deprivation affects nearly a third of U.S. workers to the point of impacting their job performance and overall health, according to a new report released Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly a third of U.S. workers (41 million) sleep fewer than six hours each night, according to the report, far less than the seven to nine hours recommended by the National Sleep Foundation. Insufficient sleep can have serious and sometimes fatal consequences for fatigued workers and others around them, CDC investigators wrote in the report. An estimated 20 percent of vehicle crashes are linked to drowsy driving. Sleep deprivation gives workers afternoon crashes of sleepiness, and also impacts their long-term health such as increased risk for diabetes and heart disease, experts said. The modern condition of excess work, excess pressure, no sleep -- all this disruption -- we can't adapt well to it metabolically, Dr. Orfeu Buxton, study author and sleep researcher at Brigham and Women's Hospital, told WebMD. This is a maladaptive response to modern life. Continue Reading Below Researchers found that disrupted sleep schedules of six-hour bouts decreased metabolism in volunteers, which could translate to annual weight gain of 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms). In addition, blood sugar levels rose, which increased the risk of diabetes. People who sleep fewer than six hours or who sleep with disruptions stand a 48 percent greater chance of developing heart disease and a 15 percent greater chance of having a stroke, according to researchers. The trend for late nights and early mornings is actually a ticking time bomb for our health. You need to act now to reduce your risk of developing these life-threatening conditions, Francesco Cappuccio, sleep researcher at Warwick Medical School, who conducted a study on sleep deprivation and heart disease, told the Guardian. The trouble is that many workers do not make sleep a priority, Shelby Freedman Harris, director of the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program at Montefiore Medical Center, told HealthDay. Despite these consequences, many people still don't find the time for adequate sleep, with many having trouble with insomnia and not seeking proper help, she said. What is also important is making sure you have enough time between shifts to obtain a full night's sleep -- something many companies don't necessarily allow for. Sleep deprivation affects night shift workers more. Over 40 percent of night-shift workers reported getting fewer than six hours of sleep, compared to 30 percent of day-shift workers. Attempts to sleep during daylight hours, when melatonin levels decline and body temperature rises, usually result in shorter sleep episodes and more wakefulness, the report says. Melatonin is a compound found in animals and plants that helps regulate the sleep cycle. During the day, melatonin levels decrease and makes it more difficult to fall asleep. However, just because many workers do not meet the National Sleep Foundation's recommendations doesn't mean they are sleep deprived, Dr. Michael Breus, author of the book Beauty Sleep, told CNN. Sleep researchers put too much emphasis on the amount of sleep instead of focusing on what's really important. Oftentimes, we only think of sleep in terms of minutes -- but that's really the quantity of sleep. In fact, there's a quality of sleep, he said. If you have sleep apnea and you stop breathing through the night, you might feel really tired in the morning even though you've gotten eight hours. Those eight hours were horrible, light, crappy sleep. In order to ensure a better quality of sleep, people should try to go to bed at the same time every day, create a relaxing bedroom environment, avoid watching television or eating a large meal right before bed and turn off their cell phone, according to WebMD. Any degree of sleep deprivation impairs performance or mood, Dr. Mark Mahowald, director of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center, told WebMD. Our society has got to learn to respect sleep as biologically imperative. Getting a good night's sleep is as important as exercising regularly and eating a good diet. The CDC published the report in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on Thursday.

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Artificial Gravity and the Architecture of Orbital Habitats T.W. Hall (1999), JBIS, 52, 290-300Refcode This paper examines the rationale, requirements, limitations and implications of artificial gravity in the design of orbital habitats. Long-term exposure to weightlessness leads to a chain-reaction of undesirable physiological adaptations. There is both theoretical and experimental evidence that artificial gravity can substitute for natural gravity to maintain health in orbit. Aerospace medical scientists have conducted many studies during the past forty years to determine the comfort boundaries for artificial gravity. They express comfort in terms of centripetal acceleration, head-to-foot gravity gradient, angular velocity, tangential velocity, cross-coupled head rotations and the Coriolis effects of relative motion in rotating environments. A review of the literature reveals the uncertainty in these boundaries and suggests that “comfort” in artificial gravity depends as well on other aspects of environmental design, beyond the basic rotational parametres. Artificial gravity is distinct from both Earth-normal gravity and weightlessness. The goal of architectural design for artificial gravity is not to mimic Earth but rather to help the inhabitants adapt to the realities of their rotating environment. PDF file, 11 pages: £5.00

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|In ancient times, salt was so valuable that it was used for money. In fact, our modern word salary is derived from the word salt. The Latin word salarium means "salt money" and referred to the allowance of salt that was paid to Roman soldiers. Even today, in some parts of the world, salt is one of the most prized commodities. Salt is valued because of its properties as a condiment and preservative, along with its essentiality to the body. In Biblical times, salt took on a religious significance. Apart from it being used as a seasoning for food (Job 6:6), salt had an intimate connection with the idea of a covenant or binding relationship. Called the "salt of the covenant", salt was used in all of the offerings (Lev. 2:13) and was a symbolic "preservative" of covenants (Numbers 18:19; 2 Chron. 13:5). Jesus calls His disciples to be the salt of the earth and lights of the world. The Old Testament prophets were the salt of the land of Canaan; but Christians are called to be salt of the whole earth, for Jesus said go into all the world and preach the good news. How can a few people effect such a large region as the world? By working silently as salt with the gospel of Christ! Just as a handful of salt disperses its taste throughout food, so the teaching of the gospel disperses far and wide, penetrating and reaching the hearts of men (Acts 2:37). The salt of the gospel cleanses the soul and preserves it from spiritual decomposition. It is an everlasting covenant between God and true believers. Just as salt was required in all sacrifices, so are Christians required to be "salty," to be salt of the earth. Mankind lies in ignorance and wickedness, in need of Jesus! For this reason, Christ sends His believers to season the world, through their lives and teachings, with the knowledge and grace of the gospel! To render those who would believe the gospel acceptable to God! Be the salt of the |The Life in Christ The Salt of the Earth "You are the salt of the earth. But if the salt loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again? It is no longer good for anything, except to be thrown out and trampled by is the salt of the earth, diffusing the hope of the gospel into the hearts of men! Faithful believers are a great blessing to the world because through them, the world is seasoned with the message of eternal life! Christians are called not only to teach the gospel, but also to live lives worthy of the gospel (Col. 1:10). Are you salted with the grace and goodness of the gospel? Is grace and goodness flowing through you in what you say and do? Do men see Christ living in you? Are you the salt of the earth? are some practical suggestions: Be a source of encouragement! Be known as a person who edifies, both in the spiritual and secular realms. Pray for wisdom! Ask the Lord to shine through you in all you say and do, that His name will be glorified in your life! Read the Word! Grow in the knowledge of the Lord and apply Godís teaching to all Test everything! In all you do, do it to the glory of God! Let all your decisions be to the praise of Jesus! Share the gospel. Part of being the salt of the earth is us spreading the ďtasteĒ of the gospel to others and to preserve the souls of men through the hope of the May the Lord richly bless you! The Salt of the Earth! I. Properties of Salt A. It Preserves 1. Prevents corruption a. Good antiseptic b. Keeps away harmful microbes 2. Maintains purity a. Preserves original form b. Has a cleansing effect c. Removes harmful ice, snow 3. Preserves balance, unity a. Maintains integrity b. Is a neutral solution B. It enhances flavor 1. Salt makes your tastebuds dance! 2. Makes you want more of something 3. Creates a craving C. It is influential 1. It will always be salty 2. You can count on it! 3. It dissolves and permeates 4. It will be noticed II. How salt's properties can be exhibited in us:As God makes you salty you will be salt... A. By Preserving the Word 1 Timothy 4:16 1- God has set you aside (holy)! 2 Peter 1:4 1. Prevent being corrupted by the 2. Transform yourself by renewal B. By Preserving Peace Romans 14:17 1. In your deeds 2. In your speech Colossians 4:6 3. In your thoughts and attitude C. By Influencing your surroundings 1. With your zeal for good deeds 2. Your desire for holiness 2 Cor. 7:1 3. Be authentic! Mark 9:50 you season your food with a spice that is totally flavorless? Why? What is the purpose for using spices? See To It What is the nature of salt? What does it do? How are light and salt similar? How are they different? Explain in secular and spiritual terms. Why are Christians the salt of the earth? What does it mean to be the salt of the earth? How does New Testament Christianity differ from Old Testament Judaism in terms of verse Explain what Jesus meant by salt losing its Chemically speaking, can salt (sodium chloride) lose its saltiness? What do you think? What are the characteristics of those who truly love Jesus and His church? How are we to be the salt? Give a modern application of a Christian being spiritual salt. How can we become tasteless or ďsaltless?Ē Getting To It: Pray for each other to be spiritual salt, dispelling the knowledge and grace of the Lord to a dark and lost world. Pray that each of us would never lose our saltiness and thus become useless to God. week's Quiet Times: are the Salt of the Earth! Jesus compares us to two things that are very influential: light and salt. Whatever these two things touch cannot ignore their presence! You can always count on them too; they will never fail to do what theyíre supposed to do, unless of course, they are not the real thing. This week you will learn how to be the salt Jesus says you are, if indeed the Spirit lives in you. Read Matthew 5:13. What are some characteristics of salt? What is salt good for? How is it influential? ďMankind, lying in ignorance and wickedness, were as a vast heap, ready to putrefy; but Christ sent forth his disciples, by their lives and doctrines to season it with knowledge and grace. If they are not such as they should be, they are as salt that has lost its savor.ĒĺMatthew Henry. Since salt was associated with permanence, the expression "covenant of salt" was used to emphasize the binding or permanent nature of Godís laws (Numbers 18:19). Write Psalm 19:8 on an index card and memorize it. Salt is a preservative. It prevents corruption from taking place. Read Romans 12:1-2. Are you to conform to (be like) the world in what you do? How are you to transform? Just like salt transforms everything that it touches, so are you to transform (influence) yourself and others. What is the purpose of transformation? Can this purpose be accomplished without transformation? Read 2 Peter 1:4. Notice how you escape corruption by partaking of Godís divine nature. Your saltiness is a reflection of this nature in all you do: When you speak to your brethren, and to other people; what you read, what you watch on TV, the music you listen to, etc... Write James 1:27 on an index card and memorize it. Are you striving to keep yourself from being corrupted by the world? Since salt prevents corruption from taking place, it has a purifying effect. Read 2 Kings 2:20-21. What effect did the salt have on the water? Why symbolism did the salt have in this miracle that the Lord did through Elisha? Think about the purifying effect of Godís command, its influence and its permanence. In the same way the Lord purifies you: Titus 2:14. List the adjectives of Godís people from this passage. What the salt did to Elishaís water God does to you: purifies and makes you fruitful; zealous for good deeds! How will the zeal for your good deeds be like salt? Cor. 7:1 on an index card and memorize it. Does your personality reflect reverence toward God? Is it a salty personality? Are you striving to perfect Being salt not only involves keeping yourself pure from the corruption of the world but also keeping Godís doctrine pure in your heart, mind and soul. Read 2 Timothy 2:15. Being salty means being able to use Godís Word adequately. You want to be salty enough so that people see something different in you. Think of potato chips. You canít just have one! Now imagine if the potato chips were incredibly saltyĺwould you keep eating? Read 2 Timothy 2:2. Being salty means being reliable in the Word; ably qualified to teach others Godís Word, not your own word. Salt preserves. That means it keeps things pure by making sure nothing gets into it and corrupts it. Write 1 Timothy 4:16 on an index card and memorize it. Are you a zingy, salty potato chip, or a greasy flavorless influence is very powerful; just like lightís influence on darkness. No matter how little there is of it in something, its presence is felt and noted. Its effects are not overcome or diminished even though there might only be a small quantity. Read again Mark 9:50. Is it possible for salt to loose its saltines? Can salt be robbed of its saltiness? Is it authentic salt if it indeed loses its saltiness? Notice that being salt involves preserving peace. Write Colossians 4:6 on an index card and memorize it. Knowing how to speak to someone involves being able and willing to preserve peace and grace. Insipid, corrupt, or obscene speech does not edify. It insults, creates discord and opposes peace. Is your speech salty or bitter? Does your lifestyle reflect the saltiness Jesus speaks of, or does it reflect the corruption of the world? Do people see something different in you than what they see in others?

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The number of children visiting emergency departments for concussions they experienced while playing organized team sports has risen dramatically over the last 10 years, according to a new study. The results show emergency department visits for football, basketball, baseball, soccer and ice hockey-related concussions doubled from 1997 to 2007 for children aged 8 to 13, and increased by over 200 percent for children aged 14 to 19. The increase occurred despite a 13 percent decline in total participants in these sports. Experts have hypothesized that this rise may be due to an increasing number of available sports activities, increasing competitiveness in youth sports, and increasing intensity of practice and play times, said Dr. Lisa Bakhos, who conducted the research while at Hasbro Children's Hospital in Providence, R.I. However, the rise might also be a result of increased awareness and reporting of concussion incidents, she said. The findings underscore the importance of developing guidelines to determine when young athletes can return to play after a concussion, the researchers say. Bakhos and colleagues used information from two national databases to estimate the number of emergency department visits. There were 502,000 visits for concussions in children aged 8 to 19 years in the period from 2001 through 2005; of those, 65 percent were in the 14- to 19-year old age group. Over the same period, approximately four in 1,000 children aged 8 to 13 and six in 1,000 teens aged 14 to 19 had an emergency department visits for a sport-related concussion. For the younger children, emergency department visits for organized team sport-related concussions increased from about 3800 in 1997 to about 7600 in 2007. For older children, emergency department visits increased from about 7000 to more than 21,000 over the same time period. "Our assessment highlights the need for further research and injury prevention strategies into sport-related concussion," said study author James Linakis, also of Hasbro Children's Hospital. "This is especially true for the young athlete, with prevailing expert opinion suggesting that concussion in this age group can produce more severe neurologic after-effects, such as prolonged cognitive disturbances, disturbed skill acquisition, and other long-term effects," he said. Despite the apparent increase in concussions in youth athletes, there are no comprehensive guidelines for when young athletes should return to play after a concussion, the researchers say. There are also no evidence-based guidelines for how treatment of these injuries should be managed. There is agreement, however, that the treatment of young children cannot be managed in the same way as that of older adolescents. "Children need not only physical, but cognitive rest, and a slow-graded return to play and school after such injuries," Linakis said. Return-to-play assessments might include such strategies as neuropsychological testing, functional MRI, visual tracking technology and balance dysfunction tracking. The study is published in the September issue of the journal Pediatrics.

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The nanofluids that were used in hollow fiber membranes as solution can be considered appropriate substitute for normal solutions in the removal of acidic gases, specially in gas- sweetening industries. Gas removal process using hollow fiber membrane is a combination of separation by membrane and chemical absorption process, which is very important nowadays. On the other hand, the use of nanofluids that adsorb carbon dioxide with unique characteristics such as high mechanical and thermal stability, high ability in gas adsorption and storage, easy reduction, and other transfer properties can be a good replacement for the solutions or as additive to the usual solutions to increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal. Ali Golkhar, one of the researchers, believes that the combination of the separation by membrane and the application of nanofluids as the solution in carbon dioxide adsorption was the main objective of the research. “In this research, mass transfer properties of nanofluids and their adsorption properties in the two-phase contactor hollow fiber membranes were investigated. The effects of various parameters such as the type and the concentration of nanofluids, temperature, and liquid and gas flow rates were studied too. The results showed significant increase in the adsorption of carbon dioxide gas by using nanofluids,” he added. According to Golkhar, the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal for silica nanofluid, specially carbon nanotube, significantly increased in comparison with distilled water. The increase became larger when the concentration of nanoparticles increased. Moreover, the use of carbon nanotubes was more effective than the use of silica nanofluid. If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on reddit or StumbleUpon. Thanks! Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk:

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Global Analysis - October 2015 Maps and Time Series Temperature and Precipitation Maps Temperature Anomalies Time Series Note: With this report and data release, the National Centers for Environmental Information is transitioning to improved versions of its global land (GHCN-M version 3.3.0) and ocean (ERSST version 4.0.0) datasets. Please note that anomalies and ranks reflect the historical record according to these updated versions. Historical months and years may differ from what was reported in previous reports. For more, please visit the associated FAQ and supplemental information. Contents of this Section: Temperature anomalies and percentiles are shown on the gridded maps below. The anomaly map on the left is a product of a merged land surface temperature (Global Historical Climatology Network, GHCN) and sea surface temperature (ERSST.v4) anomaly analysis as described in Huang et al. (2015). Temperature anomalies for land and ocean are analyzed separately and then merged to form the global analysis. For more information, please visit NCDC's Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page. The percentile map on the right provides additional information by placing the temperature anomaly observed for a specific place and time period into historical perspective, showing how the most current month, season or year compares with the past. The most current data may be accessed via the Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page. Supplemental October 2015 Information - Top 25 Monthly Temperature Departures - 2015 Year-to-date Temperature versus Previous Years - Monthly temperature anomalies versus El Niño In the atmosphere, 500-millibar height anomalies correlate well with temperatures at the Earth's surface. The average position of the upper-level ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure—depicted by positive and negative 500-millibar height anomalies on the October 2015 and August–October 2015 maps—is generally reflected by areas of positive and negative temperature anomalies at the surface, respectively. The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for October 2015 was the highest for October in the 136-year period of record, at 0.98°C (1.76°F) above the 20th century average of 14.0°C (57.1°F). This marked the sixth consecutive month a monthly global temperature record has been broken and was also the greatest departure from average for any month in the 1630 months of recordkeeping, surpassing the previous record high departure set just last month by 0.13°F (0.07°C). The October temperature is currently increasing at an average rate of 0.06°C (0.11°F) per decade. Separately, the October average temperature across global land surfaces was 1.33°C (2.39°F) above the 20th century average, the highest for October on record. This surpasses the previous record set in October 2011 by 0.17°C (0.31°F). This margin is larger than the uncertainty associated with the dataset. Large regions of Earth's land surfaces were much warmer than average, according to the Land & Ocean Temperature Percentiles map above. Record warmth was observed across the entire southern half of Australia, part of southern and southeastern Asia, much of central and southern Africa, most of Central America and northern South America, and parts of western North America. Regionally, Oceania and the African continent were both record warm. Argentina, part of northeastern Canada, scattered regions of western and central Russia, and central Japan were cooler or much cooler than average. Select national information is highlighted below. (Please note that different countries report anomalies with respect to different base periods. The information provided here is based directly upon these data.): - The average temperature across Australia during October was +2.89°C (+5.20°F) higher than its 1961–1990 average and the highest departure from average for any month in the country's 106-year period of record (1282 months), according to the Bureau of Meteorology. This surpasses the previous record of +2.75°C (4.95°F) set two years ago in September 2013. The October average maximum and minimum temperatures for the country were also each record high. The warmth was widespread, with all states and the Northern Territory observing daily average temperatures among their 10 warmest for October. New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia were record warm, with the highest departure from average observed in South Australia, at +4.61°C (+8.30°F). - It was also warmer than average across most of New Zealand. The national monthly temperature was 0.6°C (1.1°F) higher than the 1981–2010 average for October. - Norway observed an October temperature that was 1.2°C (2.2°F) higher than its 1961–1990 average. Temperatures in Romsdal and Sør-Trøndelag were about 2–3°C (4–5°F) higher than their averages for October. The air flow patterns that brought the warmer-than-average temperatures are typical of El Niño conditions. - The capital city of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, observed its warmest October since 1920, at more than 2°C (4°F) higher than its 1961–1990 average. With strong El Niño conditions in place, the October global sea surface temperature was 0.85°C (1.53°F) above the 20th century average of 15.9°C (60.6°F), the highest departure for October on record. This surpasses the previous record set in 2014 by 0.15°C (0.27°F). This margin is larger than the uncertainty associated with the dataset. The October temperature was also the highest departure from average for any month since recordkeeping began in 1880, surpassing the previous record set last month by 0.04°C (0.07°F). Sea surface temperatures during October 2015 were well above the 1981–2010 average across the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, according to analysis by the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (CPC). Record warm and much warmer-than-average temperatures are notable across the entire region, as shown by the October Temperature Percentiles map above. The CPC expects this El Niño to likely peak during the Northern Hemisphere winter 2015/16 and transition to ENSO-neutral conditions during late spring or early summer 2016. This forecast focuses on the ocean surface temperatures between 5°N and 5°S latitude and 170°W to 120°W longitude, called the Niño 3.4 region. Other areas across the world's ocean surfaces also experienced record warmth or much warmer-than-average conditions for October, including the entire Indian Ocean where the Indian Ocean dipole has been positive during all of 2015, along with the central Atlantic Ocean and much of the Arctic Seas. A stretch of the Atlantic Ocean south of Greenland and a region southeast of South America were much cooler than average for the month. (out of 136 years) |Land||+1.33 ± 0.15||+2.39 ± 0.27||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.33||+2.39| |Ocean||+0.85 ± 0.03||+1.53 ± 0.05||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.85||+1.53| |Land and Ocean||+0.98 ± 0.07||+1.76 ± 0.13||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.98||+1.76| |Land||+1.27 ± 0.12||+2.29 ± 0.22||Warmest||2nd||2011||+1.33||+2.39| |Ocean||+1.05 ± 0.03||+1.89 ± 0.05||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.05||+1.89| |Land and Ocean||+1.13 ± 0.10||+2.03 ± 0.18||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.13||+2.03| |Land||+1.50 ± 0.22||+2.70 ± 0.40||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.50||+2.70| |Ocean||+0.71 ± 0.03||+1.28 ± 0.05||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.71||+1.28| |Land and Ocean||+0.83 ± 0.06||+1.49 ± 0.11||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.83||+1.49| The most current data October be accessed via the Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page. The first 10 months of 2015 comprised the warmest such period on record across the world's land and ocean surfaces, at 0.86°C (1.55°F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record of 2014 by 0.12°C (0.22°F). This margin is larger than the uncertainty associated with the dataset. To date, eight months this year have been record warm for their respective months. January was the second warmest January on record and April third warmest. The average global sea surface temperature of +0.71°C (+1.28°F) was the highest for January–October in the 136-year period of record, surpassing the previous record of 2014 by 0.08°C (0.14°F). This margin is larger than the uncertainty associated with the dataset. The average land surface temperature departure from average of +1.28°C (+2.30°F) was also the highest on record for October, surpassing the previous record of 2007 by 0.17°C (0.31°F). Most of the world's land areas were much warmer than average, falling within the top 10 percent of their historical temperature range for the January–October period, as indicated by the Temperature Percentiles map above. These regions include South America, Central America, western North America, Africa, most of Eurasia, and large parts of Australia. Record warmth was observed across parts of each of these regions, particularly notable in western North America and much of South America. The oceans were also much warmer than average across vast expanses, including most of the northern, eastern, and central equatorial Pacific Ocean, the entire Indian Ocean, much of the Atlantic Ocean, and the Arctic waters surrounding northern Europe. All four major ocean basins also had large regions of record warm sea surface temperatures during this 10-month period. In the North Atlantic, a large region south of Greenland remained much cooler than average for the period, with some record cold embedded in that area. Over land, only part of northeastern Canada and the far southern tip of South America were cooler than average during the January–October period. (out of 136 years) |Land||+1.28 ± 0.21||+2.30 ± 0.38||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.28||+2.30| |Ocean||+0.71 ± 0.02||+1.28 ± 0.04||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.71||+1.28| |Land and Ocean||+0.86 ± 0.10||+1.55 ± 0.18||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.86||+1.55| |Land||+1.38 ± 0.25||+2.48 ± 0.45||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.38||+2.48| |Ocean||+0.84 ± 0.02||+1.51 ± 0.04||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.84||+1.51| |Coolest||136th||1904, 1908, 1909||-0.48||-0.86| |Land and Ocean||+1.04 ± 0.14||+1.87 ± 0.25||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.04||+1.87| |Land||+1.02 ± 0.14||+1.84 ± 0.25||Warmest||1st||2015||+1.02||+1.84| |Ocean||+0.62 ± 0.03||+1.12 ± 0.05||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.62||+1.12| |Land and Ocean||+0.68 ± 0.07||+1.22 ± 0.13||Warmest||1st||2015||+0.68||+1.22| The most current data October be accessed via the Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page. The maps below represent precipitation percent of normal (left, using a base period of 1961–1990) and precipitation percentiles (right, using the period of record). As is typical, precipitation varied significantly around the world. Select national information is highlighted below. (Please note that different countries report anomalies with respect to different base periods. The information provided here is based directly upon these data): - Denmark observed its driest October since 1972, with just 29 mm of rainfall, or about 30 percent of average for the month. The driest October occurred in 1922, when just 12 mm of precipitation fell. - Latvia had its driest October on record, at 8.7 mm of rainfall for the month, or 13 percent of the average monthly rainfall. This breaks the previous record of 9.9 mm accumulation set in 1951. Peterson, T.C. and R.S. Vose, 1997: An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Database. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837-2849. Huang, B., V.F. Banzon, E. Freeman, J. Lawrimore, W. Liu, T.C. Peterson, T.M. Smith, P.W. Thorne, S.D. Woodruff, and H-M. Zhang, 2015: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature Version 4 (ERSST.v4). Part I: Upgrades and Intercomparisons. J. Climate, 28, 911-930.

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Natural Health News — Antioxidant rich watercress can help alleviate the natural stress put on our bodies by an tough workout. Though regular moderate exercise is known to be good for us, the increased demand on our bodies is also known to cause damage to our DNA. The small study involved 10 healthy men, aged on average of 23 years, who were asked to participate in high-level exercise on the treadmill for 8 weeks. Each man was given 85g of watercress – a small bag to consume before short bursts of intense exercise. An eight-week study with no watercress consumption was carried out to act as a control. At the end of the study period, those who had not eaten watercress had more DNA damage than those that consumed watercress. “What we’ve found” said lead researchers Dr Gareth Davison, University of Ulster’s Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute (SESRI) is that consuming a relatively small amount of watercress each day can help raise the levels of important antioxidant vitamins which may help protect our bodies, and allow us to enjoy the rewards of keeping fit. The study findings are published in the British Journal of Nutrition. Exercise and free radicals There are a lot of myths surrounding exercise and overdoing it during exercise isn’t particularity healthy – it places enormous strain on muscles, can be dehydrating and stressful – an and some believe that post-exercise recovery is important to minimise any damage done by the increased volume of free radicals that intense training produces. Exercising or training hard can speed up many metabolic processes which in turn can generate more free radicals. Free radicals are highly unstable molecules that can cause damage to muscles and to cellular DNA . Free radical damage is a risk factor for things like heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and cancer. Oxidative stress may be one reason why we also feel sore after intense exercise and may even interfere with muscle repair after post exercise. The body begins to heal itself from exercise stress soon after the workout ends and adequate nutrition may help this process along, which is why this current study is so interesting. Other helpful foods Watercress isn’t the only superfood that has been shown to aid recovery from a tough workout. Earlier this year a daily glass tomato juice, which is rich in the antioxidant lycopene, was also shown to improve recovery in healthy, normal people (as opposed elite athletes) who engage in strenuous exercise on a stationary bicycle. The juice was found to reduce the levels of free radicals in the blood post exercise. Also early this year, a study showed that consuming just 100g of flavonoid rich dark chocolate (70% cocoa solids) prior to exercising could decrease the muscle damaging effects of oxidative stress. In a 2011 study another group of researchers came to the same conclusion. Again in 2011 researchers found that blueberries, rich in antioxidants known as anthocyanins, were also protective. The researchers gave study participants – all well trained athletes, 250g of blueberries per day for 6 weeks and 375g one hour prior to 2.5 h of running hard. The blueberries reduced oxidative stress and increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines post exercise. Animal studies show that goji berries may have the same effect, though human studies are lacking. In an earlier study blackcurrant extract in the form of capsules was given to 10 healthy individuals comprising five males and five females aged between 37 and 63 years and of varying levels of fitness, before an intense rowing machine session. Blackcurrant, like blueberries is rich in anthocyanins, and these were found to assist recovery and enhance immune responsiveness. Antioxidant rich foods, according to these studies, are a must if you are intending to exercise hard. To understand a bit more about their effect see our story Antioxidants – are you getting what you need? Sign up here to receive regular updates from us

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Christian Vision and Inwardness In 1196 Edmund, a monk in a monastery at Eynsham, fell into a two day trance during which he had a vision of the other world, of purgatory and of heaven. When he awoke on Easter Sunday he reported the vision to his brother Adam who wrote it down in Latin. The text was copied through the generations and translated into Middle English, German and French verse. This text in one of a genre of vision texts composed during the High Middle Ages. The lecture will examine this literature in relation to the question about the rise of individuality in the 12thcentury and in light of the shift in the later period from ‘participation’ to ‘conscience’ with a view to comparison with the Hindu material we have seen.

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Doug Jacobson, Electrical and Computer Engineering, (515) 294-8307 Jim Davis, Electrical and Computer Engineering, (515) 294-0659 Skip Derra, News Service, (515) 294-4917 SIMPLE STEPS CAN MAKE YOUR COMPUTER MORE SECURE AMES, Iowa -- Computers are gateways to the vast world of the Internet, but be careful when you go surfing because your computer could be attacked, say two Iowa State University computer security experts. Recent instances of hackers breaking into corporate and government computer systems should be a sign to all computer users to guard against attacks on their machines, said Jim Davis and Doug Jacobson, both ISU associate professors of electrical and computer engineering. Davis and Jacobson teach ISU students how to identify and thwart cyber attacks. They also are co-directors of ISU's Information Systems Security Laboratory, a National Security Agency Center of Excellence. "The Internet is constantly being attacked and probed even by our allies," Davis said. "That's the environment in which we live." There are more than just common viruses, like "Melissa" or the "Love Bug," floating around on the Internet these days. There also are "Trojan Horses" and "buffer overflows" and "denial of service" attacks that can bring a company's, or your, computer system to its knees. But there are steps to make your computer more robust in today's world of computer interconnectivity, Davis and Jacobson said. Use a secure password. Good passwords are not found in the English dictionary, or a Spanish dictionary, or a computer geek dictionary for that matter. People wanting to gain access to your computer can use "crack programs," password generating programs that work from dictionaries, said Davis. A good password is six to eight characters in length, comprising letters and numbers and is not a word in the dictionary nor should it be connected to information others know about you, like your phone number or birth date. The value of backing up. It's as old as "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." And just as often overlooked. Backing up all of your important programs and data will save you time and money should your system be attacked, Jacobson said. Scanners and firewalls. Get a good virus scanner, which checks all of the files on a computer to see if there are viruses, and be careful of what you download and run on your computer. Personal firewall software will help to protect you when you are surfing the Internet. Exercise common sense. Take time to read and understand the privacy policies of any web site you give information to. Many sites collect and disseminate information. A reputable site will publish their privacy policies. "It is amazing how simple preventative tasks early on can save you time, money and a considerable amount of hassle later on," Davis said. - 30 - |Iowa State homepage University Relations, email@example.com

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|The Standards set requirements no only for English language arts (ELA) but also for literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Just as students must learn to read, write, speak, listen, and use language effectively in a variety of content areas, so too must the Standards specify the literacy skills and understandings required for college and career readiness in multiple disciplines.

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Memories of Holiday Cheer, Worth the paper they are printed on The rich image printed on a early 20th. century Christmas Season postcard can evoke a spark of eternal hope within all of us. Postcards became popularized to the American culture in the early 1900’s.They were first made popular in Great Britain and Germany and finally the U.S. when the postal service became more effective. Most of the postcards were printed in Germany and England, focused upon the American market.Postcards were popularly used most numerously used from the early 1900’s-1920’s. Arfter which telephones and sealed envelopes became more favored. Most Christmas postcards published during this time, focus on the fantasy of Christmas rather than it just being a Christian holiday. It is images like these on fanciful cards that Christmas can live within every mans heart. Santa Claus postcards are a category of collecting within itself. The notion of Santa Claus first appeared in American culture recounted back to 1809 where was reported to look like , ” A whiskered elf like man wearing a low broad brimmed hat” and a long robe.He also drove a flying wagon and delivered presents down the chimney to waiting children. In parts of Europe, Santa was most often depicted as wearing a colorful robe in purple, gold or green and other regal colors. He also wore a belted coat with pants.It was not until the mid 19th. century in America that Santa was depicted as a white whiskered man wearing the tradional red suit with white fur trim. It is for these reasons that collectors persue Santa Claus postcards. The more rare cards may depict children playing Santa, a female, black Santa and even Uncle Sam has been known to dress like Santa on rare occassions. I hope you enjoy the array of Santa postcards that I have exhibitied below.We have “The two little angles” from the anthromorphic presents playing by the fireplace to a dismayed child’s concern to the Telephone talking Santa and Santa in his tradional and non traditional clothing. To you all, I wish a Happy Holiday ~ Edward

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As a primate comparative genomicist I study primate DNA sequences and compare them to humans and other non-human primate DNA sequences. I am very interested in connecting how changes in DNA sequence (genotype) can alter a human or animal’s outward appearance or characteristics (phenotype). Many of my research projects focus on connecting DNA sequence changes with behavior, anatomy, and ecology. When I met Rob Dunn, I never dreamed I would be excited about starting a project where I was swabbing people’s or non-human primates’ armpits to collect their smelly microbes. Yet today we are doing just that. When you pass by my Genomics & Microbiology Research Lab on the third floor of the Nature Research Center you’ll see a white board listing the members of the lab and what they work on. When you read that someone studies “armpit biodiversity” you might think to yourself, “Who drew the short straw on that research project?” But soon you may start asking, “How do I get involved in that cool project?!” We (the scientific community) have recently learned we have more microbial cells living on us and in us than human cells. There are pounds of bacteria living on our skin, in our guts, ears, and noses. Many of these bacteria are beneficial, and it is only occasionally that harmful bacteria cause problems. The Human Microbiome Project is working on characterizing all of the microbial species that live on and in us in order to better understand how we interact with and benefit from these microscopic travelers. When talking about armpits, it turns out that it isn’t the person or animal that has an odor, it is the bacteria living on the person or animal that produces the odor. We know that people and animals choose mates based on smell, so we are actually basing some of our behaviors (e.g. mate choice) on these tiny microbes. This is intriguing since smell is also correlated with expression of some immune system genes. Therefore, investigating armpit microbes may be one way to connect particular gene sequences with behavior and mate choice. We’re interested in learning how people’s daily habits people influence the bacterial species hitchhiking on them. And longer term we plan to examine multiple non-human primate armpits for a comparison of the bacterial species living on them and us. Several months ago, a few of us in the Lab swabbed and plated our skin microbes, mostly to get a few pretty demo plates for the NRC Grand Opening. Our collaborator Rob Dunn and the Your Wild Life team had piqued our interest in their Belly Button Biodiversity project and so we swabbed both our belly buttons AND our armpits. Everyone’s plates had hundreds of bacterial colonies…except mine. Nothing grew on my belly button or armpit plates. I thought to myself: “Is something wrong with me?” This is where most people would probably be happy that they didn’t have microbes growing on them, but as a scientist I was concerned that something was wrong with me. I went to my dermatologist shortly after the “no growth” incident, and I asked if I could have some skin problems because I didn’t have any microbes growing on my skin. He looked at me like I was crazy. So I set out to figure out what was causing no bacterial growth on my agar plates. In sampling more people we noticed that there were others who also failed to grow any bacteria on their armpit plates. In true science fashion, we started an experiment. Let’s take one man (fellow co-worker) and one woman (me) who wear antiperspirant every day. Swab their pits and see if anything grows. Then tell them to stop wearing antiperspirant and swab them every day to see how long it takes for bacteria to grow. I did this for 5 days. And boy was it hard to go antiperspirant free for that long — especially on the days I had to talk to give public talks in the Daily Planet Theater. But weirdly enough, after about 5 days I got used to being antiperspirant free. So I continued the experiment until I got to 12 days sans antiperspirant. What we noticed was that I had very few bacterial colonies growing on plates from early samples, but as more days passed without antiperspirant, more bacteria started to grow on my plates. This suggested that antiperspirant inhibits bacterial growth. Unfortunately, my fellow co-worker joining me in this experiment did not see an even increase in his bacteria growing over time. And one can’t make any solid scientific conclusions from a sample size of two. We determined that we needed a larger study with more people and more consistent sampling. And so our pilot study begins…. Follow our experiment in-progress (as well as the trials and tribulations of the 18 volunteers we recruited to go without antiperspirant or deodorant for an entire week in the hot North Carolina summer!) here on the Your Wild Life blog and via Twitter (#PitStart). The Armpit Project is a collaborative project involving Drs. Rob Dunn and Holly Menninger in the Biology Department at NC State University (Your Wild Life Program), Dr. Jul Urban, the Assistant Director of the Genomics & Microbiology Research Laboratory, and Dr. David Kroll, the Director of Science Communication at the Nature Research Center.

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Zooplankton diel vertical migration and distribution relative to Cross Seamount using 75 kHz acoustic and net tow surveys MetadataShow full item record This project attempts to quantify and explain differences in zooplankton distribution and abundance on the top and sides of Cross Seamount, Hawaii. Zooplankton were collected with nets at different depths during both day and night tows. Properties of the water column (temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll content) were also measured at these sites. Acoustics were used to collect data about currents around the seamount. The effects of seamounts on zooplankton movement and abundance were assessed by comparing on- and off-summit/seamount samples. Zooplankton were slightly less abundant on the seamount flanks compared to background levels found away from the seamount.

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The crushed bone of a cuttlefish which is a mollusk of the family Sepiidae. Cuttlebone is calcareous mixture used primarily as a jewelry polish. Pieces of cuttlebone have also been imprinted with a pattern then used as small molds for making jewelry. Synonyms and Related Terms Hazards and Safety Moderately toxic by inhalation. Sources Checked for Data in Record - G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 5 - Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 - Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 - Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982

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A STUDY OF FRENCH PAINTING CANVASES Katrina VANDERLIP CARBONNEL ABSTRACT—A large number of canvas samples from paintings by 116 French artists are analyzed for fiber type and weight. Results are categorized chronologically as well as by artist, and it may be seen that prior to the end of the 18th century, hemp canvases were most common, with linen supplanting hemp by the beginning of the 19th century and cottonlinen blends and cotton making their appearance by the end of the 19th century. The method of fiber analysis is described in an appendix. 1.1 SELECTING THE SAMPLES THE COLLECTION OF SAMPLES used in this study is actually composed of canvas fragments selected from two different sources (see list). In both cases, the cloth samples from the original support of authenticated paintings were chosen to be identified and analyzed. The samples were made up of an eclectic group of canvases from Dutch, English, French, Italian and Spanish paintings. The largest category by far was the French. The first is a group of fabric samples including both lining and original painting canvases gathered since the 1950s by the Service de la Restauration des Peintures des Musées Nationaux (France). I studied all of those samples that could be traced back to an authentic painting. However, the number of non-French samples did not prove large enough to give an adequate idea of the individual country's use of painting canvases. The non-French samples were, therefore, put aside until other canvas fragments can be studied and added to them to form a body for analysis at least the size of the collection used in this article, which is made of canvases from paintings by 116 different French artists. The second set of samples I put together from fragments given to me by private painting restorers working in Paris. 1.2 ORIGINS OF THE SAMPLES THE COLLECTION CAN ALSO be divided into three categories according to the method by which the samples were drawn: - From cut tacking margins, taken from relined paintings; - From transferred pictures; - From the edges of restretched paintings. - About 80% of the samples in this survey come from cut tacking margins. The French use a wheat paste lining technique that consolidates as well as lines the painting. However, the edges of a freshly wheat paste lined picture are too stiff to be safely turned over a stretcher. For this reason, the original tacking margins are cut off before the lining process and the paste-free lining canvas border is then used as a tacking margin and wrapped over the stretcher. - Approximately 19% of the canvas fragments came from the original cloth support removed during the transfer operation. The practice of transferring paintings to a new support, although now rarely done in France, was unfortunately quite frequently done previously. Generally, the transferred canvases were paintings executed before the nineteenth century. However, many impressionist paintings were transferred halfway through the lining process because the fine linen canvas reacted adversely to the moisture. - Only a small number of this study's samples were saved from fragments torn from the edges of restretched pictures. Part I of this study will briefly describe the method of preparing the samples and how they were identified. Part II will deal with the physical characteristics of the samples studied: fiber type, weave pattern, the weight of the fabrics per square meter, and the thread count. Part III will attempt to describe in general terms the types of canvases used by French artists in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, showing that hemp canvases were the most common type of canvas used up to the first quarter of the 19th century, at which time linen fabrics took the lead, and that the disappearance of the use of hemp canvases coincides exactly with the decline in the production of hemp in France which began ca. 1820. Part IV will describe my conclusions. 2 PART I 2.1 PREPARING THE SAMPLES 2.1.1 CUTTING A SQUARE THE FIRST STEP in preparing the samples for study was to cut a square piece of canvas from the fragment of cloth removed from the painting. When possible, the squares were 10 cm × 10 cm, which was the case only when dealing with the transferred canvases. The square samples cut from tacking margins were sometimes only 1 cm × 1 cm. The samples are made square to facilitate multiplying their surface area to obtain their weight per square meter. Also, the square gives the same accuracy in counting the threads per centimeter in both the directions of the warp and of the weft; for example, threads counted along 10 cm, then divided by 10 give a more accurate count per centimeter than just counting the threads along one centimeter. THE NEXT STEP in preparing the samples was to remove the remaining dirt, ground, and paint layers. The sample was soaked in water to swell the fibers and to loosen the particles of ground and paint caught in the interstices of the cloth. The particles were then delicately mechanically removed with a scalpel. 2.1.3 RAVELING THE EDGES THE SQUARES HAD been cut slightly larger than the intended size of the sample. The edges were then raveled off until the sample was the desired size. The raveling was done after the sample was cleaned so that, should a thread ravel off during the cleaning process, it would not affect the final size of the sample. The samples assumed to be hemp or linen were raveled off while wet as these two fibers are stronger when wet, while the samples assumed to be cotton were unraveled when dry. The stronger the thread being raveled off, the easier it was to remove it. The reason the sample was fringed in this way was to facilitate counting the threads; it is less tiring to the eyes to count the threads that make up a fringe then to count those that are part of a woven material. THE FRINGE WAS cut off the sample just before it was weighed. The weight of the sample was multiplied in order to obtain the weight per square meter of the canvas. 3 PART II 3.1 FABRIC CHARACTERISTICS 3.1.1 FIBER TYPES THE THREE FIBER types found in this study of French painting canvases are hemp, linen or flax, and cotton, which were used through the centuries in that order. Figures 1, 2 and 3 show this transition from the use of hemp to the use of linen and finally to the use of cotton. Cotton is easily recognized because it looks like a twisted ribbon under the microscope, unlike hemp and linen which look like bamboo. Canvas types by century. Sample percentages by fiber types, 17th to 20th century. Fig. 3a and 3b. 140 samples which had exact dates charted by fiber composition. Linen and hemp have often been confused as the two fibers can only be properly identified by examining their cross-section under the microscope. All the samples studied were identified using the method described by M. C. Gay and R. Monrocq in “Identification des Fibres Textiles Naturelles par Examen Microscopique,” Annales du Laboratoire de Recherche des Musées de France, 1972, p. 16–22 (see Fig. 4 and the Appendix). The change over from the use of hemp painting canvases to the use primarily of linen fabrics was probably effected without the artists of that period really realizing it themselves. View of fiber cross sections under magnification. When the production of hemp fell in the early 19th century, that of linen took over for the fabrics that had been hemp. There are two grades of linen, a fine one used for voiles, laces, and delicate linens and a less noble grade made into cleaning rags, dish towels, sacks, and canvases. The coarser linen fibers look and feel just like hemp fibers when spun and woven into cloth. Hemp can even be refined and bleached whitish, to resemble high-quality linen; but this takes painstaking efforts, and hemp is most often found in its coarser state. Finely woven linen canvases such as those associated with the impressionists are found well after the switch from hemp to linen had taken place. During the transition period in the early 19th century, the artists' canvases are either coarse-grade linen or hemp, two similar fabrics. French artists did not adopt cotton canvases as readily as they had linen ones. But even at the beginning of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution and the large production of cotton in the United States started to erode away the popularity of linen, more time consuming and costly to produce. French painters had traditionally painted on strong and durable fabrics—hemp and linen, and the transition from hemp to linen painting canvases had occurred smoothly; and artists were aware that cotton fabrics were not as well adapted as hemp and linen ones to use as supports for paintings. Cotton is weaker than the two other fibers and much weaker when wet; it will also not resist bacterial growth as well. Only starting at the turn of this century did painters begin to paint on cotton canvases, because linen fabrics had by then become much more expensive. Even today, artists who are concerned with the durability of their works still favor linen over cotton when it is available and affordable. Figure 1 shows that among the samples studied, no cotton canvases were found before the end of the 19th century. DIFFERENT CANVAS weaves can vary the aspect of paintings as the fabric support projects its surface texture on the ground and paint layers. Most fabric supports are tabby weave, which creates the most regular painting surface. However, rep weave, twill weave, and satin weave canvases can be found as well (see Fig. 5). Figure 5b illustrates a typical rep weave cloth, an example of which is Hogue's “Le Dernier Survivant” of 1936 (14.6 single/11 double threads per cm, 496 g per square meter). One seldom used rep weave consists of doubled warp and weft threads (see Fig. 5a). Fantin Latour chose such a canvas for his “L'Atelier des Batignolles” of 1870 (1/11.5 double threads per cm, 260 g per square meter). Twill weave canvases are usually associated with the Italian School, as seen in the fabric used by Romanelli for “Moise Sauvé des Eaux” (23/10.6 threads per cm) in the 16th century, and with the English School in the 18th–19th century; but they are present in French paintings as well. In the 19th century, French artists used a variety of twill weave patterns. Cezanne painted “Nature Morte à la Soupière” in 1883 on twill canvas (21.5/20 threads per cm) (see Fig. 6a). Delacroix and Guigou used another twill fabric design, Delacroix for “Turc Assis sur un Divan” (30/29 threads per cm) and Guigou for “Paysage de Provence” and “La Route de la Genestre” (32/32 threads per cm) (see Fig. 4c). Francais chose a twill weave canvas for “Orphée” 1863 (14/12 threads per cm) (see Fig. 6b). The more interesting twill weave canvases are the striped blue and white mattress cloths. There are three such samples identified among the French canvas samples, one in the 17th century—Champaigne's “Le Cene,” one in the 18th century—Boucher's “Renaud et Aramide,” and finally one in the 19th century—Hue's “Marine, Tempête devant St-Malo” (352.5 per square meter, 32/28 threads per cm) (see Fig. 6c). Satin weave canvases are probably actually damasked linen table cloths (see Fig. 5d). These were the cloths available when the painters needed them, and it was possibly less expensive to paint on a spotted old table cloth than to buy a new canvas for the same purpose. Ingres used a fine satin weave fabric for “Roger et Angelique” (18.5/17 threads per cm) and Regnault did the same for “Education d'Achille” (22/19 threads per cm). NOT ALL THE SAMPLES could be weighed as some were too small to give an accurate weight in grams per square meter. It was not always possible to completely remove the grime and ground incrusted in the canvas without damaging the fibers; therefore, the weight is not always precise. The heaviest samples are mostly linen, as are the lighter samples; the hemp samples are in the middle range (see Figs. 7 and 8). The 17th century canvases are on the whole heavier than those of the 18th century. Weight of hemp samples. Weight of linen samples. 3.1.4 THREAD COUNTS THE COARSENESS or delicacy of a fabric can be described by its thread counts. In the text of Part III, the larger number of threads per centimeter is given first and considered to be the warp, following customary practice. This cannot be definitely ascertained for each sample because the warp and the weft of a fabric can only be identified if the fragment still possesses a portion of its selvage edge. Only one-fifteenth of the samples that still retained a part of their edge had a larger thread count in the direction of the weft. Only vague conclusions can be drawn on thread counts for different periods of French painting. Specific examples of thread count differences for the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries will be discussed in Part III. Generally, one may conclude that finer weave hemp canvases were used more in the 18th century than in the 17th century. Also, sometimes gradual variations from finer to coarser and from coarser to finer linen canvases may be noted for specific artists in the 19th century. Other aspects of the thread counts which were studied showed that the variations between the thread counts of the warp and the weft threads indicate how evenly the fabric was woven. These variations are given for hemp canvases in Figure 9 and for linen canvases in Figure 10. The thread counts are divided into categories according to the difference in the thread counts of the warp and of the weft: 0 threads difference, 0.1 to 1 threads difference, 1.1 to 3 threads difference, etc. Figure 8 shows that the more coarsely woven hemp canvases with thread count variations between the warp and the weft threads of more than 3.1 threads per centimeter are from the 18th and 19th centuries, whereas the 17th century hemp canvases are more evenly woven with thread count differences of less than 3 threads per centimeter. Figure 11 indicates that the few linen canvases used before the 19th century cannot be grouped into any one thread count difference category. The chart also shows that certain artists did not choose evenly woven linen throughout their careers. Monet, for example, has an almost equal number of canvases in each of the categories a, b, c and d, as do Corot, Renoir, Sisley, and Van Gogh. Toulouse-Lautrec and Cezanne have more evenly woven canvases in the category b. Differences in thread counts for hemp samples. Fig. 10a and 10b. Differences in thread counts for linen samples, and difference in weave between warps and wefts of linen samples. Illustration for steps 2–5 of Appendix. 4 PART Ill 4.1 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF FABRIC TYPES 4.1.1 THE 17TH CENTURY TWO GENERAL CHARACTERISTS observed among the 17th century canvases are, one, they are mostly hemp and, two, they are relatively heavier than canvases from later centuries. Figure 2 shows that 80% of the 17th century samples are hemp. Figure 7 indicates that the 17th century canvases range from 220 grams to 571 grams per square meter and that they tend to be heavier than the average. Two examples of 17th century hemp canvases are Poussin's “Le Temps soustrait la Verité aux Attaques de l'Envie et de la Discorde” of 1641 or 1642 (328 grams per square meter and 20/20 threads per centimeter) and LeBrun's “Portrait de Louis Tertelin” painted between 1735 and 1750 (428/8 grams per square meter and 11.2/8.4 threads per centimeter). An example of the weight of that period's canvases is Tournier's “Crucifixion” (571.2 grams per square meter and 9/10 threads per centimeter), which is the heaviest canvas found among the painting canvases in this study. 4.1.2 THE 18TH CENTURY LINEN CANVASES had been the exception in the 17th century, as is shown by the striped blue and white mattress cloth (550 grams per square meter and 28/22.5 threads per centimeter) Champaigne chose for “Le Cene” which by its nature (striped) was clearly not intended for its present use. This fabric too is heavy, weighing more than any other linen canvases (see Fig. 8). In the 18th century as in the 17th century, with only a few exceptions, artists chose very similar canvas types and 85.7% of the 18th century canvases studied are hemp (see Fig. 3). Desportes, Fragonard, C. Halle, N. Halle, and Oudry used hemp canvases, with the exception of Noel Halle's, all weighing from 180 to 280 grams per square meter and all with similar thread counts. Desportes chose the same type of canvases for “Chasse au Renard” of 1719 (13.6/12 threads per cm), for “Gibier, fruits et choux-fleurs” of 1733 (13/13 threads per cm), for “Nature morte à l'Aiguière” of 1734 (12.5/9.5 threads per cm), and for two other paintings with thread counts of 13.3/12.6 and 12/11 threads per cm respectively; Fragonard used a hemp canvas for “L'Inspiration” (15/12 threads per cm) and “La Liseuse” (12/19 threads per cm). Claude Guy Halle selected a hemp canvas for “La Peche” (13.2/12.5 threads per cm) and “Le Saut du Chien” (12.5/11.2 threads per cm); Noel Halle used a hemp cloth for “Dispute de Minerve et Neptune” of 1758 (weighing 430 g per square meter and with 14/11 threads per cm); and Oudry used a hemp fabric for “Instrument de Musique” of 1734 (13/12 threads per cm), “Chasse au Loup” (13.3/13.2 threads per cm), and “Nature Morte, Chien et Gibier Mort” of 1762 (12.6/11.6 threads per cm). The exceptions to the general type of hemp canvases used in the 18th century can be exemplified by the canvas painting supports chosen by Boucher. Boucher, working in the middle of the 18th century, apparently painted on what was available to him at the time: as Champaigne had done in the 17th century, he used a tightly woven herringbone (24/20 threads per cm) striped blue and white mattress ticking for his “Renaud et Aramide” which he presented at the Academy in 1734; he selected a more loosely woven canvas (17/14 threads per cm) with a hemp warp and a linen weft for “L'Aurore,” and he chose an all hemp canvas for his “Venus chez Vulcain” in 1757 (12.8/10 threads per cm). 4.1.3 THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY THE TRANSITION from the predominant use of hemp canvase by artists to the virtual disappearance of its use in favor of linen canvases was effected in the late 18th century-early 19th century. Figure 2 shows the gradual switch from hemp to linen during the first quarter of the 19th century, when artists often painted alternatively on hemp and linen supports. Ingres, Hubert Robert, Jean François Hue, Delacroix, Regnault and Troyon represent this transition period well with the variety of their fabric supports. There are three half-linen half-hemp cloths, that is to say fabrics with hemp warp and linen weft. They date from the second half of the 18th century to the 19th century: Boucher's “L'Aurore” (17/14 threads per cm), Vallain's “La Liberté” (14/10 threads per cm), and Boisselier's “Courageuse defense de Louis” of 1827 (14.5/10.5 threads per cm). They too are indications of the gradual change from hemp to linen painting canvases. Of the ten samples taken from pictures by Ingres, four are hemp and six are linen. The Ingres samples cover a wide range of fabric types. The coarsest is the linen canvas used for the “Jupiter et Thetis” (10/6 threads per cm). The finest is the linen canvas used in 1842 for the “Portrait de Cherubini.” In a single year, 1895, Ingres painted the “Portrait de Madame Rivière” in Paris on a hemp cloth (15/15 threads per cm) and the “Portrait de Desmare” on a linen cloth (16/10 threads per cm). While he changes erratically from hemp to linen canvases, the fabrics he uses—whether hemp or linen—consistently tend to become more tightly woven over the course of his career. Ingres' late works are on closely woven linen. Among the three paintings by Hubert Robert analyzed, two were hemp canvases and one a linen canvas. The two J. F. Hue paintings are on a hemp canvas and a striped linen mattress cloth. The six Delacroix samples are evenly divided, showing clearly the switching back and forth from hemp to linen during the transition period. The three hemp canvases are coarser than the three linen ones, however; the most tightly woven hemp sample “Portrait de Riesener” (20/20 threads per cm). In 1830 Delacroix painted “Turc Assis sur un Divan” on a twill weave linen canvas (30/29 threads per cm); three years earlier for a sketch of “Mort de Sardanapale,” he had chosen a poorer quality, loosely woven hemp cloth. Jean Baptiste Regnault painted “Descente de Croix” on a hemp canvas (14/11.5 threads per cm) and his “Education d'Achille” on a patterned satin weave linen cloth (22/19 threads per cm), while Troyon used a very fine linen canvas in 1855 for “Le Retour du Marche” (38/34 threads per cm) and a coarse hemp cloth for “Les Bucherons” (13/12 threads per cm). 4.1.4 THE 19TH CENTURY AFTER THE TRANSITION period from hemp to linen canvases, 19th century artists painted regularly on machine woven linen, often preprimed (preprimed being used in the sense that the priming was applied to the canvas before it was stretched on its stretcher). Increased industrialization in the 19th century encouraged similarities in canvas types. Corot, Monet, Toulouse-Lautrec, Cezanne, Degas, Manet, Pissarro, Renoir, Carrière, Daubigny, Sisley, and Fantin-Latour all painted on fine linen that is machine woven. There are eleven Corot samples which are all fine linen; the finest is “Jeune Fille à la Mandoline” (31/30 threads per cm) and the coarsest is “Souvenir de Marissel” of 1864 (23.3/16 threads per cm). All of the Corot samples are preprimed. There are twenty-one linen canvas samples from paintings by Monet. Most are preprimed off-white. The coarsest is “La Gare de Saint-Lazare” painted in 1877 (20/14.5 threads per cm) and the finest is “Madame Monet en Plein Air.” “Le Pont du Chemin de Fer à Argenteuil (23/19 threads per cm) and “Les Coquelicots” (23/20 threads per cm), both painted in 1873, are on nearly identical supports. On the average none of the canvases is either extremely fine and regular nor is any canvas particularly coarse. His canvases become slightly more loosely woven through his early career, from “Nature Morte au Faisan” of 1862 (31/29 threads per cm) to “La Gare de Saint-Lazare” and “La Seine à Argenteuil” of 1877 (25/22 threads per cm). The three Toulouse-Lautrec canvas samples are preprimed off-white; one is gauze-like linen (14/14 threads per cm), another, “Madame Dieuhl” of 1891, is linen with an average thread count (18/16 threads per cm), and the last one is a tightly woven linen (28/28 threads per cm). There are six Cezanne samples. One, “Une Moderne Olympia” of 1868, is a gauze-linen (13/12 threads per cm) similar to the one mentioned for Toulouse-Lautrec. One the whole, Cezanne's canvases are not finely woven; they range from the coarsest “Une Moderne Olympia” (13/12 threads per cm) to the finest “Nature Morte à la Soupière” of 1883 (21.5/20 threads per cm). Two of his canvases have nearly identical surface appearances, although the first “Pommes Vertes” (12.6/12.6 threads per cm) is dated 1873 and the other “Pommes et Oranges” (14/11 threads per cm) 1895. Both are preprimed off-white. The priming is worked into the intersticies of the fabric and is visible in the form of small pearls on the back. All of the six Van Gogh samples are preprimed off-white, and while none are not very tightly woven, none are alike. One, “Le père Tanguy” (12.5/12 threads per cm), resembles the two matching Cezanne samples mentioned above with the off-white priming visible from the reverse. These canvases are all machine woven. Degas used different weight linen canvases for two paintings created only a year apart: “Portrait de Jeantaud, Linet et Laine” of 1871 (12/11 threads per cm) and “Repetition de Ballet” of 1872 (28/28 threads per cm). In 1864, Corot, Manet, Pissarro, and Renoir all used fine linen canvases: Corot for “Souvenir de Morte Fontaine” (213/3 g per square meter, 26.6/20.3 threads per cm) and “Souvenir de Marissel” (271.1 g per square meter, 23.3/16 threads per cm), Manet for “Les Fleurs de Pionies” (192 g per square meter, 30/27 threads per cm), Pissarro for “Le Bac à la Varenne St Hilaire” (260 g per square meter, 19/16 threads per cm) and Renoir for “Portrait de Sisley” (32/32 threads per cm). Most of the Renoir's canvases samples are preprimed off-white or light gray and all are fine linen with the exception of “Jeune Femme rajustant son corsage” painted in 1901 (340 g per square meter, 19/19 threads per cm), which is a bit coarser than the others. In 1876, Renoir used very similar if not the same type of canvas for “Portrait de Madame Daudet” (33/31 threads per cm), “La Balancoire” (32/30 threads per cm) and “Board de Seine à Champrosay” (34/30 threads per cm). “Le Moulin de la Galette” also painted in the same year is on slightly coarser linen (26/25 threads per cm). There is a general tendency for his canvases to become a little less tightly woven over the course of his career. Pissarro's canvases, on the other hand, appear to become finer: from “Le Bac à la Varenne St Hilaire” of 1864 and “Route de Louvenciennes” of 1870 (488 g per square meter, 15.3/14.6 threads per cm) to 1877 “Les Toits Rouges” (30/25.5 threads per cm). Of the eleven Sisley samples, ten are linen and one is hemp, “Regate à Henley” (14/13 threads per cm). The finest linen canvas is “Paysage au Petit Printemps” 1886 (36/30 threads per cm). The coarsest is “Les Regates à Moulsey prés de Londres” of 1874 (14.7/14.5 threads per cm). The Fantin-Latour canvas samples are varied. There is one woven with double threads for both warp and weft, the 1870 “L'Atelier des Batignolles” with gray priming, two with white priming covered with a dark wash, the first “Petite Nature Morte, Peches, Raisins” coarse (15.3/14.3 threads per cm), the second “Tranche de Melon” finer (28.3/27 threads per cm), and finally there is one sample “Fleurs” with light gray priming on fine linen (30/28 threads per cm). Carriére, Daubigny and Morisot are also among the artists that painted of fine linen, usually with white priming. The 19th century samples listed above all show the same general characteristic of being machine-woven linen. No further specific traits can be assigned to different shorter periods of time: canvas samples from the 1840's to the 1860's are similar to the canvases from the 1870's to the 1890's. However, certain tendencies can be noted for specific artists. Towards the very end of the 19th century, cotton fibers start to be employed in making painting canvases. Cotton is first timidly introduced by being woven with linen in order to make a cloth that still retains some of linen's advantages of strength and durability. Then, at the beginning of the 20th century when the price difference between linen and cotton become considerable, all-cotton painting canvases appear. Among the canvases painted towards the end of the 19th century and on into the 20th century, five examples are a combination of cotton and linen. As none of these samples still have their selvage edge, it cannot be said whether the warps are cotton or linen. They are: Vivin's “Reims, la Cathedrale” (preprimed, 13/12.5 threads per cm), Redon's “Hommage à Gauguin” (18.8/15.6 threads per cm), H. Rousseau's “Hommage à la Republique” (preprimed, 14.3/13.3 threads per cm), Peyronnet's “L'Annonce du Garde Champetre” (preprimed, 15/13 threads per cm), and Survage's “Vendeuse de Poisson” (22.5/22 threads per cm). 5 PART IV THE MAIN CONCLUSION that can be drawn from this study is that French painting canvases are divided into three broad categories: the first, covering the period up to the beginning of the 19th century, when primarily hemp canvases were used; the second situated in the 19th century, when practically only linen fabrics are found; and the last starting at the turn of this century, when cotton and linen share in importance. Only two hundred and twenty-five French painting canvas samples were available for analysis in this paper and, obviously, many more should be added to this nucleus in order to confirm the general trends described above. About one hundred and fifty non-French canvas samples studied still await classification with other samples from the same regions. I hope this article will encourage further documentation on fabric painting supports, as there is a great shortage of knowledge and literature on the subject. THIS STUDY was made possible through a grant from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. Mademoiselle MALE, Conservateur en Chef du Service de la Restauration des Peintures des Musées Nationaux, kindly gave me permission to work in her department at the Musée du Louvre and access to their files and their important collection of canvas samples. The Institut Textile de France very generously taught me proper fiber identification techniques and the ways to analyze a fabric. THIS IS A simplified explanation on the Gay and Monrocq identification technique used. Please refer to their article for greater detail and the name of the materials used: - take a one-inch thread of the fabric to be identified. - tie a thin cotton thread to the middle of the sample. - dip the sample in a clear plastic mounting medium. - thread the cotton through a fine clear flexible vinyl tubing 2 centimeters long and no more than 2 millimeters in diameter. - draw the wet sample with the mounting medium up to the center of the tube. - let set. - place the tube vertically under a microscope so that the view is on the round opening—we used a special holder to insert the sample tube vertically under the microscope ready to cut cross sections. This is an instrument called a FIBROTOME designed by the Institut du Textile specifically for fiber cross sections. I imagine a substitute could be invented—the idea is to hold the tube containing the sample vertical so that the view down the microscope is on the opening of the sample tube. The thickness of the section can be controlled by screwing (and unscrewing) the base of the FIBROTOME, which raises and lowers the tube. - cut the tube containing the sample with a clean fine razor to make thin discs. - pick the sections up and dip them in red dye to tint the different parts of the fibers. - sandwich the sections between a slide and a slide cover with a resin. - identify the same. (It takes studying a good number of both hemp and linen cross sections before you can unhesitatingly label an unknown sample.)

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By BENEDICT CAREY In the largest collaborative study of the brain to date, scientists using imaging technology at more than 100 centers worldwide have for the first time zeroed in on genes that they agree play a role in intelligence and memory. Scientists working to understand the biology of brain function — and especially those using brain imaging, a blunt tool — have been badly stalled. But the new work, involving more than 200 scientists, lays out a strategy for breaking the logjam. The findings appear in a series of papers published online Sunday in the journal Nature Genetics. "What's really new here is this movement toward crowd-sourcing brain research," said Paul Thompson, a professor of neurology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and senior author of one of the papers. "This is an example of social networking in science, and it gives us a power we have not had." The genes, which influence elements of brain size, may have subtle effects on how people think and behave, though many other factors, including education and general health, play a role in intelligence and could easily offset the effect of any single gene. Still, size matters, in brain research at least as much as in brain function. "I like this work a lot, because these guys finally did what needed to be done to take a real stab at merging imaging and genomics," said Dr. Matthew W. State, a professor of psychiatry at Yale, who was not one of the collaborators. Brain imaging studies are expensive and, as a result, far too small to reliably tease out the effects of common gene variations. These effects tend to be tiny, for one thing, and difficult to distinguish from the background "noise" of other influences. And brain imaging is notoriously noisy: Not only does overall brain size vary from person to person, for instance, but so do the sizes of specialized brain regions like the hippocampus, which is critical for memory formation. To solve the numbers problem, Thompson and three geneticists — Nick Martin and Margaret Wright, both of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research in Australia, and Barbara Franke of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center in the Netherlands — persuaded research centers around the world to pool their resources and create one large database. It included genetic and extensive brain imaging results from 21,000 people. The team then analyzed the collective data to see whether any genes were linked to size, the most basic brain measure of all. As the study was being completed, the Thompson group learned that another consortium, led by Boston University researchers, was doing a similar analysis using its own large group. The two teams' findings did not completely line up. One found size-related genes that the other did not. But they agreed on two findings: one gene that correlated strongly with overall brain size, and another that correlated with the rate at which the hippocampus atrophies, or shrinks, with age. People who carried one variant of the overall-size gene had brains that were about 1 percent larger than those of people who carried another variant. The two variants are equally distributed — about half of people have one and half have the other. In a separate analysis in Australia, Martin and Wright found that size correlated with IQ. People with the larger brains scored slightly higher on a standardized test. The results are all averages, meaning that they hold for the group but say nothing about any individual. (Some very smart people have relatively small brains.) The collaborators also found that about 10 percent of people carried a gene variant that correlated with a slightly accelerated rate of atrophy in the hippocampus. The hippocampi — there are two, each deep in the brain, one in the right side and one in the left, about level with the ears — are needed to form new memories. People with dementia often show pronounced atrophy in this region. The study was not set up to find a link between the gene variant and dementia, but experts suspect a connection. The collaboration is not likely to lead to new treatments any time soon, the authors said, and, as always, the findings will need replication before they are conclusive. It is more a beginning than an end, and it illustrates how far the field has to go to get any real traction — and what it will take. "It means sharing your data, pooling everything," Thompson said, "and this is not usually how scientists work."

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Fact Sheet 2009–3007 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, conducted a reconnaissance study to determine the occurrence of emerging contaminants in water and bed sediment within the Missouri River upstream and downstream from the cities of Bismarck and Mandan, North Dakota, and upstream from the city of Fort Yates, North Dakota, during September–October 2007. At each site, water samples were collected twice and bed-sediment samples were collected once. Samples were analyzed for more than 200 emerging contaminants grouped into four compound classes—wastewater compounds, human-health pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, and antibiotics. Only sulfamethoxazole, an antibiotic, was present at a concentration higher than minimum detection limits. It was detected in a water sample collected downstream from the cities of Bismarck and Mandan, and in bed-sediment samples collected at the two sites downstream from the cities of Bismarck and Mandan and upstream from Fort Yates. Sulfamethoxazole is an antibiotic commonly used for treating bacterial infections in humans and animals. Posted March 18, 2009 Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. Damschen, W.C., and Lundgren, R.F., 2009, Occurrence of emerging contaminants in water and bed material in the Missouri River, North Dakota, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009–3007, 3 p.

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New Type of Active Galaxy Image credit: Aurore Simonnet, Sonoma State University. This illustration shows the different features of an active galactic nucleus (AGN), and how our viewing angle determines what type of AGN we observe. The extreme luminosity of an AGN is powered by a supermassive black hole at the center. Some AGN have jets, while others do not. [+/-] Click here to expand "We think these black holes have played a crucial role in controlling the formation of galaxies, and they control the flow of matter into clusters," says Tueller. "You can’t understand the universe without understanding giant black holes and what they’re doing."

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I’ve had a few questions about several stories I’ve written about property taxes, and I would like to share with you my bucket analogy, which simplifies some of the complex things that determine a person’s property taxes. Imagine a bucket. This bucket represents a single local taxing entity’s levy for a single year, payable the following year–for example, Stutsman County. 1. The governing body of that taxing entity determines the total amount of taxes to levy. That means Stutsman County sets the size of its own bucket. The state, though, usually has some limits on how big that bucket can be. 2. Every taxing entity has its own bucket. When you pay property taxes, part of your money goes into the county’s bucket. But part of it goes into the city’s bucket, if you live in a city, or the township’s bucket, if you don’t, and part of it goes into the school district’s bucket. The county collects the property taxes for all these entities, but it doesn’t keep them, nor does it have any control over the size of anybody else’s buckets. Now many factors help determine what goes into the buckets. I’ve written about a few of them. Below I’m going to use Stutsman County’s bucket as an example, but it’s not the only bucket involved, remember! And these three items are all specific to North Dakota. 1. The soils assessment. That was mandated by the state of North Dakota, and affects property valuation. Generally, the idea is to ensure that all land with the same type of soil that is used the same way is valued the same. This will affect how much property owner A puts into the bucket compared to property owner B. If A had a lot of flood damage and couldn’t plant for several years, or if B just has better soil, B may end up putting more money into the bucket next year than A, even if they have the exact same amount of property. That does not necessarily mean that B’s taxes will go up as compared with last year, however, because there are other factors. If the County Commission opts to levy less taxes, the county’s bucket will shrink, and require less money to fill it up. In fact, every taxing entity could levy a smaller tax and put out a smaller bucket. B will still pay more than A, but if the buckets shrink enough, B’s taxes could still be lower than they were last year. 2. The change in the statutory cap rate. This is part of how the state of North Dakota determines crop land values for the purposes of taxation. It’s a long mathematical formula. Essentially, however, it helps determine how ag land is valued. In previous years, the statutory cap rate was held at a certain level by the Legislature, which kept ag land values lower. This year the Legislature did not vote to do that. (I don’t know how it reached that decision.) This means that ag land values are going up 21 percent. It still doesn’t necessarily mean that either A’s or B’s taxes will go up as compared with last year. Remember, the taxing entities still could shrink the size of their buckets enough to offset that 21 percent. It does mean, however, that both A and B will be putting proportionally more into this bucket than last year as compared with C, who owns only residential land, and D, who only owns a business. Do note that, given the size of the increase due to this issue, it is likely that A’s and B’s taxes will go up. 3. Another part of the complex mathematical formula for ag land values is determined by actual cropland landowner returns. To keep this number from being volatile, and swinging wildly up during good years and wildly down during bad ones, it was decided that this number should be an average. So the formula takes the last ten years of cropland landowner returns, drops the highest year and the lowest year, and then averages them out. Cropland returns have more than doubled since 2001, though, and they have increased nearly every year since then (except in 2004). So between 2011 and 2012’s formulas, a low year was dropped from the list of numbers to average and a high year was added. Even dropping the highest number and the lowest number meant there was an overall increase. More math would be involved to show the precise effect of this, but essentially, that too affected the values of ag land relative to residential and commercial/business land, though not as much as factor 2 above. This will have A and B putting proportionally more into the bucket compared with C and D than they did last year. But it still doesn’t mean A and B’s taxes have gone up compared with last year, because the county still sets the size of its bucket, as does every other taxing entity. 4. Here’s one I haven’t written about. Stutsman County’s population decreased slightly between 2000 and 2010, but I’m not sure whether it changed during the past year. If E and F bought and developed property in Stutsman County, they will have to help fill up the bucket. This means that A, B, C and D could pay proportionally less than they had the year before. However, they might not pay less taxes, because the county still sets the size of its bucket, as does every other taxing entity. (Note: Just in case you’re wondering about the bucket picture above, it’s an internet meme. In other words, it became inexplicably popular for no discernible reason and a lot of people have seen it. If I’d wanted to mix the memes, I could have titled it something like “Yo dawg, I used to like buckets like you, but then I took an arrow in the knee.” But that might be silly.)

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Collaboration and Partnerships: The Path to Ending Child Hunger Betty Hood is a senior in Georgia trying to raise her two young grandchildren on a fixed income. Like nearly 50 million people across this country, she struggles to put food on the table. Before learning about a summer food program at the Tiftarea YMCA, Ms. Hood tearfully said there were days when she just didn’t know how she would make ends meet or be able to buy groceries to feed her grandchildren. It is stories like Ms. Hood’s that underscore the urgency of addressing child hunger. More than 16 million U.S. children currently live in food insecure households, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). These families too often confront a painful choice—pay bills, provide shelter, or put food on the table. To address this increasing need, nonprofits, foundations, government, and corporations must work together to make sure more children have access to the safety net programs that can provide them with the food they need to thrive. With high poverty rates, significant unemployment, and rising gas prices, the need for food assistance for children is only increasing. This problem is compounded by severe budget cuts to national, state, and local programs. According to findings from the 2012 Y Community Snapshot, a YMCA of the USA commissioned survey of 1,000 U.S. adults, these cuts are affecting everyone. Seventy-two percent of Americans reported that budget cuts by government, social service agencies, and nonprofits have had a “negative impact” on them and their families. Nearly half - 45 percent - said budget cuts in food assistance have forced them to cut back, reduce, or do without important services, programs, and resources. This leaves many children without the food necessary to survive. To overcome food insecurity, nonprofits, community organizations, foundations, and government must come together through focused public-private partnerships. These collaborations are imperative in our struggle to provide children with adequate, nutritious food. As a leading nonprofit for strengthening community through youth development, healthy living, and social responsibility, the Y has taken steps to create these partnerships. Through our anti-hunger work, we have collaborated with government, foundations, and corporate partners, and have learned some key lessons about how to effectively address child hunger. First, we need nonprofits, foundations, and community organizations to work together with government if we’re going to make meaningful progress. For example, hundreds of Ys nationwide provide meals and snacks to underserved children through the federally funded Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) and Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). Through the SFSP, organizations can provide around two federally-reimbursed meals a day to children aged 18 and under when school is out. Summer food programs, however, are severely underutilized. In the summer of 2011, only one in seven children who qualified for the National School Lunch Program – which provides food to low-income children during the school year – received meals through SFSP during the summer months, according to the Food Research and Action Center. When nonprofits and community organizations utilize government programs, they are better able to meet the needs of our most vulnerable children. The government reimburses organizations who participate in SFSP for meals, making it possible to expand reach and feed more children. This means that stronger government partnerships don’t just benefit children in need; community groups and nonprofits also have a stake in the valuable funding these relationships provide. Government, nonprofit, and community partnerships can also help improve public policy. Nonprofits and community organizations provide an on-the-ground perspective that policymakers may lack. When these groups work in collaboration with the government, they can create specific policies tailored to the needs of low-income children. The Y has been able to do just that. For example, the Hopkins County YMCA collaborated with its local school district and worked with its mayor on policy changes; now it provides meals in public housing projects across the county. Second, successful partnerships between nonprofits, community organizations, and corporations also play a significant role in the fight against child hunger. Since 2011, the Walmart Foundation has awarded YMCA of the USA a total of $8 million to expand our child hunger relief efforts through increased participation in SFSP and CACFP’s Afterschool Meal Program. The Walmart Foundation grant has allowed some local Ys, such as Betty Hood’s Tiftarea YMCA in Georgia, to increase their SFSP participation rates by over 100 percent. These corporate funds not only help keep summer food programs open, they are also used to engage children in summer camp, arts, reading, and developmental activities to keep them healthy and nourished all summer long. Through our partnership with the Walmart Foundation, more than 300 Ys served nearly five million healthy meals and snacks to more than 110,000 children in summer 2011. This year, we are expanding this effort to feed children in communities across the country all year long with an estimated eight million meals and snacks. Public-private collaborations can work, and we need more of them if we are going to end child hunger in our communities. When we join the resources and expertise of business, government, foundations, and community organizations, we have a real impact—life-changing, life-improving impact. We all have a role to play— you can advocate for funding and collaborations, and help more of our children receive the nourishment they deserve. The lessons we have learned here at the Y offer a promising start to combating child hunger. But they’re just that—a start. Neil Nicoll is the president and chief executive officer of YMCA of the USA. This commentary was originally published by Spotlight on Poverty & Opportunity. It is reprinted here with permission.

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Every salesman wants to present his product in the best light possible and the salesmen of the stock market are no exception. Public companies always highlight the positives about their projects, their financial positions, and their outlooks, and downplay negative news as much as legally possible. In the resource sector there is a long list of tactics that companies use to put their best foot forward. Many of these tactics revolve around how certain numbers are calculated and presented. Financial metrics are designed to convey a complicated set of information in a number or two, but the devil is in the mathematical details. How many expenses were labeled "extraordinary" and therefore excluded from a net-profit analysis? How does a company calculate the size and value of its reserves? While it may seem that net return and basic valuation information should be reliable, there are a lot of accounting tricks that are regularly used to transform red into black. Successful investing is based on comparing good information about hundreds of companies and selecting those that stand out. The thing is: you can't compare apples with oranges. Comparisons only work when each candidate can be examined across a standard set of parameters. When companies calculate their own metrics using their own methods, odds are pretty good that the parameters aren't going to be comparable. When it comes to energy producers, there are a couple of parameters that companies regularly wrangle and wrestle until they are as positive as possible. While these accounting methods are legal, the average investor can't possibly know how to assess the reliability of each calculation. Beware of the misinformed value trap. Today, I am going to discuss three very common "investor traps" in the energy sector. Each one is a figure that describes a financial or production level – and each can be shined up to gleam even when the real situation is not all that rosy. The BOE Scam Most oil wells produce some natural gas and natural gas wells often produce some oil, so most energy companies produce both kinds of fuel. To simplify reporting, producers have long lumped quantities of the two into one calculation: the "barrel of oil equivalent" (BOE). The BOE is a unit of energy, defined as the energy released when one barrel of crude oil is burned. Since different grades of oil burn at different rates, the value is an approximation, set at 5.8 x 106 BTU or 6.12 x 109 joules. The BOE concept then lets us combine different fuels according to energy equivalence. Barrels of oil equivalent are most commonly used to combine oil and natural gas: one can say that one barrel of oil is equivalent to 5,800 cubic feet of natural gas because both produce approximately the same amount of energy on combustion. It is understandable that companies want to distill their production or reserve information down into a single number that summarizes the situation for investors. The problem is that details are lost during the distillation process – and they are important details. See, the BOE concept would be great if we valued companies based on the energy contained in their reserves, but we don't. We care about the money they can earn from those reserves; that valuation depends on the market prices for oil and gas, which are just a tad bit different. One barrel of oil is equivalent in energy to 5,800 cubic feet of natural gas, but the difference in value is very significant – and that is the trap. Using an oil price of US$100 per barrel and a natural gas price of US$2.50 per thousand cubic feet (the spot price is currently US$2.14 per thousand cubic feet) we can calculate the value of a BOE of natural gas priced as gas: Unfortunately, a barrel of oil is not worth US$14.50, but rather is currently worth more than US$100 per barrel. Yet a BOE with 100% gas is worth is only worth US$14.50. Those two valuations are nowhere close to equivalent! The barrel of oil is actually worth almost seven times more than the supposedly equivalent "barrel" of natural gas. Certain companies purposely use this misleading concept because they want to value their gas reserves at more than seven times their actual value. As an investor, when you see a company's production in terms of BOEs you need to ask yourself: "What percentage of production is oil versus natural gas That is definitely a value trap that every investor wants to avoid. Well Decline Rates The news release announces with great fanfare that Company X's new well produced at a stellar rate of 1,450 BOE per day. That's fantastic – a rate like that puts it in the top 10% of oil wells ever drilled! Sounds like a great investment, right? Well, read a little further through the news release. A few paragraphs in, the company reveals that the production rate was measured during the well's first 22 hours of production. That is where you run into the problem of decline rates. When a well first starts spouting oil, the flow can be fast and furious, but that rate can decline a heck of a lot in very little time. Depending on what type of shale formation this well is in, it's altogether possible that within a month production could decline to 200 BOEPD; after a year its output could easily drop to 100 BOEPD. The uninformed investors pile in, which at first drives the price of the stock up significantly, but then the well decline rate reality sets in and brings with it the investment blues. Not all wells decline like that, but such short initial-production rate tests are an inaccurate yardstick for a new well. Production rates and decline rates vary with the geology of the field, size of the field, the number of wells, and the amount of gas being re-injected to maintain field pressure, among other variables. Of course, every company is going to jump on the opportunity to announce a gushing new well even if the initial rates do not carry much meaning, creating another value trap that energy investors have to be very careful to avoid. Understand the type of field you're investing in and be cautious of short-term initial test rates – they're sexy but There are all kinds of financial metrics available to assess the value in an energy producer. One of the ones we like best is the "netback," which is the net profit a company derives from each unit of production, whether that unit is barrel of oil or a thousand cubic feet of gas or ton of coal. Proper netback calculations mean you can value a company's projects according to the net profits they will generate. However, as with all financial metrics, you're best off calculating netbacks for yourself, because companies engage in all kinds of netback nonsense. One of my biggest pet peeves is when an oil and gas company presents high netbacks but yet the company does not make any money for the shareholders. To put all producing oil and gas companies on the same playing field you have to calculate netbacks fairly, which means subtracting all of the expenses involved in production from the cash flow. Of course, lots of companies make their netbacks look a little rosier by not including some expenses. Oftentimes these accounting tricks perform double duty by also burying some of the company's less palatable expenses, like fat salaries and huge debt-interest financing costs. If a company claims big netbacks yet cannot seem to make any money for its shareholders, it is probably presenting misleading netbacks. To get around these shenanigans, we developed our own netback formula – which companies hate us for using – called the "Casey True Netback." Every quarter, we publish a chart of the top field netbacks and the top Casey True Netbacks. The lists are starting to get quite the following within the sector. The formula: we subtract depreciation costs, amortization costs, royalties, general and administrative costs, and interest and financing costs to determine the actual amount each producer earns from its production. The results are often alarming in how much they differ from a company's claimed netback. It is the only way we can know how each field actually performs – and it's the kind of information that every investor need to know. Tricks like publishing BOE valuations for gas reserves, initial production rates for rapid-decline fields, or polished netback numbers are the reality of the energy industry. The way to avoid the traps they create is with careful, calculated due diligence – you have to calculate your own netbacks, dig through financial statements to determine the breakdown in a company's BOE reserves, and research the geology and activity of an entire field to understand how much heft to give an initial well production rate. Or you could let us do it for you – we're pretty darn good at numbers. The Casey Research energy team spends its days (and most of its nights) developing analytical models that grind through data in our proprietary company databases to churn out real financial metrics. The result: we actually compare apples with apples. It's no secret that some of the biggest investors in the energy sector use our numbers for their own In the last two months, subscribers to the Casey Energy Report have reaped the rewards of this effort: we sold three companies, one for a 100+% gain and the other two for more than 50% profit. We also recently took a Casey Free Ride on a dividend-paying company that has great growth potential, resulting in zero risk to our capital. To be a successful resource investor requires great discipline, and no there is better discipline than taking a Casey Free Ride to mitigate risk. (We're convinced that energy is poised to do for investors what gold's done over the last 10 years, but this sector is notoriously tricky to navigate on your own. There's no need to take this chance – let the Casey Energy Report guide you to outsized gains. Try it risk-free for ninety days.) Our methods aren't infallible. Investing is tough no matter how long and hard you chew on financial data, and there is no perfect method. All we can do is our best, which means combining our deep understanding of the sector, our vast network of industry professionals and knowledge of deal flow, and the data we've gathered on numerous site visits with advanced financial analysis to find companies with as-yet unrealized potential. The three tricks we discussed here are among hundreds of variables that companies manipulate before presenting their figures to the unsuspecting investor. We are not so unsuspecting.

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- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which provides in Article 6: "Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age"; and - the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which provides in Article 37, "Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without the possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age". Iran is a state party to both treaties. It is therefore obliged to uphold their provisions and report periodically on the measures it has taken to give effect to the treaties. Iran ratified the ICCPR in 1975 without reservations. Since then, none of the successive governments has altered this position. However, when ratifying the CRC in 1994, the government stated that it "reserves the right not to apply any provisions or articles of the Convention that are incompatible with Islamic Laws and the international legislation in effect". In response, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, which monitors implementation of the CRC, expressed its concern that the "broad and imprecise nature of the State party’s general reservation potentially negates many of the Convention’s provisions and raises concern as to its compatibility with the object and purpose of the Convention."(4) Amnesty International considers that if the reservation is invoked to allow for the execution of child offenders, it would defeat the very object and purpose of the CRC. Iran’s reservation should therefore be removed or, in any event, never invoked as legal authority to allow for the execution of child offenders. Secondly, Iran is violating customary international law. Amnesty International believes that the exclusion of child offenders from the death penalty is now so widely accepted in law and practice that it has become a rule of customary international law and so binding on every state. In this respect, the UN Human Rights Committee has affirmed that states are prohibited from entering any reservation allowing for the execution of children because the prohibition against execution of children represents customary international law.(5) Thirdly, Iran is violating a peremptory norm – one of the few rules of international law of such importance to the international community as a whole that all states must abide by them in all circumstances.(6) The prohibition on the use of the death penalty against child offenders is one such rule. On 10 January 2005, the Speaker of the Judiciary reportedly dismissed reports that Iran executed child offenders as "foreign propaganda… aimed at distorting the image of the Islamic Republic". The same month the Committee on the Rights of the Child noted that the Iranian delegation appearing before it had stated that Iran had suspended executions of people for crimes committed before they were 18.(7) However, on 19 January 2005, the same day that the Committee examined Iran’s report, 17-year-old Iman Farokhi was executed in Iran. The Committee deplored the fact that "such executions have continued since the consideration of the State party’s initial report, including one such execution on the day the second report was being considered."(8) "…there is every reason to believe that the Iranian Judiciary is freely ignoring the prohibition on the juvenile death penalty. This constitutes a clear violation of Iran’s obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights." Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions(9)

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Peter Perret, conductor of the Winston-Salem Symphony for more than 25 years, wondered if placing a woodwind quintet in a poorly performing elementary school might help students academically. He decided to try, and the result was an eye-brow raising jump in the children’s test scores—and this book. Perret describes an innovative program for first-through third-graders at two elementary schools in Winston-Salem and a journey of discovery into the brain for him. The quintet taught the children to listen to music, detect the roles of the instruments, discern how music is constructed, and even compose their own music, all the while integrating the lessons into the children’s regular courses. Providing a mix of classroom vignettes, music theory, and findings in one of the newest areas of brain research, Perret shows how the Bolton program gave life to a host of tantalizing questions: Does music physically change the brain? Is music a primary language of the brain? Does music affect any cognitive abilities needed for reading and math? Can music help kids with short attention spans, dyslexia, and other learning difficulties? How did the musicians in the classroom contribute to the children’s academic improvement? A charming, inspiring reading experience, A Well-Tempered Mind describes the program in detail and offers valuable advice to parents, educators, and would-be teaching artists for designing music program approaches to suit their means and situations.

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Wookey Hole and Ebbor Gorge are two geological gems nestling under the southern flank of the Mendip Hills. The Ebbor Gorge National Nature Reserve is a delightful wooded limestone gorge with way-marked trails and great views while Wookey Hole is a show cave and paper mill. Wookey Hole, the source of the River Axe, was once considered one of the wonders of Britain. The cave, now open to the public, was formed by the underground River Axe and is slightly unusual in that it is formed not in Carboniferous Limestone but in Triassic Dolomitic Conglomerate. The River Axe can be seen flowing through the cave, and it resurges at the head of the ravine near the show-cave exit. It has been followed upstream by cave divers through several deep water-filled sumps to the present limit of exploration at a depth of 90 m. The river drains much of central Mendip, including most of the caves in the Priddy area. Both Wookey Hole and several small caves in the ravine outside have yielded important archaeological finds, including the bones of the 'Witch of Wookey' (on show in the Wells and Mendip Museum) and a Romano-British cemetery. Ebbor Gorge is a National Nature Reserve with both geological and wildlife importance. Here a slice of the Burrington Oolite has been thrust up over the younger Quartzitic Sandstone and the Coal Measures along the Ebbor Thrust. The gorge itself is incised into the Clifton Down Limestone. This spectacular ravine was formed by summer meltwater run-off during cold phases in the Pleistocene, when underground drainage was prevented by permafrost. The narrowest part of the gorge (The Narrows) forms a prominent 'knick point'. This former waterfall is a consequence of valley rejuvenation during the Pleistocene cold periods. The steep rocky limestone slopes are cloaked in ancient ash woodland with many ancient woodland species, while the rocky crags, cliffs and screes are home to many ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens and fungi. Butterflies are abundant and many rare species can be found. Iron, lead, limestone and coal were all once mined in the Wookey and Ebbor area. Iron ore was mined in the 1890s at Higher Pitts Farm. The ore was associated with a unique assemblage of rare secondary lead, copper and manganese minerals. These minerals, Mendipite, Chloroxiphite and Diaboleite are rare or unknown outside the Mendip area. Lead was mined from rakes in the limestone between Pen Hill and North Hill. A thin belt of Coal Measures strata occurs in Primrose valley, at the foot of Ebbor Gorge. Coal was mined here from a shaft 36 m deep in 1835, but the seams were very thin and only a small amount of coal was mined. The most important commodity was limestone. The Burrington Oolite was quarried from two sites on Milton Hill, now both disused, for aggregate and lime. Quarrying in the larger quarry in 1935 intercepted a vertical fissure which contained remains of hippopotamus and straight-tusked elephant. These date from the Ipswichian interglacial, about 120 000 years ago. The remains are in the Wells and Mendip Museum.

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We all have that friend. Let's call her Jane. Jane is bubbly and gregarious. Jane doesn't attend a party, she manifests it. She seeks out social gatherings and is enlivened by human presence. Jane is a good listener and has many trusted friends. What can explain Jane's extroversion? The answer, astonishingly, is her attraction to human body odor. Human body odor represents a ubiquitous and ancient social signal, linked to the domain of social expertise. Indeed, human odor is continuously produced and carries a diversity of social and emotional information that is processed by the central nervous system without one's conscious knowledge. Previous research has uncovered the link between high social expertise (i.e. extroversion) and an exquisite sense of smell adept at identifying familiar persons by body odor. That is to say, Jane's social openness is directly related to her ability to use odor as a social stimulus. Following the scent of this theory, researchers in Germany posited that brain regions responsible for reward processing and social integration light up brighter in Jane-like individuals as compared to a timid counterpart. Only girls allowed. The study's participants were 26 women. Only women were used due to their greater smell-detecting ability as compared to men, although more importantly - for "their higher sensitivity to social cues." Prior to their brain scan, the women took a survey rating their level of agreement with phrases such as "It is quite easy for me to quickly get in a new group of people." Based on the answers, researchers classified the women into two groups: High level (HO) and low level (LO) of social openness. They did not include those in the middle range. The study, therefore, only used the most extremely extroverted and introverted individuals in their analysis. Armpit sweat was collected in a cotton pad from both males and females donors during the course of one night. The females denied using hormonal contraception, and all donors were instructed to refrain from using deodorant and eating odorous foods such as garlic or onion. Pure, unused cotton pads were used as a control. While in the MRI scanner, the smell of all cotton pads (male, female and pure) was introduced bi-nasally through a tube to each of the participants in a random order. They were also asked to rate the odor's intensity (how perceivable they found it) and hedonic quality (how pleasing they found it). So what does Jane's brain look like? Her right inferior frontal cortex (social perception) and right caudate nucleus (part of the reward system) are incredibly prominent. Social openness scores were found to correlate highly with activation in these regions. No surprise there, she finds social situations rewarding. The right inferior cortex is also responsible for empathy, which explains her good friendship skills. To boot, this same brain region is part of the mirror neuron system through which humans “mirror” the behavior of another. Jane’s caudate nucleus is also implicated in trust, reciprocal altruism and the anticipation of positive social encounters. Jane, in other words, is the quintessential social butterfly. The nose knows. The most interesting fact, however, is that the more intense and pleasant a human smell is - the more Jane's caudate nucleus lights up. That is to say, Jane associates human smell with a positive rewarding experience because it makes her happy. In fact, previous research has shown isolated individuals do not show activity in this reward system when encountered with human interaction, but do so with objects. This suggests an entirely different social reward pathway for individuals with low social openness. Get wind of this. As human odor is a significant and valued social signal, interesting questions arise. What about the interaction of odor with faces and/or voices? Would a more timid person’s reward pathway be sparked by a text instead of face-to-face interaction? What implications does social media have on an already socially isolated population? Is social openness a learned trait or genetically predisposed tendency? These are all scent-illiating questions awaiting discovery.

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December 21, 2012 - the end of the world, or a new beginning? Scientists, philosophers, prophets, and historians have singled out this day as a day of import for our world. In 2013: The End of Days or a New Beginning?, author Marie D. Jones lays out the myths and predictions surrounding this fateful day, as well as the real-life challenges the Earth is facing as 2012 draws closer. The history of 2012 begins with the Mayan long-count calendar. The Maya were a great civilization that rose to power between 250-900 BCE. Their art, architecture, and scientific knowledge were the most advanced on the planet. Their Long Count calendar, which divides each date into 5 specific place values, is made of up 13 baktuns, or periods of 144,000 days. When scholars add 13 baktuns to the day the calendar started, the end date is December 21, 2012. This date just happens to coincide with a major astrological phenomenon: the sun will be aligned with the galactic center of the Milky Way. There are many theories about what will actually happen when this singular phenomenon occurs. For evangelical Christians, all signs point to the Apocalypse, a time when Jesus Christ returns to earth to gather his faithful followers and unbelievers are subjected to several years of increasingly difficult judgments. Believers of the modern-day prophet Zacharia Sitchin believe 2012 is the year the rogue planet Nibiru will collide with the Earth. Popular books in the past decade have prophesied a meteor strike, a collision with a comet, and the reversal of the earth's magnetic field. A less alarming possibility, and the theory clearly believed by the author, is that rather than a calamitous world event, the actual change occurring on December 21, 2012 will be a mass shift in consciousness - a great, worldwide change in the way the human population thinks. A "new age" of enlightenment, an ascension to a higher plane, or a jump in energy levels, Jones proposes that 2012 will see a complete reversal in the way humans relate to the world around them. Jones then spends the rest of the book illustrating why this global shift in consciousness is necessary. Using well-known examples such as global warming, poverty, peak oil, the spread of disease, terrorism, and an increasingly aged world population, she states that change is necessary for the world to survive. She believes that the world must band together to solve these looming problems, or the end of the world will be of our own making. However, if we are able to join as one and create solutions, we will achieve the great leap in consciousness and humanity will reach a higher level of evolution. This is, for the most part, a very interesting book. Jones distills a lot of information into a fairly short number of pages, so for the reader who is learning about 2012 for the first time, it may seem somewhat overwhelming. There are times the author seems to assume a certain level of knowledge on the part of the reader and does not explain some of the more complicated theories completely. This can lead to confusion for a reader who is trying to process the many new terms and ideas in the book for the first time. At the end of the book is a section called "Visions of 2013: Essays and Opinions," a collection of short pieces written by other writers and thinkers about their views on the 2012 phenomenon. This could have been an interesting section, but when readers realize that they all share basically the same viewpoint, it quickly becomes repetitive. Jones is a clear, thoughtful writer with a conversational tone that keeps the reader engaged through a rather extensive amount of information. She is able to disagree with theories without disparaging them, which allows her to appear objective while still promoting her viewpoint. 2013 is an interesting book but will be most accessible to readers who have some working knowledge of the subject matter already. For novices, it may prove to be too much information too quickly, and they may want to look elsewhere for an introduction to the topic.

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hypotonic solution example Best Results From Yahoo Answers Youtube From Yahoo Answers Question:need 3 examples of isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions for biology need 3 examples EACH Answers:Do you know what does isotonicity or hypertonicity and hypotonicity mean??? By the way, 0.9g% normal saline is isotonic to mammals (e.g. Locke's Solution, Tyrode's Solution, and Dale's Solution); 0.65g% normal saline is isotonic to amphibians (e.g. Ringer's Solution). Any saline preparations having salt concentration higher than the isotonic value are hypertonic and less than that are hypotonic but no trade names are available. Question:A plant cell in a hypotonic solution A) is flaccid. B) is turgid. Answers:B) is turgid. Water will enter the cell by osmosis. pump out excess water Answers:In a hypotonic solution, i.e., a solution where the concentration of water is more compared to that in the cell, water will diffuse into the cell through osmosis. However, a plant cell, unlike animal cells, will not burst due to excess water. It will become turgid and maintain its shape due to the presence of its rigid cell wall. Question:For What is hypertonic and how is it different from hypotonic? would this be right, Hypertonic is when there is more salt solution than water in the environment, and there is more water solution in the cell. So the water comes out of the cell trying to balance the concentrations, but it will end up that the cell will shrivel. This would be an example of a cell that is in a hypertonic solution. Hypotonic is when there is more salt solution in the cell than water, and there is more water solution in the environment. So trying to balance the concentrations, water will be given into the cell, but the cell will end up bursting. Answers:Hypertonic solution is one of two solutions that has a higher concentration of a solute. Hypotonic solution is one of two solutions that has a lower concentration of a solute. Hypertonic solution: A solution with a higher salt concentration than in normal cells of the body and the blood. As opposed to an isotonic solution or a hypotonic solution. Hypotonic solution: A solution with a lower salt concentration than in normal cells of the body and the blood. As opposed to an isotonic solution or a hypertonic solution Isotonic Solution, Hypertonic Solution, Hypotonic Solution. :Tonicity experiment : Red Blood Cells subjected to Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic solutions. Video captured at x400 magnification. Hypotonicity video is of the highest quality I have seen as a perfect salinity was found after many trials to produce a slow, real time haemolysis. Many thanks to our resident IT expert and lecturer at ACU National: Majella Hales for her expert software/editing assistance. Red Blood Cells in Hypotonic Solution :Red blood cells are suspended in a 0.85% saline solution. Distilled water is added slowly. Immediately upon addition of distilled water, blood cells blow up entirely, or suffer tears in their cellular membranes, thereby creating perfectly round, empty cells which are free of hemoglobin. We call these "ghost" cells, and they are visible at the end of the video.

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New Content Updates Educational Webcast Alerts Building Products/Technology Notices Access Exclusive Member Content By Joan W. Stein April 2012 - ADA Article Use Policy The first enforceable provision of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) for public accommodations and commercial facilities began on Jan. 26, 1992. From that date forward facility managers were to begin their barrier removal process in all existing facilities. "Readily-achievable" barrier removal has been (and continues to be) an ongoing obligation. Nevertheless, for the past 20 years, thousands of ADA cases have been filed in federal courts across the United States as well as through the Department of Justice (DOJ), the federal agency responsible for enforcing ADA standards for facilities. Nearly all of these cases began with an issue in an existing building, where the individual with a disability or DOJ cited the facility's lack of "readily achievable barrier removal" as the primary reason for the complaint. (The DOJ has gone further with a number of entities that designed and constructed facilities after 1992 that did not comply with the 1991 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, calling those failures a "pattern of discrimination.") What accounts for failure to comply with ADA requirements after 20 years? There are a variety of myths or misunderstandings. • Code. Some facility managers believe that since the local code official has not had to do an inspection, then the facility is compliant. But code officials never inspect existing facilities for accessibility. That's because building codes do not have the same provision for "readily-achievable barrier removal" as ADA. What's more, code officials are not empowered to enforce ADA. ADA is a civil rights law, not a building code. It is not enforced by code officials; it is enforced by individuals with disabilities who file complaints through the courts or with the Department of Justice. • Costs. Some facility managers assume it will be too costly to fully comply, so they do nothing. But it's a mistake to automatically assume that the costs will be too high without breaking the process down and identifying barriers that can be removed over a period of time. What's more, under Internal Revenue Code Section 190, businesses of any size can take an expense deduction of up to $15,000 per year for costs of removing barriers in facilities or vehicles. On top of that, a facility that is inaccessible may be losing business from people with disabilities. And the aggregate income of people with disabilities tops $1 trillion, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. This includes $220 billion in discretionary income. • "Grandfathered." Some facility managers believe their buildings are "grandfathered" because they were built before ADA took effect. In reality, all buildings where goods or services are sold or provided have been required to comply with ADA since Jan. 26, 1992. There was no grandfathering provision in ADA. Part 1: ADA Excuses Won't Keep Facility Managers Out of Court Part 2: ADA Complaints: How Facility Managers Can Evaluate Their Risks

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Litchi fruit extract showed anticancer activities. This fruit has flavonoids in the pulp which helps to prevent fatal and lethal disease like cancer. Flavones, quercitin and kaempferol as a powerful compound in reducing the proliferation of cancer cells. Lychee fruit is an excellent source of vitamin C. Vitamin C aids the body in fighting against cancer and heart diseases. A compound extracted from lychee called Oligonol(R) have benefits for skin through improving the blood flow to the sub dermal skin layer and protecting it from damages caused by UV light and free radicals. Oligonol(R) have also shown improved cardiovascular function, reduction of visceral fat as well as reduction of exercise fatigue. The lychee fruit protects the body from potential heart attacks. It helps to clear out blood clots and also keeps the cells healthy. 50% less chance of heart attack is seen in body that ate lychee fruit several times a week than people who don’t eat lychee fruit. Due to presence of Vitamin C in lychee fruit, helps to boosts up the natural immunity of the body particularly among the people who suffering from fevers colds, and sore throats. Lychee fruit has the ability to shrink the swollen glands and relieves pain associated with it. A tea made from powdered lychee seeds is used to relieve pain, including neuralgic [nerve] pain. The Chinese uses it to treat inflammations of the genitals. The seed present in this fruit is astringent and is used for intestinal troubles and to get rid the body of intestinal worms. Various parts of the lychee tree are also prescribed for mild Diarrhea, gastralgia and stomach ulcers. Lychee flesh is considered a good antacid. It is used to treat High acidity, nausea and dyspepsia. Herbal tea made by boiling the peel or bark of this fruit can boost the immune system of the human body to fight against infections such as common cold and throat ailments. Traditional healers prescribe lychee for Quinsy [a painful pus filled inflammation of the tonsils and surrounding tissues; usually due to tonsillitis].They also include the peel, tree bark, roots or flowers in their herbal formulation to treats skin eruptions due to smallpox. PREVENT BLINDNESS FROM DIABETES The potent compound in lychee chinensis Sonn shows promise in preventing eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. This compound has the potential to be developed into a class of drug called Aldose reductase inhibitors. The potent antioxidant capability of polyphenol has proven beneficial for a number of health conditions. Coughs and Dieting Colds and flu can cause severe dry coughs which can be very discouraging. You don’t like having these coughs throughout the day and night. Lychee’s can help to treat these annoying coughs because Lychee contains little or no fat at all, you can include Lychee into your daily diet. This would mean that you can choose to consume as many Lychees as you can without having to worry about putting on weight. Beautify the Skin Person who are suffering from acne and spots, then it is required that you have to consume Lychees as much as possible. Lychee’s helps to nourish your skin of oils which can help reduce the growth of acne.This fruit refines your skin when enjoyed at no limit. Refining of the skin leads to less spots on your face.

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Gardeners use junipers in both landscape design and container plantings. You can find various types of junipers, such as spreading, creeping, upright and pyramidal. Upright and pyramidal are the forms of juniper that gardeners use in containers. You can easily maintain them by following a program of regular pruning. Junipers in containers respond well to selective thinning as buds form on new growth. The center of the juniper is devoid of any new growth--the branches are bare--and it is called a "dead zone." Therefore, when you prune your container juniper, be careful to leave enough green foliage so you don't expose the dead zone. That's why selective thinning works best when you're pruning junipers in containers. Cut away any damaged or broken branches in early spring (before any buds appear). This allows the plant to produce new spring growth and fill in quickly. You can remove any damaged or broken branches during the growing season without harming the juniper--you can do light pruning throughout the year. Prune to control the size and shape of your container juniper by selectively thinning. You will be cutting a branch away where it meets the parent stem or at a branch junction, remembering not to expose the dead zone. Cut out any interior shaded branches that may appear weak and undesirable. You can do this at any time during the year.

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New parents often examine every feature in their baby to make certain that he or she is perfectly healthy, a practice that continues through those initial first months. Although television magazine and commercials articles depict babies with perfectly rosy skin, many babies have skin problems that could appear as unhealthy however they are essentially normal. Baby acne in the scalp is just one such condition common among newborns. About one-fifth of all newborns develop baby acne, according to The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. This can be also called neonatal acne or acne neonatorum, as well as the condition occurs more frequently in boys when compared to girls. Baby acne appears because of presence of maternal hormones from pregnancy through the first month of life. The acne may show about the baby’s face, neck or scalp. It can also continue into the toddler stage of life, even though it can last three to four months. Acne on the baby’s scalp appears as red bumps that could have a white center. The manifestation of baby acne is a lot like that in the teenager or adult. The bumps may seem like pustules, or whiteheads, or they can be small, and scattered on the scalp. Baby acne in the scalp ought not to be mistaken for cradle cap, a scalp condition that creates a scaly, weeping rash. In pregnancy, maternal hormones pass towards the fetus from the placenta. This procedure supports the increase from the baby and her development. After birth, a tiny amount of maternal hormones stay in the baby’s body, appearing as some issues that usually shows in someone that went through puberty, including small quantities of breast tissue. The sweat glands from the scalp and face of your baby are immature, and those may interact with the maternal hormones still present in your body. This produces blockage and inflammation, contributing to pimples and acne. Pediatricians typically tend not to prescribe medication to deal with baby scalp acne, since it is a disorder that will most likely vanish entirely by itself. For cases that go on for many months or the ones that appear particularly severe, medicated creams can be prescribed for treatment. These creams include medications typically applied to adolescent acne, including benzoyl peroxide or antibiotics. By following basic home instructions, parents can minimize the presence of baby scalp acne. Wash and dry the baby’s hair having a mild shampoo; try not to scrub the scalp too vigorously. Parents must not make an effort to squeeze or disrupt the pimples. Stay away from lotions and creams on scalp acne, because this plays a role in further buildup of sweat secretions. With careful monitoring and good care of the scalp, baby acne eventually disappears.

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Skip to content Date posted: 28 June 2012 A state parliamentary committee says hearing loss in Aboriginal children is as bad as in third world countries. The Education and Health Standing Committee report was presented by Dr Janet Woollard on 21 June 2012 and is based on a research tour of the Kimberley and Pilbara in Western Australia in March. ‘We were told that in one community over 94 per cent of the children in grades one, two and three had some form of hearing loss, said Dr Woollard. The committee recommended that funding be made available to identify and treat middle ear infections prior to a child developing hearing loss. Chief executive of the Telethon Speech and Hearing Centre, Paul Higginbotham, said ongoing infections can affect a child's development even if they don't cause hearing loss. ‘It's not just an issue in remote communities. We've had a situation in the metropolitan area where 75 per cent of the Aboriginal kids in a school couldn't pass a hearing test.'

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Video - In and Around Golden Temple Sri Harmandir Sahib is also named as Sri Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple, due to account of its scenic beauty and golden coating for English speaking world, it is named after Hari(God) the temple of God. The Sikhs all over the world, wish to pay a visit to Sri Amritsar and to pay obeisance at Sri Harmandir Sahib in their Ardas which are their daily prayers. History of the Temple The Sri Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara was invaded and destroyed many a times by the Afghans during history and also by other invaders. Each and every time for the Gurdwara, the Sikhs had to sacrifice their lives in order to liberate it from the Afghans and restore its sanctity. In 1737 after the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh ji Massa Ranghar, the Kotwal of Amritsar took charge of Sri Harmandir Sahib in 1740 and converted the Gurdwara into a civil court and began to hold notch parties. This act created great anger among all the Sikhs in Puanjab. Then later the two warriors, Sukha Singh and Mahtab Singh avenged the insult by a dare devil act. They entered the temple complex in the guise of peasants, severed the head of Massa Ranghar with only single blow of kirpan and fled away with decapitated head on one of the their spears. Guru Arjan Sahib got its foundation laid by a muslim saint Hazrat Mian Mir ji of Lahore on 1st of Magh, 1644, Bikrmi Samvat (December,1588). The construction work was directly supervised by Guru Arjan Sahib himself and he was assisted by the prominent Sikh personalities like Baba Budha ji, Bhai Gurdas ji, Bhai Sahlo ji and many other devoted Sikhs. Unlike erecting the structure on the higher level(a tradition in Hindu Temple architecture), Guru Arjan Sahib got it built on the lower level and unlike Hindu Temples having only one gate for the entrance and exit, Guru Sahib got it open from four sides. Thus he created a symbol of new faith, Sikhism. Guru Sahib made it accessible to every person without any distinction of caste, creed, sex and religion. Architecture of the Golden TempleSri Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara is built on a 67ft. square platform in the centre of the Sarovar. The Gurdwara itself is 40.5ft. Square and has a door each on the East, West, North and South. The Darshani Deori is an arch that stands at the shore end of the causeway. The door frame of the arch is about 10ft in height and 8ft 6inches in breadth. The door panes of the Gurdwara are decorated with artistic style. It opens on to the causeway or bridge that leads to the main building of Sri Harmandir Sahib. The bridge is connected with the 13 feet wide 'Pardakshna' which is the circumambulatory path. It runs round the main shrine and it leads to the 'Har ki Paure' - steps of God. On the first floor of 'Har ki Paure', there is continuous reading of Guru Granth Sahib. The main structure of Sri Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara, functionally as well as technically is a three-storyed one. The front one which faces the bridge, is decorated with repeated cusped arches and the roof of the first floor is at a height of 26 feet and 9 inches. At the top of the first floor there is a 4 feet high parapet rising on all the sides which has also four 'Mamtees' on the four corners and exactly on the top of the central hall of the main sanctuary rises the third storey. It is a small square room which has three gates. A regular recitation of Guru Granth Sahib is also done there. On the top of this room stands the low fluted 'Gumbaz' a dome having lotus petal motif in relief at the base inverted lotus at the top which supports the 'Kalash' having a beautiful 'Chhatri' at the end. The architecture of the Mandir represents a unique harmony between the Muslims and the Hindus way of construction work and this is considered the best architectural specimens of the world. It has been a school of architecture in the history of arts in India. Significance of the templeThe Golden Temple popularly known as Sri Harmandir Sahib was founded by the Sikh guru, Guru Ramdas and was ultimately completed by Guru Arjan Dev. This wonderful temple is built exactly in the middle of square tanks and there is water all around. The gold covered exterior of the Gurdwara looks amazingly beautiful. Sikh people from various regions of the world come and pay a visit to this holy place every year in lots of numbers. There is a rich history associated with it and the significance of Golden Temple is also very much tremendous. It has always been the Sikh people's rallying point throughout its history. The first edition of the "Guru Granth Sahib" in the year 1604, which is regarded as the most holy book of Sikhism and even the holiest literature of this religion, was installed here. Baba Buddha was the first caretaker of the book or the first 'granthi'. In the year 1699, Guru Gobind Singh, tenth guru of Sikhs laid the establishment of 'Khalsa Panth'. Golden Gurudwara holds special significance as it marks the popular Baisakhi celebrations. On Baisakhi day, the foundation of Khalsa Panth was laid down by the tenth guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh. The Baisakhi celebrations are organized here very grandly, which is attended by thousands of people around the world. The holy tank of the Gurdwara is considered as very holy and the Sikh people try to pay a visit to this temple and for taking a holy bath at the tanks of the temple. It has been believed that a single bath at this holy water will properly cleanse the soul. This holy tank of Harmandir Sahib was built by Guru Arjan Dev. People here from different sections of the society irrespective of caste, gender, race and religions come and worship the almighty. Golden Temple has been the symbol of peace, magnificence and strength. It is actually the main pilgrimage and spiritual center for the Sikh people throughout the world. Time to VisitBest Time to visit Amritsar Golden Temple is between the months of October and March. Even at the time of festivals many people visit Amritsar. Majority of festivals celebrated in Amritsar are religious in nature like during the Basanth Panchami, Baisakhi & Gurupurabs. Other Places to VisitAKAL TAKHAT - It rightly faces the Golden Temple. Built by the Sixth Master Guru Hargobind (1606-44) in 1609, it has been the nerve centre of the Sikhism ever since. BABA ATAL - A nine-storeyed tower, built in memory of Atal Rai (D. 1628), a son of Hargobind, is called Baba Atal. Atal Rai died at nine. He was called 'Baba' (an old man) head over young shulders. GURU KA LANGAR - A Sikh temple without a Community Kitchen would be inconceivable. Cooked food is served in the kitchen of the Golden Temple 24 hours to all visitors irrespective of religion, caste, creed and nationality. The expenses are met out of the Temple funds. Approximately 40,000 visitors share the meals in the Gurdwara everyday presently. There are even historical landmarks like Jallianwala Bagh, Ram Bagh, etc. Accommodation Facilities at the TempleHotels in Amritsar offer a comfortable stay for business and leisure travelers as well as devotees. All the Hotels are situated in the heart of the city. |Shri Guru Ram Das Niwas is a place for accommodation of the visitors with about 228 rooms and 18 big halls constructed by the Gurudwara Committee. The facilities of bedding, fans, cots are provided free of cost. The visitors are not allowed to stay for more than three days. Guru Nanak Niwas has 66 rooms including 22 rooms with baths. |Nearby tourist places to Golden Temple How to reach the Temple - The airport at Amritsar for reaching Golden Temple is named Raja Sani International Airport which offers excellent services. The airport here is well connected to other parts of the country by regular flights. Today Jet Airways, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Air India also offer flights to Amritsar from Delhi, Birmingham and London. - The Railways are also well established in Amritsar.. It takes about 8 to 10 hours to reach Amritsar by train from Delhi. - By Road one can reach Amritsar through Grand Trunk Karnal Road which connects Delhi to Amritsar. Regular buses are available from I.S.B.T. Delhi to Amritsar. One can choose from local, semi deluxe, deluxe and super deluxe buses offered by the bus station.

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January 2013 Chemistry Regents #41-50 Highlight to reveal answers and explanations Other Regents Exams 41 Given the balanced equation representing a reaction: Which type of reaction is represented by this equation? |4||Link||Nuclear reactions with 2 reactants 42 A 220.0-mL sample of helium gas is in a cylinder with a movable piston at 105 kPa and 275 K. The piston is pushed in until the sample has a volume of 95.0 mL. The new temperature of the gas is 310. K. What is the new pressure of the sample? (1) 5l.1 kPa (2) 216 kPa (3) 243 kPa (4) 274 kPa |4||Link||Use combined gas law |43 Given the cooling curve of a substance: During which intervals is potential energy decreasing and average kinetic energy remaining constant? (1) AB andBC (2) ABand CD (3) DEand BC (4) DEand EF |3||Link||phase changes, plateaus, potential energy changes 44 Which metal will spontaneously react with Zn2+(aq), but will not spontaneously react with Mg2+(aq)? |1||Link||Table J, above Zn but below Mg| 45 Which particle diagram represents the arrangement of F2 molecules in a sample of fluorine at 95 K and standard pressure? |2||Link||Use Table S to determine phase of F2 at 95K Boiling point is 85K so it is a gas also F2 is diatomic |46 Given the formulas of four organic compounds: Which compounds have the same molecular formula? (1)A and B (2) Aand C (3) D and B (4) D and C |2||Link||count each atom| |47 Given the incomplete equation representing a reaction: What is the formula of the missing product? (1) O2-(3) OH- (2) O2 (4) OH |3||Link||find the missing atoms and make sure charge in equals charge out| |48 Given the equation representing a reaction where the masses are expressed in atomic mass units: Which phrase describes this reaction? (1) a chemical reaction and mass being converted to energy (2) a chemical reaction and energy being converted to mass (3) a nuclear reaction and mass being converted to energy (4) a nuclear reaction and energy being converted to mass nuclear fusion mass converts to energy |49 Given the diagram representing a process being used to separate the colored dyes in food Which process is represented by this diagram? (1) chromatography (3) distillation (2) electrolysis (4) titration |1||Link||that's chromatography, you did it in bio or middle school| |50 Given the diagram representing a reaction: According to one acid-base theory, the water acts as (1) a base because it accepts an H+ (3) an acid because it accepts an H+ (2) a base because it donates an H+ (4) an acid because it donates an H+ |1||Link||the water gains H+ and is therefore a base| |Back to Regents Exams|

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Green Buildings and Construction and Demolition (C&D) Green building practices offer an opportunity to create environmentally-sound and resource-efficient buildings by using an integrated approach to design. Green buildings promote resource conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy, and water conservation features. They also consider environmental impacts and waste minimization; create a healthy and comfortable environment; reduce operation and maintenance costs; and address issues such as historical preservation, access to public transportation and other community infrastructure systems. The entire life-cycle of the building and its components is considered, as well as the economic and environmental impact and performance. Construction and Demolition (C&D) debris consists of the waste generated during construction, renovation, and demolition projects. Covering a wide array of materials including wood, concrete, steel, brick, and gypsum, C&D debris is a large and complex waste stream. Reducing C&D debris conserves landfill space, reduces the environmental impact of producing new materials, and can reduce overall building project expenses through avoided purchase/disposal costs. The following are web sites related to green building programs, design, maintenance, product directories, model contracts, available funding, case studies, database of LEED architect/engineer/builders, C&D disposal methods, green hotels and more. - C&D Recycler - Information on the latest products/services, news, events, classifieds, RFP's and article archives. - California Integrated Waste Management Board Green Building Design and Construction - Sustainable building tool kit for project managers, blueprint for state facilities, performance standards, project designs and case studies. - Construction Recycling Guide - Offers a contractor's guide to saving money through job-site recycling and waste prevention, calculating cost-effectiveness and contract design specs. - EPA Construction and Demoilition - Defines C&D debris, lists disposal methods and additional resources. - EPA Green Buildings - Describes and links to green building materials, energy efficiency and renewables, indoor environment and waste. - Green Hotels Association - Describes how member hotels promote and encourage ecological consciousness in the hospitality industry, lists member hotels and "green" travel ideas. - Maryland Department of the Environment Green Building Factsheet - Maryland Department of the Environment Green Roof Factsheet - National Association of Demolition Contractors - Lists member services, upcoming events and links to members' web sites. - U.S. Department of Energy-Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network-Office of Building Technology - Building info for homeowners, commercial building owners, builders/designers and public officials with emphasis on success stories, building energy data, software tools and codes/standards. - U.S. Green Building Council - Members work to develop design guidelines, policy positions, educational tools and industry standards. Information on certified projects and accredited professionals. Construction and Demolition Markets and Disposal Methods To find markets for C&D materials, go to http://www.mdrecycles.org/recyclingDirectory.php for a database of companies and materials accepted at their facilities. For a list of all solid waste acceptance facilities (i.e. rubble landfills, transfer stations, municipal landfills) that accept C&D, go to C&D Acceptance Facilities List. *The companies and web sites listed on this page are based on information provided by various agencies and organizations and does not represent an endorsement by the Maryland Department of the Environment. For more information, please contact The Waste Diversion Division at 410-537-3314.

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› Listen Now NASA TV's This Week @NASA, Week Ending July 18 › View Now This Week At NASA… SCHWARZENEGGER AT AMES - ARC California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger visited the Ames Research Center to learn how NASA is using Ikhana – a remotely-piloted aircraft to help firefighters in the Golden State battle hundreds of forest fires. Ikhana has flown over much of California, gathering data that firefighters use to pinpoint the location of wildfires. Arnold Schwarzenegger: "So, it is great to be here today at the NASA Ames Research Center to see one of the most exciting new weapons in our firefighting arsenal." During his tour the governor piloted a flight simulator used to display visible light and fire imagery and was shown a demonstration of the hyperwall-2, a high-resolution visualization system displaying images from the wildfires. The aircraft used a sophisticated Autonomous Modular Scanner developed at Ames during flights originated from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. Ikhana's onboard sensor can detect temperature differences from less than one-half degree to approximately 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The scanner operates like a digital camera with specialized filters to detect light energy at visible, infrared and thermal wavelengths. DISCOVERY CREW VISIT - HQ The STS-124 crew visited NASA Headquarters to share highlights from its recent mission with employees and their families. During their 14-day trip, STS-124 crew members delivered two new sections of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Kibo laboratory to the International Space Station, performed three spacewalks and installed the Japanese Pressurized Module and Kibo’s robotic arm system. They also delivered the next space station resident, Greg Chamitoff, to his home away from home for the next six few months. Returning with them aboard space shuttle Discovery was outgoing ISS resident Garrett Reisman, who’d spent three months aboard the complex. Garrett Reisman: "I expected it to be kind of tough coming back. Normally readjusting to Earth’s gravity takes a little time, both to get your balance down, and everything feels really heavy, and I had all those sensations for about the first 24 hours, but it went away pretty quickly and I'm really happy about that." FUTURE AIRCRAFT DESIGNS - LaRC The next generation of airliners and cargo planes may look something like this. They're the winning drawings from an annual competition for college students sponsored by NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program. Fourteen teams and two individual students from colleges and universities around the world participated by providing their visions of what a future subsonic transport aircraft might look like. Taking graduate team honors was Georgia Tech; the undergraduate winner was Virginia Tech. LBJ LIBRARY – HQ The Mercury capsule Alan Shepard rode into space in 1961 has made its way to the LBJ Library in Austin, Texas. Freedom 7, along with a Russian Vostock capsule, is part of a new exhibit, 'To The Moon, ' scheduled to open August 27th, what would have been President Lyndon Johnson’s 100th birthday. Also on display will be the actual Mission Control Console used at the Johnson Space Center during the Apollo program. NASA 50th ANNIVERSARY - HQ This week, NASA remembers three landmark moments in the agency's 50 year history. On July 22, 1999, on STS-93, astronaut Eileen Collins became the first woman to command a space shuttle. Collins had already made history in 1995 when she was the first woman to pilot a shuttle. Launch announce: "2-1 and lift-off of Space Shuttle Discovery beginning America’s new journey to the Moon, Mars and beyond." Six years later, on July 26, 2005, with Collins again as commander, NASA returned to flight with STS-114. The launch of Space Shuttle Discovery came two-and-a-half years after the Columbia accident. STS -114 executed precise on-orbit maneuvers and tested new equipment and procedures, including the first-ever on-orbit repair of a shuttle’s heat shield. Neil Armstrong SOT: "40 feet down, two-and-a-half, picking up some dust." And, of course, 39 years ago, on July 20, 1969, Apollo 11's lunar module landed on the moon. Neil Armstrong: "Tranquility base here the. The Eagle has landed." Six hours later, Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on another heavenly body. Neil Armstrong: "It’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin spent 21 hours on the lunar surface before lifting off to reunite with Michael Collins orbiting in the Command Module "Columbia." The Apollo 11 crew safely returned to Earth on July 24, 1969. And that's This Week At NASA! For more about these and other stories, log onto: www.nasa.gov › Listen Now › View Now

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November 5, 2010 The Grand Canyon is much younger than the rocks it contains. The canyon itself is somewhere between 5 and 55 million years old, but the oldest rocks in the bottom are 4 billion years old. Stories this photo appears in: Geologists debate the age of the planet’s deepest canyon, with the answer to ancient riddles hanging in the balance So I’m sitting on a river-smoothed swirl of Vishnu Schist in the bottom of the Grand Canyon trying to reset my imagination as the Colorado River roars past.

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PHP while loop statement script and exampleWhile loop in PHP is very simple and similar to while loop in C programming. In PHP while loop the condition is checked at the beginning of the loop and the statement inside is executed till the end of the loop, then again the condition is checked and loop executed. Like this loop is continued till the condition became false and the loop is then stopped. Here if the condition became false inside the loop then also the loop continue to execute till the next time the condition is checked. Here is one simple example of while loop. What is the output of this? Here we are checking the while condition at the starting of the loop. So the execution of the loop will be done only if condition is satisfied at the beginning. We can read on the difference between do while loop and while loop here. Display elements of an array by using While loopLet us declare one array with some elements. Then by using while loop we can display the key and value of the array. The output is here Create ( 2 to 10 )multiplication table using While loopTo generate multiplication tables we will start with 2 table Here is the simple code This will display 2 table like this Now we will keep this loop inside another outer loop and change $i value from 2 to 10. We will add a line break after each looping. Output is here

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Dallas employment lawyer and personal friend Michael P. Maslanka of Constangy, Brooks & Smith, LLP is starting a new video blog on employment law matters. His first installment has to do with the Difference Between “Right to Work” and “At Will” Employment. These are two concepts that are often mixed up by both employers and employees. In a nutshell, "Right to Work" is a statutory scheme that about half of the states have implemented in an effort to destroy unions outlawing closed union shops. Pro tip: it's been working. Union membership has been steadily on the decline in America for years. No coincidental, employee pay (in real terms) and benefits have been declining for both union and non-union employees have been declining during the same period. Put simply, when unions get weaker, all employees get weaker vs. their corporate employers. "At will" is what many think "Right to Work" means. It means that an employee has no general entitlement to continued employment. An employee can be fired or quit at any time for any reason or now reason at all. It is the general rule of employment throughout the country (except in unionized situations). Posted with Permission.

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Whimbrels in Churchill: Tracking a Long-distance Migrant The incredible marathon migrations of many shorebird species are truly some of the natural world's most astounding feats. After breeding on the Seward Peninsula, the Bar-tailed Godwit flies from western Alaska to New Zealand, traversing the Pacific Ocean in a single, non-stop flight! This is an extreme example, but hardly an exception in the world of shorebirds. Their arctic breeding grounds are delicately connected to their temperate, coastal wintering grounds by strings of stopover sites: places the birds can rely on, year after year, to refuel along their migrations. Unfortunately for the birds, these sites are often found in prime areas for human development as well. Such is the fragile world a shorebird inhabits, and using gelocation devices that measure the timing of sunrise and sunset to pinpoint a bird's location, I hope to uncover the details of one of these species' migratory routes, in order to better understand and protect it. This short film was produced in conjunction with the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Multimedia Department as part of an undergraduate thesis project.

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In the News NEA Today writes, “This compelling collection of lessons, essays, interviews, poems, and art takes the educator–and their student–inside the stories of the ordinary people who sustained the movement.” NEA Today also promoted the book with full-page advertisements. Read full review. Equity & Excellence in Education Mara Sapon-Shevin writes, “This book is a treasure–long awaited and very necessary. The largest compendium ever of materials and lessons about the civil rights movement, there is something here for everyone.” Read full review. Journal of Negro Education Randolph Carter writes, “This book is one of the most important contributions to the struggle for Civil Rights… This is a book I call a journey that reinforces both scholarship and activism, the essence of our Movement.” Read full review. Civil Rights ‘Myths’ Exposed by D.C. Group By Regan Toomer, December 6, 2005 “While the boycott has the capacity to connect Black students with their history and learn that you do not have to be a hero to change the world, Menkart says there are a lot of myths that have circulated in classrooms for years…the mythbusters quiz is based on the award winning book “Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching.” The goal of this book is to move beyond heroes and holidays to uncover and humanize the stories of the many people who, like Rosa Parks, challenged the government in the name of justice.” By Trevor Griffey, September 2005 “Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching takes an important first step at making recent trends in civil rights historiography useful to K-12 teachers. These trends include a turn toward the local and grassroots, the role of women in movement-building, multiracial components of civil rights history, and the importance of political culture. It also includes provocative personal stories about the sometimes controversial nature of different types of civil rights teaching, which may include uneasy role-playing simulations, taking students to protests, and struggling with images of the brutal violence many civil rights activists faced.” Rethinking History’s Heroes By Warren Parish, May 4, 2005 “..she [Alana Murray] says heroes are not born extraordinary, but are ordinary people who learn to do great things as they confront problems. Murray tries to get that point across daily, teaching from the instructional and community resource guide she contributed to and co-edited Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching.” Book Review: ’Putting the Movement Back Into Civil Rights Teaching’ Eddie B. Allen, April 7, 2005 “It is overdue, then, that a publication examine the contemporary black struggle’s literary history and the often uncredited intellectuals who applied literature to activism. Billed as a resource guide for classrooms and communities, ‘Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching’ makes a significant contribution toward updating the body of writing on black political movements…‘Putting the Movement Back Into Civil Rights Teaching offers promise for classroom learning that, for far too long, ended — literally and figuratively — with the death of Martin Luther King Jr.” The Roots of Change: Students Learn of Widespread Efforts That Propelled Civil Rights Movement By Avis Thomas-Lester, February 17, 2005; Page B01 “Barlev, Faus and other educators credited a textbook written by three local educators – ‘Putting the Movement Back Into Civil Rights Teaching‘ – with providing original ideas and instruction material. ‘I wept when I found this book,’ Barlev said. ‘Until I saw it, I thought I was the only one teaching about the civil rights movement’” THE COMMERCIAL APPEAL Civil Rights Movement’s History’s One of Hit and Myth By Wendi C. Thomas, February 17, 2005 “‘Too often, the teaching of the Civil Rights Movement — as a spontaneous, emotional eruption of angry but saintly African-Americans led by two or three inspired orators — discounts the origins, the intellect, and the breadth that guided this complex social movement,’ writes Jenice L. View, a co-author of “Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching” a new book designed to destroy those myths… The story of the civil rights movement in America isn’t a black-white story. It’s not a story that ended when King was killed. It’s a story that has relevance today, a movement whose lessons can be applied globally. ” Black History Month Needs Constant Renewal to Remain Relevant By Baye Betty Winston, February 10, 2005 “I’m sympathetic to the view that teaching African-American history in February has become an exercise in celebrating a few and ignoring the many. Now, to the rescue of parents and teachers who are similarly concerned about how poorly and simplistically black history is taught comes a book, Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching: A Resource Guide for K-12 Classrooms. The editors – Deborah Menkart, Alana D. Murray and Jenice L. View…[have] produced a guide that encourages critical teaching as well as critical thinking.” Resources for Teaching By Molly Cooney-Mesker, March – April 2005 “Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching encourages critical teaching and learning. Lessons are based on the philosophy that the purpose of education is to create equality and justice. It teaches how to take the spirit of the Civil Rights Movement and let it guide our lives to better our communities and our world.” Message to Teachers (page 13 of PDF) “Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching published by Teaching for Change and Poverty & Race Research Action Council (PRRAC)…has given us an incredible treasure trove of stories, exercises, poetry, primary source materials in lesson plan form in many cases that broaden individual and group understanding of what to takes to make change. The book clearly demonstrates the multiracial involvement and impact of the efforts for freedom in the mid-twentieth century. Those readers who are not teachers can find in the book excellent materials for newsletters and handouts at meeting.” Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching has also been featured in the Washington Times, Education Week, CBS, News Channel 8, Worlds Apart TV, Evening Exchange, WPFW (Pacifica), and WAMU (NPR).

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It's natural for a dog to chew things, but giving him wood or sticks to chew can be potentially dangerous. Pieces of wood can break off and cause injuries, along with further problems, to your pooch's mouth, digestive system and his respiratory tract. The Dangers of Splinters It's not advisable to give a dog wood to chew as splinters and fragments can get wedged between his teeth and embedded in his mouth and throat. These injuries may result in inflammation, infections and painful abscesses for the poor pooch. If he swallows fragments, they can result in an obstruction or damage to any part of his digestive system. While inhaled pieces of wood may cause the dog to choke. They can also get lodged in his respiratory tract, where mucus can build up behind the fragment and allow bacteria to breed. If your dog is pawing at his face, drooling, gagging, regurgitating, vomiting or you think he may have wood stuck somewhere, see your veterinarian immediately. Changing Your Dog's Chewing Habits If you catch your dog chewing wood, or anything harmful or inappropriate, get his attention by making a loud noise and then offer him a safe chew toy. Praise your dog when he takes the toy in his mouth. You can also teach him to leave the stick or other object by offering him a yummy treat for it. Once he understands what you want, add the "give" command as a cue to leave the object. - Caring For Your Dog; Dr. Bruce Fogle - Dog Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook; Debra M. Eldredge DVM et al. - The Humane Society of the United States: Chewing: The Whys and Hows of Stopping a Gnawing Problem - Chris Amaral/Photodisc/Getty Images

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Azathioprine (Imuran) can be used alone, but is often administered in combination with prednisone. When used with prednisone, Imuran often allows a lower total dose of prednisone to be administered. Prednisone is a corticosteroid that helps regulate the immune system that has become over-active due to the disease process of Lupus. Prednisone should not be stopped with the addition of Imuran to the treatment. Prednisone dose should remain the same until there is improvement shown after beginning the Imuran. Then the prednisone should be tapered slowly at one to five milligrams a week to avoid serious Prednisone is a synthetic hormone commonly referred to as a "cortisteroid." Prednisone is very similar to the hormone cortisone, which the body manufactures. In part, prednisone acts as an immunosuppressant. The immune system protects against foreign bacteria and viruses. In some illnesses (such as Lupus), the immune system produces antibodies, which become overactive and cause many symptoms, some can be quite serious symptoms. Prednisone suppresses the production of these antibodies. Prednisone is the drug of choice in treating auto-immune disease, such as Lupus. Especially for patients who do not improve or are not expected to respond to NSAIDs or antimalarials (such as Plaquenil), or those who have organ threatening disease. Plaquenil is not an immunosuppressant drug and will do very little to suppress the production of harmful antibodies in Lupus. However it is thought to help immunosuppressant drugs to do this and Plaquenil may slow down the substances which harm the joints. Hydroxychloroquine is thought to act by interfering with the production and release of blood cells that are involved in the body's immune defense system. Hence the autoimmune response of the antibodies against its own body, is reduced and as result the amount of damage to the cells is minimized and prevented. As it has the potential to prevent progression of the disease, by limiting the damage caused, it is often referred to as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARDS) and is commonly used very early in the treatment of Lupus. Hopefully this information will help you to make an informed decision about your treatment regimen. I wish you the very best. Peace and Blessings Look For The Good and Praise It!

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Center marks are annotations that mark circle or arc centers and describe the geometry size on the drawing. With the Center Mark tool, you can create a center mark or a center point on circular edges. The center mark lines can be used as references for dimensioning. Some items to note about center marks are as follows: - The axis of the circle or arc must be normal to the drawing sheet. - Center marks are available as single marks, in linear patterns, in circular patterns, or in straight or arc slots. Linear patterns can include connection lines. Circular patterns can include circular lines, radial lines, and base center marks. Display attributes include mark size, extended lines, and specifying the centerline font for the center mark lines. - If you dimension to a center mark, the extension lines are automatically shortened. - You can set an option so that center marks are inserted automatically in new drawing views for holes, slots, or fillets. - You can automatically insert center marks for all holes, fillets, and slots in one or more drawing views. - You can set options for center mark orientation and location in Document Properties - Centerlines/Center Marks. - Center marks propagate or insert automatically into patterns if the pattern is created from a feature and not a face or body. - You can rotate center marks individually, specifying the rotation in degrees. In the Rotate Drawing View dialog box, you can choose to have center marks rotate automatically when the view is rotated. - Center marks in Auxiliary Views are oriented to the viewing direction such that one of the lines of the center mark is parallel to the view arrow direction.

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Today is the 4th of July. Here in the United States, it’s a holiday on which we celebrate our freedom from having to spell the word “color” with a superfluous “u”. It’s also a day in which we celebrate the “Founding Fathers”, individuals who cast the documents and governmental structure on which the country is based. One of the key figures in early American painting, Charles Wilson Peale, was known in particular for his portraits of the Founding Fathers and other figures from the American Revolution. Peale himself was a member of the Sons of Liberty, a group of pre-independence rebels who helped mobilize the resistance to British colonial rule, and are perhaps best known for the acts of the “Boston Tea Party”, a protest against government supported corporate monopoly and lack of representation in Parliament (often misunderstood and miscast as a revolt against high taxes by modern, so-called “Tea Partiers”, but I digress). Peale went on to serve in the Pennsylvania Militia during the American Revolutionary War, attaining the rank of Captain, and later was a member of the Pennsylvania state Assembly. Through this time he met and painted a number of important figures who are prominent in the nation’s early history, including Benjamin Franklin (images above, second down), Thomas Jefferson (third down), John Hancock, Alexander Hamilton and, in particular, George Washington (above, fourth down), of whom he painted almost 60 portraits. Peale studied under the noted American portrait painter John Singleton Copely, and later with American expatriate Benjamin West in England. He taught painting to his brother, James Peale, a noted painter of still life and miniatures. Peale also trained most of his 10 children to paint landscape and portraiture, and named many of them after great artists of the past. At least three of them became artists of note in their own right. Raphaelle Peale, noted for his still life paintings, Rembrandt Peale, a portraitist who also painted an elder George Washington after being introduced by his father, and Rubens Peale, who with his brother Rembrandt took up his father’s mantle as museum director. Charles Wilson Peale, a naturalist as well as an artist, is credited with founding the nation’s first museum, with botanical, biological and archeological exhibits, as portrayed in his self portrait above, top. He was also the initiator and co-founder, along with sculptor William Rush and others, of the nation’s first art school, The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. (When I was a student at the Academy, the building where we took most of our classes was named the “Peale House”.) Peale also produced a number of self portraits (image above, top and bottom right), and portraits of his family, including the trompe l’oeil portrait of his sons known as Staircase Group (Portrait of Raphaelle Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale), which has long been one of my favorites at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. This painting is often reproduced without its false doorframe and actual wooden step (see smaller image to the right) which create a pretty convincing illusion; reportedly fooling none other than George Washington, who is said to have initially thought it was the boys themselves when passing by the painting mounted against a wall, and greeted them. The painting’s detail page on the Philadelphia Museum site includes a zoomable image. If there are Founding Fathers of American painting, Charles Wilson Peale is certainly in the front rank.

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Laser accelerators could lead to tiny, portable X-ray sources to advance medical care for people hurt in war. According to a news release from the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, scientists have demonstrated an “accelerator on a chip.” This technology could lead to smaller, cheaper tools for science and medicine. Scientists utilized a laser to accelerate electrons at a rate 10 times higher than normal technology in a nanostructured glass chip tinier than a grain of rice. “We still have a number of challenges before this technology becomes practical for real-world use, but eventually it would substantially reduce the size and cost of future high-energy particle colliders for exploring the world of fundamental particles and forces,” said experiment leader Joel England, an SLAC physicist, in a statement. “It could also help enable compact accelerators and X-ray devices for security scanning, medical therapy and imaging, and research in biology and materials science.” According to scientists, the miniature accelerator could equal the accelerating power of SLAC’s 2-mile-long linear accelerator in just 100 feet if operating at its maximum potential. Additionally, the “accelerator on a chip” could achieve a million more electron pulses per second. The first trial reached an acceleration gradient of 300 million electronvolts per meter, which is approximately 10 times the acceleration offered by the current SLAC linear accelerator. “Our ultimate goal for this structure is 1 billion electronvolts per meter, and we’re already one-third of the way in our first experiment,” said principal investigator Robert Byer of Stanford University. The utilization of lasers to drive the accelerator fits the researchers’ desire to find a cheaper alternative to the use of microwaves to increase the energy of electrons. In the laser method, electrons are first sped up to near light-speed in a normal accelerator. Then they are focused into a small, half-micron-high channel within a fused silica glass chip just half a millimeter long. The half-micron-high channel has been patterned with accurately distributed nanoscale ridges. Infrared laser light illuminating on the pattern creates electrical fields that interface with the electrons in the channel to increase their energy. According to the researchers, laser accelerators could drive compact X-ray free electron lasers that are valuable devices for a wide assortment of research projects. Laser accelerators could also lead to tiny, portable X-ray sources to advance medical care for people hurt in war. The study’s findings are described in detail in the journal Nature.

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Here are some shellfish recipes from our collection: During the past 30 years, shellfish has become more and more popular with a growing abundance of available choices. Today squid, oysters, mussels, and other varieties of shellfish that were once considered ethnic or exotic are as common as shrimp on menus and in local markets.Shellfish cookery is the quality of the ingredients than on the talents of the cook. This article will provide a few guidelines to help you select the best shellfish and store it properly. Despite the many types of shellfish on the market, they are really separated into only two categories -- crustaceans and mollusks. Crustaceans have elongated bodies with jointed, external shells that are periodically shed as they grow. Crab, lobster, and shrimp are examples of crustaceans. Mollusks are invertebrates with soft, tender bodies that are covered by a shell. Mollusks are classified as univalves, bivalves, and cephalopods. Univalves have a single shell. Abalone, sea urchins, and conch are examples of univalves. Clams, oysters, and mussels are examples of bivalves, or mollusks with two shells. Cephalopods, such as octopus and squid, have tentacles that are attached to the head and ink sacs. They move by expelling water through a tubular siphon located under the head. As with all food, fresh is best for shellfish. Shellfish should have a fresh, mild, sea-breeze odor. In addition to noticing the odor, there are several other things to look for that are specific to each type of shellfish. Lobsters and crabs should be purchased live and as close to the time of cooking as possible. Both should actively move their claws; lobsters should flap their tails tightly against their chests or, when picked up, curl their tails under their shells. However, if the lobsters and crabs have been refrigerated, they will not be very active. Do not purchase any lobsters or crabs that do not show these signs of life. Shrimp should feel firm to the touch. Soft-shell clams are unable to close their shells completely. To determine if they are alive, gently touch the protruding neck of each clam to see if it will retract. If the neck does not retract slightly, discard the clam. Discard any clams, mussels, or oysters that have cracked or broken shells. Freshly shucked clams, sold in their liquor, should be plump, moist, and shiny. The color varies from grayish green to beige to light or dark orange, depending on the variety. Freshly shucked oysters should be surrounded by a clear, slightly milky, white or light gray liquid. Oysters are usually creamy white but the color varies depending on the variety. Freshly shucked scallops vary in color from creamy white to tan to a light pink color. Bay scallops, generally found on the East Coast, are about 1/2 inch in diameter. Sea scallops are larger, about 11/2 inches in diameter. Squid should have cream-colored skin with pinkish patches. Frozen shellfish should be packaged in a close-fitting, moisture-proof package that is intact at the time of purchase. To learn more about freezing and storing freshly purchased shellfish, check out the next page. Want more information? Try these: - Cooking: Learn the ins and outs of some basic cooking techniques in this helpful article.

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