Loops and iteration
===================

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 Loops offer a quick and easy way to do something repeatedly. This
 chapter of the JavaScript Guide
 introduces the different iteration statements available to JavaScript.

 You can think of a loop as a computerized version of the game where you tell someone to
 take *X* steps in one direction, then *Y* steps in another. For example,
 the idea "Go five steps to the east" could be expressed this way as a loop:


```js
for (let step = 0; step < 5; step++) {
  // Runs 5 times, with values of step 0 through 4.
  console.log("Walking east one step");
}
```


 There are many different kinds of loops, but they all essentially do the same thing:
 they repeat an action some number of times. (Note that it's possible that number could
 be zero!)

 The various loop mechanisms offer different ways to determine the start and end points
 of the loop. There are various situations that are more easily served by one type of
 loop over the others.

The statements for loops provided in JavaScript are:

* for statement
* do...while statement
* while statement
* labeled statement
* break statement
* continue statement
* for...in statement
* for...of statement
for statement
-------------

A `for` loop repeats until a specified condition evaluates to false. The JavaScript `for` loop is similar to the Java and C `for` loop.

A `for` statement looks as follows:


```js
for (initialization; condition; afterthought)
  statement
```


When a `for` loop executes, the following occurs:

1. The initializing expression `initialization`, if any, is executed. This expression usually initializes one or more loop counters, but the syntax allows an expression of any degree of complexity. This expression can also declare variables.
2. The `condition` expression is evaluated. If the value of `condition` is true, the loop statements execute. Otherwise, the `for` loop terminates. (If the `condition` expression is omitted entirely, the condition is assumed to be true.)
3. The `statement` executes. To execute multiple statements, use a block statement (`{ }`) to group those statements.
4. If present, the update expression `afterthought` is executed.
5. Control returns to Step 2.
### Example

 In the example below, the function contains a `for` statement that counts
 the number of selected options in a scrolling list (a `<select>`
 element that allows multiple selections).

#### HTML


```html
<form name="selectForm">
  <label for="musicTypes"
 >Choose some music types, then click the button below:</label
 >
  <select id="musicTypes" name="musicTypes" multiple>
    <option selected>R&B</option>
    <option>Jazz</option>
    <option>Blues</option>
    <option>New Age</option>
    <option>Classical</option>
    <option>Opera</option>
  </select>
  <button id="btn" type="button">How many are selected?</button>
</form>
```


#### JavaScript

Here, the `for` statement declares the variable `i` and initializes it to `0`. It checks that `i` is less than the number of options in the `<select>` element, performs the succeeding `if` statement, and increments `i` by 1 after each pass through the loop.


```js
function countSelected(selectObject) {
  let numberSelected = 0;
  for (let i = 0; i < selectObject.options.length; i++) {
    if (selectObject.options[i].selected) {
      numberSelected++;
    }
  }
  return numberSelected;
}

const btn = document.getElementById("btn");

btn.addEventListener("click", () => {
  const musicTypes = document.selectForm.musicTypes;
  console.log(`You have selected ${countSelected(musicTypes)} option(s).`);
});
```

do...while statement
--------------------

 The `do...while` statement repeats until a
 specified condition evaluates to false.

A `do...while` statement looks as follows:


```js
do
  statement
while (condition);
```


`statement` is always executed once before the condition is
 checked. (To execute multiple statements, use a block statement (`{ }`)
 to group those statements.)

 If `condition` is `true`, the statement executes again. At the
 end of every execution, the condition is checked. When the condition is
 `false`, execution stops, and control passes to the statement following
 `do...while`.

### Example

 In the following example, the `do` loop iterates at least once and
 reiterates until `i` is no longer less than `5`.


```js
let i = 0;
do {
  i += 1;
  console.log(i);
} while (i < 5);
```

while statement
---------------

 A `while` statement executes its statements as long as a
 specified condition evaluates to `true`. A `while` statement looks
 as follows:


```js
while (condition)
  statement
```


 If the `condition` becomes `false`,
 `statement` within the loop stops executing and control passes to the
 statement following the loop.

 The condition test occurs *before* `statement` in the loop is
 executed. If the condition returns `true`, `statement` is executed
 and the `condition` is tested again. If the condition returns
 `false`, execution stops, and control is passed to the statement following
 `while`.

 To execute multiple statements, use a block statement (`{ }`) to group
 those statements.

### Example 1

 The following `while` loop iterates as long as `n` is
 less than `3`:


```js
let n = 0;
let x = 0;
while (n < 3) {
  n++;
  x += n;
}
```


 With each iteration, the loop increments `n` and adds that value to
 `x`. Therefore, `x` and `n` take on the following
 values:

* After the first pass: `n` = `1` and `x` =
 `1`
* After the second pass: `n` = `2` and `x` =
 `3`
* After the third pass: `n` = `3` and `x` =
 `6`

 After completing the third pass, the condition `n < 3` is no longer
 `true`, so the loop terminates.

### Example 2

 Avoid infinite loops. Make sure the condition in a loop eventually becomes
 `false`—otherwise, the loop will never terminate! The statements in the
 following `while` loop execute forever because the condition never becomes
 `false`:


```js
// Infinite loops are bad!
while (true) {
  console.log("Hello, world!");
}
```

labeled statement
-----------------

 A `label` provides a statement with an identifier that
 lets you refer to it elsewhere in your program. For example, you can use a label to
 identify a loop, and then use the `break` or `continue` statements
 to indicate whether a program should interrupt the loop or continue its execution.

The syntax of the labeled statement looks like the following:


```js
label:
  statement
```


 The value of `label` may be any JavaScript identifier that is not a
 reserved word. The `statement` that you identify with a label may be
 any statement. For examples of using labeled statements, see the examples of `break` and `continue` below.

break statement
---------------

 Use the `break` statement to terminate a loop,
 `switch`, or in conjunction with a labeled statement.

* When you use `break` without a label, it terminates the innermost
 enclosing `while`, `do-while`, `for`, or
 `switch` immediately and transfers control to the following statement.
* When you use `break` with a label, it terminates the specified labeled
 statement.

The syntax of the `break` statement looks like this:


```js
break;
break label;
```


1. The first form of the syntax terminates the innermost enclosing loop or `switch`.
2. The second form of the syntax terminates the specified enclosing labeled statement.
### Example 1

 The following example iterates through the elements in an array until it finds the
 index of an element whose value is `theValue`:


```js
for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
  if (a[i] === theValue) {
    break;
  }
}
```

### Example 2: Breaking to a label


```js
let x = 0;
let z = 0;
labelCancelLoops: while (true) {
  console.log("Outer loops:", x);
  x += 1;
  z = 1;
  while (true) {
    console.log("Inner loops:", z);
    z += 1;
    if (z === 10 && x === 10) {
      break labelCancelLoops;
    } else if (z === 10) {
      break;
    }
  }
}
```

continue statement
------------------

 The `continue` statement can be used to restart a
 `while`, `do-while`, `for`, or `label`
 statement.

* When you use `continue` without a label, it terminates the current
 iteration of the innermost enclosing `while`, `do-while`, or
 `for` statement and continues execution of the loop with the next
 iteration. In contrast to the `break` statement, `continue` does
 not terminate the execution of the loop entirely. In a `while` loop, it
 jumps back to the condition. In a `for` loop, it jumps to the
 `increment-expression`.
* When you use `continue` with a label, it applies to the looping statement
 identified with that label.

The syntax of the `continue` statement looks like the following:


```js
continue;
continue label;
```

### Example 1

 The following example shows a `while` loop with a `continue`
 statement that executes when the value of `i` is `3`. Thus,
 `n` takes on the values `1`, `3`, `7`, and
 `12`.


```js
let i = 0;
let n = 0;
while (i < 5) {
  i++;
  if (i === 3) {
    continue;
  }
  n += i;
  console.log(n);
}
// Logs:
// 1 3 7 12
```


If you comment out the `continue;`, the loop would run till the end and you would see `1,3,6,10,15`.

### Example 2

 A statement labeled `checkiandj` contains a statement labeled
 `checkj`. If `continue` is encountered, the program
 terminates the current iteration of `checkj` and begins the next
 iteration. Each time `continue` is encountered, `checkj`
 reiterates until its condition returns `false`. When `false` is
 returned, the remainder of the `checkiandj` statement is completed,
 and `checkiandj` reiterates until its condition returns
 `false`. When `false` is returned, the program continues at the
 statement following `checkiandj`.

 If `continue` had a label of `checkiandj`, the program
 would continue at the top of the `checkiandj` statement.


```js
let i = 0;
let j = 10;
checkiandj: while (i < 4) {
  console.log(i);
  i += 1;
  checkj: while (j > 4) {
    console.log(j);
    j -= 1;
    if (j % 2 === 0) {
      continue checkj;
    }
    console.log(j, "is odd.");
  }
  console.log("i =", i);
  console.log("j =", j);
}
```

for...in statement
------------------

 The `for...in` statement iterates a specified
 variable over all the enumerable properties of an object. For each distinct property,
 JavaScript executes the specified statements. A `for...in` statement looks as
 follows:


```js
for (variable in object)
  statement
```

### Example

 The following function takes as its argument an object and the object's name. It then
 iterates over all the object's properties and returns a string that lists the property
 names and their values.


```js
function dumpProps(obj, objName) {
  let result = "";
  for (const i in obj) {
    result += `${objName}.${i} = ${obj[i]}<br>`;
  }
  result += "<hr>";
  return result;
}
```


For an object `car` with properties `make` and `model`, `result` would be:
```

car.make = Ford
car.model = Mustang
```

### Arrays

 Although it may be tempting to use this as a way to iterate over `Array`
 elements, the `for...in` statement will return the name of your user-defined
 properties in addition to the numeric indexes.

 Therefore, it is better to use a traditional `for` loop
 with a numeric index when iterating over arrays, because the `for...in`
 statement iterates over user-defined properties in addition to the array elements, if
 you modify the Array object (such as adding custom properties or methods).

for...of statement
------------------

 The `for...of` statement creates a loop Iterating
 over iterable objects (including
 `Array`, `Map`, `Set`,
 `arguments` object and so on), invoking a custom
 iteration hook with statements to be executed for the value of each distinct property.


```js
for (variable of object)
  statement
```


 The following example shows the difference between a `for...of` loop and a
 `for...in` loop. While `for...in` iterates
 over property names, `for...of` iterates over property values:


```js
const arr = [3, 5, 7];
arr.foo = "hello";

for (const i in arr) {
  console.log(i);
}
// "0" "1" "2" "foo"

for (const i of arr) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs: 3 5 7
```


The `for...of` and `for...in` statements can also be used with destructuring. For example, you can simultaneously loop over the keys and values of an object using `Object.entries()`.


```js
const obj = { foo: 1, bar: 2 };

for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(obj)) {
  console.log(key, val);
}
// "foo" 1
// "bar" 2
```

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