const
=====

The **`const`** declaration declares block-scoped local variables. The value of a constant can't be changed through reassignment using the assignment operator, but if a constant is an object, its properties can be added, updated, or removed.

Try it
------

Syntax
------


```js
const name1 = value1;
const name1 = value1, name2 = value2;
const name1 = value1, name2 = value2, /\* …, \*/ nameN = valueN;
```


`nameN`

The name of the variable to declare. Each must be a legal JavaScript identifier or a destructuring binding pattern.

`valueN`

Initial value of the variable. It can be any legal expression.

Description
-----------

The `const` declaration is very similar to `let`:

* `const` declarations are scoped to blocks as well as functions.
* `const` declarations can only be accessed after the place of declaration is reached (see temporal dead zone). For this reason, `const` declarations are commonly regarded as non-hoisted.
* `const` declarations do not create properties on `globalThis` when declared at the top level of a script.
* `const` declarations cannot be redeclared by any other declaration in the same scope.
* `const` begins *declarations*, not *statements*. That means you cannot use a lone `const` declaration as the body of a block (which makes sense, since there's no way to access the variable).

```js
if (true) const a = 1; // SyntaxError: Lexical declaration cannot appear in a single-statement context
```


An initializer for a constant is required. You must specify its value in the same declaration. (This makes sense, given that it can't be changed later.)


```js
const FOO; // SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration
```


The `const` declaration creates an immutable reference to a value. It does *not* mean the value it holds is immutable — just that the variable identifier cannot be reassigned. For instance, in the case where the content is an object, this means the object's contents (e.g., its properties) can be altered. You should understand `const` declarations as "create a variable whose *identity* remains constant", not "whose *value* remains constant" — or, "create immutable bindings", not "immutable values".

Many style guides (including MDN's) recommend using `const` over `let` whenever a variable is not reassigned in its scope. This makes the intent clear that a variable's type (or value, in the case of a primitive) can never change. Others may prefer `let` for non-primitives that are mutated.

The list that follows the `const` keyword is called a *binding list* and is separated by commas, where the commas are *not* comma operators and the `=` signs are *not* assignment operators. Initializers of later variables can refer to earlier variables in the list.

Examples
--------

### Basic const usage

Constants can be declared with uppercase or lowercase, but a common convention is to use all-uppercase letters, especially for primitives because they are truly immutable.


```js
// define MY\_FAV as a constant and give it the value 7
const MY\_FAV = 7;

console.log("my favorite number is: " + MY\_FAV);
```



```js
// Re-assigning to a constant variable throws an error
MY\_FAV = 20; // TypeError: Assignment to constant variable

// Redeclaring a constant throws an error
const MY\_FAV = 20; // SyntaxError: Identifier 'MY\_FAV' has already been declared
var MY\_FAV = 20; // SyntaxError: Identifier 'MY\_FAV' has already been declared
let MY\_FAV = 20; // SyntaxError: Identifier 'MY\_FAV' has already been declared
```

### Block scoping

It's important to note the nature of block scoping.


```js
const MY\_FAV = 7;

if (MY\_FAV === 7) {
  // This is fine because it's in a new block scope
  const MY\_FAV = 20;
  console.log(MY\_FAV); // 20

  // var declarations are not scoped to blocks so this throws an error
  var MY\_FAV = 20; // SyntaxError: Identifier 'MY\_FAV' has already been declared
}

console.log(MY\_FAV); // 7
```

### const in objects and arrays

`const` also works on objects and arrays. Attempting to overwrite the object throws an error "Assignment to constant variable".


```js
const MY\_OBJECT = { key: "value" };
MY\_OBJECT = { OTHER\_KEY: "value" };
```


However, object keys are not protected, so the following statement is executed without problem.


```js
MY\_OBJECT.key = "otherValue";
```


You would need to use `Object.freeze()` to make an object immutable.

The same applies to arrays. Assigning a new array to the variable throws an error "Assignment to constant variable".


```js
const MY\_ARRAY = [];
MY\_ARRAY = ["B"];
```


Still, it's possible to push items into the array and thus mutate it.


```js
MY\_ARRAY.push("A"); // ["A"]
```

### Declaration with destructuring

The left-hand side of each `=` can also be a binding pattern. This allows creating multiple variables at once.


```js
const result = /(a+)(b+)(c+)/.exec("aaabcc");
const [, a, b, c] = result;
console.log(a, b, c); // "aaa" "b" "cc"
```


For more information, see Destructuring assignment.

Specifications
--------------

| Specification |
| --- |
| ECMAScript Language Specification # sec-let-and-const-declarations |

Browser compatibility
---------------------

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See also
--------

* `var`
* `let`
* Constants in the JavaScript Guide