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--- |
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license: cc-by-nc-4.0 |
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language: |
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- en |
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- fr |
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size_categories: |
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- 100K<n<1M |
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--- |
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# Refugee Law Lab: Canadian Legal Data |
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## Dataset Summary |
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The [Refugee Law Lab](https://refugeelab.ca) supports bulk open-access to Canadian legal data to facilitate research and advocacy. |
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Bulk open-access helps avoid asymmetrical access-to-justice and amplification of marginalization that |
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results when commercial actors leverage proprietary |
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legal datasets for profit -- a particular concern in the border control setting. |
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The Canadian Legal Data dataset includes the unofficial text of legislation, regulations, and thousands of court and tribunal |
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decisions at the federal level. It can be used for legal analytics (i.e. identifying patterns in legal |
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decision-making), to test ML and NLP tools on a bilingual dataset of Canadian legal materials, and to |
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pretrain language models for various tasks. |
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## Dataset Structure |
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### Data Instances |
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#### Court Decisions |
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- SCC: Full text of Supreme Court of Canada decisions, based on the Refugee Law Lab's |
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[Supreme Court of Canada Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/scc/) (1877 – present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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- FCA: Full text of Federal Court of Appeal (Canada) decisions that have been given a neutral citation, based on the Refugee Law Lab's [Federal Court of Appeal Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/fca/) (2001-present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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- FC: Full text of Federal Court (Canada) decisions that have been given a neutral citation, based on the Refugee Law Lab's [Federal Court Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/fc/) (2001-present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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- TCC: Full text of Tax Court of Canada decisions that have been given a neutral citation, based on the Refugee Law Lab's [Tax Court of Canada Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/tcc/) (2003-present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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#### Tribunal Decisions |
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- CHRT: Full text of Canadian Human Rights Tribunal decisions, baed on the Refugee Law Lab's [Canadian Human Rights Tribunal Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/chrt/) (2013 – present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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- RAD: Full text of Immigration and Refugee Board, Refugee Appeal Division decisions, based on the Refugee Law Lab's [Refugee Appeal Division Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/rad/) (2013-present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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- RPD: Full text of Immigratoin and Refugee Board, Refugee Protection Division decisions, based on the Refugee Law Lab's [Refugee Protection Division Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/rpd/) (2002-2020) (updated Dec 1 2023) Note that this is a legacy dataset as the IRB is no longer publishing RPD decisions. For more recent RPD decisions obtained via Access to Information Requests see the RLLR dataset. |
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- RLLR: Full text of Immigration and Refugee Board, Refugee Protection Division decisions, as reported in the [Refugee Law Lab Reporter](https://refugeelab.ca/rllr), based on the Refugee Law Lab's [RLLR Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/rllr/) (2019 – present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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- SST: Full text of Social Security Tribunal of Canada decisions, baed on the Refugee Law Lab's [Social Security Tribunal Bulk Decisions Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/sst/) (2013 – present) (updated Apr 1 2024) |
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#### Legislation & Regulations |
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- LEGISLATION-FED: Text of Federal legislation in the [Consolidated Acts](https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/) maintained by the Federal Department of Justice, as reproduced in the Refugee Law Lab's [Federal Bulk Legislation Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/legislation-fed/) (updated May 13 2024) |
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- REGULATIONS-FED: Text of Federal legislation in the [Consolidated Regulations](https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/) maintained by the Federal Department of Justice, as reproduced in the Refugee Law Lab's [Federal Bulk Regulations Dataset](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/regulations-fed/) (updated May 13 2024) |
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### Data Fields |
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- citation (string): Legal citation for the document (neutral citation where available) |
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- citation2 (string): For some documents multiple citations are available (e.g. for some periods |
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the Supreme Court of Canada provided both official reported citation and neutral citation) |
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- dataset (string): Name of the data instance (e.g. "SCC", "FCA", "FC", "TCC", etc) |
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- year (int32): Year of the document date, which can be useful for filtering |
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- name (string): Name of the document, typically the style of cause of cases and the short title for legislation and regulations |
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- language (string): Language of the document, "en" for English, "fr" for French, "" for no language specified |
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- document_date (string): Date of the document (yyyy-mm-dd) |
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- source_url (string): URL where the document was scraped and where the official version can be found |
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- scraped_timestamp (string): Date the document was scraped (yyyy-mm-dd) |
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- unofficial_text (string): Full text of the document (unofficial version, for official version see source_url) |
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- other (string): Field for additional metadata in JSON format, currently a blank string for most datasets |
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### Data Languages |
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Many documents are available in both English and French. Some are only available in one of the two languages. |
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### Data Splits |
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The data has not been split, so all files are in the train split. If splitting for training/validation, |
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some thought should be given to whether it is necessary to limit to one language or to ensure that both |
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English and French versions of the same documents (where available) are put into the same split. |
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### Data Loading |
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To load all data instances: |
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```python |
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from datasets import load_dataset |
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dataset = load_dataset("refugee-law-lab/canadian-legal-data", split="train") |
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``` |
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To load only a specific data instance, for example only the SCC data instance: |
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```python |
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from datasets import load_dataset |
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dataset = load_dataset("refugee-law-lab/canadian-legal-data", split="train", data_dir="SCC") |
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``` |
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## Dataset Creation |
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### Curation Rationale |
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The dataset includes all the [Bulk Legal Data](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data) made publicly available by |
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the Refugee Law Lab. The Lab has focused on federal law and regulations, federal courts (e.g. Supreme Court of Canada, Federal Court of |
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Appeal, Federal Court) and federal administrative tribunals (e.g. Immigration and Refugee Board) because |
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immigration and refugee law, which is the main area of interest of the Lab, operates mostly at the federal level. |
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### Source Data |
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#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization |
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Details (including links to github repos with code) are available via links on the Refugee Law Lab's |
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[Bulk Legal Data](https://refugeelab.ca/bulk-data/) page. |
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### Personal and Sensitive Information |
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Documents may include personal and sensitive information. All documents have been published online or |
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otherwise released publicly by the relevant government body, court or tribunal. While the open court principle mandates |
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that court (and some tribunal) materials be made available to the public, there are privacy risks when some of these |
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materials become easily and widely available. These privacy risks are particularly acute for marginalized groups, |
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including refugees and other non-citizens whose personal and sensitive information is included in some of the |
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documents in this dataset. For example, imagine a repressive government working with private data aggregators to |
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collect information that is used to target families of political opponents who have sought asylum abroad. |
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One mechanism used to try to achieve a balance between the open court principle |
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and privacy is that in publishing court documents in this dataset, the relevant courts and tribunals prohibit |
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search engines from indexing the documents. Users of this data are required to do the same. |
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### Non-Official Versions |
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Documents included in this dataset are unofficial copies. For official versions published by |
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the Government of Canada, please see the source URLs. |
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### Non-Affiliation / Endorsement |
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The reproduction of documents in this dataset was not done in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of |
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the Government of Canada. |
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## Considerations for Using the Data |
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### Social Impact of Dataset |
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The Refugee Law Lab recognizes that this dataset -- and further research using the dataset -- raises challenging |
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questions about how to balance protecting privacy, enhancing government transparency, addressing information |
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asymmetries, and building technologies that leverage data to advance the rights and interests of |
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refugees and other displaced people, as well as assisting those working with them (rather than technologies that |
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[enhance the power of states](https://citizenlab.ca/2018/09/bots-at-the-gate-human-rights-analysis-automated-decision-making-in-canadas-immigration-refugee-system/) |
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to control the movement of people across borders). |
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More broadly, the Refugee Law Lab also recognizes that considerations around privacy and data protection are complex |
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and evolving. When working on migration, refugee law, data, technology and surveillance, we strive to foreground |
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intersectional understandings of the systemic harms perpetuated against groups historically made marginalized. We |
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encourage other users to do the same. |
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We also encourage users to try to avoid participating in building technologies that harm refugees and other |
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marginalized groups, as well as to connect with [community organizations](https://www.migrationtechmonitor.com/ways-to-help) |
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working in this space, and to [listen directly](https://www.migrationtechmonitor.com/about-us) and learn from people who are affected by new technologies. |
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We will review the use these datasets periodically to examine whether continuing to publicly release these datasets achieves |
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the Refugee Law Lab's goals of advancing the rights and interests of refugees and other marginalized groups without creating |
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disproportionate risks and harms, including risks related to privacy and human rights. |
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### Discussion of Biases |
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The dataset reflects many biases present in legal decision-making, including biases based on race, immigration status, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, socio-economic class, and other intersecting categories of discrimination. |
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### Other Known Limitations |
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Legislation and regulations do not include tables, annexes or schedules. Original sources should be consulted if these are relevant. |
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Publicly available court and tribunal decisions are not a representative sample of legal decision-making -- and in some cases may reflect |
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significantly skewed samples. To give one example, the vast majority of Federal Court judicial reviews of refugee determinations involve negative |
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first instance decisions even thought most first instance decisions are positive (this occurs because the government seldom applies for judicial |
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reviews of positive first instance decisions whereas claimants frequently apply for judicial review of negative decisions). As such, generative models |
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built partly on this dataset risk amplifying negative refugee decision-making (rather than more common positive refugee decision-making). |
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Due to the ways that |
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legal datasets may be skewed, users of this dataset are encouraged to collaborate with or consult domain experts. |
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## Additional Information |
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### Licensing Information |
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Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International ([CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) |
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NOTE: Users must also comply with upstream licensing for the [SCC](https://www.scc-csc.ca/terms-avis/notice-enonce-eng.aspx), |
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[FCA](https://www.fca-caf.gc.ca/en/pages/important-notices) & [FC](https://www.fct-cf.gc.ca/en/pages/important-notices) data instances, as |
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well as requests on source urls not to allow indexing of the documents by search engines to protect privacy. As a result, users must |
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not make the data available in formats or locations that can be indexed by search engines. |
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### Warranties / Representations |
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We make no warranties or representations that the data included in this dataset is complete or accurate. Data |
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were obtained through academic research projects, including projects that use automated processes. |
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While we try to make the data as accurate as possible, our methodologies may result in |
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inaccurate or outdated data. As such, data should be viewed as preliminary information aimed to prompt |
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further research and discussion, rather than as definitive information. |
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### Dataset Curators |
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[Sean Rehaag](https://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/faculty-and-staff/rehaag-sean), Osgoode Hall Law School Professor & Director of the Refugee Law Lab |
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### Citation Information |
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Sean Rehaag, "Refugee Law Lab: Canadian Legal Data" (2023) online: Hugging Face: <https://huggingface.co/datasets/refugee-law-lab/canadian-legal-data> (updated 2024). |
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### Acknowledgements |
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This project draws on research supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Law Foundation of Ontario. |
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The project was inspired in part by the excellent prior work by [pile-of-law](https://huggingface.co/datasets/pile-of-law/pile-of-law) (Peter Henderson et al, "Pile of Law: Learning |
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Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Dataset" (2022), online: arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00220). |
