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Blane Klemek: Bluebirds bouncing back I checked some of my bluebird houses recently. Not as many bluebirds seem to be occupying the houses this season as last, and I suspect the reason might be because of the oddball spring. After all, some migrants, including bluebirds, returned to the Northland at the typical time, but I believe the unending winter might have delayed courtship and nesting in some locales. Even so, a bluebird box I have mounted on a short pole alongside Lake Assawa has four little featherless bluebird chicks inside it. And when I whistled softly at them while peering through the entrance hole, all four heads popped up with their mouths agape. Though there are a few other species inhabiting North America that are blue in color, only the bluebird has a reddish breast. The blue jay, for instance, which is much larger, has a whitish breast and a crested head. Meanwhile, the indigo bunting and blue grosbeak have all-blue breasts. As well, the bluebird, as my field guidebook reads, has a slight “hunched posture, eye ring, and the blue in wings and tail.” Eastern bluebirds are relatively small songbirds at about 5 to 7 inches in length. They are also cavity-nesting birds. In other words, bluebirds nest inside holes in trees that are most often the result of hard working woodpeckers. Bluebirds simply do not have the wherewithal to chisel out their own tree holes, so the birds have to rely on woodpeckers for cavity construction. Really, this is not that unusual for birds and other animals. Burrowing owls in the Great Plains utilize the excavations of burrowing mammals like prairie dogs for their nest sites. Great horned and long-eared owls seek out abandoned crow, magpie, and hawk nests to use as their nests. For some reason, these and other owls never learned the art of nest building. Furthermore, and much to the delight of wildlife enthusiasts, bluebirds readily accept and use artificial nest boxes. Bluebirds belong to the same family of birds as robins and thrushes. Though not commonly observed on the ground like robins and thrushes, bluebirds are most often seen perching on fence posts, utility wires or on conspicuous branches from where they watch to ambush insects. Like all members of the family, bluebirds feed primarily on insects, but will forage on berries if insects are scarce. This frequently occurs when migrating birds arrive at their northern breeding grounds and cold weather sets in. When this happens, insects are inactive and difficult to locate. Fruit-bearing trees and shrubs that have kept their fruits throughout the winter then become a highly important food source. Eastern bluebirds typically arrive to our region between late March and early April. Preferred habitats include orchards, meadows, farms, roadsides, golf courses, backyards, cemeteries, and open woodlands. The male, bright blue with a rusty-red upper breast and white belly, sings from favored perches throughout his territory. Female bluebirds’ plumage is somewhat less brilliant than male birds. Soon after their arrival, breeding and nesting takes place and both parents cooperate in raising their clutch of usually four or five nestlings. After an incubation period of just 12 to 14 days, fledging takes place about 20 days later. Second clutches are frequently raised and sometimes the young of the first brood assist parents in caring for the second brood. Not long ago, eastern bluebird populations were perilously low. Habitat loss has most affected bluebird distribution and abundance, but competition for nest sites from non-native species of birds like the house sparrow and European starling has also contributed to bluebird decline. But thanks to conservation-minded individuals, groups, and wildlife agencies such as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and its Nongame Wildlife Program, bluebird populations are not nearly as troubled as they once were. All across eastern bluebird range, which includes much of the eastern United States, parts of the Great Plains to Texas, and throughout southern portions of Canada, countless numbers of ambitious projects have been implemented to assist in the bluebird recovery. Miles and miles of “bluebird trails” with houses along their routes have been established in order to increase the availability of nesting habitat and to increase bluebird populations. Indeed, few birds have received as much attention as the eastern bluebird. Four states have adopted the bluebird as their state bird and it is the focus of many organizations, societies, and events devoted entirely to bluebird awareness and conservation. The male’s sweet song and beautiful plumage, both sexes’ parental devotion to their young, and their ready acceptance of artificial nesting boxes, make them a favorite of everyone that appreciates these beautiful blue birds. There’s no question that catching sight of an eastern bluebird is a special and rewarding moment as we get out and enjoy the great outdoors. — Blane Klemek is a Minnesota DNR wildlife manager. He can be reached at email@example.com

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Pizzicato (from Italian pizzicare, to pluck, pinch) refers to a playing technique of plucking the strings on a stringed instrument. Different techniques are used on different instruments, such as the violin or the guitar. The plural form of pizzicato is "pizzicati." The pizzicato technique first saw use in Claudio Monteverdi's Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda, which was performed in the mid 1600's, sometime around 1638. Various other pieces of music use pizzicato; specific instructions are provided to performers when to use pizzicato. The abbreviation "pizz." is typically used in a musical score to indicate the use of pizzicato, and the peformer is to continue until the point when "arco" (which means "bowed") is written. Bowed string instruments will typically play pizzicato passages with the right hand, while notes are fingered with the left. For short passages, the bow is held in the left hand while the strings are plucked with the index finger. During longer passages, the bow will be put down while plucking the strings. Other techniques exist, such as plucking the strings with the left hand, but are very difficult and are only used in the most virtuosic repertoire. Another technique is called the "Bartók snap" or "Bartók pizzicato," named after Hungarian composer Béla Bartók who used the effects in his violin music and string quartets. This technique is produced by pulling the string away from the fretboard, and letting it snap back, creating a percussive, violent sound. Other string instruments can be played pizzicato, but are done so rarely. The strings of a piano can be plucked directly, and the guitar can be plucked as well (though this is not called pizzicato, rather "finger-picking"). - Webster's New World College Dictionary, 2005

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Chinese New Year begins on February 19, 2015. It’s one of the most important holidays in the Chinese calendar. It lasts for 15 days and is cause for much celebration, and a feeling of renewal. Sharing the concept of Chinese New Year with day care children would open the door for some fun activities! Many families will clean the house during the celebration, in order to sweep away bad fortune and welcome good luck into the home. Making cleaning a part of a celebration is a great way to get kids to help clean, and who wouldn’t want good luck? Children might be fascinated by the story of the Nian, a mythical beast that would come to Chinese villages on or around Chinese New Year to attack people. In order to prevent the attack the next year, villagers learned to bang on drums and set off firecrackers, in order to frighten the Nian away with the loud noises. They also used the color red in lanterns, scrolls, and clothing. The story goes that a small child wore red and the Nian was frightened of the color, so it left the child alone. The Nian hasn’t attacked anyone since people learned these tricks, so they are now used at Chinese New Year celebrations. It would be fun for the kids to make some noise, and perhaps make some scrolls from red paper. On Chinese New Year’s Eve, many Chinese families will eat a “reunion dinner”, usually having a chicken or pork dish. A fish dish is usually included, but it’s important that not all the fish is eaten. Some must be refrigerated overnight, from the previous year and into the new year, to ensure that each year has a surplus. People may give each other gifts of sweets, such as oranges, chocolates, or candies. These would be inexpensive and easily be prepared as a daycare activity for the kids. You can find more fascinating information about Chinese New Year traditions on the internet. Learning about other cultures is so important for our children, and so much fun for them. This is a great learning opportunity!

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Here are five of the most popular yoga classes and an introduction into the philosophy, history and style of each. Ashtanga Yoga: One of the oldest form of yoga, Ashtanga Yoga, is Sanskrit for “eight limbs,” which represent the eight aspects of yoga as outlined by the sage Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras. Even though Ashtanga yoga is believed to be 5,000 years old, if not older, its modern popularity is credited to Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, who in 1948, under the guidance of his guru, Krishnamacharya, created The Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute in Mysore, India for teaching this specific style of yoga. What to expect: Ashtanga yoga is often referred to as being the athletic form of yoga because of its discipline and dynamic system of vinyasa, a process that links breath to movement. It is a set series of specific asansas or postures that are performed in a sequential manner. Classes start by performing ten Sun Salutations followed by a standing, seated and finishing sequence. Once in the full expression of the posture, the asana is held for a minimum of five breaths. Ashtanga yoga is traditionally taught in a Mysore-style whereby the instructor assists each practitioner along his or her practice according to their own pace and level. In the West, you can find both Mysore-style classes as well as led classes taught by instructors. Iyengar yoga: Like Ashtanga yoga, Iyengar yoga is rooted in Patanjali’s eight limbs of yoga. Created by B.K.S. Iyengar, this form of yoga is known by its use of props like belts, bolsters and chairs as well as its precise focus to structural alignment. Perhaps one of the most researched forms of yoga, Iyengar yoga has been shown to be a therapeutic practice for those suffering from back pain, musculoskeletal injuries and disorders, cardiovascular disease, depression and anxiety. Iyengar instructors must complete at least two years of rigorous training before teaching. What to expect: You can expect to perform a number of standing postures with the assistance of a variety of props as well as verbal instruction from your teacher. Since there is much attention made to alignment and structure, verbal as well as physical corrections are a regular part of class. Anusara Yoga: One of the newer form of yoga, Anusara, which means “flowing with grace,” was created by Texas-born John Friend in 1997. The emphasis of Anusara yoga is on Friend’s own Universal Principles of Alignment whereby all postures aim to open and soften the heart and adhere to the three main Anusara principles of action, alignment and attitude. The underlying philosophy of Anusara yoga is based on the premise that every person is created as an embodiment of the divine and each of the poses celebrate the goodness that is intrinsic to all living beings. What to expect: Each Anusara class begins with a chant or invocation repeated three times. From there, the instructor guides students along a series of postures that correspond to a specific theme or intention for the class. You can expect a class that is gentle in nature with a lot of dialogue that is both instructional and philosophical and stresses the importance of balanced alignment throughout the body. Bikram Yoga: Created and trademarked by Bikram Choudhury in 1973, Bikram yoga, often referred to as “hot yoga,” is a style of yoga that is performed in a room that is heated to 105°F (40.5°C) with a humidity of 40 percent. The purpose of the heat is to improve wellness, deepen flexibility and range of motion and sweat out impurities and toxins that have accumulated in the body. Despite its popularity, Bikram yoga is a controversial style of yoga whereby its founder and its claims have raised both ethical and safety questions. What to expect: Bikram yoga classes last for 90 minutes and involve performing 26 postures and two breathing exercises in a sequential manner. It is quite common for beginners to experience dizziness or nausea and similar to other kinds of yoga, endurance, concentration and discipline are required to complete a session. Raga Yoga: Whereas most Western yoga classes deal primarily with asanas or postures and may or may not have a meditation aspect to them, Raja yoga focuses almost exclusively on meditation as its primary practice. Its aim is to control the mind, most specifically, the fluctuations in thoughts, which can tax the nervous system and result in ego-based behavior. Raja yoga is discussed at length in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and its meditative focus is considered one of the paths to Samadhi or bliss. What to expect: Raja yoga classes are taught by an instructor who is well-versed in meditation techniques that still the mind and expand the awareness of spiritual realities. You can expect to engage in pranayama exercises and yoga postures as a way to prepare the mind for meditation, which is generally guided or taught by the instructor. Meditation cushions may or may not be provided and comfortable clothing is encouraged. And if you’re new to yoga, don’t forget to check out our Beginner’s Guide to Yoga, which includes everything you need to know about starting your own yoga practice.

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A Maidu coiled basket, late 19th century. |Regions with significant populations| |United States of America ( California)| |Animistic (incl. syncretistic forms), other| The Maidu are an indigenous people of northern California. They reside in the central Sierra Nevada, in the drainage area of the Feather and American Rivers. They also reside in Humbug Valley. In Maiduan languages, Maidu means "man". There are three subcategories of Maidu: - The Nisenan or Southern Maidu occupied the whole of the American, Bear, and Yuba River drainages. They live in lands that were previously home to the Martis. - The Northeastern or Mountain Maidu, also known as Yamani Maidu, lived on the upper North and Middle forks of the Feather River. - The Konkow (Koyom'kawi/Concow) came out of the valley between Cherokee, California, and Pulga, California, along the north fork of the Feather River and its tributaries. The Mechupda live in the area of Chico, California. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the 1770 population of the Maidu (including the Konkow and Nisenan) as 9,000. Sherburne F. Cook raised this figure slightly, to 9,500. Kroeber reported the population of the Maidu in 1910 as 1,100. The 1930 census counted only 93. As of 1995, the Maidu population had recovered to an estimated 3,500. The Maidu were hunters and gatherers. The Maidu were exemplary basket weavers, weaving highly detailed and useful baskets in sizes ranging from thimble-sized to huge ones ten or more feet in diameter. The stitches on some of these baskets are so fine that you need a magnifying glass to see them. In addition to closely woven, watertight baskets for cooking, they made large storage baskets, bowls, shallow trays, traps, cradles, hats and seed beaters. To make these baskets, they used dozens of different kinds of wild plant stems, barks, roots and leaves. Some of the more common were fern roots, red bark of the redbud, white willow twigs and tule roots, hazel twigs, yucca leaves, brown marsh grass roots and sedge roots. By combining these different kinds of plants, they were able to make geometric designs on their baskets in red, black, white, brown or tan. Like many other California tribes, the Maidu were hunters and gatherers and did not farm. They practiced grooming of their gathering grounds, with fire as a primary tool for this purpose, and tended local groves of oak trees to maximize production of acorns, which were their principal dietary staple. The abundance of acorns made it possible for the Maidu to store large quantities for harder times, and they used their basket-making skills to construct above-ground acorn granaries. Besides acorns, which provided dietary starch and fat, the Maidu lived in an environment rich in plant and animal life, much of it edible, and they supplemented their acorn diet with edible roots (for which they were nicknamed "Digger Indians" by European immigrants), fish from the many streams and rivers, and other plant and animal species. The seeds from the many flowering plants as well as the corms from many wild flowers provided much of the sustenance to the People of the area. Wildlife of every sort was also utilized within a spiritual reference. Deer, elk, antelope as well as all the multitude of smaller game were utilized on a regular basis. Fish were a prime source of protein, starting with the multi run salmon, then relying on the local indigenous fishes that supplied food the year round. Maidu housing, especially higher in the hills and the mountains, was largely semi-underground. These houses were sizable, circular structures twelve to 18 feet in diameter, whose floors were as much as three feet below ground level. Once the floor of the house was dug, a pole framework was built, then a covering of pine bark slabs upon which a heavy layer of earth was placed along the base of the structure. With a central fire in the house at ground level, a stone-lined pit and bedrock mortar to process foods, meals were always ready to feed the family. For summer dwelling, a different structure was built from cut branches tied together and fastened to sapling posts, then covered with brush and dirt. The summer shelters were built with the principal opening facing east to catch the rising sun, and to escape the heat of the afternoon. They lived in small villages or tribelets with no centralized political organization. Leaders were typically selected from the pool of men who headed the local Kuksu cult, but generally did not exercise day-to-day authority, being primarily responsible for settling internal disputes, and negotiating over matters arising between villages. The primary religious tradition of the Maidu revolved around the Kuksu cult, which was a central California religious cult system based on a male secret society and characterized by the Kuksu or "big head" dances. Besides the Maidu, this cult system was also followed by the Pomo and the Patwin among the Wintun. The Maidu spoke a language held by some authorities to be of the Penutian linguistic stock. While all Maidu spoke a form of this language, the grammar, syntax and vocabulary differed sufficiently that Maidu separated by large distances or by geographic features that discouraged travel might actually speak nearly mutually unintelligible dialects of the tongue. The Maidu inhabited areas in northeastern Sierra Nevada. This area and the sites they occupied contain many examples of rock art and petroglyphs. There is some confusion on whether this rock art and other site remains are from previous populations of peoples or from the Maidu people themselves. Regardless, the Maidu people incorporated these works into their cultural system, due to their beliefs that artifacts are real, living energies that are an integral part of their world. - Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians - Enterprise Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California - Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California - Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria - Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California - Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract) - Susanville Indian Rancheria - United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria - Honey Lake Maidu Tribe - KonKow Valley Band of Maidu Indians - Nevada City Rancheria - Strawberry Valley Band of Pakan'yani Maidu (aka Strawberry Valley Rancheria) - Tsi Akim Maidu Tribe of Taylorsville Rancheria - United Maidu Nation - Colfax-Todds Valley Consolidated Tribe of the Colfax Rancheria - Dalbert Castro – Nisenan - Frank Day – Konkow - Harry Fonseca – Nisenan - Judith Lowry – Mountain Maidu - Frank Tuttle – KonKow Maidu - Janice Gould – Konkow Maidu - Wallace Clark - Koyom'kawi yepom (traditional arts) Ninsenan Indian tribe - Jacob A Meders (artist)- Mechoopda- Konkow - "California Indians and their Reservations." SDSU Library and Information Access. - Robbins, John (2000-12-14). "ACTION: Native American human remains and associated funerary objects:". thefederalregister.com. Retrieved 2008-08-14. - Kroeber (1925:883) - Cook (1976:179) - Konkow Valley Band of Maidu - Strawberry Valley Rancheria - Frank Tuttle (Konkow Maidu, Yuki, Wailaki) - "Maidu Indian Legends." Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 30 Dec 2011. - Shipley, William. The Maidu Indian Myths and Stories of Hánc'ibyjim. 1991. (w/ forward by Gary Snyder) - Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley. - Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C. - Heizer, Robert F. 1966. Languages, Territories, and Names of California Indian Tribes. University of California Press, Berkeley. - Pritzker, Barry. 2000. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford University Press, New York. - Maidu Headmen with Treaty Commissioners, July/August 1851 - Maidu Indians and Treaty Commissioners; Original Image at George Eastman House. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maidu.|

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This category lists sites pertaining to the use of computer simulations of physical systems and numerical methods for solving physics equations. Related categories 3 A tool to create and edit coordinates and configurations for use in computational atomic and molecular sciences. A computation intelligence car evolution using physics. C programming course and tutorial A computational physics course based on the C programming language of the school of physics by Prof. Michael Ashley at the University of New South Wales. CCP2010 - Conference on Computational Physics Trondheim, Norway 23 - 26 June 2010 Center for Computational Physics - University of Tsukuba An inter-university research facility to function as a base to develop research in computational physics and parallel computer science. Computational Materials Science The department in the Faculty of Science and Technology at the University of Twente. Computational Physics Applets An applets collections of many physics phenomena. Computational Physics Resources A collection of resources on the web by Behrend College people. Computational Physics, Inc. A company founded to perform advanced scientific research and technology development in atmospheric and space physics. Essays on computational physics and modelling magnetic material. Software for simulating the Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction and for solving the travelling salesman problem. Computational Science Education Reference Desk Features models and lesson plans based around the use of scientific computing in science, math, and technology to help educators add inquiry based exercises to their classrooms. Computer Physics Communications Program Library A program library of the programs in computational physics and physical chemistry which are described in the journal Computer Physics Communications. Computer Simulation Laboratory Mathematical Modeling of Electromigration in thin film interconnects, Internal Friction spectrum. Conference on Computational Physics 2008 The conference will be held from August 5-8, 2008 and covers several fields of computational physics. DiLabio's Research Group Dispersion-correcting potentials for using density-functional theory methods to accurately and reliably model non-covalent interactions. Division of Computational Physics This branch of the American Physical Society is focused on computational physics. Flow Physics and Computational Engineering A group in the Mechanical Engineering department at Stanford University. FPCE is contributing new theories, models and computational tools for accurate engineering design analysis and control of complex flows. International Conference of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering Meeting to bring together computational scientists from several disciplines. Institute for the promotion of computational science. Large-scale Physics Application to Python Parallel processing systems used to perform molecular dynamics simulation, data analysis, and visualization. Describes a method of defining lattice geometries for use in computational physics. Lester Ingber's Archive Path integrals in nonlinear stochastic systems. Applications to nuclear physics, neocortex, combat simulations. Lindon's Scientific Computing Log A master of physics student's logged learning journey through scientific computation and programming on linux. Providing materials researchers with the information they need to design better, to accelerate innovation in materials research. Is a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation program tailored for effective calculation of ion ranges. Multigrid Contact Detection Integrates the idea of multigrid with contact detection problems. Detects potential physical contacts among all the objects in the system. Is a modelling Toolkit that contain a Particle-Particle nBody model, a visualiser to display the time evolution, and other utilities to assist in the development of nBody simulation. An object-oriented open-source finite-element library for the simulation of multi-physics problems. Introduction, download, documentation and example usage. [GPL] Open Source Physics Computational Resources for Teaching. Point Group Symmetry A site contains details of various point-group symmetries, their inter-relations and specific information regarding dipole-transition selection rules. Polygonal Contact Model A contact algorithm for multibody dynamics. A Practical Guide to Computer Simulations Practical aspects of conducting research via computer simulations are discussed. Quang Nguyen's Site Contains useful tools for analysing results of VASP calculations and a place to share knowledge with other scientists. Scientific Computing and Plasma Physics Blog Plasma modeling, rarefied gas dynamics, scientific computing, and data visualization articles with source codes and interactive demos. Is a Linux release put together by Fermilab, CERN, and various other labs and universities around the world ready tuned for experimenters. TOCSY - Toolbox for Complex Systems Provide a compilation of methods for nonlinear data analysis. University of Groningen, Computational Physics Group Research topics: quantum computing, time-resolved optical imaging, morphological image analysis, quantum Monte Carlo, nano-scale magnetism, chaos; in Netherlands. Other languages 1 Last update:June 19, 2016 at 14:22:01 UTC

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Explain the meaning of "Whatever is, is right," from Epistle 1 of Pope's An Essay on Man. I need general clarification of the big picture of Pope's meaning. Pope declares, "Whatever is, is right." Does he believe that even horrible things that happen all around are part of a larger plan, compelled by God, that is "right" in ways that we can't fully appreciate? Does he mean that wars or outbreaks are 'right' in a larger sense? Would he explain to a dying individual that what he is suffering is "right"? Would he explain that an individual who loses someone in car accident due to a drunk driver is 'right'? What is Pope really declaring here regarding what is right? 2 Answers | Add Yours It is essential, while trying to understand Pope's meaning in An Essay on Man, to understand what Pope is not talking about as much as it is to understand what he is talking about. First, using the one issue of war as an illustration of what he is not talking about, if you do a quick document search of Epistle 1 of An Essay on Man, you'll find that not once does Pope mention war. In other words, Pope is not addressing the atrocities of man's injustice to man or man's brutality to man, nor is he discussing a philosophical perspective on nature's horrific modes of robbing life from vital people. Pope is talking about a philosophical perspective on being a human being alive in a relationship with God and with nature; in other word, a philosophy of living. Pope orients readers to his discussion on his philosophy of being alive by introducing two of the three main points: What can we reason, but from what we know? / Of Man what see we, / ... / Thro' worlds unnumber'd tho' the God be known, / 'Tis ours to trace him only in our own. In this, Pope lays out the scope for two-thirds of his discussion: man and man's relationship to God. The third point, man's relationship to nature, is presented by Pope's lines: "Ask of thy mother earth, why oaks are made / Taller or stronger than the weeds they shade?" Through questioning "mother earth," Pope explores the relationship between man and nature. This he paints as a changeable and unpredictable one, with levels of chaotic arrangement in how man and nature relate: When the proud steed shall know why Man restrains / His fiery course, or drives him o'er the plains; / ... / Then shall Man's pride and dullness comprehend / ... / Why doing, suff'ring, check'd, impell'd; and why / This hour a slave, the next a deity. Elsewhere, Pope brings up natural calamities ("earthquakes swallow, ... tempests sweep"). Pope deepens his questioning of nature by asking if nature errs when death descends from the "livid sun" or when "towns" are taken to "the grave." The answer Pope presents is that the "first Almighty Cause" acts by "gener'l" not specific precepts, therefore calamities are not aimed at humankind, they are purely vagaries of "mother earth," and "mother earth" is not perfect: "And what [is] created perfect?" Pope's focus here is present a philosophical perspective of how to live with nature that is not perfect. In other words, the meaning in his final statement, "One truth is clear, "Whatever IS, is RIGHT," pertains to a philosophic perspective on how to live with God and nature, not to one explaining destruction and death. Pope's major points admonish comprehension of the majesty of God and the imperfect and impartial grandeur of nature, which he suggests will counter a tendency to complain and rail against Fortune: If nature ... / ... stunn'd him with the music of the spheres, How would he wish that Heav'n had left him still [alone]. He suggests that such an experience gives new understanding of being alive: Just as absurd, to mourn the tasks or pains ... / All are but parts of one stupendous whole, / Whose body, Nature is, and God the soul; Pope strives to persuade the reader: "say not Man's imperfect, Heav'n in fault; / Say rather, Man [is] as perfect as he ought." Pope's philosophical concern with life and living is summarized as: All Chance, Direction, which thou canst not see; / ... / All Discord, Harmony, not understood; / ... / One truth is clear, "Whatever IS, is RIGHT." Pope correctly identifies the only two mysteries of life, Nature and God. Neither can be understood only explored by the fancy of the individual in the light of imperfect reason. He has illuminated our quest and given us the only answer..."Whatever is, is right!" We’ve answered 327,651 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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George I (George Louis), 1660–1727, king of Great Britain and Ireland (1714–27); son of Sophia, electress of Hanover, and great-grandson of James I. He became (1698) elector of Hanover, fought in the War of the Spanish Succession, and in 1714 succeeded Queen Anne under the provisions of the Act of Settlement, becoming the first British sovereign of the house of Hanover. He was personally unpopular in England because of his German manners, his German mistresses (see Schulenburg, Ehrengard Melusina von der, duchess of Kendal), his treatment of his divorced wife, Sophia Dorothea, and his inability to speak English. George's dual role as elector of Hanover and king of England also raised problems; he spent much of his time in Hanover and was widely (although unjustly) believed to be indifferent to English affairs. Yet, despite the uprising of the Jacobites in 1715, his crown was never in danger, for he stood to Englishmen as the guarantee of the "revolution settlement" against a return of the Roman Catholic Stuarts. George's succession brought the Whigs to power, and the early years of his reign saw constant maneuvering for power among his ministers—the 1st Earl Stanhope, the 3d earl of Sunderland, Viscount Townshend, and Robert Walpole. The principal achievement of these years was the Quadruple Alliance of 1718, which provided an international guarantee of the Hanoverian succession and the status quo of the Peace of Utrecht (1713). Rising to power in the South Sea Bubble crisis, Walpole dominated the end of the reign, beginning his long tenure as virtual prime minister. George was succeeded by his son, George II. See biography by J. H. Plumb, The First Four Georges (1956); A. Redman, The House of Hanover (1960, repr. 1968); B. Williams, The Whig Supremacy, 1714–60 (2d ed. 1962); R. Hatton, George the First: Elector and King (1978). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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It would be very convenient to start this article by stating that corruption is a challenge mainly for public officials in developing countries and that it is unrelated to the current global crisis. I also wish I could claim that corruption has declined worldwide as a result of the global anti-corruption and awareness-raising campaign, the many effective anti-corruption commissions, and the recognition that poverty and culture are the reasons why corruption prevails. But none of it is true. For starters, corruption is not unique to developing countries, nor has it declined on average. Some developing countries, such as Chile and Botswana, exhibit lower levels of corruption than some fully industrialized nations. And countries like Colombia and Liberia have made gains in recent years, while others, such as Zimbabwe, have deteriorated. Bribery remains rife in many countries, totaling about $1 trillion globally every year. In truth, anti corruption commissions, revised laws and awareness-raising campaigns have had limited success. Focus on petty or administrative bribery has been misplaced at the expense of high-level political corruption. One neglected dimension of political corruption is “state capture,” or just “capture.” In this scenario, powerful companies (or individuals) bend the regulatory, policy and legal institutions of the nation for their private benefit. This is typically done through high-level bribery, lobbying or influence peddling. The cost to society of bribing a bureaucrat to obtain a permit to operate a small firm pales in comparison with, say, a telecommunications conglomerate that corrupts a politician to shape the rules of the game granting it monopolistic rights, or an investment bank influencing the regulatory and oversight regime governing them. As a country becomes industrialized, its governance and corruption challenges do not disappear. They simply morph and become more sophisticated: Transfer of a briefcase stashed with cash is less frequent. Instead, subtler forms of capture and “legal corruption” exist: an expectation of a future job for a regulator in a lobbying firm, or a campaign contribution with strings attached. In many countries this may be legal, even if unethical. In industrialized nations undue influence is often legally exercised by powerful private interests, which in turn influence the nation’s regulations, policies and laws. This has dire consequences: Witness the various forms of corruption underlying the current global financial crisis that started in the U.S. There are multiple causes of the financial crisis. But we can not ignore the element of “capture” in the systemic failures of oversight, regulation and disclosure in the financial sector. Concrete examples abound. First, the way Second, how AIG‘s Third, how giant mortgage lenders such as Countrywide Financial switched regulators so to fall under the lax oversight of the Office of Thrift Supervision, which was funded by fees paid by the regulated banks (and which also supervised AIG’s derivative unit). Fourth, how in April 2004, during a 55-minute-long meeting at the Securities and Exchange Commission, the largest investment banks persuaded the SEC to relax its regulatory stance and allow them to take on much larger amounts of debt. Finally, Madoff’s giant Ponzi scheme, some of which appears to be plain fraud, though system-wide irregularities also point to subtler forms of corruption and capture. Years ago the SEC knew that Madoff, who had served on the commission’s own advisory committee, had multiple violations and was misleading it in how he managed the funds of his customers. Yet the SEC failed in unmasking the Ponzi scheme. Consequently, the study of corruption ought to include acts that may be legal in a strict narrow sense but where the rules of the game have been bent. Would this broader view of corruption result in different corruption ratings? Absolutely. Let’s look at the U.S. Over the past few years, traditional measures of corruption, such as the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, have placed the U.S. among the least corrupt nations in the world, currently ranking No. 18 among 180 rated countries. In stark contrast, when in 2004 I calculated an index of “legally corrupt” manifestations (measured through the extent of undue influence through political finance and powerful firms influencing politicians and policy making), the U.S. rated in the bottom half among the 104 countries surveyed. Countries like the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark and Finland exhibited low levels of “legal corruption” (ranking Nos. 1 through 4, respectively). Yet the U.S. was rated 53rd, a few ranks below Italy. Chile rated 18th. Also rating better than the U.S. were countries like Botswana, Colombia and South Africa. Corruption and capture are important causes of the crisis. But it is also urgent to face up to the consequences of “new world order.” There is a rapid–unprecedented in peacetime–expansion in the role and scope of government in “market economies.” This new overarching role of government, taking place in the U.S. and other large economies, is occurring at five levels. First, the public sector is reshaping regulation; second, the government is becoming an owner of financial institutions; third, it is bailing out selected private concerns through a quick and massive infusion of funds; fourth, it is to provide almost a huge fiscal stimulus into infrastructure; and fifth, it intends to extend the social (and housing) safety net for millions of vulnerable citizens. There are governance and corruption risks in each of these areas. Lobbyists are already at the door. These new risks are not exclusive to the U.S., but apply to other G-7 countries: Russia and China, among others. With the U.S. leading, current global estimates of disbursed and planned bailout funds approach $3 trillion, while cumulative global plans for fiscal stimulus near $2 trillion. The new U.S. administration has stated its intention to address the challenges of transparency and accountability in its stimulus plan. The devil will be in the details. Merely creating an oversight institution will not do; system-wide reforms in incentives are required. Deep-seated transparency reforms need to be a cornerstone in the government’s plan, and should apply to U.S. public agencies as well as domestic and international financial institutions. Regulations supporting effective disclosure, as well as improved audit, accounting and risk-rating standards, should be preferred to restrictive regulatory controls that block innovation and growth. Humbly learning from other nations will also go a long way. The situation in the U.S. warrants studying other countries–for instance, Sweden and Chile, which successfully addressed their financial crises long ago. Chile also offers guidance on how to structure less corrupt and effective concessions in infrastructure, where the U.S. is a novice. In order to restore confidence, citizens, entrepreneurs and bankers need to have renewed trust in the financial system. That way they can be persuaded that it is no longer a giant Ponzi scheme. Transparency is the key. Daniel Kaufmann, a Chilean citizen, is senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, formerly director of governance at the World Bank. Read his blog at www.thekaufmannpost.net.

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National Forest water restoration, replenishment projects provide sustainable delivery to downstream users in California Release Date: Sep 18, 2013 VALLEJO, Calif. – The U.S. Forest Service, along with the Coca-Cola Company, National Forest Foundation and other partners, have two watershed-focused restoration projects planned for this fall in California. The Eldorado National Forest will conduct meadow restoration activities, Sept. 26, while the Angeles National Forest will host an invasive species removal event, Oct. 19. The combined efforts of these organizations, and other key collaborators like American Rivers and National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, will help restore watersheds that supply local communities. “We intend to build on existing partnerships and explore new ways to accomplish collaborative Ecological Restoration work,” said Randy Moore, Pacific Southwest Regional Forester. “We are focusing on restoration actions so that the land will be better able to adjust and thrive in the face of climate change and large scale disturbances such as fire, drought and insect and disease attacks.” Beginning on Sept. 26, the Forest Service and its partners will be revisiting a 2012 project that was completed at Indian Valley on the Eldorado National Forest. This “Return to Indian Valley” restoration project, which will involve volunteers planting willows and various handwork, is an example of how the partnership continues to give back to the local communities. The project offers volunteers a chance to return to the project site and see the fruits of their labor. Indian Valley is in the headwaters of the Mokelumne River Watershed. The watershed accounts for 94 percent of the East Bay Municipal Utility District water supply impacting much of Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, which includes Coca-Cola’s San Leandro bottling facility. This project enables Coca Cola to restore and replenish the water they use for their products, while helping the Forest Service and NFWF restore natural habitats. “As a leading catalyst for meadow restoration across the Sierra, American Rivers is excited to advance a strong partnership to show how restoration improves water supply and river health,” said Luke Hunt, director of headwaters conservation, American Rivers. “With roughly a quarter of meadows in the Mokelumne watershed in need of restoration, this project is an excellent step forward.” Less than one month later, on Oct. 19, an Invasive Species Removal project will take place on the Angeles National Forest. Volunteers from Coca Cola’s Los Angeles facility will spend the day assisting NFF and Forest Service staff in the manual removal of invasive plants in Big Tujunga Canyon that impact riparian areas by stealing water from native vegetation. Restoring natural habitats and replenishing water is vital for this forest’s project site because approximately 13 million people live within an hour’s drive of the Angeles National Forest. The Los Angeles Basin relies on the forest for 33 percent of their drinking water and 72 percent of their open space. This project is an extension of the restoration work that the NFF has been implementing on the Angeles National Forest as part of their Treasured Landscapes, Unforgettable Experiences conservation campaign. “The National Forest Foundation is thrilled to continue our partnership with Coca-Cola to accomplish this important work on the backyard national forest of Los Angeles,” said Bill Possiel, president of the National Forest Foundation. “This project reflects Coca-Cola’s stewardship toward achieving water balance through diverse, locally-focused community water projects,” said Tim Heinen, vice president of field operations for Coca-Cola. “By 2020, we are on track to safely return to communities and nature an amount of water equal to what we use in our finished beverages and their production.” The projects follow the formal signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Coca-Cola, which occurred Sept. 13, at the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in Wilmington, Ill. The MOU enhances the existing premier water stewardship partnership between Coca-Cola, NFF and the Forest Service. The Forest Service, NFF and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, began working with Coca-Cola in 2011, as they began to expand partnerships to restore watersheds and forested lands across the U.S. Coca-Cola is pursuing water replenishment goals, while the Forest Service, NFF and the NFWF are ensuring healthier ecosystems and an ample, clean, drinking water supply. From 2012-2013, Coca-Cola will have invested more than $600,000 in six different restoration projects within the National Forest System, with investments being leveraged by the National Forest Foundation, which has committed more than $200,000 in 2013. Additionally, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation also invested $150,000 in 2012 on two restoration projects. “We are very pleased to have received such generous contributions from Coca-Cola and the National Forest Foundation,” Moore said. “These partners and others, such as American Rivers, make these efforts possible.” For more information: Indian Valley Meadow Restoration Project: http://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/r5/workingtogether/?cid=stelprdb5390138&width=full Coca-Cola’s 2013 Water Stewardship Replenish Report: Big Tujunga Canyon Restoration Neither the U.S. Government nor USDA Forest Service endorses or recommends any commercial products, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise. The views and opinions of individuals expressed in this [video/article/media release] do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or USDA Forest Service. USDA Forest Service’s participation in this [video/article/media release] does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or USDA Forest Service. Produced in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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Whether right or for wrong, the human brain is often compared to a computer, and vice-versa. They both receive data, process it, store it, and output new data. Unlike computers, however, the human brain doesn’t crash. Yes, people have nervous breakdowns, but that has more to do with psychological stress than with data management. Now, researchers from Yale University have figured out why our brains succeed where computers fail. The research team compared the genome of E coli bacteria with the Linux operating system. Both of the control networks, it turns out, are arranged in hierarchies. In E coli, the molecular networks are arranged in a pyramid. A limited number of master regulatory genes sit at the top, controlling a wide range of specialized functions beneath them. By contrast, Linux is more like an inverted pyramid - numerous routines are at the top, controlling a few generic functions at the bottom. This is because software engineers save time and money by building on existing routines, instead of starting systems from scratch. Such an approach makes the system vulnerable to breakdowns, however, as even simple changes to a generic routine can be very disruptive. To minimize problems, the generic components need to be continually fine-tuned by software designers. The Yale scientists noted that in a living organism, generic components that need to be constantly updated would not be a good survival trait. Instead, over billions of years of evolution, the E coli bacteria has evolved many highly specialized modules. Together, these modules are ready to handle most eventualities, resulting in a much more robust network.

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Note: This article is a sidebar to one of this issue's feature stories. The hefty chinook salmon, also known as the king salmon, often exceeds 30 pounds. In 1949, a 126-pound chinook salmon was caught near Petersburg, Alaska. It remains the largest chinook on record. In the past 25 years, the number of chinook caught in Washington's ocean fisheries has dropped by 96 percent - from 560,000 a year to 23,000. In the Puget Sound, the annual catch has fallen 70 percent. Like all species of Pacific salmon, chinook hatch in fresh water, spend part of their life in the ocean, and then swim upstream to spawn in fresh water, where each female deposits between 3,000 and 14,000 eggs in several gravel nests. All chinooks die after spawning. Adult chinook are most commonly four to five years old, but some males reach maturity by the age of two or three. These precocious males are known as "jacks' and are typically smaller than other adults. Chinook are the most "piscivorous' of Pacific salmon, meaning that they eat the most fish. While in fresh water, they eat mostly insects and plankton; in the ocean, they eat squid, crustaceans and fish such as herring and pilchard.

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Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This perennial plant is up to 6" tall (rarely taller), consisting of a basal rosette of leaves and an erect stem bearing the inflorescence. Species in this genus are dioecious, with individual plants bearing either staminate (male) or pistallate (female) flowers. The basal leaves are up to 3½" long and 2" across; they are obovate in shape with long petioles and their margins are smooth. Mature basal leaves have 3-5 conspicuous veins. The upper surfaces of these leaves are light to medium green and glabrous to appressed-hairy, while their lower surfaces are whitish green and densely appressed-hairy. Sometimes basal leaves become more glabrous with age. During the spring, a central stem develops from the basal leaves. This central stem is densely covered with appressed white hairs; along its length, there are a few alternate leaves. These leaves clasp the stem and they are erect or ascending. Individual alternate leaves are up to 1½" long, narrowly lanceolate or elliptic in shape, and smooth to undulate; they tend to be more hairy than the basal leaves. At the apex of the central stem is a small cluster of about 3-6 staminate or pistillate flowerheads. The flowerheads are about ¼–½" long and a little less across; they have phyllaries (floral bracts) at their bases that are light green and hairy, otherwise they consist of white disk florets. The staminate florets have brownish tubular anthers, while the pistillate florets are fluffy white from an abundance of styles. The blooming period occurs during mid- to late spring, lasting about 2-3 weeks. There is no noticeable floral scent. While the flowers are capable of cross-pollination by means of either wind or insects, they are also capable of self-pollination. Afterwards, the florets are replaced by achenes that resemble small brown nutlets with white resinous dots, to which small tufts of white hair are attached. They are distributed by the wind. The flower-bearing part of the plant dies down during the summer, but the rosette of basal leaves persists. Occasionally, this plant forms stolons that can take root a short distance from the mother plant, forming clonal offsets. There is a strong tendency to form colonies, sometimes consisting of all staminate or pistillate plants. Cultivation: The preference is full sun to light shade and average to dry conditions. This plant often flourishes in poor soil that contains sand, rocky material, or clay. Young growth during the spring is rarely bothered by disease, although the semi-evergreen basal leaves often become discolored and withered with age. Range & Habitat: Plantain-Leaved Pussytoes has been found in most of the counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is both native and common. Habitats include hill prairies, openings in upland forests, wooded slopes, bluffs, limestone glades, areas along woodland paths, disturbed open woodlands, thickets, pastures, and abandoned fields. Both sandy and non-sandy areas can provide suitable habitat. This little plant favors areas with reduced ground competition that are partially sunny. Occasional wildfires are probably beneficial as this reduces competition from woody vines and shrubs. Faunal Associations: The flowers are visited primarily by small bees and flies. Among the bees, this includes Andrenid bees, Halictid bees, and cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), while fly visitors consist primarily of Syrphid flies and, to a lesser extent, flesh flies, blow flies, Muscid flies, and others. Insects that feed on Plantain-leaved Pussytoes and other Antennaria spp. (Pussytoes) include larvae of the fly Chromatomyia syngenesiae (Chrysanthemum Leafminer), gall-forming larvae of the flies Aspondylia antennariae (Everlasting Bud Midge) and Rhopalomyia antennariae (Pussytoes Bud Midge), larvae of Tebenna gnaphaliella (Everlasting Tebenna Moth), caterpillars of the butterfly Vanessa virginiensis (American Painted Lady), and the aphid Pleotrichophorus antennarius. To a limited extent, the Bobwhite Quail eats the seeds, while the White-Tailed Deer and Cottontail Rabbit browse on the foliage. Photographic Location: The photograph of the pistillate flowerheads was taken along a woodland path at Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois, while the remaining photographs were taken at a hilly woodland in east-central Illinois. Comments: Plantain-leaved Pussytoes can be readily distinguished from Antennaria neglecta (Field Pussytoes) by its basal leaves. The latter species has basal leaves that are single-veined and more narrow. Field Pussytoes is also more typical of open habitats, rather than woodland areas. Because Plantain-leaved Pussytoes is a rather variable species, it is often divided into different varieties or subspecies; some authorities even divide it into different species (Mohlenbrock, 2002). These distinctions take into consideration the length of phyllaries (floral bracts) in pistillate (female) plants, and the hairiness or shape of the basal leaves. No attempt has been made to make such fine distinctions here. Some authorities state that these plants are wind-pollinated, while others emphasize the role of insects in cross-pollination.

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Judaism: Weekly Tanya Lecture: Chap. 6, Part I HaRav Shneur Zalman MiliadiRav Shneur Zalman (September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812) of Liadi, was... In the previous chapters the Alter Rebbe discussed the divine soul; its ten faculties — three intellectual and seven emotional — and its three garments by which it expresses itself, namely, the thought, speech and action of Torah and the mitzvot. He explained that the garments of the divine soul are actually on a higher level than the soul itself, inasmuch as Torah and G‑d are one, and that by “clothing” itself in these garments, i.e., by studying the Torah and by performing the mitzvot, the soul is united with G‑d. This is particularly true of Torah study, in which the soul both embraces and is embraced by the G‑dliness contained in Torah. In ch. 6 the Alter Rebbe begins to discuss the animal soul. He explains that its structure exactly parallels that of the divine soul; it too has ten faculties and three garments; only, unlike the divine soul, the substance of the animal soul iskelipah, and its faculties and garments are impurity. By clothing itself in these garments the animal soul descends to an even lower state of impurity. Concerning the concept of kelipah, we have noted in ch. 1 that al- though all existence was created by and receives its life from G‑dliness, yet, in order that man be able to choose between good and evil, and that he earn his reward by serving his Creator by his own effort, G‑d created forces of impurity which conceal the G‑dliness in all of creation. These forces are called kelipah (plural:kelipot), literally meaning “shells” or “peels”: Just as the shell conceals the fruit, so do the forces of kelipah conceal the G‑dliness in every created being. There are two categories in kelipot: kelipat nogah (lit. “a kelipah [inclusive] of light”), and “the three unclean kelipot.” The first category, kelipat nogah, contains some measure of good. It is thus an intermediary level between the realms of good and evil, and whatever receives its vitality via the concealing screen of this kelipah may be utilized for either good or evil. To this category belong all permitted physical objects; they may be used for a mitzvah and ascend thereby to the realm of holiness, or they may be used sinfully, G‑d forbid, and thereby be further degraded. The second category — consisting of the “three impure kelipot” — is wholly evil. Whatever receives its vitality via the concealment of this type of kelipahcannot be transformed into holiness, nor, in some cases, may it even be used in the service of holiness. To this category belong all forbidden physical objects; whether forbidden only for consumption, in which case they cannot be transformed into holiness but they may serve it, or whether forbidden for any form of benefit, in which case they cannot even serve any holy purpose. והנה זה לעומת זה עשה אלקים 1“The Almighty has created one thing opposite the other.” Everything in the realm of holiness has its counterpart in kelipah. In our context, the animal soul, with its faculties and garments, is the counterpart (inkelipah) of the divine soul, with its faculties and garments. כי, כמו שנפש האלקית כלולה מעשר ספירות קדושות ומתלבשת בשלשה לבושים קדושים Just as the divine soul consists of ten holy [faculties, which correspond to the Ten Supernal] Sefirot, and is clothed in three holy garments, i.e., the thought, speech and action of Torah and the mitzvot, כך הנפש דסטרא אחרא מקליפות נוגה המלובשת בדם האדם so, too, the soul of sitra achra (defined further in this chapter) derived from kelipat nogah, which is clothed in man’s blood — as explained in ch. 1, the animal soul is clothed in the blood, and thereby animates the body — this soul too כלולה מעשר כתרין דמסאבותא consists of ten2 “crowns of impurity,” i.e., the faculties of kelipah, called “crowns” in kabbalistic terminology. שהן שבע מדות רעות These ten faculties are: seven evil middot (seven emotional traits), e.g., lust, the equivalent in kelipah of the middah of Chesed (“kindness”); anger, which expresses the middah of Gevurah (“severity”); boastfulness, the equivalent of Tiferet (“beauty”); and so forth, הבאות מארבעה יסודות רעים הנזכרים לעיל which stem from the four evil elements mentioned above (in ch. 1), Spiritual entities have their “elements” as physical objects do; in this case evil elements, since this is a soul of kelipah. ושכל המולידן הנחלק לשלש, שהן חכמה בינה ודעת, מקור המדות and the intellect (seichel) which gives birth to these [seven evil middot], which is subdivided into three, viz., Chochmah, Binah and Daat, the source of themiddot. כי המדות הן לפי ערך השכל The intellectual faculties are described as the source of the evil middot for the middot are commensurate with the quality of one’s intellect. כי הקטן חושק ואוהב דברים קטנים פחותי הערך, לפי ששכלו קטן וקצר להשיג דברים יקרים יותר מהם A child desires and loves (i.e., he expresses his middah of Chesed towards) petty things of little value, for his intellect is too immature and deficient to appreciate more valuable things. וכן מתכעס ומתקצף מדברים קטנים, וכן בהתפארות ושאר מדות Similarly with regard to the middah of Gevurah: he is angered and vexed by trivial things, and likewise with regard to boastfulness (which expresses the middah ofTiferet), and other middot. This correlation between middot and intellect indicates that the intellect affects the nature and expression of middot, and for this reason, the three intellectual faculties are said to be the source of the seven middot.3 ועשר בחינות אלו הטמאות, כשאדם מחשב בהן או מדבר או עושה Now these ten unclean categories, when a person thinks [thoughts originating from] them (e.g., when he thinks of ways of obtaining something he desires), or speakswords originating from them or does an act which serves or expresses them, הרי מחשבתו שבמוחו ודבורו שבפיו וכח המעשה שבידיו ושאר איבריו, נקראים לבושי מסאבו לעשר בחינות אלו הטמאות then the thought in his brain, the words in his mouth and the power of action in his hands and other organs, are called “impure garments” for these ten unclean categories, שמתלבשות בהן בשעת מעשה או דבור או מחשבה which clothe themselves in these garments, during the act, speech or thought. But what sort of thoughts, words and action are the “garments” of the animal soul? Earlier, in ch. 4, we learned that the divine soul has specific thoughts, etc., in which it clothes itself, namely, thought, speech and action in matters of Torah and the mitzvot. Are we then to understand that the animal soul, too, has specific garments — sinful thoughts, words or actions, perhaps? Not so, states the Alter Rebbe presently. All thoughts, words and acts that are not directed toward G‑d and the service of G‑d, even though they are not actually sinful, are garments of the kelipah, and hence, of the animal soul. In his words: והן הם כל המעשים אשר נעשים תחת השמש These garments of the animal soul comprise all the deeds that are done under the sun (i.e., all mundane actions), אשר הכל הבל ורעות רוח, וכמו שכתוב בזהר בשלח, שהן תבירו דרוחא כו׳ which are all4 “vanity and an affliction of the spirit,” as the Zohar5 (Parshat Beshallach) interprets this: “a ruination of the spirit [of holiness].” וכן כל הדבורים וכל המחשבות אשר לא לה׳ המה ולרצונו ולעבודתו Similarly, all words and all thoughts that are not directed to G‑d and to His Will and His service are all garments for the animal soul. שזהו פירוש לשון סטרא אחרא פירוש: צד אחר, שאינו צד הקדושה For this is the meaning of the term sitra achra — literally “the other side,” i.e., not the side of holiness. Thus, whatever does not belong to the realm of holiness is sitra achra. But what, in fact, does the realm of holiness encompass? וצד הקדושה אינו אלא השראה והמשכה מקדושתו של הקדוש ברוך הוא The side of holiness is nothing but the indwelling and extension of G‑d’s holiness. 1.Kohelet 7:14. See Zohar III, 47b. 2 Ibid. 41a; 70a. 3 Comparison of the Alter Rebbe’s description here of the faculties of the animal soul, with his description — in ch. 3 — of the divine soul, yields several significant differences. In ch. 3 theseichel faculties are given first; here middot precede seichel. In both cases the seichel is said to be the source of middot; yet, whereas in ch. 3 this is explained to mean that seichel “gives birth” tomiddot, here it is stated only that middot are “commensurate” with the quality of seichel. These variations arise from the fundamental difference between the nature of the divine soul and of the animal soul. The divine soul is essentially intellective (wherefore it is called Adam, which, of the various Hebrew words for “man”, means “man, the intelligent being”). Its middot actually arise out of the seichel; i.e., its emotions of love and fear of G‑d stem from the seichel’s contemplation of His greatness. The animal soul, on the other hand, is essentially and instinctively passionate. It inclines naturally towards physical pleasures, and need not ponder their desirability in order to desire them. Here, the seichel serves merely to steer and channel the development of middot.Therefore the general quality of its middot reflects, and is commensurate with, the general state of its seichel.

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Anti-Soviet Movements in 1956 death destabilised the Iron Curtain countries. In 1956, Khrushchev faced crises in two countries which Poland, a number of political prisoners were set free. At the same time, a bad harvest led to unrest. workers led a protest of people calling for ‘Cheap Bread’ and ‘Higher Wages’. When the police shot some of the marchers, there was a riot. Government officials were killed. Mr Gomulka, (who had been in prison) took power. sent Russian troops into Poland to put down the rebels. But he left Gomulka in power – Gomulka continued the process of destalinisation, but he kept Poland loyal to Russia and the Warsaw Pact. At the Writers' Congress in 1956, several authors criticized the political repression in , and on May Day of 1956 held demonstrations in Prague and Bratislava, demanding freedom of speech and access to the Western press. Novotny, suppressed the movement and reinforced a hard-line Stalinist loving your country. where the government controls what the newspapers/ radio etc. say. an early form of fax, connecting typewriters down a telephone line. did the Polish Uprising of 1956 fail? basic cause of the Hungarian revolution was that the Hungarians hated were poor, yet much of the food and industrial goods they produced was sent to Russia. Hungarians were very patriotic, and they hated Russian control – which included censorship, the vicious secret police (called the AVH after 1948) and Russian control of what the schools taught. Hungarians were religious, but the Communist Party had banned religion, and put the leader of the Catholic Church in prison. from the West thought that the United Nations or the new US president, Eisenhower, would help them. the Communist Party tried to destalinise Hungary, things got out of Hungarian leader Rakosi asked for permission to arrest 400 trouble-makers, but Khrushchev would not let him. Revolution web sites: Security briefing - an American site The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian revolution - v. detailed and - Giles Hill on the Hungarian Revolution 23 October, there were riots of students, workers and soldiers. They smashed up the statue of Stalin, and attacked the AVH and 24 October, Imre Nagy took over as Prime Minister. He asked Khrushchev to take out the Russian troops. 28 October, Khrushchev agreed, and the Russian army pulled out of Budapest. October – 3 November: The new Hungarian government introduced democracy, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion (the leader of the Catholic Church was freed from prison). Nagy also announced that Hungary was going to leave the Warsaw Pact. November, at dawn, 1000 Russian tanks rolled into Budapest. By 8.10 am they had destroyed the Hungarian army and captured Hungarian Radio – its last words broadcast were ‘Help! Hungarian people – even children – fought them with machine 4000 Hungarians killed fighting the Russians. are notoriously hard for historians. Western textbooks published before 1989 said that the Russians killed 30,000 Since the end of the Cold War in 1989, Russian and Hungarian documents have come to light which have led historians to revise the figure to c.4000 Hungarians killed fighting the Russians, and up to 300 Khrushchev put in Janos Kadar, a supporter of Russia, as Prime are quiet, not afraid. Send the news to the world and say it should condemn the The fighting is very close now and we haven’t enough guns. is the United Nations doing? Give us a little help. We will hold out to our last drop of blood. The tanks are firing now. . . last message – a telex from a newspaper journalist – from Hungary. were FIVE reasons why Khrushchev acted harshly in Hungary: decision to leave the Warsaw Pact – Russia was determined to keep its ‘buffer’ of states. asked Russia to act to stop Communism being damaged. had obviously lost control; Hungary was not destalinising – it was in Russia forced Khrushchev to act. thought, correctly, that the West would not help Hungary. TWO reasons why the West did not help and France were involved in the Suez crisis in Egypt. did not think Hungary worth a world war. When the UN suggested an investigation, Russia used its veto to stop Hungarian refugees fled into Austria. stayed in control behind the Iron Curtain – no other country tried to get rid of Russia troops until Czechoslovakia in 1968. in the West were horrified – many British Communists left the West realised it could do nothing about the Iron Curtain countries – but this made Western leaders even more determined to ‘contain’ A British cartoon from the time. Communist Hammer and Sickle emblem on the soldier's helmet. wreath from the United Nations with the label: 'Help for Hungary - a resolution from UNO [United Nations organisation]'. What is the cartoon saying? made the Hungarian revolution so heart-rending was the desperate bravery of the rebels. One journalist found a little girl of 12, dead, armed with a machine gun. Russian invasion of Hungary: Budapest in 1956 the Hungarian uprising has been crushed by Russian tanks and the city was in ruins. On buildings, government posters show the friendly assistance given to Hungary by the Soviet Union. men meet on the street. know come to think of it, we Hungarians are very lucky people.' What? You don’t mean you’ve become one of them?' no, but just think. The Russians came here as friends. Imagine what they’d have done if they came here as enemies!' Study Source B. Discuss as a class: 'The West was responsible for the deaths in Hungary, not the Why was Hungary a so-much-more bloody affair than Poland?

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Melanoma (malignant melanoma) Melanoma is a malignant tumour of the pigment-forming cells of the skin, the melanocytes. Fortunately, malignant melanoma is far less common than basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), which are termed as non-melanocytic skin cancers. The incidence of melanoma is rising and Queensland has the highest rate of melanoma in the world. Melanoma has the ability to spread throughout the body, making them the most deadly form of skin cancer. Approximately 5 to 10% of people who have this skin cancer will die as a result of it but fortunately this percentage is becoming smaller because general practitioners and specialists are now able to recognise the very early and subtle changes in moles which might signal the start of a melanoma. If a melanoma is removed in the early stages, the risk of dying from it is extremely low. People more likely to develop melanoma are those with large numbers of moles (naevi) and those who burn easily and tan poorly. People who have had excessive, intermittent sun exposure producing sunburns are also thought to be at increased risk. Statistics also show that family members of people with melanomas have an increased risk of developing melanomas themselves. Surprisingly, people who work inside are slightly more at risk for melanoma than outdoor workers. There are various types of melanoma. They usually present somewhere on the visible skin although scalp melanomas do occur, as do melanomas in areas never exposed to the sun. Melanomas may less commonly affect the conjunctivae, which is the membrane covering the outer lining of the eye, the lining of the mouth and the vulva. The best treatment for melanoma is surgical excision. Melanomas must be removed before they spread throughout the body. Once they spread, none of the current treatments available are effective although there are many new treatments being tested, such as melanoma vaccines. A suspected melanoma must be removed, ideally in its entirety, so the whole lesion can be examined by a histopathologist and the diagnosis confirmed. Following removal of the tumour it is important that patients are examined in order to discover any changes in lymph glands which may indicate recurrence or spread of the melanoma. People who have had one melanoma are at increased risk of developing other melanoma, so they should have skin checks yearly or use a service such as Molemap. Family members should also be warned that they too may have a slightly increased risk of melanoma. For further information download the booklet from The Cancer Council.

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Stopping Illegally Caught Fish at the Dock How the Port State Measures Agreement will curb illegal fishing Can one international treaty help reverse years of rampant and widespread disregard for fisheries laws and policies? We believe the answer is yes, but a treaty is only as good as the parties that ratify and enforce it. The treaty in question is the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, commonly called the Port State Measures Agreement, or the PSMA. Adopted in 2009 by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, or FAO, the treaty requires parties to exert greater port controls on foreign-flagged vessels, and as a result to keep illegal, unreported, and unregulated, or IUU, fish out of the world's markets by removing the incentive for dishonest fishing operators to continue their illegal activities. But the PSMA will take effect only after 25 parties have ratified it. (For a current list of port States that have ratified the treaty.) Signatories to the PSMA should confirm their commitment to ending illegal fishing by ratifying, accepting, or approving the treaty now. Countries that did not sign the treaty can accede to it at anytime. How port controls help combat IUU fishing IUU fishers rely on a range of tactics and loopholes in international law to get their product to the market, but ports known for lax law enforcement or limited inspection capacity are a prime pathway for unethical fishermen to get their catch from ship to shelf. By ratifying the PSMA, signatories send a clear message that their ports are no longer open for the landing of illegal catch. Port States enforcing the treaty will refuse port entry or access to port services, including landing and transshipment of fish, to foreign-flagged vessels known to have engaged in IUU fishing. Such vessels, if entering into port, will be subject to immediate inspection under the agreement, and the results of the inspection will be communicated to other relevant States and organizations to facilitate cooperation in enforcement actions. As a result, IUU fishers will have fewer and fewer ports where they can offload their illegal catch. The benefits of becoming a party to the Port State Measures Agreement There are numerous benefits to becoming a party to the PSMA. Among them are: - Boosting fisheries sustainability: The treaty's principal objective is to support sustainable fisheries for the long term, which in turn ensures the sustainability of the marine environment. IUU fishing negatively affects fisheries management and increases damage caused to stock health from overfishing. - Cost-effectiveness: At-sea patrols and aerial surveillance are necessary but expensive ways to establish and maintain fisheries monitoring, control, and surveillance. Port controls are relatively inexpensive in comparison, and a particularly useful way of detecting illicit activity by monitoring foreign-flagged vessels that come to port to offload their catch. - Transparency and information sharing: The treaty establishes the need for the development of a global information-sharing mechanism to facilitate the exchange of information on port controls and IUU activity. Effective information sharing across national and regulatory boundaries is essential to successfully combat IUU fishing. - Capacity building: The PSMA acknowledges the special requirements of developing States and asserts that parties shall provide technical and financial assistance to those that become party to the treaty. In fact, the treaty call for creating a specialized body to manage such assistance. This will support the successful implementation of the treaty, enabling developing port States to boost capacity to more quickly recognize IUU fishing in their regions and take adequate enforcement action. To learn more about the Port State Measures Agreement, including how to become a party to the treaty, download the full report.

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June 9, 2008 Space Station Ready to Flex Japanese Robotic Arm story was updated at 12:37 p.m. EDT. HOUSTON -- Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) successfully flexed and folded a fledgling robotic arm Monday to check the external reach of the outpost's new Japanese lab. shuttle astronauts extended the six-jointed arm of Japan's newly installed billion-dollar Kibo laboratory out to its full 33-foot (10-meter) length before tucking it away for future tests. such a pretty view," Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide told Japan's mission controllers at the Tsukuba Space Center today after reaching out with Kibo's robotic limb. NASA spaceflyer Karen Nyberg inched the arm through its first twitches on Saturday, when they moved it slightly to clear space so two spacewalkers could remove insulation covers and unlock a window at the end of Japan's 37-foot (11-meter) Kibo lab. But their test today with station astronaut Gregory Chamitoff marked the first large deployment of the new quite dramatic," said Annette Hasbrook, lead station flight director for Discovery's flight, in a Sunday briefing here at NASA's Johnson Space Center. "It'll practically extend all the way out, and then move down and fold in on robotic arm weighs about 1,719 pounds (780 kg) and can haul objects as massive as 15,432 pounds (7,000 kg). It launched with its Kibo parent module aboard the shuttle Discovery on May 31. The shuttle's seven-astronaut crew, commanded by veteran astronaut Mark Kelly, is due to return to Earth Saturday after wrapping up the new lab's installation aboard going to move around, not like the station arm," said Hoshide, representing the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in a NASA interview before flight. "It's going to sit there." station's 57-foot (17-meter) Canadarm2 robotic arm can crawl from one spot to another outside the orbiting lab's hull like an inchworm. robotic arm is built solely for manipulating experiments on the laboratory's porch-like platform slated to be launched aboard a NASA shuttle next year, Hoshide said. A smaller Japanese robotic arm, to be used for finer actions, is also planned for launch later. flex and fold exercises will set the stage for five more shakedown tests in the coming months by the space station's three-man Expedition 17 crew. The final test is expected to end in the Japanese robotic limb's first grapple onto an attachment point outside the station. the opportunity to see that arm to do its thing several times over the summer," said space station flight director Emily Nelson early Monday. to the robotic arm tests, all 10 astronauts aboard the docked station and shuttle are expected to discuss their mission with reporters on Earth later also expected to reopen the Kibo's storage room, a squat 14-foot (4.4-meter) room that was moved to laboratory's rooftop berth on Friday. The attic-like storage space has no defined use, and can serve as an extra closet for space-starved astronauts aboard the station. imagine how full your house gets as you go through life, but you can never have a garage sale or very infrequently take things away," Nelson said. "This will provide some much needed storage space." broadcasting the planned launch of Discovery's STS-124 mission live on NASA TV on Saturday. Click here for SPACE.com's shuttle mission updates and NASA TV feed. Video: Moving Day for Station's Kibo Attic Video: Grand Opening for Station's Kibo Lab Liftoff! Discovery Launches Into Space

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January 28, 2005 Sickening Solar Flares Pose Threat to Astronauts The biggest solar proton storm in 15 years erupted last week. NASA researchers discuss what it might have done to someone on the Moon. [email protected] -- NASA is returning to the Moon -- not just robots, but people. In the decades ahead we can expect to see habitats, greenhouses and power stations up there. Astronauts will be out among the moondust and craters, exploring, prospecting, building. Last week, though, there were no humans walking around on the Moon. On January 20th, 2005, a giant sunspot named "NOAA 720" exploded. The blast sparked an X-class solar flare, the most powerful kind, and hurled a billion-ton cloud of electrified gas (a "coronal mass ejection") into space. Solar protons accelerated to nearly light speed by the explosion reached the Earth-Moon system minutes after the flare -- the beginning of a days-long "proton storm."Here on Earth, no one suffered. Our planet's thick atmosphere and magnetic field protects us from protons and other forms of solar radiation. In fact, the storm was good. When the plodding coronal mass ejection arrived 36 hours later and hit Earth's magnetic field, sky watchers in Europe saw the brightest and prettiest auroras in years: gallery. The Moon is a different story. "The Moon is totally exposed to solar flares," explains solar physicist David Hathaway of the Marshall Space Flight Center. "It has no atmosphere or magnetic field to deflect radiation." Protons rushing at the Moon simply hit the ground -- or whoever might be walking around outside. The Jan. 20th proton storm was by some measures the biggest since 1989. It was particularly rich in high-speed protons packing more than 100 million electron volts (100 MeV) of energy. Such protons can burrow through 11 centimeters of water. A thin-skinned spacesuit would have offered little resistance. "An astronaut caught outside when the storm hit would've gotten sick," says Francis Cucinotta, NASA's radiation health officer at the Johnson Space Center. At first, he'd feel fine, but a few days later symptoms of radiation sickness would appear: vomiting, fatigue, low blood counts. These symptoms might persist for days. Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS), by the way, were safe. The ISS is heavily shielded, plus the station orbits Earth inside our planet's protective magnetic field. "The crew probably absorbed no more than 1 rem," says Cucinotta. One rem, short for Roentgen Equivalent Man, is the radiation dose that causes the same injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of x-rays. A typical dental x-ray, for example, delivers about 0.1 rem. So, for the crew of the ISS, the Jan. 20th proton storm was like 10 trips to the dentist -- scary, but no harm done. On the Moon, Cucinotta estimates, an astronaut protected by no more than a space suit would have absorbed about 50 rem of ionizing radiation. That's enough to cause radiation sickness. "But it would not have been fatal," he adds. To die, you'd need to absorb, suddenly, 300 rem or more. The key word is suddenly. You can get 300 rem spread out over a number of days or weeks with little effect. Spreading the dose gives the body time to repair and replace its own damaged cells. But if that 300 rem comes all at once ... "we estimate that 50% of people exposed would die within 60 days without medical care," says Cucinotta. Such doses from a solar flare are possible. To wit: the legendary solar storm of August 1972. It's legendary (at NASA) because it happened during the Apollo program when astronauts were going back and forth to the Moon regularly. At the time, the crew of Apollo 16 had just returned to Earth in April while the crew of Apollo 17 was preparing for a moon-landing in December. Luckily, everyone was safely on Earth when the sun went haywire. "A large sunspot appeared on August 2, 1972, and for the next 10 days it erupted again and again," recalls Hathaway. The spate of explosions caused, "a proton storm much worse than the one we've just experienced," adds Cucinotta. Researchers have been studying it ever since. Cucinotta estimates that a moonwalker caught in the August 1972 storm might have absorbed 400 rem. Deadly? "Not necessarily," he says. A quick trip back to Earth for medical care could have saved the hypothetical astronaut's life. Surely, though, no astronaut is going to walk around on the Moon when there's a giant sunspot threatening to explode. "They're going to stay inside their spaceship (or habitat)," says Cucinotta. An Apollo command module with its aluminum hull would have attenuated the 1972 storm from 400 rem to less than 35 rem at the astronaut's blood-forming organs. That's the difference between needing a bone marrow transplant "¦ or just a headache pill. Modern spaceships are even safer. "We measure the shielding of our ships in units of areal density--or grams per centimeter-squared," says Cucinotta. Big numbers, which represent thick hulls, are better: The hull of an Apollo command module rated 7 to 8 g/cm2. A modern space shuttle has 10 to 11 g/cm2. The hull of the ISS, in its most heavily shielded areas, has 15 g/cm2. Future moonbases will have storm shelters made of polyethelene and aluminum possibly exceeding 20 g/cm2. A typical space suit, meanwhile, has only 0.25 g/cm2, offering little protection. "That's why you want to be indoors when the proton storm hits," says Cucinotta. But the Moon beckons and when explorers get there they're not going to want to stay indoors. A simple precaution: Like explorers on Earth, they can check the weather forecast--the space weather forecast. Are there any big 'spots on the sun? What's the chance of a proton storm? Is a coronal mass ejection coming? All clear? It's time to step out. One of the August 1972 solar flares. Click to view a 2-MB mpeg movie of the explosion, which solar physicists call "the seahorse flare."

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Project Literacy provides free tutoring, instructional materials, and support services for English-speaking adults (aged 16 and older) who are assessed at 8th grade or below in reading level and want to improve reading, writing, and life skills. Trained community volunteers are matched with learners as one-on-one tutors. Tutors can also assist in small group instruction or conduct family literacy story times at outreach sites. Tutors meet with learners once or twice a week, for a minimum of two hours, at the San Leandro Public Library or other convenient locations. Learners and tutors are from a diverse educational, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. Volunteer tutors and learners work in partnership using methods and materials that are relevant to the learners' needs. Learners work on goals related to their family, work, community, and personal lives. "Real-life" materials such as employment applications, maps, product labels, children's books, and other materials chosen by the learners are used in lessons as well as free instructional resources provided by the program. Learners can use computer literacy software at the Project Literacy office and check out adult "new reader" books. There are a number of specialized programs available at Project Literacy to meet individual needs. Programs include: Families for Literacy Children's story times with free book distribution and family activities, held at Main Library and community outreach sites. Workforce Literacy Customized and basic literacy instruction provided on or off the worksite. Instruction in keyboarding and literacy software. Want to improve your spelling? Curious about phonics? Think it would be great to type without having to look at the keys? Would you like to have free email? Would a professional resume come in handy? Come by Project Literacy's Computer Lab and we'll work by your side and show you how to do really useful stuff! The Project Literacy Computer Lab is available to Project Literacy tutors and learners, in an atmosphere created specifically for adult literacy learners. (The Main Library's Electronic Lab is open to general library members). The Lab is open to tutors and learners any time the library is open. Computers are available on a first come, first served basis. All computers are connected to the Internet, and all of the PCs have a variety of educational software. The Lab is in the Project Literacy office, located on the 2nd floor of the San Leandro Main Library. For computer availability and more information call (510) 577-3944. Become a Literacy Learner To qualify as a learner at Project Literacy you must: be 16 years, or older (and not attending high school) speak conversational English read or write at or below an 8th grade level make a minimum 6-month commitment Become a Literacy Tutor To qualify as a tutor for Project Literacy, you must: be 16 years, or older tutor a minimum of 2 hours per week make a minimum 6-month commitment complete the tutor training (no previous teaching experience required) By meeting with a learner two hours a week, you can make a valuable difference in his or her life. You will receive free training, materials, and support. Tutor trainings are conducted 4 times a year. If you are interested in becoming a tutor, call the Project Literacy office to register for a scheduled orientation session. Then, if you wish to commit to becoming a tutor you will attend a full training session. Both the orientation and training sessions are required for new tutors. Each October, the Library hosts a popular annual fundraiser called the Trivia Bee, where great minds gather to match wits for your entertainment and to raise money for Project Literacy. Teams compete for the prestigious title of "San Leandro Trivia Bee Champions!" Topics include: Politics, Movies, Television, Sports, and History, to name a few. To get involved you can sponsor a team, be a team member, purchase dinner tickets, purchase drawing tickets, or donate a drawing prize. More information about this special event will be posted in the Fall edition of the City of San Leandro Recreation & Human Services brochure, and on the Library's Special Events Calendar. Project Literacy is located at the Main Branch of the San Leandro Public Library - 300 Estudillo Avenue, San Leandro, CA 94577. When entering the library building, turn left in the entrance hallway (do not enter the library doors). Take the elevator or stairs to the Project Literacy office on the 2nd floor. Phone Number & Office Hours Call Project Literacy at (510) 577-3944. The Project Literacy office is usually Monday through Friday, 9:30am - 4:00pm. Hours may vary from week to week, so please call ahead to be sure the office is open.

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Many parents are familiar with the challenges and struggles associated with childhood depression but some would be surprised to know that even preschoolers are at risk. How do you know if your preschooler is depressed and what can you do about it? Depression is a serious mood disorder that impacts millions of people without regard for race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomics or age. "Although it is not common, pre-school children definitely exhibit depression and it is evident as young as three or four months," says Natalie Robinson Garfield, a New York-based psychotherapist. We often think of depression as a condition that surfaces after processing life experiences but we can’t overlook the fact that very young children can also suffer from this disorder. Aside from having the best perspective on a child’s daily routine and behaviors, parents can also greatly contribute to a child’s ability to overcome depression. A recent study conducted by the Washington University School of Medicine highlights the importance of a parent’s role in the emotional development of a child. An adult (or even a teenager) who suffers from depression can seek professional treatment and monitor their progress but depressed preschoolers are completely reliant on their caretakers. The causes of depression are as varied as the children who experience it. "Children who grow up in an impoverished home lacking food, attention, and love are often depressed; as well as children who have embattled family situations," says Garfield. "When I observed a therapeutic nursery group of 3- and 4-year-olds in a very low income project day care center, three out of six of them were depressed. There can also be chemical and physiological causes." While a child may exhibit a few signs of depression, that, of course, does not mean they are depressed. Still, it's important to pay attention to your child's behavior for potential red flags. Garfield advises parents to look for the following possible indicators of depression: Just because your child has a bad day or two (or five) doesn’t mean he’s depressed. Still, there’s no tool more powerful than a parent’s intuition. When in doubt, listen to your gut. "Children and babies should be assessed for depression, just as they are seen for physical development," says Garfield. "If the pediatrician is not trained in emotional development, a developmental clinician should be consulted." And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed . SheKnows is making some changes!

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a book review by George Michael According to a “cosmic census” extrapolated from NASA’s Kepler telescope, at least 50 billion planets reside in the Milky Way Galaxy. (“Cosmic census finds crowd of planets in galaxy,” Associated Press, February 20, 2011.) Moreover, approximately 50 planets have been identified as candidates that are not only similar to Earth in mass, but also located in the habitable zones of their respective solar systems. And new discoveries of so-called extremeophiles on Earth—organisms that can live in severe environments from the very cold to the very hot to the very toxic—suggest that life could exist elsewhere in the universe. These recent findings would seem to augur well for the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Life) enterprise, which uses scientific methods to scan the galaxy for electromagnetic transmissions from extraterrestrial civilizations. In an edited volume, Civilizations Beyond Earth: Extraterrestrial Life and Society, two notable SETI researchers, Douglas A. Vakoch, a professor of clinical psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies and also the director of interstellar message composition at the SETI Institute, and Albert A. Harrison, a professor emeritus of psychology at the University of California, Davis, present a variety of essays that speculate on the nature of alien intelligence and the prospects for contact. A diverse array of contributors from various disciplines including anthropology, astronomy, biology chemistry, computer science, journalism, mathematics, psychology, and sociology offer their perspectives on the nature of extraterrestrial intelligence and civilizations. Seth Shostak, the senior astronomer at the SETI Institute, presents a primer on astrobiology, which may be defined as the study of the origins, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. He details the numerous factors assumedly necessary to give rise to life on other planets. Perhaps most important is water, in that “a fluid environment dissolves organic molecules so that they can interact in the chemical dance of life as compounds enter and leave cells.” Although other liquids might serve these functions, water remains fluid over a wider range of temperatures than the alternatives that would most likely be found on other worlds. If organic elements can be found on other planets, then perhaps life could take hold as well. As Steven J. Dick argued in The Biological Universe, just as the principles of physics and chemistry hold true throughout the universe, so do the principles of biology. Although the evolution of Homo sapiens is unlikely to occur on another planet, functionally equivalent intelligent beings may exist, albeit in a much different physical form. To illustrate this point, Shostak uses the example of the streamlining of ocean predators. The torpedo-shaped body plans of both the barracuda and dolphins reflects good engineering for two species whose survival depends on moving through the water quickly. Though these two species are only very distantly related, their similar physiologies are the result of convergent evolution. Perhaps intelligence could evolve in different species as well. A study of the fossils of dolphins and toothed whales from the last 50 million years indicates that some species have dramatically increased their intelligence (as measured by the ratio of brain to body mass). The fact that several species have increased their cognitive faculties leads Shostak to believe that convergent evolution is at work adapting different species to a niche market for intelligent animals. He concedes that most planets in the galaxy will be unsuitable for evolution leading to intelligence, but he counters that in a galaxy in which habitable worlds could easily number in the billions, “it requires heroic pessimism to argue that only [italics in original] Earth has the mise en place for cooking up thinking beings.” Drawing upon cognitive archaeology, Paul K. Wason, the director of life sciences at the John Templeton Foundation, notes the inherent difficulties in communication between even closely related species. For his chapter, he focuses on the encounter between Neanderthals and early modern humans. Modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted for quite some time. For instance, it is likely that they shared the Levant for some 60,000 years, though evidence of them living side by side is unclear. Modern humans entered Europe roughly 40,000 years ago. Inasmuch as Neanderthals did not die out until about 30,000 or 32,000 years ago, there was considerable time for the two species to overlap while there. Although Neanderthals made tools, they were far less sophisticated than those created by Upper Paleolithic hunters. Neanderthals did indeed make limited use of symbolism, but there is virtually no accepted evidence that they engaged in artistic activities, such as painting or music. Wason argues that the interrelationships between social intelligence and technical intelligence found in modern humans would be opaque to Neanderthals. In short, Neanderthals would have much difficulty interpreting the lives of modern humans. The implications for SETI are sobering, for if two such closely related species as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens would have such a difficult time understanding each other, meaningful dialogue with an independently evolved species could be even more challenging. Rather than expecting to fully understand another species, he suggests that a more reasonable goal is to identify the intentions in their signals. Alan J. Penny, a visiting scientist in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of St. Andrews, discusses the connection between the genetic evolution of the brain and the expected lifetimes of scientific civilizations. The framework of his analysis is the Drake equation, a formula SETI scientists use to estimate the number of communicative civilizations in the galaxy. The “L” variable in the equation is the length of time that an extraterrestrial civilization remains detectable. As Penny points out, for the sake of SETI, civilizations should not be viewed as an enduring political entity, but rather one characterized by science and technology, specifically, one that emits electro-magnetic radiation. In order for a civilization to emit radiation, he reasons that science must be practiced. It follows that the genetic structure of the brains of the members of the civilization must permit the kind of thinking that makes science possible. He points out that certain traits inherent in Homo sapiens were the result of genetic events. According to Penny, “conceptual” thought arose a mere 3,000 years ago, citing Hellenic mathematics and early Greek and Chinese literature as the first clear evidence of modern abstract thinking. He proposes that the gene mutation that triggered conceptual thinking occurred only in a limited number of persons in the population. However, these gifted individuals instigated a culture of conceptual thinking. Children without this inherent ability were raised to acquire it through nurture rather than nature. It is quite possible, he argues, that unless cultural or other external influences intervene, genetic changes could undo the kind of thinking that made science possible. In fact, there is archaeological evidence that suggests that the brain size of Homo sapiens has fallen by 10 percent in the last 30,000 years. Subsequent genetic events might reverse this capacity for scientific thinking, and in doing so, limit a civilization’s technological longevity. Using cultural anthropology as her framework, Kathryn Denning, an associate professor of anthropology at York University, also examines the L variable in the Drake equation. As she explains, anthropology demonstrates that the notion of unilinear social evolution is inaccurate and overly simplistic. Nevertheless, the idea of unilinear progress has taken root in Western thinking and assumed by many SETI scientists. For instance, Carl Sagan counseled that in order to survive, humans would have to make it though a “technological adolescence” where the threat of nuclear annihilation, global warming, environmental despoliation, and overpopulation loomed large. Once humans passed through this perilous transition, they would be prepared to colonize the cosmos. However, archaeological studies indicate some societies have merely down-shifted to a less energy-intensive form of social organizations and survived. Rather than taking unilinear progress for granted, she counsels that we should consider the range of possibilities on other planets. Donald E. Tarter, a long-standing member of the International Academy of Astronautics’ SETI Committee, recounts how the great space expeditions of the 1960s and beyond, with their distant photographs of the Earth, fostered a sense of collective heritage and focus. On both the national and international scene, a culture seemed to be edging toward an enlightenment in which a broader human perspective awaited us. However, the events of September 11, 2001, precipitated a drastic change in global politics characterized by the clash of civilizations as predicted by Samuel Huntington several years before. Atavistic hostilities reemerged, as religious and ethnic identities hardened. Tarter sees the SETI enterprise as an opportunity for us to regain our sense of human unity, for if we are able to detect evidence of other civilizations in the cosmos, we may find it easier to envisage ourselves as one civilization among many. To that end, Tarter advocates the placement of radio telescopes on the far side of the Moon as that would be an excellent location not only for astronomy, but as a SETI listening post as well. Even more ambitious would be the creation of a “gravitational lens” that would use the sun to provide a detailed view of the entire universe. The concept stems from Einstein’s theory of relativity, which posits that the presence of mass bends space. The massiveness of the sun significantly warps the space it occupies. If a receiving device could be placed in a far region of space, we could have a new window to the cosmos. Tarter speculates that someday we might be able to use quantum entanglement as a means of interstellar communication. By doing so, we could communicate instantaneously across great distances, thus avoiding the limitation of the speed of light as outlined in Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. As Tarter explains, when photons are entangled, the observation of one will produce instant effects for the observer of the twin photon irrespective of the distances separating them. This effect has been demonstrated in numerous experiments. For his plan, Tarter calls for sophisticated “photon traps” that would grab and store the photons for polarization measurement. The information transmitted would be carried in the changing polarization of the photon stream. Once two civilizations have entangled photons in the position, instant communication would then be possible. However, the initial contact could not exceed the classical limit of the speed of light. Tarter imagines that advanced civilizations might use massive and distant cosmic phenomena such as gamma-ray bursts to carry their quantum keys throughout the universe. In that sense, the gamma-ray bursts could operate as an intergalactic network of information transfer not unlike the human brain in which the interstellar signals approximate the firing of neural synapses. George Pettinico, the director of market research at Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, examines attitudes in America about the prospect of extraterrestrial life. For his analysis, he draws upon a 2005 telephone survey conducted by the National Geographic Channel, the SETI Institute, and the University of Connecticut that found that a majority of Americans—60 percent—expressed a belief that “there is life on other planets in the universe besides Earth.” The study identified two key demographic factors that influence people’s attitudes about extraterrestrial life—level of education and religiosity. Americans who are more religious (as measured by the frequency of religious service attendance) are twice as likely to reject the notion of life on other planets. Simply put, the more religious a person is in America today, the less likely that he or she is to believe in the prospect of extraterrestrial life. This finding is consistent with expectations insofar as conservative Christians are more likely to view the universe—despite its size and scope—as existing for the benefit of humanity alone. Although most religious Americans accept the notion that the Earth is not at the physical center of the universe, it nevertheless remains as the single spot of divine focus where God created life. Still, nearly half (45 percent) of religious Americans believe that life exists on other planets besides Earth. Those people who are open to the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial life are also more sanguine about eventually making contact someday. College-educated respondents were less fearful of the discovery of extraterrestrial life than their less educated counterparts. In his chapter on the relationship between cultural beliefs about extraterrestrials, William Sims Bainbridge, a co-director of human-centered computing at the National Science Foundation, presents the results from an online questionnaire—Survey 2001—which was sponsored by the National Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation. The survey questioned people on the prospects of alien life and UFOs. While a significant majority of the respondents expressed a belief that intelligent life probably exists beyond Earth, just over a fifth of them agreed that UFOs are probably spaceships. Bainbridge found a strong correlation between believing in UFOs and astrology, but no connection between the latter and the belief in extraterrestrial life. Albert A. Harrison discusses the science and politics of SETI. As he explains, avoiding the UFO taint is important for SETI scientists so that they can gain standing with peers, granting agencies, and the public. Early SETI pioneers, such as Philip Morrison, Frank Drake, and Carl Sagan, rapidly gained the interest and support of powerful, influential scientists. Professional scientists use boundaries to define what is and what is not science in their respective fields. Boundary work seeks to monopolize the professional authority of expertise in a particular field. By doing so, scientists create a system of checks and balances that help themselves converge upon the truth as they discover it. For instance, SETI scientists have developed elaborate protocols for confirming possible extraterrestrial messages. The basic tactic of this “border work” is to make positive attributions about one’s research while denigrating the work of pseudo-scientists who ignore or misapply the rules of science. Harrison identifies various strategies that SETI scientists use to create a boundary between their field and UFOlogy. Bashing one’s opponents is one method of border work, but as Harrison notes, can sometimes backfire. In some cases aggressive debunking of UFO claims—for instance ascribing them to swamp gas or fireflies—can seem less plausible than the initial claim. Silence is another method of border work, but it can allow UFOlogists to claim that mainstream scientists have taken neither the time nor the effort to examine the evidence. Finally, education can be applied to dissuade the public from taking UFOs seriously. However, inasmuch as much of the public in not particularly well-versed in science, this approach of border work can be an “uphill battle.” In an age of declining scientific literacy, vast numbers of the populace are not inclined to think like scientists or skeptics. Yet, he maintains that education is the most promising strategy for minimizing confusion between SETI and UFOlogy in the public’s mind. Carl DeVito, a professor emeritus in mathematics at the University of California, Davis, discusses some cultural aspects of interstellar communication. Because of the constraints on speedy interstellar communication due to the tremendous distance between solar systems, he notes that any contact will not be a dialogue in the usual sense of the term. If contact is ever established, he recommends that our reply should consist of a series of messages—perhaps a week or a few days apart—that contain more information than the last, but also some redundancy as a check on interpretation. Inasmuch as humans and extraterrestrials share a common physical reality, their independent attempts to understand the universe through science will tend to converge over time. After all, the laws of physics and chemistry are universal. Furthermore, because they resist interpretations as having moral or religious overtones, messages based on science and mathematics are less likely to offend anyone and would thus make good starting points for an interstellar conversation. If we should decide to send messages in space to extraterrestrial civilizations, Harry Letaw Jr., a physical chemist who serves as the principal of Letaw Associates, recommends that they should include a form of “cosmic storytelling.” As a species, human beings are a species of storytellers; hence a narrative embedded in a message could impart a reasonably accurate portrait of the human condition. Images of human activities could be used to convey stories that would provide a context for interstellar communication that might be lacking in messages containing only abstract symbols such as an alphabet and numbers. William Sims Bainbridge explores the possibility of establishing direct contact with extraterrestrial aliens by way of computer emulation. According to Bainbridge, cognitive science and information technology are progressing in a direction that will one day make it possible to transmit realistic avatars of individual human beings to extraterrestrial civilizations. Not unlike Ray Kurzweil—who predicts a “singularity” in the year 2042 when humans will transcend biology—Bainbridge notes that the convergence of artificial intelligence and cognitive neuroscience has prepared the basis for the prospect of personality capture and emulation. In the not-so-distant future, people might be able to capture their personalities in computers. This scanned information could then be transmitted at the speed of light to other planets. Bainbridge predicts that the first interstellar expeditions will not be carried out by biological-based humans with their physical limitations and short life spans; rather, “infonauts” could travel at the speed of light as bits in a communication path. Bainbridge envisages a virtual reality “Cosmopolis” where multiple civilizations will send avatar ambassadors who emulate the original biological beings from whom they were derived. There, they will engage in varieties of social interaction including trade and cultural innovation. Stretching the bounds of physics, Bainbridge explains that because these avatars would reside locally in the Cosmopolis within information systems equipped with sensors and robots (perhaps quantumly entangled with instruments elsewhere?), communications between civilizations could be instantaneous and would not be bound by the speed of light limitations on interstellar radio transmissions. As a result, the avatars could serve as real time ambassadors not unlike their counterparts on contemporary Earth. Jason T. Kuznicki, a research fellow at the Cato Institute, challenges the SETI assumption that extraterrestrial aliens, by virtue of their communicative abilities, will share with humans a certain set of concepts such as mathematics, logic, and spirituality. Examining the historical case of contact in the 17th century between the French Jesuits and the Montagnais, Huron, and Iroquois tribes in what is now Eastern Canada, Kuznicki demonstrates that there were significant differences between the Jesuits and their Indian interlocutors over the nature of metaphysical concepts such as the soul. From this case, he infers that humans, at least initially, may find the reasoning of extraterrestrial aliens to be woefully defective. Likewise, they may find ours equally perplexing. Kathryn Coe, a professor of public health at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Craig T. Palmer, an associate professor in anthropology at the University of Missouri, and Christina Pomianek, a Ph.D. candidate in anthropology at the University of Missouri-Columbia, examine the relevance of evolutionary theory for the SETI enterprise. As they point out, because organisms self-replicate, they will be subject to the dynamics of natural selection with the implication that those that replicate themselves more effectively will come to predominate over those that replicate themselves less effectively. Invoking the principle of convergent evolution, they argue that there are sound reasons to believe that the senses of sight and hearing will be found in beings on other worlds as well. After all, both vision and audition have evolved independently multiple times on Earth. They warn that insofar as life evolves through competition, we should be wary of making contact with extraterrestrials who may view us as competitors. After all, to survive for so long, they would have been successful in their competition with other life forms. For that reason, quoting David Swift, it might be “prudent to remain silent in the jungle.” Morris Jones, an Australian space analyst, discusses SETI message composition from a journalistic perspective. As he points out, historically, SETI scientists have maintained good relationships with journalists; however, these relationships have been one-sided in the sense that the SETI scientists provide material for the journalists’ stories. Jones proposes that the SETI community could benefit by encouraging input in the opposite direction, that is, from journalists and media specialists to SETI scientists when contemplating how to compose interstellar messages. Inasmuch as an extraterrestrial civilization receiving a message from Earth is likely to be far more technologically advanced than we, the former is likely to find nothing novel in our communications if it is based on scientific or mathematical principles. In order to make our SETI messages more interesting, Jones counsels that it might be useful to spice them up with entertaining hooks to attract their attention. These hooks could be in the form of art, music, or anything else that is likely to be distinctive to our species. If intelligent beings have emerged elsewhere in the cosmos, it is likely that they have contemplated these issues discussed in this volume and would be interested in communicating with intelligence outside of their planets. To some scientists, the receipt of an alien message would be the most important event in human history, for it would prove that we are not alone in the cosmos. By inference, it would demonstrate that an advanced civilization was able to work through the myriad of problems associated with advanced societies, including global warming, pandemics, overpopulation, and nuclear proliferation. Furthermore, if a civilization can surmount these problems, presumably, its technology will continue to advance, in which case some form of interstellar travel could someday be possible. If that is the case, then one day we might actually come face to face with civilizations beyond Earth.

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Aldehydes Lecture Presented by: Victor R. OribePresented to:Dr. Leonisa O. Bernardo Aldehydes contain carbonyl functionalgroup.A carbonyl group is a carbon atom doublebonded to an oxygen atom.The structural representation for acarbonyl group is: Carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon double bonddiffer in a major way.A carbon-oxygen bond is polar and a carbon-carbon double bond is nonpolar.The electronegativity of oxygen (3.5) is muchgreater than that of carbon (2.5).Hence the carbon-oxygen double bond ispolarized, the oxygen atom acquiring a fractionalnegative charge and the carbon atom acquiring afractional positive charge. All carbonyl groups have a trigonal planarstructure.The bond angles between the three atomsattached to the carbonyl carbon atom are 1200 ,as would be predicted using VSEPR theory. An Aldehyde is a carbonyl-containing organiccompound in which the carbonyl carbon atomhas at least one hydrogen atom directly attachedto it.The remaining group attached to the carbonylcarbon atom can be hydrogen, an alkyl group, acycloalkyl group, or an aryl group (Ar). In interpreting general condensed functionalgroup structure such as RCHO, remember thatcarbon always has four bonds and hydrogenalways has only one. In RCHO, one of carbon’s bonds goes to the R group and one to H; therefore, two bonds must go to O. Linear notation for an aldehyde functionalgroup and for an aldehyde itself are –CHO andRCHO respectively.Note that the ordering of the symbol H and O inthese notations is HO, not OH (which denotes ahydroxyl group)In an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is alwayslocated at the end of a hydrocarbon chain. O ║ CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C - H An aldehyde functional group can be bonded toonly one carbon atom because three of the fourbonds from an aldehyde carbonyl carbon mustgo to oxygen and hydrogen. Thus, an aldehyde functional group is always found at the end of the carbon chain.Cyclic aldehydes are not possible.For an aldehyde carbonyl carbon atom to be partof a ring system it would have to form two bondsto ring atoms, which would give it five bonds. Aldehydes are related to alcohol in some manner that alkenes are related to alkanes. Removal of hydrogen atoms from each of two adjacent carbon atoms in an alkane produces an alkene. In a like H manner, removal of a O O hydrogen atom from the ║ –OH group of an alcohol C -2H C and from the carbon atom to which the Aldehyde H hydroxyl group is attached produces aAlcohol carbonyl group. Physical Properties of AldehydesThe C1 and C2 aldehydes are gases at roomtemperature.The C3 through C11 straight-chain saturatedaldehydes are liquids, and the higher aldehydesare solid.The presence of alkyl groups tends to lower bothboiling points and melting points, as does thepresence of unsaturated in the carbon chain.The boiling point of aldehydes are intermediatebetween those of alcohols and alkanes of similarmolecular mass. Aldehydes have higher boiling points thanalkanes because of dipole-dipole attractionsbetween molecules.Carbonyl group polarity makes these dipole-dipole interactions possible. Unbranched Aldehydes O C C1 C3 C5 C7 ║ ║ C C2 C4 C6 C8 O gas liquid Dipole-dipole A physical state summary for attraction unbranched aldehydes at room temperature and pressure Aldehydes have lower boiling points than thecorresponding alcohols because no hydrogenbonding occurs as it does with alcohols.Water molecule can hydrogen-bond withaldehyde molecule. H R H C H O H O O H Aldehyde-water hydrogen bonding This hydrogen bonding causes low- molecular-mass aldehydes to be water soluble.As the hydrocarbon portion get larger, thewater solubility of aldehydes decreases.Low-molecular –mass aldehyde havepungent, penetrating, unpleasant odors, higher-molecular-mass aldehydes (above C8 ) are morefragrant, especially benzaldehyde derivatives. Naturally Occurring Aldehydes Aldehydes occurs widely in nature. Naturally occurring aldehydes are of higher molecular masses, usually have pleasant odor and flavors and are often used for these properties in consumer products (perfume, air fresheners, and the like). Cinnamaldehyde cinnamon flavoring Vanillin BenzaldehydeVanilla flavoring almod flavoring Nomenclature for AldehydeThe IUPAC rules for naming aldehydes:1. Select as the parent carbon chain the longestchain that includes the carbon atom of thecarbonyl group. 1 methane O 2 ethane 5 4 3 2 1║ 3 propane CH3 – CH2 - CH2 – CH – C – H 4 butane Pentane CH2 5 pentane CH2 Parent chain 2. Name the parent chain by changing the –eending of the corresponding alkane to –al. Pentanel a3. Determine the identity and location of anysubstituents, and append this information to thefront of the parent chain name. O 5 4 3 2 1║ 1 methyl CH3 – CH2 - CH2 – CH – C – H 2 ethyl 3 propyl 1 CH2 4 butyl 2 CH3 5 pentyl 2- ethylpentanal O5 4 3 2 1║CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – C - H OH Hydroxylaldehyde Assign IUPAC names to the following aldehydes O ║1) CH3 – CH – C- H 2-Methylpropanal CH3 O ║2) CH3 – CH – CH- C - H Cl Cl Dichlorobutanal O ║3) CH3 – CH2 – CH- C - H 2-Ethylpentanal CH3 – CH2 – CH2 O ║4) H 2-Methylbutanal The common name for simple aldehyde illustrate a second method for counting from one to four: form - , acet - , propion - , and butyr - The common names for aldehydes are one word rather than two or more. O O O ║ ║ ║ H–C-H CH3 – C - H CH3 – CH2 – C - HFormaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde IUPAC system for Naming Aromatic AldehydesAromatic aldehydes are names as derivatives ofbenzaldehyde, the parent compound. O O O ║ ║ ║ C-H Cl C-H C-HBenzaldehyde CH3 3-chloro-5-methylbenzaldehyde OH 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde Preparation of AldehydesAldehydes can be produced by the oxidation ofprimary alcohol, using mild oxidizing agents such asKMnO4 or K2 Cr2 O7 . OH O ║ oxidation R–C–H R–C–H Aldehyde H Primary When this reaction is used for aldehyde alcohol preparation, reaction conditions must be sufficiently mild to avoid further oxidation of the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. The term Aldehyde stems fromalcohol dehydrogenation,indicating that aldehydes arerelated to alcohols by the loss ofhydrogen. Predicting Products in Alcohol Oxidation ReactionDraw the aldehyde formed from the oxidation of each of thefollowing alcohols. Assume that reaction conditions aresufficiently mild that any aldehydes produced are not oxidizedfurther. O ║ 1) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 - OH CH3 – CH2 – C – H O 2) CH3 – CH – CH2 - OH ║ CH3 – CH – C - H CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 O 3) CH3 – C – CH2 - OH ║ CH3 – C – C - H CH3 CH3 3) CH3 - CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 - OH O ║ CH3 - CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C - H CH3 CH3 O ║4) CH3 - C – CH2 – CH2 – OH CH3 - C – CH2 – C – H CH3 CH3 O5) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 - OH ║ CH3 – CH2 – CH – C – H CH3 CH3 Oxidation and Reduction of AldehydesAldehyde readily undergo oxidation to carboxylicacids.Aldehyde readily undergo oxidation to carboxylicacids. O O ║ [O] ║ R–C–H R – C – OH Aldehyde Carboxylic AcidAmong the mild oxidizing agents that convertaldehydes into carboxylic acid is oxygen in air.Thus, aldehydes must be protected from air. Reduction of AldehydesAldehydes are easily reduced by hydrogen has (H2 )in the presence of a catalysts (Ni, Pt, orm Cu), toform alcohols.The reduction of aldehydes produces primaryalcohols. O OH ║ Ni CH3 – C - H + H2 CH3 – C - H H Ethanal Ethanol OxidationPrimaryAlcohol Reduction Aldehyde reduction to produce alcohols areopposite of the oxidation of alcohols to produce aldehydes. Reaction of Aldehydes with AlcoholsAldehydes react with alcohols to form hemiacetal andacetals.Reaction with one molecule of alcohol produces ahemiacetal, which is then converted to an acetal byreaction with a second alcohol molecule. acidAldehyde + alcohol catalyst hemiacetal acidhemiacetal + alcohol catalyst acetal Hemiacetal and acetal formation are very important biochemical reactions, they are crucial to understanding the chemistry of carbohydrates.The Greek prefix hemi- means “half.”When one alcohol molecule has reactedwith the aldehyde, the compound ishalfway to the final acetal. Hemiacetal FormationHemiacetal formation is an addition reaction in whicha molecule of alcohol adds to the carbonyl group of analdehyde.The H portion of the alcohol adds to the carbonyloxygen atom, and R – O portion of the alcohol addsto the carbonyl carbon atom. O H O H R1 C O R2 ║ C + C R2 R1 H H Aldehyde Hemiacetal Formally defined, a hemiacetal is anorganic compound in which carbon atomis bonded to both a hydroxyl group (-OH)and an alkoxy (-OR).The functional group for a hemiacetal is: OH The carbon atom of the C OR hemiacetal functional group is often referred to as the 4) hemiacetal hemiacetal carbon atom: it was the carbonyl carbon atom of the aldehyde that reacted. Indicate whether each of the following compounds is a hemiacetal OH1) CH3 – CH – O – CH3 CH2 4) O CH3 OH CH32) CH3 – CH – CH – O – CH3 OH OH 5) CH3 – C – CH3 O OH3) O CH3 1. We have an –OH group and an – OR group attached to thesame carbon atom. The compound is a hemiacetal.2) The –OH and –OR groups present in this molecule areattached to different carbon atoms. Therefore, the moleculeis not a hemiacetal.3)We have a ring carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms:one oxygen atom in an –OH substituent and the otheroxygen atom bonded to the rest of the ring (the same as anR group). This is hemiacetal4) hemiacetal5) We have an –OH group and an –OR group attached to thesame carbon atom. The compound is a hemiacetal.

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In December 2009, a hacker posted on the Internet 32 million passwords stolen from website RockYou.com. Yes, that's right — 32 million stolen passwords. This list of passwords provided a unique, if unfortunate, opportunity to study whether people are using passwords effectively to protect their personal information. The results? Not good. An analysis of the passwords by security firm Imperva shows that using easy-to-hack passwords is still far too common. In fact, nearly 1% of RockYou.com users had "123456" as their password. And a full 20% used one of 5,000 common passwords. The practical impact of this is huge. According to Imperva's CTO Amichai Shulman, "Everyone needs to understand what the combination of poor passwords means in today's world of automated cyber attacks: with only minimal effort, a hacker can gain access to one new account every second—or 1,000 accounts every 17 minutes" . How to protect yourself Fortunately, you can easily protect your personal information by following a few simple rules for creating strong passwords and avoiding cross-use of passwords on multiple sites. And, there are passwords programs available to help keep all of your strong passwords in order. Our article Manage Your Passwords will show you how. Top 20 Passwords from RockYou.com |Rank||Password|| Number of Users

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"All I ask of food is that it doesn't harm me." Michael Palin (Monty Python's Flying Circus) The debate about the advantages of organic foods is over. According to a new $25-million study into organic food - the largest of its kind to date - organic food is more nutritious than ordinary produce and it may help to lengthen peoples lives and prevent disease. The European Union funded study found that organic fruit and vegetables have up to 50% more antioxidants, which scientists believe can cut the risk of cancer and heart disease. They have also more vitamins and minerals such as iron and zinc. According to other recent studies, organic foods are better for fighting cancer. And people eating organic food have improved immune system, better sleeping habits and are less likely to be overweight than when eating "conventional" foods. (Can you imagine the benefits of eating both raw and organic food?) The taste of organic fruits and vegetables is often superior to any conventional produce. That's why many top restaurants use organic produce in their menu. Today, most fruits and veggies are manipulated to look and stay good. The strawberries from your ordinary supermarket may look great on your cake but they have virtually no taste. However, the taste of fresh organic fruits is irresistible! The advantages of organic foods might be highest for babies. The average baby is born with 200 toxins and carcinogens in its body. By the time kids reach their 2nd year, most have pasted the lethal limit for the toxins. By feeding your child organic food, it will have about 1/6th the amount of carcinogens in its blood. Thus you will decrease the chances of illnesses significantly. Therefore, especially for infants and children a raw organic food diet is incredibly important. Do you ever wonder why organic vegetables and fruits seem to spoil so much faster than produce from normal supermarkets? The reason is that many foods are irradiated. Irradiation kills bacteria and extends food life. But, it also alters the molecular structure and life force of the food. Some irradiation methods use radio active substances, others high energy electrons or X-rays. I don't know about you, but I prefer my food pure and not irradiated. So one of the advantages of raw organic foods is that it still has life force. Raw organic seeds grow - cooked and irradiated seeds don't Organic food stores don't sell genetically modified (GM) food. It's suspected that GM food causes allergies and decreases your immune system. Government is being secret - at least vague - about the health consequences of GMO food. I've read enough to not want to take a chance. Do you? Organic meat, fish and poultry is healthier for you. Organic farmed animals are raised without dangerous chemicals, growth hormones or antibiotics. Pesticides used in ordinary farming don't just affect the animal who eats it first. They accumulate in their tissues (mostly fat). Animals on top of the food chain get the highest concentration of these chemicals. Conventional animals full of toxins and dirt. A cow, chicken or pig will retain most of the pesticides it has ever eaten (directly or indirectly through other animals). Factory farm animals are fed great quantities of (polluted) fish, food doused in pesticides and fed many unnatural compounds never eaten by wild animals. Inorganic animal food (meat, fish, dairy and eggs) is a main source of pollution to the environment. According to research animal food contribute to as much as 95% of the toxic chemical residues in the American diet. Meat, fish and poultry have 10 times the amount of the dangerous chemicals DDT, DDE and TDE as conventional produce. In addition intensive farming is incredibly cruel to farm animals. One of the most outrageous advantages of organic foods is that organic farms treat their animals much more humane. They place a great emphasis on animal welfare. Just for this reasons, switching to an organic living makes sense. And even consider becoming vegan. Organic food facts are especially striking if you consider the environment. Conventional farming methods erode soil and use dangerous pesticides that may take centuries before they're gone. Think of the DDT, thought to be harmless but appeared to be extremely bad for your health. Even though this pesticide has been forbidden for many years now, it's still found in virtually all waters, human beings and animals in the world... In addition, over time, artificial pest controls become less and less effective, so that even more chemicals must be used or other methods found. One of the huge advantages of organic food is that buying it has a huge positive impact on the environment, the animals and people who live on it. These foods contain the most pesticides. If you'd like to eat an organic raw food diet, you definitely want to consider these: This content on your website or in your E-zine? You can, as long as you include this: "Esme Stevens is the president of Raw Food Europe and has the number 1 website for starters of a raw food diet: thebestofrawfood.com."

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From Earth Science On-Site Black Rock, Derbyshire It is anticipated that the ideas and materials presented here will be adapted by schools, and others, to be more appropriate for their own purposes and programmes of study. In such circumstances please acknowledge the source as the Earth Science On-Site project. Introduces the Earth Science On-Site Project and its goals Describes the site and how to get there and includes a preliminary Risk Assessment Google Maps® image showing the site, annotated with subsites if applicable (links from balloons are not active) Provides the Earth Science background “story” for group leaders as well as the Earth Science principles that can be demonstrated at this site Summarises the NC areas from Schemes of Work for KS3 Suggested preparatory and follow-up work to this Earth Science On-Site visit including pupil homework sheets KS3 Exercise 1: National Stone Centre (Dene Quarry and Black Rock) Introduction and a map of the site with key points labelled. Suggested worksheet 1 (with answers) for the first of the NSC sites. All of the NSC exercises are repeated in the Earth Science On-Site project for that site KS3 Exercise 2: National Stone Centre (Dene Quarry and Black Rock) Suggested worksheet 2 (with answers) for the second of the NSC sites. KS3 Exercise 3: National Stone Centre (Dene Quarry and Black Rock) Suggested worksheets 3, 4, 5, & 6 (with answers) for the final NSC sites. KS3 Exercise 4: Dene Quarry (Black Rock) Transfer advice to Dene Quarry with suggested worksheets 7 & 8 (with answers) for the Dene Quarry site. KS3 Exercise 5: Black Rock Suggested worksheet 9 (with answers) for the Black Rock sites Additional background information on the Millennium Wall, interpretation of the ancient and modern reefs and fossils

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The Hill cipher is a historic polygraphic substitution cipher invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929. The Hill cipher is a historic polygraphic substitution cipher invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929. It was the first substitution cipher to allow operations on groups of more than three plaintext characters at a time. The Hill cipher is based on linear algebra, specifically matrix multiplication. It works by mapping the plaintext letters into numbers, dividing the resulting number sequence into blocks of n numbers, each of which is interpreted as an n element vector and multiplied with an invertible n × n key matrix (using modular arithmetic) to obtain the corresponding block of ciphertext. Decryption works the same way, except that the key matrix is replaced with its inverse. On its own, the Hill cipher is insecure, being vulnerable to a simple known plaintext attack: an attacker who knows the plaintext corresponding to at least n blocks of ciphertext can solve a system of linear equations to (with high probability) recover the full key matrix. In U.S. patent 1,845,947, describing a mechanical implementation of the cipher for n = 6 (with a fixed key matrix), Hill recommended combining the cipher with a non-linear monographic substitution to thwart such attacks.

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A chemical found in red wine could make guilt-free gluttony a reality, an international study suggests. The chemical is found in red wine When given to mice, it countered some effects of a high-calorie diet, improving their health and increasing their life-span, the team reported. However, the chemical could not reverse all consequences of overeating - the mice did not lose any weight. Writing in the journal Nature, the team said its findings could, in the future, help obese humans. The molecule, called resveratrol, is found in red grapes or wine. Previous research has revealed the substance has anti-ageing effects in some organisms, extending the lifespan of yeast by 60%, worms and flies by 30%, and fish by about 60%. It has also been suggested the reported health benefit of red wine may also be down to the resveratrol. To investigate the effects of the molecule on mammals, the researchers looked at middle-aged mice fed on a high-calorie diet, with 60% of the calories coming from fat. These mice shared many of the problems of humans on an equivalent diet, including obesity, insulin resistance and heart disease. They discovered the mice given resveratrol alongside their food did not lose weight but they did show decreased glucose levels, healthier hearts and liver tissue, and better motor function compared with the mice on the same diet but without the supplement. The mice's health was almost in line with that of mice fed on a standard diet, the researchers found. They also discovered the chemical was improving the mice's life-span. The scientists estimated resveratrol reduced the risk of death in the mice by about 31%, a point similar to the lifespan for the standard diet mice. The team looked at mice fed on a normal diet (l), a high calorie diet (m) and a high calorie plus resveratrol (r) The exact mechanism of the chemical is not yet known, but the researchers believe it may be activating a gene called SIRT1, which is linked to a family of proteins thought to be involved with longevity. Researcher on the study, Dr Rafael de Cabo, from the National Institute on Aging at Harvard Medical School, US, said: "After six months, resveratrol essentially prevented most of the negative effects of the high calorie diet in mice." His colleague David Sinclair, associate professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School, said: "The 'healthspan' benefits we saw in the obese mice treated with resveratrol are positive clinical indicators and may mean we can stave of in humans age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer, but only time and more research will tell." 'Sit back and relax' In an accompanying article in the journal, Professor Peter Rabinovitch, from the University of Washington, said the findings were potentially good news for humans, but added a note of caution. "The safety of resveratrol at the high doses in humans comparable to those used by [the researchers] is unknown, especially over the course of years or even decades, when relatively modest side-effects could have dramatic consequences." He said the next step for the researchers should be to investigate the effects of the chemical in humans. "For now, we counsel patience. Just sit back and relax with a glass of red wine - which alas, has only 0.3% of the relative resveratrol dose given to the gluttonous mice." Professor Steve Bloom, head of an obesity research group at Imperial College, London, UK, said: "If we start with the idea that there is an evolutionary advantage for the life expectation of each species, and this is tied into scarcity or abundance of food. "If there is plenty of food, you'll live a very active life for a while, and then drop dead. "If there isn't much food, because reproduction takes more energy, it is better to keep a small number of animals going for longer. "There is a system to regulate it, and it looks like resveratrol bypasses this system or may be an endogenous part of that system. "This paper is extremely interesting - it could be the breakthrough of the year, with massive possibilities for treating human beings."

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Islamic Women Divorce Law in Egypt Under the rules of Islamic sharia, the husband can end his marriage unilaterally by simply announcing the words "I divorce my wife" or "I divorce you" three times. He does not need to justify his decision, nor explain any reason for his divorce and never need to enter a courtroom to end his marriage. Egyptian Muslim women however are denied equal right to divorce. They are trapped in unwanted marriages or left begging for a divorce that can take years to obtain and leave them destitute. Egypt's Islamic family law of divorce is established in five legislations: (1) the law of 1920; (2) the law of 1929; the law of 1979; (4) the law of 1985; and (5) the law of 2000. The Divorce Laws of 1920 & 1929 The 1920 law deals with divorce and financial support under which a woman might be eligible to seek a divorce from her husband, The law restricted woman's right to divorce to lack of husband's economic support, such as desertion, disappearance, and imprisonment. Article 1 of the Law of 1920 provides that maintenance was a cumulative debt owed by the husband to his wife, it starts from the first time the husband failed to support his wife. Article 2 decreed the wife's maintenance debt should be computed from the date of her divorce. Articles 4 and 5 included the husband's failure to provide maintenance as sufficient grounds for divorce. The law of 1920 provided that if the husband is absent or imprisoned and if he does not own a property from which the wife's maintenance can be extracted, the wife is then entitled to a divorce on the grounds of non-support. And, if the husband lives in a distant place, or his location is unknown, the wife is granted a divorce at once. Article 6 provides the husband a further period to pay the maintenance, the waiting period of the menstrual cycle (iddah). A divorce obtained from the religious court in nonsupport cases is irrevocable, however, payment of the current maintenance is a sign of good will and sufficient to reverse the divorce. The 1920 law provides that a wife may seek judicial divorce if the husband suffered from an irreversible illness such as madness, leprosy, or impotence, whether or not the illness was developed before or after the marriage. According to the law of 1920, women were not allowed to divorce if the husband claims poverty. In all these cases, women had to file for divorce in front of a male judge. At the same time, the law allowed men to exercise their divorce according to Islamic sharia by uttering the formula of divorce anywhere they choose. The law of 1929 granted women right to seek judicial divorce according to Maliki School of jurisprudence in case the husband was absent for an extended period of time. This particular cause for divorce is not included in the Hanafi doctrine. According to the Maliki School, the judge may issue a divorce decree when the husband abandons his wife for more than one year without the knowledge of his wife. The law of 1929 stipulates that a woman whose husband had been sentenced to more than three years may seek divorce after a separation of at least one year. This complies with the Maliki doctrine. In view of the maltreatment inflicted on by men on their wives, the Egyptian government deemed it necessary to adopt the doctrines of the Maliki School of jurisprudence to make it easy for women to get out of their dysfunctional marriages associated with maltreatment and sufferings, a doctrine which is absent from the Hanafi School. The 1929 legislation allowed judges dealing with Islamic divorce to refer to Maliki School instead of Hanafi in order to grant a woman the right to divorce her husband in case of maltreatment. Furthermore, the Law of 1929 grants the wife the right to seek judicial divorce in case the husband suffers from serious and incurable disease, if such a cause makes life harmful to women. Article 6 of the law decreed that where a wife's allegation of maltreatment detrimental to the continuation of marital relationship is substantiated and reconciliation becomes impossible, the judge (qadi) shall grant the wife an irrevocable divorce. To prove the harm and bad treatment inflicted by the husband, the wife must present two witnesses, whose testimonies will be subject to the unconstrained assessment of the judge who evaluates the evidence. If the judge rejects the wife's petition for divorce, twice, the law mandates that he appoints two arbitrators for the couple in accordance with the Quran injunction: "And if you fear a breach between the two, then send forth an arbiter, one from his family, another from hers" (Q. 4:35). Article 7 stipulates that if this is not possible, men acquainted with the circumstances of the case should be appointed. These men should conduct thorough investigation of the causes for the married couple and submit recommendations to the court for reconciliation if that becomes possible. Article 10 provides that should the arbitrators indicate a deadlock, the judge is to order them to make a new attempt. If the new attempt fails, then other arbitrators are to be appointed. Article 11 stipulates that the final judgment of divorce is made after the newer attempts were fruitless and the prospect for reconciliation reached a deadlock. The Divorce Laws of 1979 and 1985 Under Islamic sharia, a Muslim husband is entitled to marry up to four wives at a time. In 1979 President Anwar Sadat issued Decree-Law No.44 to amend the previous laws of 1920 and 1929, mainly in the area of polygamous marriages. A new provision was added requiring that the husband's remarrying without the first wife's (or first wives') consent be considered harmful and that if the husband remarries a second wife, his first wife is granted a judicial divorce upon her request provided that she became aware of his second marriage within a year from the day she got to know of his remarriage. The ground for such a divorce is based on the notion of harm inflicted on the wife. This law was criticized and challenged on the basis of restriction to polygamy which is considered legal and religiously legitimate in Islam. In 1985, the Decree-Law No.44/1979 was declared unconstitutional on the grounds that it was passed by presidential decree and presented to the Egyptian Assembly as a done-deal. Later in the same year the Law No. 100/1985 was passed again with some revisions. It states that polygamy may be considered a possible source of harm, according to which a woman may seek judicial divorce. Under such circumstances, the wife presents the court with evidence showing the harm. The judge evaluates the evidence and issues his ruling. The law of 1985 does not prohibit the husband from having a polygamous marriage; it only offers a remedy to the first wife who would can seek divorce for damage resulting from her husband's second marriage. A wife seeking divorce on this ground has to bring two witnesses to testify for the damage incurred. Such a procedure is lengthy and costly for the wife. Although the law allows women to divorce for polygamy, in many instances, judges refuse to apply this provision, which they consider to be contrary to Islamic sharia and to the Constitution of Egypt. Article 2 of the Constitution of 1980 affirms that Islamic sharia is "The main source of legislation". Accordingly, judges who opposed the new provisions in the divorce law brought up the "unconstitutionality" issue. The Law of 2000 In 2000, a new legislation was introduced in Egypt allowing women to seek judicial divorce in a procedure called Khul', according to which, a married woman can request a judicial divorce in exchange for monetary compensation. This procedure is well known in Islamic sharia, but Egyptian judges did not intervene in such a divorce. Islamic sharia requires that the husband consent to this type of divorce without judiciary interference. The new law grants the wife right to seek a judicial divorce through khul' without the consent of the husband. Under such divorce, the wife declares that she detests life with her husband, that the marital status between the couple has become impossible to continue, and that she fears she will not be able to maintain the "Limits of God" due the deteriorating relationship with her husband. As a compensation for the husband, she has to forfeit her maintenance (nafaqah), her compensation of "mahr" and agrees to return to him the amount of "mahr" that he paid her at the marriage and she must renounce the amount of the "deferred mahr" (mu'akhar). The law of 2000 made it possible for a wife to get a "no fault divorce" from the judge after a lengthy process of reconciliation. For more on the khul' divorce in Egypt, see our piece on this topic titled: "The Khul' Divorce in Egypt". Anti-Women Sentiments in the Egyptian Law It is extremely important to note that this discussion covering the Egyptian Personal Status Laws (or family law for the Muslim community) is derived from Islamic sharia and codified by the Egyptian government. Furthermore, Muslim women seeking divorce in Egypt are denied equal access; they are at a distinct disadvantage for no reason other than they are women. Muslim women seeking divorce in Egypt must resort to the notoriously backlogged, inefficient court system and face procedural and evidentiary hurdles that are inherently discriminatory and may take several years to get a divorce. When men initiate divorce, they do not have to go through reconciliation process. In fact a husband can divorce his wife in as little as one hour with the local marriage registrar. The wife does not have to be informed. When women seek divorce, including those of domestic violence, they must submit to compulsory mediation in the name of family preservation and the biased notion that women are unable to make rational decisions about family issues. Many Egyptian Muslim women, including those in abusive relationships, refrain from ever attempting to seek divorce for fear of violence and potentially life-threatening marriages. In all other court cases in Egypt, a woman's testimony is worth half of a man. Therefore a woman living with a violent husband would need testimonies from two men, four women, or one man and two women to prove her case. The khul' law of 2000 failed to address the discriminatory aspects of the divorce system. Its introduction has spared women the need to specify grounds for divorce, but forced them to give up critical financial rights in exchange for divorce, such as returning any cash or property provided by her husband under their marriage contract. This option is limited only to women with significant resource or those who are desperate for a divorce. Recognition of Egyptian Divorce in USA In the United States, state courts decide on divorce cases. A divorce judgment issued in Egypt is generally recognized in the United States on the basis of "comity", provided that both parties to the divorce receive adequate notice, such as services of process and at least one of them is domiciled in Egypt at the time of the divorce. Egyptian women citizens of the U.S. must obtain divorce decrees from Egypt as proof of divorce. The documents must be authenticated by the relevant authorities in Egypt and the U.S. This is important to women who could not remarry without presenting proof that they are free to remarry. Egyptian Muslim women who remarry without obtaining a divorce decree from Egypt, their second marriage may be considered illegal. In Islamic countries, women who remarry without divorce documents, may be labeled as adulterous, and in some countries like Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan may be subject to the death penalty by stoning under strict interpretations of Islamic sharia. DISCLAIMER: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this publication, it is not intended to provide legal advice as individual situations will differ and should be discussed with an expert and/or lawyer. For specific technical or legal advice on the information provided and related topics, please contact the author. Republishing of this article is permitted. Gabriel Sawma is a lawyer with Middle East background. Professor of Middle East Constitutional Law and Islamic sharia. Expert consultant on Islamic divorce in U.S. courts: http://gabrielsawma.blogspot.com/2009/04/islamic-divorce-in-us-courts.html. Editor in chief of International Law blog: http://gabrielsawma.blogspot.com/2009/04/islamic-divorce-in-us-courts.html. Editor in chief of International Law blog: link to gabrielsawma.blogspot.com contribute to this article add comment to discussion

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The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation. ~ Aristotle Recognizing Patterns is one of the core competencies of “Know Yourself” in the Six Seconds Model. Definition: Acknowledging frequently recurring reactions and behaviors. Importance: Sometimes people assess new situations and respond carefully and thoughtfully, but frequently they run on autopilot, reacting unconsciously based on habit. In part it’s because the human brain is wired to form and follow neural pathways. Left unconscious, these patterns can inhibit optimal performance because they are a generalized response rather than one carefully tailored to the current situation. Recognizing Patterns helps you track and monitor your reactions – which is an essential step to managing them. Recognizing your own patterns will also help you see others’ – which will be invaluable in coaching others so they get off of autopilot as well. Think, Feel, Act Cards – This hands-on tool increases awareness about choices, and is ideal for coaching, small group instruction, or personal development. EQ Coach Cards – Capture the wisdom of leading EQ experts with these compelling questions for professional and personal transformation. EQ Action Log – More than a journal, this 3-month Action Log incorporates monthly tips and powerful models to hold you accountable and further your learning in emotional intelligence. EQ from the Inside Out – Where many books ‘tell’ about emotional intelligence, finally, here is a book that shows you how. E.Q. Librium – EQ can be increased and author Yvette Bethel will show you how to improve your emotional intelligence and achieve your career goals through mastering E.Q. Librium Getting to E.Q. Librium – Based on E.Q. Librium, Unleash the Power of Your Emotional Intelligence: A Proven Path to Career Success, this book is a step-by-step guide for achieving E.Q. Librium. Sneetch Marbles – Sneetch Marbles, Inc. is a dynamic training module to improve team performance and emotional intelligence EQ for Families: Accountability Workshop – Help parents teach their children to make more conscious, conscientious, and effective decisions. Why Do People React & What’s the Neuroscience of How To Create Inner Peace Instead? with Joshua Freedman How do I begin to recognize my own patterns? with Joshua Freedman How can you reflect on your own patterns of reaction? with Marsha Ridout Sibling Rivalry: Jealousy and Love – About the meaning of jealousy. The EI-nnovation: Setting the Stage for Breakthrough Performance – To create innovation, we need an organizational context that allows breaking patterns. “Mindfulness” by Ellen J.Langer. About the relationship between our mind state and our actions, and what we choose to pay attention to. Project Implicit has a series of tests you can take to identify some of your own stereotypes. Participating also adds data to the project. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ In the movie Erin Brockowich, Erin’s pattern is so predictable that her employer decides to have some fun at her expense. Watch the clip, observe both the verbal and nonverbal communication. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKgy5W3S6nw

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Physicist: The extremely short, smart-ass answer to this is: of course! Ultimately everything in the universe is built out of tiny quantum things and ultimately everything obeys quantum mechanical laws. But that’s not really the spirit of the question, and it doesn’t tell you anything useful. You could just as easily say that computers take advantage of the same principles behind lightning (electricity), but that doesn’t tell you anything about computers or lightning. The “connection” between quantum physics and consciousness is pretty famous these days, what with the Secret, Chopra, and stuff like that. Unfortunately, in legit science we don’t have a real, solid definition for consciousness, which makes talking about it a little tricky. To a physicist, consciousness is like obscenity; you know it when you see it. So, while I can’t speak to what consciousness is, I can say it doesn’t seem to have any influence on quantum phenomena (at least, outside of the head). The brain, on the other hand, can be defined (you can even point at it!), and the brain definitely involves quantum mechanics. Chemistry, which is arguably the most important part of biochemistry, is all about quantum mechanics. But are more interesting quantum effects, like entanglement, quantum teleportation, and quantum computation used by the brain? It seems unlikely, since quantum experiments done in the lab are generally done in very, very carefully controlled, usually cold, environments, involving just a few atoms at a time. By contrast, brains involve many atoms (like… dozens) and are generally warm, and squishy, and very un-lab-like. Any zombie scientist will say the same. And yet the surprising, somewhat hesitant, answer is a resounding: maybe! Recently it’s been shown that many (possibly all) plants use a form of “quantum search” So far, photosynthesis is the best example of coherent quantum phenomena (stuff involving entangled or controlled states across multiple atoms) in biology, but it’s exciting enough to give rise to the new field of “quantum biology”. Generally speaking, “coherent states” (which are the kind of nice, clean quantum states you need to have entanglement or any of the other weirder quantum effects) get broken apart in environments as noisy as a biological system. But there are some very slick tricks being used by physicists to over-come noise, like topological quantum computation, quantum error-correcting codes, and robust states (clever combinations of states that are more stable than their constituent states). It may be that, like chloroplasts in plants, our brains have some cute tricks for maintaining coherent states and possibly computing with them. Weirder things have happened (maybe not a lot weirder). For example; among the many other things they do, ours eyes are continuously running an edge-detection algorithm and our ears preform a physical Fourier transform. So far we’ve only scratched the surface of what kind of tricks our brains use, literally. It’s tricky to study the inside of a brain while keeping it alive, so we know a lot about the eyes, ears, nose, and peripheral nervous system, but surprisingly little about how that information is processed in the brain. There’s a subtle but important difference between quantum mechanics and magic. So, even if our brains are capable of handling quantum information on a large scale, we can’t expect to have any cool powers because of it. The brain might use entanglement to correlate things on different sides of the brain, or rapidly organize information. But as for cooler things, like telepathy, or clarvoiance, or any kind of film-worthy mental powers: nope!

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Standard Oil of Indiana, as the company was officially known for many years, took shape in 1899. Initially it consisted of a single facility outside Whiting, Indiana, which refined oil intro products that people and business needed: axle grease for industrial machinery, paraffin wax for candles, kerosene for home lighting. The company grew. By the early 1900s it was the leading provider of kerosene and gasoline in the Midwest. Kerosene sales would eventually falter. But with car ownership booming across the United States, demand for gasoline would only go up and up. A cracking discovery felt around the world The first Amoco service station opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1912. Those were heady days for the company. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust had been broken up the previous year, meaning that Amoco had to stand on its own feet. Two company scientists registered a patent for a process they had invented called thermal cracking. It doubled the amount of gasoline that could be made from a barrel of oil and also boosted the gasoline’s octane rating. The process became standard practice in the refining industry, and it was credited with averting a gasoline shortage during the First World War. In the 1920s, the company decided to secure its own sources of crude oil. It established an exploration and production business, Stanolind, with plans to look for oil mainly in the United States. In 1930 Stanolind crews found what they were looking for, striking oil at a large field in east Texas in 1930 .They found the Hastings field south of Houston at the end of 1934. Discoveries on land, in the labs and at sea During World War II, Amoco employees put much of their energy into providing gasoline and other products to the American military. US warplanes flew on Amoco aviation fuel. Soldiers in the trenches peeled Amoco-made paraffin seals off their food rations at mealtimes. And Amoco researchers made discoveries that had military uses, including an all-weather motor oil for trucks and tanks and a new way of making TNT. War diverted attention away from oil and gas exploration, but by the mid-1940s the company was back on the trail. Off the coast of Louisiana, Amoco explorers found the first oil out of sight of land. The following year, an exploration office opened in Canada. Its first oil was found within months. Meanwhile, Amoco scientists made a breakthrough that would boost the amount of oil and natural gas that would flow through those new wells. They introduced Hydrafrac, a hydraulic well fracturing process that increased industry production worldwide. A decade later, Amoco chemicals scientists discovered PTA, a chemical used in the production polyester fibres. To capitalize on the discovery the company opened Amoco Fabrics and Fibers. Global expansion, then a rather large merger As the 20th century progressed, so did Amoco. The company that had started as a single site in Indiana had become large by any measure. By the end of the century, it was the largest natural gas producer in North America, with a reach that stretched well beyond its home continent: exploration in 20 countries, production in 14 countries. Amoco produced 13 million tonnes of chemicals a year and was the world’s largest producer of PTA. It was big in solar power, too, with a 50% stake in a leading solar company. In 1998, Amoco and BP announced that they had merged, combining their worldwide operations into a single organization. Overnight, the new company, BP Amoco, became the largest producer of both oil and natural gas in the US. At the start of the new millennium, Amoco service stations in the United States were rebranded BP, although Amoco gasoline continued to flow from the pumps.

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The mission of the Exceptional Children Division is to assure that students with disabilities and those who are academically or intellectually gifted develop mentally, physically, emotionally, and vocationally through the provision of an appropriate individualized education in the least restrictive environment. Section 504 is part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination of students on the bases of a handicapping condition. Section 504 is different from the Exceptional Children’s Program in that the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) has a defined list of disabilities that may qualify under IDEA. Section 504 is much broader in that it has no list. Each potentially qualifying disability much be assessed individually. A student qualifying to be served by Section 504 is one that has: - a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities, - a record of such impairment, or - is regarded as having such an impairment. Section 504 is enforced by the Office of Civil Rights. Please contact your school or district coordinator of Section 504 for additional information.

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ECE News Story Yin, Fritz, Shamma publish neuroplasticity study in Journal of Neuroscience A new study by ECE and ISR researchers in the Society for Neuroscience’s Journal of Neuroscience shows that induced patterns of rapid changes in neural pathways and synapses in the brain closely reflect the time and frequency of the tasks being performed. The study extends the functional relevance of rapid task-related brain changes to perceiving and learning natural sounds such as vocalizations in animals and speech in humans. "Rapid Spectrotemporal Receptive Field Plasticity in Primary Auditory Cortex During Behavior" was written by ISR Postdoctoral Researcher Pingbo Yin, ISR Associate Research Scientist Jonathan Fritz, and Professor Shihab Shamma (ECE/ISR). Complex natural and environmental sounds, such as speech and music, convey information along both frequency and time. The way the brain represents such stimuli rapidly adapts when animals become actively engaged in discriminating them. The study examined the nature of these changes. March 28, 2014

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Can you grasp Entrepreneurship? Entrepreneurship is the act and art of being an entrepreneur or one who undertakes innovations or introducing new things, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses (referred as startup company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. When entrepreneurship is describing activities within a firm or large organization it is referred to as intrapreneurship and may include corporate venturing, when large entities spin-off organizations. The idea of Entrepreneurship is multifaceted. There are changed, different and to a degree opposing sets of meanings of the term. As an issue out the definitional problem, this article plans to clarify the financial viewpoint on enterprise. The financial viewpoint rests on certain monetary variables which incorporate development, danger bearing, and asset activation. Development/Creativity In this methodology, ambitious people are people who do new mix of beneficial assets. The key fixing, the doing of new mix (or development) recognizes business visionaries from non-ambitious people. While new wander creation shows up as the most predominant manifestation of business, there exist different structures. Enterprise likewise includes the start of changes as consequent development in the measure of merchandise created, and in existing structure or structure of authoritative connections Jason Hope. In the Entrepreneurship writing, a few researchers have scrutinized the utilization of association creation as foundation for business. It has been contended that associations, for example, political gatherings, affiliations and social gatherings are constantly made by individuals who are not “ambitious people.” Interesting as it may sound, the terms enterprise and business person have been embraced by fluctuated researchers to meet the development and soul of the time. This is prove by endeavors to apply entrepreneurial deduction to contemporary group situated working environment methods. Parts of such gatherings – political gatherings, affiliations and social gatherings – thusly, could be called entrepreneurial groups. Moreover, exercises inborn in such gatherings have prospered lately, and are progressively being portrayed as social business. Danger Taking This is an alternate financial variable whereupon the monetary viewpoint rotates. Danger taking recognizes business people from non-business people. For the most part, business people are ascertained danger takers. They bear the vulnerability in business sector progress. This idea has its faultfinders and promoters. Ambitious people may not so much hazard her subsidizes yet chance other individual capital, for example, notoriety and the likelihood of being all the more profitably utilized somewhere else. Asset Mobilization here, business is reflected in sharpness to saw benefit opportunities in the economy. This infers the allotment of assets in quest for circumstances with the business person assuming the part of an opportunity identifier. Along these lines, business visionaries are recognized by their capacity to recognize constant stuns or difficulties (of long haul open doors) to the nature’s turf, and afterward to orchestrate the data and take conclusive activities based upon it. This article has conceptualized business enterprise focused around asset assembly, hazard taking, and advancement. Past the aforementioned financial variables, enterprise can likewise be seen focused around a set of individual qualities, intentions and motivators of the on-screen character in the business demonstration. This is the mental point of view, the subject of a future article. Notwithstanding the mental point of view, we should likewise inspect the methodology and little business viewpoints.

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Swing Music: Overview Georgia, though far from the jazz centers of New Orleans, Louisiana; Chicago, Illinois; and New York City, produced some of the most important swing musicians of the big band era. Many of these gained their fame after migrating to northern urban centers, but the musicians who stayed in the South contributed to the thriving swing scene in Savannah during the 1930s and 1940s. Fletcher Henderson from Cuthbert, in Randolph County, is credited with forming the first swing band in 1924, which included drummer Joseph "Kaiser" Marshall from Savannah. Similar to Paul Whiteman's band, the group did not swing much at first, but the addition of horn player Louis Armstrong to the group started a new musical genre. By the end of the 1920s, prominent bands led by Duke Ellington and Bennie Moten had formed, but the swing era is considered to have begun at a 1935 concert in Los Angeles, California, by Benny Goodman. Thereafter, swing bands started all over the country, which increased the popularity of Fletcher Henderson. Goodman's band performed many Henderson songs and arrangements, and Goodman credited the source for his material. When Henderson's bands suffered in popularity or disbanded, he found work either playing or composing and arranging for Goodman. One of the cities that produced a successful swing movement was Savannah. In the 1920s and 1930s such local bands as Raymond Snype and His Golden Syncopators, Ted Pollen's Syncopated Six, Al Cutter's Snappy Six, Leland Longley's Georgia Rhythm Kings, the Georgia State College Swing Band, and Larry Noble's band played at numerous venues around the city. The most prominent clubs, such as Powell Hall, the Golden Dream Club, the Harlem Club, and Tybrisa, hosted concerts by local groups as well as bands led by Goodman, Ellington, Armstrong, and many others. By the 1940s additional bands and clubs augmented the already busy swing scene. Walter Langston and the Savannahians, Fish Ray's Victory Hoppers, and James Drayton's band performed at Gus' Tavern, the Rainbow Room, the Lincoln Inn, and the Melody Theater. Throughout the first half of the decade, most of the major swing bands returned to Savannah to perform. After World War II (1941-45), however, the national appeal of swing music waned, and the swing scene in Savannah also declined, as different genres of music captured the public's attention and economic forces made traveling with a large group difficult. Harry James, a native of Albany. James spent two years with Benny Goodman before forming his own band. A steady string of hits and the employment of such popular vocalists as Connie Haines from Savannah and Frank Sinatra made James's big band the most popular swing group of the late 1940s. Several famous swing trombonists hailed from Georgia. James "Trummy" Young from Savannah, J. C. Higginbotham from Social Circle, and Lou McGarity from Athens all played for many popular big bands. An early jazz trumpeter, Cladys "Jabbo" Smith from Pembroke, rivaled the popularity of Louis Armstrong. Pianist Mary Lou Williams from Atlanta played for most of the twentieth century, which included time leading her own swing combos, accompanying Andy Kirk, and arranging for Ellington, Goodman, Armstrong, and others. Eddie Heywood Jr. from Atlanta, a pianist and son of the blues pianist Eddie Heywood Sr. from Atlanta, led his own groups andJohnny Mercer from Savannah wrote numerous popular songs of the era—now classics—and sang with Goodman. Joe Williams from Cordele became famous by singing for many years with Count Basie. When the swing era ended after World War II, many big bands disbanded or struggled into the 1950s. Many of Georgia's jazz musicians, however, most notably Mary Lou Williams and J. C. Higginbotham, continued to play and evolve along with modern jazz. Today, neoswing bands have revived interest in big band music, but the music hasn't captured the attention of the nation as it did so many decades ago. Media Gallery: Swing Music: Overview

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Kate B. Showers. Imperial Gullies: Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005. xxix + 346 pp. $26.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-8214-1614-3; $55.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8214-1613-6. Reviewed by Marc Epprecht (Development Studies Program, Queen's University) Published on H-SAfrica (April, 2006) Who Scarred Lesotho? Imperial Gullies aims to reconstruct the history of soil erosion in what is commonly described as one of the most damaged landscapes in the world. Kate Showers sets out this ambition with evocative language: "Landscapes are libraries whose information is ignored by most academics … The story of soil erosion and soil conservation in Lesotho is a tale of environmental change and environmental destruction, of a conversation among cultures that never happened, of the persistence of ideas about landscape problems and their technological solutions in the face of obvious failure and, finally, of a misunderstood resistance" (p. 1). Showers' first objective is to understand what made the soils of Lesotho so vulnerable both to widespread sheet erosion and, more dramatically, the deep gullies known locally as dongas. Dongas were described from even before the colonial period but Showers wants to know when, exactly, they became so characteristic of the Lesotho countryside and so pervasively destructive to agriculture. She also asks which human activities contributed most to creating these terrible scars and who is primarily responsible for the mess. The title surely gives Showers' principal conclusion away: the British. Her main arguments are that (1) the Basotho managed the environment well when they were few in number and produced for subsistence and ritual purposes in the lowland valleys; (2) the borders of Lesotho were artificially created to confine a growing population to mostly mountainous territory with very fragile soils and flora; (3) the Basotho responded avidly to market incentives in the 1870s by increasing the production of grain, importing livestock, ploughing under virgin soils, and exporting produce in heavy wagons down steep slopes on bad roads and paths; (4) these "modern" activities rather than supposedly primitive or ignorant farming practices gave rise to early erosion problems; (5) missionaries and government officials panicked and overgeneralized about erosion leading to a misguided attempt to apply a technological fix which, (6) only made matters worse. Indeed, the hasty and ill-researched yet massive soil conservation program starting in the late 1930s had the effect of concentrating otherwise dispersed flows of water behind ill-constructed and ill-maintained contour ridges. When the ridges breached, or simply overflowed around their ends, they caused virtual waterfalls that cut like knives into farmers' fields. Basotho responded by neglecting or deliberately destroying the contours as a form of resistance that may have made things even worse still. A key element in this history is the lack of respect by government and the scientists in its employ for the farmers whose fields and livelihoods were most at risk. The Basotho were generally blamed for bad farming practices, not consulted for their perspectives on the problems, and coerced into something that they suspected both did not work and served other peoples' interests. The worst of it is that evidently harmful technocratic "solutions" continued to be imposed on the Basotho by undemocratic regimes and self-interested donors long after they had gained independence. This is a powerful and timely cautionary tale against scientific and political hubris that, in Showers' analysis, go closely hand in hand. Scientists might learn from such histories how ideological they can be in certain situations. This might help move us from dogmatic faith in technology to a more modest, realistic, and hence more honestly scientific approach to highly complex (social, cultural, political and so on) development problems such as soil erosion or global climate change. Showers makes another important contribution to environmental history by bridging some of the disciplinary divides that commonly weaken analysis. She first walks us through the science of soil composition and erosion, and then carefully reviews the history of climate in order to differentiate specific periods and places of soil stress. She draws on anthropological studies and historical documents to reconstruct attitudes of different players in the drama, primarily small-scale Basotho peasant farmers and colonial officials. She also, together with her co-author in a key chapter (Gwendolyn Malahleha) presents findings from oral interviews of Basotho men and women in a specific village with memories of specific fields, contours, and dongas. Their recollections of the 1930s to the 1950s provide an especially rich component in the emerging picture. Unfortunately, there are problems with the book that undermine its power to convince sceptics. This is such an important new field in African history (as well as a continuing critical gap in Lesotho's historiography and development literature) that these weaknesses need to be spelled out and hopefully addressed in future research. For example, Showers is primarily dependent upon published, official sources in English. This introduces a bias from the beginning that the oral interviews in Sesotho do not offset. On the contrary, the interviews actually highlight two pieces of the puzzle that Showers' documentary sources overlook. The Roman Catholic mission began soil conservation work more than a decade before government got involved and wrote extensively (mostly in French, often sharply critical of government). The principal chiefs, whose views were recorded in the Basutoland National Council and many other unpublished documents, also held strong views, often implicating each other. Failure to consult these sources unduly concentrates attention and blame on just one of the many actors in the story. Erosion control was also never just about building contour ridges. Donkeys, for example, on account of their destructive grazing habits were the focus of a major, punitive campaign by the government in the 1920s and 30s. The chiefs at least rhetorically aligned themselves with Basotho women (who used donkeys the most) against the government on this issue. And what about population control? A key variable between the pre-donga past and the donga-plagued present is that the number of humans crammed into Lesotho has increased probably twentyfold. Of course it is tempting to want to blame the British, who were without question often paternalistic and duplicitous in their governance of colonial Lesotho. We need, however, to be fair in our criticism and to consider the context in which they were operating. Aside from the juggernaut of population growth and seemingly relentless environmental collapse, the Basutoland administration was under intense pressure from South Africa and from the Basotho themselves. A series of very high profile "medicine murders" in the 1940s threatened to bring the whole chieftaincy down in disgrace. From the early 1950s, there were also Basotho politicians who explicitly described those who cooperated with the British and chiefs on erosion control as "stooges" and pro-apartheid traitors. There is no need to exonerate the British entirely, but knowing the fuller political context we can at least appreciate why they turned to wishful thinking about technology. Finally, there is the question of contradictory evidence. This is most apparent between the chapter on oral history and the conclusion ("the Basotho are not responsible for the massive erosion gullies that scar their landscape … The Basotho were victims of an untested experimental technology," pp. 256-257). Yet the Basotho informants do not present themselves as victims. Rather, they tend to blame themselves and to express regret at not following the scientific advice they were given by men they often admired ("I wish we really went on doing them, but we were lazy," "people are like animals, they need a foreman," "They [we] were blind, and did not know anything about soil erosion," and so on; see pp. 215-229 especially). The informants are also highly inconsistent in identifying the contour ridges as erosion-forming. Most blame changing weather for the erosion (more frequent droughts, more violent downpours). Some describe great benefits from contour ridges. Even the harshest critics are inconsistent at times to the point of unintelligibility (see especially pp. 221-222). This self-contradiction, and occasional leading questions by the interviewers, make us suspect that something else was going on in the interviews than the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Showers alludes to that when she refers to the recent (indeed, at the time still ongoing) history of political violence in the country. It might be that she has underestimated the effects of that violence on the interview process. Given that development projects were particularly politicized, readers will have to be very prudent in trusting this source. None of this is to say that Showers is wrong. On the contrary, she makes a convincing case that science and technology were offered as a panacea when the real work that needed to be done was to address the underlying causes of Lesotho's poverty: its borders, notably. Oblivious to those underlying causes, the technology was bound to fail. This is an insight that resonates strongly today as faith in scientific and technological breakthroughs is brought uncritically to bear on essentially political problems (like failure to address comprehensively the factors driving global climate change). Lesotho's soil history thus stands as an object lesson of how clever ideas may fail if the science behind them is blind to the underlying human factor. Showers is to be congratulated for mustering such a rich empirical study of that blindness in action. If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-safrica. Marc Epprecht. Review of Showers, Kate B., Imperial Gullies: Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho. H-SAfrica, H-Net Reviews. Copyright © 2006 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Posted by Kelsey on Thursday, March 15, 2012 at 12:18am. Consider the decomposition of a metal oxide to its elements, where M represents a generic metal. M203(s)---> 2M(s) + 3/2 O2(g) info given for Gf(kJ/mol): 1.) what is the standard change in Gibbs energy for rxn as written in forward direction? (kJ/mol) 2.) What is the equilibrium constant (K) of this rxn, as written in forward direction at 298K? 3.) What is the equilibrium pressure of O2(g) over M(s) at 298K? (atm) For 1.) I got 10.6 kJ/mol and this is correct For 2.) I got K= -4.28 and it marked me wrong. Now I got an answer of .01387. Is this correct??? For 3.) I got PO2= 0.0016 atm and it marked me wrong......I don't know how it is wrong. Could you please check #2 and #3 and tell me what I did wrong and what are the answers thanks. - Chemistry - DrBob222, Thursday, March 15, 2012 at 12:50am I agree with your answer to #2. For #3, if we do 0.01378 = pO23/2 and I evaluate that as 0.05748 atm but that has too many s.f. and I would round to 0.0575 atm. I tried 0.05748^1.5 and that = 0.01378. Check that carefully. - Chemistry - Kelsey, Thursday, March 15, 2012 at 12:56am Yes it is correct! Thanks! :) I see my mistake! - Chemistry - Bonjour, Tuesday, June 11, 2013 at 6:38pm hello mon amie - Chemistry - marie, Monday, June 2, 2014 at 12:38am Bonjour mon ami... Ca va? La chemie est un excellent science n'est-ce pas? Alors je vais partir maintenant, aie une bonne vie! - Chemistry - Sophia, Saturday, April 4, 2015 at 1:10pm @DrBob222 , can you explain how exactly you evaluated to get that number because im confused howd you got there - Chemistry - Lore, Sunday, April 26, 2015 at 12:59am I see what asker did wrong too, because she left it incomplete at first. Since Kelsey found #1, 10.6, I'll leave it at that. Part 2: (Gibbs energy)= -RTln(K) -> 10.6 kJ/mol= -(8.314 J/molxK)(298K)ln(K) -> 10.6 x 10^3 (J/mol) = -(2477.6 J/mol)ln(K) -> Divide "-RT" (which is -2477.6 J/mol) from both sides -> -4.278 = ln(K) -> e^(-4.278) = K (because e and ln cancels out) From what I see... Part 3: pO2 is (pO2)^(3/2) because of the 3/2 moles in M203(s)---> 2M(s) + 3/2 O2(g). So... -> [(pO2)^(3/2)]^(2/3)= (0.0139)^(2/3) -> pO2= 0.0578 - Chemistry - Lore, Sunday, April 26, 2015 at 1:09am Sorry, for part three, it is not only because of 3/2 moles from O2(g). Part 3 is asking for "equilibrium pressure of O2(g) over M(s) at 298K? (atm)." Although it is 3/2 nevertheless, because M(s) also has 1 mole, it is due to O2(g)/M(s) so (3/2)/(1) =3/2. Please correct me if my thinking is wrong. - Chemistry - Lore, Sunday, April 26, 2015 at 1:14am Oh, how embarrassing for the spam, but what I stated earlier, just above, was a work of negligence. Because I quickly looked at the problem, I mistook M203 for M(s). If only there was an editing button...I'll just leave my work up in the open, as I was trying to follow DrBob222's reasoning. Answer This Question More Related Questions - Chemistry - Consider the decomposition of a metal oxide to its elements where m ... - Chemistry - Consider the decomposition of a metal oxide to its elements, where M... - chemistry pls help me asap - 2.08g of metal Y react with 0.96g of oxygen to form... - Chemistry Problem - Consider an ionic compound, MX, composed of generic metal M ... - Chemistry - Aluminum metal reacts with iron (III) oxide to produce aluminum ... - Chemistry - In an experiment 1.015 g of a metal carbonate, containing an unknown... - Chemistry - 0.356 grams of an unknown metal reacts with oxygen to form 452 ... - chemistry - when aluminum metal reacts with iron (III) oxide to form aluminum ... - Chemistry - I need help classifying these as physical and chemical properties! 1... - Chemistry - When 1.187g of a metallic oxide is reduced with excess hydrogen, 1....

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Unlike products derived directly or indirectly from narcotics of natural origin, synthetic narcotics are produced entirely in the laboratory. The primary objective of laboratory production is to produce a drug that will have the analgesic properties of morphine while minimizing the potential for addiction. The products most widely available—hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and methadone—are still addictive however. Hydrocodone and Oxycodone Hydrocodone and oxycodone are two of the most commonly prescribed narcotic painkillers in the United States. Although they are designed to have less euphoric effect than morphine, they are still highly sought after by recreational users and addicts. Like morphine, these drugs have enough potential for abuse that they are classified as Schedule II substances. (See Table 2.1.) In 2001 the drug OxyContin, produced by Purdue Pharma L.P., received an enormous amount of media attention. Although the active ingredient, oxycodone, has been around for a long time in drugs such as Percocet and Percodan, media and law enforcement noted a new wave of use. OxyContin, which is sold in high-dosage time-release pills, can be easily swallowed, chewed, or even crushed and injected, for a heroin-like high. The manufacturer, after DEA pressure, agreed to try to produce its product in ways that had less potential for abuse. As of 2003, however, abuse of OxyContin was still on the rise, according to the National Drug Intelligence Center. First introduced in the 1930s, meperidine parallels morphine's pain-relieving strength. It is the most widely used drug for relief of moderate to severe pain and is frequently used during childbirth and after operations. Tolerance and dependence develop with chronic use, and large doses can result in convulsions. Demerol and Pethadal are meperidine products. Methadone and Related Drugs Methadone was first synthesized by German scientists during World War II because of a shortage of morphine. Although its chemical makeup is unlike that of morphine or heroin, it produces many of the same effects as those drugs. It was introduced to the United States in 1947 and became widely used in the 1960s to help treat narcotic addicts. The effects of methadone last up to twenty-four hours, and the drug is almost as effective when administered orally as by injection. Tolerance and dependence can develop, and in some metropolitan areas, methadone has become just another illegal drug. It has also emerged as an important cause of overdose deaths. Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) is a closely related synthetic compound with an even longer duration of action (forty-eight to seventy-two hours), allowing for fewer clinic visits and eliminating take-home medication. In 1994 it was approved for use in the treatment of narcotic addiction. Another close relative of methadone is dextropropoxyphene, first marketed in 1957 under the trade name Darvon for the relief of mild to moderate pain. There is less chance of dependence, but also less pain relief. It has one-half to one-third the potency of codeine but is about ten times stronger than aspirin. Because of misuse, bulk dextropropoxyphene was placed in Schedule II, while preparations containing it are in Schedule IV. (See Table 2.1.)

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THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ART OF MIME The language of gestures was born with man and is reborn every day as part of his need to express himself. Before the human voice developed, gestures served not only to communicate but to aid in the development of vocal sounds. Later they were incorporated in the first forms of written language of, for example, the Egyptians, the Aztecs, and in the pictographic writings of the Hebrews. Gestures and expressive movement were also utilized in ancient religious dances and ceremonies. And from the ancient ceremonies in China, Japan, India, and Egypt emerged the actor, who was at once a dancer, singer, and mime. In Greece, the first recorded pantomime actor is the legendary dancer Telestes, who in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes (467 B.C.) detached himself from the chorus to interpret, through rhythmic steps and gestures, the action that the chorus sang or recited. With the addition of text, protagonists, and stage sets, miming and dance remained intrinsic to both tragedy and comedy. As the Greek theatre developed movement became basic to the actor's art. And, though the art of mime in Greece developed into several distinct categories, it rarely separated from dance and speaking theatre. Only among the Romans did it disengage from dance and speech to give birth to pantomime. Roman pantomime consisted of short, improvised, burlesque scenes and depicted current events and themes of love, adultery, and mocking of the gods. During the age of Julius Caesar it became more literary in the works of, for example, Laberius (106-43 B.C.). While tragic pantomime was developed by Pylades of Cicilia and his disciples, his rival Bathyllus of Alexandria and his followers performed comic pantomime. After the fall of the Roman Empire, entertainers who inherited the Greco-Roman mime traditions sang, danced, imitated, and performed acrobatics at the courts and at private banquets throughout Europe. And despite the ups and downs of their fortune, strolling jongleurs and mimes never abandoned the ancient mime traditions. The mimes, who earlier had played a role in the Latin comedy's development and in the works of authors such as Plautus, later collaborated in the religious and comic theatre of the Middle Ages. And these same traditions and this mimic spirit would be revived when they fused with one of the richest theatre forms in Europe, the commedia dell'arte. Like the Greco-Roman mime and Atellan farce, the commedia dell'arte contains stock character types, masks, farcical action, and scenes full of bastinadoes, acrobatics, and amusing stage business. The scenarios are short and simple and the action flexible enough to allow the actor freedom to improvise, mime, and clown. This improvisational element is reinforced by the use of inserted bits of comical stock business, similar to the tricae of Atellan farce, called lazzi. Along with perfected technique, the actor's art depends upon successfully linking these lazzi, often transmitted from generation to generation, to the main action. Each actor specializes in a stock character, which frequently has a counterpart in ancient mimodrama or Atellan farce. Arlecchino with his shaven head and flat feet, his multicolored coat and black mask, recalls the ancient Roman buffoon, who daubed himself with soot. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, allegorical and mythological, pageant-type ballet-pantomimes were performed at the courts and in the theatres of Europe. Among them were the Duchesse du Maine's ballet-pantomimes at Sceaux and John Weaver's staging of The Loves of Mars and Venus at Drury Lane in 1717. The traditional dumb show in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French and English melodramas, as well as the Elizabethan dumb shows, were also called pantomimes. In France, after the Italian Comedy was prohibited from playing in the official theatres and spoken dialogues and monologues in French were also forbidden, pantomime with commedia-type characters appeared at the Théâtres de la Foire. When staged in the English music halls at Christmas, they were called harlequinades. By the end of the nineteenth century, English Christmas pantomimes such as Cinderella and Jack and the Beanstalk contained spectacular scenic effects and popular music hall interludes with dialogue, acrobatics, singing, and dancing in which Clown had replaced Harlequin and Pierrot. And even though these Christmas pantomimes had almost no mime or dumb show and contained mostly dialogue, singing, and dancing, they were still called pantomimes or dumb shows because they included some element, however remote, of miming's technique and art. In nineteenth-century England and America, pantomime was incorporated into circus acts, as in clown George Fox's (1825-77) Humpty Dumpty and in the performances of the Hanlon-Lees. Meanwhile, in France, Gaspard Deburau had immortalized the silent Pierrot pantomimes, which we today call pantomime blanche because of the whiteface the artist wears. All Paris came to applaud Deburau at the Théâtre des Funambules. His Pierrot, though inspired by the lazy, mischievous valet Pedrolino of the commedia dell'arte, soon became an essentially French character. He changed Pierrot from a cynical, grotesque rogue into a poetic fellow and brought a personal expression to the fantasy, acrobatics, melodrama, and spectacular staging that characterized nineteenth-century pantomimes. Not only did he add extempore bits of business to a given action, but he also invented his own scenarios. Just as for several centuries the commedia dell'arte, which depended on the actor's improvisational skills, had influenced European theatre, nineteenth-century pantomime, with Deburau's inventive genius, reached great heights. Other nineteenth century French mimes such as Paul Legrand, Alexandre Guyon, Louis Rouffe, and Séverin continued the Pierrot tradition. But at the turn of the century, classical pantomime had become stereotyped. It was Georges Wague who revitalized it and prepared the ground for modern mime, discovering and training mimes such as the author Colette, who performed in his company. Mime also returned to the fore in 1923, when Jacques Copeau founded his acting school at the Théâtre du Vieux Colombier, where miming with a mask and doing exercises resembling those of the Noh drama helped the actor find greater corporeal expressivity. Convinced that the human body alone suffices to dress a bare stage, Copeau's student, Etienne Decroux, would endlessly research and perfect these exercises, developing them into his codified corporeal mime. His movement style was a far cry from the commedia figure from which Pierrot took his model. Unlike classical pantomime, corporeal mime was also no longer an anecdotal art that used conventional gestures to create illusions of objects or persons. The impetus Decroux's findings gave to twentieth-century mime had repercussions throughout the world, opening dimensions in technique and expression unheard of since ancient Greek mime and Roman pantomime. By the mid-twentieth century, Paris was the place for mimes to be. It was here that several great masters gave new life to the mime art, as well as merged it with other forms. Etienne Decroux, Marcel Marceau, and Jacques Lecoq developed schools of mime that no longer represented traditional, nineteenth-century pantomime. Their schools and styles differed from one another, as much as they differed from Eastern European pantomime. It was in Paris, too, that, after studying and performing with Decroux and creating his own mimodramas, Jean-Louis Barrault brought Pierrot back to the stage in a 1946 Baptiste pantomime at the Marigny Theatre and in the role of Deburau in the film Children of Paradise. It was also in Paris that Barrault integrated expressive movement with speaking theatre. Meanwhile, Decroux's student, Marcel Marceau, would convert corporeal mime into an art that could be readily communicated. Through his Bip and style pantomimes he made this art known to the world. And while Decroux trained corporeal mimes in Paris and New York, Jacques Lecoq taught mime not as a separate art but as a research tool to further dramatic creativity as well as one which could be combined with other arts. Lecoq's global training method fused the art of the clown and the buffoon, juggling, acrobatics, spoken text, dance, plastic arts, and all of life with body movement. His movement expression, based on the observation of natural movement, opened up new directions for physical theatre. Meanwhile, in 1978, Marceau opened his school in Paris and taught workshops in America. Decroux, Barrault, and Lecoq inspired many mimes and theatre artists to discover multiple styles of twentieth-century movement theatre that, in turn, enriched other stage arts. Through the contributions of Decroux, Marceau, and Lecoq three main schools of mime developed in Europe that had worldwide repercussions. The more commonly whitefaced, illusion pantomime portrayed concrete emotions and situations by means of conventional gestures, creating the illusion of something there which in reality is not. Corporeal mimes rejected this form to express abstract and universal ideas and emotions through codified movements of the entire body. Those in Lecoq movement theatre combined acting, dance, and clowning with movement. However, in the 1980s, even the whiteface, illusion pantomimists and Decroux's corporeal mimes began expanding in many new directions. Instead of limiting themselves to silent expression and classical pantomime or codified mime technique, they experimented freely with texts and the use of voice. Some mimes wrote their own texts, as did the Greek mime-authors, integrating the mime-actor's art with the author's. They also included props, costumes, masks, lighting effects, and music. Mime in the postmodern era thus incorporated so many new elements that it was no longer referred to exclusively as mime. It was called mime-dance, mime-clowning, mime-puppetry, New Vaudeville, etc. And if it contained movement expression along with other elements, it was loosely alluded to as physical or movement theatre. While the actor's total expressivity developed through the theories of theatre animators, stage directors, and master teachers such as Jerzy Grotowski and Eugenio Barba, who broadened the actor's physicality by means of new training methods, barriers also began to break down to incorporate other art forms into previously hermetic movement styles. Just as modern mime had revolted against existing artistic forms, so postmodern mime and movement theatre continued the anti-traditional wave against a modernism grown too limited. In Europe, as well as in America, postmodern movement artists abandoned the pure forms of modern mime and classical pantomime to search for broader expressions. Twentieth century verbal theatre also explored the use of physical expression (mime in a broader sense) to create a more complete or total form of theatre. This not only allowed the actor to challenge his own creative resources but drew the spectator into a fuller sensory experience, reestablishing the theatre as spectacle (from the Latin spectare meaning to see) and giving free vent to the development of a fertile, richer, and more If you would like to read more about the history of mime, read Annette Lust's book From the Greek Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots and Clowns: A Chronicle of the Many Visages of Mime in the Theatre, or visit The World of Mime Theatre's Bookstore page for other titles available on the subject. Annette Bercut Lust is Professor Emerita at Dominican University (San Rafael, California, USA) where she has taught courses in Beginning Mime, Theatre Production, and Dramatic Literature. For her teaching and publications on the French School of Mime she received the Palmes Académiques from the French government in 1973, an award which is attributed to individuals who contribute to French artistic and intellectual expansion. She is an internationally published theatre critic, has been a member of the jury for the Mimos Critics Award at the annual Festival International du Mime in Périgueux, France for the past eight years, and has been invited into the San Francisco Bay Area Theatre Critics Circle, which presents awards to local and touring companies and artists. In 2001, she was nominated for the George Friedly Award. |L I B R A R Y L I B R A R Y| |HOME THE WORLD OF MIME THEATRE HOME| All information included in this article was either created as original material for The World of Mime Theatre, reprinted from another published source by permission of the author or publisher or both, or is believed to be in the public domain. Any person who believes that any portion of the above article has been used here in violation of existing copyrights should notify the author of this website immediately and the claim will be investigated. "Good faith" disclaimer ©1996-2016 The World of Mime Theatre. All rights reserved. This page last updated 01 January 2003

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The introduction of a federal cap-and-trade system in the US would bring significant changes to carbon markets globally. Not only the market would increase, but also the underlying emissions reduction projects would have a more diversified basis. This will be possible if the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2008, as proposed by a bill introduced in the US Senate by Senator Barbara Boxer on May 20,2008, is enacted. The proposed Lieberman-Warner Act establishes a program to substantially decrease US emissions of greenhouse gases between 2007 and 2050 by creating a cap-and-trade system in which polluting entities (the "Covered Facilities") would be included. If the established pollution cap, which shall decrease annually, is not met by the Covered Facilities, they will have to purchase allowances in the market. The bill establishes three different types of allowances: i) Emissions allowances, which are annually established and distributed by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency; ii) Offset Allowances, which are issued and certified for greeenhouse gas emission reductions below a project baseline; and iii) International Emissions Allowances, which are allowances obtained on a foreign greenhouse gas emissions trading market. The cap-and-trade system to be established under the Lieberman-Warner Act would create a large array of new bussiness opportunities for market players, once it would expand the possibility of carbon offseting through other types of projects that are not covered by the Kyoto Protocol. An example of this would be projects that avoid deforestation. As a consequence, it would be possible to develop forest conservation projects that could generate emissions reductions. Brazilian investors would potentially benefit directly from such provision, considering that Brazil has one of the largest forestlands in the world. American investors could also benefit from this provision by partnering up with Brazilians to set up forest conservation projects, which implementation costs could be lower than in the US. Two other areas that could drive the attention of both Americans and Brazilians, in light of the vast technological developments in Brazil in the past several years, are the production of biofuels and the agribusiness sector. Brazil has been in the forefront of agricultural production worldwide, because of its vast portions of highly productive agricultural land and good climate Another type of project that could contribute with the capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is the so-called "carbon farming". A few countries, including Australia, have been studying the idea and have reached the conclusion that carbon sequestration could be put into practice by farmers, through a process that involves raising grass-fed cattle instead of grain-fed. Studies proved that grazing animals help the capture of carbon dioxide by grass into the soil. This capture, moreover, is proved to be more efficient than the one resulting from trees and forests, since grass (and crops) cover more of the Earth's surface than forests, and grow faster. If this new technique comes into play in the carbon world, Brazil can greatly benefit from it, once it has a large part of its territory covered by crops, and mainly all the cattle raised in Brazil is grass-fed. The possibility of using International Emissions Allowances (such as the emissions from the Kyoto Protocol, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and from voluntary markets) to comply with the cap under the Lieberman-Warner Act may also contribute with the enlargement of allowances market. However, pursuant to a provision of the Lieberman-Warner Act, the owner or operator of a Covered Facility may satisfy only up to 15% of the allowance submission requirement of such Covered Facility by submitting International Should the Lieberman-Warner Act be enacted, projects that currently aim at generating VERs will become more atractive to investors. Thus, first movers in this field may benefit from being pionneers. These projects must be structured with some flexibility to allow for any future migration into the Lieberman-Warner Investors in a number of natural resources projects, including energy-related projects, should pay close attention to the worldwide developments in relation to climate change regulations. The continuity of the Kyoto Protocol and the discussions under the Lieberman-Warner Act may represent real opportunities that may be capitalized in the near future. The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances. To print this article, all you need is to be registered on Mondaq.com. Click to Login as an existing user or Register so you can print this article. In November 2011, a drillship operated by a foreign oil company authorized to operate in Brazil, caused the spillage of 440,000 liters of oil at sea, in the field of Frade, 370 kilometres away from the north coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The Brazilian Government launched its National Plan on Climate Change on December 1, 2008, during the 14th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 14) in Poznan, Poland. Some comments from our readers… “The articles are extremely timely and highly applicable” “I often find critical information not available elsewhere” “As in-house counsel, Mondaq’s service is of great value” Register for Access and our Free Biweekly Alert for This service is completely free. Access 250,000 archived articles from 100+ countries and get a personalised email twice a week covering developments (and yes, our lawyers like to think you’ve read our Disclaimer).

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Definitions of permeate v. t. - To pass through the pores or interstices of; to penetrate and pass through without causing rupture or displacement; -- applied especially to fluids which pass through substances of loose texture; as, water permeates sand. 2 v. t. - To enter and spread through; to pervade. 2 The word "permeate" uses 8 letters: A E E E M P R T. No direct anagrams for permeate found in this word list. All words formed from permeate by changing one letter Browse words starting with permeate by next letter

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1Of great significance or value; likely to have a profound effect on success, survival, or well-being: important habitats for wildlife it is important to avoid monosyllabic answers [sentence adverb]: the speech had passion and, more important, compassion More example sentences - They recognize that the national interest is an important value in world politics. - From this point of view, it is also very important to practice compassion and patience. - It is important to avoid any further exposure to the sun until the burns have healed. main, chief, principal, key, major, salient, prime, foremost, paramount, overriding, crucial, vital, critical, essential, significant; of value, valuable, (highly) prized, beneficial, necessary, essential, indispensable, vital; of concern, of interest, relevant, pertinent 1.1(Of a person) having high rank or status. - So we asked our own oracle to look at the year ahead for some of the most important people in Irish business. - After all, in economic terms at least, a movie star is the most important person on the set. - For my family are the most important people in my life. They are what I live and work for. powerful, influential, of influence, well connected, high-ranking, high-powered; prominent, eminent, preeminent, notable, noteworthy, of note; distinguished, esteemed, respected, prestigious, celebrated, famous, great informal affluential, major league 1.2(Of an artist or artistic work) significantly original and influential. - It would almost seem that he accomplished his body of important work without effort. - Some of his most important work was carried out while he held this post in Heidelberg. - It is a fine addition to a growing body of work by one of Lakeland's most important authors. significant, consequential, momentous, of great import, major; critical, crucial, vital, pivotal, decisive, urgent, historic; serious, grave, weighty, material, impactful formal of great moment Words that rhyme with importantoughtn't For editors and proofreaders What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.

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The Sources of Student Writing « edcampfw – May 4th, 2013. Search Education – Google. Studentresearchers - WELCOME TEACHERS! Digital Copyright Slider. The Ivory Firewall: A Meditation on the Digital Divide in Academ. To say that the digital revolution has utterly changed access to knowledge would be the understatement of the millennium. Thanks to online magazines, encyclopedias, and books, it is now possible to spend your entire waking life (such as it is) cramming for that appearance on Jeopardy. But the Internet has done more than revolutionize the ownership of knowledge by putting entire libraries’ worth of useless information at everyone’s fingertips: For scholars, it has made access to online resources such as JSTOR (Journal STORage), a repository of digitized articles from academic journals, absolutely indispensable. These sources are qualitatively different from what the masses get to read: Compared to the rich, peer-reviewed, and extensively-researched and -documented foie gras of the academic world, what comes up in a Google search seems like so much generic store-brand potato chips: Filling, but really low-quality. Cui bono? Certainly not those whose labor is being sold. Comments. Welcome to the JSTOR Showcase — Showcase. Daily Usage Map — Showcase. Every day, users from around the world view articles in fifty fields of study on the JSTOR web site. As with many web sites, JSTOR collects this usage data for a variety of reasons. We take this usage data and build an animated map of that activity, daily. We generalize the activity data in two ways. First, in order to have sufficiently distinct symbols on the map, the fifty different fields get combined in to six groups (plus one 'other' for activity that doesn't include a field) that provide broad categories of study. Second, the scale of the map requires combining 'close' locations—a small map of the world does not have enough space to distinguish activity from multiple institutions in Manhattan, for example, without one symbol completely hiding others. Each circle on the map represents one or more views of an article in JSTOR, with the size of the circle increasing with more activity at a given location. Each 'day' is in the U. The Questia Online Library. Located in downtown Chicago, Questia is the premier online research and paper writing resource. Since its founding in 1998, Questia has helped students find and cite high-quality, scholarly research. With emphasis on subjects related to the humanities and social sciences, Questia provides the resources needed to complete most college-level, core-curriculum course assignments. The Questia library contains books and journal articles on subjects such as history, philosophy, economics, political science, English and literature, anthropology, psychology, and sociology. It also includes magazine and newspaper articles. In January 2010, Questia was acquired by Cengage Learning, the leading provider of innovative teaching, learning, and research solutions for professional, library, and academic audiences worldwide. Questia at a glance More than 500,000 students have used Questia since its launch. Testimonials “This is the best online library I've come across on the net! Questia Journal List. Susan Reed: Some Basic Research Tips. © 1997 Susan Reed Welcome to the world of research! James Burke, the creator of Connections, once said something to the effect of “Any job that has me sitting in a library every day for 7 hours, is my idea of heaven.” He certainly captured my idea of heaven as well. Of course, there is more to research than just sitting in a library... . Historiography I like to think of historical research as a personal mystery story. What is history? Since all historians have biases (we all have certain cultural biases that form our “ground of being”), most good historians try to find ways to work around their biases and make their work as objective as possible. Creating Successful Research Skills Assignments. Main Content Purpose of Creating Assignments to Teach Research Skills Many students never develop good research skills during their years at Penn. These students are often unaware of research tools or don't understand the expectations of scholarly disciplines. Assignments that teach research skills can help students gain confidence and facility in using research tools, a better understanding of disciplinary criteria, and a sense of how scholars use resources in their research. What is a Research Skills Assignment? How to Do Research. RSD Framework. Click here for a PDF version of the RSD, an editable Word version, and the article describing the RSD. You can watch series of short video or read for detailed explanation as well. Visit the Interactive RSD Framework for a navigatable document that leads to numerous discipline examples of RSD use in 5 universities. Find the Researcher Skill Development (RSD7) framework. Also check for Sister Frameworks such as Work Skill Development (WSD) and Clinical Reflective Skills (CRS) which were developed from the RSD. Content Providers – Publishers.

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Presidential Election Lessons and Bulletin Boards - Grades: PreK–K, 1–2, 3–5, 6–8 With the election approaching, our school is using the campaign to teach a variety of skills. The entire school is going red, white, and blue teaching students about civics, elections, math, and more. Our math professional learning team decided this is the perfect time to incorporate math into our everyday work. As a school, we focus on American history and civic responsibilities, so we are creatively decorating the halls with interactive and informative displays of election-related student work and other election materials. It can be tricky to navigate the political waters without raising tensions, so many of our ideas take the national issues to the school level. I’ve asked my amazing co-workers to share their activities, and they have come through! Here is a list of election-based activities going on throughout the school to inspire you this election season. Pros and Cons Teaching students that there are two sides to every issue, 3rd grade teacher Tiffany Miller is creating a pro and con bulletin board where students have written to support their side of a platform issue. Keeping it student-friendly, they are focused on the school uniform issue. Should students wear them or not? The best argument gets a “vote” on the board. It visually illustrates what a solid platform can do for a candidate while keeping hotbed issues out of the classroom. Taking Scholastic’s class constitution idea to the next level, the 3rd grade created a Cooperative Learning Bill of Rights. We aren’t changing the founding fathers’ ideas, but we are using their format to make documents that govern our classroom. Students learn about the process and the ideas behind our government while directing their own behavior and expectations. What rights can your students expect to have in your room? Students learn ownership when they’ve helped develop the class constitution. For another look at creating a class constitution, please check out fellow blogger Alycia Zimmerman's post. Math, Math, and More Math One focus of the common core is being able to use mathematics in practical situations. How better to tie math to real life than through the political arena? Mrs. Harris’s 2nd grade took the ages former presidents were when they were elected and used them to order and compare. After displaying their number sentences, she attached clothespins and a set of number cards on the bottom of the bulletin board so other classes can learn with their interactive display. Using the same idea, another display has an election timeline to put events in order, combining reading and math skills. Older students in Mrs. George’s 3rd grade and Mrs. Jackson’s 4th grade used election information in open-ended math questions. Print them out to try with your mathematicians! An election isn’t complete without voting. Students in Mrs. Laubenthaul’s kindergarten class and Mrs. Singleton’s 1st grade are comparing votes for their favorite presidential book. They have used My Teacher for President, Grace for President, Otto Runs for President, and Duck for President, which are all appropriate for younger students, but engaging enough to teach election basics. Mrs. Lowe has the 4th and 5th grades doing an ice cream election complete with nominations and ballot boxes. Throughout the school, teachers have used election word walls to create displays in their rooms, to use with writing, or as interactive displays. Mrs. Anez displayed election vocabulary words with her prewriting that students used to develop narrative papers. In the 3rd grade hall, students can match words and definitions from Weekly Reader on a strip of clothespins. A nearby poster helps students discover new vocabulary. Students in 1st and 2nd grade posted pictures and words to match on an interactive bulletin board. All of the words are incorporated into other lessons, adding value to the displays. Write All About It Using the Scholastic News election site, Mrs. Amick took 4th and 5th graders to the computer lab. They researched information and then synthesized it into their own writing. They were able to use those higher order thinking and writing skills while engaging in technology, civics, and writing! Students in Mrs. Irby’s class wrote about the oil and ice drilling platform and then used energy facts to create graphs. Students at all levels, from 1st grade to 5th grade, wrote persuasive paragraphs or essays about why they should be president. The 4th grade read So You Want to Be President before writing narrative papers about the adventures they had when they were suddenly put in the Oval Office for a day. Using facts learned on Scholastic News and Time for Kids, students in my class made biography wheels about each of the presidential candidates. They filled in sections on octagons and laid a paper over the top so that only one section was available at a time. The spinners were fun for students, who didn’t even realize they were conducting research and writing information pieces. Sweet and Simple Of course, there is a cute factor for any elementary event. Kindergartners will be sporting “I voted” necklaces on Election Day made from die-cut blue and red stars. Each student will practice name-writing skills with their name, writing, for example, “Samantha Voted!” United We Stand wreaths made of red, white, and blue handprints adorn the hall, and flags are waving proudly. What are you doing to get students excited about the election?

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Back to Home Page or Contents Page or Rituals and Texts or Index Originally the term meant the ancient Greek Old Testament. The term is derived from the Latin word septuaginta (seventy) and is based on the legend that is given in the Letter of *Aristeas according to which the Greek translation of the Hebrew Pentateuch was a work of 70 (or rather 72) translators. The term Septuagint was then extended to include the Greek translation of all other books of the Hebrew and Aramaic Old Testament and even the books originally written in Greek. Together with the Greek books of the New Testament the Septuagint is still the official Bible of the Greek Orthodox and the Catholic Church of the *Greek rite. A.G.H. L.F. Hartman) 34.

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term that includes Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC) and indeterminate colitis -- also known as IBD-unclassified (IBD-U). These painful diseases involve a dysregulation of the immune system that injures the lining of the digestive system, causing inflammation and ulceration, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, weight loss and/or failure to thrive in children. Crohn's disease can occur anywhere in the digestive tract while ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon (large intestine) and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease also can lead to issues outside of the intestine, including anemia, eye inflammation, skin ulcers, liver disease, kidney stones, impaired growth, joint pain, and/or osteoporosis. Comprehensive Approach, Compassionate Care Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic and complex conditions. That's why it's important to work with physicians who understand the intricacies of inflammatory bowel disease and have access to the latest therapies. The pediatric IBD experts at the University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital recognize that every individual is different. We take a personalized approach to finding the treatment that works best for each patient. In addition, we offer: - A multidisciplinary team of experts in IBD and related fields - Ongoing research and access to the latest clinical trials - Continuity of care from pediatric to adult practitioners, including a specialized transition clinic to help support your and your child on the path to independence - Locations in Hyde Park and several other communities - A long history of local, national and international leadership in inflammatory bowel disease research and clinical care

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email A bariatric ambulance is an ambulance designed and equipped to transport very large people. These vehicles are capable of meeting the needs of obese patients who need transport to a hospital or other health care facility. Typically, these ambulances are larger than average ambulances and are equipped with large, reinforced wheeled cots for patients as well as ramps that are capable of sustaining heavy loads. The bariatric ambulance not only protects the well-being and dignity of those in need of such an accommodation, but it can also protect emergency response workers, who risk back strain and other injuries while attempting to transport an obese patient. In some communities, those patients who require the services of a bariatric ambulance may be charged a premium over the cost of normal ambulance services due to the additional expense of purchasing and maintaining the specially designed vehicle. While most ambulances are capable of accommodating people of various shapes and sizes, some individuals are so obese that they cannot fit on an ambulance cot or inside a standard ambulance. There is also a significant risk of both patient and emergency worker injury in situations where a cot or ramp collapses while transporting the patient to or from the ambulance. Some bariatric ambulances can safely transport and carry an individual who weighs up to as much as 1,200 pounds (about 544 kg). Bariatric ambulances may be used under both emergency and nonemergency conditions. For example, if an obese person is in an accident or suffers a serious health emergency, family members could inform emergency dispatch services of the need for a bariatric ambulance to prevent unnecessary delays in getting medical care for their loved one. In other cases, an obese individual may be too large to ride in average size vehicles or may even be bedridden and unable to get to a car on his or her own. In such cases, the bariatric ambulance can help the person get to a health care facility for appropriate medical treatment. The practice of adding a surcharge onto the cost of a normal ambulance for those who make use of a bariatric ambulance is controversial. Some advocates argue that this surcharge is unfair and discriminatory against those who are significantly overweight. Those who support the additional charges argue that they are necessary to allow communities to continue to offer this service, as there are additional expenses involved in manufacturing and maintaining a bariatric ambulance. One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!

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We spend one-third of our lives asleep—for an average American, that's over 26 years—yet sleep remains one of the biggest mysteries of neuroscience. With brain scans, scientists have learned much about what happens in our heads during sleep, but they still can't answer the simple question: why do we sleep? There are theories, of course (summarized in the takeaway below), but one thing is very clear: without sleep, our brain begins to malfunction. Columbia University neuropsychologist Yaakov Stern tells Big Think that people's abilities to perform simple tasks drops dramatically after 48 hours without sleep. But some people are affected more than others. What Stern's research hoped to answer was why some brains are better able to cope with sleeplessness than others, with the hopes of potentially minimizing our biological need for sleep. First, Stern located a neural network, mostly in the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain, that seemed to determine whether a person coped well or poorly without sleep. Then he used Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to stimulate these areas that were affected by sleep deprivation. "Our hope was that if we stimulated that area, we could improve people’s performance," he tells Big Think. "And what we found, which was surprising to me was that, first of all, the stimulation to the occipital area did help people respond a little faster compared to some other area that had nothing to do with the network. And the people who benefited most from that stimulation were the people who had showed the most reduction in the network, which is another confirmation that we were finding something interesting." Stern's studies may suggest future ways to mitigate sleep deprivation, but they don't lead us any closer to understanding the function of sleep. Nor do they explain the nightly hallucinations we call dreams. Dreams occur mostly during REM sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by heightened brain activity. During a normal night of sleep, the brain cycles repeated back and forth between REM sleep and three stages of non-REM sleep: Stage 1, the twilight period between sleeping and waking which occurs only at the beginning of sleep; Stage 2, light sleep which accounts for 60% of night's rest; and Stage 3, deep sleep, during which most sleep disorders occur. In her Big Think interview, Shelby Harris, the director of the behavioral sleep medicine program at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, told us that we normally cycle through these stages five or six times in a night and that REM sleep (and therefore dreaming) becomes more prevalent the long er we sleep. "That’s why people tend to remember their dreams in the morning a little bit better," she explains. But what should we do with the fuzzy dream images that we do manage to hold onto? Are they really the "golden highway to the unconscious," as Freud believed? Can we learn more about ourselves by trying to interpret them? Harris doesn't think so. As she explains in the video below, our understanding of dreams has changed dramatically in the past century. Freud and Jung believed that dreams are the way that the subconscious communicates with the conscious mind. If a person experiences anxiety or fear in a dream, analyzing the dream might help him understand why he is anxious in the first place and what he could do to mitigate that anxiety during the day. But modern theories don't place as much stock in the actual content of the dreams. Harris thinks dreams are the brain's method of sorting memories and experiences from the previous day, deciding which ones to retain and which ones to discard. Though scientists haven't found conclusive evidence for why our brains need so much sleep, there are some interesting theories: Information processing theory — Several studies have suggested that REM sleep and/or non-REM sleep might be important for the brain's ability to process and consolidate memories from the previous day, forming new neural networks and strengthening others. Related studies have also suggested that sleep helps clear away unimportant information, making room for new neural connections. Damage reversal theory — During waking hours, neurons in the brain are subjected to the wear-and-tear of oxidative stress caused by free radicals; one theory holds that the cool-down period of sleep help to regulate homeostasis in the body and brain and to repair any damage that has occurred during waking. Adaptive inactivity theory — Last year UCLA neuroscientist Jerome Siegel proposed that sleep might not be physiologically necessary to animals at all. He hypothesized that rather than serving some universally vital, but unknown, function in animals, sleep actually emerged because of its evolutionary benefits: sleep optimizes the timing and duration of behavior, conserving energy and protecting them from certain dangers. Across the animal kingdom there is wide variability in sleep duration, and Siegel suggests that ecological variables more so than biological needs dictate the timing and duration of sleep for different species. — "Sleep viewed as a state of adaptive inactivity" (2009) published by Jerome Siegel in Nature — Time magazine article about our biological need for sleep

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GAINESVILLE, Fla. — Bone-crushing tackles may make football fans avert their eyes in horror, but Ghatu Subhash studies collisions, impacts and crashes, both on the field and off. The University of Florida professor needs to do so in order to perfect his design for a safer helmet, which could address the increasing concerns about concussions and other head injuries in sports from Pop Warner to the National Football League when testing is complete. Subhash and his collaborators have designed a helmet that protects against traumatic brain injury by accounting for the two kinds of force athletes encounter during a football game. Traumatic brain injuries occur 1.7 million times a year in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and 20 percent of those injuries are sports-related, including concussions that can cause long-term damage. “Currently, most football helmets are designed for linear force,” said Subhash, a UF Research Foundation Professor and the Knox T. Millsaps Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. “Our design takes into account linear and rotational force.” A linear hit is a centered, frontal hit that pushes the head straight back. Helmets today, however, fail to account for rotational hits, which cause 40 percent of head injuries. The rotational hits occur because a helmet is round, and a frontal hit that misses the middle of the helmet can slide to the side, causing a shearing motion that jostles the brain inside the skull. Both forces can cause traumatic brain injury. “This rotational force can be serious even when the impact is low,” Subhash said. Each kind of force requires a different kind of protection, so Subhash and his colleagues designed a helmet with two kinds of protective chambers to cushion the skull. One layer uses Newtonian fluids and the other uses a special fluid known as non-Newtonian. Newtonian fluids are water and air; non-Newtonian fluids are like gels. Layers of the two fluids form a protective padding, reducing the impact to the head. Together, the two layers absorb and distribute energy. As one layer experiences force and compresses, the fluid inside expands through a connecting tube into the next layer, neutralizing the force. When the pressure is removed, the chambers return to their original state, allowing for repeated use. One layer alone wouldn’t work, Subhash said. For instance, a foam or gel padding that experienced force would just transmit that force to the inside of a helmet, still impacting the skull. “The fluid-filled cells within the helmet respond, so no matter the angle of impact, the helmet automatically protects any part of the head,” Subhash said. The fluid-filled cushions work well in the laboratory, and the next stage will be testing on a wider scale with companies interested in manufacturing the helmets. Subhash and his colleagues will demonstrate the helmet for a group of venture capitalists in late January. An Associated Press review of NFL penalties in 2013 found that football players receive an illegal blow to the head or neck almost once each game. The NFL last year settled a lawsuit by more than 4,500 former players, pledging $800 million to diagnose and compensate retired players who blame their brain disorders on tackles during their careers. While the sports applications are obvious, they were not the inspiration for the research, Subhash said. For 15 years, he has been working to improve body armor and helmets for soldiers in combat, looking at materials that are resistant both to impact and velocity from bullets and other objects. UF neurosurgeon Ian Heger found out about his work, and the two began collaborating with UF radiology professor Keith Peters to develop a more protective sports helmet. “It’s glamorous to talk about football, but that’s not the only application,” Subhash said. “Soldiers, skateboarders, bicyclists, firefighters, construction workers, and athletes in other sports can benefit from this design.” The protective layers also are designed to be inexpensive and easy to use in retrofitting a helmet, making them ideal for parents who want to protect sports-minded children. “You could go to the store and buy strips of this material and a $10 helmet and make it safer,” Subhash said. “This works for kids, works for soldiers, and for professional athletes, too.”

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weADAPT: Basically, climate modelling involves converting theories of atmospheric physics, solar radiation, phase state physics, etc. into mathematical formulas that can be solved by a computer. The relevant values are worked out for discrete areas (called grid cells) across the whole world, over a number of time steps. The result is a simulation of the climate – a simplified ‘copy’ of the climate system, worked out on a computer (so that lots of equations can be included and calculated relatively quickly). But it’s not that easy, in fact it’s not easy or simple at all. Not all theories are fully developed or understood. Lots of important processes that affect the climate in a given part of the world happen at scales smaller than the grid cell, like the interaction of air with mountains, the formation and dissipation of clouds, rainfall, etc. All these things are therefore captured in the models by ‘parameterisations’ (simplified representations), and this is where the major differences between climate models developed by different research institutions stem from. The influence of clouds is most likely the biggest source of uncertainty when it comes to projecting the climate and so this is a topic that is under extensive research currently. As climate models are being further developed, tested and refined and as computing power is increasing (i.e. able to make more calculations more quickly) so the spatial and temporal resolution of models is getting higher. Map (Left): Map from the Climate Information Portal (CIP) showing the size of grid cells in the GCMs used in the IPCC Fourth Assessment over Tanzania (click on the image to go to CIP and navigate the map to your area) The basic procedure is to take a global climate model, run it using actual measured 20th Century concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG), and compare the results with the observed 20th Century climate (i.e. the actual weather conditions measured regularly over the long term by instruments placed in various locations around the world), in order to establish what biases the model has built into it as a result of the way things are parameterized. Then run the climate model using projections of future GHG concentrations (linked to scenarios of how socio-economic development will take place); and compare the results for the projected future climate (of which there are many, each based on a different estimate of future concentrations of greenhouse gases) with those simulated for the 20th Century to calculate the differences or ‘anomalies’ (the amount of expected change). This amount of expected change can then be added onto the current observed / recorded climate. But, as mentioned before, there are lots of climate models out there, developed by different research groups around the world, which one is best to use? If a model is good at simulating the 20th century, is it accurate for the future? All models have strengths and weaknesses associated with them and represent some aspects of the climate better than others. For this reason it’s worth reviewing the outputs from a range of models when considering what the climate might be doing in your area of interest. This is why you’ll hear climate scientists advising people to look at the “envelope” of possible change, which means look at the range of results generated by different climate models for a given time period in the future using the same emissions scenario (i.e. the same estimate of GHG concentrations or that time in the future). Don’t forget that each model has certain biases built into it based on how it deals with / represents certain aspects of the climate system. If the models disagree about the kind of changes expected for a certain area (e.g. some suggest an increase in rainfall during the spring months in a certain area while others suggest a decrease), it’s important to consider why, to explore where that apparent uncertainty stems from, before we conclude what we can say with confidence about expected future rainfall in that area. The reality is, however, that in most cases the model resolution (the area for which it gives one result) is not very useful for answering people’s pressing risk, vulnerability and adaptation questions on the ground because the data and information these global climate models provide is too general and large scale. The climate in a specific place is a function of both the large scale climate state and local drivers, like features in the surface of the landscape (e.g. mountains), the land cover (e.g. forest versus cereal crop versus concrete), and the interactions with any large bodies of water nearby. Downscaling is an effort to determine the local response to a large scale climate state for a given location, either as a set of values characterising the climate for a much smaller area (or grid cell) than produced by the global models or for a single point on the globe. There are two main types of downscaling, each with different strengths and weaknesses. Dynamical downscaling uses a limited area model to simulate the physical processes operating at the sub-regional scale, similar to the global climate models described above but just on a smaller scale for one specific region of the earth. Dynamical downscaling captures local feedbacks that are represented in the model, but it is difficult to validate how well the results match the observed reality. Statistical downscaling, sometimes called empirical downscaling, uses statistically derived relationships between the observed / measured local response and the observed / measured large scale climate state to calculate projected future local responses to the projected large scale climate states coming out of the global climate models. Statistical downscaling doesn’t have built in biases but the procedure doesn’t capture extreme conditions well. Downscaled climate data is usually what is used as an input to models that are developed to simulate / estimate / explore specific impacts of climate variability and change, for example on water runoff, crop yields, disease burden, etc. When trying to develop a picture of what the climate is currently doing and might do in the future for a given place, it is important to combine many sources of relevant information. Firstly, make sure that you have some clear questions in mind relevant to the context of the place you are working, and that climate models are suitable tools for trying to answer those questions. If so, it is advisable to look at the outputs from a number of global climate models, as many as possible, bearing in mind that each one produces an answer, not the answer (i.e. none of them perfectly replicate reality rather each one is an attempt at producing a best estimate). Look at an analysis of observed historical data from your area of focus and then look at downscaled projections from numerous global climate models for various emissions scenarios, keeping in mind the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods used to do the downscaling and the significance of the different GHG concentrations that the climate scenarios are based on. Be careful and considered about what conclusions you can confidently draw in order to take a decision and justify it. Started in year 2010, ‘Climate Himalaya’ initiative has been working on Mountains and Climate linked issues in the Himalayan region of South Asia. In the last five years this knowledge sharing portal has become one of the important references for the governments, research institutions, civil society groups and international agencies, those have work and interest in the Himalayas. The Climate Himalaya team innovates on knowledge sharing, capacity building and climatic adaptation aspects in its focus countries like Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan. Climate Himalaya’s thematic areas of work are mountain ecosystem, water, forest and livelihood. Read>>

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[erlang-questions] surprising integer (external) encoding Thu Jul 5 23:59:16 CEST 2007 On 7/5/07, Valentin Micic <> wrote: > To make things even more confusing, the second complement encoding is using > always 32, i.e. > (C) term_to_binary( -2 ) produces: <<131,98,255,255,255,254>> > - 131 is a *magic* number > - 98 represents external tag for four-byte integer (actually, 2^27) > - <<255,255,255,254>> -- second complement encoding for -2. According to the code in erts/emulator/beam/external.c: * For backward compatibility reasons, only encode integers that * fit in 28 bits (signed) using INTEGER_EXT. #define IS_SSMALL28(x) (((Uint) (((x) >> (28-1)) + 1)) < 2) Since (x) here isn't cast to an unsigned, this check doesn't work for negative numbers. So it's apparently the combination of historical reasons and a bug. I have no idea what the historical reasons are, but I found your More information about the erlang-questions

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World Mathematical Year 2000 Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help |On May, 6th, 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, the International Mathematical Union declared that the Year 2000 will be the World mathematical Year. The Declaration of Rio sets three aims: the great challenges of 21st Century; mathematics, a key for development; and the image of mathematics. Plans for WMY2000; agendas; projects; newsletters; UNESCO Resolution; and logo, posters for the IMU and for Montreal subways, and contacts.| |Levels:||High School (9-12), College, Research| |Resource Types:||Graphics, Articles, Newsletters| |Math Ed Topics:||Public Understanding of Math| © 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.

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for National Geographic News Astronomers located the first planets outside our solar system in 1995, and nowjust seven years lateran international team of researchers has discovered the 100th "extrasolar" planet. This newest planet, announced today, orbits the star Tau Gruis, 100 light years from Earth, in the southern hemisphere's constellation Grus (the crane). The Anglo Australian Planet Search Team of U.S., UK, and Australian astronomers uses powerful telescopes in California, Hawaii, and Australia to locate these faraway planets. The team used the Anglo Australian telescope in New South Wales, Australia, to detect this newest planet, the 13th to be viewed from this particular telescope. "Now our searches have become precise enough to find many planets in orbits like those in our Solar System, we are seeing clues which may help us understand how planets are formed," said UK team leader Hugh Jones of Liverpool John Moores University. "We are seeing a pattern for these planets to be of two types, those very close-in and another set with orbits farther out. This Tau Gruis planet builds this second group. Why are there these two groups? We hope the theorists will be able to explain this," said Jones. The team has been studying the Tau Gruis star since 1998, measuring changes in its velocity to detect any wobbling, said member Chris McCarthy of the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C. "In order to actually detect a planet, we have to see a planet go around its orbit at least once," said McCarthy. He estimated that the new planet weighs at least 1.2 times the mass of Jupiter, based on how much its sun "wobbles" as it reacts to the planet's gravitational pull. Although scientists have been watching Tau Gruis since 1998, this is the first time that they have been able to confirm the presence of its large planet. This is an indication that there is a considerable distance between the star and the planet. Soon after the first extrasolar planets were found, beginning in 1995, most planets were found in orbit close to their host stars. Planets closer to their suns orbit at a much faster rate, and therefore take much less time to detect. "When we first started out, we found planets close in to their parent stars. But as the planet search program has matured, we're finding more planets farther out and in nearly circular orbits. This means that we are getting closer to detecting more systems that are similar to our own solar system," said McCarthy. Life Outside Our Solar System? The 100th planet is located at a distance from Tau Gruis equal to that between the asteroid belt and the sun in our solar system2.5 Astronomical Units (AU). One AU refers to the distance of Earth to our sun, and is considered the "habitable zone," said McCarthy. SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

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Part of your journey towards eating real food is discovering what your food is made up of - both good stuff and bad stuff. Once you tune in to labels and learn where your food comes from, you can simplify by buying more foods with fewer ingredients, and getting as much as you can from local farmers. Nitrate and nitrite are chemicals that are used in the curing process in lunch meats, bacon, pepperoni, ham, and hot dogs. According to the Applegate Farms FAQ's: "Nitrates (NO3) are naturally occurring compounds that are created when plants break down nitrogen during photosynthesis. When nitrates come in contact with certain bacteria they break down into nitrites." So nitrates are "naturally occurring." They aren't just in cured meats; they are also found in vegetables and in our water. Our body naturally converts some of them into nitrites. This is not harmful. Nitrites turn into nitric oxide which can lower blood pressure and reduce inflammation. (source) But sodium nitrite is added to cured meats. From a report on Nitrite in Meat by the University of Minnesota: Sodium nitrite, rather than sodium nitrate, is most commonly used for curing (although in some products, such as country ham, sodium nitrate is used because of the long aging period). In a series of normal reactions, nitrite is converted to nitric oxide. Nitric oxide combines with myoglobin, the pigment responsible for the natural red color of uncured meat. They form nitric oxide myoglobin, which is a deep red color (as in uncooked dry sausage) that changes to the characteristic bright pink normally associated with cured and smoked meat (such as wieners and ham) when heated during the smoking process. Correct me if I'm wrong, but part of what I'm reading here is that when we consume naturally occurring nitrates, the process of nitrate>nitrite>nitric oxide happens in our bodies. When nitrate or nitrite is added to meat, that process happens during the curing of the meat. Foods can be cured using salt and naturally occurring nitrates such as those found in celery juice and sea salt, but adding nitrate or nitrite is supposed to help prevent botulism and makes the meat a brighter red color. These curing agents also give the characteristic cured meat flavor we are used to. Apparently their naturally occurring cousins just don't cut it (even though, for thousands of years, people just used salt to preserve meat). No botulism and more appealing food sound like good things, but there is a potential problem in using nitrate or nitrite in the curing process. These chemicals can form nitrosamine, a known carcinogen. Yuck. Now, I simply don't know if there is a difference in how our body deals with nitrate and nitrite depending on whether it comes as an isolated chemical or in the form of celery juice and sea salt. But I certainly like the idea of it coming from real food. (How's that for scientific?) My mother-in-law (a very wise woman!) always made sure her boys drank some orange juice if they were eating cured meats containing nitrate or nitrite. The vitamin C, if consumed at the same time as nitrate, prevents your body from forming nitrosamines during digestion! You could also eat an orange or grapefruit or tomato with your meal for the same effect. And apparently the FDA requires that ascorbic acid be added to cured meat for that purpose. (Wow, go FDA! It's not every day that I say that...) So, the jury is still out on how harmful these suckers are. I'm choosing to avoid them if possible, but that won't stop me from ordering bacon with my eggs at a restaurant (preferably one that uses meat and eggs from local, sustainable farms.) Whatever you may think of this nitrate business, there may be other reasons to think twice about grabbing that package of honey ham at the grocery store. We'll talk about that tomorrow, and I'll give you some simple ideas for lunch meat alternatives. See you then! This is part of Simple Lives Thursday. Check it out!

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Reinforced concrete foundations are designed based on column loads and moments at base and the soil data. Following are the types of foundations in order of preference with a view to economy: (i) Individual footings (isolated footing) (ii) Combined footings (combination of individual footings (iii) Strip footings with retaining wall acting as strip beam wherever applicable. (iv) Raft foundations of the types (a) slab (b) beam-slab. The brick wall footings can also be designed. Often plinth beams are provided to support brick walls and also to act as earthquake ties in each principal direction. Important considerations in design of foundations: Foundations are the structural elements which transfer loads from the building or individual columns to the earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning. Depth of foundation: Depth of foundation below ground level can be obtained by using Rankine’s formula: Where, h = minimum depth of foundation p= gross bearing capacity = density of soil = angle of repose or internal friction of soil. Recommendations of IS456: 2000, Limit state design, bending, shear, cracking and development length: To determine the area of foundation required for proper transfer of total load on the soil, the total load (combination of dead load, live load and any other load without multiplying it with any load factor) are considered. Thickness of the edge of footing: As per clause 34.1.3 of IS456: 2000, the thickness at the edge shall not be less than 15cm on soils. Dimension of pedestal: In the case of plain cement concrete pedestals, the angle between the plane passing through the bottom edge of the pedestal and the corresponding junction edge of the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane shall be governed by the expression. Where qo = calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the pedestal/footing in N/mm2 Fck = characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days in N/mm2 Fig: Dimensioning of pedestal Maximum Bending moment in footings: The bending moment will be considered at the face of column, pedestal or wall and shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical plane which extends completely across the footing, and over the entire area of the footing or one side of the said plane. The reference clause is 126.96.36.199 and 188.8.131.52 of IS456: 2000. Shear capacity checks for footings: The shear strength of footing is governed by the following two factors: a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack intending in a plane across the entire width, the critical section for this condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of the footing in case of footings on soils. For one way bending action of footing (one way shear) For one way shear action, the nominal shear stress in calculated as: Where, = shear stress Vu = factored vertical shear force b = breadth of critical section d = effective depth ( = design shear strength of concrete based on % longitudinal tensile reinforcement. Refer table 61 of SP -16) Fig: Critical section for one-way shear in foundation Two way shear (or two way bending action or punching shear) of foundation: For two way bending action, the following should be checked in punching shear. Punching shear shall be around the perimeter 0.5 times the effective depth away from the face of the column or pedestal. For two way shear action, the nominal shear stress is calculated in accordance with clause 31.6.2 of IS456: 2000 as follows: Where = shear stress bo = periphery of the critical section d = effective depth Vu = factored vertical shear force When shear reinforcement is not provided, the nominal shear stress at the critical section should not exceed Where, Ks = 0.5 + Bc (but not greater than 1) Bc = (short dimension of column or pedestal / long dimension of column or pedestal) Note: It is general practice to make the base deep enough so that shear reinforcement is not required. Development length of reinforcement bars in foundation: The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed at the same planes as those prescribed for bending moment in clause 34.2.3 of code and also at all other vertical planes where abrupt changes in section occur. Refer clause 184.108.40.206 of IS456: 2000. Reinforcement in foundations: The minimum reinforcement in footing slab specified by the code is 0.12% and maximum spacing specified is 3 times the effective depth or 450mm whichever is less. (clause 34.3). Only tensile reinforcement is normally provided. The total reinforcement shall be laid down uniformly in case of square footings. For rectangular footings, there shall be a central band, equal to the width of the footing. The reinforcement in the central band shall be provided in accordance with the following equation. Transfer of load at the base of column: Clause: 34.4 of IS456: 2000. The compressive stress in concrete at the base of column or pedestal shall be transferred by bearing to the top of supporting pedestal or footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to but not greater than 2. A1 = supporting are for bearing of footing, which is sloped or stepped footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and having its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two horizontal. A2 = loaded area at the column base. For limit state design, the permissible bearing stress specified is 45 fck. If the permissible bearing stress is exceeded either in the column concrete or in footing concrete, reinforcement must be provided for developing the excess force. The reinforcement may be provided either extending the longitudinal bars into the footing or by providing dowels in accordance with the code as given by the following: 1. Minimum area of extended longitudinal bars or dowels must be 0.5% of cross-sectional area of the supported column or pedestal. 2. A minimum of four bars must be provided. 3. If dowels are used their diameter should not exceed the diameter of the column bars by more than 3mm. 4. Enough development length should be provided to transfer the compression or tension to the supporting member. 5. Column bars of diameter larger than 36mm, in compression only can be dowelled at the footing with bars of smaller diameters. The dowel must extend into the column a distance equal to the development length of the column bar. At the same time, the dowels must extend vertically into the footing a distance equal to the development length of the dowel. Fig: Rigid and spread footings

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Open and Exposed On most early bombers and flying boats, such as this 1920s U.S. Navy Douglas PD-1, the navigator made sightings from the nose, where his view would not be obstructed by the biplane’s wings and struts. He had no protection from the elements. The force of the wind made his sextant difficult to handle. TOOLS: Sextants and octants, astrocompasses, Sun compasses, astrographs, tables, line of position computers. ADVANTAGE: Works anywhere the sky can be seen. DISADVANTAGE: Requires clear line of sight to celestial bodies in the sky. CHALLENGES: Requires a high degree of skill or complex automated equipment.

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Friendly Language is an organization dedicated to helping people of all ages to make new friends through learning language. Our mission is to make language learning material that is accessible, scalable and sustainable. Accessibility: By including as many languages as possible. Scalability: By harnessing the latest technology to support rapid growth. Sustainability: By working intelligently through partnerships with a spirit of collaboration. We Need You There is a specific need for: - people who can translate between one language and another - people who are familiar with grant-funding - people who are language learning enthusiasts How To Get Involved - Visit the Friendly Language Mailing List page and subscribe to get the weekly news report. - To expedite, send an email to tekelsey "at" gmail "dot" com, and include something in the subject line like "Friendly Language - I'm a graphic designer" or "Friendly Language - I recently graduated from college and I don't know how I can help but I'd love to anyway" - Visit the "laptop" blog: http://olpc.wordpress.com - Aardvark xSL is an interactive language learning experience with a simple interface, designed to allow children to practice pronunication and become familiar with the way various languages look. - GSL is an experiment with using comedy and singalong music to help kids have fun with being exposed to other languages.

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The toy cupboard at my grandmother's house had a particular smell. I cannot tell you what it was, but sometimes now, as an adult, I will catch a whiff of it. The smell brings with it memories I thought were lost, memories of visits to my grandparents' house, of my grandmother, and of playing with the toys from the toy cupboard. But why do smells have this power to unlock forgotten memories? Neuroscience is a lot like a detective story – we have to look for clues to reveal the cause. But before we examine the clues, what background information do we have about the case? What we know is that smell is the oldest sense, having its origins in the rudimentary senses for chemicals in air and water – senses that even bacteria have. Before sight or hearing, before even touch, creatures evolved to respond to chemicals around them. Sight relies on four kinds of light sensors in the human eye, cells known as receptors, which convert light into the electrochemical language of our brain, and touch relies on different receptor types for pressure (at least four of these), for heat, for cold and for pain, but this pales into comparison for what is required for detecting smell. There are at least 1,000 different smell receptor types, which regenerate throughout your lifetime, and change according to what you are used to smelling. The result of this complexity is that we are able discriminate many, many different kinds of smells. We do not, however, have names for all the smells we can differentiate. Smell is perhaps the sense we are least used to talking about. We are good at describing how things look, or telling how things sounded, but with smells we are reduced to labelling them according to things they are associated with ("smells like summer meadows" or "smells like wet dog", for instance). An example of this “hard-to-talk-about-ness” is that while we have names for colours which mean nothing but the colour, such as “red”, we generally only have names for smells which mean the thing that produces that smell, such as “cedar”, “coconut” or “fresh bread”. So now we have the background information, what are the important clues? Well, first, the part of the brain that is responsible for processing smells – the “olfactory bulb” – is next to a part of the brain called the hippocampus. This name means “seahorse”, and the hippocampus is so-called because it is curled up like a seahorse, nested deep within the brain, a convergence point for information arriving from all over the rest of the cortex. Neuroscientists have identified the hippocampus as crucial for creating new memories for events. People with damage to the hippocampus have trouble remembering what has happened to them. Although they can learn new skills, like riding a bike, and new facts, like what someone is called, they do not create memories of doing these things or having the experiences. This “episodic memory” is precisely the kind of memory I have when I recall visits to my grandmother. And the olfactory bulb, seat of smell in the brain, is conveniently placed just next to the hippocampus, the primary brain nucleus for these memories. Now, admittedly, this evidence is powerful, but circumstantial. We have the suspect (smell) placed at the scene of the crime (next to the hippocampus). But we are going to need more than circumstantial evidence if the case is going to stand up the scientific court. I hope my next piece of the evidence, a second clue from neuroscience, will convince you as to why smells are so powerful in unlocking memories. Smell is unique among the senses in that it enters directly deep into the brain. If we look at the major pathways travelled by the other senses, such as hearing and vision, they start at the sense organs – that is, the eyes or the ears – and move to a relay station called the thalamus, before passing on to the rest of the brain. With smell the situation is different. Rather than visiting the thalamic relay station on its journey into the brain, smell information travels directly to the major site of processing – the olfactory bulb – with nothing in between. We do not know what stopping off at the thalamus does for the other senses, but it certainly means that signals generated in the other senses are somehow “further away” from the nexus of processing done in the brain. Could this be part of the reason why smells are both hard to put into words, but also able to trigger deeply hidden memories? Memory research has shown that describing things in words can aid memory, but it also reduces the emotion we feel about the subject. When we come up with a story about our memories, we start remembering the story as much as the raw experience. So with my grandmother’s toy cupboard, that particular, unique, smell was picked up by the complex smell receptors in my young nose. The smell experience of the cupboard, which I have never found a name for, travelled directly into my brain, lodging next to the part specialised for encoding experiences. There it got entangled with the other memories of the cupboard, untouched by language, difficult to think about on purpose, but still lodged in my memory. Now, years later, the smell is not only enough to relive that experience but it is also enough to pull out the rest of the memories along with it. If you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our Facebook page or message us on Twitter.

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Basic shipping only. What's this? FRESHWATER FISHES OF CALIFORNIA: REVISED EDITION Author: Samuel M. McGinnis Publisher: University of California Press, Mar 2006 The only field guide to all of California's 130 freshwater fish species, both native & introduced. Color plates, 106 color photos, 114 line illus. by Doris Alcorn, 3 maps, 2 tables; 5x7 inches, 528 pgs. This popular book is the only field guide to all of California's 130 freshwater fish species, both native and introduced. Revised and updated throughout, the guide now features the only complete collection of color illustrations of California freshwater fishes available anywhere. These color illustrations, coupled with a set of highly detailed black and white drawings, provide a quick and easy method for identifying fish in the field. Detailed natural history accounts for each species give a wealth of information, including the current endangered or threatened status of many native species. * Includes angling tips for each sport fish species * Features an expanded section on cooking freshwater fish Physical and Biological Environment External Anatomy and Physiology Measurements and Defining Characteristics Key to Families Key to Species Species Accounts and Angling Notes Collecting and Observing Live Freshwater Fishes Regulations and Methods Aquariums and Ponds Photography and Making Fish Prints Fish Watching in the Wild Freshwater Fish in the Kitchen How to Clean a Fish Cooking Freshwater Fish Checklist of Species and Subspecies State Fish Hatcheries Sport Fishing Weight Records WHAT THE EXPERTS ARE SAYING:"A handy guide to the freshwater fishes of California designed for amateur naturalists and anglers. Alcorn's illustrations are excellent."--Peter Moyle, author of Inland Fishes of California "Freshwater Fishes of California contributes to the better understanding of the past and present history and biology of native and non-native freshwater fishes of California. It also provides practical information on how to sample, care for and/or utilize these fishes. Moreover, it reads like a good novel that piques your interest on fish natural history and identification. It should be of value to anglers, environmentalists concerned with protection of our aquatic habitats and resource, natural history buffs, and governmental biologists and administrators." --Theodore W. Wooster, Environmental Specialist, retired, California Department of Fish and Game ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Samuel M. McGinnis is Professor Emeritus of Biology at California State University, Hayward, where he taught ichthyology for 38 years.

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Ruins are places where geography, history, archaeology, and society meet. Scholars, tourists, and the average person can admire ruins at their physical location, through literature, or other media. People reconstruct, and sometimes imagine, the reasons why a place started, who lived there, and why the placed died. These thoughts help integrate a lost place into the contemporary cultural landscape. Tourists to Mexico City will go out of their way to see the massive buildings of New Spain, Aztec Tenochtitlan, and the pre-Aztec Teotihuacan to understand the force that made Mexico what it is today. Holy Land visitors will visit the holy sites of the three major faiths and imagine the their patriarchs' lives to build a sense of oneself in their religious cosmos. Preservationists will use their influence to protect ruins through groups like UNESCO to ensure the human-place relationship can exist for future generations. Sadly cultures do not appreciate the ruins made by their own culture. Stories these cultural ruins have to offer are lost on present generations. Sure, urban centers have "historical buildings" and "historical districts" but these efforts are sometimes driven by anti-development sentiment as they are preservationist motivated. Urban preservationists, and the public in general, seem to have little concern for the ruins of the rural countryside. Think about the Great Plains, there are countless ghost towns full of ruins that are rarely considered national treasures let alone worthy things to learn from. I accept these ruins as part of a time we have moved away from as a society but the lack of respect most preservationists and historians give to these places shows the discount between urban and rural forces (do not even get me started about the Buffalo Commons!). Parts of the Great Plains are dying. The era of interior-frontier farm towns has past as farming becomes more centralized and the population shifts more to an urban character. The frontier towns do not merely cease to be but go through a process of becoming ruins before the Great Plains reclaims them. Ghosts of North Dakota is an excellent photo blog site documenting ghost towns in North Dakota. The photographs are both fascinating and tragic as one reads the stories of towns where people lived and labored. One can browse through the various ghost towns via a map of North Dakota. The website is complemented well by National Geographic's article on ghost towns in North Dakota. The ruins of the Great Plains is a part of me. I remember visiting my grandparents' farm and having them tell me the history (and fairy tale-style stories) of the ruins, who lived there, and what happened there. As these ruins are lost due to demographic shifts let us take a moment to absorb this unique part of Americana and appreciate them before they are gone forever.

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· Although graduates tend, on average, to earn more than non-graduates, the ‘graduate premium’ varies greatly by subject and by year of graduation. It also varies significantly between individuals. · There is considerable uncertainty about how the graduate premium will evolve for the coming generation of students given rapid technological change and its impact on the labour market. · The current student loans system is very badly designed. It is arbitrary; graduates who earn around £40,000 a year pay the highest amount as a proportion of their income while very-high earners pay much less. Furthermore, loans are forgiven, at substantial cost to the government, even if they could be repaid at a later date. · Following the suggestion of Milton Friedman in 1962, higher education would best be paid for by an earnings-linked levy. This is the rationale for suggestions for a graduate tax. However, a tax is received by government, leading to many disadvantages which can be wholly overcome by a private scheme where payments are made directly to the university. · Universities should individually or collectively offer contracts to their students, who would agree to pay to the university they attended a given percentage of their earnings. That percentage could vary by course and institution, though some agreement between universities could be helpful to achieve standardisation. Essentially, the university would be taking an equity interest in the graduate premium earned by the student, although any student who chose to do so could, alternatively, pay the full fees up-front prior to beginning their studies. · If universities needed additional cash to finance their current expenditures, they could sell their rights to the graduate equity income stream through a securitisation mechanism. With or without securitisation, the risk of obtaining a low graduate premium will be reduced for students and be minimal for universities as their exposure will be diversified across many students. · This approach will ensure that universities have a much stronger interest in the employability of their graduates. That interest will continue after graduation. As such, universities will have an incentive to invest in careers advice and related services and in continuing to provide such services after graduation. · Given that universities would have entirely independent funding streams, they could be released from all regulation of undergraduate courses. Furthermore, they would be free to innovate, develop cheaper part-time courses using online provision, and so on. There would be competition between universities. However, competition would lead to a ‘race to the top’ and not a ‘race to the bottom’ because universities would have a direct economic interest in the success of their students. Private universities could therefore safely be allowed to participate in the scheme without the risks that have arisen in the US where government subsidy has led to moral hazard and poor-quality courses at some institutions. · The current student loans scheme would be entirely abolished. Central or local government could, however, provide some funding to individuals to take courses in order to pursue wider objectives of government policy in relation to higher education. · Some tuition-fee funding schemes have already been developed with the key elements described in this paper. It would therefore appear that the proposals are viable in practice. Read the press release here. In a separate short document, Peter Ainsworth adresses some of the critiques and questions raised concerning the feasibility of his proposal. To read A Free Market Graduate Tax: FAQs, click here. 2014, Discussion Paper No. 57.

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Simple Definition of planking : heavy boards that are used to build something Full Definition of planking 1 : the act or process of covering or fitting with planks 2 : a quantity of planks First Known Use of planking Seen and Heard What made you want to look up planking? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).

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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Introduction People with non-Hodgkin lymphoma now have more treatment choices and more hope for survival than ever before. Doctors keep finding new treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and ways to help people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have better lives. We are continually learning more about non-Hodgkin lymphoma, its correct diagnosis, and treatment. What Is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma? Lymphoma is a kind of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system. The two main types of lymphatic system cancer are Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The information that follows is about non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Usually, the body makes new cells only when they are needed. Sometimes the body starts making cells when they are not needed. When this happens, a tumor, or mass, may grow. The tumor may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control, causing the lymph nodes to grow. Click to enlarge Anatomy of the lymphatic system The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It helps the body fight infections. It also helps maintain fluid balance in different parts of the body. It has a series of thin tubes, called lymphatic vessels, which collect fluid, called lymph, from different parts of the body. The thin tubes then carry the lymph back to the bloodstream. Lymph is a colorless, watery fluid that is rich in white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes. Lymphocytes normally play an important role in the immune system by protecting the body against infection and against the growth of tumors. These lymphocytes form lymph nodes in different places in the body. Lymph nodes are about the size of a pea and have large numbers of lymphocytes. Groups of lymph nodes are found throughout the body, and can be felt in the armpit, groin, and neck area. Some of the body's internal organs also make up parts of the lymphatic system. These organs are the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. Other organs, such as the digestive tract, also contain lymph tissue. There are two main kinds of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells). B-cells and T-cells have different functions in the immune system. B-cells fight germs like bacteria by making antibodies. These antibodies attach to the bacteria and attract a cell that eats the bacteria. The antibodies also attract proteins from the blood to help kill bacteria. Specialized White Blood Cells T-cells protect the body from fungi, viruses, and some bacteria. T-cells are able to recognize viral proteins in a virus-infected cell and then destroy the infected cell. T-cells also release special proteins called cytokines, which bring other types of white blood cells to the area of the infection. T-cells can also kill some cancer cells. Unfortunately, T-cells also kill the cells of transplanted organs because they recognize the new organ as foreign to the body. People who have had an organ transplant must take medicine to keep the T-cells from killing, or "rejecting," the new organ. Normal B- and T-cells can be recognized with certain lab tests. Each type of cell has features that the other does not. B- and T-cells have many stages of growth that can also be seen. Lymphoma can start in either T- or B-cells. Finding out which type of lymphoma a person has is an important step in choosing the best treatment. There are many different types of lymphoma, as well as many different treatments.

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Test Your Knowledge for Women's History Month! March 07, 2011 Women's History Month is observed every March in the United States, and the theme for 2011 is “Our History is Our Strength.” How well do you know women's history? Try these questions below from the National Women's History Project to see! Test Your Knowledge - What woman was the first African-American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature? - Who was the first woman to run for President of the United States (1872)? - Who was the first woman Poet Laureate of the United States? - Who wrote the first version of the Equal Rights Amendment, in 1923? - Who was the first black woman elected to Congress? - What woman was turned down by 29 medical schools before being accepted as a student, graduated at the head of her class, and became the first licensed woman doctor in the U.S.? For more questions, go here! Excelsior Springs Branch 1. Toni Morrison (b. 1931) 2. Victoria Woodhull (1838-1927) 3. Rita Dove (b. 1952) 4. Alice Paul (1885-1977) 5. Shirley Chisholm (b. 1924) 6. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)

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IRPTC was established by UNEP in 1976. Its central unit, known as the Programming Activity Centre, was set up in Geneva. After UNCED in 1992, IRPTC also became part of a newly established UNEP programme on toxic chemicals and waste management. One of IRPTC's key activities is the development of data profiles on chemical substances (including information on regulatory controls). Information is also available on recommended disposal methods for individual products and IRPTC provides a query-response service. The following is a summary of paper received from the UNEP Secretariat to the Basel Convention. The Basel Convention is first and foremost a global environmental treaty that strictly regulates the transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and makes obligations on parties for ensuring the environmentally sound management and disposal of The convention recognizes that the most effective way of protecting human health and the environment from the danger posed by such wastes is the reduction of their generation to a minimum in terms of quantity and/or hazard potential. This, together with the environmentally sound management of the hazardous wastes nonetheless generated, is the underlying philosophy behind the objectives set in the Convention. In this respect, the Basel Convention stipulates three main interdependent and mutually supportive goals that have to be fulfilled: Recognizing the increasing desire and demand of the international community for the prohibition of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal, especially in developing countries, the second meeting of the Conference of the Parties, held from 21 to 25 March 1994 in Geneva, less than two years after the entry into force of the Convention (May 1992), adopted a decision establishing the immediate prohibition of all transboundary movements of hazardous wastes which are destined for final disposal from OECD to non-OECD countries. The transboundary movement of hazardous wastes destined for recycling or recovery operations is to be phased out by 31 December 1997 and prohibited as from that date. This transitional period has been seen as necessary to enable those concerned with such movements to take appropriate measures consistent with the environmentally sound management of wastes. At its second meeting the Conference of the Parties adopted 27 decisions which constitute a comprehensive work programme in the sphere of the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and which contain legal, technical and financial components that are essential for the effective and efficient implementation of the Basel Convention. The mandate of the Legal Working Group was extended in order to finalize its work on a protocol on liability and compensation to be submitted to the next meeting of the Conference of the Parties scheduled for September 1995. The conference adopted a manual to facilitate the implementation of the convention and a strategy to prevent and monitor illegal traffic in hazardous wastes. The parties have also accepted a model national legislation in order to assist parties and non-parties to revise their national legislation in relation to the management of hazardous waste. Decisions were taken to pursue the selection of sites for the establishment of regional centres for training and technology transfer regarding the management of hazardous wastes and the minimization of their generation, and on assisting parties to develop training programmes on the implementation of the convention and the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes. One of the main tasks of the secretariat is to cooperate with, assist and respond to the needs of the parties in the implementation of the convention and of the decisions adopted by the meetings of the Conference of the Parties. In view of the fact that the implementation of the convention and its supporting decisions also have an impact on countries that are not Party to the Convention, the secretariat plays an active role in assisting them or by providing information or guidance on the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and its related institutional and legal requirements. By H. R. Rathor, Regional Adviser, Chemical Safety and Vector Biology and Control, WHO/EMRO, Cairo, Egypt WHO publishes health and safety guides that contain data for individual products. These guides are very useful as reference material when organizing disposal operations. A special report was presented by Mr. Rathor, Regional Advisor on Chemical Safety and Vector Biology and Control, at the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region Regional Office (WHO/EMRO). In his presentation, Mr Rathor, provided some examples of obsolete stocks in the Sudan, Yemen and Pakistan. It was emphasized that most developing countries do not have the technical and financial resources to arrange for shipment to a dedicated hazardous waste incinerator in a developed country. In this connection, Mr. Rathor stressed the importance of conducting analysis before declaring pesticides obsolete. Products may not have completely lost their efficacy and may still be usable. For instance, old stocks of DDT, malathion and fenitrothion could possibly still be used for public health programmes if analysis would confirm that they are still safe and usable, even at reduced efficacy1. Use of such pesticides would make great savings on expensive disposal operations and on the importation of pesticides for public health programmes. Such analysis could be requested from a WHO collaborating cente for pesticide analysis. The importance of cooperation among WHO, UNEP and FAO on this matter was underlined. By G.E. Wyrwal, Agricultural Officer (Pesticide Information), Plant Protection Service, AGPP, FAO The objectives of the code are to set forth responsibilities and establish standards of conduct for all public and private entities engaged in or effecting the distribution and use of pesticides, particularly where there is little or no adequate national law to regulate pesticides. The code describes the shared responsibility of governments, industry, trade and international institutions to work together so that the benefits obtained from the necessary and acceptable use of pesticides are achieved without significant adverse effects on people or the environment. The standards of conduct set forth by the code encourage responsible trade practices and assist countries to establish controls that regulate the quality and suitability of pesticide products needed in the country and to address the safe handling and use of such products. The code of conduct is voluntary, its basic function is as a point of reference, particularly until such time as countries have established adequate regulatory infrastructures for pesticides. The panel is composed of four working groups: the group on pesticide specifications; the group on registration requirements; the group on application standards; and the joint FAO/UNEP group on prior informed consent. The expert group on pesticide specifications meets annually to review proposed specifications which have been prepared through consultations with government scientists, the pesticide industry through GIFAP and, when appropriate, with individual manufacturers. By mid-1994, 170 specifications were available. To facilitate the development and use of these specifications, FAO published a Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant protection products. The manual contains detailed definitions and other background information on basic procedures and technical principles. It provides advice, instruction and information to all those involved in the development or application of specifications for plant protection products. FAO specifications are published for pesticides and related formulations with the objective of ensuring, as far as possible, that the pesticides complying with them are satisfactory for the purpose for which they are intended. Specifications provide: a basic standard of quality for the buying and selling of pesticides; assistance in the official approval and acceptance of pesticides; assistance to manufacturers in dealing with national and other specifications; and cover protection for vendors against inferior products and against the linkage between biological efficacy and The FAO specifications for plant protection products are designed to reflect generally acceptable product standards. They may be used as an international point of reference against which products can be judged, either for regulatory purposes or in commercial dealings, thus helping to prevent trade in inferior products. They define the essential chemical and physical properties linked to certain biological requirements for a product and are also useful references for analysing old products to determine whether they are still usable. For a list of FAO specifications see Annex 3. The guidelines provide detailed advice for the preparation of labels and incorporate information on pictograms. They are separated into four sections which: They also include examples of labels, hazard statements, agricultural practice statements and summaries of specific and generic label contents. Poor labels are a reason for pesticides not being used and becoming obsolete. Compliance with the FAO Guidelines will help avoid this. The code of conduct does not address the issue of procurement procedures as such, however, it does make specific reference to the conditions or factors which must be considered in tendering, bidding and purchasing of products. The draft guidelines on tender procedures for the procurement of pesticides attempt to identify and include certain basic principles and practices that are of fundamental importance to all procurement operations. They were developed by a task force and were the subject of a workshop in Montpellier in April 1994. The guidelines are published as provisional guidelines and are subject to approval in the near The objective of the guidelines is to address the basic principles and practices that should be followed by those procuring and supplying pesticides and they are designed to ensure that pesticides obtained are of the quality required, that they are adequately packaged and labelled and that the cost of the selected product is justified. Guidelines should be used not only by private procurers but also, or perhaps mainly, by relevant government agencies and others concerned and should be acceptable at both the national and international level. For copies of Guidelines on tender procedures for the procurement of pesticides, List of guidelines developed in support of the FAO code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides and Code on specifications for plant protection products requests may be sent to the Chief, Plant Protection Service, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalle, Rome, Italy. By G.E. Wyrwal, Agricultural Officer (Pesticide Information), Plant Protection Service, AGPP, FAO Background. A pesticide bank arises out of three main factors: Modalities of the pesticide bank. The control activities to be carried out by the pesticide bank's national and/or international implementing authority comprise: Tender procedure. The procedures for tender are as follows: Problems. The pesticide bank faces the following problems and issues: Negotiations. The price per unit can be reduced through regular renewal of tender procedure for the pesticide bank. The pesticide bank should not be contracted to just one company; regular tender should continue. Towards the end of the locust plague, there was an indication that: Advantages of the pesticide bank. A pesticide bank has the following advantages:

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I often feature natural areas within a reasonable distance from Northwest Illinois. However, there are some places that are so unique and fascinating that they must be included as an option. In 2005 the Natural Areas Association had its annual meeting in Lincoln, Nebraska. We decided to attend four days of seminars and then head off for a week, exploring the great Nebraska Sandhills that we had heard so much about. Since our first trip it has served as a close destination 550 miles west on route 20. The Nebraska Sandhills are not kown by many, other than botanists and cattlemen. It plays second fiddle to the Kansas Flint Hills as the best representation of pre-settlement vegetation on a large scale. The Nebraska Sandhills is an area of 19,600 square miles (1/4 of the state) of sand dunes that are covered in native grasses and forbs with clean lakes and marshes scattered between. Early on, settlers realized that the land could not be farmed and it immediatly became an area conducive only to light grazing. In 1904 the Kincaid Act was passed and it allowed homesteaders to claim 640 acres (a square mile or one section), much more than the 160 acres previously defined by the Homestead Act of 1862. The act was created specifically for the sandhills region and is responsible for the hugeness of the land holdings there today. It is now one of the most remote areas of the United States. So sparse, in fact, that Cherry County is similar in size to West Virginia, while holding only 6,098 people, half of which reside in Valentine, NE. This results in a population density of one person per 1.02 square miles. Only areas of the backcountry in Alaska and North Dakota can compare. Land is discussed in sections and the term “acre” brings up odd looks. Because of these extremes you have an ecosystem that is largely intact. The cattle density is very low due to the fragility of the sand dunes. The ranchers know very well the damage that can be done once a sand “blow out” occurs. Some of the prairie species that occur in the shortgrass and sandy prairies in the Midwest are also found here and feed the prized cattle. The extensive root systems and sandy soils assist in filtering water of the Ogallala aquifer, the worlds largest, which lies beneath the endless sand dunes. Exotic plants make up only 7 percent of the entire flora here – an amazingly low number when compared to the fertility of the Midwest. The area also supports large numbers of birds and mammals, it is the namesake to the Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) and Forbes magazine called Grand Island, NE the number one destination in the world for bird watchers. If you travel to the Sandhills region be prepared to not see many people, fill up with gas when you have the opportunity, not sleep at Holiday Inns (we slept at someone’s house once) and be overwelmed by its vastness and ranching traditions. You will also realize that windmill repair and maintenence is an actual industry here. There are several campgrounds and B&Bs throughout and recreational opportunities available, especially near Valentine. I will never forget the pleasure I had when a hungry sales shark was trying to sell me a timeshare in Orlando, Florida. She asked me where I enjoyed vacationing the most and where I took my last vacation. I didn’t realize that honesty was also the best way to end her sales pitch. The Nebraska Sandhills are located within an easy 9 hour drive from Galena, IL off of route 20. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0809.html National Geographic Article

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John Woodville, described as being age 20 in 1465, was probably the third of Elizabeth Woodville’s brothers. John is notorious, of course, for marrying Katherine Neville, Duchess of Norfolk, a wealthy widow well into her sixties at the time. Katherine was a sister of Cecily, Duchess of York, and of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury; she thus was aunt both to Edward IV and to his mentor, the Earl of Warwick. She was no stranger to the marriage rite, having been married first to John Mowbray, the second Duke of Norfolk, who died in 1432. Her second marriage, which took place before January 27, 1442, was an unlicensed match to Sir Thomas Strangways, a knight who had been in her husband’s service. Sir Thomas had died by August 25, 1443, on which date Katherine married John Beaumont, first Viscount Beaumont. Katherine’s third husband was killed at the Battle of Northampton in 1460. His widow was about sixty at the time. Katherine and John married in January 1465, just a few months after Edward IV had announced his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. William Worcester decried the match as a “diabolical marriage” (though he thought the lady was eighty), and it has been roundly denounced by historians and novelists, particularly of the Ricardian bent, as a shocking example of Woodville greed. While John’s motives were undoubtedly mercenary and the age gap an unusual one, nothing supports the notion that the elderly lady was forced into the match by the Woodvilles or by her nephew the king or that she found it offensive or degrading. Outwardly, at least, she and her family seem to have been on good terms with the Woodvilles. At the banquet following Elizabeth’s coronation a few months after the marriage, Katherine was seated at a table with the queen’s mother. Her grandson, John Mowbray, the fourth Duke of Norfolk (who was about the same age as her new husband) played a prominent role at the coronation, where he fulfilled his hereditary duties as marshal of England. Perhaps Katherine happened to find the young man’s company congenial. On May 23, 1465, as part of the ceremonies leading up to Elizabeth’s coronation, John was made a Knight of the Bath, along with his brother Richard and several dozen other men. In 1467, Edward granted him the reversion of certain of Katherine’s dower lands. These had been forfeited by William, second Viscount Beaumont, Katherine’s Lancastrian stepson from her third marriage. John served as the queen’s Master of Horse, for which he received forty pounds per year. Like his father and his brother Anthony, he was fond of tournaments. In 1467, he fought in one alongside the king’s closest friend, William Hastings; the king and Anthony Woodville fought on the other side. The following year, he and Anthony were among the English entourage that escorted Margaret, Edward IV’s youngest sister, to Burgundy for her wedding to its duke. John was named the Prince of the Tournament that followed the wedding ceremony. In June 1469, John accompanied Edward IV on a pilgrimage to Bury St. Edmunds and Walsingham. (One of the king’s other companions was the king’s youngest brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. This seems to be the first and last time recorded time Richard’s and John’s paths intersected, though they had likely encountered each other at court before that.) Trouble, however, was brewing in the person of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had allied himself with the king’s other brother, George, Duke of Clarence. Warwick had several grudges against the crown, not the least of which was the growing influence of the Woodvilles at court. In a manifesto issued from Calais, he targeted Anthony and John Woodville and their father, along with several other men, as royal favorites that were harming the realm. The king sent the Woodville men away for their safety, but to no avail in the case of John and his father. On August 12, 1469, the two were captured by Warwick’s troops and beheaded outside Coventry without trial. John’s burial place, like that of his father, is unknown. On May 29, 1475, however, Anthony Woodville granted land to Eton College; the indenture speaks of the “rele love and singular devocion” that John bore the college, which Edward IV had come close to abolishing because of its associations with Henry VI but which had regained some royal favor by the late 1460’s. Perhaps Anthony intended that his brother’s body be moved to Eton. Each year on October 30, a hearse with wax candles was to be erected and an obit held for John’s soul; the college was also to say daily masses for the king and queen, their children, Anthony, his late parents and John, and his other siblings. John was also remembered by Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoy, who asked in his will that masses be said for John and his father. Katherine, John’s aged widow, was to survive her youthful groom by fourteen years. She served as his executrix; one Humphrey Gentille, attempting to settle an account owed to him by John, brought a Chancery suit in which he claimed that "the great might of the said lady" was preventing him from collecting his debt. Katherine was issued robes for Richard III’s coronation in 1483 and died later that year.

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“historic claims and feudal pre-colonial titles are mere relics of another international legal era, one that ended with the setting of the sun on the age of colonial imperium.” - International Court of Justice There are persuasive legal and historical arguments to support the Philippines’ claim to Sabah. However, wonderful as those arguments may be, we have no right to claim Sabah because the people of Sabah have spoken and they have no interest in becoming a part of the Philippines. They voted to join Malaysia in a referendum conducted in 1963. Although the Philippines claim to Sabah has not been brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the ICJ has ruled in the Application by the Philippines for Permission to Intervene in the sovereignty case between Indonesia and Malaysia over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan that “historic title, no matter how persuasively claimed on the basis of old legal instruments and exercises of authority, cannot – except in the most extraordinary circumstances – prevail in law over the rights of non-self-governing people to claim independence and establish their sovereignty through the exercise of bona fide self-determination.” The Court also pointed out, “Under traditional international law, the right to territory was vested exclusively in rulers of States. Lands were the property of a sovereign to be defended or conveyed in accordance with the laws relevant to the recognition, exercise and transfer of sovereign domain. In order to judicially determine a claim to territorial title erga omnes, it was necessary to engage with the forms of international conveyancing, tracing historic title through to a critical date or dates to determine which State exercised territorial sovereignty at that point in time. Under modern international law, however, the enquiry must necessarily be broader, particularly in the context of decolonization. In particular, the infusion of the concept of the rights of a “people” into this traditional legal scheme, notably the right of peoples to self-determination, fundamentally alters the significance of historic title to the determination of sovereign title.” Sa madaling salita, walang ibig sabihin ang historic title mo kung ayaw ng mamamayan na magpailalim sa poder mo because in this post-colonial world “the principle of self-determination of peoples” rules. Self-determination na ang basehan ngayon. It trumps historic title every time. The ICJ also upheld the 1963 Sabah referendum, “15. Accordingly, in light of the clear exercise by the people of North Borneo of their right to self-determination, it cannot matter whether this Court, in any interpretation it might give to any historic instrument or efficacy, sustains or not the Philippines claim to historic title. Modern international law does not recognize the survival of a right of sovereignty based solely on historic title; not, in any event, after an exercise of self-determination conducted in accordance with the requisites of international law, the bona fides of which has received international recognition by the political organs of the United Nations. Against this, historic claims and feudal pre-colonial titles are mere relics of another international legal era, one that ended with the setting of the sun on the age of colonial imperium.” “16. The lands and people claimed by the Philippines formerly constituted most of an integral British dependency. In accordance with the law pertaining to decolonization, its population exercised their right of self-determination. What remains is no mere boundary dispute. It is an attempt to keep alive a right to reverse the free and fair decision taken almost 40 years ago by the people of North Borneo in the exercise of their legal right to self-determination. The Court cannot be a witting party to that.” (Read the entire decision here: http://www.mpil.de/ww/en/pub/research/details/publications/institute/wcd.cfm?fuseaction_wcd=aktdat&aktdat=201010200400.cfm) President Aquino is right, the Sabah claim is a hopeless cause. And he is not the first president to see this. Unfortunately, there are still many intelligent Filipinos who believe we have a legitimate claim to Sabah, based on historic title. Consequently, no Philippine president will want to be seen as the one who “lost” Sabah even though we already lost it in the Sabah referendum held 50 years ago. Sabah is for Sabahans. If they chose to belong to Malaysia then so be it, we have to respect their choice. Period. As to the proprietary claim of the Sultan of Sulu over Sabah, please naman huwag na niya idamay ang buong bayan diyan. It’s a personal proprietary claim, it is not a matter of national interest. Hopefully, President Aquino will set the record straight. “Renounced not resigned,” I pointed out to my friend who was writing an article on Pope Benedict’s surprise announcement. “What difference does it make?” he replied. “That is a question that I, a man of simple faith whose Catholicism came from the successors of Padre Damaso, must leave to the pontification of pedants and pundits like you,” I replied. “I don’t have time to split hairs, I’m rushing to meet my deadline,” he said, irritated. “Deadline is the cross that journalists stuck in old technologies must carry,” I told the newspaperman. “By the way,” I said to soften the blow, “did you read the Associated Press report “Secret oaths, chants in ritual to choose Pope”? “It’s cinematic.” I read an excerpt from the report, “The conclave begins with the cardinals in their red cassocks filing into the Sistine Chapel, chanting the monophonic Litany of Saints followed by another sacred song, “Veni, Creator Spiritus,” imploring the intervention of the Holy Spirit and saints as they take their places before Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment.” The cardinals place their hand on the Gospel and promise to observe absolute secrecy both during and after the conclave, and to “never lend support or favor to any interference, opposition or any other form of intervention … in the election of the Roman Pontiff.” “Why an oath to observe absolute secrecy?” the newspaperman asked, finally pushing his laptop aside when he realized I was not going to let him finish his work undisturbed. “It’s a hangover from the time when the Kings of France, Spain, or the Holy Roman Emperor could intervene in Papal elections…” “But that veto power was abolished a hundred years ago,” he replied. “I know. So maybe there is something else they want to keep secret. Something anachronistic and highly embarrassing.” “You know the story of the female Pope?” “That’s just a legend,” he replied. “There are no official records on that. She is not even listed in the roll of Popes.” “But the legend persists,” I persisted. “And from that legend – if it is really only a legend – comes the story of The Test.” “C’mon man,” pulling back his laptop, “that ritual where the elected Pope took his pants off for the College of Cardinals was just a scene in the historical fiction series The Borgias.” “I’m not referring to that scene,” I said. “That was a toned-down-for-TV version of the real test described in manuscripts all the way back to the 12th century.” “What does legend say?” “Because of Pope Joan, newly elected Popes were made to sit in a chair with a hole in it, a stedes stercoraria or latrine chair. A designated cardinal would then feel around for testicles and upon confirmation would announce, “Duos habet et bene pendentes” (He’s got two and they hang nicely),” I recounted. “Really?” he asked, incredulous. “Well, it’s a Men Only club,” I replied. “I know it’s a Men Only club!” he said. “What I find incredible is the test you described. Do they really have that test?” “Yup,” I replied. “Like the old conclave saying goes, “Habemus duo ante habemus papam”. “What does that mean?” he asked. “It takes two to tango.” UNA and LP: Political Bandits by Filomeno S. Sta. Ana III This Toby Tiangco, the campaign manager of UNA, has a keen political sense. For one thing, he takes the threats UNA faces seriously. In one press interview, Tiangco was frank enough to express his fear about Senator Serge Osmeña’s involvement in the electoral campaign. Osmeña is giving advice to several candidates of the Liberal Party (LP) coalition, namely Jun Magsaysay, Grace Poe, and Risa Hontiveros. Osmeña is the Pinoy equivalent of Barack Obama’s David Axelrod. Our senator may not be as politically progressive as Obama’s campaign adviser. But it is insulting to compare Osmeña to the arrogant Karl Rove, who exposed himself to be a bad clairvoyant after predicting Mitt Romney’s victory in the swing state. Osmeña’s choice of candidates is right but demanding. Magsaysay (not Mitos), Poe and Hontiveros are among the honest politicians and reliable reformers in the LP slate. They, along with the likes of Jamby Madrigal, Koko Pimentel, and Sonny Angara, deserve to win. (The politically correct might object to Angara’s dynasty. But nothing is wrong as long as the dynasty eschews guns, goons, gold and Garci). But Osmeña’s candidates are not frontrunners. Fortunately, what Tiangco calls the “Serge factor” is a boost for their campaign. For another thing, Tiangco delivers stinging propaganda that hits the nail on the head. In another interview, Tiangco turns the tables on the LP coalition by accusing the ruling party of accommodating “political butterflies.” Indeed, many of the former Gloria rabble-rousers jumped ship and moved to PNoy’s party. Aray! What is LP’s rejoinder? Still, the LP coalition has charged UNA of pretending to be daang matuwid. That is very correct, for UNA has a surfeit of candidates who oppose daang matuwid. For that matter, UNA’s candidates are unfit to symbolize daang maganda. What is maganda about Mitos Magsayasay, Gloria’s henchwoman, who blocks every major reform of the PNoy administration? What is matuwid about Gringo Honasan whose claim to fame is his being a serial coup plotter during the democratic transition? What is maganda about Jackie Enrile, the absentee congressman, who nevertheless has name recall, being the son of Marcos’s martial law executioner and Gringo’s godfather? What is matuwid about Miguel Zubiri becoming senator, thanks to the vote manipulation engineered by Gloria’s servants like Abalos and the Ampatuans? And what is maganda about Manong Ernie Maceda, the typical trapo, despite his makeup? To top it all, the UNA triumvirate of Binay, Erap, and JPE is a gang of bandits. But wait, we cannot be judgmental about political bandits, as propounded by Mancur Olson. Olson distinguishes the stationary bandits from the roving bandits (foreign aggressors, for example). The stationary ones need the legitimacy or the votes to extend their terms, and they hence have the incentive to deliver the public goods. Think Binay. In Makati, he is a strongman, a maton. Yet, thanks to the huge resources at this disposal, he has made Makati a modern and “socialist” town. And through his delivery of the public goods, he and his family get elected and re-elected. In turn, this performance in Makati propelled him to become Vice President and has become the launching pad for his ambition to be the next President. Let’s face it: Both UNA and LP have political bandits. But that’s where the similarity ends. UNA has obnoxious bandits. And even though the LP accommodates bandits (after all, politics is addition), its core consists of decent politicians and reformers—led by PNoy himself; progressives like the Abads, Tañadas, Jun Abaya, TG Guingona, Jamby Madrigal, Neric Acosta, Sid Ungab, Niel Tupas, Jocelyn Limkaichong; veterans like Frank Drilon, Mar Roxas, Jun Magsaysay, and Serge Osmeña. This is the party of reform—the party of Ninoy Aquino, Jovito Salonga, and Jesse Robredo. As the party of reform, it should be the party of the future. The lesson from contemporary political economy, especially in East Asia, is that a predictor of prosperity or sustained growth is the endurance of a reformist and visionary political party. Never mind if it is has stationary bandits.

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U of G Science Project Captures Bug Barcodes and Kids' Interest June 13, 2013 - News Release A program designed by the University of Guelph to introduce children to science in their schoolyards has turned up hundreds of new insect DNA barcodes for a growing library of life on Earth. Under its School Malaise Trap Program, U of G’s Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO) gave traps to Grade 6 and 12 students in southwestern Ontario to collect insects in 60 schoolyards for two weeks. Students also learned about biodiversity and DNA barcoding technology developed at Guelph for identifying species. Under the International Barcode of Life(iBOL) project based at Guelph, researchers are collecting DNA barcodes from species worldwide for a growing barcode library accessible to scientists around the globe. The students collected more than 95,000 individual specimens from April 22 to May 3. Among those specimens were almost 1,400 species of organisms, including 276 species whose barcodes were new to the iBOL database. The BIO research team – about 100 molecular biologists, informaticians and taxonomists – has distributed traps to national parks and schools in Canada, and the project has been more successful than expected, said Dirk Steinke, director of education and outreach at the institute. “It was the first project of its kind, so that already made this special,” he said. “The results were better than we thought we would get, and the diversity of species found was much higher than anticipated, especially given the early time of the year and the length of the winter.” He said an added benefit was the chance to work with students and introduce them to science firsthand. U of G scientists travelled to the schools in the BIObus, the institute’s research and collection vehicle. Students set traps and recorded weather data to provide complete records for the research team. “The fact that a student becomes part of the scientific process goes a long way to showing them how exciting science can be,” said Steinke. “Often science at school means designed experiments with predictable outcomes. With the school malaise trap program, we’re involving them in ongoing research. It is an example of how discovery-based science can engage students in the creation of a valuable public and scientific resource.” For scientists, the iBOL project provides a valuable identification system for economically, socially or environmentally important species. DNA barcoding allows scientists to monitor and protect biodiversity. The BIO team hopes to continue the school program. “There was lots of excitement and engagement,” said Steinke. “Students could relate to science much better by being part of it. We already received questions if we would come again, and many other schools that didn't have a chance to participate asked if we could work with them next time.” For media questions, contact Communications and Public Affairs: Lori Bona Hunt, 519-824-4120, Ext. 53338, or email@example.com; or Kevin Gonsalves, Ext. 56982, or firstname.lastname@example.org.

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When you have made a serious error and need to acknowledge it humbly, it is highly probable that the expression you use to describe the process has something to do with food. The best-known traditional expression of this type in the US is to eat crow. The origin seems fairly obvious: the meat of the crow, being a carnivore, is presumably rank and extremely distasteful, and the experience is easily equated to the mental anguish of being forced to admit one’s fallibility. But you may understand that my desire for accuracy has not led me so far as trying the experiment for myself, though taking a line through rook pie, which I tried once at an over-enthusiastic historical reconstruction, it seems a reasonable assumption. We need someone like the eccentric Victorian surgeon Frank Buckland, founder of the London Acclimatisation Society — dedicated to introducing useful new plants and animals into countries where they were unknown — whose hobby was eating his way through the animal kingdom, trying out delicacies such as roast giraffe and elephant trunk soup. He once returned from holiday to find that a leopard at the London Zoo had died and been interred in a flower bed; seizing a spade, he immediately dug it up to try it. He is on record as remarking that “the very worst thing he ever ate was a mole”, but I can’t find out what he thought of crows. Volunteers to make empirical observations should form an orderly queue. An article published in the Atlanta Constitution in 1888 claims that, towards the end of the war of 1812, an American went hunting and by accident crossed behind the British lines, where he shot a crow. He was caught by a British officer, who, complimenting him on his fine shooting, persuaded him to hand over his gun. This officer then levelled his gun and said that as a punishment the American must take a bite of the crow. The American obeyed, but when the British officer returned his gun he took his revenge by making him eat the rest of the bird. This is such an inventive novelisation of the phrase’s etymology that it seems a shame to point out that the original expression is not recorded until the 1850s, and that its original form was to eat boiled crow, whereas the story makes no mention of boiling the bird. The British English equivalent is eating humble pie, which contains two ideas rolled in together, a portmanteau dish. The original umbles were the innards of the deer: the liver, heart, entrails and other second-class bits. It was common practice in medieval times to serve a pie made of these parts of the animal to the servants and others who would be sitting at the lower tables in the lord’s hall. Pepys mentions it in his diary for 8 July 1663: “Mrs Turner came in and did bring us an Umble-pie hot out of her oven, extraordinarily good”. However, it seems it was not until the nineteenth century that the expression humble pie appeared in the sense we now know, and some have reasoned that it did so as a deliberate play on words. If so, it was a very small play. The word umbles is a variant form of an old French term noumbles, (originally from Latin lumulus, a diminutive of lumbus, from which we also get loin and lumbar); umbles seems to be derived from numbles by the process called metanalysis which, for example, turned a norange into an orange; umbles also sometimes appeared in medieval times and later in the form humbles. Contrariwise, the word humble (originally from the Latin humilem from which we also get humility) was frequently spelt and pronounced “umble” from medieval times right down to the nineteenth century. So the figurative sense of umble pie could have appeared at almost any time since the medieval period; indeed, so close is the association that it is surprising that the OED’s first citation dates only from 1830. The phrase to eat dirt, first attested in the 1850s, expresses the same idea as to eat crow and to eat humble pie. The oldest of them, and most probably the source of all the others, is to eat one’s words, which first appears in print in 1571 in one of John Calvin’s tracts, on Psalm 62: “God eateth not his words when he hath once spoken”. Whilst we are on the subject of consuming unconsumables: the expression to eat one’s hat, expressing one’s complete confidence in the outcome being described — “if that horse doesn’t win, I’ll eat my hat” — dates in this form only from 1836, when it appeared in Charles Dickens’ Pickwick Papers: “If I knew as little of life as that, I’d eat my hat and swallow the buckle whole”. According to the OED, the phrase used to appear sometimes in the form eat old Rowley’s hat, though I’ve never seen it and the OED has no citations for it. Old Rowley was the name of Charles II’s favourite horse, a name that was transferred to the monarch himself, though why his hat should be especially favoured in idiomatic history is a mystery. There were earlier expressions invoking one’s hat in support of some assertion: by my hat (which turns up in Love’s Labour Lost), my hat to a halfpenny, and I’ll bet a hat, so it is possible that Dickens’ formation may draw on one or other of these and on the then newish eat humble pie. To eat one’s heart out, in its sense of suffering extreme grief, is a vivid figurative description which also evokes the often intensely physical symptoms of worry. It actually predates the English language, since it turns up in Homer’s Iliad (about 850 BC) and in writings by Pythagoras four hundred years later. Some proverbial sayings have a very long history indeed. Search World Wide Words Recently added or updated By hook or by crook; Polish off; Loggerhead; Lame duck; But and ben; Logomaniac; Type louse; Corium; Lie Doggo; Fewmet; Dingbat; Kibosh; Caucus; Oryzivorous; Kick the bucket; Satisficer; Beside oneself; Words of the Year 2015; Peradventure; Sconce; Orchidelirium; How’s your father; Goon; Emoji; Thank your mother for the rabbits; Nonplussed; Bob’s-a-dying; Methinks; Bill of goods. Support World Wide Words! Donate via PayPal. Select your currency from the list and click Donate. Buy from Amazon and get me a small commission at no cost to you. Select your preferred site and click Go!

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USHI Module: How Was the Cold War Waged? Paul Nitze, author of NSC 68 the journalist and commentator Walter Lippmann penned an article describing the developing US-USSR confrontation as a "Cold War." The term came to describe the state of superpower relations for the next four decades. This unit focuses on the foreign policy aspects of how the Cold War was waged. In doing so, it raises three questions: |Making the Transition:| |Historians debate an appropriate starting point for the onset of the Cold War; this debate, in many ways, provides an opening for any study of the Cold War. Authors such as David Foglesong and William Appleman Williams trace the beginning to the US intervention in the Russian civil war; still others point to the domestic anti-radicalism of the first Red Scare and the 1920s. Those who pin the start to the post-World War II period divide largely into three camps. New Left historians, such as Walter LaFeber but most outspokenly Bruce Cumings of the University of Chicago, see US policies as primarily responsible for the onset of tensions. They argue that the US acted in such a way that created fears of encirclement by the Soviet Union, and the Soviets responded defensively by consolidating their position in Eastern Europe. This viewpoint has been most passionately challenged by Yale University historian John Lewis Gaddis, who sees Soviet actions in general and the decisions of Josef Stalin in particular as the driving force behind the postwar tensions. In recent years, Gaddis has pointed to a large batch of Eastern bloc documents that bolster his view. Taking a position somewhere in the middle, University of Virginia historian Melvyn Leffler has argued in two recent books that the war resulted mostly from a combination of the domestic institutional situations in both nations and balance-of-power forces, in which both the US and USSR were drawn into a power vacuum in central Europe. The end of World War II saw two major powers dominating the European scene: the United States, whose troops liberated the western half of the continent; and the Soviet Union, whose Red Army had driven the Germans from eastern and east-central Europe. Europe thus was in many ways a divided continent even before the Cold War dawned. |In addition, the two sides had fundamentally different viewpoints of the postwar scene and of their rival's intentions. The first major dispute of the postwar era occurred over Poland, the invasion of which by Germany had triggered the start of World War II. Between 1919 and 1921, the Soviet Union had been at war with Poland; in 1941, the Nazis had marched into the USSR through Polish territory. Unsurprisingly, then, strategic concerns remained highest in Stalin's mind. For President Roosevelt, the Atlantic Charter signified a US commitment to Polish democracy; FDR also paid attention to the wishes of Polish-American voters, an element of his Democratic constituency. At the 1945 Yalta Conference, the two leaders worked out an arrangement in which the Soviets consented to holding "free elections" in Poland while the US agreed that any resulting Polish regime should be "friendly" to Moscow. From FDR's point of view, a compromise on the issue was possible. The Soviets, however, had a quite different perspective on the future of Poland.| QUESTION ONE: WHY DID THE COLD WAR OCCUR? |Quite beyond the fate of Poland, the US and the USSR brought a different set of historical assumptions and ideological biases to international affairs. To an extent, the Cold War developed a momentum of its own, as can be seen through a time line of the era.| Within that broad scope of time, a few key events stand out in contributing to the tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union: |January 5, 1946: President Truman indicates that the US will not recognize future communist governments, since "I'm sick of babying the Soviets"| |February 9, 1946: Before the Communist Party Congress, Stalin suggests that communism and capitalism were incompatible.| |February 22, 1946: George Kennan's Long Telegram, one of the most famous documents of the Cold War, contending that Russian behavior was determined by a "traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity," and that "we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US there can be no permanent modus vivendi."| |March 5, 1946: Former British prime minister Winston Churchill, at Fulton, Missouri, declares that an "Iron Curtain" has descended on Europe.| |March 10, 1946: Truman demands Russia withdraw from Iran, which had been jointly occupied by the British and the Red Army during World War II, with no oil concessions and no annexation of Azerbaijan.| |September 12, 1946: Former Vice President and then Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace delivers a Madison Square Garden speech announcing ""the tougher we get with Russia, the tougher they will get with us"; he was forced to resign as Secretary of Commerce September 20.| |March 12, 1947: President Truman announces the Truman Doctrine, informing Congress, "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."| |June 5, 1947: Secretary of State George Marshall, in a commencement address at Harvard University, announces a package of economic assistance to aid in European recovery. Though not "directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos," the Marshall Plan further divides Europe into two spheres of influence. For his efforts, Time named the secretary of state its "Man of the Year" for 1947.| |July 26, 1947: Congress passes the National Security Act, which creates a civilian Secretary of Defense (the first was James Forrestal), a National Security Council, a Central Intelligence Agency--but does not call for universal military training.| |February 25, 1948: Communists overthrow the government of Eduard Benes in Czechoslovakia, the last democratic nation in the Soviet bloc.| |June 24, 1948: Further increasing tensions over Europe's future, at least according to the newly created CIA, the Soviets begin a blockade of the Western zones in occupied Berlin; the Allied powers would respond with an 11-month airlift to supply the beleaguered city.| |Apr. 4, 1949: The NATO treaty is signed.| |July 14, 1949: The USSR explodes its first atomic bomb.| 1949: The Communist Party completes its triumph in the Chinese Civil War, as Mao Zedong |Another way, though, to glimpse the differences between the two sides comes in examining two documents, from comparable periods, one from the US embassy in Moscow, the other from the Soviet embassy in Washington. In such a view, a close look at George Kennan's philosophy becomes particularly important in understanding the Cold War's origins.| Such an approach leads to some interesting questions to consider for this phase of the Cold War, such as: |--To what extent did either Kennan or Novikov correctly analyze the other side's intentions at the dawn of the Cold War?| |--Do you see turning points in the development of the Cold War, places where, if it couldn't have been avoided, at least it could have followed a different path?| return to top QUESTION TWO: WHY DID THE COLD WAR BECOME MILITARIZED? |Unlike the origins of the Cold War, on the question of militarization, the dispute largely centers on the important event rather than the key motivation. Most US history textbooks point to the onset of the Korean War as the time when the Cold War became "hot." But in the last decade-plus, two powerful monographs have challenged that view. In American Cold War Strategy, Ernest May suggests that the militarization of the Cold War was, in part, the classic example of bureaucratic politics in action, as Paul Nitze, director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, maneuvered his way through the upper reaches of the Truman administration to bring about the adoption of NSC 68, a more comprehensive national security document than virtually anyone in the administration deemed possible only 18 months before.| |Meanwhile, in an important work of scholarship--in addition to a partial memoir of his time in office--former Harvard dean and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy's Danger and Survival argued that the 1950 decision to develop the H-bomb--a weapon that had no conceivable military use--represented the key turning point in making military tactics the primary means through which US national security policy would be structured.| |Making the Transition| |A section on this question, then, could address any of these three explanations, or a combination of all three.| |Despite the newer--and, in many ways, more interesting historiographical trends--the Korean War represents the logical place to start in examining the militarization of the Cold War. After the North Korean invasion of the South on June 27, 1950, the Truman administration itself struggled to understand the first week of action. Eventually, however, the administration settled on a policy of going to the United Nations for a resolution authorizing an international force to repel the invasion. The CIA did not underestimate the difficulty of the task. The war itself dragged on for nearly three years before ending in a somewhat inconclusive armistice and more conclusive treaty of mutual defense between the United States and Korea, the first such document negotiated between the US and a nation on the Asian continent.| |Any study of the Korean War yields itself to an analysis of NSC 68, which, in many ways served as the ideological basis for the conflict. One obvious effect of the war: a dramatic increase in US defense spending, as NSC 68 recommended.| |And, among the items receiving the new appropriations: the hydrogen bomb, one of the most controversial weapons ever built in the United States. Begin with the Nuclear age timeline, followed by the H-bomb time line, to get a sense of where the development of the weapon fitted into the overall militarization of the Cold War. PBS has also put together a useful set of teaching suggestions on the topic, which includes visual images of the effects of the H-bomb. Finally, for a particularly useful exercise in understanding--on a miniature scale--how the development of the H-bomb affected international relations, play a round on the Prisoners' Dilemma.| |[NOTE: I ALSO HAVE SOME H-BOMB RELATED DOCUMENTS THAT I WILL SCAN IN AND MAKE AVAILABLE.]| return to top QUESTION THREE: WHY DID THE COLD WAR BECOME GLOBAL IN SCOPE? Making the Transition: |The US involvement in Vietnam, which is covered in another USHI module, represents the obvious starting point for such a unit. But this question also yields itself to an examination of the Latin American policies of the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. Robert Pastor, a historian of the region and NSC staffer during the Carter administration, has provided a quick overview of the literature on the topic.| |The Eisenhower administration entered office committed to a foreign policy it dubbed the New Look and it summarized in NSC 162/2 [WHICH I WILL NEED TO SCAN] Concerned with the budget implications of the containment philosophy held by the Truman administration, Eisenhower reined in defense spending (the only Cold War President to do so) by relying more on the threat of a massive retaliation launched from nuclear weapons to deter communist aggression. This approach, however, was not designed to meet leftist challenges in the Third World, for which the administration instead relied on covert action.| |The US involvement in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz's left-leaning regime in Guatemala represents the best example of New Look covert action. That Arbenz ordered the expropriation of United Fruit Company landholdings represented enough proof for the administration of his supposedly communist leanings, although recent scholarship has suggested that Arbenz was, in fact, a secret member of the Communist Party.| |In Operation PBSUCCESS, Eisenhower and his chief foreign policy advisers--Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and DCI Allen Dulles--authorized a covert operation designed to encourage the Guatemalan Army to deflect from Arbenz. A 12-page detailed plan of the operation's goals and the policy behind it are now available. A good summary of the literature relating to the US involvement; in addition, the CIA itself commissioned an internal study of the operation. Moreover, the National Security Archive has recently obtained a trove of newly declassified CIA documents on the Guatemalan operation.| From Eisenhower to Kennedy: Kennedy, Dean Rusk, and Robert McNamara during ExComm deliberations |While Guatemala represented the key Latin American initiative of Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy focused his hemispheric diplomacy on Cuba. In his inaugural address, Kennedy promised that the United States would actively meet the communist threat anywhere in the the world, although his administration's first effort in that regard, the Bay of Pigs affair of 1961, ended disastrously. Nonetheless, in Operation MONGOOSE, the administration continued to search for ways to oust Fidel Castro from power.| |This failure hovered over the administration's response to events in Cuba 18 months later. After U-2 overflights confirmed, on October 15, 1962, the existence of a Soviet missile site in Cuba, President Kennedy convened the ExComm (executive committtee of the National Security Council) to deliberate the US response. The fourteen days of the crisis saw the administration adopt a quarantine of Cuba as an alternative to an immediate air strike, Kennedy deliver an ominous speech to the American public announcing the discovery of the missiles, UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson engage in a widely broadcast confrontation with Soviet UN ambassador V.I. Zorin about the Soviet intentions in Cuba, and the two sides eventually agree to a withdrawal of the missiles in exchange for a public commitment by the United States not to invade Cuba and a private promise to dismantle NATO's Jupiter Missiles in Turkey.| |The missile crisis itself can be taught in a number of interesting ways. For those of a more document-oriented bent, the Foreign Relations of the United States series has all of its Cuban Missile Crisis documents on line; a sample is here. But the better place to start is with the Kennedy Tapes, transcripts (with commentary) of the secret recordings made at the time by President Kennedy and prepared by historians Ernest May and Philip Zelikow. Finally, the recent film Thirteen Days has an interesting--and quite balanced--historical web site devoted to a full-fledged analysis of the crisis and the differences between the historical and movie versions.| |In many ways, the Cuban Missile Crisis represents a logical way to conclude this unit, combining as it does elements from all three foreign policy questions that the unit poses as well as offering one of the most clear-cut demonstrations of the interrelated nature of foreign and domestic policy during the Cold War. Film represents one way of making the point of how the Cold War affected American culture; no better demonstration is Dr. Strangelove, especially the War Room scene. One particularly useful comparison in this regard is between Strangelove and On the Beach, released four years earlier. The differences in technical discussion about nuclear weapons and nuclear strategy between the two movies offer one way of suggesting how the crisis brought home to the American public the immediate impact of seemingly abstract debates about foreign policy, weapons systems, and international strategy.| return to top

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Mitt Romney and Barack Obama have an illustrious predecessor: In 1790, the very first Congress—which incidentally included 20 framers—passed a law that included a mandate: namely, a requirement that ship owners buy medical insurance for their seamen. This law was then signed by another framer: President George Washington. That’s right, the father of our country had no difficulty imposing a health insurance mandate. That’s not all. In 1792, a Congress with 17 framers passed another statute that required all able-bodied men to buy firearms. Yes, we used to have not only a right to bear arms, but a federal duty to buy them. Four framers voted against this bill, but the others did not, and it was also signed by Washington. Some tried to repeal this gun purchase mandate on the grounds it was too onerous, but only one framer voted to repeal it. Six years later, in 1798, Congress addressed the problem that the employer mandate to buy medical insurance for seamen covered drugs and physician services but not hospital stays. And you know what this Congress, with five framers serving in it, did? It enacted a federal law requiring the seamen to buy hospital insurance for themselves. That’s right, Congress enacted an individual mandate requiring the purchase of health insurance. And this act was signed by another founder, President John Adams. Meanwhile, a conservative law professor explains why the Obamacare mandate "passes constitutional muster" here.

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Winner of the The Bancroft Prize Scottsboro tells the riveting story of one of this country's most famous and controversial court cases and a tragic and revealing chapter in the history of the American South. In 1931, two white girls claimed they were savagely raped by nine young black men aboard a freight train moving across northeastern Alabama. The young men-ranging in age from twelve to nineteen-were quickly tried, and eight were sentenced to death. The age of the defendants, the stunning rapidity of their trials, and the harsh sentences they received sparked waves of protest and attracted national attention during the 1930s. Originally published in 1970,Scottsboro triggered a new interest in the case, sparking two film documentaries, several Hollywood docudramas, two autobiographies, and numerous popular and scholarly articles on the case. In his new introduction, Dan T. Carter looks back more than thirty-five years after he first wrote about the case, asking what we have learned that is new about it and what relevance the story of Scottsboro still has in the twenty-first century. Found an Error? Tell us about it.

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It seems the earth’s waters have a powerful capacity to repair themselves: Scientists said the rapid dissipation of the [Gulf spill] surface oil was probably due to a combination of factors. The gulf has an immense natural capacity to break down oil, which leaks into it at a steady rate from thousands of natural seeps. Though none of the seeps is anywhere near the size of the Deepwater Horizon leak, they do mean that the gulf is swarming with bacteria that can eat oil. So even the Times admits that oil in the Gulf is an ongoing and naturally-generated problem, and that the body of water seems to contain naturally-occurring ways of dealing with it.

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The Majlis of the Maldives or the People’s Majlis is the main legislature body of the Maldives. The Majlis has the authority to enact, amend and revise laws, except the constitution of the Maldives. Majlis is composed of 77 members. Each year in the last Thursday of February, the Majlis is opened by the president of the Maldives and in the opening ceremony the president outlines his policies and achievements in his presidential term. The annual budget of the state is also passed by the Majlis. A council was setup by sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III to draft the constitution of the Maldives in 9 March 1931. The council completed and implemented the constitution on 22 December 1932. This constitution was the basis for the formation, of the first ever Majlis of the Maldives. The meetings of this Majlis were held in the “Hakura Ganduvaru”. The first president or the speaker of the Majlis was Al Ameer Mohammed Farid Didi. Maldives was then ruled by a sultan and the advent of the new constitution was seen as a threat to the sultanate. Thus, mobs were instigated against theconstitution and it was publicly torn up. Since then the constitution of the Maldives has been revised a number of times. Members and elections The entire constitution of the Maldives has been re-written in 2008, and the composition, electorates and powers of the Majlis has changed drastically. For example, the current Majlis has 77 seats, one from each electorate, has an elected speaker... Read More

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Every now and then a work of general interest on literature, written for a non-specialized audience but filled with citations, comes along that, due to its brashness, perspective, or style re-opens arguments considered settled, inviting us to look anew at this or that subject. In extreme cases it can even encourage us to toss out what we’ve been taught. For obvious reasons this can arouse hostility in traditional-minded critics and reviewers. Steven Moore’s The Novel: an alternative history is such a book. Moore challenges beliefs many hold dear about the novel’s origins, and he does this through a seemingly simple and, when described, tedious-sounding fashion: beginning with 1990 BC texts from Egypt, Moore moves forward, in this first of three volumes, to just before Miguel de Cervantes’ Don Quixote appears, summarizing major novels from across Europe, the Near and Far East, Central Asia, and the sub-continent (with a side trip to Mesoamerica). The purpose is not to dully list what Indian, Japanese, Hebrew, and Greek writers were thinking about but to illustrate that what they wrote are works most readers today would recognize as novels. (Even though most of those works have long been classified as something else [sagas, for instance].) Summaries give us the gist of a book, but that’s only where Moore starts. He tells us, as best he can, how the books influenced later novels, and goes through their structures. In this last aspect he can convincingly show how ancient, classical, and medieval works handled the literary representation of disputes within families or between the powerful and the powerless, as told through multiple narrators, flashbacks, stories within stories, and so on, and Moore links these stories and their styles to modern or contemporary novels. The more he discusses India’s Entry into the Realm of Reality (1st or 2nd century), the more we recognize that its extravagant language and imagery calls to mind recent stylists with poetic vocabularies, such as Henry Miller or Blaise Cendrars. The Plum in the Golden Vase, a 17th-century Chinese novel of 2,300 pages, contains much earlier Chinese writing in it through the use of allusions, sampling (very of the now, musically), and reworking earlier stories. Mark Danielewski’s House of Leaves presents familiar elements—the monster in the dark, the driven explorer, the found manuscript, the entry into the so-called real world of something from another dimension—reworked into a design given a new edge thanks to the voices Danielewski conceived. Moore’s analysis of so many previously unheard of (to me) early novels, carried out over nearly 700 pages, collapses the centuries between this or that novel—such that the books written about are simultaneously of our time and the time of their creation—and dismantles the long-taught divisions of genre. We see that the history of the novel that older British critics (and critics from other countries who followed them) came up with is mistaken. The hoary tale that the novel began with Defoe, Swift and Richardson, going on to Austen, Dickens, George Eliot, and so on, is a fabrication that has robbed us of experiencing, or even knowing about, a wider world of literature than English fiction, and a considerably older heritage of the novel than previously posited. Moore is out to make another case, too. The kind of novel many people nowadays swallow like sweets is a mainstream work that contains a painstakingly assembled realism; in contrast, the kind of novel many people look askance at is called experimental. The realists have won the day, in most minds, when it comes to what’s considered a “real” novel, but it wasn’t always that way. (To declare two interests: I favour experimental works, and I also know the author.) In his rough-and-tumble Introduction (almost 40 pages) Moore gives reasons for writing this book: the prevalence of slashing reviews of postmodern literature by Dale Peck—models of rhetoric and heat without sympathy or much understanding of the creative process—and an ignorant and facile assault on William Gaddis by Jonathan Franzen, as well as a general dislike on the part of many reviewers for novels that lie outside the norm (i.e., threaten the placid, plastic surface overlaying our reading culture) and for writers with “a yen for innovation, a showy prose style, and a perceived disregard for the common reader” (p. 2). The critics Moore engages with—lumped together as MPF (“‘[B.R.] Myers, Peck, Franzen, and readers like them’”) believe “linguistic extravagance” is a phenomenon primarily stemming from 20th-century writers, but this argument is demolished by the accumulation of evidence presented throughout The Novel: lengthy quotations from works dating well before 1901 that illustrate grandiose conceits, lengthy sentences, and intricate structures have been used by writers across the world and over two and a half millennia. (Moore relies on translated works, in whole or part, and is backed up in his belief that many works are novels by the scholars, editors, and translators who brought these books into English and also call them novels.) Reading the summaries helped me come away with a fuller understanding that many older works were far from portraying the real world (as well as stiffening an internal conviction that not even pain of death could force me to read anything about King Arthur) In a word, they are fantastic—while also being formally inventive, and excessive in ways a lover of long books would treasure. I have no doubt that if any one of several of the older works Moore lingers over, as a lover does, were to appear today, it would be harshly treated by MPF for being overwritten and untrue to life. Of course, there will be objections to what Moore’s doing. He brings in the first one that a literary historian and a “traditional critic” of the novel would raise: “I haven’t defined the novel yet, nor differentiated it from other kinds of fiction, like the romance, the confession, and the anatomy”; Moore says that in his “ecumenical view… any book-length fictional narrative can be called a novel.” Some might object to that, and here I believe Moore could have used input from others. (Though he quotes Barthes “distinction between ‘readerly’ and ‘writerly’ texts,” he stays away from theory; in fact, Moore blames many French theorists for the state of literary discussion today.) While relying on remarks made by those most familiar with the works under discussion, nevertheless he could have strengthened his argument. Moore is showing the protean form of the novel, and how it evolved; but then critics began defining what comprised a true novel, and what didn’t. Much of this was based on the old, and seemingly crucial, division of . . . form and content in a work, which helped some people decide what genre a text belonged in. Gilbert Sorrentino, reviewing Raymond Queneau’s Exercises in Style in 1981, offered a different idea, one that Moore could have used: Exercises in Style lays to rest (or should) the quaint idea that fiction is composed of two equal parts: form and content. It also calls seriously into question the generally accepted contemporary dictum that “form is never more than an extension of content.” What it posits, in a great, bravura performance, is the joyous heresy that will not go away, despite the recrudescence of such aesthetic nonsense as Moral Responsibility, Great Themes, and Vast Issues as the business of fiction, and that heresy simply states: form determines content. (“Le Style de Queneau,” in Something Said: Essays, p.200) (An interview from 1983 with Publishers Weekly contains this remark by Sorrentino: “‘Form not only determines content,’ he told Charles Trueheart of Publishers Weekly, ‘but form invents content.’” Quoted in Poetry Foundation More recently, Nigel Fabb’s “Form as fiction,” in Belgian Journal of English Language and Literatures (new series 2 : 63-73), argues—and I’m simplifying this—from a linguistic basis that as literary texts contain fictions, then their form is also a type of fiction. This is one step further to dissolving the usually specious, and often permeable, barrier between genres. People created the romance, haiku, and expressionist drama, and people will re-create them, transform them, and expand the definitions critics futilely insist must be adhered to. A critic can’t keep throwing up sandbags to make sure the river stays in its bed. A critic has to stand back and describe how the river moves. This isn’t news, but it seems to be, especially to conservative critics. Their arguments against Moore, which he partly foresaw, deserve to be considered since it’s likely people who haven’t read The Novel will come across them and walk away with a negative impression of the book. Denis Donoghue is a little over 80 years old. Writing in The Wall Street Journal in mid-May he reacted strongly to Moore’s book. The review is mostly angry rhetoric aimed at some pup twenty years his junior who says English novels aren’t The Source of the Novel. Donoghue begins by relying on what you and I were taught: “Most readers think that the novel—or at least the English novel—came into its own with the emergence of the middle-class at the beginning of the 18th century. Members of that class were primarily concerned with getting on in the world, living by the values we now think of as bourgeois: being comfortable, making enough money, getting congenially married.” In a typical debater’s move, the argument has been moved from one field to another: the middle-class is what brought the novel into its own, and the writer comes later, almost a creature devised by the reading public. (In the online journal Open Letters Monthly, a different Donoghue—Steve—reviewed The Novel under the title “On the Bunny Slopes of Helicon.” That’s just coincidence. But some way through the review Steve Donoghue says: “If authors had any genuine talent for categorization, they’d be accountants. Authors are nitwits – that’s what makes them holy; it’s the critic’s job to determine categories. And a critic like Moore, who’s so lost in his pet theory that he’s willing to throw all categories to the wind, does neither writers nor readers any good service.” O dearie I!, as John Cowper Powys often said. What can one say to this cavalcade of notions? The casual denigration of authors—none of whom are holy, as Donoghue knows if he’s read one single biography of any of them—bears a resemblance to the secondary placement Denis Donoghue spoke about. Steve Donoghue states that he knows what the purpose of critics is for all time—do taxonomy—a great diminishment to anyone who regards novels as vibrant objects whose reception is as varied as the number of readers. But, he has contradicted himself, for his opening states: “Fiction critics are not usually the most coherent kind of scribes; they’re given to vapid hyperbole and comparing their subjects to different kinds of fruits or Hollywood movies…” Critics aren’t coherent, yet they should be left in charge of defining categories. Donoghue must have very specific critics in mind.) The elder Donoghue continues: “Don’t tell that [about women with time on their hands reading novels and wanting realistic ones] to Steven Moore. In The Novel: An Alternative History [Donoghue uses double quotation marks, which become single in the quote. It would be inaccurate to italicize.] he holds that the novel actually began about 4,000 years ago.” But it is incorrect to portray Moore’s voice as a lone one: Donoghue has either missed or ignored the scores of citations Moore provides, as mentioned above, where scholars of this or that period and language say that such-and-such a book is, in their opinion, a novel. Further, the impression given about Moore is that he’s not a scholar with a thesis but as an enthusiast holed up in a basement apartment writing in green ink. Donoghue maintains the integrity of outdated categories of fiction—in the face of how many writers see writing today, and against the material Moore presents—and can’t offer a substantive counterargument. (The other Donoghue did offer much better arguments.) Looking at the works Moore talks about would be a start, but there’s no evidence Donoghue did that. In fact, he brushes that effort aside: “No one knows all the languages required to read the works involved in the original… Questions of style in the originals are impossible to address.” In his fifth paragraph Donoghue says that Moore discusses “varieties of the ‘novel.’” Those quote marks convey this message: Books from ancient Greece and Rome, or dealing with Iceland’s bloody history, because they aren’t in English and I don’t trust their translators, editors or scholars, aren’t open to judgment on their style, so they’re not novels. What about Mati Unt’s Things in the Night (1990), translated in 2006, can we talk about that? Apuleius, Judah ha-Levi, Jean d’Arras? No. The novel safely remains in English hands. When I read Moore’s plot summaries of Irish novels, their absurdity and wild adventures remind me of science fantasy. There is continuity. The same holds true for realism (“…merely one of many modes of the novel, not the only or defining one” [p.648]) from long ago up to this very day. At the end of his book Moore writes: Realism is what many critics insist separates the true, modern novel from older book-length fictions, and for that reason usually assign the honor of the first novel to Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) or Richardson’s Pamela (1740) . . . any reader who turns from The Plum in the Golden Vase to either of those two novels will immediately be struck by how many details are missing from them, especially concerning physical/sexual matters, how quaintly unrealistic they are, displaying a faux-realism at best. . . . It’s not necessarily the first realistic novel—see those by Petronius, Murasaki, the Icelanders, Martorell, Aretino, Deloney—but it’s the most realistic. Moore’s ecumenical view unearths the novel’s oldest roots, but that runs against Donoghue’s Anglocentric preference. By not reading with attention, or an open mind for ideas he could learn from, Donoghue exemplifies MPF. The reactionaries are everywhere. There is one major drawback to The Novel, which Steve Donoghue discusses at length, and that is its ill-temper towards religions and those who have a religious belief. “The page is the dear, good grave where everything that lasts will finally rest,” says William Gass (“Robert Walser,” in Finding a Form), and that sentiment about sums up Moore’s position on the material world and immortality. A kindly editor would have suggested that these needless irruptions make Moore come across as intolerant of difference. Those wanting to discover new old books, or to read a vigorous refutation of a broken and useless idea of when the novel began written in a breezy, informative, style, will find The Novel an essential work. It belongs in personal, community and university libraries. Canadian writer Jeff Bursey has written reviews and articles for journals in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. His first book, Verbatim: A Novel, will be released by Enfield & Wizenty this fall. Read More on this Subject: More from The Quarterly Conversation: - Arc d’X by Steven Erickson I. The one-sentence summary for Arc d’X is as follows: It’s the book that would have been made if David Lynch did the plotting and Thomas Pynchon did the writing (but in a suppressed, uncomedic way, like Paul Auster). These are all artists I like and respect, so this should... - Everything Bad Is Good for You by Steven Johnson Steven Johnson is a compelling magazine writer. I read his article (now doomed to paid-archive purgatory) in the NY Times Magazine with more than engaged interest, because it gave a surprisingly counterintuitive explanation of the impact of popular culture on society. The article did its job, too, because it made... - One Writer’s Beginnings: Dreams in a Time of War: A Childhood Memoir by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o Quietly and unobtrusively, the author draws out the influences that will shape his literary work and his political views in the years to come. By the end of the story, you understand the love of language and performance that drove Ngũgĩ to become a novelist and playwright. You see how... - On the Natural History of Destruction by W.G. Sebald I. When published in English in 2003, W.G. Sebald’s collection of lectures, On the Natural History of Destruction, touched off a storm of critical response. One might wonder why these lectures didn’t drum up so much conversation–in English–when they were first delivered in 1997, but that is a question for... - Breaking the Code: Against Steven Pinker’s The Blank Slate Steven Pinker implies that art that isn't rooted in evolution is perforce bad and irresponsible art. Dan Green has other ideas.... Related posts brought to you by Yet Another Related Posts Plugin. Read more articles by Jeff Bursey Read more articles about books from Continuum

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ELEC5619 Object Oriented Application Frameworks Rafael A. Calvo Aims & Outcomes This unit aims to introduce students to the main issues involved in producing large Internet systems by using and building application frameworks. Frameworks allow great reuse so developers do not have to design and implement applications from scratch, as students have done in ELEC3610 The unit lays down the basic concepts and hands on experience on the design and development of enterprise systems, emphasizing the development of systems using design patterns and application frameworks. A project-based approach will introduce the problems often found when building such systems, and will require students to take control of their learning. A project-based approach will introduce the problems often found when building such systems, and will require students to take control of their learning. Several development Java frameworks will be used, including Spring, Hibernate, and others. Principles of design patterns will also be studied. At the end of the unit you would have built an application for a framework with over 1M lines of code.

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Activities & Projects Seal Hunt Debate Level: Grade 10 Civics Duration: 240 minutes (four periods) Materials: Coloured paper for continuum line. Small pieces of paper (3" x 3" approx) and paper clips for each student.Goals: - compare the varied beliefs, values, and points of view of Canadian citizens on issues of public interest - analyze a current public issue that involves conflicting beliefs and values, describing and evaluating the conflicting positions - demonstrate an ability to research questions of civic importance, and to think critically and creatively about those issues - communicate their own beliefs, effectively using discussion skills. Have a discussion with the students about what they know about the environment of the Inuit and their traditional lifestyle. Create a mind map with the students on the blackboard or chart paper. See Glossary for a definition of a mind map. Click here for an example of a mind map. (Alternative graphic organizers such as webs, fishbone diagrams etc. could be substituted, depending on the knowledge and experience of the students.) Print or project the tapestry by Mina Napartuk made of appliquéd sealskin on cloth. (It is also featured on the Introduction page of the web exhibition Our Boots: An Inuit Woman's Art.) Mina Napartuk was born in Kuujjuarapik in 1913. Trained in the traditional way of life, she was an expert in the making of skin and fur garments. At the age of sixtyone she turned her talent to the creation of wall hangings made of pieces of sealskin appliquéd on cloth. Her tapestries depicted vignettes of traditional Inuit life on the land. This tapestry was commissioned by The Bata Shoe Museum in 1979. It shows the steps that are needed to make a pair of warm, dry boots for a very cold climate, from the seal hunt to the sewing and finishing of the kamiks. Explain that this tapestry shows an important event in life of an Inuit family. Tell the story using The Order of the Day resource. Refer to Worksheet 1 The Order of the Day Answers for the sequence on the tapestry. Also, project and read with the class The Land, Skin Clothing and Skin Footwear sections of the exhibition to give the students a sense of the arctic climate and traditional Inuit clothing. Inform students that they will be participating in a debate about the seal hunt. Explain that a debate is a formal discussion between two teams who take opposite sides on a particular issue. In this debate, students will either be arguing for or against the seal hunt. You may wish to provide more details about debate strategies, and even give students the opportunity to practice debate procedures and behaviours before they proceed with the seal hunt debate. To measure if the debate will change students' current opinion about the seal hunt, create a line using coloured paper and post along a wall in the classroom. Label one end "Strongly Agree" and the other end "Strongly Disagree". Hand out small pieces of paper and a paper clip for each student. Ask students to write their names on the paper and clip it to the part of the line that most closely reflects their opinion about the seal hunt. They will have the opportunity to move their marker if their opinion has changed after the debate. Acknowledge that they may be debating positions that are opposite to their own beliefs, and add that this is a useful skill to develop. NOTE: Be sensitive to the fact that the nature of the issues around the seal hunt, and the graphic details associated with it may be disturbing to some students. Learn: Outline the structure of the debate (see below). Divide the class into two teams. Distribute Questions to Consider about the Seal Hunt to help students begin their research. Each team member must participate in the research and in the discussions about strategy. Each team should appoint: - a Lead, who will make the opening arguments - three Questioners, who will pose one question each to the opposing side - five Question Responders, who will make one response each to the opposing team's and the Moderator's questions - one or more Rebutters, who will respond to the opposing team's answers - a Closer, who will make the closing arguments. (NOTE: the teacher may combine these roles or create more of them so that each student has the opportunity to participate in the debate.) The teacher should also choose one person in the class to act as the Moderator. This person should research the role of a moderator and prepare the questions they will ask of each side. Make sure that students understand your expectations of each team member. Students will have two class periods to divide the research areas, discuss their strategy, write possible questions to ask the other team, and consider rebuttals. Distribute Questions to consider about the seal hunt to help students begin their research. NOTE: The teacher should preview the websites suggested on Questions to consider about the seal hunt should to ensure they are still accessible and relevant. The school or school board policy should be followed by students when using the Internet. The debate will take place during the final class. The teacher should point out that while the issue and views presented may be contentious, the debaters' demeanour should be polite and friendly at all times. The Moderator, with the teacher's assistance, can cut short a presentation that is disrespectful or otherwise inappropriate. Teachers can use the following points in a rubric to assess student achievement. Go over the list with students before they begin the debate activity. - organization and clarity of arguments - whether arguments were supported with facts and examples - the effectiveness of the rebuttal - general persuasiveness of the arguments Introduction of Ideas - Each side has five minutes, timed by the Moderator, to state their view on the topic. - Each side asks three questions of the other side. - Moderator can then ask two questions of each side. - Each side will then have the opportunity to comment on their opponents answers to their questions. Each side will have approximately five minutes. - each side can make a five minute closing statement When the debate is over, ask the students to reflect on the various arguments and to fill in the Seal Hunt Debate Questionnaire. A vote on which team won the debate may also be held. Finally, give the students the opportunity to change the position of their marker on the continuum line if their opinion has changed. Ask students to research a different contemporary issue affecting the Inuit, such as global warming, sustainable development, language protection etc. Get Adobe Reader

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Top Things to Do When Collecting Electronic Evidence Before doing anything else, maintain the integrity of the media you have received. More than 50 percent of information stored on computers is never reduced to printed form. Moreover, the electronic version of a document usually contains information that does not appear in the printed version. Finding the information stored on computers is becoming an important part of discovery. Send a preservation-of-evidence letter. Because information stored on computers changes every time a user saves a file, loads a new program, or does almost anything else on a computer, at the beginning of the case put all parties on notice that you will be seeking electronic evidence through discovery. Detail the types of information to be preserved and possible places the information may exist. If necessary, obtain a protective order. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure mandate meet-and-confer sessions to discuss electronic discovery issues. Many of the logistical issues associated with preservation and production of e-documents will be discussed and agreed to at these sessions. Include definitions, instructions, and specific questions in your written discovery. This is an ongoing process. Get an overview of the target computer system through a series of interrogatories. Follow interrogatories with a 30(b)(6) deposition of the information systems department. This is the single best tool for finding out the types of electronic information that exists in your opponent’s computer systems. Make clear in all requests for production that you are requesting electronic documents as well as paper. Define documents to include items such as data compilations, e-mail, and electronically stored data. Draft requests that specifically ask for different types of computer-based evidence such as hard drives, e-mail, and backup tapes. If necessary, include a request for inspection so that you can examine computer drives firsthand and retrieve any relevant data. Collect backup tapes and removable media. Routine backups created to protect data in case of disaster can be a fertile source of evidence—particularly if responsive data is no longer available on active drives. This information is normally stored on high-capacity tapes but may exist on virtually any type of media. Backup tapes normally contain all of the organization’s data, including e-mail. Common backup procedures call for full backups to be made weekly, with the last backup of the month saved as a monthly backup. Whereas weekly backups are normally rotated, monthly backups are saved anywhere from six months to several years. Be sure to find out how the tapes were made, including procedures followed and specific hardware and software used. And don’t forget “ad hoc” backups on CDs and other removable media. It is not unusual to find backup CDs in witnesses’ desks. Ask every witness about computer usage. In addition to the discovery directed at the computer system, question every witness about his or her computer use. Individual users’ sophistication varies widely. Knowing how each witness uses his or her computer and organizes and stores data may unearth sources of data not found by discovery directed at general-system usage. Focus also on secretaries and others who assist key witnesses. Often documents drafted by the key witness are stored on his or her assistant’s computer. Perhaps the most overlooked source of electronic evidence is the home computer. Data usually ends up on home computers in one of two ways. First, it can be transferred to and from the workplace via e-mail. Second, an employee may transfer data back and forth via CDs or removable drives. Regardless of how data is transferred, find out whether the witness works from home and how data is transferred to and from the home computer. Palmtop devices such as Black-Berrys include electronic address books and calendars. In addition to storing calendar and contact information, many of these devices allow users to make notes and use e-mail. Notebook computers are often shared among a number of users. Although the notebook computer may not be a witness’s primary workstation, it still may contain important pieces of information. Again, ask how palmtop devices and notebook computers are used and what data they may contain. Make image copies. It is no secret that deleted files and other “residual” data may be recovered from hard drives and floppy disks. When working with computers, the term “deleted” does not mean destroyed. Rather, when a file is deleted, the computer makes the space occupied by that file available for new data. Reference to the “deleted” file is removed from directory listings and the file allocation table, but the bits and bytes that make up the file remain on the hard drive until they are overwritten by new data or “wiped” through use of utility software. The result is that a file appears to have been deleted but may still be recovered from the disk surface. Residual data includes “deleted” files, fragments of deleted files, and other data that is still extant on the disk surface. To ensure that this residual data is captured, make an image copy of the target drive. An image copy duplicates the disk surface sector-by-sector. In contrast, a file-by-file copy captures only the data contained in the specific files. Even if all files are selected, a file-by-file copy will not capture any residual data. Write-protect and virus check all media. Before doing anything else, maintain the integrity of the media you have received. The two key steps in doing this are write-protection and virus checking. Write-protecting media prevents data from being added to that media. It guarantees that the evidence you gather is not altered or erased as you are working with it. Floppy diskettes may be write-protected by moving a tab on the plastic casing of the diskette. Many CDs are “read only,” but if not, be sure to use a software interface to write-protect the CD or drive. Protect all media before doing anything with it. Virus checking, likewise, prevents evidence from being altered and is the second thing you should do with all media. The key is using up-to-date virus-checking software. If a virus is detected, record all information about the virus and immediately notify the party producing the media. Do not take steps to clean the media because doing so would change the evidence that was provided to you. Preserve the chain of custody. A chain of custody is critical because electronically stored data can be altered relatively easily, and proving the chain of custody is the primary tool in authenticating electronic evidence. Preserving a chain of custody requires, at a minimum, proving: (1) no information has been added or changed, (2) a complete copy was made, (3) a reliable copying process was used, and (4) all media were secured. Write-protecting and virus checking all media are the key steps in meeting the first requirement, and making image copies is the key step in meeting the second. Hire an expert. An expert has the tools and skills to search the data for the evidence relevant to your case. An expert can help fine-tune discovery and maximize data recovered, provide resources for copying and examining data, perform forensic analysis, and help recover residual data and other hidden or lost data. The expert can help preserve chains of custody and help prove authenticity, as well as testify about the authenticity and accuracy of this evidence. For More Information About the Section of Family Law - This article is an abridged and edited version of one that originally appeared on page 9 of Family Advocate, Winter 2007 (29:3). - For more information or to obtain a copy of the periodical in which the full article appears, please call the ABA Service Center at 800/285-2221. - Website: www.abanet.org/family. - Periodicals: Family Advocate, 64-page quarterly magazine with three issues that include how-to articles and current trends in family law for lawyers, and a fourth “Client Manual” issue for lawyers and their clients covering aspects of the divorce process; Family Law Quarterly, a scholarly journal that offers an analytical view of family law issues, including “Family Law in the Fifty States.” - Books and Other Recent Publications: The Family Lawyer’s Guide to Bankruptcy, 2d ed.; The Indian Child Welfare Act Handbook, 2d ed.; The Family Lawyer’s Guide to Stock Options; The Military Divorce Handbook; Assisted Reproductive Technology; How to Build and Manage a Family Law Practice; Creating Effective Parenting Plans; The Divorce Trial Manual. - CLE and Other Educational Programs: The Trial Advocacy Institute offers an intense learning experience; for more experienced lawyers, there is an Advanced Institute. Other CLE programming includes teleconferences, spring and fall conferences, and our popular Hot Tips program at the ABA Annual Meeting. Past program materials are available for purchase on our website. - Member Benefits: Discount on Family Law Section publications and CLE materials; Committees on topics such as adoption, custody, law practice management; Case Update, a monthly digest of family law case decisions around the nation; monthly eNewsletter. Joan E. Feldman was formerly a managing director for Navigant Consulting, Inc., in Seattle, Washington.

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New research suggests that two to three glasses of champagne a week might help fight off the memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. The benefits come from a compound found in the black grapes used to make champagne, specifically the phenolic acid found in Pinot noir and Pinot meunier. Experiments conducted on rats found that champagne appears to boost spatial memory. This was determined through an experiment where scientists laced champagne in the rat subjects’ food every day for six weeks. Each rat was then allowed to run through a maze in search for food. Five minutes later, the exercise was then repeated to see if the rat could remember where the original treat was found. Non-champagne loaded mice had only a 50% success rate, but after a bit of bubbly their score increased to an average 70%. Later, biopsy tests were used to measure the proteins that are important to short-term memory. Researchers found that after just six weeks, there was a staggering 200% increase of proteins that are key in determining effective memory. Lead researcher and biochemist Jeremy Spencer, of Reading University, is quoted as saying: “These grapes are used in red wine and lots of research has been done on the health benefits of red wine, so I was curious to find out if there were any health attributes in champagne.” He goes on to say, “This research is exciting because it illustrates for the first time that moderate consumption of champagne has the potential to influence cognitive functioning such as memory.” Previous studies by Reading University have shown that champagne could help heart health, just like wine. This is because drinking champagne creates high nitric oxide levels in the blood which increases blood flow and decreases both blood pressure and the likelihood of blood clots forming. Other research by the university has suggested that champagne also has all the associated health benefits of cocoa. Researchers now wish to advance their study by conducting trials with up to 60 (presumably quite happy) pensioners who will be asked to drink champagne in controlled doses for the next three years. Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, like other memory-impairing ailments, tend to develop slowly over time after we hit midlife. As such, the researchers hope that weekly small doses started early could provide a way to slow degradation. As such, Spencer has suggested that anyone over 40 may consider drinking two or three glasses of champagne a week. “Dementia probably starts in the 40s and goes on to the 80s. It is a gradual decline and so the earlier people take these beneficial compounds in champagne, the better.” A spokesman for the Alzheimer’s Society is quoted as sounding a note of caution, saying, “This is an interesting study, especially for those who enjoy a glass of bubbly. However, people should not start celebrating just yet. This is the first time a link between champagne and dementia risk reduction has been found. A lot more research is needed.” Other studies have recently cast doubt on whether total antioxidant levels really help combat Alzheimer’s and dementia risk, but again more work is needed in this area before we’ll know anything conclusive. Image credit: Thinkstock.

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April , 2014 In the video below, Cult of Pedagogy explains the differences between traditional flipped learning and in-class flip. Here are some highlights from it: Traditional flipped classroom: Instead of using valuable class time delivering content to students then having them apply that learning at home,you pre-cord direct instruction and have students watch it at home then in class they work on homework or the application part. There are two problems with this kind of arrangement: first is access. Traditional flipped learning is great when all students have access to technology at home but if they don't the flip can fall apart. Second, some homes are not conducive to the kind of learning that a traditional flip requires. A working alternative that accounts for the inconveniences of the traditional flipped classroom is called 'In-Class Flip". Whereas a traditional flip depends heavily on things going right at home, the in-class flip keeps all parts of the flip at school thus ensuring that more students benefit from the flipped concept. Watch the video below to learn how the In-class flip works.

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Larus audouinii breeds in (all data for pairs) Spain (20,3154), mainly the Chafarinas Islands and the Ebro Delta with the latter holding 65% of the global population9, Algeria (100-600), Greece (700-9003 in 65 colonies), and the Sardinia and Tuscan Archipelago, Italy (550-650), with smaller colonies in Portugal (40), Corsica, France (between 54-605 and 807), Cyprus (c. 3240), islets and rocks in the southern Adriatic Sea near Korcula and Peljesac Peninsula, Croatia (658 in 5 colonies), Turkey (60-902), Tunisia (70-115) and Morocco (50-300). It winters on the coast of North and West Africa from Libya west to Morocco and south to Mauritania, Gambia, Senegal and Gabon13 and there is a small wintering population in the east Mediterranean along the Aegean coast of Turkey. The global population has been estimated at c.21,500 pairs, and a recent assessment put the European population (including some Spanish islands and islets off Morocco) at 20,500-21,000 pairs (encompassing over 90% of the global population) and stable or increasing throughout. This represents a significant increase from an estimated population of 1,000 pairs in 1975 and is thought to be a result of the increased availability mainly of effectively protected areas during the 1980s, and secondly of discarded fish from the trawlers, particularly around the Ebro Delta1. The large expansion of Larus audouinii in the western Mediterranean has probably caused the breeding population in other parts of the Mediterranean to increase and new colonies have been found in Croatia and even out of the Mediterranean in southern Portugal10,12. Nevertheless more than 90% of the European breeding population occurs at just four sitesand only a single site (the Ebro Delta) held 70% of the global breeding numbers in 2006. Recruitment can be extremely rapid when food availability is high, resulting in high population growth rates15,26. It is a long-lived species with high adult survival and relatively low fertility. Adult annual survival is estimated at 0.9515,19,25. No one has provided updates yet.

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

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en

Of all the treasures in the fabled land of Greece, organizations such as UNESCO World Heritage Sites do not raise red flags on the subject of saving utilitarian windmills. Yet the iconic circular stone structures dot the land – both islands and mainland – and their images adorn countless postcards. Their stark beauty as ruins of a bygone agricultural age and the bird-like sails of restored mills stiff in the wind, evoke the same timelessness as the Acropolis of Athens or sacred Mt. Athos. The cylindrical landmarks tell stories of the drive for labor saving devices even in the pre-industrial age. It was in the medieval era (12th century) that windmills appeared in Greece. Milling grain was a hard and laborious job using hand pounded mortar and pestles in an age when bread was the staff of life. Harnessing the near steady breeze of both coast and hills was a technological breakthrough akin to present day electric wind generators. Building a windmill was no easy task. Its location had to be carefully chosen with preferential treatment given to capturing northerly winds on hillsides, gorges or on the edge of capes. Yet at the same time distance from a village was important. Donkeys were the work animals on the rock strewn hillside terraced farmland. The proximity of a village with a population to purchase the flour was an important consideration so as not to waste time in transport. Winds can shift directions during the course of a day. During the busy August to November harvest season a mill could ill afford being down because of fickle winds. The brilliance of the traditional design was developing a rotating conical roof that would follow the wind moving the massive wooden gear mechanism in turn. The white triangular sails were similar to those used on ships and were anchored on rotating spokes. The sails could be shortened or lengthened depending on the wind's velocity. The turning axis set in motion a system of wooden gears making a mill stone turn above a stationary stone that would grind the grain into flour. Wind permitting, a mill could grind up to 150 pounds of grain per hour. The mill men needed to develop skills to read the weather and gauge the strength of winds. Today picturesque ruins of stone mills dot the Greek countryside, favored settings for painters and photographers. An increasing number of survivors stand as municipal monuments for tourists or repurposed as annexes for museums, homes, rental apartments and hotels. Yet on the island of Sifnos, in the Cyclades group, Mr. Ionnis Trinas has constructed what very well may be the first fully functioning mill in over a century. The impressive stone structure was perched on a typically steep hill overlooking the Aegean Sea near the village of Artemonas. Mr. Trinas, now retired, spent a lifetime restoring old mills and fulfilled his personal dream, constructing one himself with astonishing speed in only 18 months. Astonishing because every wooden gear, every stone placement and even the grinding stones were personally constructed by his hands. After Ionnis set the sails, it was with great restraint that this journalist kept tears of marvel at bay while sitting inside this pre-industrial machine as the great wooden gears rotated the stones, turning his family's wheat into the whole grain flour that would become loaves of savory Greek bread. Disclosure: The accompanying windmill photos were taken by the author while a guest on the islands of Sifnos, Paros, Milos, Ios, Kythnos, and Santorini in the Cyclades group and Alonissos in the Sporades group. The trip was arranged by the MTC Group, Athens. The author wholeheartedly recommends the following hotels on each island. Sifnos: Kampos Home Windmill Bella Vista Hotel – rooms in restored windmills Paros: Paros Land Hotel Milos: Hotel Ippocampos Ios: Pavezzo Guest House Kythnos: Pension Afroditi Santorini: Volcano View Hotel Alonissos: Atrium Hotel

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

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Sub Officer B. King Fireman R. Young Fireman C. Biddlecombe Fireman W. Gouge Fireman S. Scott Leading Fireman V. Oxford Sub Officer R. Kenchington Leading Fireman L. Clarke Sub Officer R. Mouland Fireman C. Harris Fireman W. Payne Fireman A. Shearing Fireman D. Price Fireman J. Damant Fireman W. Hunt Fireman C. Coleman Firewoman N. Somerville (W/Rm) Leading Fireman E. Stevens Fireman G. Baines (W/Rm) Leading Fireman J. Shering Leading Fireman E.C. Gouge Fireman A. Hoppe Fireman W. Andrews Fireman K. Coles Fireman J. Hale Fireman R. Kenchington Fireman A. Gurd Sub Officer L. Jones Fireman L. Bailey Fireman A. Cox Fireman P. Larkin Fireman J. West Fireman S. Murphy Fireman R. Candy Fireman A. Brooks Crew Manager C. Coley Crew Manager J. Mouland Fireman T. Harris Fireman R. Shearing Firefighter M. West Firefighter D. Jones Firefighter D. Palmer Firefighter D. Stone Firefighter D. Smith Firefighter P. Dorrington Firefighter B. Merrick Fireman K. Brooks Fireman N. Whatley Watch Manager P. White Firefighter I. Archer Firefighter D. Horsburgh Firefighter A. Brooks Crew Manager R. Freeman Firefighter K. Nicklen Firefighter D. Ings Firefighter K. Gray Firefighter J. Hesford Firefighter S. Waine Crew Manager S. White Firefighter D. Palmer Firefighter C. Dedman Firefighter L. Dorrington Crew Manager S. Lincoln Firefighter C. Reeves Firefighter S. White Firefighter C. Dedman Firefighter P. Clarke Firefighter O. Price Up to the late 17th Century Fordingbridge consisted almost entirely of thatched houses which had old open chimneys making them very susceptible to fire. Methods of fire extinction were very basic with neighbours and friends pulling off the burning thatch with long iron hooks and trying to douse the flames with buckets of water. This was not, however, very successful as in 1663 and 1672 much of the town was destroyed by fire. In 1702 the "Great Fire of Fordingbridge" caused damage in the region of £5,059.19.0d. Collections were made in churches throughout England to try and help the Fordingbridge community cope with the disaster. In 1707 an Act of Parliament was passed which required every Parish to provide it’s own engine. Records show that Fordingbridge’s ‘Water Engine’ was in use by 1711. It was kept in a locked shed on the junction of Roundhill and the High Street. There was no Fire Brigade and the engine had to be collected in person by the individual in need of it’s services! Although fire protection was very limited and also very basic at this time Fordingbridge did, it would appear, make some efforts to improve the towns ability to fight fire. The Church Wardens were made responsible for the provision & maintenance of the Parishes firefighting equipment and the Church records show repair work dating back as far as 1742 when the engines were mended after a fire at Fryern In 1755 a Thomas Lawes was paid 8 shillings to repair a pair of the engines wheels and in 1757 Edward Dale, a local blacksmith, submitted the following account to the Parish for the maintenance of the town’s To one day self and William in mending the Great Engine.…….................................................... 4s.0d To 5 ½ lbs of Soder………………………………………….....................................................…...……. 4s.7d To having out 2 of the Engins to clean and work them and see them in order………………...… 2s.0d To ½ a day in mending the Great Engin………………….....................................................……….. 2s.0d. To 2lbs of Soder…………………………………………………........................................................….. 1s.8d. To having out Newshams Engin to see in order…....................................................……………… 1s.0d. In 1767 Edward Dale was paid 3/- to again repair the towns Newsham fire engine. In the January of 1820 it is recorded that the old fire engine was disposed of and replaced by a third size engine purchased at a cost of £60 along with two lengths of 40 foot hose at £10 and two dozen fire buckets at £12.12.0. The local Insurance Company contributed ten guineas towards the overall cost. However, it was to be another 44 years until the Fordingbridge community started to take the risk of fire more seriously and realised the need for a more efficient line of protection. During this time the towns fire engines had varying degrees of success at fires within the town as the reports below highlight. On the 16th June 1839 a raging fire was discovered to the rear of the New Inn at around midnight. The flames soon spread to a long range of thatched buildings consisting of a large malthouse, stables and a fuel house. These properties along with the New Inn were totally consumed by the fire. The prevention of further destruction to adjacent buildings was attributed to the prompt and well directed services of the fire engines. In January 1852 a fire broke out, around 8pm, in the thatched home of a Mr. Sheppard, a local shoemaker. The fire eventually spread to the next door property, The George Inn, and then consumed the whole of the building incredibly quickly. The fire burnt throughout the night and although the fire brigade engines were brought to the scene early on they served little purpose as they were found to be in poor repair with the pipes leaking badly. Eventually a fire engine arrived from Salisbury at 2am and played water on the burning pile for some time. Despite the poor performances of the town’s engines the majority of local ratepayers refused to raise sufficient funds, to keep the engines in good order, from a local tax in August 1854 which surely did little to help the situation. In December 1854 two cottages and an outhouse near to the Wesleyan Chapel, belonging to Mr.J. Rawlence and occupied by a Mrs. Palmer, were destroyed by fire. The engines arrived quickly and with much hard work prevented the fire from spreading. A loft belonging to Mr. Titus Mitchell and used for smoking bacon was damaged by a fire on the 28th February 1863. Although the towns engines attended the blaze it is stated that they appeared to be useless in their efforts to stop the fire. On the 2nd June 1855 the Stuckton Iron Works were destroyed by a fire and on the 7th July 1855 a fire occurred in the cellar of the dwelling house of Mr. B.Legg, a rope and twine manufacturer. The fire started from a spark from a candle but luckily was discovered before it had chance to spread to the nearby row of thatched cottages. Chapter 1 - The forming of a brigade. In August 1864 a specially appointed board of Inspectors held a meeting in Fordingbridge to arrange the appointment of three paid Fireman whose duty it would be to see that their respective engines were always in good order and ready for any emergency that may transpire. It was also agreed that a Volunteer Fire Brigade, numbering 24 men, should be formed. Any person interested in joining was asked to enrol at the office of Mr.J.Harrison, the Chairman of the board. This was obviously the initial attempt at having an organised Fire Brigade in Fordingbridge. In September 1864 the town received a new Fire Engine. This was presented to the Parish by the Royal Farmers Insurance Office. In addition to the engine, thirty leather fire buckets with copper rims were also sent. At the same time the old fire engines belonging to the parish, which for some years now had been in a worthless condition, were brought to the hammer and auctioned off. The two largest engines were purchased by Mr. William Jefferis and the small one by Messrs. Neave & Co. of Bickton Flour Mills. By the middle of September 1864 the volunteer fire brigade was fully subscribed and had commenced practise with the new engine. The Captain of the Brigade was named as R.M. Davy. In November 1864 the "new engine rate" commenced - this was 4 1/2d in the pound on house property and 1 1/2d in the pound on land. This was not to prove popular, with many of the rate payers feeling aggrieved at having to pay the rate. In February 1865 a small size fire engine was purchased by the Parish and was tested along with the engine presented by the Royal Farmers Insurance Office. Both machines were found to be very competent and capable of throwing a large quantity of water. The Board of Directors resolved, in March 1865, to obtain a third fire engine from Messrs. Shand & Mason of London. The town would now have three good engines. The first test for the town's new engines came at 9 o'clock one Sunday morning in April 1866. A fire broke out in the premises of Mr. John Russell a baker. Two of the Parish engines were speedily sent and a large quantity of water was soon poured on the flames. The fire had been discovered in the loft over the bakehouse where furze and heath were kept for heating the oven - these were believed to have been kindled by a crack in the oven. Several bags of flour were destroyed as well as a number of flour sacks. However, it was stated that the exertions of those present greatly contributed to the saving of the adjoining premises and the towns fire engines were said to have worked most satisfactorily. On Christmas Day 1866 the Lodge of Burgate House, belonging to Mr.J.Coventry, was destroyed. The fire engine was present but due to the ferocity of the blaze it proved useless in its attempts to extinguish it. In late March 1870 the Gatrell family were rescued from a fire at their shop next door to the Greyhound Hotel. The fire broke out around 4am and Mr & Mrs Gattrell and their two children were got to safety via a bedroom window. The New Forest suffered several fires during April 1875 which caused much destruction to large areas of gorse. On a Wednesday afternoon in October 1881 a fire broke out in one of the rooms of Sandhill House, belonging to Mrs.W.M. Hewitt. The flames quickly reduced the whole of the building to ashes although all of the furniture, apart from the bedspreads, was saved from destruction. The Fordingbridge Fire Brigade was in attendance but due to the scarcity of water could not be used. A large meeting was held, on the 10th February 1883, to discuss ways of raising money to provide for the maintenance of the towns fire engines. Mr. Hannen, the meetings Chairman, explained how the original funds, raised in 1866, had been used up. It was agreed to make a rate on the entire Parish again. This was set to be fixed for the 2nd March 1883 and was not to amount to more than a penny in the pound in excess of the current rate. It is recorded in a local history book of 1889 that there was, at this time, two Fire Engine Houses located in Fordingbridge. One was in Church Street and the second was at the other end of town in Green Lane. In December 1889 a fire broke out in the Vicarage when some clothes in a drying apparatus ignited. The fire quickly took hold and filled the room with smoke making it impossible to enter. The Vicar at once applied several water grenades and fearing they would be insufficient sent for the fire engine and then sought help from the neighbouring cottages. When the Fire Brigade arrived the fire had died out by itself. In the small hours of a Saturday morning in January 1892, Mr.H.Withers awoke to discover his outbuildings on fire. The alarm was sounded and information was sent to Bridge House where the Principal Fireman, Mr.Alexander, was entertaining his friends. Hearing of the fire Mr.Alexander and his guests, in full evening dress, manned the fire engine and subdued the flames. On the 28th October 1898, a special committee was set up to look into the state of the town's fire engines and the need for a new The committee members were: Mr.J.G.Viney - Chairman The committee were to consider several different sites but it was to be some time before the Fordingbridge Fire Brigade saw any It would seem that on occasions the Fordingbridge Volunteer Fireman were somewhat disorganised in the event of a fire call. The following letter was sent to the Salisbury & Winchester Journal on the 26th August 1899: The occurrence just now of a call on the Fire Brigade of the above town to a furze and heather common which is on fire about three miles away contrasts so strongly in every detail with a similar call on the Fordingbridge Brigade to Burgate Park on the 19th instant, that it may be useful perhaps if I, as a past resident and recent visitor, draw attention to what really is a most important matter. I was fortunate enough to be present at headquarters when the call was made at 11.25 am by a cycle messenger. He appealed now and again for activity but in spite of this the proceedings were carried out in the most leisurely manner, the curious old machine was pulled out from its shed - dusted - and then drawn at a walk (except for the first fifty yards) up to Burgate Park, the procession closing up far behind with the horse that should have galloped it there! After a tiresome search to get within fifteen feet of water, a ditch was found, and then it became evident that those who were helping had never been drilled in the matter. The fire had almost been beaten out, but it was thought advisable to wet everything surrounding and so at 12.10 pm water gracefully tumbled out from the nozzle under protest, apparently the jet being about two yards long. Is it not really time that this sportive little place organised a properly trained brigade and obtained an up to date manual engine? - for if the lassitude in efficiency and general apathy shown on the 19th is a specimen of what usually takes place then Fordingbridge is in a lamentably insecure state as regards to the chance of life and property in ravage from fire. Thatch and wood abound good distances may have to be travelled and hence there should be extra efficiency with good materials to work with. Instruction could surely be obtained from Salisbury or Bournemouth and very soon someone enthusiastic would come to the front. Along with the collection of house refuse, watering of the streets, a good water supply and drainage this matter should be put, and I hope, dealt with in earnest. Yours Truly, Wm. Baxter. Mr. Baxter received a prompt reply from the Parish Council the following week dismissing his claims completely and quite abruptly. In the early hours of a Sunday morning in April 1900 a serious fire occurred at the farm of a Mr. George Mouland. All of his outbuildings and animal stock were destroyed in the blaze. Also in 1900 a workman spotted flames issuing from a building adjoining a cottage in Green Lane, Fordingbridge occupied by Mr. H. Davis a bricklayer. The fire spread rapidly to Davis's dwelling which having a thatched roof was soon engulfed in flames and the workshop of Messrs. Pitt & Sons, Wagon builders, also caught fire. The town's fire engines were quickly on the scene but due to an inadequate water supply the fire was not extinguished until Davis's cottage and the upper storey of the workshop had been In September 1905 a fire broke out at Rockstead farm near Whitsbury Cross. Immediately a message was sent to Fordingbridge for the fire engine. The engine arrived promptly and confined the fire to the barn in which it had started - the barn and its contents At midday on Friday 28th August 1906, a fire broke out on the premises of a Mr. Smith, a Grocer in Fordingbridge. The property was thatched and was ignited by a chimney which was on fire some three feet away. A good water supply was available and on the arrival of two of the Fordingbridge fire engines all serious danger was soon averted and within a couple of hours the fire engines In the very early hours of a Sunday in April 1907 the farm premises occupied by Mr. Wiseman at Stuckton were set on fire. Mr. Wiseman managed to escape the blaze but four of his heifers were burnt to death. A message was sent for the Fire Brigade which arrived without delay. Meanwhile the fire had spread to the dwelling house which was soon totally wrecked. Simultaneously, another fire broke out in a thatched cottage at Frogham occupied by an Eros Gurd. Local residents were very uneasy around this time as there had been a spate of some twenty thatch roof fires in the area. Chapter 2 - Changing for the better ! In July 1908 Superintendent Alexander was asked to supply the Fire Engine Committee with the required dimensions for a new Engine House large enough to accommodate all three of the towns engines. An estimate was to be sought from a Mr. Witt of Fordingbridge as to the cost of enlarging the present Engine House in Green Lane and also as to the cost of constructing a new House and of the annual letting price. In September 1908 a reply was received from Mr. Pitt offering to take down the old Engine House and to erect a new one in Green Lane measuring 29 ½ feet by 10 ½ feet with a height of 7 foot, for the sum of £35.00. A yearly rent of £2.00 was also to be charged with a six year lease offered on the property. The Committee rejected Mr. Pitts offer and sought more favourable terms elsewhere. In November 1908 an estimate was received from Messrs. G. W. Arney & Son showing a sketch of an Engine House with a 36 foot frontage and a height of 10 foot which also included a concrete floor and specially fitted brackets for drying canvas hose. They offered to build the premises and let it to the Council for a term of twenty one years for the sum of £8.00 per annum. It was stated that the old Engine House near the Church would be taken down and that the old materials would be reused. The Committee recommended that the Council should accept this offer as a suitable answer to the problem of accommodating the town's fire However, in June 1909 a letter was received from a Mr. Goode offering another site for the new Engine House in the form of a disused store at Roundhill. The building was formerly in the possession of a Miss Pinhorn but was now in a bad state of repair. Mr. Goode offered the premises to the Council for the annual sum of £5.00. The site was considered by the Council to be very suitable for the purpose of the Fire Brigade but unfortunately they did not, at present, have the necessary capital in hand to rebuild the store to the required standard. They agreed to put by £20 a year until they had sufficient funds available and it was decided that the new Engine House would be at Roundhill whenever time and money permitted. Until then it was decided that Mr. Alexander should be responsible for housing the fire engines at a suitable place. In April 1911 Mr. Sidney Horsey was appointed as Assistant Superintendent of the Fordingbridge Fire Brigade. In April 1913 a Traction Engine with a furniture van attached was passing through Burgate when some sparks from the engine set fire to the roof of a thatched cottage. The fire was promptly extinguished by two local workmen with buckets of water. Also in April 1913 the Fire Engine Committee looked at another site for the purpose of an Engine House. The stores of Messrs. W. King & Son in Shaftesbury Street, which were for sale, were deemed to be a suitable site to keep the engines. At the same time the Committee authorised Mr. Alexander to keep an eye out for a fire engine that could be obtained at a moderate price. However by November 1913 negotiations regarding the purchase of the property in Shaftesbury Street had fallen through. Eventually in 1914 work was started on the new Engine House at Roundhill with the contract being awarded to Sherings builders of Fordingbridge. After several disagreements regarding the stations sliding doors and the general standard of decoration the Brigade occupied their new premises the same year. On the 5th November 1914 a report was made by the Superintendent A. E. Alexander as to the condition of the town's fire engines. As the report shows the engines were not in a particularly good state of repair. This engine has 200 feet of delivery hose and three lengths of suction hose. The wheels and carriage require thorough over hauling and repair, also the body. The iron stay bar for fixing the handles is missing and requires replacing. A pair of lamps are necessary and also two straps for the suction hose and the whole engine requires repainting. The estimated cost of these repairs is £10.10.0. This engine has 250 feet of delivery hose and three lengths of suction hose. We recommend that the engine be fitted with a pair of shafts so that it may be used with one horse. The lamps are also unsatisfactory. The estimated cost of fitting a pair of shafts together with a leather back strap is £3.7.6. This engine has only one 45 foot length of delivery hose and no suction hose. We recommend that one 50 foot length of delivery hose and one 8 foot length of suction hose be provided and that the engine be repainted. The estimated cost of this is £4.10.0. Mr. Alexander also informed the Committee that he had seen a good second manual, belonging to the Earl of Shaftesbury, which he believed could be purchased for as little as £15. It was, however, pointed out by Mr. Alexander and Mr. Horsey that in the almost entire absence of horses it would useless to buy another heavy engine such as a Steam Engine! The Council however did not consider that the town's machines required replacing and ordered that the middle sized engine and the small engine be repaired and repainted. A fire broke out on a Sunday afternoon in May 1918 in a store at the rear of Mrs. Privett's Chemist shop in the High Street. The contents of the store were of a very inflammable nature and for a time burnt furiously. The fire was confined to the store. In the early 1920's the local butcher, Mr. May, used to own a barn at Redbrook which unfortunately caught fire one day. On receiving the report of the fire the Superintendent of the Fordingbridge Brigade cycled down to view the fire and to see if it was worth calling out his team. On making a decision he returned to Fordingbridge and for some time searched for an available horse to draw the engine to the fire. There is now no sign of this barn! The Fordingbridge Fire Brigade seems to have gone into a decline around 1920 and gradually it appears they ceased in operation. At a meeting to discuss the safety of the town’s Workhouse inhabitants in the event of a fire, in March 1924, the existence of the Fordingbridge Fire Brigade was raised. Amidst much laughter it was stated that there was somewhere in the town an antiquated fire engine, no Firemen and some hose that should probably be in the Salisbury museum! The chairman of this meeting was Mr. S.B. Rake who, several years later, would experience the inadequacy of the local Fire Brigade. On the 11th April 1924 the Fire Engine Committee again wrote to the Superintendent Mr. Alexander to ask as to the present state of the town's fire engines and equipment. On the 25th April 1924 a reply was received from Mr. Alexander stating that the engines and equipment would be virtually useless in the event of a fire. In May 1924 Fordingbridge Parish Council admitted that the towns fire engines were insufficient and asked if the District Council would assist them in providing more modern equipment. During the meeting it was stated by a Council member “that an efficient engine was not of much use without a fire brigade”. It was also the feeling of the Council that the Salisbury Fire Brigade could be well relied upon to deal within any situation in Fordingbridge. The District Council therefore declined any assistance to An offer was received at the same time from the Salisbury Fire Brigade to provide fire cover for the town in the shape of two motor fire engines, small ladders and about 3500 feet of hose in return for an annual retaining fee of £25.00. It is known that members of the Committee met with the Salisbury Fire Brigade on the 5th June 1924 but it is not recorded as to whether an agreement was ever reached on this issue or not. A house in Back Street, owned by Mrs. Chubb and occupied by Mrs. C. Bryant, was destroyed by fire on the night of Thursday 11th November 1926. Before the arrival of the fire engine, volunteers saturated the thatched roofs of nearby houses. When the manual arrived it was got to work from a stream which ran past the house and it was past midnight before the fire was extinguished. An outbreak of fire nearly gutted Oaklands, Fordingbridge, the residence of Mr. S. B. Rake in January 1929. The Police were immediately informed and telephoned for the Salisbury Fire Brigade who, under Third Officer Woott, were playing water on the building within half an hour of the summons. Their water was supplied from a pond some 300 yards away. The damage was estimated at £2500 and the greater portion of the house was entirely burnt out. Chapter 3 - The Fire Brigades Act 1938. In 1938 the Government introduced the "Fire Brigades Act" which brought about the need for greater organisation within local brigades. Therefore, the same year Fordingbridge Fire Brigade became the direct responsibility of the Ringwood and Fordingbridge Rural District Council. The Brigade continued to operate from the station at Roundhill and under the command of Superintendent Horace Willetts provided fire cover for the town using a Hudson car converted for use as a fire appliance by 'Lines' of Boscombe. The vehicle was purchased by the community and used to belong to a Duchess in Linwood. The Brigade charged local people one guinea to ride from the Fire Station to Godshill to help cover the cost. At the start of the Second World War an A.F.S. unit was established to the rear of Mr. Coleman's shop in the High Street. A Morris Cowley car was used to tow a light pump if required. It is believed that the wartime crew was: Mr. Coleman, Mr. Salafia, Mr. Hood, Mr. Arney & Mr. Gouge. Chapter 4 - The National Fire Service Years. On the 18th August 1941 Fordingbridge Fire Brigade became amalgamated in the newly formed National Fire Service becoming part of 'Fire Force 16'. It's N.F.S. number was 16-C-3 Station U with Fordingbridge being a sub station under the control of Ringwood. In 1941 Fordingbridge had an establishment of nine retained personnel who manned the Hudson appliance and a light trailer pump. Whilst fighting a forest fire at Pitts Wood Inclosure near Godshill one night during the war Fordingbridge fireman were subjected to a bombing raid by German planes who had spotted the flames from overhead. A Messerschmitt fighter plane was shot down later on in the War at Bramshaw Telegraph with a Fordingbridge crew attending to make the area safe. The home of a Miss. Deacon at Blissford was completely destroyed after a mid air collision between three P-38 Lightening Aircraft from Stoney Cross. One of the planes crashed, killing the Pilot, several feet in front of her Cottage spraying it with petrol. Miss Deacon’s dog was badly burned but survived. The work of the Fire and Rescue crews was extremely hazardous as one of the aircraft’s large bombs was buried under the wreckage and live ammunition exploded at regular intervals. Also the Albany Hotel in Bridge Street caught fire during the height of a German bombardment. This caused the locals some distress as they were afraid that the enemy would use this as a guide and flatten the entire town! Towards the end of the Second World War the Fordingbridge fireman moved into new premises in Salisbury Street, which later became the site for the now disused Post Office, and around 1946 it was renumbered station 16.B.9 and was reclassed as an 'F' In March 1948 Fordingbridge received a Fordson Pump Escape (GGK 166) to replace the Hudson conversion appliance. This was built on a Fordson Thames Chassis and had a forward mounted Barton pump. Due to the National Fire Service policy of keeping two different types of appliance on certain fire stations during World War Two there was also a Fordson Water Tender (GXM 868), which towed a light trailer pump, on the run at Fordingbridge. Chapter 5 - The Hampshire Fire Service. With the abolition of the National Fire Service on the 1st August 1948 Fordingbridge became part of the Hampshire Fire Service being numbered station 47 in the Brigade's 'D' Division (D47). The station was now under the command of Sub Officer Bert King. In early 1949 Fordingbridge began to receive fire calls via an experimental turnout system devised by the G.P.O. This was known as System ‘D’ and utilised the exchange line network between the Brigade’s Headquarters at Winchester and Fordingbridge, automatically operating the siren above Lloyds Bank and the firemen’s house bells in the event of a fire. The annual charge for this system was £25.00 and there was only one other Hampshire Fire Station, West End, using this system and only a total of fifty This was a great improvement on the previous arrangement where the Officer in Charge at Fordingbridge had to receive the call and was responsible for operating the Klaxon siren, which was situated above Mr.Arney’s store in Shaftesbury Street, in the event of a fire. However, the System ‘D’ was not always reliable as Fireman Ron Baines, who was watchroom man at Fordingbridge for thirty years recollected: “I remember that one day the house bells operated on a day time call but the siren did not so I ran to Lloyds Bank and operated the siren manually – my father came and kept the siren button pushed in for me so that I could report to the fire station." June 1949 was a busy month for the crew. On the 14th June a fire broke out in Gosney's oil store at Stuckton damaging the two storey building as well as a residential flat and also a quantity of paraffin and ironmongery supplies. The 25th June saw a fire occur at McMillan’s Foundry in Fordingbridge where a single storey corrugated iron and timber building, used as a workshop, was damaged along with some electrical machinery and bags of coal dust. On the 28th June a sawmill at West Park Estate, Damerham suffered severe damage to power operated saws, diesel engines and a large quantity of timber and sawdust. At this incident there was a serious shortage of water and a water relay of one mile in length, using three pumps, was instituted from a stream. On the 1st October 1949 Bob Kenchington took charge of the station and was to remain in this post until his retirement in 1961. By 1950 the Fordson Pump Escape was in a bad state of repair and it was decided to replace it with a converted Austin Towing Vehicle (ATV) with a trailer pump (GLR 77) which arrived on the 5th August 1951. The Fordson Water Tender was also to be replaced, in order that the station could return to its correct compliment of one appliance, by a new A40 van, although this did not actually arrive until early in 1952. Also in 1950 it is recorded that one of the firemen put a spade through an electric cable whilst digging a hole for a hose hoist at the Salisbury Street fire station. The final account for repair from the Electricity Board was - £6.7.6d. On the 26th November 1950 the roof of Martin Church was seriously damaged by fire requiring the Fordingbridge firemen to be on the scene for nearly eleven hours. March 1952 saw a new appliance, a Commer (KAA 523), arrive at Fordingbridge to improve the town’s firefighting capabilities. In 1953 the fire station in Salisbury Street was in need of some attention. The prefabricated hut to the rear of the station was in a dilapidated state requiring major roof repairs and also repairs to internal linings. The estimated cost of which was approximately In the August of 1953 the G.P.O., who owned the fire station site, informed the Hampshire Fire Service that it wished to extend the local telephone exchange within the next three years by utilising the current fire station site. It was necessary therefore to look for a new site suitable for housing the Fordingbridge Fire Station. In September 1954 a new site was located in Station Road, Fordingbridge, with an area of 0.4 acres and costing £227.2.1d plus legal costs. The approximate running costs for the Salisbury Street fire station and for the new proposed fire station were: EXISTING STATION PROPOSED STATION Rent - - Rates £18.00 £67.00 Electricity £45.00 £45.00 Gas & Water £ 5.00 £ 5.00 Maintenance £40.00 £20.00 Furniture & Fittings £ 5.00 £ 5.00 On the 8th March 1955 the Hampshire Fire Service agreed to purchase the land in Station Road and also granted permission for the building of a new fire station as long as the total cost of construction did not exceed £7,760.00 plus £275.00 for the Quantity Surveyor's fees and expenses. Also in March 1955 it was resolved that the Austin A40 van should be withdrawn and that Fordingbridge should just operate as a one pump station with the continued establishment of twelve firemen. On the morning of the 23rd July 1955 Fordingbridge firemen attended a plane that had crash landed near the Royal Oak Public House at Fritham. In 1956 the County Council agreed to the tender of T. Holdoway & Son Ltd amounting to £6,363.15.9d, together with any reasonable incidentals, to construct the new fire station. On the 15th December 1956 a serious fire occurred at the East Mills Woollen Factory as Leading Fireman Charlie Gouge recalled: ”We had been called to a chimney fire but when we were driving over the bridge out of town we could clearly see flames. On our arrival we found the turbine house and main weaving shed were well alight. Luckily there was ample water available from the nearby River Avon. It is the quickest I have ever seen suction hose made up!” Reinforcements were called on from Ringwood & Cranborne and the main store was saved from destruction although the turbine house and weaving shed were destroyed. Charlie Gouge received £1.19.0d for his six hours hard graft at this incident. In February 1957 a serious fire occurred at Parkers Oil Store in Provost Street, Fordingbridge and on the 8th March 1957 a fire broke out at the home of the local artist Augustus John at Fryern Court. On the 21st July 1957 Fordingbridge’s new fire station was officially in operation and is still the home for the present crew and An aircraft crash at Cuckoo Hill, Gorley on the 9th November 1957 saw Fordingbridge in action again whilst on the 26th February 1958 there was another call out to a plane crash, this time at Farewells Farm in Bisterne. A special service call was undertaken on the 1st February 1959 when Fordingbridge firemen assisted with filling a steam train with water at Fordingbridge Railway Station. On the 9th and 10th October 1960 Fordingbridge and the surrounding villages suffered badly with flood water which helped keep the fire crew busy! On Boxing Day 1960 Fordingbridge was one of the stations called to the serious fire at the Picket Post Hotel near Ringwood and spent several hours damping down the blackened shell of the property. In the early 1960's Fordingbridge Fire Station took an active part in many competitions. They excelled in the major pump drills and won several cups for their efforts including the District final at HMS Sultan in Gosport in 1962. At around 1320 hours on the 22nd March 1961 a call was received to a fire at Lewtas Motor Cycle Shop in Salisbury Street. Charlie Gouge was on the crew that day and recalled: ”When we got there the workshop was well alight. We got two jets to work even before the driver had time to put his boots on and managed to get the fire, which had been started by petrol leaking from a motorbike while the mechanic was out on his lunchbreak, under control quite quickly.” Unbeknown to the crew at the time but a Chief Fire Officer from up North had witnessed all the action and took the trouble that afternoon to seek out Sub Officer Kenchington and congratulate him on his crew’s professionalism. On the 1st October 1961 Bob Mouland took over as Officer in Charge of the station following the retirement of Bob Kenchington During very severe weather conditions in 1962 the wiring in the Fordingbridge siren burnt out when it was operated for a fire call. So that the station could return to normal as soon as possible Messrs. Goodwins, the Brigade siren maintenance contractors, carried out the required repair work at the cost of £30.00 for rewiring and £20.00 for the installation of a temporary siren. On the 27th August 1963 Fordingbridge firemen were called to assist the Police to recover a body in the weeds of the River Avon at The early hours of Boxing Day 1963 saw Fordingbridge being sent to Esso Fawley to assist at a large fire there. Fordingbridge crews were mobilised to Esso Fawley a couple of times throughout the 1960’s. In 1964 an Auxiliary Fire Service Unit was re-established at Fordingbridge and although they never actually fought a live fire they participated in many drills and competitions. The A.F.S. contingent consisted of six auxiliary firemen and four auxiliary firewomen. Sadly they were officially disbanded in April 1968 amidst quite a lot of media attention in the local newspapers. Members of the Fordingbridge A.F.S. included; Leading Auxiliary Fireman Jim Palmer, Leading Auxiliary Firewoman Jane Kenchington and Auxiliary Fireman John Carpenter. 1965 saw Fordingbridge called to two separate incidents where they had to come to the assistance of people in precarious On the 26th April 1965 they released a young boy stuck down a hole in Ringwood Road, Alderholt and on the 6th June 1965 they had to rescue a man who had fallen down a well at Down Farm, Martin. On the 1st July 1965 the Fire Service began to rent a small garage next door to the station in Candy’s Yard for the annual rent of £52.00. This was for the sole purpose of housing a Landrover appliance (YOR 207) which was an addition to the station’s fleet. Also in 1965 Fordingbridge was placed into Sub Division D.3. along with Ringwood, Burley & Christchurch. However, this arrangement did not last for long. The 6th July 1966 saw another daring rescue carried out by Fordingbridge firemen when they were called to a boy stuck in a toilet In 1967 the station underwent building work to provide an additional appliance bay and a Landrover bay. The extension was undertaken by Messrs. G. Wayman & Sons for a total price of £2,374.15.0d and was completed in March 1968. 1967 saw a serious fire at 'The Cottage' at Sandy Balls in May and in July the Brigade were called to release a man trapped under his car at Frogham. On the 28th September 1967 Fordingbridge were seen rescuing a man from a gravel pit at Blashford and in the October they tackled a barn fire at Burgate. The 3rd December 1967 saw a 'Bubble car' badly damaged by fire in Fordingbridge car park. In July 1968 the old Commer (KAA 523) was replaced by a Bedford TK (MCG 557F). At 1450 hours on Saturday 8th February 1969 crews from Fordingbridge and Ringwood Fire Stations were called to a house fire at 6 Lower Bartons, Fordingbridge where sadly an elderly lady was found to have died. On the 7th May 1969 a fire occurred at Fordingbridge Junior School. Mr. Bill Bray, the Headmaster at Fordingbridge for many years "Just before nine o'clock that morning the teachers were gathering around the old table, in what is now the East Room at Avonway, planning the day's events when a tiny child plucked at Miss. Cherrett's skirt shouting “please Miss the school is on fire!” The youngster was gently coaxed back into the playground leaving the teachers in peace. The child returned with some friends and this time the teachers attentions were raised - smoke was rising from the back of the school. The fire bell was rung and the children were swiftly marched across to the Drill Hall yard. The fire engine with Leading Fireman Vic Oxford on the crew soon arrived. Mr. Oxford was also the school caretaker but unfortunately did not take his keys with him to fires! So a very fit Headmaster had to run up to the Bartons for the keys and helped Fordingbridge Fire Brigade save the day!" September 1969 saw a serious house fire at Whitsbury whilst on the 28th December 1969 Fordingbridge were again involved in a major incident at Esso Fawley. The 9th April 1970 found Fordingbridge firemen rescuing a horse which had fallen into a pit at Gorley Garage whilst on the 13th September 1970 they were called to the scene of a plane crash at Martin Drove End. September 1970 also saw Fordingbridge undertake training in the newly provided breathing apparatus sets – a great asset to the station. A serious fire at Wilton's Toy Shop in Salisbury on the 16th February 1973 saw Fordingbridge in action again whilst on the 31st May 1973 a fatal helicopter crash occurred at Whitsbury. On the 13th January 1974 Fordingbridge firemen were called out to pump flood water from the Fire Station due to severe flooding problems in nearby West Street. On the 2nd March 1974 Fordingbridge firemen managed to save the thatched roof of Channel Hill at Damerham when it caught alight – sadly the same property was struck by lightning in 1983 and this time the roof was completely lost A man who was trapped underneath a tractor at Whitsbury needed the services of Fordingbridge Fire Brigade on the 5th June Chapter 6 - The Hampshire Fire Brigade. A local government review in 1974 saw Fordingbridge become part of the Hampshire Fire Brigade following the amalgamation of the Hampshire Fire Service, City of Southampton Fire Brigade and Portsmouth City Fire Brigade. The station remained as D47. On the 13th February 1975 Fordingbridge firemen were called to Brookheath Cottage at Whitsbury to rescue a cat which was stuck up a tree. During a Wednesday drill night on the 11th June 1975 a call was received to a thatch roof fire to the rear of the Horse and Groom Public House at Woodgreen. The roof and property were extensively damaged in the blaze. Another serious house fire occurred at Forest Road in Hale on the 28th December 1975. The long hot summer of 1976 saw Fordingbridge tackle grass and heath fires on a daily basis from April till September. Among the most memorable were the forest fires at Avon Causeway on the 10th July 1976 that attracted the attendance of twenty pumps and the thirty pump fire at Ringwood Forest on the 11th July 1976. Shortly after the end of the busy summer period of 1976 members of Fordingbridge Fire Station were invited to a special dinner held at the Ashburn Hotel, Fordingbridge. The evening was arranged by Fordingbridge Parish Council to acknowledge the hard work and effort of the station during this period. A ‘thankyou’ to the Fordingbridge fire crew at the Ashburn Hotel in 1976 Back row L-R: John Mouland, Steve Coles, Colin Coley, Alan Brooks, Ken Coles, Brian Perkins Front row L-R: Ewert Stevens, Alf Brewer (Chairman Parish Council), Bob Mouland, Charlie Gouge, ‘Spud’ Murphy, John West Following the fierce forest fires of 1976 a new Landrover (KPX 240P) arrived at Fordingbridge to replace the ageing Landrover (YOR 207). A house at Mill End, Damerham was badly damaged by a blaze on the 30th January 1977 and on the 5th February 1977 there was a fatality in a caravan fire at Sandy Balls, Godshill. In June 1977 Fordingbridge received a Bedford S (YHO 398) to use as a Water Appliance to assist with initial water supplies at property and forest fires. Basically this was a stripped down appliance with no ladder or equipment and had previously served atBishops Waltham. Fordingbridge’s Water Appliance – Bedford S (YHO 398) The thatched roof and an adjoining workshop of a property in Breamore caught alight at 6.30 in the morning of September 6th 1977. Five pumps assisted Fordingbridge crews in subduing the flames. Thatch roof fire at Breamore – 6th September 1977 Fordingbridge’s Bedford TK Water Tender (MCG 557F) stands in the foreground A range of farm buildings were badly damaged in a blaze which broke out at Lopshill Farm in Crendell on the 16th October 1978. Fordingbridge Fire Station personnel in 1979 L-R: K.Coles, L.Jones, J.West, C.Gouge, T.Harris, R.Baines, A.Brooks, C.Coley, J.Mouland, S.Coles, B.Perkins Front: B.Mouland In 1979 Len Jones took over as Officer in Charge following the retirement of Bob Mouland. Sub Officer Mouland received the British Empire Medal for his services to the Brigade and the community of Fordingbridge. On the 8th August 1979 a car, a lorry and an army tank were involved in a collision on the A338 road at Charford with a Fordingbridge crew attending to make the scene safe. Road Traffic Accident involving a tank – 8th August 1979 On the 28th December 1979 there was again serious flooding in West Street and Provost Street, Fordingbridge which required pumping out by the Brigade. Also in 1979 a replacement Water Appliance went on the run at Fordingbridge (HOR 208E) and was again used to assist with initial water supplies at forest fires and other incidents. Fordingbridge’s Water Appliance (HOR 208E) A serious fire badly damaged a terraced house at Redbrook Cottages, Redbrook on the 15th January 1980 and Fordingbridge firemen were called to rescue a cow that had fallen down a well at Ogdens on the 2nd March 1980. Late at night on the 21st April 1980 a major forest fire broke out near Ashley Walk at Godshill. It took the crews of eight pumps all night to subdue the flames. The occupants of 6 Shaftesbury Street, Fordingbridge had to be rescued from their blazing terraced house after a serious fire had developed there on the 10th January 1981. Shaftesbury Street Persons Reported January 1981 and a happy ending with a young boy safely rescued The roof of a large house at Bleak Hill, Harbridge was badly damaged by a blaze in November 1981. The 5th May 1982 saw the Churchill Arms at Alderholt badly damaged by a fire that had started in a bedroom. A fire at Stoby’s fish and chip shop in Salisbury saw a crew from Fordingbridge called to assist their Wiltshire colleagues at this major fire on the 6th July 1982. In January 1983 the Water Appliance was replaced by a Water Carrier (UTP 78K) capable of holding 900 gallons of water. This had been converted from a Dennis pump ladder, originally stationed at B24 Southsea, by Brigade Workshops John Mouland & Colin Coley pictured with Fordingbridge’s new Water Carrier (UTP 78K) January 1983 Fordingbridge Fire Station – January 1983 On the 12th August 1983 Fordingbridge attended a thatch roof fire at the Old Beams Inn at Ibsley and battled for several hours with Ringwood, Burley and Lyndhurst crews to save the roof. Fordingbridge Fire Station personnel in 1983 L-R: C.Gouge, A.Brooks, M.West, D.Palmer, R.Baines, C.Coley, L.Jones,J.Mouland, K.Coles, D.Stone, S.Coles, J.West, D.Jones A new HCB Angus Water Tender (A33 OPX) arrived in December 1983 to replace the ageing Bedford. Colin Coley & Len Jones with Fordingbridge’s new Water Tender (A33 OPX) In early 1984 a fire broke out in Molly Parker's store in Provost Street, Fordingbridge. The shop was full of all sorts of combustible materials and was therefore extensively damaged by the blaze. Fordingbridge Fire Station – November 1984 In 1985 a new Landrover (GPX 583N) arrived at Fordingbridge. This had been originally stationed at A4 Fleet. Fordingbridge’s Landrover (GPX 583N) Also in 1985 Fordingbridge attended a Microlite which had crashed into the crowd at a fete, causing the death of a lady, at Fordingbridge Junior School on the 28th September. In 1986 Steve Coles took over as the Officer in Charge following the retirement of Len Jones. On the 15th August 1986 Fordingbridge were the first to arrive at a serious fire that destroyed the Alderholt Surplus Stores Alderholt Surplus Stores well alight – 15th August 1986 The horrific murders of 5 people at Burgate House, Fordingbridge on the 2nd September 1986 made national headlines and carried pictures of the Fordingbridge firemen on the front pages of the daily papers and television screens all around the world Burgate House, Fordingbridge – 2nd September 1986 Fordingbridge were called to assist at the spectacular eight pump fire at the Optica factory on Old Sarum Aerodrome in Salisbury on the 16th January 1987. The Albany Hotel in Bridge Street, Fordingbridge suffered serious damage during the five pump fire there in the early hours of the 11th January 1988. The Albany Hotel, Fordingbridge – 11th January 1988 A fire in a thatch roof at Woodgreen in May 1988 caused severe damage whilst on the 24th November 1988 Fordingbridge firemen along with a Coastguard helicopter from Lee-on-Solent rescued the television news presenter, Sue Saville, from the depths of the New Forest after she had injured her back whilst horse riding. Thatch roof fire at Woodgreen – May 1988 The farmhouse at Moor Farm in Fritham was virtually destroyed by an early morning fire on the 7th January 1989 whilst the A338 road claimed several lives at serious road traffic accidents during early 1989. The 6th August 1989 saw a Fordingbridge crew called to one of the most spectacular fires they are ever likely to attend. The early morning destruction of the Maltings Shopping Centre in Salisbury attracted the attendance of fifteen pumps and lit up the night sky over Salisbury for several hours. Below shows Fordingbridge Fire Fighters at the Maltings The following day Fordingbridge firemen had to contend with a six pump field fire at Whitsbury Manor Stud, Whitsbury. A fibre glass factory at Glendale Farm, Whiteparish was badly damaged in a 5 pump fire on the 18th August 1989. Acetylene cylinders, which had been involved in the fire, had to be cooled for several hours at the scene. The huge forest fire on the A31 at Bratley Arch on the 8th September 1989 saw Fordingbridge firemen occupied for many hours whilst on the 14th November 1989 they were called to assist their Ringwood colleagues at the serious six pump fire at the High Corner Inn at Linwood. Fire at The High Corner Inn – 14th November 1989 Also in November 1989 Fordingbridge crews attended two fatal road traffic accidents at Breamore and Martin Drove End. Road Traffic Accident at Breamore – November 1989 Fordingbridge’s Water Tender (A33 OPX) with a Bus that had been blown off the A338 road during the storm of January 1990. A local farm worker who had broken his leg was rescued from a muddy ditch at Mill Farm, Alderholt on the 22nd May 1990 by Fordingbridge Fire Station personnel in 1990 Back Row L-R: M.West, D.Stone, J.Mouland, D.Smith, C.Coley, P.White Front Row L-R: D.Horsburgh, P.Dorrington, S.Coles, D.Jones, D.Palmer On the 26th June 1990 a serious fire at Yew Tree Cottage, Whiteparish virtually destroyed the building, attracting the attendance of 6 pumps including Fordingbridge's. A cow, heavily in calf, was released from a deep slurry pit at Glebe Farm in Rockbourne on the evening of 21st October 1990. Both mother and baby survived their ordeal. Fordingbridge were called to assist at a six pump fire at the Chef Peking Restaurant in Salisbury on the 27th November 1990. The roof of the premises was badly damaged. Early in the morning of the 28th September 1991 Fordingbridge attended a fatal road traffic accident on the A338 road at Gorley. Barn fires were all the rage in 1991 it seemed. Stories appeared in the local papers claiming that there was someone starting the fires deliberately after several incidents occurred within close proximity to each other. Barn fire in Rockbourne - 31st August 1991 Another large forest fire broke out on the 23rd May 1992 at Kingston Great Common near Burley attracting the attendance of ten pumps and eight Landrovers including Fordingbridge's. The Alderholt Surplus Stores suffered further damage on the 26th August 1992 when a lunch time blaze destroyed a large brick outbuilding. Chapter 7 - The Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. On the 1st September 1992 Fordingbridge became part of the newly named Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. Their first shout under the new identity was to lift a very large lady who had fallen out of bed at the Fordingbridge Nursing home and was unable to be picked up off the floor by the nursing staff. On the 14th October 1992 a large barn at Harbridge was badly damaged by fire requiring the attendance of six pumps. Fordingbridge Fire Station personnel in 1993 Back Row L-R: M.West, D.Stone, D.Palmer, Station Officer R.Kidd, P.White, D.Smith, D.Jones,R.Freeman Front row L-R: K.Nicklen, P.Dorrington, C.Coley, S.Coles, J.Mouland, D.Horsburgh, A.Brooks Work was started on improving the fire station drill yard in late 1993 with the area being enlarged and a new drill tower being erected. The work was finally completed in the summer of 1994. Also in 1993 more serious road traffic accidents occurred at Breamore and Gorley. Probably the biggest fire ever in Fordingbridge broke out in the early hours of Saturday 8th January 1994. Fordingbridge firemen battled all day, backed up by seven other crews, to extinguish Loaders Mill which was badly damaged throughout. Loaders Mill lighting up the night sky over Fordingbridge – 8th January 1994 January 1994 also saw the furthest a Fordingbridge crew has ever travelled to an incident. On the 18th January Fordingbridge were mobilised to assist with the major flooding operation at Hambledon, near Portsmouth, and spent the night pumping out cellars and drains. Fordingbridge crew at Hambledon S.Coles, D.Stone, C.Coley, D.Smith, M.West, P.White A cow was rescued from the muddy bank of the River Avon at East Mills in Fordingbridge on the 19th May 1994. A fatal helicopter crash at Martin Drove End on the 8th June 1994 saw a Fordingbridge crew standing by at the scene for several On the 13th June 1994 a Water Tender Ladder (H371 BTP) was placed at Fordingbridge to increase the station's rescue capability at road traffic accidents and other incidents. The Water Tender (A33 OPX) was revamped by brigade workshops and placed at Wickham Fire Station (B22). Fordingbridge’s Water Tender Ladder (H371 BTP) with the Bridge in Fordingbridge in the background viewed from the recreation ground Fordingbridge Fire Station 1994 On the 12th August 1994 Fordingbridge attended a serious fire at the White Hart Hotel in Salisbury. The roof and second floor of the famous 17th century hotel was badly damaged in the fire which started just before 10am. A total of fifteen pumps, a Water Carrier, two Aerial appliances, two Emergency Tenders, two Damage Control Units and a Control Unit tackled the blaze which was one of the biggest fires to have occurred in Salisbury. Smoke billowing from the roof of the White Hart in Salisbury The 5th October 1994 saw Fordingbridge in action in Wiltshire again when they attended an eight pump warehouse fire at Downton. The store contained a multitude of chemicals and coal and for a time gave off some rather nasty smoke. Road Traffic Accident, A338, North Gorley – 20th October 1994 On the 20th October 1994 a serious road traffic accident occurred outside Gorley Nurseries on the A338 road involving a van and an armoured Post Office lorry carrying the weekly pension money and on the 22nd October 1994 Fordingbridge were called on to assist with the rescue of an injured horse rider from a muddy field near Alderholt Riding Stables. A house fire at Fritham, on the 9th November 1994, had a dramatic moment when a petrol can ignited close to the BA crew, who were just entering the building, engulfing them in a ball of flame - luckily no one was hurt. At 0244 on a freezing cold morning on the 23rd December 1994 Fordingbridge attended a six pump fire at Cross Trees Cottage at Breamore. The occupiers, Sir and Lady Westrow Hulse, had a lucky escape when they managed to escape from their burning home by climbing down a knotted bed sheet from their bedroom window. Sadly the Grade One listed building and most of its contents were destroyed in the fire. The hydrant pressure was very poor at this location and so a water shuttle, using two Water Carriers, was carried out to supply the fireground with water. Cross Trees Cottage burning furiously & below Andy Brooks and Pete White at the window of the occupants lucky escape – 23rd December 1994 The occupants of Cross Trees Cottage in Breamore escaped from the inferno by climbing down the knotted bed sheet Another serious road traffic accident occurred on the A338 road outside of Redbrook Cottages at Redbrook on the 19th January 1995 with the Fordingbridge crew being joined by crews from Lyndhurst, St. Marys and Salisbury fire stations. Extremely high water levels on the River Avon led to flooding in the Bridge Street and Southampton Road areas of Fordingbridge. The crew spent the day assisting with clearing the floodwater on the 1st February 1995. A toddler was safely released from his bedroom after he had become stuck in after the door had jammed at Hillbury Road,Alderholt on the 25th February 1995. On the 28th February 1995 a Leyland Mastiff Water Carrier (GOT 357K) capable of holding 2000 gallons of water went on the run at Fordingbridge replacing the much smaller Water Carrier (UTP 78K) which headed out to Rwanda to assist with supplying water to remote villages and the suchlike. Fordingbridge’s Water Carrier (GOT 357K) A Bedford lorry carrying a large number of straw bales caught alight outside the Fordingbridge Nursing Home on the 24th July 1995. The lorry, and its contents, were destroyed in the fire which burnt furiously for several hours Lorry carrying straw bales – 24th July 1995 The following day a Fordingbridge crew attended a six pump heath fire at Dewlands Common in Verwood. The fire broke out on an extremely hot afternoon and raged through trees and undergrowth over a large area and at one time threatened to engulf nearby houses and stables as well as the Crane Valley Golf Course. The month of August 1995 proved to be one of the busiest on record for Fordingbridge due a long spell of hot and dry weather. The following day a Fordingbridge crew attended a six pump heath fire at Dewlands Common in Verwood. The fire broke out on an extremely hot afternoon and raged through trees and undergrowth over a large area and at one time threatened to engulf nearby houses and stables as well as the Crane Valley Golf Course. The month of August 1995 proved to be one of the busiest on record for Fordingbridge due a long spell of hot and dry weather. One of the many forest fires from 1995 On the 2nd August they attended a six pump field fire at Waldrons Farm in Salisbury whilst on the 6th August the stations Water Carrier assisted at a large blaze on Canford Heath in Dorset. A young boy, on holiday in the area, required the services of Fordingbridge firefighters on the 16th August when he slipped and fell about 100 feet down a steep incline at Castle Hill View Point near Godshill. Fordingbridge assisted the Ambulance Service with the arduous task of hauling him up the treacherous slope to safety. On the 17th August 1995 one of the biggest fires to have occurred in the New Forest for several years broke out at Broomy Lodge near Linwood. The fire spread rapidly over 20 hectares of forestry land and required the attendance of seven pumps, five landrovers, three water carriers and a huge articulated water carrier from Esso Fawley Fire Department to subdue the flames. Crews remained at the scene for several days, utilising Home Office Green Goddess appliances, damping down the scorched area. A fierce blaze destroyed a double garage and two cars in Burgate Fields, Fordingbridge early on the morning of the 21st August with the smoke being visible for miles around. The same day Fordingbridge’s Water Carrier was mobilised to a huge fire alongside the M27 motorway at Eastleigh. Despite the considerable distance that had to be travelled the incident was clearly visible from Godshill. A fatal road traffic accident occurred on the 30th August at Bickton crossroads with a Fordingbridge crew attending to make the scene safe. A fire at Hamptworth Lodge, Hamptworth on the 21st November 1995 badly damaged a workshop with Fordingbridge being joined by crews from Salisbury and Lyndhurst to successfully save an adjoining property. A call to a chip pan fire in a mobile home on 1st December saw Fordingbridge confronted with a serious fire which virtually destroyed the building at Meadow View, Sandleheath. The early hours of the 9th December saw three people rescued from a flat fire in Diamond Court, Fordingbridge. An unattended pan had filled the premises with thick choking smoke and the occupants certainly had a lucky escape. Two people were rescued from this window in Diamond Court A cold spell of weather at the start of 1996 saw the brand new sixth form complex at The Burgate School devastated by flooding after water pipes in the roof burst bringing down the ceilings in most of the newly furnished classrooms on the 3rd January. The Fordingbridge crew, along with school staff, assisted with clearing away the water and tidying up the debris. Kev Nicklen mopping up at the Burgate School sixth form block A fire, caused by a suspected spark from a chimney, broke out at Keepers Cottage in Frogham on the 9th April 1996. When the first appliance from Fordingbridge arrived one corner of the thatched roof was heavily involved in fire. Luckily damage was restricted to about one third of the roof due to the hard work of the crews involved On the 17th June 1996 a barn and a large amount of straw bales were damaged in a fire at Allenford Farm, Damerham. The month of August 1996 saw Fordingbridge assisting in Wiltshire on a regular basis, both on standby at Salisbury Fire Station and also dealing with minor fires on Salisbury’s ground. A serious fire however, was attended by a Fordingbridge crew at Kwik Fit in Southampton Road, Salisbury on the 16th August. A large amount of tyres and several cars were destroyed in this mid afternoon blaze. Fire at Kwik Fit, Salisbury – 16th August 1996 A serious road traffic accident in the early hours of the 19th August 1996 saw Fordingbridge confronted with a woman badly trapped upside down in her vehicle at Court Hill, Damerham. The delicate operation to release the lady was successfully completed with the entire crew being actively involved in her rescue. A spooky experience occurred for the crew, on the 10th September 1996, when a shed caught fire at 2am in the graveyard at Downton Cemetery. Another serious road traffic accident, outside Hucklesbrook Garage on the A338 at North Gorley, saw Fordingbridge in action again when they had to release the driver of a car after it had collided with a lorry on the 25th October 1996. The month of November 1996 saw Fordingbridge involved in two serious industrial accidents. The first, on the 6th November, occurred at Tarmac Topblock in West Street, Fordingbridge when a workman was crushed to death underneath a concrete press. Fordingbridge crews released the victim and made the area safe. The second was exactly a week later on the 13th November. A workman was attempting to fix a leaking water pipe on the roof of Loaders Mill when he crashed through a skylight and fell 30 feet into an empty grain hopper. Fordingbridge firefighters, assisted by a crew from St. Marys Fire Station in Southampton, painstakingly lifted the seriously injured man back to the top of the hopper before he was taken by helicopter to hospital. Also in November 1996 Fordingbridge, along with the rest of Hampshire, received Gallet fire helmets to replace the long serving Cromwell helmets. These new style helmets are of a French design and made of fibre glass with integral goggles and face shields to provide better all round protection. New style Gallet helmets A Terrier dog required the services of Fordingbridge firefighters on the 19th December 1996 when it became stuck down a fox hole at Toyd Corner. After a period of digging the dog was successfully released from its predicament. On the 31st March 1997 the Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service changed its structure from having four separate divisional areas to only having three. As a result of this Fordingbridge became part of the newly restructured ‘C’ Division and was renumbered station C47. On the 16th April 1997 a cow became trapped in a bog at Ashley Walk in Godshill. After an hour of digging and pulling the animal was eventually released and taken to a nearby farm. A large forest fire, on the 19th April 1997, at Markway Inclosure on the A35 road near Lyndhurst saw Fordingbridge’s Water Carrier and Landrover in action for several hours at this fifteen pump incident. A replacement Leyland Water Carrier (D624 DTR) went on the run at Fordingbridge on the 7th October 1998 having previously Fordingbridge Fire Station 1997

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The latest news from academia, regulators research labs and other things of interest Posted: Feb 27, 2013 Investigating nanogels for cancer therapy (Nanowerk News) The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research is supporting a new research group at Freie Universität Berlin that is investigating so-called thermoresponsive nanogels. The nanogels are delivery systems for the transport of active substances that can be used, for example, in the treatment of cancer. The federal grant amounts to 2.1 million euros over the next four years. The research group is led by Dr. Marcelo Calderón from the Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin. Nanogels are networks of polymers in the order of several tens to hundreds of nanometers, which have been developed as carrier systems for the transport of active ingredients. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter, or a millionth of a millimeter. So far, it has not been possible to specifically enrich such delivery systems or to control the release of the drugs. This is important for the increase in the so-called therapeutic index, which is a requirement for the safety of a drug. The aim is to develop drugs with improved efficacy and fewer side effects. The scientists working with the junior research group leader Dr. Marcelo Calderón at Freie Universität Berlin are seeking a solution to this problem. They aim to develop novel thermoresponsive nanogels that can be used to transport drugs in cancer therapy in a targeted and controlled manner. After injection, these novel nanocarriers would circulate in the bloodstream and due to their size, specifically accumulate in the tumor tissue. Following an external stimulus with near-infrared light, the encapsulated drug molecules, for example chemotherapeutic agents, are selectively released to a precise location. This is expected to reduce the risk of side effects and release the drug in a controlled time-dose profile. The junior research group is being funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research in the NanoMatFutur funding program. This program aims to create new nanotechnologies and innovative materials technologies. Source: Freie Universitaet Berlin If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on reddit or StumbleUpon. Thanks! Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk:

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The Hollow Earth By: Dr. R. W. Bernard, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. The above two statements by the greatest explorer in modern times, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd of the United States Navy, cannot be understood nor make any sense according to old geographical theories that the earth is a solid sphere with a fiery core, on which both North and South Poles are fixed points. If such was the case, and if Admiral Byrd flew for 1,700 and 2,300 miles respectively across North and South Poles, to the icy and snowbound lands that lie on the other side, whose geography is fairly well known, it would be incomprehensible for him to make such a statement, referring to this territory on the other side of the Poles as "the great unknown". Also, he would have no reason to use such a term as "Land of Everlasting Mystery". Byrd was not a poet, and what he described was what he observed from his airplane. During his Arctic flight of 1,700 miles beyond the North Pole he reported by radio that he saw below him, not ice and snow, but land areas consisting of mountains, forests, green vegetation, lakes and rivers, and in the underbrush saw a strange animal resembling the mammoth found frozen in Arctic ice. Evidently he had entered a warmer region than the icebound Territory that extends from the Pole to Siberia. If Byrd had this region in mind he would have no reason to call it the "Great Unknown", since it could be reached by flying across the Pole to the other side of the Arctic region. The only way that we can understand Byrd's enigmatical statements is if we discard the traditional conception of the formation of the earth and entertain an entirely new one, according to which its Arctic and Antarctic extremities are not convex but concave, and that Byrd entered into the polar concavities when he went beyond the Poles. In other words, he did not travel across the Poles to the other side, but entered into the polar concavity or depression, which, as we shall see later in this book, opens to the hollow interior of the earth, the home of plant, animal and human life, enjoying a tropical climate. This is the "Great Unknown" to which Byrd had reference when he made this statement - and not the ice - and snow-bound area on the other side of the North Pole, extending to the upper reaches of Siberia. The new geographical theory presented in this book, for the first time, makes Byrd's strange, enigmatical statements comprehensible and shows that the great explorer was not a dreamer, as may appear to one who holds on to old geographical theories. Byrd had entered an entirely new territory, which was "unknown" because it was not on any map, and it was not on any map because all maps have been made on basis of the belief that the earth is spherical and solid. Since nearly all lands on this solid sphere have been explored and recorded by polar explorers, there could not be room on such maps for the territory that Admiral Byrd discovered, and which he called the "Great Unknown" - unknown because not on any map. It was an area of land as large as North America. This mystery can only be solved if we accept the basic conception of the earth's formation presented in this book and supported by the observations of Arctic explorers which will be cited here. According to this new revolutionary conception, the earth is not a solid sphere, but is hollow, with openings at the Poles, and Admiral Byrd entered these openings for a distance of some 4,000 miles during his 1947 and 1956 Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. The "Great Unknown" to which Byrd referred was the iceless land area inside the polar concavities, opening to the hollow interior of the earth. If this conception is correct, as we shall attempt to prove, then both North and South Poles cannot exist, since they would be in midair, in the center of the polar openings, and would not be on the earth's surface. This view was first presented by an American writer, William Reed, in a book, "Phantom of the Poles", published in 1906 soon after Admiral Peary claimed to have discovered the North Pole and denying that he really did. In 1920 another book was published, written by Marshall Gardner, called "A Journey to the Earth's Interior or Have the Poles Really Been Discovered?", making the same claim. Strangely, Gardner had no knowledge of Reed's book and came to his conclusions independently. Both Reed and Gardner claimed that the earth was hollow, with openings at the poles and that in its interior lives a vast population of millions of inhabitants, composing an advanced civilization. This is probably the "Great Unknown" to which Admiral Byrd referred. To repeat, Byrd could not have had any part of the Earth's known surface in mind when he spoke of the "Great Unknown", but rather a new, hitherto unknown land area, free from ice and snow, with green vegetation, forests and animal life, that exists nowhere on the Earth's surface but inside the polar depression, receiving its heat from its hollow interior, which has a higher temperature than the surface, with which it communicates. Only on the basis of this conception can we understand Admiral Byrd's statements. In January, 1956, Admiral Byrd led another expedition to the Antarctic and there penetrated for 2,300 miles *beyond* the South Pole. The radio announcement at this time (January 13, 1956) said: "On January 13, members of the United States expedition penetrated a land extent of 2,300 miles *beyond* the Pole. The flight was made by Rear Admiral George Dufek of the United States Navy Air Unit." The word "beyond" is very significant and will be puzzling to those who believe in the old conception of a solid earth. It would then mean the region on the other side of the Antarctic continent and the ocean beyond, and would not be "a vast new territory" (not on any map), nor would his expedition that found this territory be "the most important expedition in the history of the world". The geography of Antarctica is fairly well known, and Admiral Byrd has not added anything significant to our knowledge of the Antarctic continent. If this is the case, then why should he make such apparently wild and unsupported statements - especially in view of his high standing as a rear admiral of the U.S. Navy and his reputation as a great explorer? This enigma is solved when we understand the new geographical theory of a Hollow Earth, which is the only way we can see sense in Admiral Byrd's statements and not consider him as a visionary who saw mirages in the polar regions or at least imagined he did. After returning from his Antarctic expedition on March 13, 1956, Byrd remarked: "The present expedition has opened up a vast new land." The word "land" is very significant. He could not have referred to any part of the Antarctic continent, since none of it consists of "land" and all of it of ice, and, besides, its geography is fairly well known and Byrd did not make any noteworthy contribution to Antarctic geography, as other explorers did, who left their names as memorials in the geography of this area. If Byrd discovered a vast new area in the Antarctic, he would claim it for the United States Government and it would be named after him, just as would be the case if his 1,700 mile flight beyond the North Pole was over the earth's surface between the Pole and Siberia. But we find no such achievements to the credit of the great explorer, nor did he leave his name in Arctic and Antarctic geography to the extent that his statements about discovering a new vast land area would indicate. If his Antarctic expedition opened up a new immense region of ice on the frozen continent of Antarctica, it would not be appropriate to use the word "land," which means an iceless region similar to that over which Byrd flew for 1,700 miles beyond the North Pole, which had green vegetation, forests and animal life. We may therefore conclude that his 1956 expedition for 2,300 miles beyond the South Pole was over similar iceless territory not recorded on any map, and not over any part of the Antarctic continent. The next year, in 1957, before his death, Byrd called this land beyond the South Pole (not "ice" on the other side of the South Pole) "that enchanted continent in the sky, land of everlasting mystery." He could not have used this statement if he referred to the part of the icy continent of Antarctica that lies on the other side of the South Pole. The words "everlasting mystery" obviously refer to something else. They refer to the warmer territory not shown on any map that lies inside the South Polar Opening leading to the hollow interior of the Earth. The expression "that enchanted continent in the sky" obviously refers to a land area, and not ice, mirrored in the sky which acts as a mirror, a strange phenomenon observed by many polar explorers, who speak of "the island in the sky" or "water sky," depending or whether the sky of polar regions reflects land or water. If Byrd saw the reflection of water or ice he would not use the word "continent," nor call it an "enchanted" continent. It was "enchanted" because, according to accepted geographical conceptions, this continent which Byrd saw reflected in the sky (where water globules act as a mirror for the surface below) could not exist. We shall now quote from Ray Palmer, editor of "Flying Saucers" magazine and a leading American expert on flying saucers, who is of the opinion that Admiral Byrd's discoveries in the Arctic and Antarctic regions offer an explanation of the origin of the flying saucers, which, he believes, do not come from other planets, but from the hollow interior of the earth, where exists an advanced civilization far in advance of us in aeronautics, using flying saucers for aerial travel, coming to the outside of the earth through the polar openings. Palmer explains his views as follows: If Rear Admiral Byrd claimed that his south polar expedition was "the most important expedition in the history of the world," and if, after he returned from the expedition, he remarked, "The present expedition has opened up a new vast land," it would be strange and inexplicable how such a great discovery of a new land area as large as North America, comparable to Columbus's discovery of America, should have received no attention and have been almost totally forgotten, so that nobody knew about it, from the most ignorant to the most learned. The only rational explanation of this mystery is after the brief announcement in the American press based on Admiral Byrd's radio report, further publicity was suppressed by the Government, in whose employ Byrd was working, and which had important political reasons why Admiral Byrd's historic discovery should not be made known to the world. For he had discovered two unknown land areas measuring a total of 4,000 miles across and probably as large as both the North and South American continents, since Byrd's planes turned back without reaching the end of this territory not recorded on any map. Evidently, the United States Government feared that some other government may learn about Byrd's discovery and conduct similar flights, going much further into it than Byrd did, and perhaps claiming this land area as its own. Commenting on Byrd's statement, made in 1957 shortly before his death, in which he called the new territory he discovered beyond the Poles "that enchanted continent in the sky" and "land of everlasting mystery," Palmer says: Palmer concludes that this new land area that Byrd discovered and which is not on any map, exists inside and not outside the earth, since the geography of the outside is quite well known, whereas that of the inside (within the polar depression) is "unknown." For that reason Byrd called it the "Great Unknown." After discussing the significance of the use of the term "beyond" the Pole by Byrd instead of "across" the Pole to the other side of Arctic or Antarctic regions, Palmer concludes that what Byrd referred to was an unknown land area inside the polar concavity and connecting with the warmer interior of the Earth, which accounts for its green vegetation and animal life. It is "unknown" because it is not on the Earth's outer surface and hence is not recorded on any map. Palmer writes: Such an important discovery, which Byrd called "the most important" in the history of the world, should have been known to everyone, if information about it was not suppressed to such an extent that it was almost completely forgotten until Giannini mentioned it in his book "Worlds Beyond the Poles," published in New York in 1959. Similarly, Giannini's book, for some strange reason, was not advertised by the publisher and remained unknown. At the end of the same year, 1959, Ray Palmer, editor of "Flying Saucers" magazine, gave publicity to Admiral Byrd's discovery, about which he learned in a copy of Giannini's book he read. He was so much impressed that in December of that year he published this information in his magazine, which was for sale on newsstands throughout the United States. Then followed a series of strange incidents, indicating that secret forces were at work to prevent the information contained in the December issue of "Flying Saucers" magazine, derived from Giannini's book, from reaching the public. Who are these secret forces that have a special reason to suppress the release of information about Admiral Byrd's great discovery of new land areas not on any map. Obviously, they are the same forces that suppressed news release of information, except for a brief press notice, after Byrd made his great discovery and before Giannini published the first public statement about it in many years, in 1959, twelve years after the discovery was made. Palmer's announcement of Byrd's discoveries in the Arctic and Antarctic was the first large scale publicity since the time they were made and briefly announced, and so much more significant than Giannini's quotations and statements in his book that was not properly advertised and enjoyed a limited sale. For this reason, soon after the December, 1959 issue of "Flying Saucers" was ready to mail to subscribers and placed on newsstands, it was mysteriously removed from circulation - evidently by the same secret forces that suppressed the public release of this information since 1947. When the truck arrived to deliver the magazines from the printer to the publisher, no magazines were found in the truck! A phone call by the publisher (Mr. Palmer) to the printer resulted in his not finding any shipping receipt proving shipment to have been made. The magazines having been paid for, the publisher asked that the printer return the plates to the press and run off the copies due. But, strangely, the plates were not available, and were so badly damaged that no re-printing could be made. But where were the thousands of magazines that had been printed and mysteriously disappeared? Why was there no shipping receipt? If it was lost and the magazines were sent to the wrong address, they would turn up somewhere. But they did not. As a result, 5000 subscribers did not get the magazine. One distributor who received 750 copies to sell on his newsstand was reported missing, and 750 magazines disappeared with him. These magazines were sent to him with the request that they be returned if not delivered. They did not come back. Since the magazine disappeared completely, several months later it was republished and sent to subscribers. What did this magazine contain that caused it to be suppressed in this manner - by invisible nd secret forces? It contained a report of Admiral Byrd's flight beyond the North Pole in 1947, knowledge concerning which was previously suppressed except for mention of it in Giannini's book, "Worlds Beyond the Poles." The December, 1959 issue of "Flying Saucers" was obviously considered as dangerous by the secret forces that had a special reason to withhold this information from the world and keep it secret. In this issue of "Flying Saucers," the following statements were quoted from Giannini's book: No attention was given by the scientific world to Giannini's book. The strange and revolutionary geographical theory it presented was ignored as eccentric rather than scientific. Yet Admiral Byrd's statements only make sense if some such conception of the existence of "land beyond the Poles," as Giannini claimed to exist, is accepted. Giannini writes: Commenting on Giannini's statements about the impossibility of going straight north, over the North Pole and reaching the other side of the world, which would be the case if the Earth was convex, rather than concave, at the Pole, Palmer writes in his magazine, "Flying Saucers:" Palmer suggests that such an expedition that travels directly north and continues north after reaching the North Pole point (which he believes is in the center of the polar concavity and not on solid land at all) should be organized, retracing Admiral Byrd's route and continuing onward in the same direction, until the hollow interior of the earth is reached. This, apparently, was never done, in spite of the fact that the United States Navy, in its archives, has a record of Admiral Byrd's flights and discoveries. Perhaps the reason for this is that the new geographical conception of the Earth's formation in the polar regions, which is necessary to accept before the true significance of Admiral Byrd's findings can be appreciated, was not held by Navy chiefs, who, as a result, put the matter aside and forgot about it. The above statement by Palmer that commercial airlines do not pass over the North Pole seems reasonable in the light of new Soviet discoveries in relation to the North Magnetic Pole, which was found not to be a point but a long line, which we believe is a circular line, constituting the rim of the polar concavity, so that any point on this circle could be called the North Magnetic Pole, because here the needle of the compass dips directly downward. If this is the case, then it would be impossible for airplanes to cross the North Pole, which is in the center of the polar depression and not on the Earth's surface, as according to the theory of a solid Earth and convex formation on the Pole. When airplanes believe they reached the North Pole, according to compass readings, they really reach the rim of the polar concavity, where is the true North Magnetic Pole. Referring to Giannini's book, Palmer comments: The following statements by Giannini, written in a letter to an inquirer, who read about him in Palmer's "Flying Saucers" magazine, are interesting: Speaking of the reports of Admiral Byrd's February 1947 flight beyond the North Pole, which appeared in New York newspapers, Giannini comments: Another American writer on flying saucers, Michael X, was impressed by Byrd's discoveries, and came to the conclusion that flying saucers must come from an advanced civilization in the Earth's interior, whose outer fringes Byrd visited. He describes Byrd's trip as follows: The above observations of a concentration of flying saucers in the Arctic region corresponds to similar observations by Jarrold and Bender of a concentration in the Antarctic, where they are believed by flying saucer experts to have a landing base, from where they are seen to ascend and return. However, according to the theory of this book, what really occurs, in the Antarctic as in the Arctic, is that the flying saucers emerge from and reenter the polar opening leading to the hollow interior of the Earth, their true place of origin. Aime Michel, in his `straight line' theory, proved that most of the flight patterns of the flying saucers are in a north-south direction, which is exactly what would be true if their origin was polar, coming from either the north or south polar opening. In February 1947, about the time when Admiral Byrd made his great discovery of land beyond the North Pole, another remarkable discovery was made in the continent of Antarctica, the discovery of "Bunger's Oasis." This discovery was made by Lt. Commander David Bunger who was at the controls of one of six large transport planes used by Admiral Byrd for the U. S. Navy's `Operation Highjump' (1946-1947). Bunger was flying inland from the Shackleton Ice Shelf near Queen Mary Coast of Wilkes Land. He and his crew were about four miles from the coastline where open water lies. The land Bunger discovered was ice-free. The lakes were of many different colors, ranging from rusty red, green to deep blue. Each of the lakes was more than three miles long. The water was warmer than the ocean, as Bunger found by landing his seaplane on one of the lakes. Each lake had a gently sloping beach. Around the four edges of the oasis, which was roughly square in shape, Bunger saw endless and eternal white snow and ice. Two sides of the oasis rose nearly a hundred feet high, and consisted of great ice walls. The other two sides had a more gradual and gentle slope. The existence of such an oasis in the far Antarctic, a land of perpetual ice, would indicate warmer conditions there, which would exist if the oasis was in the south polar opening, leading to the warmer interior of the earth, as was the case with the warmer territory, with land and lakes, that Admiral Byrd discovered beyond the North Pole, which was probably within the north polar opening. Otherwise one cannot explain the existence of such an oasis of unfrozen territory in the midst of the continent of Antarctica with ice miles thick. The oasis could not result from volcanic activity below the Earth's surface, for, since the land area of the oasis covered three hundred square miles, it was too big to be affected by volcanic heat supply. Warm wind currents from the Earth's interior are a better explanation. Thus Byrd in the Arctic and Bunger in the Antarctic both made similar discoveries of warmer land areas beyond the Poles at about the same time, early in 1947. But they were not the only ones to make such a discovery. Some time ago a newspaper in Toronto, Canada, "The Globe and Mail," published a photo of a green valley taken by an aviator in the Arctic region. Evidently the aviator took the picture from the air and did not attempt to land. It was a beautiful valley and contained rolling green hills. The aviator must have gone beyond the North Pole into the same warmer territory that Admiral Byrd visited, which lies inside the polar opening. This picture was published in 1960. In further confirmation of Admiral Byrd's discovery are reports of individuals who claimed they had entered the north polar opening, as many Arctic explorers did without knowing they did, and penetrated far enough into it to reach the Subterranean World in the hollow interior of the Earth. Dr. Nephi Cottom of Los Angeles reported that one of his patients, a man of Nordic descent, told him the following story: These giants were evidently members of the antediluvian race of Atlanteans who established residence in the Earth's interior prior to the historic deluge that submerged their Atlantic continent. A similar experience of a visit to the hollow interior of the earth, through the polar opening, and entirely independently, was made by another Norwegian named Olaf Jansen and recorded in the book, "The Smoky God," written by Willis George Emerson, an American writer. The book is based on a report made by Jansen to Mr. Emerson before his death, describing his real experience of visiting the interior of the earth and its inhabitants. The title, "The Smoky God," refers to the central sun in the hollow interior of the Earth, which, being smaller and less brilliant than our sun, appears as "smoky." The book relates the true experience of a Norse father and son, who, with their small fishing boat and unbounded courage, attempted to find "the land beyond the north wind," as they had heard of its warmth and beauty. An extraordinary windstorm carried them most of the distance, through the polar opening into the hollow interior of the Earth. They spent two years there and returned through the south polar opening. The father lost his life when an iceberg broke in two and destroyed the boat. The son was rescued and subsequently spent 24 years in prison for insanity, as a result of telling the story of his experience to incredulous people. When he was finally released, he told the story to no one. After 26 years as a fisherman, he saved enough money to come to the United States and settled in Illinois, and later in California. In his nineties, by accident, the novelist Willis George Emerson befriended him and was told the story. On the old man's death he relinquished the maps that he had made of the interior of the Earth, and the manuscript describing his experiences. He refused to show it to anyone while he was alive, due to his past experience of people disbelieving him and considering him insane if he mentioned the subject. The book, "The Smoky God," describing Olaf Jansen's unusual trip to the hollow interior of the Earth, was published in 1908. It tells about the people who dwell inside the Earth, whom he and his father met during their visit and whose language he learned. He said that they live from 400 to 800 years and are highly advanced in science. They can transmit their thoughts from one to another by certain types of radiations and have sources of power greater than our electricity. They are the creators of the flying saucers, which are operated by this superior power, drawn from the electromagnetism of the atmosphere. They are twelve or more feet in stature. It is remarkable how this report of a visit to the Earth's interior corresponds with the other described above, yet both were entirely independent of each other. Also the gigantic size of the human beings dwelling in the Earth's interior corresponds to the great size of its animal life, as observed by Admiral Byrd, who, during his 1,700 mile flight beyond the North Pole, observed a strange animal resembling the ancient mammoth. We shall present later in this book the theory of Marshall Gardner that the mammoths found enclosed in ice, rather than being prehistoric animals, are really huge animals from the Earth's interior who were carried to the surface by rivers and frozen in the ice that was formed by the water that carried them.

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Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública On-line version ISSN 1680-5348 Print version ISSN 1020-4989 VICENTE, Benjamín et al. Service use patterns among adults with mental health problems in Chile. Rev Panam Salud Publica [online]. 2005, vol.18, n.4-5, pp.263-270. ISSN 1680-5348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892005000900006. OBJECTIVE: To describe the patterns in the use of general health services and specialized health services among adults with mental health problems in Chile, as well as those persons' level of satisfaction with the services. The overall objective was to optimize the use of the limited resources available for mental health care in the countries of the Americas, especially Chile. METHODS: The diagnoses and the patterns of use of mental health services were obtained from the Chilean Study of Psychiatric Prevalence (Estudio Chileno de Prevalencia Psiquiátrica). That representative research on the adult population of Chile was based on a stratified random sample of 2 987 people 15 years old and older, done over the period of 1992 to 1999. The psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The interviewees were also asked about their use of general health care services and of mental health services in the preceding six months, as well as any barriers to accessing the services. RESULTS: More than 44% of the interviewees had had contact with some type of health service during the six months prior to the study, but only 5.6% received specialized care. Those who presented with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder or of panic disorder consulted more frequently, but not in specialized centers. Consumption of substances such as alcohol and drugs as well as antisocial personality disorder were associated with a low level of consultation. When asked about sources of assistance for mental health problems, the majority of the interviewees mentioned only the formal health care system. More than 75% of the interviewees said that they were satisfied or very satisfied with the care that they had received. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the existence of a wide gap between the need for care and the treatment that is actually received. The informal and folkloric alternative resources (priests, family members, healers, herbalists, etc.) were used less frequently than is generally believed to be true. The indirect barriers of access to services-linked to a lack of knowledge and to stigma-were more frequent than were the direct barriers. A sizable number of people who did not have a positive diagnosis on the CIDI utilized mental health services. Keywords : Community mental health services; mental disorders; patient satisfaction; Chile.

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INSULINOMA Insulinomas are the most common tumors arising from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans Although most insulinomas are in the pancreas, distinguishing the location of the tumors is difficult at diagnosis The highest incidence is in people between 40 and 60 years of age, and women are affected slightly more often than men. SYMPTOMS Anxiety Weight Gain (patient can become excessively obese) Behavior Changes Clouded Vision Confusion Convulsions Dizziness Headache Hunger Loss of Consciousness Rapid Heart Rate Sweating Tremor CAUSES Insulinoma is a tumor found in the pancreas that continues to produce insulin even when your blood sugar drops too low High blood insulin levels cause low blood sugar levels called Hypoglycemia Hypogycemia may be mild, leading to symptoms such as anxiety and hunger or it can be severe, leading to seizures, coma and even death THE PANCREAS The pancreas is an organ in the abdomen that makes several enzymes and hormones, including insulin. Insulin reduces the level of sugar(glucose) in the blood by helping it move into cells When your blood sugar level drops too low, the pancreas stops making insulin until your blood sugar returns to normal Insulinomas are rare and usually occur in single, small tumors in EXAMS AND TESTS Fasting Test: every fasting test is started in the morning by means of an oral administration of 100 g of glucose Consists of an onset of blood sampling as late as after a 48h-fasting period http://www.insulinoma.net/english%20homepage/images/EHT_Con_Ins_ WZ.gif EXAMS AND TESTS After fasting, your blood may be tested for: Blood C-peptide level Blood glucose level Blood insulin level Drugs that cause the pancreas to release insulin CT or MRI scan of the abdomen may be done to look for a tumor in the pancreas. If the test is negative, one of the following tests may be performed: Endoscopic ultrasound Octreotide Scan Pancreatic Arteriography Pancreatic venous sampling for insulin TREATMENTS Surgery is the recommended treatment for insulinoma. The tumor is first found by tests or surgery. If there is a single tumor it will be removed. Ifthere are many tumors, part of the pancreas will need to be removed (partial pancreatectomy). At least 15% of the pancreas must be left to produce its enzymes. This may prevent the surgeon from removing the whole insulinoma tumor. TREATMENTS If no tumor is found during surgery, you may get the drug diazoxide to lower insulin production and avoid hypoglycemia. A diuretic is given to prevent the body from retaining fluid. Octreotide is used to http://www.unboundedmedicine.com/images/insulinoma7 %5B1%5D.jpg reduce insulin release in some patients HISTORY Historically, the three components of insulinoma 1) symptoms of hypoglycemia 2) documented plasma glucose of less than 50 mg/dL at the time of hypoglycemic symptoms 3) relief of these symptoms with administration of glucose has been referred to as Whipples triad. WORKS CITED The New York Times. (2010). Insulinoma. Retrieved February 21, 2012, from http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/insulinoma/overview.html Medline Plus. (2012). Insulinoma. Retrieved February 21, 2012, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000387.htm Center for Pancreatic and Bilary Disorders. (2002). Insulinoma. Retrieved February 21, 2012, from http://www.surgery.usc.edu/divisions/tumor/pancreasdiseases/web%20pages/Endocr ine%20tumors/pancreatic%20tumors/insulinoma.html UpToDate. (2012). Insulinoma. Retrieved February 21, 2012, from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/insulinoma Insulinoma UK. (2011). What is an insulinoma?. Retrieved February 21, 2012, from http://www.insulinoma.co.uk/page_1218566549343.html eHow. (2011). How to Diagnose Insulinoma. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from http://www.ehow.com/how_2086786_diagnose-insulinoma.html Medscape Reference. (2012). Insulinoma Treatment & Management. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283039-overview University of Maryland Medical Center. (2010). Insulinoma – Treatment. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/000387trt.htm

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What's the origin of the chef's hat? Dear Straight Dope: What is the origin of the chef's hat? SDStaff Veg replies: Elementary, my dear Rwatson. The chef's hat originated when a royal cook in the emply of King Henry VIII started going bald. Henry found a hair in his soup, had the cook beheaded, and ordered the next chef to start wearing a hat (the cook was only too happy to comply). Actually, there are couple of different theories about the origin of the chef's hat, or toque, and there is probably some truth in both. Some say the toque can be traced back to the seventh century A.D., when chefs were considered learned men (remember that "epicurean" derives from the name of a Greek philosopher, Epicurus). Learned men didn't always get the respect they deserved, though, and were often persecuted; at such times, they often took refuge in the local church, where they donned the same costumes that the local clergy were wearing, hats and all, as a disguise. Eventually, not wanting to incur the wrath of God any more than the wrath of the local savages, they started wearing white hats instead of the black hats worn by Greek Orthodox priests, and the toque was born. The other most prominent story about the history of the toque is that it comes to us from the ancient Assyrians. Since one of the more common ways to do in His Royal Highness back then was to poison his food (not to mention the fact that spoiled food was more common in the days before Whirlpool), chefs were chosen carefully, and treated very well, often even holding rank in the king's court. Legend has it that the chef's high position entitled him to wear a "crown" of sorts, in the same shape as the king's, though made out of cloth and without all of those bothersome jewels. The crown-shaped ribs of the royal headdress became the pleats of the toque, originally sewn, and later stiffened with starch. Speaking of pleats, the most widely circulated legend about the toque appears to be one concerning the number of pleats. From "A Pageant of Hats, Ancient and Modern," by Ruch Edwards Kilgour, copyright 1958: "It was regarded as natural that any chef, worthy of the name, could cook an egg at least one hundred ways. The most-renowned chefs often boasted that they could serve their royal masters a different egg dish every day in the year, some of them so cleverly prepared, that aside from being highly palatable they had flavors as widely different as completely diverse kinds of foods. Today, noted chefs are seldom called upon to prove their prowess in this manner. Nevertheless, they still wear one hundred pleats on their hat, the old-time symbol of their skill in the egg department." Maybe they did back in 1958, but several internet sites advertising toques for sale, both paper and vinyl, described their hats as having 48 pleats. I guess the advent of cholesterol screening had a bigger impact than most of us thought. The toque has changed many times over the years, but most stories about its origins are variations on one of the two above. Since the most dramatic changes in style and shape are attributable to the French, I'd be remiss if I didn't include something from a snotty Frenchman regarding the decline of toquish excellence. Roger Fessaguet, a previous co-owner of La Caravelle (which, I believe, is in New York), laments, "American chefs don't wear a toque. Could you think of a policeman without a hat? That is part of the full uniform. I still have 12 uniforms. In the old days, I used to send my toques back to France aboard French Line ships, to Havre, where they were washed, ironed and starched by women who knew exactly what to do." Yeah, and I'll bet he walked five miles in the snow to his restaurant every day, and ten miles back home.

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What Are the Symptoms of Actinic Keratosis? Actinic keratoses most commonly occur on areas of skin that receive lots of sun exposure -- like the face, ears, the scalp of bald men, and the backs of the hands and arms. The lesions may be skin-colored, reddish-brown, or yellowish-tan. They may look like a raised bump, be flat, or may feel like a dry patch of skin. The skin-colored lesions may be noticed more by touch, because they tend to feel like sandpaper. Actinic keratoses are not tender, but if you have a lesion that fits their description and is tender, it may have morphed into a type of skin cancer. If you have any type of skin lesion that is new, tender, bleeding or changing in appearance, you should see a dermatologist.

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email Sometimes referred to as the net book value, the written-down value has to do with the current worth of fixed assets that appear on the financial records of a company. The actual amount of written-down value is adjusted from the original cost of the item to more accurately reflect the fair market value of the asset or assets in the current economic climate. As a result, it is not unusual for companies to adjust the written-down value of some assets on at least an annual basis. Two of the key factors that go into calculating a current written-down value are depreciation and amortization. The process will always begin with the original or initial value of the asset in question. That historical figure will then be adjusted based on the amount of depreciation that is currently allowed under the existing tax structure. In many cases, this means there is a percentage of depreciation that can take place within a given calendar year, based on normal usage of the asset. Amortization of the asset further helps to bring the posted net value of the asset into line with current economic conditions, resulting in a realistic picture of the current worth of the asset. Companies may allow the concept of written-down value to any number of fixed assets. Production machinery is an excellent example of assets that are eligible for this process. Over time, the machinery will become somewhat less valuable, due to the release of upgraded versions combined with the continuous use of the equipment in the production process. Maintaining a properly calculated written-down value for the machinery helps to make the task of ascertaining the current assets of the company much more accurate. This can be especially helpful when quarterly and annual tax documents are prepared, since the tax breaks can be very helpful to the business. Knowing the current net book value will also come in handy when applying for business loans. Lenders will want to know the current market value of tangible assets, not what the business paid for the asset three or four years ago. From this perspective, the written-down value can help to ensure the lender that the applicant has sufficient resources to call upon if needed to settle the outstanding balance of the loan. One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!

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|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home| Contemporary artists and film makers address stereotype and identity in a variety of ways. Approaches employed by African American artists Betye Saar, Faith Ringgold and Robert Colescott and film maker, Spike Lee are used to teach several of the lessons. This unit is composed of seven lessons. The lessons employ both media with an emphasis on visual art, as well as a wide variety of age appropriate readings, videotapes, writing and discussion. Oral and written articulation of concepts, ideas and thoughts are balanced with a studio component. Visual articulation stresses a hands-on approach and demonstrates and reinforces student understanding and shows a synthesis of knowledge of complex topics. Lesson #1: A Scrapbook/Journal Create an ongoing personal repository for ideas, reflection and information. Lesson #2: Stereotype Defined Create a definition and rubric for identifying and interpreting stereotype. Lesson #3: The One and Only Me, A Self-Portrait Interpret meaning in a portrait and express unique, individual qualities through a self-portrait. Lesson #4: Get a Life! Rewriting and Redrawing the Lives of Well-Known Stereotype Characters in Advertising Undo a familiar stereotype. Lesson #5: Recontextualization Photo collage Critically examine ideas about stereotype by recontextualizing, reversing and manipulating appropriated images. Lesson #6: Heritage Shadow Box Select and utilize culturally significant objects and symbols in an artwork. Lesson #7: Film Evaluation/Posters Reflect upon stereotype verses authentic film characters. (Recommended for Art, grades 7-12)

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|Cherries Jubilee was a very fashionable dessert for many decades. The great chef Auguste Escoffier is credited with creating it for Queen Victoria—for either her Golden Jubilee of 1887 (the 50th year of a monarch’s reign) or her Diamond Jubilee in 1897—the record is not sure which. It immediately joined the menu at restaurants of haute cuisine, where it was prepared tableside with great fanfare. Pitted black cherries were flambéed with kirsch (which is cherry eau de vie, or unaged brandy) or regular brandy, then spooned into a stemmed silver dish of vanilla ice cream. You don’t need to have a stemmed silver dish—that kind of pomp disappeared in the 1960s. And it’s no biggie to get the cherries (frozen), ice cream and spirits to make the dish—tonight or tomorrow to celebrate George Washington’s birthday. A recipe for one head of state is certainly appropriate for another! Cherries Jubilee. Photo courtesy RobertsDairy.com. Related Food Videos: For more food videos, check out The Nibble's Food Video Collection.

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About the dance The Bharatanatyam dance (also known as the fifth Veda) is a classical dance originating from South India, Tamil Nadu. It was developed over thousands of years ago therefore it's considered nowadays as one of the oldest classical dance in India. The history of Bharatanatyam goes all the way to 5000 years old. The Celestials, Indra and other people were fighting alot with Rakshasas, Asuras. It was about good fighting the evil to give goodness to people. They were always fighting and eventually, both sides got fed up with all the battle and have come to a conclusion to go to Bhrama the creator. They said " Create something for us which will be visual and something we can appreciate and feel happy about." Bhrama then created this dance, each dance has its own lyrics, the nine emotions and most importantly their unique music and rhythm. The word "bharatanatyam" is actually spelt together with four other Indian words combined, all giving meaningful description of the dance itself: Natya (Classical Indian Musical Theatre)

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These Eight-legged Mites Are About Third Of A Millimeter Long. These Eight-legged Mites Are About Third Of A Millimeter Long How Long After First Treatment To Treat Scabies Again You can also see small red ‘threads’ between the bumps, but these are so little that they can be hard to see. What’s scabies? Signs of scabies include a scabies rash, which looks similar to small red bumps or blisters, and grim itching. It is relentless and can keep you up at night. The itching is by miles the worst of the signs of scabies. These eight-legged mites are about third of a millimeter long. This sort of scabies is extraordinarily atypical as it tends to happen to people with compromised immune systems such of that with people with major illnesses or old age. Some cases of scabies is so extreme the skin starts to crust, this is know as Crusted or Norwegian Scabies and is a complicated kind of transmissive scabies which can have up to millions of mites. The scabies mite likes places on the skin with skin folds or plenty of friction and heat, this gives the ideal hiding places and conditions for the scabies to reside. This illness, scabies can also reappear in an individual. Typically the face and head are not impacted by a case of scabies, but in a few cases this does occur. The reason why you might get scabies again can be because you have got no treated the illness properly the 1st time, or merely as you cough scabies again from someone else. The scabies symptoms are very like those of other medical problems. They’re the results of your immune response making an attempt to fight scabies. Animals also have scabies, but you cannot get it from them, as scabies in animals is due to a different scabies mite than in humans. Nonetheless an individual who had scabies before can have those symptoms again in about a couple of days after the re infestation with scabies. It can be less or longer, dependent on the individual. People that had scabies before, the symptoms for scabies can appear as fast as in 2 days. Scabies is an illness that may reappear. Skin rash is the 1st symptom to happen when afflicted by scabies, developing after just a couple of days from contamination with the parasite mites. Scabies rash is very determined and it can persist for up to one or two weeks or months after the mite infestation has been exterminated. Scabies is widespread in orphanages and nursing houses, due to overcrowding and poor cleanliness. Scabies is awfully transmissible and the parasite mites answerable for causing the illness can be either purchased at once, by entering in touch with poisoned person or indirectly, by entering in touch with polluted objects. How Long After First Treatment To Treat Scabies Again? There are two ways you can treat for scabies and there is a different answer for both treatments. - Toxic permythin cream – If your doctor has given you a prescription of permythin cream, then you can only treat once and must wait about two weeks before you can treat again. - The nontoxic scabies treatment – It is recommended that you use the products every day for 14 days. The treatment is non toxic; therefore you can use it over and over again and you can even use it as a precautionary measure. There are several scabies treatments on the internet; you might try Allstop scabies medicines. They work well.

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It’s not a coincidence that Popeye’s always chowing down on spinach: The vegetable is packed with iron, an essential mineral that helps red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, aids in metabolism and promotes a healthy immune system. So if you’re not pounding cans of the leafy greens like the cartoon, should you load up on vitamins instead? Not necessarily, says Kelly L. Pritchett, R.D. spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. “If someone without a deficiency in the mineral starts taking a supplement, it could potentially lead to iron toxicity, which can cause severe damage to the heart, liver, kidneys and nervous system,” she warns. Read on to learn why getting this nutrient is important for everyone, how it can improve your athletic performance and ways to guarantee you’re getting enough. Why You Need Iron Without adequate stores of iron, your red blood cells can’t transport oxygen to the muscles and other tissues of your body effectively. As a result, says Pritchett, you can feel weak, fatigued or experience shortness of breath. Endurance athletes in particular rely on the mineral for energy and are also more likely to suffer from iron depletion, says Pritchett: “They have higher requirements because they lose a lot of iron in sweat, through possible gastrointestinal bleeding and because of foot strike hemolysis — which is the destruction of red blood cells that can occur through repetitive foot pounding on the pavement.” Women are especially vulnerable to iron deficiency, according to a review of research published in the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, partially due to the blood loss they experience during menstruation. How to Get It To ensure you’re getting the nutrient from your diet, load your plate with leafy greens like spinach and kale, broccoli, lean red meat, poultry, fish and eggs. Many whole-grain cereals are fortified with iron as well. But keep in mind, advises Pritchett, that your body absorbs the mineral best from meat and fish sources, which provide what’s referred to as heme iron. Pay attention as well to what you’re taking in alongside your iron. “Consuming vitamin C–rich foods with your meals — like an orange with breakfast cereal or bell peppers in chicken stir-fry — will up your absorption, as can cooking in cast-iron pots,” says Pritchett, because of how both interact with the mineral. On the flip side, guzzling coffee and tea can block your body’s ability to soak up iron, so you might consider sipping on those mainly between meals. Iron-Deficiency Anemia: When to Consult the Pros Follow a healthy diet and assume you’re ingesting an adequate amount? Not so fast. “Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world,” warns Pritchett. “So many people don’t get enough in their diet.” Consuming too little can become a problem slowly, over time, and might result in iron-deficiency anemia — which can harm athletic performance and cause general feelings of weakness and lethargy. The good news is, you can correct an imbalance within a mere three months of taking a supplement or a daily multivitamin with 18 mg of iron, according to Pritchett. And even better, it can give you a serious boost: After taking an iron supplement, women in a new study from the University of Melbourne who were previously deficient were able to work out more efficiently while maintaining a lower heart rate. Consult your doctor beforehand, however, as consuming an excessive level of the nutrient can increase your risk of having a heart attack or a condition like liver disease, diabetes or osteoporosis, according to the Iron Disorders Institute. Pritchett says your physician can also check to be sure you don’t suffer from hemochromatosis, a disorder in which the body stores too much iron. It’s tough to correct a depletion in iron with diet alone, says Pritchett, but a simple supplement plan coordinated with your doctor can get your back on track easily — and get your performance back up to par in no time.

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It is not difficult to imagine that a gigantic volcanic eruption spewing thick clouds of ash and gas high into the atmosphere would change the weather. After the Philippines’ Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, the global average temperature dropped by half a degree Celsius. But these satellite images show that a small, steady, simmering eruption also affects the atmosphere. A bright plume-like cloud extends south from Mount Michael on Saunders Island in the South Atlantic Ocean in the top image. The images are among the earliest identified examples of the influence of low-level eruptions on clouds and were brought to light by Santiago Gassó, a scientist at the Goddard Earth Science Technology Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County. Volcanic gases influence clouds because the gases contain aerosols, or tiny particles, around which clouds form. Water molecules can’t just coalesce into a cloud; they need something to settle on to form a cloud droplet. Sea salt, dust, and other natural aerosols that act as cloud seeds are large. The aerosols in volcanic emissions (sulfate aerosols) are much smaller by contrast. The cloud droplets that form around volcanic aerosols are correspondingly smaller than cloud droplets that form around other natural particles. As a result, the clouds that form around volcanic emissions are made up of many small cloud droplets instead of fewer larger droplets. Since these clouds present more surfaces for light to bounce off of, they are brighter than other marine clouds. Bright volcano clouds are similar to ship tracks, which from around sulfate aerosols in ship exhaust. The top image illustrates the impact of small-scale volcanic eruptions on clouds. The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on April 27, 2006. Far from the influence of large land masses, the air over the ocean is relatively uniform. An even bank of marine clouds settled over the South Atlantic, interrupted in their unvarying pattern by tiny ripples and swirls in the wake of the South Sandwich Islands. Because little else was influencing the clouds, the effect of a plume of gas from Mount Michael on Saunders Island is very clear. The clouds that trail behind the island are notably brighter than the surrounding marine clouds. The lower image provides an explanation for the brightness of the volcano cloud. Calculated from the MODIS data, the image shows the average size of particles at the top of the clouds. The volcano cloud is made up of much smaller particles than the surrounding marine clouds. Scientists don’t know how frequently bright, volcano-impacted clouds form largely because they don’t know how many of the world’s volcanoes are releasing small plumes of gas at any one time. Many volcanoes are located in remote, cloudy regions that are hard to monitor either on the ground or from space. Because the bright clouds reflect more light back into space, they have a cooling effect on Earth’s climate. Volcanoes may also cool the Earth by increasing the overall cloudiness. Volcano clouds can be large, stretching over hundreds of kilometers and blocking sunlight from the surface below. - Gassó, S. (2008, January 20). Low Level Volcanic Emissions Modulate Cloud Properties. NASA. Accessed January 30, 2008. - Gassó, S. (2008). The impact of weak volcanic activity on marine clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research. In press. doi:10.1029/2007JD009106 NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using MODIS data provided courtesy of Santiago Gasso. Caption by Holli Riebeek. - Aqua - MODIS

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Through the support of the community by the passage of Prop P in 2010, the Encinitas Union School District has created a program that maximizes the use of technology to increase students’ engagement in their learning, while providing real time formative and summative data on student performance to teachers. Starting in 2013 the district has adopted digital curriculum in Math, Language Arts and Science that will provide a deeper connection to their learning and a bridge to the National Common Core Standards being adopted this year in the district. This year, every student in the district will receive an iPad for his or her educational use during the school year. We’ve seen great success in our students’ engagement in the classroom with the integration of digital learning by our teachers. Students have the option of using a district-owned iPad or their own personal one. Students using their own personal device will have more flexibility. They’ll have their iPads on breaks and over the summer and won’t be restricted from downloading additional apps. Regardless of student's use of a district-owned or personally-owned device, all students will have access to a standard suite of apps that will be used in the classroom for their education. EUSD Parents and Student iPad Orientation (Click on link for policy signature form and orientation video)

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Last name origins & meanings: - Irish: Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hEoghanáin ‘descendant of Eoghanán’, a pet form of the personal name Eógan, meaning ‘born of the yew’. - Irish: variant of Honeen, an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hUainín ‘descendant of Uainín’, a personal name formed from a diminutive of uaine ‘green’. Comments for Honan

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