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How Fast Should a Company Grow? Essay Despite numerous calls to concentrate on customer satisfaction or improve work engagement, countless American corporate executives remain obsessed with their companies’ financial growth. Even so, making a profit is the only way the world can tell if a company is doing things correctly. Furthermore, if a company ceases to make money, it may cease operations entirely. Clearly, some businesses lack the financial resources to fully capitalize on available product market growth opportunities. Others do not have opportunities that are commensurate with their financial means. Sources of finance and product-market opportunities influence how quickly a company can grow. To understand how fast a company should grow, a manager must first investigate the relationship between “inflation, capital costs, profitability, growth, and the market value of a company’s common stock” (Fruhan, 2014, para. 4). The profitability of a company depends on two factors: the expected return on equity (ROE) and the cost of capital. If ROE is predicted to surpass the cost of equity capital, more growth will only have a positive impact on the business’s operations and health. On the other hand, if ROE is not expected to exceed the cost of capital, then the company should consider a strategy of rapid negative growth. Insufficient earnings combined with the necessity to do little more than finance inflation-induced revenue growth can be devastating for the firm’s value (Fruhan, 2014). Businesses in this situation should contemplate a rapid slowing growth program if they are unable to increase revenue. However, in order to maintain properly set growth, a company must meet inflation expectations and even surpass the inflation rate. For example, if an inflation rate is 10%, the company must not only maintain its earnings to beat the inflation rate but try to achieve higher results. According to the statistics provided by Dow Jones, between 1965 and 1981, the inflation rate increased dramatically each year (Fruhan, 2014). Therefore, while Treasury bonds yield about 11%, overall long-term inflation expectations equal 10% (Fruhan, 2014). This means that companies must grow fast enough to keep the cost of equity capital for common stock at 19–20%. Hence, a business should grow according to the inflation rate and other indicators. This way, in order to remain lucrative to investors, an organization needs to beware of a long-term inflation rate. While Treasury bonds are predicted to yield 10% annually, companies need to provide a premium of 9–10%, which in the end equals 19–20% growth. If a company cannot meet the expectations of investors and surpass the inflation rate, it is doomed. Moreover, a company needs to check its ROE and the cost of equity capital. When the former surpasses the latter, a company will be able to create ample growth. When a business fails to oversee these two points and grows more rapidly than it can manage, it can do more harm to its financial health. References Fruhan, W. E. (2014). How fast should your company grow? Harvard Business Review. Web.

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How Global Trade Has Enriched Cultures Essay The chapter in question tells the story of how global trade has enriched and changed cultures. During the analyzed period, many wealthy rulers and merchants began to demonstrate their power by acquiring exotic works of art. Ideas and books circulated, and cultural exchange was extremely active. People became more tolerant of diversity and more aware of how diverse the world around them was. Ties between different cultures were strengthened because of the continuing strong globalization. European influence had spread so far that the norms and habits of people from the West were beginning to be considered universal and objective (Adelman et al., 2021, p. 597). The key term of the era becomes the Enlightenment, marking a period of triumph of human reason. People begin to think that they can understand the laws of nature and human behavior. The importance of the chapter lies in its multifaceted analysis of the period, taking into account the contribution of each continent. Among the major events, the book describes is how the three great powers formed a group in West and South Asia. The author describes how the rulers of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties contributed to the cultural development of their countries. The development of China, Japan, the two Americas, the slave states of Africa, and the development of Australia are also narrated. Particular emphasis is placed on how the interaction and mutual influence of different cultures contributed to their overall development. The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries saw a global cultural renaissance brought on by the growth of new wealth (Adelman et al., 2021, p. 595). There was an increase in the consumption of books, and a greater number of previously unseen monuments were formed (Adelman et al., 2021, p. 595). The world has become highly integrated due to the spread of international trade. However, not all countries were willing to change and only agreed to adapt to the new norms. The Islamic and Chinese worlds generally maintained their identities, but America and Oceania could not resist European cultural pressure. Reference Adelman, J., Pollard, E., & Tignor, R. (2021). Worlds together, worlds apart: A history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present. W. W. Norton & Company.

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How Has the Influence of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Changed Over Time? Annotated Bibliography Silke, A. (Ed.). (2019). Routledge handbook of terrorism and counterterrorism . Routledge. The book describes the main acts carried out by the group, as well as its fundamental motives. In that way, the source includes information on the 1978 bank robberies and other violent actions that ultimately led to the Sri Lankan Civil War. Additionally, LTTE’s objective to create an independent and separate state for Sri Lankan Tamils, who the government had previously oppressed, is reviewed. The research source is relevant for investigating the goals of the terrorist group, as well as explaining the establishment of an independent Tamil state. Therefore, it would be helpful for my analysis of LTTE’s emergence process. Thurairajah, T. (2021). Performing nationalism: The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and Sri Lankan Tamil diasporic politics in Switzerland . The Geographical Journal, 188 (1). Web. The themes of Tamil nationalism are explored in the following source. The article highlights ways through which the Sri Lankan minority groups acknowledged their right to an independent state and how such groups shared their ideology beyond their country. The source’s relevancy to the exploration of the group’s ideology is evident, as it explains its impact on the rest of the world. It was useful in the process of defining the concept of Tamil nationalism in my paper. Sauerborn, D. (2017). Political violence revisited: The liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam . Terrorism Revisited , 181-198. Web. This research paper focuses on the leader of LTTE, Velupillai Prabhakaran. Specifically, his role in the establishment and progress of the terrorist group are discussed. Furthermore, the paper also mentions LTTE’s connections to other terror groups. Understanding the leader’s intentions and the organization’s total impact on other groups is relevant for an in-depth investigation of LTTE. Apart from that, I referred to this information while assessing the organization’s failure in attempting to create an independent state. Davies, S. E., & True, J. (2017). When there is no justice: gendered violence and harm in post-conflict Sri Lanka . The International Journal of Human Rights, 21 (9), 1320-1336. Web. While emphasizing the effect of Sri Lankan conflicts on targeted genders and issues of social inequality, the paper reviews the violent and unethical methods of LTTE, including children abduction and blackmail. These crimes are described to highlight the importance of ceasing targeted violence in areas of conflict. While investigating the group’s terroristic features, I was able to include the related child recruitment and violence methods to emphasize their impact. Fazil, M. M., & Fowsar, M. A. M. (2020). The end of Sri Lanka’s civil war and the fall of the liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): A critical analysis of the contributed factors to the defeat of the LTTE . Journal of Politics and Law, 13 (4). Web. The critical analysis provides insight into the ways the organization maintained its resources to battle national security, including financial support and weapon sales. Moreover, the paper explores possible reasons for LTTE’s fall and the factors that had contributed to it significantly. Its perspective on the mentioned topics is relevant for an evaluation of the group’s organizational tactics and possible reasons for their insufficiency. Ultimately, the analysis also aided in understanding the issue from the terroristic group’s perspective. Sarvananthan, M. (2018). ‘Terrorism’ or ‘Liberation’? Towards a distinction: A case study of the armed struggle of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Perspectives on Terrorism, 12 (2), 1-18. The paper aims to distinguish between the definitions of LTTE as either terrorism or liberation-related, providing specific references to its terroristic methods. Armed violence, forced public support, targeting civilians, and illegal recruitment methods contribute to the central argument of the organization being primarily terroristic. The empirical research of the article offers extensive information on the unethical and criminal aspects of LTTE. Hence, this source is useful for reviewing the group as a system based on terrorist approaches. Marks, T. A. (2019). Countering Insurgencies and Violent Extremism in South and South East Asia. Routledge. The book is focused on the main national strategies of battling terrorism, both successful and ineffective. Apart from research on the LTTE, other terroristic organizations are mentioned. Moreover, when explicitly referring to LTTE’s fall and conflict with the government, the source includes information on the cease-fire instances and their consequences. Evidently, the book can be integrated into the concluding section of the paper, in which the aftermath and final stages of the organization’s collapse are to be discussed. Jashmiya, K. (2019). Political, social and economic issues of the rehabilitated ex-combatants in the Sri Lankan Northern Province. American Journal of Social Research , 1. The article summarises the impact of the organization on the lives of its past members and their relatives. The source emphasizes the negative aspects of LTTE’s ex-combatants’ lives, demonstrating the group’s current demoralized state. Hence, the paper’s main ideas and modern perspective are critical in evaluating the organization’s future and possible supporters accurately. By using the arguments from this source I was able to integrate and conclude the previous research findings. Chalk, P. (2021). Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam’s (LTTE) international organization and operations – A preliminary analysis . Intelligence Resource Program (IRP). Web. The source contains vast data on LTTE’s activity, fundraising, publicity, and propaganda. The authors accentuate the organization’s influence in geographical locations such as Northeast and Southeast Asia, Southeastern Europe, and the Middle East. The multiple perspectives help identify LTTE’s current role in international affairs, an essential part of my investigation.

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How Job Applicants Try to Hack Résumé-Reading Software by Pardes Essay The introduction of computer technologies in modern society involves many activities that seemingly do not have a connection with computer technologies themselves, such as the recruiting process. With the rise of corporate culture and the development of a more competitive market of candidates, a detailed candidate selection process required a more straightforward solution than manual filtering. Recently, after assessing the possibilities of wide application of newly developed AI technologies, Human Resource managers started using program software to reduce the workload associated with the selection process. The article by Pardes explores how the candidates learned to manipulate the technology in favor of their own interests. The article starts with an interview with the person who discovered the consistent patterns in the operation of the software’s candidate selection system, Shirin Nilizadeh. According to Pardes, a friend approached Nilizadeh with concerns about her resume. Alizadeh’s friend has come to the conclusion that her resumes do not reach HR managers as they inexplicably seem to lack something. Through a series of enhancements to a collection of random resumes, Nilizadeh defined that using certain words not necessarily associated with required qualifications can increase the candidates’ position in the resume-ranking program. While Nilizadeh’s interest was related to academic purposes, many platforms offer the candidates a chance to improve their resume with all kinds of hacks, such as inserting relevant keywords in invisible font. It turns out that there are many ways for the candidates to increase their chances of to interview, from including the names of prestigious universities to using competitor company names and copying the job description details. Further in the article, the author explains that focusing on efficiency can result in over-dignifying technology. One of the interviewees in the article, Joseph Fuller, suggests that excessive use of artificial intelligence in the recruiting process can create “a high-tech pathway to discrimination” (qtd. in Pardes). Therefore, without knowing the necessary keywords or using the different formulations for the existing skills, a substantial portion of job applicants may never proceed to the next stage of the selection process. According to Julie Schweber’s perspective featured in Pardes’ article, software filters as many as 75% of applicants based on the resume meeting the specific job criteria. The issue is worsened by the fact that third parties offer paid resume enhancement and applicant tracking systems, influencing the labor market competitiveness level by improving the situation for applicants with financial means. Analyzing the information acquired from the article emphasizes the impersonal character of technology. While using technology to optimize organizational processes can benefit productivity, it creates a barrier for individuals with insufficient technological skills. In addition, excessive reliance on technology results in the presence of process weaknesses that can be manipulated for malicious or harmful purposes. Therefore, while the use of technology seemingly increases objectivity in the decision-making process, the potential manipulations can equal the outcomes of nepotism, corruption, and bribery. Lastly, I decided to choose this article because it displays the weaknesses of technological systems and their improper application in modern society. It was interesting to learn about the influence of the nuances between human and machine perceptions in reading the text typed in white color on white paper. Acquiring the additional perspective from the recruiting process can benefit me in identifying potential mistakes and threats in my future career as an IT professional. Work Cited Pardes, Arielle. “How Job Applicants Try to Hack Résumé-Reading Software.” Wired , 2022, Web.

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How Opioid Addiction Affects the United States Essay Summary Today opioids are the most commonly used drug in the United States. For a long time, opiates have been used as effective pain relievers, but their relaxing effects started making people abuse them recreationally. Opioids cause a strong feeling of euphoria, which leads to the risk of using recreational substances. Addicted people have a constant desire to increase the dose, which is a severe medical and social problem. The United States is facing one of the worst drug crises in history. More than half of deaths are associated with prescription opioids: heroin and fentanyl (Coon et al., 2022). The number has risen nationwide amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The crisis has acquired enormous proportions and become a brake on the economy and a threat to national security. Forms of Treatment Available to those Suffering from Opioid Addiction The most effective way to overcome opioid addiction is recognized as “substitution therapy”. This approach involves using a drug with less addictive potential as a legal alternative to heroin and other highly addictive drugs. Three substances are currently approved for substitution therapy: methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone (Volkow et al., 2014). Medications are determined with cautiousness to avoid unwanted psychoactive effects. For example, a significant disadvantage of methadone is its ability to provoke a strong withdrawal syndrome in case of discontinuation of its use. To alleviate the patient’s condition, doctors can resort to additional help with tranquilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and non-opioid analgesics. In addition, doctors widely use symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy (Volkow et al., 2014). In the severe phase of withdrawal, the patient should be under constant medical supervision. Helping a Friend or a Family Member with an Opioid Addiction The most important aspect of the treatment motivation is the family. It is necessary to help a person acquire a sincere desire to battle for life. Rehab centers remain an effective chance for an addicted person to return to a healthy, drug-free life. It uses a unique rehabilitation program that allows one not only to overcome addiction but to return to a healthy lifestyle and realize its value (Brown, 2018). To provide effective motivation, the psychiatrist should learn all the necessary data about the addicted person. It will require the assistance of relatives and friends who can tell about the psychological atmosphere, patients’ habits, interests, and family relationships. References Brown, A. R. (2018). A systematic review of psychosocial interventions in the treatment of opioid addiction. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions . Web. Coon, D., Mitterer, J., & Martini, T. (2022). Introduction to psychology, Gateways to mind and behavior (16th ed.). Cengage. Volkow, N. D., Frieden, T.R., Hyde, P. S., & Cha, S. S. (2014). Medication-assisted therapies – tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. National Library of Medicine. Web.

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How Parents of Color Transcend Nightmare of Racism Essay Introduction The United States has a history of discrimination and inequality toward African Americans. Even after President Abraham Lincoln outlawed enslavement and won the American Civil War in 1965, prejudice toward black people remained engrained in both the northern and southern cultural structures of the United States (Jaffa 260). American subconscious biases endure over time and pervade organizational settings, social systems, individual neural processes, and tendencies of regular contact. The recent nationwide riots against police violence have resulted in a sea change in discourse and views regarding America’s institutional racism. The assassinations of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, Rashard Brooks, and Breonna Taylor, among others, have fueled calls for transformation to the enforcement and justice system (Clark et al. 150). Numerous Black parents and Black-led organizations have advocated for these improvements in neighborhoods across the nation for generations. This essay analyzes some of the actions parents of color may take to realize an end to racial discrimination and violence in the United States. Advocating for Systematic Equality In America, prejudice is a financial, institutional, and social system. That system purposefully marginalizes and alienates Black people while preserving and growing clear and persuasive privileges for white people, resulting in increased possibilities for employment, schooling, accommodation, and inequality in the criminal justice system. To begin healing and moving toward true social equality, racial minorities must confront not only recent injustices but also hurts dating back to the country’s founding. Since the nation’s establishment, segregation has served a significant part in developing the United States educational, health care, property, employment systems, and practically every other aspect of society. Elizabeth reminds Black children throughout her narrative of the evils of racism in America’s history in her narration: These narratives served as a teaching tool for young African-Americans about their physicality and susceptibility. The stories served as introductions to fear and hopelessness. The stories served as the fertile basis for their fury. These narratives taught children that anti-black prejudice and brutality were never far away. They witnessed these infringements numerous times up close and on their smartphones. (Elizabeth 307) For instance, parents of color have demonstrated the abolition of institutional racism along school and district lines in education settings. For example, in Brooklyn, New York, parents from many ethnicities collaborated to abolish talented monitoring initiatives favoring universal courses (Smalls 362). Allies should also advocate for measures that promote equal access to the difficult and advanced curriculum for all kids in their state governments and local education boards. Joining Movements against Racist Violence Black Lives Matter has always been more interested in human rights than civil liberties. BLM has fought for a fundamentally restructuring of civilization in which Black people are not subjected to deliberate marginalization. Nonetheless, the revolution’s quantifiable influence on the constitutional environment cannot be denied. Since 2013, these activists have cumulatively caused major change on a local and national level, including the ouster of prominent fraudulent magistrates (Clark et al. 150). In her text, The Trayvon Generation , Elizabeth enumerates the racist violence against George Floyd as follows: I am unable to breathe again. A knee placed his entire weight on his neck for eight minutes and forty-six seconds. “I’m having trouble breathing,” followed by, “Mama!” George Floyd broke down in tears. “Mama… I’m done!” exclaimed George Floyd. His mother had been deceased for two years when he shouted out for her during his lynching. (Elizabeth 307) In Chicago, organizations such as BYP100 and Assata’s Daughters resulted in Anita Alvarez losing her re-election. She unexpectedly declined to prosecute police officers associated with 68 fatal shootings (Clark et al. 152). The BLM protest’s continuous work on police misconduct contributed to the publication of four groundbreaking US Department of Justice findings confirming rampant police misconduct in Baltimore, Chicago, Ferguson, and Cleveland (Clark et al. 159). Additionally, the revolution’s wider societal significance has been immeasurable. Speaking out against Prejudice and Lending Support to Fellow Black Parents Racism is institutionalized in the finance, schooling, and even commercial sectors. It pervades practically every facet of human interaction in cultures, adversely impacting black people. For example, African-Americans are underrepresented in leadership roles across commercial sectors, face barriers to affordable housing, are numerous in the criminal system, and their medical encounters are markedly different from white and non-black residents (Cain 156). Discrimination and inequality manifest themselves in various ways, from overt exclusionary behaviors to the most covert policies. Voting laws and proficiency exams were documented examples in the United States, which compelled individuals to spend on their right to vote and disqualified those who could not read. This disadvantaged strategy members of low-income neighborhoods. Therefore, parents of color could empower black, indigenous, and people-of-color (BIPOC) to form support communities to share their stories and brainstorm methods to combat racism (Ali et al. 3). In the case of Darnella, who filmed the murder of George Floyd, the event must have been traumatizing, and as such, forums like BICOP would help her heal from the aftermath of the scenario (Elizabeth 310). Elizabeth explains that the incident was dehumanizing and traumatic in her narration as follows: Darnella Frazier, a 17-year-old Minneapolis lady who witnessed George Floyd’s killing in action on May 25th while on her regular jog to the corner store, recorded it on her handset and uploaded it to her Facebook page at 1:46 a.m. with the caption “They executed him straight in front of cup foods over the south on 38th and Chicago!! (Elizabeth 310) Additionally, by employing leadership opportunities for fellow Black community members, they will be providing equitable opportunity and advancement for them. Conclusion In conclusion, subconscious prejudices in the United States have persisted over time and now dominate corporate contexts, institutional arrangements, individual neurological mechanisms, and patterns of regular contact. Recent statewide demonstrations over police brutality have ushered in a tidal transformation in the conversation and perceptions of America’s racial bias. George Floyd’s, Ahmaud Arbery’s, Rayshard Brooks’, and Breonna Taylor’s homicides, among others, have sparked calls for systemic change in police departments and prosecution. Parents of color have eliminated racial inequality in educational settings by overcoming discrimination and racial hatred. For instance, in Brooklyn, New York, parents of various ethnic backgrounds joined to eliminate talented surveillance measures favoring universal education. Additionally, through associating with movements such as the BLM, he has worked for a fundamental reorganization of society in which Black people are not subject to deliberate marginalization. For example, BYP100 and Assata’s Daughters worked to defeat Anita Alvarez’s re-election bid in Chicago. As a result, she surprised many by declining to charge police officers involved in 68 deadly shootings. Nevertheless, the efforts of Black parents have had a demonstrable impact on the administrative and institutional frameworks and cannot be disputed. Works Cited Alexander, Elizabeth. The Trayvon Generation . Columbia University Press, 2021, pp. 307-316. Ali, Hendratta N., et al. “An Actionable Anti-Racism Plan for Geoscience Organizations.” Nature Communications, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-6. Cain, Curtis C. “Beyond the IT Artifact-Studying the Underrepresentation of Black Men and Women in IT.” Journal of Global Information Technology Management, Vol. 24, no. 3, 2021, pp. 157-163. Clark, Amanda D., Prentiss A. Dantzler, and Ashley E. Nickels. “Black Lives Matter: (Re) Framing the Next Wave of Black Liberation.” Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change , Vol. 42, 2018, pp. 145-172. Jaffa, Harry V. “Abraham Lincoln.” American Political Thought . Routledge, 2017, pp. 251-270. Smalls, Krystal A. “Fighting words: Antiblackness and Discursive Violence in an American High School.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, Vol. 28, no. 3, 2018, pp. 356-383.

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How Scientists are Bringing AI Assistants to Life: Critical Analysis Essay Essay The purpose of this essay is to critically analyze an article by James Vlahos, “How Scientists are Bringing AI Assistants to Life.” The author claims artificial intelligence assistants are being brought to life by scientists. The author’s targeted audience includes both developers and users of AIs. The author offers advice to users on how to best interact with virtual assistants. In the same fashion, the author highlights how researchers and developers explore new ways to enhance the efficiency and personable interactions of AIs. Creating an AI with tastes and preferences in art and can share its background story is almost like breathing life into an object. In the development of virtual assistants, the next big challenge is enabling them to communicate and familiarize themselves better with humans, possess more accuracy in predicting human needs, and enhance their performance of complex tasks (Pieraccini 6). Microsoft went big on personality in the development of AI assistants because of how consumers personify technology. AIs are built with character traits that are likable by humans. This characteristic makes users engage more with virtual assistants, enabling the AI to learn more about human interactions. The author posts a strong argument to support his claim that scientists breathe life into an object. Developing an intelligence with a personality the same as a human is an astounding achievement. Creating lifelike personas that make one seamlessly communicate with an AI as a human and the advancement of technology from response generation to speech synthesis is evidence enough to support the author’s opinion. The ability to create lifelike personas for AIs highlights just how close to reality the AIs are. Asked whether she is alive, Alexa, an AI assistant, replied, “I’m not really alive, but I can be lively sometimes.” AI’s do not try to outsmart humans when answering questions, despite their personality traits being just imaginary and almost informal. Work Cited Pieraccini, Roberto. AI Assistants. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series, 2021.

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How Social Responsibility Addresses the Needs of Stockholders Essay Social responsibility entails policies that organizations put in place as part of a company’s governance projected to ensure the corporate’s functions are effective and beneficial to all stakeholders. These guidelines help protect the environment, improve the quality of life for societies, and provide a conducive working environment through recognizing and appreciating talented and hardworking employees. This increases customer loyalty as clients feel they are helping the business support worthy initiatives, thus, enabling more access to funds and allowing more investors to join and support the company. The business rewards employees through meaningful praises, which makes them appreciated. It provides workers a chance to lead by example while giving them the capacity to make decisions without interference, demonstrating that they are trusted and capable (Yang et al., 2019). Additional monetary motivations comprise yearly or semi-yearly bonuses. Additionally, paid time-off and cash prizes help to boost performance while encouraging feelings. The company exercises CSR by adopting a business code of ethics, which shapes workers’ behavior on morals, standards, environment, self-esteem, and customer service. The organization has established dependable systems to protect staff and avoid accidents and injuries (Tamvada, 2020). It also ensures suppliers are aware of and meet the expectations of responsible conduct concerning issues such as affordable costs. For instance, screening dealers to define their past behavior and discuss what the company expects. The only change in CSR that I would suggest is how the organization handles employees’ creativity. I would encourage the company to set a stage for brainstorming, thus, encouraging new ideas and creativity (Tamvada, 2020). Regarding complaints about the company engagement and expenditures, it is evident that the business is striving to improve CSR, and the further it advances in that direction, the more it benefits. For instance, experiencing more brand recognition means increases in sales. Nestle has endeavored to become a socially responsible and environmentally sustainable corporation. Thus, it qualifies for a pass because of its tremendous achievement in empowering communities. It has improved people’s living standards, creating access to hygiene and clean water and motivating populations to live healthy lifestyles. I would recommend the company implement an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) process (Tamvada, 2020). ERM should be applied since it is designed to find possible events that can affect the business. This will also help manage risks and opportunities and develop meaningful assurance concerning company objectives. References Tamvada, M. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and accountability: A new theoretical foundation for regulating CSR. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility , 5 (1). Web. Yang, Y., & Stohl, C. (2019). The (in) congruence of measures of corporate social responsibility performance and stakeholder measures of corporate social responsibility reputation. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management , 27 (2), 969-981. Web.

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How Telehealth Visits Improve Patient Outcomes Research Paper Purpose: The purpose of this evidence brief is to prove that the utilization of registered nurses as primary team members interacting with patients during telehealth visits in an outpatient setting will improve patient outcomes. 1. PIO In the outpatient clinical setting, will the utilization of registered nurses as a primary team member to perform telehealth visits improve patient outcomes? 2. Background: Due to the increasing demand to access care, there is increased demand for telehealth during the pandemic. The issue is to meet the demand. Registered Nurses need to become Primary Team Members to interact with Patients during Telehealth. 3. Objective: The objective of this research is to discover information on how registered nurses can play a role as primary team members during telehealth visits through Evidence-Based Practice to improve patient outcomes. 4. Search for evidence was done in databases CINAHL Plus, Pubmed, ***Search words used were “registered nurse and telehealth”, “ role of the nurse in telehealth,” and*** The selection criteria of articles were English language and peer-reviewed articles. was The specifics of articles used were within the last 10*** years, with a majority of them in the last 5*** years, incorporating all evidence levels, I to VII 5. Summary of research-based evidence: 1. Yliluoma, P., & Palonen, M. (2020). Telenurses’ experiences of interaction with patients and family members: nurse–caller interaction via telephone. 1. Nurses’ capabilities and communication skills, including their ability to listen and be sensitive to their patients, nurses’ control of the interaction to keep it relevant improved telephone interactions with the patients. However, background noises when a caller calls, communication problems such as inadequate communication, callers’ inappropriate behavior, inability to conduct an assessment, callers’ inability to describe the symptoms, issues such as family members providing different information than information provided by callers, technical issues, lack of appointments to accommodate all the callers, and long queues all these make it difficult to have effective interactions (Yliluoma & Palonen 2020). Level V1 2. Mataxen, P. A., & Webb, L. D. (2019). Telehealth nursing: More than just a phone call. 1. The article discusses that Telehealth is not just a phone call, but it is a resource for patients and families and nurses play an important role in providing those services to patients via technology. Nurses are a good resources, and they can provide effective care by using good communication skills and competencies (Mataxen & Webb, 2019). Level V 3. Robeznieks, A. (2021). How to implement telehealth in your practice with equity in mind. 1. Many people are interested in utilizing Telehealth but there are several barriers on both patients’ and clinicians’ sides. Patients lack digital skills and literacy, have no access to the internet, or limited data plan which makes it difficult to have a quality telehealth visit. Similarly, many healthcare settings are unable to provide video-enabled devices to their clinicians, use difficult apps, or have security issues (Robeznieks, 2021). (Expert Reviewed) 4. Javanparast, S., Roeger L., Kwok Y., Reed RL. (2021). The experience of Australian general practice patients at high risk of poor health outcomes with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. 1. This study explored the experiences of telehealth for vulnerable patients in general practice during the pandemic. The significant findings of this study concluded that patients are satisfied with telehealth for its convenience and efficiency. However, patients expressed that this only works if the patient and provider have already developed a relationship prior to the transformation of care. Another finding is that the common use of telehealth is for medication refills, follow-ups and reviewing diagnostic results. (Javaboarast, Kwok, Reed & Roeger, 2021) Level VI 5. Song, Y., Reifsnider, E., Zhao, S., Xie, X., & Chen, H. (2020) A randomized controlled trial of the Effects of a telehealth educational intervention on medication adherence and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. 1. This study is to explore the results of medication adherence rate and disease process on patients with rheumatoid arthritis via customized telehealth education versus patients discharged home with standard care instructions. The telehealth education includes disease process, treatment goals, how to take medication properly and side effects. The results of this study concluded that customized telehealth education after discharge leads to a better medication adherence rate and, therefore, better symptom control and prohibits the progression of the disease. (Chen, Reifsnider, Song, Xie & Zhao, 2020) Level II 6. Asiri, A., AlBishi, S., AlMadani, W., ElMetwally, A., & Househ, M. (2018). The use of telemedicine in surgical care: A systematic review. Acta Informatica Medica, 26 (3), 201. 1. Although telehealth is typically associated with remote care in therapy and related procedures, the paper by Asiri et al. (2018) establishes that telehealth can also be used in a surgical context. Specifically, the authors of the study prove the importance of incorporating telehealth as the device for patient evaluation after the surgery, thus, assessing the efficacy of the surgery and the extent of its success. Moreover, the threat of nosocomial infections and the associated concerns can be avoided with the help of the proposed technique. The study proves the role of telehealth in modern nursing. 7. Ramaswamy, A., Yu, M., Drangsholt, S., Ng, E., Culligan, P. J., Schlegel, P. N., & Hu, J. C. (2020). Patient satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: Retrospective cohort study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22 (9), e20786. 1. The study assesses the extent of telehealth efficacy in the environment of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the results of the study, the range of telehealth applications by APNs has expanded to embrace a variety of patient-specific needs, which has led to a rise in patient satisfaction rates. Compared to in-person visits, the use of telehealth has proven to be much more popular with patients as the tool that allows APNs to establish a rapport with the target population quickly. Moreover, the accuracy of the diagnosis and the opportunity to minimize medical errors when performing the assessment of a patient and to administer the required treatment have been noted as important factors in improving the performance of APNs. 6. Summary of expert evidence from professional organizations, experiences, or experts in the specialty 1. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Institute of Medicine. (2011) 1. In the section “Examples of Redesigned Roles for Nurses”, the Department of Veterans Affairs recreated and extended nurses’ roles in the health care system to collaborate with Advanced Practice Registered Nurses, and the result exceeded its expectation. RNs are assigned to coordinate care and chronic disease management, while APRNs are the primary care providers. The result of this collaboration showed VA patients are getting better care, as evidenced by many quality-of-care indicators in comparison to Medicare patients. (Institute of Medicine, 2011) 2. Jnr, B. A. (2020). Use of telemedicine and virtual care for remote treatment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. 1. Representing an important voice in the community of experts on the subject matter, Jnr (2020) explains in his paper that the role of nurses in promoting the use of telehealth in the healthcare context is vital in fighting the coronavirus pandemic. The study outlines the challenges associated with providing virtual care and offers solutions based on the promotion of nurse-patient communication. In turn, Telehealth is seen as a central tool in assisting nurses in building connections with patients. According to the results of the study, telehealth and other tools for remote healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic has a largely positive effect. 3. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., O’Brien, A. P., & Boyd, L. (2012). Time to clarify–the value of advanced practice nursing roles in health care. 1. The paper by Lowe et al. (2012) details the significance of support and professional performance by advanced practice nurses in the healthcare setting. Specifically, the research illustrates the role of APNs in the healthcare context has been debated quite profusely and shaped significantly over the past decade. However, the authors agree that the role of an APN in the nursing setting should expand to include of patient education and raising awareness. However, the authors also warn that, with the blurring of the lines between nurses’ roles, certain ambiguity about the functions of an APN emerges. Therefore, the study encourages examining the expansion in the range of APNs’ responsibilities and functions, implying that alleviation of the workload may be needed. 4. Woo, B. F. Y., Lee, J. X. Y., & San Tam, W. W. (2017). The impact of the advanced practice nursing role on the quality of care, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and critical care settings: A systematic review. 1. The study shows that APNs have a critical function in the context of modern healthcare. Specifically, APNs contribute substantially to the extent of a patient’s access to critical care by improving the efficacy of communication and precision in service delivery. Furthermore, the study proves that the inclusion of APNs into the critical care context leads to reduced length of hospital stay, as well as an increased rate of patient satisfaction. Promoting innovation in the hospital setting and encouraging autonomy in nurses, APNs contribute to a significant rise in the efficacy of critical care. Thus, the research establishes an important shift in the perception of APNs and their function in the nursing context, transforming their role in critical care toward a more meaningful one. References Asiri, A., AlBishi, S., AlMadani, W., ElMetwally, A., & Househ, M. (2018). The use of telemedicine in surgical care: A systematic review. Acta Informatica Medica, 26 (3), 201. Jnr, B. A. (2020). Use of telemedicine and virtual care for remote treatment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Medical Systems, 44 (7), 1-9. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., O’Brien, A. P., & Boyd, L. (2012). Time to clarify–the value of advanced practice nursing roles in health care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68 (3), 677-685. Ramaswamy, A., Yu, M., Drangsholt, S., Ng, E., Culligan, P. J., Schlegel, P. N., & Hu, J. C. (2020). Patient satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: Retrospective cohort study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22 (9), e20786. Woo, B. F. Y., Lee, J. X. Y., & San Tam, W. W. (2017). The impact of the advanced practice nursing role on the quality of care, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and critical care settings: A systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 15 (1), 1-22.

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How the Eczema Disease Affects Epithelial Tissues Research Paper Epithelial tissues of the body represent the tissues lining the surfaces of skin, digestive organs, and respiratory organs. They can be found anywhere in the body where a barrier is needed to be formed, with things being able to pass across the created barrier. Because of the wide coverage of epithelial tissues in the body, there are many types of diseases affecting the tissue, and it is essential to know them to understand how the disease affects epithelial tissues. At this time, let’s focus on eczema as one of the widespread concerns of epithelial tissue. Put simply, eczema also referred to as atopic dermatitis, is a condition that affects the skin, which is made of epithelial tissue1. It makes the skin red and itchy and can first manifest in people as early as childhood. It is important to note that eczema tends to transform into a chronic condition for many people and can disappear and flare up periodically, often depending on environmental factors. Unfortunately, there is no cure that can help clear eczema entirely and make it never reappear. Although, there are several treatments and self-care activities that can help relieve the itching and redness and prevent new flare-ups on a short-term basis. Examples of good practices for eczema include avoiding harsh soaps, moisturizing the skin on a regular basis, as well as applying medicated creams and different types of ointments. Getting to know the symptoms of atopic dermatitis can help identify the signs early to engage in preventive and management efforts, according to a doctor’s recommendations. While the signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis can vary from one person to another, they typically include dry skin, itching of different extents, especially during the night, the appearance of red to darker-colored patches, usually on the hands, feet, neck, ankles, wrists, as well as inside the knees and elbows’ bends. The skin affected by eczema usually appears thickened, scaly, and cracked, and due to scratching, it can often be raw, swollen, and highly sensitive to different external factors. Also, one may check for signs of small bumps that can leak fluid and crust over when being scratched. When it comes to the age differentiation of eczema, the onset of the disease is often at five years old, with the highest incidence taking place between three and six months, but it can take place at any age. Around 60% of patients develop eczema in the first year of their life, while 90% get it within the first five years1. However, it is notable that atopic dermatitis can happen to people of different ages, although the percentage is much lower than those mentioned for children. The burden of disease can be different depending on its severity as well as the ways of management. However, pain and itchiness of the skin can be quite cumbersome, preventing a person affected by eczema from doing everyday things2. Also, because eczema can often have an unpleasant appearance, some people can be self-conscious about it and get embarrassed, which is quite unfortunate3. Therefore, the problem with eczema is that it can significantly reduce the quality of life and health. Not only is sore and itchy skin annoying, but it also does not perform its protective function effectively, which causes a problem for the overall health of the body. Reference List 1. Kurn H, Daly DT. Histology, Epithelial cell . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Web. 2. Avena-Woods C. Overview of atopic dermatitis. Am J Manag Care . 2017;23(8 Suppl):S115-S123. 3. Mayo Clinic Staff. Atopic dermatitis (eczema) . Mayo Clinic. 2020. Web.

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How the Pandemic Affects the US Healthcare System Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Health Inequities 3. Information and New Technologies 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has been devastating healthcare systems worldwide for more than two years already. Despite heroic efforts by millions of healthcare workers, some of the deeply rooted problems in medical care have become vivid. Moreover, a few issues with the entire US healthcare system have finally become exposed to all members of our society as the virus continues to disrupt millions of lives. It is of major importance to analyze all the weak sides of our current healthcare system and, what is more important, to find the proper means to mitigate the long-lasting crisis. Health Inequities Millions of Americans had to deal with their health issues without much assistance from the state, as the US is the only prosperous country where citizens cannot expect affordable (let alone free) medical care. As COVID-19 threatens every American, scholars can conduct research and describe how the virus affects different communities in detail. According to Okonkwo et al. (2021), poorer communities find themselves in a distinctively terrible position, as poverty, inequality, and discrimination multiply the devastating effect that the illness has on people’s health. Therefore, to truly improve all Americans’ health, the healthcare system should participate more actively in various types of partnerships (including public-private). The focus should shift from solely providing medical care after an individual gets sick to ensuring that all nearby communities have proper life conditions that hinder the chances of getting a disease that is typically associated with poverty and other social problems. Insurance coverage plays a key role in providing the population with guaranteed medical care. It has helped millions of people to feel secure about their own health. Nevertheless, it is crucial to remember that insurances covering a wide range of potential risks are only available to people with a steady high income. Nevertheless, during the pandemic, millions of people have lost their jobs, meaning that they can no longer afford their insurance payments which can often be large. Therefore, for many people, the pandemic has revealed the uncomfortable truth about one’s chances to get both proper and affordable medical care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, US health officials have also started to develop a different approach to the primary objectives of the healthcare system in general. Due to some distinctive features of their history and economic development, some Western countries have established healthcare systems that focus primarily on curing diseases. Dorsett (2020) pinpoints that the government should focus more on general maintaining the population’s health. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, health officials may seriously consider promoting changes in the way the current healthcare system works. Treating medical care as a lucrative business that is fueled by the population’s anxiety and fear is not a sustainable option for one of the wealthiest nations on Earth. Information and New Technologies Information about the new virus has been crucial to find the right means to fight it. The pandemic has clearly indicated that the current way medical data is collected and processed does not allow for the much-needed rapid development of pharmaceuticals for the new disease. Therefore, communities should be allowed to share the large body of information on the virus they accumulate. The acceleration of this data transition is crucial when fighting a new, highly contagious and severe illness. Cooperation between social media, media and other platforms is crucial for developing efficient response strategies. Since COVID-19 is notoriously contagious, millions of Americans do not visit hospitals as often as they used to prior to the pandemic. According to Bhatia et al. (2021), many patients defer medical care they do not consider essential out of fear of contracting COVID-19. Moreover, numerous hospitals and doctors suddenly realized all the benefits of telemedicine. Chunara et al. (2020) underline that telemedicine has become an essential entry point into the process of diagnosis, triage, and treatment in order to allocate hospital capacity and decrease the disease’s spread. Thus, modern technologies have allowed for interactions between physicians and patients without exposing anyone to extra risks. The way medical students study has also changed significantly, as the curriculum, in many cases, is being transferred to continue online. Software developers have created numerous efficient tools that help doctors perform a large number of actions that could have been undertaken only at the hospital not long ago. According to Elkbuli et al. (2020), many advancements have been made to modify smart devices to be used as smart stethoscopes and otoscopes and take high-definition photographs for physician assessment. Nevertheless, it is still of major importance to realize all the limitations of such methods. Conclusion The US budget is not that huge compared to the country’s GDP. Nevertheless, it is easy to notice that the government is not hesitant to spend large sums of money on projects that do not necessarily enhance the living standards of millions of Americans. Therefore, numerous proposals by politicians and activists who have long been pointing at the problem are finally being analyzed. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic may significantly alter the way public funds are allocated in the US. References Bhatia, R. S., Shojania, K. G., & Levinson, W. (2021). Cost of contact: Redesigning healthcare in the age of COVID . BMJ Quality & Safety, 30 (3), 236–239. Web. Chunara, R., Zhao, Y., Chen, J., Lawrence, K., Testa, P. A., Nov, O., & Mann, D. M. (2021). Telemedicine and healthcare disparities: A cohort study in a large healthcare system in New York City during COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 28 (1), 33–41. Web. Dorsett, M. (2020). Point of no return: COVID-19 and the US healthcare system: An emergency physician’s perspective. Science Advances, 6 (26), eabc5354. Web. Elkbuli, A., Ehrlich, H., & McKenney, M. (2020). The effective use of telemedicine to save lives and maintain structure in a healthcare system: Current response to COVID-19. The American journal of emergency medicine, 44 (6), 468–469. Web. Okonkwo, N. E., Aguwa, U. T., Jang, M., Barré, I. A., Page, K. R., Sullivan, P. S., Beyrer, C., & Baral, S. (2021). COVID-19 and the US response: Accelerating health inequities . BMJ evidence-based medicine, 26 (4), 176–179. Web.

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How to Change a Computer Hard Drive Disk Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction Hard disk failure is common among computers and leads to severe damage. The failure results from various causes, including human error, computer hardware failure, malware corruption, media damage, and exposure to heat or water. Changing the HDD before it wears out completely is prudent to protect other hardware and software components (Fernández-Fuentes et al., 2022). While tech-savvies easily replace the HDD, persons with little knowledge of computer hardware find it difficult to replace it. The persons with little knowledge include first-time computer users and those who rarely interact with computer hardware. Novice computer users can follow this instruction guide to effectively change HDD without causing any damage to the computer hardware and software components. These instructions will allow the readers to change the HDD from a faulty computer step by step and switch on the computer to test the new HDD. While changing the HDD seems easy following this instruction guide, the computer user should have basic computer knowledge. The assistance should be sought if the users interact with computer hardware for the first time. Appropriate assistants include computer experts and authorized computer hardware dealers at the place of HDD purchase. Overall Steps HDD can be upgraded in a fully functioning computer or a faulty laptop. To get started, the readers must ensure that their critical data is backed up in a secondary device such as flash disks or cloud-based storage like Google Drive. The computer must be switched off by following the appropriate booting process. After that, the power supply should be disconnected to avoid any instant of electric shock. Proper instructions, as indicated on the HDD guide book should be followed. The users should avoid placing the new HDD near heat or magnetic fields that interfere with the storage mechanism. Before inserting the new HDD remove the existing HDD carefully. The computer should be allowed to boot up upon replacing the HDD. The process takes about fifteen to twenty minutes and should be done in a well-ventilated room at average room temperatures. List of Materials and Tools Needed Before starting the process of changing the HDD, several tools and materials are required. The tools will help avoid static electricity, dust, electric shock, and other hazardous conditions to the computer and the user. Therefore, the user must acquire a list of protective tools before starting the process. The following list of tools is needed when changing the HDD in a computer. * Anti-static mat to shield the users and computer equipment from static electricity discharge * Anti-static vacuum cleaner to cause suction to remove dirt from the computer equipment * Anti-static wristband to be worn on the writs to prevent static electricity build-up. * * Philips-head screwdriver to tighten and drive out screws The readers should also ensure that appropriate materials are available before the process. The following list of materials is needed to get the process started. * A can of compressed air * * A can of refrigerant-based propellant cleaner * A new hard drive disk List of Steps The following steps should be followed when changing HDD, and the readers should remember to disconnect the power supply and carefully read the HDD’s manufacturers’ instructions. Back up data on the existing HDD Backing up of data should be done if the existing HDD still works. You can use an external USB or online using OneDrive or Google Drive. Obtain a full, bootable Operating system copy You should do this step if you replace a primary HDD and are not using a cloning tool. The software can be bought on a DVD or downloaded on a flash drive by creating recovery media. You should decide between an HDD or an SDD (Solid State Drive) Although SDDs are faster and more durable than HDD, they are more expensive. However, the two operate similarly, and you can choose either depending on your budget. Choose the right driver for your computer Different types of computers require different types of HDDs with varying sizes. If you are replacing a laptop’s HDD, you need a 2.5-inch HDD, and if you are replacing a desktop’s HDD, you need a 3.5-inch HDD. Shut down your computer by following the right procedure Following the appropriate computer booting process help protect the data and prevent damage to the existing hardware. Unplug the computer from the power supply upon shutting it down. Ground yourself before opening your computer’s system unit Use the anti-static wrist band while standing on the anti-static mat to avoid improper handling of the electronic components. The tools help avoid damaging the computer by electrostatic discharge. Open the system unit case This step varies depending on the computer being worked on: desktop or laptop. If you are working on a desktop, you need to twist off the screws using the Philips-head screwdriver. Meanwhile, laptops either have special cases with special doors for easy insertion and removal of HDD or need unscrewing of various components and battery removal. Locate HDD in the system unit HDDs are often screwed within a cage in the computer’s system unit. Upon locating the HDD, identify power and data connectors and disconnect them from the HDD. Make sure you have removed all the screws and disconnected the HDD Use the Philips-head screwdriver to remove all the screws attaching the HDD to the system unit. If the computer case does not support the drive, you can use your hand to support the HDD. After that, carefully slide the HDD out of the cage and system unit. Set jumpers on an IDE drive if not using a SATA drive HDDs have diagrams illustrating the jumpers’ location and can set the jumpers. Jumper setting sets the drive as Master, Slave, or Select depending on your choice and the original drive settings. Insert the new HDD into position The insertion should match the original positioning of the old HDD. After that, carefully screw the HDD in, reconnect the power and data cables, and close the system unit. Boot the computer up with the recovery media inserted This step can be skipped if you use cloning software, but the DVD tray should be ejected first if the recovery media is on a DVD. In case of a USB, insert the USB before turning on the computer. The computer automatically boots up into the Operating System (OS) installer to boot up from USB or DVD drives. Follow on-screen instructions to reinstall the OS Upon reinstalling the OS, the computer automatically re-registers the OS. With a fully operational computer, you can restore the backed-up data. The computer is ready to use, and can be run through diagnostic test to identify any error. Remember to keep the old HDD somewhere safe in case you need it for future use. References Amazon. (n.d.). Phillips-Head Screwdriver . Web. ESUS-IT. (n.d.). Hard Disc Drive dedicated for HP server 2.5 . Web. Fernández-Fuentes, X., Pena, T. F., & Cabaleiro, J. C. (2022). Digital forensic analysis methodology for private browsing: Firefox and Chrome on Linux as a case study. Computers & Security . IBM. (n.d.). Hard Disk Drive Jumper Settings . Web. Trustcomputer. (n.d.). Windows 10 Pro 64 Bit System Disc. Web.

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How to Conduct the Dog Training Properly Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Learning Through a Simple Subject 3. Promotion 4. Teaching to Give Away an Item 5. Additional Requirements 6. Conclusion Introduction The dog has been a friend and companion animal for many people over a long period of history. At the same time, it is possible to work with the dog and train it to perform certain actions necessary for the owner. In order to teach a dog to bring a newspaper, when the owner can not do it, the best approaches are through punishment or encouragement. Learning Through a Simple Subject A standard practice with a format in which the dog first needs to bring toys, such as a ball, can be effective for training. In the future, the ball can be replaced with the necessary item being the newspaper. At the same time, for the application of classical conditioning in associative learning, it is important to have an association with rewarding after the execution of the command. Promotion In the process of training, the trainer influences the behavior of the dog and changes it in the desired direction. The behavior of a trained dog is controlled by the trainer, who induces the dog with his signals, including commands and gestures, to perform certain actions. If the necessary commands are fulfilled, the animal is encouraged, in case of disobedience, the animal is punished. In order for the developed skills to be fixed, the pet must be periodically trained. In this case, the trained animal will ideally perform all the actions that a person requires of it. Firstly, it is required to decide what reward the dog will receive if it brings the ball. Few of the ways to encourage the needed behavior are treats for training or pieces of pet food. Secondly, it is important to praise the dog during the training to encourage correct behavior. As soon as the dog learns to bring the item by itself, expecting the trainer to ask to bring or throw it again, it has already begun to understand what the essence of this task is. The trainer does not need to treat the pet if it does not return the ball as this will not reinforce the wanted behavior. Reward and punishment should immediately follow the dog’s actions. The longer the time interval between the positively evaluated actions of the dog and the reward, or between the negatively evaluated actions of the dog and punishment, the longer the reflex is developed, and the more errors occur during training. Once the dog has learned the correct behavior, the trainer can move on to smaller rewards, such as praise, instead of food. At first, a trainer can encourage the dog every time, but gradually, as the dog begins to understand the command, reduce the edible rewards to nothing so that it does not think that the point of the action is to get a treat. In connection with such a habit, behaviorism is formed, which is based on the positive consequences of the actions of the dog. Such minor intervention in behavior allows you to instill in the dog a response to a command or an independent action. Teaching to Give Away an Item Dog training is best to start with general techniques. Due to these techniques, pets develop skills that provide control of their behavior, establish the necessary contact with the trainer, and lay the foundation for special training. In order for the puppy to easily give the item, the trainer should, by pronouncing the command, offer it a treat. Seeing a treat in the hands of a trainer, the puppy immediately gives the item. After that, the return of the rain also reduces to automatic action without additional rewards. The development of the desired skill should at first be carried out in the most comfortable, familiar environment, in the absence of extraneous stimuli. Only gradually, as the skill develops, can the trainer move on to working in a new environment for the dog or in the presence of strong distractions. It should be borne in mind that physical discomfort contributes to the fact that the obedience of the dog may not be absolute. Therefore, for a start, training on the territory of the house is optimal, with a further exit beyond its territory. Additional Requirements Additionally, at the very beginning of the training, it is imperative to understand whether the dog knows its nickname “Skinner”. If necessary, it is also possible to teach a dog a nickname through rewards for the reaction. At the very beginning, for the effectiveness of actions, it is important that the owner accompany and monitor all the actions of the dog. After a certain period of time, when the dog executes the command on its own, it is possible to provide full autonomy. Conclusion In conclusion, the best option for teaching the dog to bring the newspaper is to reward it. A gradual transition is possible from full support of the owner and maximum encouragement to automation of command execution. For the final result without expectation of a reward, it is important that the trainer gradually trains the pet and accustoms it to perform, until the desired result is achieved.

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HP Inc.’s Risk Factors and Financial Performance Indicators Essay With the information contained in the annual report, it could be easier for an investor to make sure that they consider all the essential risk factors and financial performance indicators prior to making any specific decisions. The two primary risk factors that currently affect HP are the Covid-19 pandemic and a heavy reliance on third-party suppliers (HP Inc., 2022). For an investor, risk-related information is going to play an important role due to the changes that are going to affect (a) supply chain operations and (b) materials and products delivery, respectively. Statement on Financial Position Compared to 2020, HP saw total net revenue grow by 12.1% due to increased sales of laptops and supplies. In the 10K Form presented by HP Inc. (2022), it can be found that the gross margin increased by 2.7% as well, being driven by favorable foreign currency impacts and numerous HP employees working from home. The company’s profit margin percentage is equal to 10.24% ($6,503 million profit; $63,487 million total revenue). Based on the current state of affairs in the market, this 10% margin can be considered exceptionally healthy, as smaller companies cannot be expected to perform as nicely during the pandemic. A reasonable debt financing source could be angel investors due to their extensive reach in the market and valuable connections with other stakeholders (Di Pietro, 2021). On the other hand, it could be harder for HP to attain referrals from angel investors and maintain a healthy relationship with them. One possible equity financing source could be stock funding, due to the ability to stay ahead of inflation and increased incomes from dividends and price appreciation (Singh, 2021). Nevertheless, HP could risk losing all of its sourcing and exposing itself to compete against professional and institutional investors. Stock Figure 1. HP Inc. stock price variation: Six-month history. As it is evident from Figure 1, the stock price for HP Inc. started increasing in December 2021. The two main reasons that contributed to the increase were (a) a strong PC market presence and (b) a much more stable operating margin. Those reasons resulted from the pandemic and the need to provide workers from all over the world with reliable hardware. References Di Pietro, F. (2021). The rationale for listing on equity crowdfunding: Actual and expected benefits for companies. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics , 48 (4), 527-549. Google Inc. (2022). HP Inc. stock price . google.com. HP Inc. (2022). Form 10K [PDF]. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Singh, A. (2021). Investigating the dynamic relationship between litigation funding, gold, bitcoin and the stock market: The case of Australia. Economic Modelling , 97 , 45-57.

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Human Consciousness: Mirror Self-Recognition Test Essay The human mind and consciousness present many challenges to researchers, and numerous studies allow them to discover different phenomena, especially in the field of self-awareness. The documentary “Human Consciousness” (2014) from BBC provides viewers with an insight into different experiments which scientists conduct to explore the aspects of the functioning of the human mind. The most notable experiment in the documentary was the mirror self-recognition test, and current research shows that it is highly influenced by sociocultural factors. Despite the fact that the mirror self-recognition test is fairly simple and does not require many resources, it enables researchers to understand the capacity of people to recognize themselves. Essentially, the aim of the mirror self-recognition test is to measure the ability of a child to be aware of themselves. The experiment takes place in accordance with three main stages, which should be strictly followed. The first stage involves letting the child approach a large mirror and spend several minutes looking at their reflection. The next move involves the parent of the child placing a small mark on the child’s cheek close to the mouth where it can be visible. The third stage implies once again placing the child in front of the mirror and allowing them to see the reflection. The child passes the test if they touch the mark, which proves that they are self-aware and can link the image of the mark visible in the reflection to the actual one on their body. The film experiment showed that children start to demonstrate the signs of self-recognition only starting at the age of 18 months. At the same time, as the current research suggests, sociocultural factors also play a major role in the ability of the child to pass the mirror self-recognition test. The study conducted by Cebioğlu & Broesch (2021) explored the cross-cultural aspect involved in the test. The purpose of the study was to establish whether children who were raised in different social and cultural had different passing rates for the mirror self-recognition test. Additionally, the research aimed at discovering whether confounding factors such as motivation had any effect on the ability of the child to pass the test. Specifically, the researchers recruited 57 infants ranging in their age from 18 to 22 months. The infants belonged to two different sociocultural environments, namely, rural Vanuatu, a small archipelago in the South Pacific, and urban Canada. In order to conduct the experiment, the researchers employed a classic form of the test and placed a mark on the face of each participant and then let them look in the mirror. The results of the study were significant and clearly demonstrated that social and cultural factors had a considerable role in the ability of children to pass the test. Specifically, the experiment showed that 68% of the children from the Canadian urban environment passed the test. In the case of the Vanuatu children, only a total of 7% of children participating in the experiment passed the test. Essentially, the results enabled the researchers to understand that the sociocultural environment was predictive of the child’s capacity to demonstrate self-awareness. Moreover, the research also discovered that factors such as the motivation of children to show the mark did not affect the experiment. In other words, self-development was the only factor that affected the ability of the child to pass the test successfully. The mirror self-recognition test demonstrated in the “Human Consciousness” documentary enables researchers to gain insight into human self-awareness. Experiments demonstrate that children younger than 18 months old tend to fail to pass the test. At the same time, the results of the research conducted by Cebioğlu & Broesch indicate that sociocultural factors also have great significance when analyzing children’s ability to recognize themselves. References Cebioğlu, S., & Broesch, T. (2021). Explaining cross-cultural variation in mirror self-recognition: New insights into the ontogeny of objective self-awareness. Developmental Psychology, 57 (5), 625–638. Web. Human consciousness BBC documentary mind science . (2014). Dailymotion. Web.

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Human Dignity in Philosophy and Bioethics Essay According to Kant’s philosophy, the distinction between a person and a thing runs through several basic criteria, largely related to independence and dignity. A thing is only a means to finitude, that is, to any completion, while man contains completion in himself. Man differs in his finitude from the infinity of the world, but he is valuable in himself and cannot be used as a means. This determines autonomy, that is, the independence of a person. Implicit autonomy determines the inner ability of a person to do anything and, accordingly, the ability to distinguish between good and evil. According to Kant, a person, in contrast to a thing, has a moral navigator that is common to everyone. It is because of the opportunity to master the concepts of good and evil and use them morally a person differs from a thing. A person cannot be used as a means and therefore, unlike a thing, has no value. Dignity should be perceived as an innate and inalienable trait of any person, regardless of social institutions, class, and experience. At the same time, dignity is not only an internal concept since it is something that can be given by one person to another, such as respect or favor. This means that the concept of human dignity may not always be strictly intrinsic. Concepts about the transfer or innateness of dignity can have a significant impact on medical practice. A doctor who believes that it is they who give dignity to other people by paying attention to them runs the risk of falling into misconceptions that distort moral representations. At the same time, a physician who professes equal human dignity and believes it is intrinsic is able to respect the patient’s autonomy. However, this, in turn, can create treatment dilemmas if patient autonomy conflicts with the specialist’s professionalism. In any case, a medical worker who professes human dignity as an inalienable value follows key principles of bioethics such as autonomy and justice more closely. By the uselessness of dignity in medical practice, McLean means that talking about criteria for dignity in bioethics only distracts from the primary immediate goal of treatment. Somerville argues in her book that when dialogue in bioethics comes to a general agreement, the term dignity seems useful and relevant. If it is impossible to agree, the concept of dignity is depreciated and becomes useless. However, the idea of dignity can vary and be distorted in such a way that the very dignity of a person will be humiliated; there will be no dignity in a person. There is a constructionist approach to human perception, in which the personality must meet the criteria to be considered truly human. This is the third use case for this concept, in which the misuse of this view becomes really dangerous. A person can be determined by a higher awareness and cognitive ability, which determines the knowledge of their goal on Earth and moral criterion. However, some people with mental disabilities may thus actually not fit the criteria for being human. Consequently, their external dignity will be diminished by those who believe that their internal dignity is worthless. This is a terrible mistake in moral judgment and is very dangerous for medical ethics. Moreover, the question of human dignity arises in the case of embryos and embryos, which significantly complicates the issue of moral responsibility and giving dignity to a person in the case of an abortion procedure. Thus, the external dignity of a person comes from the field of social experience and the attitude of other people to a person, which is most valuable in bioethics and medical practice. The pursuit of dignity in each person can help a doctor make truly valuable ethical decisions and can help other professionals make them.

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Ideological Perspectives in Social Work Essay I trust that people create relationships according to the interactions’ risks and rewards. A person deliberates or unconsciously assesses the risks and benefits of action and chooses the most rewarding activity. Money, love, power, or societal approbation are examples of concrete and intangible rewards and drawbacks (Cox et al., 2021). Since people base relationships on rewards, each member of society tends to demand more gains from a relationship. Individuals are never born good or evil; however, they are influenced to develop certain attributes based on particular demands. Individuals are driven to labor for fundamental necessities such as food and shelter (Cox et al., 2021). Others obtain motivation from personal, cultural, societal, or economic conditions. In this regard, people are not born evil or good but motivated by biological, social, and economic factors. Individuals with quick actions and adaptability use agility to maximize their potential. People may also maximize their potential by adopting a positive attitude toward all events and confronting problems front on (Cox et al., 2021). Contemporary issues such as alienation, poverty, and insecurities significantly influence human relationships. Society must foster equity, cooperation, and respect among cultures and social groups to obtain control and achieve stable relationships. Administrations have an obligation to guarantee economic and social security to the citizens. To guarantee financial stability, the government in socialist ideology sets preparations for equal income distribution among working people (Cox et al., 2021). Other social provisions include free education, retirement benefits, social grants, and accessible healthcare services in allocated cases, such as maternal care. Additionally, states provide and ensure the maintenance of public goods and services such as roads and security. A state’s responsibility is to safeguard its inhabitants against internal and foreign conflicts (Cox et al., 2021). The government safeguards civilians from economic, social, and political attacks through policies and the law. I think states should cushion vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, and youths by providing free services, employment opportunities, and incentives on particular goods and services. The government should also nurture potential talents to help generate income, particularly the youth. The current government has initiated many programs that work for the welfare of civilians countrywide. For instance, the education for all movement has benefited many people regardless of age, gender and ethnicity. Nevertheless, wealthier individuals and localities profit from the system more than the poor and ordinary Americans. Some shortcomings include the health and safety of the average citizen. The government spends significantly on internal and external security, but many neighborhoods live in absolute fear due to violence and insecurity. I think the capitalist economic system is appropriate for the State. However, it needs reforms in the labor force regarding individuals with less competitive skills. For instance, providing alternative sources of employment to vulnerable groups such as the mentally and physically unstable. My ideal State entails equality and democracy in distributing social and economic services to have healthy and happy citizens willing to boost the economy through hard work and devotion. My views are inspired by Josephine Shaw Lowell, a social worker during the 19 th century. Lowell is famous for her charitable activities and reform in social work. She always believed in and promoted equality while helping vulnerable groups. Despite coming from a wealthy family, Lowell saw the challenges and hardships of minority groups and dedicated her life to establishing institutions and reforms in social services. She had a realistic perspective of society where the rich and influential continue to flourish despite the lower citizens’ efforts. Her motivation came from empathy and willingness to sacrifice to improve the poor, sick and mentally disturbed lives through better education, health services, and cleaner prisons. Since government systems were not involved in most aspects of citizens’ welfare at the time, Lowell took it upon herself to make a difference. I would like to follow in the footsteps of creating a better society through social work and state reforms in the field. Sexual orientation, gender, class, and race are significant predictors of social attitudes among populations. These factors may hinder effective community service at institutional and interpersonal levels. Individuals struggling with sexual orientation may have divergent views on social services, such as resolving social interactions (Cox et al., 2021). Race and ethnicity can also challenge fieldwork since most vulnerable groups come from minority ethnic groups and may pose challenges during communication and general interactions. When addressing serious issues affecting their communities, the groups may exhibit xenophobic sentiments and unpleasant conduct (Cox et al., 2021). Discussing personal experiences and thoughts is challenging when people have different perceptions of each other. Nevertheless, social work involves good interpersonal skills, which I possess and will apply. The liberal principle dictating accessibility of quality services and welfare when needed supports social work principles of serving the community efficiently. It empowers the practice by providing global competence and institutional empowerment, which enhances service delivery. Nonetheless, the liberalization of the social work market may impede successful service delivery (Cox et al., 2021). Social workers operate under the ethics of integrity, social justice, and community development among all populations. Creating dominance by selling social work services depicts an economic-centered approach based on self-interest than community development. The liberal perspective discourages client discretion since purchasing services works on the terms and conditions of the buyer (Cox et al., 2021). Thus, making money the primary consideration in social work may hinder service delivery due to clients giving selective information as they are paying for the services. Alternatively, the liberal approach can be a barrier to helping poor communities since they cannot afford the capital. I anticipate meeting challenges while working with the vulnerable community due to the relative lack of resources on either side. Reference Cox, L., Tice, C., & Long, D. (2021). Introduction to social work: An advocacy-based profession (3 rd ed.). Sage Publishing.

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IKEA Company: Marketing Mix Essay The secret of IKEA’s success on the global market lies in its perfect execution of all components of the marketing mix. The company has adapted its strategy to each market with precision, flexibility, and creativity that made its products highly recognized. The ingenuity of its marketing mix proposal can serve as an example for other companies in Europe and worldwide. In this paper, the four components of IKEA’s marketing mix will be discussed. This Swedish company has gained renown for the quality, accessibility, and innovativeness of its products. First of all, the firm’s pricing strategy is focused on affordability, as the structure and logistics of its stores are optimized for a maximum price reduction (O’Neill, 2021). Promotions of this store chain are widespread through all communication channels, ranging from local radio stations to social media accounts made for each region individually. IKEA stays on top of modern advertising strategies and employs influencers to reach younger audiences (O’Neill, 2021). Regarding its locations, IKEA continuously selects places where it will remain accessible for the public while keeping its prices at the lowest. However, the most notable feature of this company is its products. Its home furniture is easy to recognize for its style, modularity, and reusability (O’Neill, 2021). There is a constant stream of new products in IKEA, giving customers a reason to keep visiting it on a regular basis. In conclusion, IKEA’s marketing mix shows how affordable, stylish, and recognizable products are able to capture customers’ hearts and solidify a company’s success for decades to come. There is a piece of furniture for every need and every customer’s taste, as their modularity enables creativity beyond compare. IKEA’s drive to provide its customers with products they desire gave it an immense competitive advantage in Europe and worldwide. Reference O’Neill, M. (2021). IKEA marketing strategy: 7 tactics and takeaways . Brafton. Web.

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Immigrants in “Mexicans in the Making of America” by Neil Foley Essay Neil Foley talks about the role of Mexican Americans in the history of the U.S. in Mexicans in the Making of America. The author gave his view of these events in the first chapter, “The Genesis of Mexican America,” where he presented the history of the appearance of Mexican Americans and the silent conflict between the two countries. The author’s central claim is that the American government created an image of lazy Mexican immigrants who cross the border to murder and sell illicit drugs; this stigmatization affected Mexican Americans, too (Foley 34). However, the truth was that white settlers from the southern states were illegal invaders in Texas in the 1830s because they refused to obey the country’s laws (Imery-Garcia 12). Discrimination against Mexican immigrants and citizens was rooted in the 1846-1848 war and the treaty’s approval, which included Texas and Mexican people living there into the U.S. territory and being denied their rights. It was interesting to learn from this chapter the viewpoint of many people in the United States about Mexico as a country of cruel and uneducated people. Indeed, it points to the erased memory of the Aztec Empire, the abolition of slavery in Mexico much earlier than in the U.S., and the annexation of Texas. The 1846-1848 war between the two countries was an unfair, violent act of the U.S. government towards a weaker neighbor, which suffered economic downfall at that time (Foley 24). The new legislation after the war gave people the choice of returning to Mexico or becoming U.S. citizens with formally equal rights that were not respected in reality (Gutiérrez 5). Therefore, most of them wanted to be viewed as Spanish Americans rather than people of Mexican descent to avoid stigmatization. I agree with the author’s final point that this historical event created not only a political border between two neighbors but caused subsequent misunderstandings in the relationships between the two nations. In summary, the first chapter in Foley’s Mexicans in the Making of America talks about the origin of Mexican Americans. Specifically, it analyzed the role of the war between Mexico and the U.S. for Texas’s territory in the future political climate between these countries. Overall, the annexation of Texas damaged the relations between them, resulting in the negative perception of Mexican immigrant workers and the desire of Mexican Americans to hide their ancestry. Works Cited Foley, Neil. Mexicans in the Making of America . Harvard University Press, 2014. Gutiérrez, Ramón A. “Mexican immigration to the United States.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History , edited by John Butler, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 1-32. Imery-Garcia, Ash. How Mexican Immigrants Made America Home . The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2018.

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Impact of Conflicts in a Group Essay When many people have a chance to interact simultaneously, especially in learning settings, it may easily lead to the occurrence of conflicts and arguments. The talkative or negative members undoubtedly impact the atmosphere within the team (Jacobs et al., 2016). It seems that “the show-off” might negatively influence the moods of all the members, considering that it is easy to get irritated by such a type of behavior (Jacobs et al., 2016). In addition, show-offs’ aim is to impress people around them, especially a group leader, and to do so, they usually opt for talking without a stop or boasting, which distracts other members. It is a common issue in group settings as such members desire to attract attention to themselves as they might be insecure or not confident in themselves. That is why the show-offs tend to answer all the questions, even those that are not directed at them. Moreover, they can attract a leader’s attention by asking irrelevant or off-topic questions. As a matter of fact, non-stop talking may be an obstacle for reaching a productive learning atmosphere as, eventually, people will be irritated and not have acquired any helpful knowledge during the lesson. The constant involvement of the show-offs in the educational process is likely to annoy other members so that they will develop hatred for such type of behavior (Forsyth, 2019). Furthermore, the show-offs can easily prevent the group from reaching the set aim by distracting them through their foolery and over-involvement in the whole process. Overall, such members can harm the group’s productivity and effectiveness in learning as they opt for attracting all the attention to themselves without giving other individuals opportunities to realize their potentials within the settings. References Forsyth, D. R. (2019). Group dynamics (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. Jacobs, E. E., Schimmel, C. J., Masson, R. L. L., & Harvill, R. L. (2016). Group counseling: Strategies and skills (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

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Impact of Intentional Death Problem Case Study The problem of unauthorized termination of life is the source of numerous debates. On the part of religion, this problem has several flaws at once, the most important of which is the commission of a great sin before God, who gives people life. Moreover, the negative consequences of euthanasia are the devaluation of human life, violation of the equality of people before the law, medical duty, and the structure of the doctor-patient relationship. Thus, it can be concluded that the spread of the popularity of euthanasia will lead to a complete loss and restructuring of the system of human values. This paper examines the case study of George, who has fallen ill with a severe illness that will eventually completely deprive him of mobility. Because of the negative emotions that have overtaken and the understanding that the disease is incurable, the man thinks to solve the problem by euthanasia. Hence, using literary sources, a scientific paper analyzes the problem of intentional death and religious considerations. In the modern world, despite the relatively progressive development of medicine, people are faced with diseases that, unfortunately, do not respond to any treatment. In such cases, the blow that the disease inflicts both physically and mentally can be tough to bear. Because of the fear of losing self-care and dignity, people are thinking about euthanasia or, in other words, voluntary suicide. However, this statement contradicts God’s attempts to restore the Christian religion. Thus, this scientific paper explores a thematic study about a man who has lost hope and is thinking about euthanasia. The case study, which is the basis of this research paper, presents the reader with the story of a middle-aged man George. He leads an average lifestyle, works, spends time with his family, and devotes time to his own interests. However, one day a man begins to experience muscle weakness and immunity to muscle coordination. Subsequently, he gets injured, and when he goes to the doctor, he gets a far from satisfactory diagnosis. According to the results of further tests, George is diagnosed with such a severe and terrible disease like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This disease is expressed in the disruption of the nerve cells of the brain, which are responsible for the muscles and spinal cord (Westeneng et al., 2018). The most famous representative of a person with this disease is the great scientist Stephen Hawking (Westeneng et al., 2018). Deviation leads to the complete demobilization of a person, but aspects such as smell, touch, sight, hearing, and taste remain. George was informed that ALS currently has no treatment, and its development can only be suppressed by certain drugs, but scientists have not yet found ways to stop the disease. This news can plunge into deep shock and depression and cause a lot of strong negative emotions and confusion. That is what happened to George, who was terrified of being a wheelchair user and delegating all the responsibilities of fulfilling basic needs to his family members. The idea of becoming dependent and losing control of his own body did not give the man peace of mind, and therefore he began to think about making life easier for his relatives by resorting to such a measure as euthanasia. The problem of using euthanasia is acute in modern society. In the United States of America, this measure has been legalized in nine regions (Hoehner, 2001). The main argument held by supporters of this intentional termination of life is to get rid of prolonged agony to death thanks to the development of medical technologies (Orr, 2001). Despite this, the spread of this method of death can lead to high medical costs for the families of patients, since due to low legalization rate, euthanasia is a costly service. The opposite is the opinion of Christianity, which denies euthanasia. For this faith, the main emphasis is placed on the fact that the near-death period is characterized by love, compassion and reconciliation, and care, which euthanasia deprives a person of. The main problem with regard to euthanasia on the part of the Christian religion is the fact of violation of the law of God. Thus, the Christian doctrine emphasizes that God gives a person life and determines when to take it away. Euthanasia implies that patients decide the date of their death themselves, which is equivalent to one of the main sins of religion – suicide. Despite the fact that euthanasia involves the introduction of a particular drug by a medical specialist and not by a patient, it is the patient who is responsible for the decision taken in this case. Sources also emphasize that “Doctors may help their patients to die a dignified death from natural causes, but they should not kill their patients or help them to kill themselves” (Anderson, 2015, p. 1). Thus, in the eyes of religion, this action is also a sin since it can already be considered as intentional murder, that is, the decision to take someone else’s life. In addition, the scientific literature provides several main reasons not to support euthanasia. One of them is the introduction of risk for the weak and defenseless. Moreover, giving the doctor responsible for taking someone’s life can significantly negatively affect the doctor-patient relationship. In addition, it is also worth emphasizing the violation of relationships within the patient’s family and will violate such fundamental concepts as human dignity and equality before the law (Anderson, 2015). Supporting the Christian point of view, people should not help others to kill themselves but provide the necessary level of care and support to soften and bring calm into the life of the patient. On the one hand, in the light of the Christian narrative, George’s sufferings can be interpreted, as already mentioned, with an emphasis on the sinfulness of the world. This is due to the fact that euthanasia is considered suicide and cannot be justified by religion. On the other hand, the fear of future loss of control over their lives and loss of dignity significantly affect the patient. When considering the emphasis on the hope of resurrection, then the experiences of a man can be interpreted as a desire for a speedy meeting with the almighty. Therefore, George may feel the unwillingness to be in this world as a burden for his family, and in some ways, the motivation of a man can be understood. The Christian worldview highlights human life as the most critical value. When turning to religion, a person becomes fully aware of how sinful thoughts about taking his own life are because this is the prerogative of God. Thus, George’s view of the problem of living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may be changed. To facilitate the patient’s thoughts, shifting his thoughts in a more positive direction is necessary. Hence, it is necessary to show how important he is to his family and how priceless the moments spent with them will be until his death. Further, based on the above, the Christian faith denies the use of euthanasia as it contradicts the central values and considerations of religion. Firstly, the value of a person’s life, which is given to him by the Almighty, is violated (Reese, 2019). Secondly, euthanasia is considered as voluntary suicide, that is, one of the greatest and gravest human sins. Thirdly, the promotion and dissemination of the popularity of this event can destroy the idea that human life is worth living, and people are obliged to support each other’s desire to continue living. Thus, it can be concluded that there are no options for justifying the procedure of intentional termination of life in the Christian worldview. All those factors that were listed earlier contribute to this argument. Based on my worldview, I can say that I consider euthanasia an easy way to solve problems, which is not a positive aspect. Hence, I believe that life cannot be stopped simply by wishing it since the Almighty has prepared a unique path and purpose for each person. However, I cannot be entirely sure of my opinion since I have never encountered situations like George’s from the case study, and I hope that I will never encounter them. Such a statement is since a person’s behavior in a stressful situation can change dramatically, but I hope that I will be able to preserve dignity and reason to make the right decision. References Anderson, R. T. (2015). Always care, never kill: How physician-assisted suicide endangers the weak, corrupts medicine, compromises the family, and violates human dignity and equality. The Heritage Foundation , (3004). Hoehner, P. J. (2001). Death, dying, and grief. Brief Mental Health Interventions for the Family Physician , 267-276. Web. Orr, R.D. (2001). Pain management rather than assisted suicide: The ethical high ground. Pain Medicine, 2 (2), 131-137. Web. Reese, T. (2019). Choosing to die well. Religion News Service . Web. Westeneng, H. J., Al-Chalabi, A., Hardiman, O., Debray, T. P., & van den Berg, L. H. (2018). The life expectancy of Stephen Hawking, according to the ENCALS model. The Lancet Neurology, 17 (8), 662-663. Web.

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Impact of Negative Employee Behavior Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Negative Behaviors 3. The Need to Change 4. Involving Employees 5. Breakeven Analysis 6. Opportunities and Cost Principles 7. Financial Analysis 8. Conclusion 9. Reference Introduction Harmful and unethical behavior violates accepted behavioral norms and has negative consequences for other people. Such behavior and attitude can be changed and corrected, which will affect the efficiency of the work performed in finance and decisions. The description of negative employee behavior and ways to eliminate it, as well as the key elements and the role of financial methods and analyses, will be discussed in the paper. The Negative Behaviors The negative behaviors in the workplace are a highly destructive phenomenon that directly affects the working environment and atmosphere, the team’s mood, and the organization’s financial condition. Moreover, the manifestation of problematic and undesirable manners is potentially offensive and disrespectful for superiors and colleagues. This is not a professional disagreement or a personal conversation but a model of employee behavior that is most likely “toxic” in nature and should be combated. The Need to Change The need to change behavior is since everyone in the organization must follow the corporate culture and respect their colleagues. In order to offer help to a “problem” employee, several main aspects should be taken into account. Thus, it should be said that the employee’s work and contribution to the organization’s development are precious and necessary. It is essential to talk “heart to heart” with honesty and openness, collect feedback, and discuss the most disturbing aspects. Moreover, as the health care organization’s CFO, I should draw up a strategy to eliminate the existing problem based on the information received. For example, to increase the worker’s motivation and positive attitude, I must direct this employee’s efforts to cooperation and teamwork, considering set goals and objectives. Involving Employees If successful in changing the particular worker’s behavior, the rest of the staff will be more motivated and interested in making financial decisions. For example, removing even a tiny number of demotivating obstacles triggers a whole stream of positive energy. Employees will be morally adjusted and united in solving problems; the attitude to work will be based on a more friendly note. If the barriers remain unbreakable, they will stimulate the appearance of negative stories, gossip, and erroneous beliefs. Breakeven Analysis It should be noted that break-even analysis includes the following main elements. Primarily, this “tool” is quite extensive, multifaceted in its essence, and has a wide application (Ali, 2020). Moreover, this analysis accurately predicts when and in what period the investment can pay off (Ali, 2020). In brief, break-even analysis differs from “analogs” in that it shows the number of sales needed to pay back expenses and allows people to assess risks and consequences. Opportunities and Cost Principles There is a close relationship between opportunities and cost principles. This is due to the essence of opportunity costs, determined by the best-missed chance to use resources. In other words, opportunity costs can be defined as the costs of producing one product expressed in the costs of producing another product. As a rule, production costs depend on the subjective opportunities that have to be sacrificed to ensure this production. Financial Analysis The role of financial analysis in solving the problems of healthcare reform is extremely difficult to underestimate and overestimate. As a rule, financial analysis allows one to assess the picture of the situation in medicine and assess the effectiveness and usefulness of specific actions. This method helps answer several questions about the organization’s financial activities at once. Having received the necessary information, a specialist can build particular strategies and tactics essential for solving problems and taking specific measures. The leading indicators of the financial analysis demonstrate the “viability” of a healthcare organization and the main trends in turnover and profit. Conclusion The employee’s harmful, destructive and incorrect behavior is one of the problems that directly affect the team and the healthcare organization’s systems and must be eliminated. Moreover, break-even analysis allows people to predict and anticipate potential risks and losses. Cost principles consist of solutions and opportunities presented, and any loss is a loss due to a missed opportunity. The financial analysis also greatly simplifies the decision-making process, allowing to see broader and more profound. Reference Ali, R. (2020). What is break-even analysis and how to calculate it for your business?. Oracle. Web.

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Impact of Policies on Patient Care and Practitioners’ Professionalism Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Argument 3. Counterargument 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction The healthcare policy framework is a multidimensional phenomenon involving influence on patient care and expertise level among medical practitioners. According to research, different guidelines impact the local and international medical care delivery approach. One country that prominently appreciates the institutionalization of distinct values on people’s welfare is the US. The factor rendered the articulation of critical roles and responsibilities of the various administrative organs contributing to the affordable plan for the residents. Apt coordination among all stakeholders in the strategizing and implementation of the framework fosters a profound trickle-down effect of accrued benefits in the healthcare sector. Argument One significant factor that influences the quality of healthcare provided is the implemented models in various healthcare establishments. The Medicaid model gears the development of organizational culture in the healthcare institution. Therefore, it is essential that healthcare management focuses on developing an efficient model that boosts the quality and importance of healthcare services. The value-based healthcare model is profoundly innovative and fosters the interdisciplinary care delivery system (Halpren-Ruder, 2020). In this case, all stakeholders engage in establishing policies and mechanisms that enhance the care providers’ performance. Ideally, the compensation and rewarding of the healthcare institutions become subject to the performance through the number of patients with reduced cases of re-hospitalization. Primarily, the value-based healthcare delivery system focuses on implementing policies that promote the provision of value and quality healthcare services. In this case, the providers get rewarded due to the increase in the number of new patient cases and a reduced re-hospitalization rate. As much as it benefits the nurses and the management to ensure that the care providers offer quality services, the patients reap the benefit of excellent amenities and effective treatment approaches. In most cases, the efficiency of the treatment involves increasing the participation of all stakeholders and procedures such as home care services and frequent follow-up strategies (Halpren-Ruder, 2020). Therefore, the patients establish a significant relationship with the care providers due to the integrated treatment approach that seeks to reduce the re-hospitalization rate. The public health sector is an institution that significantly impacts human society’s cohesion, growth, and development. In this case, different stakeholders seek to participate in the implementation of the medical policies and their facilitation to boost its standards. The major partakers in the health sector encompass the government, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations (Kokko & Kork, 2021). Nevertheless, the federal, state and local administrations face an array of challenges in their roles in the public sector. The efficiency of the public health system heavily relies on the collaborative efforts between the authority and the private sector in developing and implementing regulations. Ideally, the critical role of the incumbency entails the creation of guidelines that promote the efficient delivery of health services. One of the significant roles of the government involving policy implementation enshrines the facilitation of the development of effective medical-based tools. The establishment of efficient health facilities fosters the effective delivery of emergency services. In 2001, the US administration faced a significant challenge once there was a bioterrorism attack of anthrax through mail delivery services (Van de Goor et al., 2017). The medical facilities, namely the laboratories, faced the problem of managing the flow of sample tests to find the vaccination and cure. On the other hand, the authority encountered a significant hindrance in fostering efficient service delivery due to the protocol policy that all approaches should follow due process. Although the procedure promotes accountability in the decision-making process, it is a phenomenon that slows down the effectiveness and timeliness of the delivery of services. It is the role of the federal, state, and local governments to assess the needs and status of the health institution. Ideally, it is paramount that the administration assesses the health establishments based on their staffing and availability. It is a means of ensuring that the public receives quality health services. Further, the assessment assists in determining the state of the healthcare workers. The level of services depends on the level of motivation of the healthcare workers (Khatoon, 2020). Therefore, it is essential that the government assesses both the health facility status and the workers to assert the standards of healthcare services. The second part of the government is the development of policy. It is one of the roles that the administration faces a significant challenge, especially in integrating the practical and theoretical approach with the guidelines. One of the critical problems in the healthcare framework involves the abound consequences of the implementation of judgmental forecasting. Although the authority focuses on the general issues of policy implementation, it becomes a challenge to incorporate the healthcare workers’ input in the development process (Dash et al., 2019). As a result, the various stakeholders conflict regarding strategies and the relevance to the consequences of decisions made in the field. The final role of the government involves enhancing the assurance to the public concerning the legitimacy of the Medicaid system. In this case, researchers postulate that the healthcare system’s credibility depends on the administration’s investment in assuring the public (Dash et al., 2019). If the executive lags in the implementation process, the community lacks confidence in the public healthcare system and prefers the private sector instead. Therefore, it is essential that the authority significantly fosters assertive measures to the public concerning the credibility of the healthcare system. Counterargument The policy decision is a multifaceted phenomenon that is highly affected by biases in its interpretation and implementation process. Halpern et al. (2020) argue that there are two significant forms of prejudice: technical and issue. Technical bias refers to utilizing the evidence without following scientific principles. The persistent use of subjective arguments disregards the objective facts approved by scientific experiments and baseline. Therefore, the central focus of technical bias ideology entails testing the fidelity of scientific facts. The other form of partisanship is the problem that refers to social values’ influence on the development of certain mythical constructs. Essentially, issue bias focuses on the justification of the social factors in disregarding certain policies, especially the concept of democratic representation. Technical bias is a concept mainly utilized to interpret scientific factors such as health-based issues. In most cases, policymakers use the idea to enhance sustainability and minimize the costs incurred. Nevertheless, it is essential that policymakers appreciate the scientific facts based on the best health initiative due to the necessity of boosting health standards. Objective arguments rely on evidence to ascertain the concepts (Loftus et al., 2020). Over the decades, it has been a phenomenon that has rendered the emergence of issues related to the implementation of policies by health workers in real life. It is vital that policymakers focus on integrating scientific facts with the perceived argumentative constructs to enhance the effectiveness of policy implementation. Issue bias is a concept regarding the dynamic influence of social factors on the development of policies. In most cases, people debate specific ideas based on the value derived from the engagements. With the aim of solving the issue of disagreements, individuals resolve to utilize democracy in the determination of the best alternatives. As a result, objective facts are compromised by the influence of social dynamism (Loftus et al., 2020). In essence, the social factor of justice through numbers alters the impact and significance of objective argumentative constructs. Therefore, issue bias is a significant threat to human society based on the actualization of consumptive social values such as unsustainable practices. Policymakers in the health sector focus on integrating social values and scientific facts to enhance the development of effective healthcare policies. Conclusion In conclusion, effective coordination among stakeholders in the healthcare sector boosts the positive impact of established action plans and shared benefits. In this case, there is a significant interdependent relationship between healthcare policies and the quality of services. On the one hand, the guidelines contribute to structuring medical-based operations and ethical practice among practitioners. On the other hand, the propositions feature biasness during the construct that intensifies the risks of effectiveness on treatment and recovery. The solution to the drawbacks of the development of the frameworks is establishing initiatives that promote all stakeholders’ participation in the implementation process. It is the mandate of the government to engage physicians, the community, and investors in elevating productive-driven strategies in the sector. References Dash, S., Shakyawar, S. K., Sharma, M., & Kaushik, S. (2019). Big data in healthcare: Management, analysis and future prospects . Journal of Big Data , 6 (1), 1-25. Web. Goldenberg, T., Reisner, S. L., Harper, G. W., Gamarel, K. E., & Stephenson, R. (2020). State policies and healthcare use among transgender people in the US . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 59 (2), 247-259. Web. Halpern, S. D., Truog, R. D., & Miller, F. G. (2020). Cognitive bias and public health policy during the COVID-19 pandemic . Jama , 324 (4), 337-338. Web. Halpren-Ruder, D. (2020). E-Health and healthcare quality management: Disruptive opportunities . Rhode Island Medical Journal , 103 (1), 12-15. Web. Khatoon, A. (2020). A blockchain-based smart contract system for healthcare management . Electronics , 9 (1), 94. Web. Kokko, P., & Kork, A. A. (2021). Value-based healthcare logic and their implications for Nordic health policies . Health Services Management Research , 34 (1), 3-12. Web. Loftus, T. J., Tighe, P. J., Filiberto, A. C., Efron, P. A., Brakenridge, S. C., Mohr, A. M., Rashidi, P., Upchurch, G., & Bihorac, A. (2020). Artificial intelligence and surgical decision-making . JAMA Surgery , 155 (2), 148-158. Web. Van de Goor, I., Hämäläinen, R.-M., Syed, A., Juel Lau, C., Sandu, P., Spitters, H., Karlsson, L.E., Dulf, D., Valente, A., Castellani, T., & Aro, A. R. (2017). Determinants of evidence use in public health policymaking: Results from a study across six EU countries . Health Policy, 121 (3), 273-281. Web.

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Impacts of COVID-19 on the Airline Industry Essay The airline industry has been hit particularly hard by Covid 19. The virus outbreak has caused the governments of most countries to implement restrictions on traveling (Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Aviation, 2022). Thus, the regulatory implementations have negatively affected the standard revenue, business practices, and practices of airline companies. First, passengers were less keen to travel due to the testing regulations, limited resources, and the lack of need to travel for work. Another cause was the regulation themselves that implied a reduction in Covid-19 cases through quarantine measures. The low demand has caused the airlines to lose revenue ($372 bn), which was an unprecedented change in the industry (Economic impacts of covid-19 on Civil Aviation, 2021). Flights were being canceled, and employees were laid off due to the challenging situation in which the corporations could not sustain airports with such a low passenger rate. The airline companies have experienced major economic challenges that have been facilitated by all the negative implications of the pandemic on civil aviation. As a result, fewer seats were being offered (-50%), and fewer passengers were able to travel via plane (-2,7 bn) (Economic impacts of covid-19 on Civil Aviation, 2021). The effect was slightly balanced out due to the fact that cargo flights have been less impacted or even increased in rates due to the transportation of medical supplies (Nižetić, 2020, p. 10953). However, as vaccines became available and fewer restrictions were put in place, the situation has changed for the better in 2021. More opportunities have occurred due to the less rigid regulatory implementations, vaccination, and other beneficial factors. As exemplified in the relevant literature, the lost revenue in 2021 was slightly lower ($324 Bn). Even though these figures look dismal, the year 2021 has seen a slight improvement, with the years to come sure to be better and better. References Economic impacts of covid-19 on Civil Aviation . (2021). Web. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Aviation . (2022). Web. Nižetić, S. (2020) ‘Impact of coronavirus ( COVID ‐19) pandemic on Air Transport Mobility, energy, and environment: a case study’, International Journal of Energy Research, 44(13), pp.10953–10961.

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Implementation of Technological Changes in the Company: A Case Study Case Study The offered case study revolves around the change process within the Norwegian hospital X. The central idea was to go paperless and shift towards using the most innovative ways to work with patients, including electronic patient records (EPR) and electronic care plans (ECP). The proposed reconsideration was associated with numerous challenges linked to the nature of new technology and staff experiences and skills. For instance, nurses training to acquire knowledge of how to use new approaches was complicated by the lack of time and the absence of experience. Also, nursing assistants were unfamiliar with paperwork and documents, which was an additional limitation. However, it is possible to admit the positive nature of the outlined change and its possibility to promote positive outcomes. Several reasons from the case can help to prove this statement. First of all, the change can be analyzed using Lewin’s model, implying three major phases. These are unfreezing, change, and refreezing typical for all processes. Thus, Norwegian hospital management followed the model, which served as the basis for positive outcomes. Preliminary meetings with the staff and discussions helped to clarify existing expectations and fears. During this phase, the top management and health workers created a shared vision and agreed to engage in the change process, although there were some factors that could be viewed as barriers to attaining success. Moreover, the benefits of integrating the EPR and ECP were outlined, contributing to the growing interest and motivation to participate in the process. It means that the successful unfreezing phase was one of the success factors influencing the change process in the selected hospital. Another positive aspect of change was the staff’s engagement and readiness to overcome difficulties. Thus, the integration of new technologies was viewed as something inevitable, which helped to establish a positive attitude toward the scope of change. Additionally, regardless of some problems discovered during the reconsideration of the unit’s work, the staff remained optimistic about outcomes and the possibility of achieving the current goals. It means that the organizational culture, values, and philosophy were considered and employed to create the basis for change and support it. At the same time, the case shows that project members and workers supported each other during the most critical moments and were ready to do extra work to ensure the change continues and there are no critical barriers influencing outcomes. Finally, the role of leadership should also be admitted as managers create the basis for change. It was achieved due to the close cooperation with team members and a clear outline of goals along with their benefits. Leaders play a critical role in any change process as they can introduce needed corrections or redistribute resources if any problems occur. For the discussed case, effective leadership helped to correctly address the emerging complexities and unit the staff. The high level of support and cooperation can be viewed as the result of the effective strategy selected by leaders to address the problem and ensure the change process is successful. Altogether, the case shows that regardless of several problems that appeared during the process, the change in Norwegian hospitals can be determined as overall positive. The health workers were motivated to acquire new skills and learn new methods to work with patients and documents.

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Implementation Schedule for Increasing Nurses’ Salary in Diversicare Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction An implementation schedule is an essential aspect of healthcare since it shapes the strategies to be enacted to bring about change. Besides, the implementation schedule is vital in pinpointing all the crucial actions essential for effective plan execution. In healthcare, this being the case, a timeframe should be established for how the organization intends to carry out its strategic initiative (Höglund, 2018). The steps required to complete to ensure success are also documented through the timeframe. With this in consideration, the primary purpose of this paper is to establish an implementation plan for a strategic initiative. The organization being investigated is Diversicare Healthcare, a premier and trusted post-acute care provider. This paper will entail a timeline of the steps that need to be executed by Diversicare Healthcare, the resources required, and finally, how the action plan aligns appropriately with its strategic initiative. Main body The organization’s implementation schedule for the first 60 days is as follows. Period Activities 1. The members responsible for the strategic initiative will convene with other key stakeholders to outline the objectives of implementing the heartfelt connector funding model for the organization. 2. Skilled personnel from different healthcare facility departments will be appointed to form the project oversight committee. Day 1 – 14 3. The project budget will be established, guided by the organization’s finance department. 4. The existing resources that Diversicare Healthcare already has or will have to acquire will be pinpointed to ensure the success of the strategic initiative. 5. Different project goals that must be attained at specific stages will be stated and categorized. 6. The projected timeframe required to complete the project will be approximated. 1. The information will be made public to the Healthcare leadership. This will ensure that the information will be dispensed to the organization’s entire workforce. 2. The project’s marketing strategy will be established and implemented by the appointed members of the project committee. Day 15 – 60 3. Other funding models’ efficacy will be evaluated and compared to the selected connector model. 4. An action plan for the project will be established and implemented. This will ensure that the funding model is a success while reporting any issues to the oversight committee. 5. Additional resources from the organization’s departments will be acquired to ease the completion of the project. After the end of the first sixty days since the commencement of the project, all the staff members of the healthcare facility should be aware of the project. Diversicare Healthcare should have detected and managed any possible internal vulnerability areas. Feedback regarding the operations of the project should also have been collected from the staff members. Besides, the different people within the organization must be trained or made familiar with the new financing model to enhance the organization’s contributions. The following is the project implementation plan for the remaining days of the project’s duration: Period Activities 1. The rollout will get schemed across the various departments of the organization. Day 61 – 90 2. Any initial data analysis of the new Diversicare Healthcare funding model will be assessed and acted upon appropriately. 3. The initial project outcomes will be looked at and compared to the organization’s mission, vision, and goals. 4. Any required changes to the initiative through the information gathered from both the internal and external stakeholders will be assessed and carried out to better the project’s progression. 1. The performance of the project will be well observed through the monitoring tools available. Day 91 – 180 2. Several bi-weekly meetings will be held with the diversicare Healthcare staff to determine whether the new funding model is operational. 3. Final adjustments will be made to enable productive and systematic integration of the new funding system within the whole organization. During the course of its operations, Diversicare Healthcare will provide post-acute care as well as disaster relief and disaster preparedness education. The suggested emotional connection financing model will allow the organization to collect more finances. This money will be used to aid the general public as well as the organization’s employees on a continuing basis. The essential competencies necessary in this situation will include the ability of the organization’s people to develop clear links among volunteers via the planning of special fundraising events, among other things (Svensson, 2017). The resources and capabilities are then linked to the strategic initiative. They are essential for ensuring that the new financing model is successful, taking all of this information into account. It would be difficult for the Red Cross organization to execute the emotional connection financing model if it did not have their support. Conclusion In conclusion, the unique financing approach is consistent with Diversicare Healthcare’s strategic ambitions, including enhancing the organization’s efficiency by a minimum of 5 percent per year for the next five years. If the nurses on the organization’s team are compensated more fairly, they will be more excited about their professions and about providing high-quality service (Rosen, 2018). The team members will strive tirelessly to create an inviting, caring, safe, and professional environment for our customers and one another. References Höglund, L., & Linton, G. (2018). Smart specialization in regional innovation systems: a quadruple helix perspective. R&D Management , 48 (1), 60-72. Svensson, P. G., Hancock, M. G., & Hums, M. A. (2017). Elements of capacity in youth development nonprofits: An exploratory study of urban sport for development and peace organizations. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations , 28 (5), 2053-2080. Rosen, M. A., DiazGranados, D., Dietz, A. S., Benishek, L. E., Thompson, D., Pronovost, P. J., & Weaver, S. J. (2018). Teamwork in healthcare: Key discoveries enabling safer, high-quality care. American Psychologist , 73 (4), 433.

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Implications of Cultural Differences in International Projects Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Research Problem 3. Review of the Literature 4. Article’s Contribution 5. Theoretical Model 6. Data Description 7. Results 8. Conclusion 9. Reference List Introduction The development of international projects is a common activity for modern students and business organizations. However, current research shows that many project managers tend to fail their tasks because of poor awareness of cultural factors that play a crucial role in the establishment of appropriate international relationships. New globalization standards and the involvement of the representatives of different countries within the same missions increase the necessity of focusing on cross-cultural issues. In this critique report, the article “Implications of Cultural Differences in International Projects” by Jewels and Albon will be analyzed in terms of its goals, methods, results, and findings. It is not enough for individuals to understand what steps should be taken to manage a business. Culture is not only a combination of behaviors and values but an interpretation of knowledge and beliefs. The authors admit that the analysis of failures has a significant impact on international IT projects in the Middle East region and around the globe (Jewels and Albon, 2013). Therefore, the chosen article and students’ evaluation of a case study as its research method has a contribution to the field of international business management. Research Problem The creation of a multicultural environment is one of the main achievements of modern society. At the same time, it is a cause of multiple challenges and problems in human relationships. As a result, a number of managers, researchers, and sociologists are involved in continuous studies to find effective solutions and develop recommendations. In the article, the authors used a failed IT project introduced by managers from Taiwan and Australia and asked students to share their opinions (Jewels and Albon, 2013). There were no clearly identified research questions for the study. Jewels and Albon (2013) used a problem of an outside project as their own research problem that had to be thoroughly investigated. They aimed at identifying the conditions under which international IT projects could have high chances for success under the pressure of cultural differences. It was expected to review the effects of culture on business projects and understand how regional differences were accepted by the representatives of several nations. Taiwanese and Australian organizations are characterized by diverse approaches to the business establishment. However, despite their controversies, these two countries strive to cooperate, neglecting the most crucial factor of their work – their cultural background. Relationships with people may be interpreted in a variety of ways, and Jewels and Albon (2013) admit that local students but not project team members should be involved in this discussion to understand the implication of cultural differences. This study has a solid background section and several strong statements about the importance of cultural identity through a pedagogical approach. Still, the lack of variables and the inability to testify if the goals are testable are the evident weaknesses of the chosen work. It is clear that an understanding of cultural factors cannot be ignored in any business, but, in this case, the major research goal remains to be generally covered. Review of the Literature A literature review is a substantial part of the study developed by Jewels and Albon. Cultural differences and their impact on human relationships have been studied during the last several decades. Geert Hofstede was one of the first social psychologies who made appropriate attempts to understand the culture and its impact on society. The decision of Jewels and Albon (2013) to use Hofstede’s works as a background for their study turned out to be a positive contribution to the outcomes. His articles are comprehensive primary sources about the dimensions that could characterize society from the point of view of its cultural differences (collectivism vs. individualism, masculinity vs. femininity, or universalism vs. particularism). In the article under analysis, attention was also paid to the distinctive features of the Arab culture. Primary studies by Griefat and Katriel about musayara, Sitaram and Codgel about individuality in Western cultures, and Levine about direct and indirect communication styles served as a framework (as cited in Jewels and Albon, 2013). Arab behaviors differ from many other nations because of the possibility to combine modern achievements and respect for history and traditions. Therefore, the idea to compare monochromic and polychromic time investigated by Hall in the 1980s and the 2000s represented the required rationale for the study about the arrangement of meetings and the role of leaders (as cited in Jewels and Albon, 2013). There were also several primary and secondary sources about the impact of ethnocentrism and understanding cultural diversity as positive and negative elements in project management. Finally, to prepare the reader for the research process itself, it was necessary to clarify what determined the success of any business project. Using the articles by Schwalbe, Gido, and Clements, Jewels and Albon (2013) specified the importance of communication and sharing knowledge. Some cultures do not support the idea of open and free communication and tie their working relationships with a variety of norms and standards, while other nations prefer detailed and informative discussions. In general, regarding the existing variety of information about the culture and its connection to the business, the review of literature chosen by Jewels and Albon is comprehensive and relevant. Article’s Contribution The contribution of any study is the possibility of creating the material that attracts the reader’s attention and shares a new perspective for the field. In this case, Jewels and Albon (2013) were interested in identifying cultural factors that could help manage the business successfully. At first sight, the chosen topic seems to be not new and frequently discussed within other studies and articles, either peer-reviewed or from local magazines. However, its feature is the choice of a failed case study for the analysis. Besides, the authors took the project of such cultural giants as Taiwan and Australia and implemented their problems in the context of the Arab business. Another important aspect of the study was the choice of participants. Jewels and Albon (2013) explained that they could use a team of managers to analyze a case study and identify its shortages from a professional point of view. However, the involvement of students allowed following a pedagogical approach and applying various theories in an undetached environment, where no prejudice and real-life experiences were observed. Despite the existing segregation of genders in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it was important to divide male and female opinions. The two segregated groups of students were not biased by behavioral patterns and focused on the cultural differences and challenges. UAE business projects could be under the impact of many factors, and the reader has to recognize the most crucial aspects. To facilitate the analysis of the findings, Jewels and Albon (2013) used a table with a brief summary of factors that were identified in the Arab culture and applied to international business affairs. As a result, it was not difficult for the reader to find a list of cultural issues in international projects and learn the main characteristics. More detailed information about these factors was given in the test of the article. Theoretical Model In the current research field, it is normal for authors to omit the section with a theoretical framework of a study. In Jewels and Albon’s article (2013), not much attention was paid to the role of theories in the analysis of cultural differences. The necessity to apply theories was mentioned several times in the introduction and discussion sections. For example, Jewels and Albon (2013) mentioned that extended theories and concepts were frequently used in various projects with the purpose of de-contextualization. However, the expected outcome of their project is to identify cultural issues that may affect the project’s success out of the existing theories. Students could address the theories they knew as a part of the education process. As a result, McGregor’s theories X and Y turned out to be the only appropriate means to analyze the management style and the division into hierarchical levels (as cited in Jewels and Albon, 2013). No other signs of theoretical impact were identified while reading the article. Data Description In Jewels and Albon’s article, a case study was used as a research method. The main idea was to present a failed situation at the international level and use it as a teaching resource for students. Relying on their theoretical knowledge and personal critical thinking skills, students participated in the discussion about the offered IT project. Cultural perceptions were obtained from a real-life event and helped students analyze their own cultural preferences throughout the study. In a period of six weeks, students were asked to answer the questions about the case. Their answers served as the data for analysis and were introduced in two data sets of written narrative discussions (Jewels and Albon, 2013). In general, a two-year education period included four courses for 100 university students (two male and two female cohorts, separately). About 60% of responses were considered as usable for the study (Jewels and Albon, 2013). Students were involved on a voluntary basis, and their replies were based on their personal knowledge and interpretations. The evaluation of data was developed by means of content analysis. All responses of students were transcribed, and this information was automatically searched for the use of specific phrases. Jewels and Albon (2013) identified some of them in their article, including “social community,” “collectivist society,” and “use of informal communication”. On the one hand, the choice of these word-combinations was corrected and appropriate for the study. On the other hand, the lack of explanation and clarification about why those particular phrases had to be used became a weakness of the article. A list of cultural factors that could influence the development of an international project was introduced in the table. However, in the offered list, it was hard to understand if the comments were made directly by the participants or interpreted by a research team. Results The results of the study were presented in two sections, focusing on the differences between Taiwan and Australian cultures and the interpretation of the situation within the UAE context. First, the failed case was discussed and compared between the representatives of Taiwan and Australia through the prism of four main issues, the contract, communication, working conditions, and management. The authors successfully admitted that a poor understanding of contract responsibilities was one of the reasons for failure (Jewels and Albon, 2013). The lack of legal examples and explanations created certain limitations in the article. The possibility of dealing with a language barrier was an important aspect of the case study. To use English as the language for communication between the two nations was a successful decision. People’s abilities to interpret cultural differences play an important role in the development of international relationships. In this case study, Arab students not only compared the results of negotiations between Taiwanese and Australian people but also understood how to avoid similar mistakes in their regional business. The results were descriptive and inferential at the same time because, comparing and describing the activities of other people, students found out how to improve their activities and what theories could be of help. The management of projects was never simple, and Jewels and Albon (2013) discussed how to divide responsibilities and respect cultural differences. Modern society strives to be collaborative but fails to apply the necessary management tools and techniques. As a result, mistakes, shortages, and failures are observed when they are unexpected. Jewels and Albon (2013) explained why the ten concepts of international business could not be ignored, focusing on open communication and misunderstanding avoidance. There are many ways of how to avoid conflicts, and the results obtained in this study, even without specific tests and probability levels, make contributions to qualitative and quantitative comprehension of the material. Conclusion To conclude, both benefits and shortages of the study should be mentioned. The work of the authors may serve as a solid background for new research due to the offered cultural factors in international business. The opinions of local students proved that people respect their culture and identify the differences with other nations. At the same time, the lack of analysis (more attention was paid to the description of cultural factors) and the explanation of how the items were chosen weaken the article. The choice of three different nations helped recognize how culture influences the establishment of business relationships and gave more reasons to focus on the connection between the field of project management and cultural identity. Reference List Jewels, T. and Albon, R. (2013) ‘Implications of cultural differences in international projects’, International Journal of Information Technology Project Management , 4(1), pp. 58-71.

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Importance of Development of the Cellphone Essay This fact might be surprising, however, the survey conducted by the Pew Research Centre (2021) reveals that from 2015 onwards the number of people using cell phones is gradually increasing. More precisely, in 2015 cell phones were used by 95 percent of respondents and in 2021 this number increased by 2 percent (Pew Research Centre, 2021). Undoubtedly, the growth is not drastic, but still, it exists. What is even more curious, only 85 percent of respondents use smartphones (Pew Research Centre, 2021). Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that cell phones are leftovers from a long time ago. Instead, people still need them, and the company is capable of presenting a cellphone of good quality and reasonable price. Cell phones are commonly used in companies as a means of communication between employees. The problem is that since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, many organizations transfer a significant share of employees to remote work. People who work from home are more likely to use personal smartphones and messengers to communicate with colleagues. From another point of view, the situation is gradually going back to normal and the shift of employees to remote work could be considered a temporary threat to our idea. To make the product more competitive, it is necessary to focus on its technical characteristics. Since 2019, American companies have widely introduced 5G smartphones (Gallagher & DeVine, 2019). 5G devices transmit signals 10 times faster in comparison with 4G ones. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate this 5G technology into our new cellphone. To check whether there will be demand for our newly developed cell phones, we should survey potential consumers. The questionnaire will contain characteristics of the companys and competitors cell phones. The respondents are required to choose between the proposed options. The company targets both organizations and individual consumers. One of the most effective ways to reach this audience is to employ paid advertising in media (Silva et al., 2020). This method would help to increase the traffic on MMs website and, hence, promote the cellphone. One example of paid advertising is advertisings on websites and in search engines. As for social media, the company should prefer putting ads on Facebook and Twitter, because Instagram and YouTube are less popular among the target audience who are working adults and business owners. One of the components of business analysis is to determine the objectives of the company. The critical goal of our company is to develop a cellphone with better technical characteristics and a more affordable price to be competitive in the market of communication devices Another component of business analysis refers to determining the stakeholder of a business. The stakeholders of MM are consumers of the cellphone, mobile network operators, MMs employees, and the search engine through which the new product is advertised. Other important stakeholders are the partners and vendors who produce components of cell phones. First of all, the company is known for producing devices of high quality. In the case of the new cellphone, it strives to maximize the quality and minimize price as much as possible. The company, in contrast to other giants in this sphere such as Apple or Samsung, does not want to drive up the price just because of its brand. The target consumers of MM are males and females older than 30 years who live in the US and earn no less than $60,000 per year. The largest share of the target audience is the owners of small, medium, and large businesses. The primary reason for this is that a consumer might find it more comfortable to use a smartphone instead of a cellphone. For this reason, the purpose of the advertising campaign is to explain to the audience the advantages of cell phones and persuade it to use cell phones in the workplace. In the process of product development, it is highly recommended for MM distribute cell phones among a small group of potential consumers and ask them to provide feedback on it. This way, the producer will realize the space for improvement and will gain a better understanding of the audience’s preferences. It could also be efficient to give a batch of cell phones to a small enterprise to see whether the employees will be comfortable with using the product. The commercialization strategy that should be employed by MM to bring the cellphone into the marketplace is licensing the intellectual property rights through at least one licensing agreement. MM could also become a strategic ally of an organization that specializes in manufacturing cellphones components to minimize the cost of production and escape the need to install new equipment. References Gallagher, J. C., & DeVine, M. E. (2019). Fifth-generation (5G) telecommunications technologies: Issues for congress. Congressional Research Service , 1 (30), 1-39. Pew Research Centre (2021). Mobile Fact Sheet. Web. Silva, S. C., Duarte, P. A. O., & Almeida, S. R. (2020). How companies evaluate the ROI of social media marketing programmes: Insights from B2B and B2C. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing , 35 (12), 2097–2110.

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Importance of Ethics in Journalism Essay An article published in Ahram Online provides information about the controversial statements of TV host Ibrahim Eissa regarding the journey of Al-Miraj. El-Sayed Gamal El-Din, the author of the article, first provides a brief overview of the event, followed by reactions from the officials and community, as well as background on past news related to Eissa. Additionally, the article provides information about the upcoming prosecution concerning the statements of the TV host. First of all, it is necessary to evaluate the article in terms of codes of ethics considering ethical news values. In terms of accuracy, the material presents facts, and the author does not present his personal opinion on the issue, which makes the article the most devoid of bias. Most importantly, El-Sayed quotes statements from the TV host and various stakeholders without commentary, which eliminates subjectivity. In terms of confirmation and tenacity, the reporter gives not only statements but also opinions of the community, presents the prospect of prosecution, and also gives background information about Eissa. These factors allow the reader to compose a more comprehensive perception of the event beyond the immediate news. The author also respects diversity, citing the opinions of both official bodies and religious communities for whom this event is important. In terms of dignity and reciprocity, The reporter uses non-emotionally colored vocabulary, which corresponds to the journalistic style. Additionally, El-Sayed tries to provide as much information as possible about the event and the reaction that it caused in the community. This factor also corresponds to the value of community, as it reveals the possible impact of Eissa’s statements on society. However, concerning equity, the article does not seem complete enough, as it focuses more on the reaction to this event. Within the framework of the information provided, it is not entirely clear whether there are supporters of the statements of the TV host or whether the community as a whole reacted negatively to his statements. Accordingly, in this regard, the value of sufficiency is also inadequately addressed since not all information resources are covered. Based on the analysis of codes of ethics, one can also conclude the objectivity and credibility of this material. Objectivity prescribes that all parties affected by the event have an equal right to be covered in the article. However, within the framework of the article by El-Sayed, not enough attention is paid to the opinion of Eissa himself, as well as his possible supporters. This factor can make the article biased, and additional information about the past actions of the TV host can create a negative perception of the protagonist of the story among readers. In terms of credibility, the article meets the requirements of journalistic standards, as it provides information resources and quotes, and does not refer to abstract assumptions. A coherent theory of truth can be applied to this news report as the information presented in it is consistent with other beliefs. El-Sayed celebrates the opinions of the religious community, revealing the common opinion on the event, which makes it acceptable within society. It is necessary to keep in mind that the covered event in the article refers to religious beliefs that are extremely significant for the major part of Egyptian society. This material, therefore, can be considered from the point of view of utilitarianism, which involves reporting events with the goal of the least harm to the largest population. In this situation, the lack of information from possible supporters of the TV host may be a desire to satisfy the interests of the majority of society and not offend their feelings. An article published in the BBC reports that those accused of killing a Black man in Georgia were found guilty of hate crimes. Bailey says the three men who killed 25-year-old Ahmaud Arbery because of his race were convicted of the crime. The author gives an overview of the situation, provides the opinion of both lawyers and prosecutors, and also talks about the significance of the event for the family of the victim. Within the framework of codes of ethics and adherence to ethical news values, this material meets higher requirements than an article in a local publication. First of all, the facts presented are objective and provide complete information about the situation, including the identity and age of the participants, their motives, and the events of the trial. Additionally, the author of the article mentions persons who declined to comment, which corresponds to the principles of accuracy, confirmation, as well as sufficiency. The inclusion of several parties in the report also meets the principles of equity. Even though the story received a wide public outcry and a negative reaction, the author does not forget to cite the opinion and lawyers of the accused to reveal the full picture. However, the most important aspects that make this article more ethically valuable are the additional involvement of the victim’s family and the presentation of their opinions. The reporter notes that she “spent weeks reporting from Georgia on the killing of Ahmaud Arbery and it’s hard to overstate the importance of this guilty verdict for his family” (Bailey). The following is the value of this judgment to the family and community, which adds to the history of tenacity, and respects the values ​​of dignity and reciprocity. Additionally, the reporter notes the value of his work for society and individuals. It is also important that the article is devoted to the murder of a Black citizen and hate crimes, which corresponds to the value of diversity. Regarding the objectivity of this article, it is especially valuable that the reporter shares the opinion of officials and direct participants in the events. In particular, the author provides factual information in the form of facts and official statements. At the same time, the perception of the family is presented as an opinion, which is clearly stated in the material. This approach does not allow readers to form bias but to perceive stories as interconnected. The credibility of the material is also extremely high, as the names of specific persons who comment on this event are given. Additionally, the author uses quotations and notes where and when the cited statements were made. This article can be viewed from the point of view of the correspondence theory of truth. Within this view, the factual and accurate information that is presented to readers is most important. The material of the article is written based on official decisions and statements of the parties involved, which makes it objective and based on facts, not assumptions. Additionally, the report is not subject to different opinions and beliefs. This article is also most consistent with the moral principle school of Stuart Mill, which focuses on the outcome of an event. In this case, the value of the accusation for the family is affirmed as a moral victory that is significant for them. Works Cited Bailey, Chelsea. “Ahmaud Arbery: Jury Finds Killers Guilty on Federal Hate Crimes Charges.” BBC , 2022, Web. El-Sayed, Gamal El-Din. “Egypt’s Prosecution Investigates TV Host for Controversial Remarks on Prophet Muhammad’s ‘Al-Miraj’ Journey.” Ahram Online , 2020, Web.

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Importance of Haptics in Forensics Essay (Critical Writing) The researchers base their conclusion on three well-designed case studies touching on various software applications. The case studies include evaluating bone fractures following traffic accidents, bone injuries caused by a spade, and gunshot wounds on the head, which offer valuable data on enhancing contemporary forensic investigations (Buck et al., 2008). The modeling software and haptic device used for the study boast high precision, low friction, superior fidelity, and output capacity of six degrees of freedom. In the present world, these are top-notch specifications for such discourses. However, replicating the study to verify the findings may prove a challenge due to the high cost of assembling all the specimens and equipment utilized therein (Pinzon et al., 2016). The researchers do well to draw their interpretations and conclusions from the gathered data involving the three separate case studies cited above. The results of the studies indicate that haptic devices can prove very valuable in post-mortem and forensic investigations. In forensic science, the research can be instrumental in enabling investigators to recreate a crime scene (such as gun-holding position) and identify the object used in the crime with enhanced precision and speed. Hagmann et al. (2021) thus note that the use of haptics in forensic science can hasten the criminal justice process and make investigations more reliable. The research is highly innovative as it facilitates the use of technology to recreate crime scenes and enables the user to get the sense of touch often lost during such virtual excursions. Thus, the user can handle and feel 3D digital information, which is significant innovation and improves current technologies. According to Joukal et al. (2015), there may arise controversies surrounding the use of haptics due to fears of corrupting operating systems and online hacking to manipulate investigation findings. Such possibilities may impact the reliability of such devices in criminal justice proceedings. In terms of ethics, the machines make investigations much more expensive to conduct due to costly equipment and training for personnel involved (Fahrni et al., 2019). The costs may hinder the quest for justice in some cases, primarily in low-income areas. Nevertheless, the innovation is evident, and the researchers do well to draw solid conclusions based on their three well-designed case studies. References Buck, U., Naether, S., Braun, M., & Thali, M. J. (2008). Haptics in forensics: the possibilities and advantages in using the haptic device for reconstruction approaches in forensic science. Forensic Science International , 180 (2–3), 86. Fahrni, S., Delémont, O., Campana, L., & Grabherr, S. (2019). An exploratory study toward the contribution of 3D surface scanning for association of an injury with its causing instrument. International Journal of Legal Medicine , 133 (4), 1167–1176. Web. Hagmann, K., Hellings-Kuß, A., Klodmann, J., Richter, R., Stulp, F., & Leidner, D. (2021). A Digital Twin Approach for Contextual Assistance for Surgeons during Surgical Robotics Training. Frontiers in Robotics and AI , 8 , 735566. Web. Joukal, M., & Frišhons, J. (2015). A facial reconstruction and identification technique for seriously devastating head wounds. Forensic Science International , 252 , 82–86. Web. Pinzon, D., Byrns, S., & Zheng, B. (2016). Prevailing Trends in Haptic Feedback Simulation for Minimally Invasive Surgery. Surgical Innovation , 23 (4), 415–421.

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Importance of Healthy Diet for Immunity Essay Imbalances and Excesses Water The amount of food taken was recommendable on the first day, but the nutrients were not well distributed among the types of foods chosen. According to the principles of water should be taken regularly at least eight glasses a day. Water helps flush out harmful substances in the body, keep our bodies hydrated, and help us lose weight (Knight 1). Water is also vital because it aids during digestion and forms part of all the body fluids. Not even a glass of water was included among all the diets chosen for the three days. Proteins The foods containing proteins consumed on the first day are well distributed even though they have high calories. The foods containing proteins on the first day included cheeseburgers, eggs, and yogurt. The sources on the second day, milk and chicken breasts, are also sources of proteins, but they also contain calories. The source of proteins on the third day has the highest amount of calories which is dangerous. Proteins are vital in the diet in that they are the construction blocks of a lifetime; each cell in the human body comprises protein. The basic arrangement of protein is a hindrance of amino acids. One needs protein to help their bodies heal cells and produce new ones. Sources of proteins should not contain large amounts of calories as they are harmful to health. Human bodies store up excess fats when we eat more calories than we use up. If this behavior becomes, frequent one may put on more weight. Adding weight may lead to obesity, which is a source of other health conditions that are harmful to the body. Calories in excess are unhealthy, so the daily diet should contain minimal calories or do more physical exercises so they are broken. Principles of nutrition suggest that to uphold a steady weight, the vigor that is put into people’s bodies must be the same as the one utilized during physical roles and bodily activity (Villegas 30). There are also minimal foods eaten over the two days that are sources of proteins like chicken and yogurt. Potassium Potassium is a mineral required by all of the body’s cells. Since it contains a modest electric charge that activates frequent cell and neuron actions, it is also known as an alkali. Potassium is an organic mineral that might be present in several meals and taken as a supplement. Its principal objective in the blood is to contribute to maintaining steady fluid balance in our cells. Sodium keeps fluid heights stable outside of cells. Potassium also helps in muscular contraction and supports regular heart rates. Vitamins A and E Vitamins are minimal in the diet because their primary sources are fruits and vegetables, which are minimally included in the diet. Another low-supplied mineral in the three da diet is minimal. Vitamins are essential because they are preventive foods. They prevent our bodies from disease b increasing the immune system. Fruits should be included in the diet eaten fifteen minutes before the meal. Taking them before eating ensures that the appetite is boosted. Iron The only meal in the diet that supplies iron is the cereals taken on the second day. Iron is essential for the formation of blood. About 70% of the cell’s Iron is contained in blood, including in blood cells and deoxygenated blood, found in cardiac tissues. Red blood cells are required to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the muscles in your blood. Myoglobin receives, stores, transports, and releases muscle fibers into the atmosphere. About 6% of the body’s Iron is found in proteins required for breathing and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as enzymes associated with the manufacture of keratin and transmitters. Iron is also necessary for healthy immunological activity. All the foods containing calories are energy sources, so energy-giving foods were well supplied throughout the three days. Calories Calories were supplied in excess, and it is advised that the individual increase daily physical activities to ensure that they are used up. All the junk foods contain a high amount of calories. Calories are essential for the body because they are the primary sources of energy, but they should be taken in controlled amounts. Thus, to conduct the basic operations of life, the person’s body requires calories. Zinc Zinc is a vital nutrient in the body, and the body does not naturally manufacture it, so supplement foods are recommended. It is a nutrient found in the body and helps the body’s immune systems and metabolic rate. Zinc is also important for remedying injuries and improving the sagacity of the palate and scent. Through diverse nutrition, the body acquires adequate zinc. Zinc can be acquired from various foods such as chicken, red meat, fortified breakfast, and cereals. Proper Diet Recommendations The nutrition principles require people to avoid canned foods because they are not suitable for their health. Packaged meals are highly damaging to your health since they include a variety of dangerous components. People may want to fill their bodies with delicious healthy grains and fresh foods while avoiding empty carbohydrates and hydrogenated oils. Consume 100 percent whole grains meals such as whole wheat tortillas, whole grain bread, and brown rice to provide the system with more consistent energy. Breakfast is the essential dish of each day, so it is mandatory to have it! Taking the mornings to eat a well-balanced meal will be extremely helpful to your health. A well-balanced breakfast increases your metabolism and gets your day started on the right foot. A poached egg, a cup of milk, whole wheat bread, fresh produce, and a cup of coffee are all excellent options. One feels full and energized the entire morning, and you will not go for harmful snacks like crackers. The principles of nutrition will be used in panning for the other meal. A good breakfast should contain the following whole grains, such as waffles or cold grain whole cereals—lean proteins that include eggs, lean meat, legumes, and groundnuts. Fruits should also be included in the morning meals. Cereal is an intelligent option since studies show that people that eat cereal for breakfast ingest fewer carbohydrates are much less likely to become obese than those who eat other breakfast meals. Cereals, on the other hand, are not all evenly distributed. The rest of the no heavy meals are required when the breakfast is heavy. Supplementary foods rich in calcium, potassium, Iron, and vitamins should be consumed. Sources of Iron comprise; liver, but it is not recommended for expectant mothers, beans like red kidney beans and chickpeas, groundnuts, dehydrated fruits like the apricots, red meat, and finally soybeans flour. Anemia, a condition characterized by low blood in the body, occurs when our diet lacks Iron. Girls who shed a large amount of blood throughout their monthly cycle (heavy menstruation) are more likely to develop anemia and may have to replenish with Iron. Calcium accounts for around 2% of the typical individual’s physique. The teeth and bones contain most of this; the remaining is kept in the muscles or plasma. Calcium is necessary for a robust skeletal system. It is also critical to the health and operation of other physiological mechanisms, such as neurons and physical access. Dairy meals like cream, yogurt, butter, and calcium-fortified products like various tree kinds of milk (for instance, nondairy milk and rice milk) and morning cereal are sources of vitamins and minerals like calcium. Various periods of life necessitate different quantities of calcium: small children, teens, and old ladies all need more than the approximate spend. Although potassium and sodium are closely linked, their actions in physiology are opposed. Both are necessary micronutrients that are important for metabolic equilibrium and have been related to the development of serious illnesses, particularly heart disease. High sodium consumption affects the cardiovascular system, contributing to heart disease, whereas high potassium consumption relaxes veins and arteries and excretes salt while decreasing blood pressure (Oak and Ghugre 129). Sources of potassium include; leaf vegetables, carrots, and lean meat. Beans, groundnuts, fruits like pineapples and kiwis are good sources of potassium. Our bodies do not naturally produce potassium, so individuals must eat foods rich in nutrients. Summary To summarize, we need a healthier diet to uphold a healthy immunological process and prevent sickness. Maintaining a sturdy insusceptible response to defend one’s body is what “maintenance” means. Individuals should consume a varied range of foods and keep proportionate nutrition. The advantages of forming healthy food and lifestyle habits from a young age significantly influences activeness during their adulthood; it also increases individual and community performance. Nutrient education is an essential component of a broader approach to boost food safety and reduce hunger. Nutrition is one of the most significant fundamental animal needs. Consequently, there is no such condition that might result in considerable health difficulties to reserve the rights of consumers. To safeguard customers and test for misuse, a range of scientific approaches have been proposed, which is vital especially for canned food consumers. Works Cited Knight, Kathryn. “Corals’ Throbbing Tentacles Keep Water Flowing to Flush Away Oxygen.” Journal of Experimental Biology , vol. 222, no. 15, 2019, p.1. The Company of Biologists , Web. Oak, Monica G., and Padmini Ghugre. “Consumption of High Sodium Foods, Salt and Fat and its Association with Obesity and Blood Pressure.” Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development , vol 9, no. 2, 2018, p. 129. Diva Enterprises Private Limited , Web. Villegas, Paloma E. “We Must Use Every Legal Means to … Put them Behind Bars, or to Run Them Out of Town”: Assembling Citizenship Deservingness in Toronto. Journal of Critical Race Inquiry , vol. 5, no. 1, 2018, pp. 27-49.

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Importance of Statistical Measures for Healthcare Administrator Essay In every firm, regardless of the industry, the gathered raw data needs organization, summarization, and visualization to turn the data into useful information. Evans and William (2014) show that statistics entails the knowledge associated with data gathering, organization, examination, clarification, and presentation. From a biblical perspective, statistics entails summing up and numbering. In Numbers 1:2, the Lord commanded Moses to, “Take ye the sum of all congregation of the children of Israel, after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the number of their names, every male by their polls” ( King James Bible , 2017). The authors further point out that about Six Sigma, statistical understanding is significant since it helps comprehend possible data trends, patterns, and changes in a specific time (Evans and Williams, 2014). As a healthcare administrator, this knowledge is essential since it will assist in understanding how my organization compares its performance relative to its rivals, business units, and best-in-class benchmarks while acknowledging the association among various metrics. Descriptive statistics represents how data is numerically and visually presented and might include charts, histograms, and frequency distributions in the organization and presentation of information. Database software like Access and Microsoft Excel facilitates how data can be summarized by every employee (Evans and Williams, 2014). As a healthcare administrator, the application of descriptive statics will be essential since it helps in minimizing the overall time required for inpatient admission, treatment, and discharge from the appropriate hospital department. Furthermore, under my administration, the application of such software will allow my subordinates to quickly access patient information on the precise admission and discharge times. That will significantly help my subordinates to control the severity of a patient’s health condition. Further, as Cox et al. (2014) show, by application of the theory of constraints, in tandem with statistical measures understanding, healthcare facilities can also provide patients with the needed care and grow their revenues. As such, under my administration, the employment of statistical measures will be critical. That will be the case since it will enable my facility to afford its patients with on-time appointments, allow for efficiency in the rooming process, and facilitate smooth handoffs. The most significant descriptive statistics and formulas are mean, median, mode, and variance. Denoted by the Greek letter µ, mean is a summary representation of the whole dataset using a single number as the typical value (Kros and Rosenthal, 2016). Also known as the arithmetic average, the mean is also used to measure central tendency (Kros and Rosenthal, 2016). The Median represents the principal value or what is referred to as the 50th percentile (Evans and Williams, 2014). Under my administration, the median value will be the central value when half the data will be below it, and the remaining half value will be above it when the dataset will be arranged. Furthermore, in an odd number observation, my administration will show the median as the middle number of the sorted numbers. An even number observation becomes the mean of the two middle numbers (Evans and Williams, 2014). When using Excel, the median value can be found using the Excel function MEDIAN, which is the data range. The most frequently occurring data is what constitutes the mode. As a healthcare administrator, the significance of the mode value will lie in the understanding that it consists of a relatively small number comprised of unique datasets. In a set of numbers where repeating numbers are few, the practical value of mode is also limited. When using Excel, the function MODE.SNGL or MODE.MULT represents the data range where the mode value can be obtained (Evans and Williams, 2014). Lastly, variance is a dispersion measure that relies on every data, and the larger the variance value, the more widely spread the data, and the more variability can be observed. However, this value cannot be provided using Excel and, as such, can only be calculated manually. References Cox, J. F., III, Robinson, T. M., & Maxwell, M. (2014). Applying the “theory of constraints” to solve your practice’s most vexing problem. Family Practice Management, 21 (5),18-22. Web. Evans, J. R., & William, M. L. (2014). Introduction to Six Sigma & Process Improvement . 2nd ed. Cengage Learning. King James Bible . (2017). King James Bible Online. Web. Kros, J. F., & Rosenthal, D. A. (2016). Statistics for health care management and administration: Working with Excel (3rd ed.) Jossey-Bass.

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Important Aspects of Public Speaking Report A person’s life is impossible without communication with other people. The need to convey one’s thoughts and experiences gave rise to oral, then written speech. To clearly and logically share one’s thoughts with the interlocutor, it is necessary to know the basic rules of speech culture. A person speaking publicly should talk beautifully, build phrases correctly, and establish contact with the audience. Reading from a sheet is always perceived superficially, which is why the speaker must skillfully use both verbal and non-verbal means of language. This work is devoted to body language during the speeches of Martin Luther King “I Have a Dream” and Alicia Garza from the movement “Black Lives Matter.” Both speakers are charismatic and can win the audience’s attention due to their high command of body language. In his public speech, King called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States. In addition, he spoke about equality and fraternity among people of all colors and nationalities. King’s speech contained aspects describing the need for jobs and freedom for the black population (Rare Facts, 2018). In her speech dedicated to the Black Lives Matter movement, Garza also speaks about the importance of equality and tolerance towards the black population (Center for Constitutional Rights, 2015). She argues that racism and racial prejudice have no place in modern civilized society and calls on the audience to fight against any manifestations of racism. These speeches have certain similarities and differences, which are first expressed in the manner of the speaker. The similarities of the speeches lie in the common theme they are dedicated to the fight against racism and inequality towards black people. Both speakers talk about unfair treatment, bias, and the need for tolerance since all people were created equal. King and Garza actively use the optical-kinetic sign system, including gestures and facial expressions (Center for Constitutional Rights, 2015). In addition, both speakers know the techniques of paralinguistics and extralinguistics, that is, the range and tonality of the voice and the inclusion of pauses in speech. Nevertheless, it is not difficult to notice differences in the approach to the performance of King and Garza. King’s voice seems much more staged and saturated with intonations; it flows slowly and then accelerates, becoming more exciting and passionate. During King’s speech, it is difficult to tear eyes away from him and distract oneself with something else since his voice and somewhat imperious manner of speech completely capture and do not let go until the end (Rare Facts, 2018). Garza’s performance seems calmer, and her intonations are balanced, as if she is not trying to convince the audience of her point of view but only stating facts (Center for Constitutional Rights, 2015). In addition, King’s speech is full of metaphors and vivid images and repetitions of the exact phrase, which is also the name of the address itself. All this creates a unique imprint and allows the speaker’s performance to occupy the audience’s thoughts for a long time. It can also be added that the place where the speech was delivered plays a significant role in influencing the audience. King’s speech was delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, which adds to its significance and the necessary atmosphere since this place is one of the most important for Americans (Rare Facts, 2018). Garza’s speech, on the other hand, cannot boast of a particular place of utterance, and therefore does not remain so much in memory, being only one of many speeches on this platform (Center for Constitutional Rights, 2015). Finally, the audience, which is present during the speech, is essential. For the most part, King’s audience, consisting of ordinary black workers, understood well what he was talking about and therefore supported him. Garza’s audience is also well aware of the issues raised in the speech, thereby giving more weight to the speaker’s speech. References Center for Constitutional Rights. (2015). RadTalks: Alicia Garza [Video]. Web. Rare Facts. (2018). I have a dream speech by Martin Luther King.Jr [Video]. Web.

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Important Principles Regarding Leadership Essay (Book Review) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Leadership Theories, Skills and Styles 3. Pros and Cons of the Book 4. Lessons Learned That Are Applicable to A Manager’s Job 5. Critique of the Book 6. Reference Introduction Initially in the book, the two authors set the stage for the ideas early in the first part titled “The Operating Environment.” This is an opening salvo in the text that eventually depends majorly on lessons from Dempsey’s 41 years of Army service. In spite of the great impact of the military profession in the book, the initial sections rather leverage the second author’s younger days to advance both their theories. The theory of the digital echo, which is a term coined by the two authors, is important to the main theme of the text. In the digital era, the phenomenon mentioned above is prevalent and possesses the ability to control how information is conveyed without the knowledge of people. This means that individuals are usually unable to lessen the effects and at times, may resort to extreme measures. Dempsey & Brafman (2018) write about the power of a narrative in a text “In the absence of verifiable truth, competing narratives will vie for allegiance.” They paint the image of the relevance of narratives as well as their role in creating perceptions of firms and people alike. With the stage set, the two writers advance their supposed concept, how the book can aid organizations and companies win in terms of the narrative battle. The release of the book came at a moment when seemingly some military as well as government organizations were attempting to innovate and trying to accomplish more with less effort. They did this while also considering the lowering competition edge in terms military and technological capacity. A top official in the Department of Defense claimed that there was no room for complacency. He also stated that history is clear on the fact that the United States does not have preordained right to victory when battling. The purpose was to reiterate that there was urgency on the matter and everyone needed to contribute something to the defense. As the authors elaborate the power of inclusion stems from three issues, that is, participation, purpose and personalization. Radical inclusion: What the post-9/11 world should have taught us about leadership has discussed participation by giving an example of a story in 2009 about meeting an infantry captain. Central to the encounter was a young officer’s description of the decentralized status of the people they were battling. More essentially was the notion that a single officer was part of surroundings as well as culture where he could participate. Therefore, impact the understanding and training of the military with respect to the enemy. Brafman and Dempsey in their book emphasize on the need of a leader at any level to encourage an environment that embraces participation. This means that they do have to be part of all meetings but can still influence organizational objectives. Both army units as well as large companies share one specific characteristic. This is that they consist of human beings with peculiar and personal beliefs, perspectives, backgrounds and stories. Whether it is Microsoft’s next business move or the National Defense Strategy, the ways to accomplish strategic goals must eventually be conducted by humans. In describing the purpose and personalization, the two authors remind that the key to inclusion is linking the how and the what, along with the why. Leadership Theories, Skills and Styles The book by Brafman and Dempsey highlights various principles regarding leadership. For instance, the first one states that a leader should create memories for the people. The most essential responsibility of leaders is making their people feel that they belong. These opportunities to accomplish this are available and it is important to do so since it makes individuals understand that one cares about them by investing time in them. A leader needs to understand how to make people feel that they belong. This can be in the form of a private word in a hallway, complement during a meeting or inquiring about the wellbeing of the people. The second principle challenges a leader to make things better. Every individual wants to believe that what they do is important. Among the leader’s responsibilities is making sense of issues for his or her followers. The enable others close to them know how their ideas and opinions help in improving the status of an organization. Good leaders do this intentionally while the best do it regularly. It is noteworthy that it both the follower and leader’s responsibility to improve the status of issues. Every person needs to identify that their lives can and should matter. Each has to embrace the notion that they can make a difference which can be in a small or big way. The other principle highlighted by the book is that a leader should relinquish control to build as well as sustain power. Instead of trying to dominate, the authors suggest that a leader learns to surrender control. Rather than grasping at it when they feel that it is getting away from them, they should embrace the evolving nature of power. It is suggested that managers should allow others to have control as long as they are capable, well-trained and part of an organization. The overall objective is increasing efficacy and building a record of success stories within a corporation. Power gives a leader the capability to act whereas order enables predictability in the actions of the team. Preserving the two over time and at a reasonable cost is a great challenge people encounter in the evolving world. Without the former, it is impossible to expect an individual to lead. However, leaders usually use control when it is not necessary and at an unjustifiable cost. Power concentrations cannot persevere in the new environment (Dempsey & Brafman, 2018). Whereas it still remains necessary to have power to be an effective leader, the path to sustainability is not via control anymore. Actual power is identified by the capacity to find the key to solving a particular issue. For instance, in Afghanistan and Iraq, the United States military leaders as well as diplomats learned that to preserve power to convince tribal, political and religious leaders, they needed to be willing to surrender control. Pros and Cons of the Book The various principles highlighted in the book by the authors can be helpful in the leadership of today. For instance, in the political world, individuals will learn how to better treat followers and find ways of solving their problems. An individual voted into a position in the government by citizens of a country, for example, the President, is expected to deliver good for the voters. By using the idea of the authors that a leader should create memories, the person can ensure that the time they serve at the particular position is well spent. This means that after their term is over, they can definitively say that they have changed the lives of individuals who depended on them. The disadvantage of the book, however, is that not everyone can relate to some of the experiences that prompted the writers to come up with the theories on leadership, for instance, military life. Lessons Learned That Are Applicable to A Manager’s Job Among the lessons a person can learn from the book and apply to a manager’s job is that one does not need control to lead others effectively. This is true as most successful individuals have been witnessed delegating roles to various people. When this happens, the other person has been given control and obligation to ensure a certain task is accomplished which lifts some of the weight from the actual supervisor or manager. Another lesson is that a leader should care about the people following them. This can be in the form of making them feel as if they belong. Employees are motivated and perform better when they are assured that they are an important part of a company. Critique of the Book The book by Dempsey and Brafman is educative on the topic of leadership. It offers insights from real life experiences which increases its credibility. It focuses more on what a leader needs to offer others than what they need to receive. The authors have worked well together to highlight some principles that can help a leader. Despite some of the stories not being relatable to many, one can still utilize the knowledge in any career. Reference Dempsey, M., & Brafman, O. (2018). Radical inclusion: What the post-9/11 world should have taught us about leadership . Tom Rath.

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Improving Brand Communication and Packaging Essay Table of Contents 1. 4Ps Analysis 2. Recommendations 3. Current vs. Mock Up 4. References 4Ps Analysis One of the latest HP products that have become popular with consumers; it is the Omen 17 laptop. It is a gaming laptop with an eight-core processor and ample RAM. This model is suitable for consumers of gaming content due to the built-in NVIDIA 3070 graphics card, 720p camera, and microphones (Omen 17 Laptop, 2021). The product meets the needs because its features are great for working with large amounts of information. The laptop is expensive, the price starts at $1,199, but this amount justifies the excellent technical characteristics. The product can be purchased through the official website of HP or on partner sites. The laptop has its page on the Internet: its interface is convenient and intuitive. The bright design and catchy name made an excellent promotion for the product. The company’s target market for the product’s distribution is gamers interested in the high power of their equipment. Recommendations Product packaging can affect how customers feel about the product. A lack of product protection, a dull logo, or a flashy package design can ruin a product’s promotion. For a product like Omen 17, it will be helpful to resort to one of the current and working marketing schemes – extra prize options on the packaging. Since the audience is gamers, HP could offer promotion codes on Stim or Twitch and add cards for getting a prize headset or extended warranty. In addition to incentivizing with prizes, it would be helpful to resort to eco-friendly packaging design. It is worth adding signs stating that cardboard can be recycled and that soft packs can be recycled or turned in at the point of sale (Pancer, McShane & Noseworthy, 2017). It is also helpful to reduce unnecessary packaging elements and minimize plastic parts (Sundar & Kellaris, 2017). Instructions can be printed on the packaging or in an online format: for example, consumers can scan a QR code. Current vs. Mock Up The current HP logo is brief and minimalistic with current trends. The laptop itself has an additional logo – a brightly colored rhombus on which pops up the product’s name, as seen in Figure 1. Figure 1: The Logo of the Omen 17 laptop It is a friendly and interesting design that catches the customer’s attention. However, you can change it according to the recommendations above. Figure 2 is provided for demonstrating new elements that can be added to the packaging. Figure 2: Packaging Elements Mock Up References Omen 17 Laptop. (2021). Omen , Web. Pancer, E., McShane, L., & Noseworthy, T. J. (2017). Isolated environmental cues and product efficacy penalties: The color green and eco-labels. Journal of Business Ethics, 143 (1), 159–177. Sundar, A., & Kellaris, J. J. (2017). How logo colors influence shoppers’ judgments of retailer ethicality: The mediating role of perceived eco-friendliness. Journal of Business Ethics , 146 (3), 685–701.

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In Dreams: Surrealism and the Human Condition Essay The years between 1901 and 2000 provide enough evidence of the Surrealists’ artwork. The contradicting conditions between dreaming and reality are the rationale behind the introduction of surrealism. According to Anirudh (2017), the surrealism movement involved literature and visual arts that made headlines between World War I and two. Surrealists initiated a philosophical and artistic movement that examined the workings of the mind throughout the 20th century. Artists hoped to change people’s lives by striking a balance between a rational understanding of life and one that recognized the unconscious and the power of dreams. To physically show their imaginations, many surrealists now use automatic drawing or writing. In the past, artists used mysticism, ancient cultures, and indigenous art knowledge to connect with their minds. This essay will discuss surrealism, the agenda behind Surrealists’ movements, and how cultures and dreams can be interpreted through artwork. The agenda with Surrealists was to promote mind emancipation as well as artistic expression liberation. Artists intended to show that what a person thinks or what is in the mind can be pulled out through art. Different types of art such as bizarre have been remarkably successful in promoting artwork by trying to express different mind states. Surrealists attempted to tap into the unconscious mindset to reflect the creative potential. Experts who despised rationalism and literary realism and were heavily influenced by psychoanalysis believed that the rational mind stifled the power of the imagination by imposing taboos. The Surrealists’ desire to tap into the unconscious mind, as well as their interests in myth and primitivism, influenced many subsequent surrealism movement groups and styles existing today. The timing of Surrealists’ artwork was efficient because it related to what was happening throughout the century. Max Ernst (1923) used an imbalanced armor figure to show how authority could be overthrown anytime. Ernst’s art was timely because the government at that time was fighting colonization and independence, therefore exposed to security instability. The Persistence of Memory art by Salvador Dali (1931) reveals the soft and hard sides of life. At the time of publishing, Dali showed the need to assess and utilize time wisely as things could rapidly turn around. Surrealism is important today because it allows individuals to do things they haven’t been able to achieve since its inception (Omerovic, 2021). Surrealism was a literary, intellectual, and artistic movement that sought a revolution against the restrictions of the logical mind and was influenced by the writings of psychologists. In conclusion, surrealism sought to transform human experience by rejecting a rational view of reality in favor of one that emphasized the importance of the unconscious and dreams. Surrealists discovered the beauty in the unexpected and the uncanny, the rejected and the unconventional mindsets. Surrealism activists aimed to capture the unconscious state of mind to reflect in paintings. Artists who were influenced by psychoanalysis and detested rationality and literary realism believed that the logical mind limited the power of the imagination by establishing cultural taboos. Surrealism has been one of the most influential and subversive movements of the twentieth century, flourishing in the 1920s and 1930s, while offering room for improvements. Surrealism aimed to gain access to the subconscious mind and convert the stream of thought into art. The art industry has a variety of specializations in which artists chose and major professions, surrealism is one among the specializations. References Anirudh (2017). 10 most famous surrealist paintings. Learnodo-newtonic. Web. Dali, S. (1931). The persistence of memory. Learnodo-newtonic . Web. Ernst, M. (1923). Ubu Imprerator. Web. Omerovic, A. (2021). How did surrealism impact society? . WIKIlivre. Web.

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“In This Strange Labyrinth” by Lady Mary Wroth Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. In this Strange Labyrinth 3. Conclusion 4. Work Cited Introduction Lady Mary Wroth was one of the most distinguished writers of the 16 th century. Born in a time and age where most women were illiterate, she had the benefit of high education, time, and tutors that helped her grow into the writer she became. Her range of literary arts was wide, ranging from drama to love poetry and Romans, with her most famous works being Love’s Victory, Urania, and Amphilanthus. During her life, she gained notoriety for publishing Urania, which depicted the exploits of various nobles in a hidden, fictional form (Rumens). The subjects of love, passion, human connection, and emotion were the primary themes in Lady Wroth’s writing. The purpose of this presentation is to analyze these themes in one of her poems, titled “In this Strange Labyrinth.” In this Strange Labyrinth “In this Strange Labyrinth” is a sonnet written by Lady Mary Wroth. It was revolutionary in the 16 th century to apply the virtue of constancy, which is considered a female virtue, to both partners. Another innovative theme (for the Renaissance era) explored by Lady Wroth was that of the imperfection of human feelings. It is likely that this particular subject was one she experienced closely on a personal level, as her marriage with Sir Robert Wroth was unhappy. The sonnet describes the confusion with one’s own feelings, comparing it to a maze. She describes the struggle akin to that of a woman trapped in the Minotaur’s dungeon. Wroth uses the poem’s title and its relation to the myth, symbolism, and structure to communicate her message about the tortures of love. One of the poem’s clearest struggles is that of choice. The person from whose perspective the poem is told is constantly veering left and right without direction and struggles to find the right way. This symbolizes both a person blinded by passion as well as the struggle of having to make choices. Unlike marriage, which in the 16 th century England was out of the woman’s hands, it was her choice on who to love and experience feelings for. Making such choices was difficult since the tradition back then was for men to make decisions and for women – to obediently follow. Thus, the overarching theme of this poem is the struggle for control of one’s own heart and one’s own fate. The other theme depicted in the poem is that love is not as pure and chaste as one depicts, and it demonstrates a struggle between passionate desire and “Godly thoughts.” Thus, the poem does not only portray women as people with the agency but also challenges the religious view of relationships in general. Conclusion Lady Mary Wroth deserves her enduring legacy. She was brave enough to dare to write about subjects that her peers would have deemed her scandalous. Her stance for female agency in the matters of love and subtle opposition against the puritan views of Christianity were demonstrated in “This Strange Labyrinth.” The struggle between passion and tradition humanizes her story and portrays a deeper connection, possibly rooted in her own struggles. Although much of the underlying social sub-context is inapplicable today, the idea of love being a maze with no obviously wrong or right choices can and will endure the test of time. Work Cited Rumens, Carol. (2019). Poem of the week: From a crown of sonnets dedicated to love by Lady Mary Wroth . The Guardian.

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“In This Strange Labyrinth” by Mary Wroth Essay Lady Mary Lady Mary Wroth was a member of a distinguished literary family during the Renaissance. She was the niece of Mary Herbert, an eminent writer and patron during the 16th century. Mary married Robert Roth, but their marriage was unhappy. In the meantime, Lady Mary began to vent her grief with the help of poetry. Thus, her sonnet In this strange labyrinth represents the author’s throwing about the mysteries that love keeps. The significance of Lady Mary for literature is that she was the first female poet in England to write a complete sequence of sonnets called from Pamphilia to Amphilanthus. “In this strange Labyrinth how shall I turn/Ways are on all sides” The image of one who is lost in the labyrinth of love and is desperately looking for a way out is common in the sonnets of the Renaissance. In many gardens at this time there were labyrinths that played the role of an entertainment event. Thus, the very name of the sonnet personifies the labyrinth in which every lover rushes about. The lyrical hero describes the difficult situation in which he found himself with the help of the words “In this strange Labyrinth how shall I turn/Ways are on all sides” (Wroth). Different paths diverge in all directions, but none of them seems right. The origins of the labyrinth referred to in the poem find their origin in the myth of Theseus. The hero was saved by a woman named Ariadne, who gave him a golden thread so that Theseus could find a way out of the labyrinth of the Minotaur. “Leave all, and take the thread of Love” However, Lady Mary in the sonnet uses a labyrinth to create a metaphor for suffocation, which crushes her own desires, forcing a woman to be silent and do housework during the Renaissance. The symbol of modern conventions of that era are destroying her and do not allow her to live a full life. The heroine does not have the right to tell Amphilanthus about her love, however, she is unable to avoid her feelings and vows to ‘leave all, and take the thread of Love’ (Wroth). This thread symbolizes divine love for Christ. It allows her to find the only way back, but the thread is too thin and the heroine can easily go astray. Thus, the labyrinth is not only a symbol of loss, but also a trap in which a person finds himself because of his feelings. The way, the truth, and the light In addition, there is a religious allusion in the sonnet. In the New Testament, Jesus indicates that he is the way, the truth, and the light. Thus, the lyrical hero’s anger is due to the fact that the speaker is faced with many ways representing love. However, these are all personifications of one person’s romantic love for another, and none of them are “the way”, which means the love of Christ. Finally, the heroine makes her decision in the third stanza. She understands that it seems impossible for her to choose one path that she will take and she chooses all paths. Thus, the heroine asks “let me take the right, or left hand way”. She tolerates her insecurities and moves on by enduring suffering. However, at the end, the focus shifts and the heroine realizes that she wants to leave the labyrinth. Thus, she wants to follow the thread of love, no matter how this road ends. Work Cited Wroth, Lady Mary. “In this strange labyrinth”. 1621. GradeSaver. Web.

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Incidence of Pain Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Research Paper Summary Knee injuries are very common, especially in sports medicine, and can have severe consequences for the patient, limiting their movements and impeding daily routines. There are four ligaments connecting the thigh and shin bones: medial collateral (MCL), lateral collateral (LCL), posterior cruciate (PCL), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (National Library of Medicine (NLM)). The last one is the focus of the current study. The ACL is located in the middle of the knee joint and keeps the shin bone in its place behind the end of the thigh bone (NLM). When one overextends a knee joint, receives a hit at the side of it, or quick stops and changes direction while running or landing from a jump, the ACL can be overstretched or torn (NLM). An ACL injury can also occur with other knee injuries, such as a torn MCL or knee cartilage-meniscus (NLM). ACL injuries most frequently occur in the middle of the ligament or when it is pulled out of the thigh bone (NLM). Thus, the ACL is an important but vulnerable part of the human body. Most patients with ACL injuries require professional medical help and surgery. When an ACL injury occurs, the gap between torn edges prevents them from healing on their own (NLM). Therefore, patients undergo ACL reconstruction (ACLR) – the replacement of the torn ligament with a graft (Fineberg et al., 2000). Grafts can be taken from the patient’s body (autografts) or a cadaver (allografts) (Johnson et al., 1992; Frank & Jackson, 1997). These grafts are commonly harvested from a patellar tendon or a hamstring tendon (Johnson et al., 1992; Frank & Jackson, 1997). Other allografts sources include Achilles, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps tendons (Shino et al., 1986). However, a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft is widely accepted as the most suitable and reliable (Kurosaka et al., 1987; Noyes et al., 1984). Despite other kinds of grafts gaining popularity, it is still the most common choice for ACLR (Lee et al., 2008). Thus, a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft as a method of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) was chosen as the object of study. Although BPTB grafts are widely used for ACLR, little research was conducted to identify and study all of its possible complications. According to Almazan et al. (2006), intraoperative incidents and complications during ACLR with a BPTB autograft are quite frequent due to the procedure’s complexity. However, the researchers concluded that all of them occur due to technical errors during graft harvesting, tunnel placement, or graft fixation and are preventable (Almazan et al., 2006). Serious intra- or post-operative incidents and complications, such as a patella fracture or a late patellar tendon rupture, are very rare (Marumoto et al., 1996). Moreover, Stein et al.’s research (2002) demonstrated that even such incidents caused minimal changes in patients’ outcomes when they followed post-operative rehabilitation guidelines. As Milankov et al. (2012) noted, it did not affect their mobility, and most of the patients continued to engage in sports activities at the same or even higher level after nine months since ACLR. In brief, ACLR with a BPTB autograft is a complex procedure with several risk factors, but intraoperative incidents are preventable and generally have short-term complications. However, some researchers registered certain long-term complications after ACLR with a BPTB autograft. They include the high incidence of anterior knee pain and kneeling pain (Feller & Webster, 2003). It affects patients’ lifestyles, limiting their mobility and the variety of available activities. The incidence of anterior kneeling pain in Saudi Arabia might be even higher than the one registered in international studies. Therefore, the aim of the study is to know and determine the incidence of anterior knee pain following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts among the Saudi Arabia population. Discussion Anterior knee pain is a frequent postoperative complication after ACL reconstruction with a BPTB graft. It is often combined with the difficulty of kneeling, which disrupts patients’ daily routines (Breitfuss et al., 1996). Several studies identified a high incidence of long-term anterior knee pain and kneeling pain among 25-60% of the patients (Breitfuss et al., 1996; Feller & Webster, 2003; Ibrahim et al., 2005; Pinczewski et al., 2007). The patients continue to suffer from it up to three years after ACLR, preventing their full recovery (Feller & Webster, 2003; Ibrahim et al., 2005). The presented data prove the relevance and acuteness of the problem. Many studies were conducted to identify means to reduce or mitigate post-ACLR complications, including anterior knee pain. Tsuda et al. (2001) identified two risk factors for anterior knee pain: anterior instability (side-to-side difference of more than 3 mm) and residual patellar bony defect with a depth of more than 2 mm. The experts suggested using different surgical techniques to mitigate these risk factors and reduce the incidence of anterior knee pain (Tsuda et al., 2001). Their study has shown a decrease in anterior knee pain rate to 17% (Tsuda et al., 2001). Some of the researchers focused on graft choice and studied its influence on the incidence of kneeling pain. Ibrahim et al. (2005) and Pinczewski et al. (2007) emphasized the higher level of anterior knee pain and other post-operative complications among patients with BPTB grafts compared to those with semitendinosus and gracilis (STG) grafts. It makes one question whether BPTB grafts are the optimal choice for ACL reconstruction or an additional risk factor for anterior knee pain and kneeling pain. References Almazan, A., Miguel, A., Odor, A., & Ibarra, J.-C. (2006). Intraoperative incidents and complications in primary arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 22 (11), 1211-7. Web. Breitfuss, H., Fröhlich, R., Povacz, P., Resch, H., & Wicker, A. (1996). The tendon defect after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the mid-third patellar tendon – a problem for the patellofemoral joint? Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 3 , 194-8. Web. Feller, J.A., & Webster, K.E. (2003). A randomized comparison of the patellar tendon and hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31 (4), 564-73. Web. Fineberg, M.S., Zarins, B., & Sherman, O.H. (2000). Practical considerations in anterior cruciate ligament replacement surgery. Arthroscopy, 16 (7), 715-24. Web. Frank, C.B., & Jackson, D.W. (1997). Current concepts review: The science of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 79 (10), 1556‐76. Web. Ibrahim, S.A.-R., Al-Kussary, I.M., Al-Misfer, A.R.K., Al-Mutairi, H.Q., Ghafar, S.A., & El Noor, T.A. (2005). Clinical evaluation of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: patellar tendon versus gracilis and semitendinosus autograft. Arthroscopy, 21 (4), 412-7. Web. Johnson, R.J., Beynnon, B.D., Nichols, C.E., Renstrom, P.A. (1992). The treatment of injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 74 (1), 140‐51. Web. Kurosaka, M., Yoshiya, S., & Andrish, J. T. (1987). A biomechanical comparison of different surgical techniques of graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 15 (3), 225–229. Web. Lee, G.H., McCulloch, P., Cole, B.J., Bush-Joseph, C.A., Bach, B.R. Jr. (2008). The incidence of acute patellar tendon harvest complications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 24 (2), 162-6. Web. Marumoto, J.M., Mitsunaga, M.M., Richardson, A.B., Medoff, R.J., & Mayfield, G.W. (1996). Late patellar tendon ruptures after removal of the central third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A report of two cases. The American Journal Sports Medicine, 24 (5), 698-701. Web. Milankov, M., Rasovic, P., Kovacev, N., Milovic, M., & Bojat, V. (2012). Fracture of the patella after the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Medicinski Pregled, 65 (11-12), 476-82. Web. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury . MedlinePlus. Web. Noyes, F.R., Butler, D.L., Grood, E.S., Zernicke, R.F., &Hefzy, M.S. (1984). Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstructions. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 66 (3), 344-52. Web. Pinczewski, L.A., Lyman, J., Salmon, L.J., Russell, V.J., Roe, J., Linklater, J. (2007). A 10-year comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft: a controlled, prospective trial. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35 (4), 564-74. Web. Shino, K., Kimura, T., Hirose, H., Inoue, M., & Ono, K. (1986). Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament by allogeneic tendon graft. An operation for chronic ligamentous insufficiency. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British), 68-B (5), 739-46. Web. Stein, D.A., Hunt, S.A., Rosen, J.E., & Sherman, O.H. (2002). The incidence and outcome of patella fractures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 18 (6), 578-83. Web. Tsuda, E., Okamura, Y., Ishibashi, Y., Otsuka, H., & Toh, S. (2001). Techniques for reducing anterior knee symptoms after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 (4), 450-6. Web.

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Increasing Preventative Healthcare Measures Research Paper Abstract Preventative health care is founded on the premise that lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions all have a role to play in the health outcomes of individuals. Therefore, the main aim of preventive care is to address these factors and prevent diseases from happening. The methods for increasing preventative care are explored and a project proposed that can be standardized across all healthcare facilities. Some of the methods have been studied and are presented in the current literature. Examples include primary care visits, clinical decision support systems, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The applicability of each of these methods can be evaluated from a project management perspective where the recommendations involve the implementation of a single comprehensive program that incorporates all of them. Therefore, the project lifecycle approach is used for this exercise where four stages are implemented: initiation, planning, execution, and control/monitoring. Introduction Public health is a major concern for many countries, as illustrated by the devastating effects of the recent coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions all have a role in the health outcomes of individuals. Therefore, there is a need to target these factors to prevent diseases. This is the essence of preventative care as practices across the world. The focus of this paper is on identifying and implementing methods of increasing preventative care measures. Principles of project management are used, including identification and definition of the project scope, highlighting the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, and identifying critical resources needed to achieve the set goals. The implications for this research include that it helps put into practice the ideas proposed by previous work in this area. In its relation to previous work, a critical examination of available literature reveals methods that can be applied to increase preventative care measures. The research strategy involves a systematic review of literature to gather ideas about the viable options and use these ideas to develop practice recommendations. Project Statement The project focuses on preventative care, a subject that has been approached from multiple perspectives in literature. For instance, AHRQ,( 2018) labels preventative cases as a means of achieving health equity by eliminating the health inequalities in a country’s population. However, the basic idea is that preventative care is the best approach to a country’s health outcomes since it prevents diseases and pandemics from devastating the population. According to Ngwewondo et al. (2020), the COVID-19 serves as a perfect case study for illustrating how preventive measures work. In their research, the authors established that most of the respondents scored high in preventative measures and positive health-seeking behaviors. While such findings highlight that preventative measured were undertaken, a large population still suffered from the symptoms of COVID-19. In other such contexts as the United Kingdom (UK), some preventative measures included the creation of an innovation hub that focuses on increasing preventative healthcare. During the pandemic, the hub was used as a vaccination center and proved effective (HHM Global, n.d.). Such innovation has led the stakeholders to contemplate the creation of similar facilities as a preparation for future pandemics. Therefore, there is a need to examine the effectiveness of preventative measures and find a means of making them even more effective. Problem Significance The significance of this project is manifested by the recent health problems facing the planet, including infections and pandemics. As mentioned earlier, these health outcomes are subject to the environment within which we live. Therefore, this endeavor serves as a blueprint to be used by the relevant stakeholders to implement better healthcare practices. The importance of preventative health measures is outlined, and the methods to increase its measures are recommended. The implications of the project include that the policymakers in the healthcare sector will adopt the proposed methods. Additionally, preventive care requires the relevant authorities to make the required investments (Health Business, 2019). Therefore, the proposed project should get all stakeholders informed on what pathways to follow to increase preventative health measures. Literature Review The current literature on preventative care has often focused on its benefits and approaches, often emphasizing that it is the best way to approach some of the major health problems facing society. According to Hostetter et al., (2020), primary care visits have been known to influence health behaviors, but links between these visits and preventive interventions remain unclear. In this case, primary care visits are perceived as a mechanism for receiving preemptive care in such forms as vaccinations, colonoscopy, and mammography. The conclusion reached is that at least one primary visit a year will increase evidence-based preventative care measures without any increase in costs. The same observations have been made by Sabety et al. (2021), who finds that primary care visits improve the quality of care, patient outcomes, and improved delivery of preventative services. The outcomes of this form of care include lower rates of hospitalization and fewer emergency visits. As a result, the overall cost of care is also greatly reduced. Therefore, primary care visits can be considered one of the most effective methods of increasing preventative care measures. Decision support systems are considered a critical method for increasing preventative care measures and outcomes. A study by Bowen (et al., 2017) expresses that a decision support system improves the performance of preventive health quality measures where care is done elsewhere, and patient exceptions are captured. While this study focuses on performance, the bottom line is that the clinical decision systems effectively capture patient data and identify those eligible for preventative care. Preventative visits were also found to increase after implementing the clinical decision support systems for the population used in the study. Other studies have focused on specific health problems where these systems where the findings indicate that clinical decision support systems improve recognition and management (Kharbanda et al., 2018). In their study, Kharbanda et al. (2018) found that innovative systems had the potential of pooling useful patient-specific data that could be printed and shared among different users. Additionally, the systems contained guidelines for preventative measures and approaches that could be followed by the practitioners. Therefore, decision support systems for clinicians can be an effective method for increasing preventative healthcare measures. Another method that has been covered in the literature is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). According to Suganuma et al. (2018), unguided internet-based CBT has proven an effective method for preventative healthcare for mental health. However, the researchers have presented a pilot study to examine its acceptability and feasibility. The evidence from the study shows internet-guided CBT to be an ideal approach even though it has failed to gather the necessary attention. The rationale is that the use of technology in CBT should not be any different from face-to-face therapy sessions. However, the internet only changes from traditional practices in the mainstream delivery of the services. Even though mental care is the focus of this study, the findings can be generalized over other major health issues. Smartphone delivered CBD has also been investigated by Bakker et al. (2018), who finds that the use of apps to track health issues help in increased preventive care outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and other elements of mental health. The bottom line is that CBT, either delivered traditionally or using new technologies, should be an effective tool for increasing preventive care outcomes. Primary Content Overview of Project Based on the literature provided above, this project seeks to aid in the implementation of preventative care methods. The project can be labeled as a guideline for holistic preventative care, a tool that allows health professionals to select and apply the right method to specific case scenarios. From a project management perspective, the project will be implemented in four stages: initiating, planning, execution, monitoring, and monitoring/controlling. Project Initiation The initiation phase comprises a project charter and a stakeholder register. The business case for the proposed tool is presented in the problem statement section (Brown, 2021). The scope includes handling major health issues, including cancer, mental, diabetes, and transmittable infections. The deliverables for the project are a fully functional program with the relevant supporting technologies and a practice guide for practitioners. Funds will need to be invested in clinical decision support systems. It can be estimated that the project can be accomplished in less than a year. Planning Planning for the project requires the development of a project management plan. In this case, the plan is to create a comprehensive guide for practitioners, which will be accomplished in stages (Brown, 2021). First, all professionals are trained on the mechanisms of the tool, including how data is gathered and utilized. Second, a supporting IT infrastructure is implemented, for which further training is required. Third, a pilot test for all key features is conducted. Lastly, the project is launched, and its use commences. At this stage, it is expected that any transferable data from other health records will be transferred and used accordingly. Execution Phase The project plan is put into action as outlined above. However, the execution phase will require the team to conduct other activities, including stakeholder management and team development (Brown, 2021). As a novel project, the healthcare facilities are required to be informed and educated in all stages of implementation to help the members acquaint themselves with the program and its functionality. Quality assurance tests are also conducted continuously, and corrective actions are taken. Control/Monitoring This phase focuses on monitoring the progress of the entire project and correcting any deviations from the project scope, goals, and objectives. Project management exhibits uncertainties that cannot be fully captured during the planning phase (Brown, 2021). It means that keeping a close eye on the project is the right approach to keep the project on track. All milestones have to be accomplished within the set time. Additionally, the budget constraints are to be observed, which explains why control and monitoring are critical necessities in project implementation. Industry Response The healthcare industry will be positively influenced by this project in that it will find a more effective tool for pursuing the goals of preventative care. Today, scholars and practitioners agree that preventative can help reduce the costs of care and emergency visits to hospitals if proper preventative measures are implemented. The best-case example used in this paper is the innovation hub established by John McAslan + Partners in the UK, where primary visits were also used as an opportunity to vaccinate patients (HHM Global, n.d.). However, each facility has different practices and approaches, some of which have not been evaluated in terms of their efficacy. Therefore, this project can be conceptualized as an effort to standardize preventive care practice across all healthcare facilities. The primary assumption is that all facilities and stakeholders in the industry are keen to pursue preventative care. Most importantly, the policymakers in these organizations are perceived to be willing to incorporate well-researched solutions to a real-life healthcare issue. In terms of response, it can be expected that initial skepticism will be felt until the practitioners are sure of the effectiveness of the proposed tool. The project threatens to cause a major organizational change, which means that resistance to change is a real possibility and a threat to the successful completion of the project. Additionally, the tool has not undergone clinical trials, which means that it might get opposition even from the regulators and legislative bodies in the country. However, the proposed project offers a pathway for clinical pilot testing, which will attract the attention of scholars hoping to examine its feasibility. This is one of the best results that can be hoped for since successful trials often result in acceptability and clinical applications. It is important to acknowledge that modern facilities have had experiences with new technologies and that new technologies no longer face the same level of resistance as they did in the past. Conclusion This project has addressed the problem of finding methods for increasing preventative care measures. With the evidence gathered from the COVID-19 pandemic, the perceived problem involves the inability of the healthcare systems to prevent pandemics and outbreaks from devastating the wellbeing of the populations. The literature review has revealed several methods that have been studied or implemented, including CBT, primary care visits, and clinical decision support systems. With these methods, the project has recommended the implementation of a comprehensive program that captures the methods into a single system accompanied by the appropriate practitioner guidelines that help select the best method for specific scenarios. References AHRQ. (2018). Achieving health equity in preventative services: Systematic evidence review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Web. Bakker, D., Kazantzis, N., & Rickwood, D. (2018). Development and pilot evaluation of smartphone-delivered cognitive behavior therapy strategies for mood- anxiety-related problems: MoodMission. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 25 (4), 496-514. Web. Bowen, M., Bhat, D., Fish, J., Moran, B., Howell-Stampley, T., Kirk, L., Persel, D., & Halm, E. (2017). Improving performance on preventive health quality measures using clinical decision support to capture care done elsewhere and patient exceptions. American Journal of Medical Quality, 33 (3), 23-245. Web. Brown, L. (2021). The project management lifecycle, and its 5 phases. Invensis. Web. Health Business. (2019). Premium urged on preventative care budgets. Web. HHM Global. (n.d.). UK’s pioneering preventative healthcare campus. Web. Hostetter, J., Schwarz, N., Klug, M., Wynne, J., & Basson, M. (2020). Primary care visits increase utilization of evidence-based preventative health measures. BMC Family Practice, 121 (151), 1-10. Web. Kharbanda, E., Esche, S., Sinaiko, A., Ekstrom, H., Nordin, J., Sherwood, N., Fontaine, P., Dehmer, S., Appana, D., & O’Connor, P. (2018). Clinical decision support for recognition and management of hypertension: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 141 (2), 1-8. Web. Ngwewondo, A., Nkengazong, L., Ambe, L., Ebogo, J., Mba, F., Goni, H., Nyunai, N., Ngonde, M, & Oyono, J. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, practices of/towards COVID 19 preventive measures and symptoms: A cross-sectional study during the exponential rise of the outbreak in Cameroon. PLoS One: Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14 (9), 1-15. Web. Sabety, A., Jena, A., & Barnett, M. (2021). Changes in healthcare use and outcomes after turn in primary care. JAMA Internal Medicine, 181 (2), 186-194. Web. Suganuma, S., Sakamoto, D., & Shimoyama, H. (2018). An embodied conversational agent for unguided internet-based cognitive behavior therapy in preventative mental health: Feasibility and acceptability pilot trial. JMIR Mental Health, 5 (3). Web.

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Indentured Servitude and Slavery Case Study The origins of slavery in the American territories and why it came to be From 1526 until 1776, complex pressures shaped the structure of slavery in the United States, and historians have proposed multiple ideas to explain how slave trade evolved. Slavery was strongly related to labor demand in European colonies, particularly in the Caribbean and South America’s labor-intensive sugar plantation industries of Great Britain, Spain, France, and the Dutch Republic. Slave ships transported captives from Africa to the West and indigenous peoples were enslaved in North American colonies on a smaller scale (OpenStax, 2019). However, Indian slavery effectively stopped in the late eighteenth century. How slavery was handled differently in each colonial territory of British North America Enslaved people worked in various sectors, including breweries, shipyards, plantations, and timber yards. In the regions north of Maryland, slavery would gradually give way to free labor. The slave population in the North progressively fell throughout the 1760s and 1770s with slaves in Philadelphia reducing to approximately 700 in 1775 (OpenStax, 2019). Antislavery activism was rife in the city, with nationalist pamphleteers handing out antislavery booklets to blacks and whites. The presence of antislavery groups facilitated the spread of manumissions thus slavery became less viable in the North. New York had a high percentage of slaves who acquired valuable trades such as masonry and goldsmithing working alongside artisan masters. All slaves in New York were freed in 1827 (OpenStax, 2019) despite the liberation sentiment in the North during the Revolutionary battle. The contrasts between indentured servants and slaves Indentured service varied from enslavement in that it was a type of debt servitude where an agreed-upon period of unpaid service that often covered the servant’s costs of immigration to America. Indentured workers were not awarded incomes, although they were housed, clothed, and nourished in most cases. Slaves were deemed property and were only awarded freedom on rare occasions despite several years of strenuous labor (Gabor, 2021). Slaves were sold, exchanged, negotiated for, and even utilized as property in a will. References Gabor, G. (2021). Slavery, servitude and forced labor in international law: should the difference still matter? King’s Law Journal, 32 (2), 228-259. Web. OpenStax. (2019). U.S. History . OpenStax CNX. Web.

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Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty Essay The issue of tribal sovereignty has been scrutinized over the years, the treatment of tribes ranging from supportive measures and attempts of integration into the broader community to outright persecution. In this connection, the law about tribal gaming can be seen as a positive step towards recognition of tribes’ unique way of life and self-determination. This essay discusses the question “how tribal gaming act can add to the sovereignty of tribes?” Under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, tribes were given the right to determine what gaming activities they wanted to engage in, and in most cases, the permission was granted by the state. Gaming activities could embrace tribal rituals or games of chance, depending on the wishes of the tribes and had to be agreed to by the state (Light and Rand). Since often tribal games are unique and have a deep meaning for the tribe, it would be right to say that granting tribes the right to hold their own games is necessary. This measure helps to uphold their culture and establish sovereignty over a very important sphere of life, which is relaxation. Moreover, gaming helps to support traditions and customs through rituals that have been molded over the centuries. As far as sovereignty is concerned, gaming serves to establish the spheres of life which are completely under the tribes’ jurisdiction. Thus, for example, some tribe members mix with the society at large, finding employment or integrating themselves in the life of big cities. However, gaming, and in particular traditional tribal gaming, serves as a reminder of one’s roots, promotes freedom of choice and sovereignty as it is the one thing that is almost completely under the tribes’ jurisdiction. Work Cited Light, Steven Andrew and Rand, Cathryn. Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty . University Press of Kansas.

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Indigenous Resistance and Resurgence in Canada Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Daigle Analysis 3. Elliott Analysis 4. Comparison 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction In recent years, indigenous revival has arisen as a distinct ideological and cultural tendency in the Canadian environment. Self-determination for Indigenous populations across the world is a contentious and hotly debated issue. In Canada, the rhetoric of acknowledgment has been more popular in framing Indigenous demands for self-determination, resulting in policies and programs that are frequently regarded as liberal and progressive. In the article of Michelle Daigle (2016), “he juxtaposes the spatiality of colonial governance reproduced through recognition-based strategies with the relational geographies lived through everyday practices of self-determination that are rooted in place-based Indigenous ontologies” (p. 259). Daigle hopes to foster more discourse in cartography about the various ways Indigenous peoples think about and experience consciousness outside and beside official state and international organizations while also confounding our understanding of place, land, and accountability. Michael Elliott, in his article (2018), “to offer clarification on the political critique behind the resurgence movement and the “turn” or strategy of disengagement it advocates and, second, to excavate an opposingly directed drive within it” (p. 61). This work was written to compare these articles and their analysis. Daigle Analysis Over the last few years, Indigenous-state relationships in Canada have entered a new phase. In a revitalized partnership based on mutual acknowledgment, the Government of Canada has progressed toward balancing Indigenous demands for self-determination with Crown authority. Indigenous peoples of Turtle Island lived as various nations distinguished by their historical territories, familial relationships, government systems, trade and investment systems, and well-established yet flexible legal codes before colonial arrival. Indigenous governance systems, as well as the sociological, economic, cultural, and religious organizations in which they are entrenched, continue to remind daily life at the level of Indigenous communities. Indigenous peoples have maintained their diversity by continuously transferring and renewing their metaphysics through their languages, creative and narrative traditions, spiritual events, yearly community meetings, and sourcing and distribution of their local cuisine. Daigle contends that it is this metaphysics, as well as the behaviors through which they are conveyed, that foster an independent political of indigenous self-determination (Daigle, 2016). These ideologies serve as the foundation for pre-colonial legal frameworks that regulate how Indigenous nations have and continue to connect to their native homelands, including animals and plants, cousins, community and family members, and representatives of other clans and countries. Through the law of awawanenitakik, the Omushkegowuk Cree comprehends and experiences self-determination. The law highlights the significance of having lived an Omushkegowuk Cree style of living by vigorously preserving people’s obligations to their ancestral homelands through location border control such as teaching and talking Omushkego, the Cree language, having participated in annual celebrations, and extracting and being able to share local cuisine. Daigle investigates the rising geopolitics of awawanenitakik as experienced via ritual rejuvenation in my community, Achikamaw also called Constance Lake First Nation, which is situated in Treaty 9 territory (Daigle, 2016). Furthermore, focusing on ordinary geographies of revival helps unravel the complicated challenges of regenerating Indigenous elements. Elliott Analysis Although half a century of seeming progress toward recognizing and correcting colonial injustice, it is maintained that the current age represents a general continuation of the inherent causal implications of colonial oppression. These precepts are connected to the reality that there is no different geographical homeland to which the colonizing civilization may, in theory, retreat in settler-colonial circumstances such as Canada. This indicates that lands taken from Indigenous populations are essential not just for reasons of resettlement and productivity expansion but also because they serve as the crucial geographical underpinning of the conquering civilization itself. The conceptions of decolonization advanced by resurgent theorists often concentrate upon the achievement of mutually accepted cohabitation terms between Indigenous and colonial peoples. While the precise details of these future interactions must be continued to work out in the course of their worthwhile building projects, in broad terms, they will also include shapes of kingdom configuration wherein the stakeholders’ system participants, and soul jurisdiction are asserted, and capabilities for self-definition, consciousness, and consciousness are convinced. Rather than aiming to proclaim an entirely original plan of action from the standpoint of theory, the movement takes its cues from modes of being and behaving that are already deeply embedded in Indigenous groups and social histories (Elliott, 2018). This is critical if Indigenous norms can be re-established as a positive force on the current terrain, and movement toward altering colonial actuality can be realized. Language, it is suggested, is essential because it offers a portal to information, moral norms, norms, and conceptions contained in standard structures, which may give assistance and direction to people striving to establish decolonized societal possibilities. A resistance to merely imposing familiar language frameworks appears to be necessary if individuals of settler culture find themselves in a more significant position to undertake reciprocating discourse with Indigenous peoples (Elliott, 2018). It is about preventing the simple repetition of colonial assaults on Indigenous languages, which are invariably accompanied by more comprehensive attacks on civilization and existence. Comparison Studying these articles, one can understand that the authors express their thoughts from different positions; although Elliott tries to take all sorts of situations in his article, Daigle talks about the people with whom he is directly connected. Throughout the article, Daigle refers to the terms of the people, which are somehow related to the topic of the article. In my opinion, Elliot approached writing the article more systematically, covering both fundamental and unique issues directly related to the solution to this problem. The topics of the pieces are fundamentally different, just representing the general position of the authors. Daigle talks about the self-determination of peoples, while Elliott talks about the introduction of peoples into Canadian society in terms of their assimilation, respectively, the gradual identity of peoples. Daigle, in his work, speaks from the side of the people about the attitude to the proposals of the official authorities. Unfortunately, people disagree with the full implementation in Canadian society. The policy of spatial recognition limits indigenous self-determination to colonial territorial boundaries, in contrast to indigenous relationships and responsibilities to their kin networks, including their kindred lands. Elliott, in turn, speaks about the situation more from the official site of the authorities, although touching on various positions of both Canadian society and people. For many years, the parties could not agree because the people wanted recognition of their autonomy because they lived in this territory before the emergence of a large state. In the works of the authors considered in this comparison, there is one aspect that entirely coincides, namely, the confidence that the dialogue between the two parties should continue, since there should be a complete settlement of the issue, taking into account the wishes of all parties. The main task of this dialogue is to take into account all issues and possible problems with the recognition of the territories of peoples. Conclusion Indigenous-state relationships in Canada have entered a new era in recent years. The Canadian government has made headway at reconciling Indigenous wishes for the soul with Crown power through a revived partnership basis of mutual acknowledgment. Self-determination for Indigenous peoples across the globe is a sensitive and divisive topic. In Canada, recognition rhetoric has become more common in expressing Indigenous aspirations for the soul, resulting in policies that are usually viewed as socially progressive. Daigle intends to encourage more excellent discussion in cartography in numerous ways. Indigenous groups think about and feel awareness outside of and in addition to formal state and international institutions while simultaneously complicating our concept of place, land, and responsibilities. Daigle argues that it is this metaphysics, as well as the actions that express it, that develop an autonomous politics of indigenous self-determination. Furthermore, concentrating on ordinary revival geographies aids in unraveling the complex obstacles of renewing Indigenous components. Elliot took a more methodical approach to author the paper, including both primary and unique aspects directly connected to the solution to this challenge. The themes of the essays are essentially different, just conveying the writers’ overall point of view. Daigle discusses peoples’ self-determination, while Elliott discusses peoples’ entrance into Canadian society in terms of integration, alternately, peoples’ developing identification. There is one component that completely corresponds to the works of the writers analyzed in this comparison, and that is the faith that the communication between the two sides should continue, since there should be a thorough resolution of the question, taking into consideration the objectives of all organizations. References Daigle, M. (2016). Awawanenitakik: The spatial politics of recognition and relational geographies of Indigenous self‐determination. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien , 60 (2), 259-269. Elliott, M. (2018). Indigenous resurgence: The drive for renewed engagement and reciprocity in the turn away from the state. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , 51 (1), 61-81.

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Individual and Society in Romanticist Texts Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Setting the Ground: Individual Uniqueness 3. Exceptional and Rejected: Quasimodo and Frankenstein’s Creature 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Romanticism is a broad designation for the developments in European culture during the late 18th and the first half of the 19th century – so broad it would be hard to define it exhaustively. However, even if one does not attempt to provide such a definition, it is still possible to identify certain aspects of this phenomenon as they manifest in Romanticist texts. One such aspect – and a pillar of Romanticist literature at that – is the topic of the individual, society, and the relationship between them. With the focus on emotion and individualism, Romanticism was able to provide a new perspective on the interaction between a person and society at large. Both Frankenstein and Notre Dame de Paris depict exceptional individuals cursed by their uniqueness and rejected by the shallow-minded society due to their appearance despite their inner virtue and benevolence. Setting the Ground: Individual Uniqueness Before delving in detail into the depiction of the individual as related to society, it is important to explain how this theme became possible in the first place. Granted, the idea of an exceptional human being is nothing new in world literature and goes back at least as far as the first heroic epics. What was unique in the age of Romanticism, though, was the emphasis on the genuine uniqueness of an individual. Rousseau summarized this feeling best when stating: “I am like no one in the whole world” (Puichner et al. 487). For the first time in European culture, a person assumed principal importance not as a representative of or an example for the community but as an individual. The public attention shifted from the still acknowledged universality of human nature to the individual traits that could mark one as exceptional. This rise of personal uniqueness, as opposed to communal association, was the main reason why Romanticist literature focused so intently on portraying exceptional people in exceptional circumstances. Exceptional and Rejected: Quasimodo and Frankenstein’s Creature This exceptionality became one of the defining features of Romanticist literary characters and their interactions with society. Romanticist heroes are often unique to the point of grotesque, which is the case in both Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Victor Hugo’s Notre Dame de Paris . Quasimodo, one of the main characters in Hugo’s novel, possesses Herculean strength and, at the same time, is a study in physical deformities. In one observer’s words, “He shows himself; he’s a hunchback. He walks; he’s bandy-legged. He looks at you; he’s one-eyed. You speak to him; he’s deaf” (Hugo). The same is true for the Creature, the fruit of Frankenstein’s daring experiments in bringing inanimate matter to life. The Creature possesses superhuman intellect, strength, and agility, which allow him to grasp complex ideas, learn languages, and perform grisly murders without ever being caught. At the same time, due to being stitched together from the remains of the dead bodies, the Creature’s appearance is so frightening that Frankenstein is “unable to endure” seeing it (Shelley 50). Romanticist heroes are exceptional, but this very exceptionality often alienates them from the society that created and shaped them. The root of this conflict lies in the contrast between the characters’’ physical appearance and their internal feelings and intentions. As mentioned above, Quasimodo’s look is frightful, to say the least – a one-eyed, limping hunchback of great strength is bound to be threatening. However, the author is quick to note that “malevolence… [is] not innate in him,” and the later events prove that the hunchback has a gentle and loving soul (Hugo). Similarly, the Creature claims that, at the beginning of his life, his soul was benevolent and “glowed with love and humanity” (Shelley 104). It is only after multiple rejections – caused merely by his appearance rather than any hostile intent on his part – that the Creature hardens and vows revenge against humankind and his creator. Romanticist literature breaks with the tradition of portraying heroes as immaculate in mind and body alike, which was the usual practice since classical antiquity. For Romanticist heroes, the contrast between their easily perceptible unbecoming appearance and the unseen nobility of the soul becomes the driving force of the conflict between the exceptional individual and society. Ultimately, it is the society that is responsible for the conflict, not the heroes themselves. In Quasimodo’s case, Parisians bear no love toward the malformed hunchback and, while he grows up to be a harsh man, it is only because “he had found nothing but hatred around him” (Hugo). Only wretches and outlaws of the city are willing to accept him as one of their own and even crown him ‘the Pope of Fools’ in a gesture of mockery and appreciation alike. As for the Creature, his benevolence does not last too long for the same reason society fears and rejects him. Conscious of his frightening appearance, Frankenstein’s creation tries to avoid human contact, but it does not save him from rejection. After a passer-by shoots him for saving a girl from drowning, the Creature vows “eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind” (Shelley 155). Society, as depicted in Romanticist literature, cannot bear exceptionality and difference – and, as a result, punishes any deviation from the norm by uncompromising ostracism. Conclusion To summarize, Romanticist literature is mainly concerned with exceptional people finding themselves in exceptional circumstances – and, more often than not, engaging in a conflict with society as a result. Thanks to the new focus on individuality and emotion rather than community and rationality, Romanticism could explore the topic of individuals and society from a new angle. Romanticist heroes, such as Quasimodo or Frankenstein’s Creature, are exceptional in both their talents and appearance, although not for the better in this last regard. However, their frightening looks hide noble souls, and it is ultimately the society that bears the blame for punishing exceptional individuals and exiling them from the human community. Works Cited Hugo, Victor. “Notre-Dame de Paris.” Project Gutenberg . Puchner, Martin, et al. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature , 9th ed., vol. 2. W. W. Norton & Company, 2014. Shelley, Mary. “Frankenstein.” Archive.org .

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Individual Freedoms and National Security Essay Individual freedoms and national security are sometimes seen as two opposites. However, in ideal, national security should reflect the balanced relationship between the two mentioned concepts. Moreover, the principle of the prevalence of individual freedoms over the national security underlies the democratic idea. Individual freedoms include individual rights and are protected by the US Constitution (Longley). This paper argues that individual freedoms should never be sacrificed in the name of national security. This essay proposes that the protection of individual freedoms by maintaining national security is a fundamental principle and goal of democracy. US President Joe Biden notes, “I strongly believe that democracy is the key to freedom, prosperity, peace, and dignity” (Biden 3). Unlike authoritarian or totalitarian systems, a democratic system puts individual freedoms ahead of national security interests. The implementation of this principle always raises controversy, since there is no single rule universal for all cases. However, individual freedoms are protected in most areas of social life, including migration, cyber security, economic stability, and international diplomatic relations. Interestingly, actual cyber security policy and practice take both human-centric and national-security-centric approaches (Deibert 411). In this regard, the states develop “indivisible network security on a planetary scale for the widest possible coverage of the human experience” (Deibert 412). The above example indicates the breadth of possibilities for applying the principle. There is probably a counter-argument against the opinion that national security interests should take precedence over individual freedoms. This position can be justified by an external threat or military ambitions and is usually applied by authoritarian regimes. This position is wrong since national security should protect the interest of every citizen, not the abstract idea of the nation. Every citizen is part of the nation and their freedoms should be sacred. Thus, it was discussed, how individual freedoms should never be sacrificed in the name of national security. The necessity to sacrifice individual freedoms is usually promoted by authoritarian regimes whose real purpose is to meet the interests of the regime. On the contrary, in democratic states, individual freedoms are fundamental and cannot be violated under any circumstances. These freedoms are sacred and ensure the integrity of the democratic states. Works Cited Biden Jr, Joseph R. Interim national security strategic guidance . EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT WASHINGTON DC, 2021. Deibert, Ronald J. “Toward a human-centric approach to cybersecurity.” Ethics & International Affairs 32.4 (2018): 411-424. Web. Longley, Robert. “What Are Individual Rights? Definition and Examples.” ThoughtCo , 2021. Web.

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Infertility: Causes, Population Affected, and Treatment Research Paper Infertility is one of the most common problems these days, and it means that a person does not have a chance to get pregnant for several health issues. Many couples in the United States may face this problem, and the causes can vary from congenital diseases to acquired physical or psychological trauma. This body condition does not always affect only females but also males can suffer from this issue. Genetics has a strong influence on infertility, and it may be connected to people of all ages and nationalities. Around 18% of women in the United States between the age of 21 and 52 stated that they had faced infertility in their lives (Mancuso et al., 2020). I believe that environment plays a significant role in this issue. People should be more cautious about their health to predict health problems that may cause the inability to become pregnant or impregnate a partner. The causes of infertility are diverse and might not be seen by non-professionals. For instance, age plays a significant role as the older males and females are, the more chances of receiving infertility. Moreover, hormones play an important role in pregnancy, and when any type of disbalance appears in the human body, problems with pregnancy might arise. Obesity or anorexia can also indicate infertility as the human body spends crucial resources on other areas to support life without giving a chance for women to become pregnant. Some physiological problems like anomalies of the uterus or ovaries may also become the main cause of the issue. The percentage of male infertility is not high compared to the opposite gender. Nevertheless, 7% of men suffer from this problem, and the causes of these cases are different (Krausz et al., 2022). Around 20% of those males who cannot impregnate their couples are suffering from genetic factors that were transferred throughout generations. When males check their health conditions and diagnose infertility at early stages, they have a chance to overcome this problem and protect the ability to procreate. Low sperm production may also happen due to psychological factors like depression or any type of disorder. The percentage of females suffering from infertility is higher, and it is usually related to diseases that cannot be treated. When women become diagnosed with several health issues which do not allow them from becoming pregnant, doctors rarely have a chance to restore the ability to procreate (Barbieri, 2019). Nevertheless, a female’s mentality is under a lot of pressure due to sentimentality, which is specific to this gender, and this factor may cause psychological problems which cause infertility. Abortion might also become the reason for the inability to become pregnant. While the procedure is at the late stages of pregnancy, doctors might not restore the functions that allow women to become pregnant again. Infertility remains the main problem that is not under full control. In some cases, it may become impossible to give a person a chance to continue becoming pregnant or impregnate their partner. However, sometimes it is possible to solve the problem by using medicines, surgical procedures, and In vitro fertilization (Repping, 2019). Moreover, a psychotherapist can help deal with psychological problems that are barriers to conceiving a child. Every case is unique, and only doctors can decide if any treatment would be useful or not. References Barbieri, R. L. (2019). Female infertility . Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management , 556-581. Web. Krausz, C., Rosta, V., and Swerdloff, R. S. (2022). Genetics of male infertility . Perinatal and Reproductive Genetics , 121-147. Web. Mancuso, A. C., Summers, K. M., and Mengeling, M. A. (2020). Infertility and health-related quality of life in United States women veterans . Journal of Women’s Health, 29 (3). Web. Repping, S. (2019). Evidence-based medicine and infertility treatment . The Lancet, 393 (10170), 380-283. Web.

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Inflammation’s Role in Asthma Development Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Discussion 4. Conclusion 5. References Inflammation is the process by which the human body’s white blood cells and substances protect against disease caused by outside invaders such as viruses and bacteria; inflammation can be either momentary or chronic. Immune activation fades in a couple of days or hours. Asthma is a respiratory disease that causes the passages to become inflamed and congested, rendering breathing difficult. Severe asthma may make it difficult to talk or work. Asthma is a common and complex disease that is most probably triggered by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes the passages to become inflamed and congested, making breathing difficult. Severe asthma may make it tough to speak or work. On the basis of research articles, this work was created to investigate the function of inflammation in the allergic response. Introduction Inflammation is the procedure through which the human body’s white blood cells and the substances defend people from disease by outside intruders like bacteria or viruses. Inflammation could be either temporary or chronic; stimulation of the immune resolves in a matter of hours or days (Castro‐Rodriguez et al., 2018). The inflammatory process could last months and years after the initial trigger has passed (Ray & Kolls, 2017). When people have inflammation, substances from one’s body’s natural white blood cells infiltrate the blood or tissue to defend people against intruders (Pahwa et al., 2018). This increases blood flow to the site of damage or illness; it can produce flushing and heat. Some substances cause liquid to leak into the organs in order to attain maximum (Elliot et al., 2018). This defensive procedure has the potential to irritate nerves and produce pain. Increased numbers of white blood cells and the substances they make within the knees cause inflammation, inflammation of the systems are supported, and tissue loss throughout time. Asthma is a chronic lung illness that causes the passageways to become inflamed and restricted, making it hard to breathe. Severe asthma might make it difficult to speak or be productive. Asthma is characterized by bronchial tube inflammation and excess sticky fluids within the tubes (Dharmage et al., 2019). Asthmatics have signs when their airways constrict, become inflamed, or fill with mucus. Asthma causes the bronchial tubes in the lungs to become red and inflamed; this inflammation has the potential to harm the lungs (Antonelli & Kushner, 2017). Addressing this is critical to long-term asthma management. This work is written in order to study the role of inflammation plays in the development of asthma on the basis of research papers. Literature Review Asthma is a prevalent and complicated condition that is most likely caused by a mix of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. When developing a treatment plan for individuals, it is critical to consider variables such as the microbiota, another atopic condition, viral diseases in young children, and other diseases such as overweight or paracetamol respiratory problems (Scherzer & Grayson, 2018). Asthma is a chronic airway illness that affects over 300 million individuals worldwide (Boonpiyathad et al., 2019). Asthma pathophysiology is highly heterogeneous, with several phenotypes describing observable traits and endotypes explaining molecular causes (Yang et al., 2017). Understanding the biological agent of asthma and characterizing asthma phenotypes is becoming increasingly essential for clinicians. Asthma is related to the body’s immune stimulation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), initiation of epithelial cells, increased mucus production, and airway deformation. In the immunological pathways of asthma, both adaptive immune resistance plays a significant role. Consumption of fruits and vegetables may lower the chance of acquiring asthma. As Western food habits have become increasingly prevalent, prevalence has continued to climb in the past few decades (Alwarith et al., 2020). Evidence shows that diets high in plant-based foods may prevent asthma formation and ameliorate asthma attacks through influencing inflammatory processes, oxidative, and bacterial balance. Furthermore, improved fruit and vegetable eating decreased animal product consumption, and weight control may influence cytokine production, free radical scavengers, and immunological responses implicated in the development and progression of asthma. Meta-analyses evaluated the hazard ratio of children and adults in the most significant consumption group for fruits and vegetables to those in the poorest consumption group. Fruit and vegetable eating has been linked to a lower risk of getting asthma in both children and adults. Asthma symptoms can also be alleviated by eating vegetables. Vegetables and fruit have been significantly negatively correlated to wheezing problems in children. Adolescents also had an inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and asthma complaints. Fruit and vegetable consumption had a similar preventive role in adult asthmatic patients. A variety of environmental variables can influence the likelihood of acquiring asthma. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) met to examine evolving theories and obstacles in the implementation of the sample mean concept and its use in allergic disorders and asthma (Cevhertas et al., 2020). It is detailed how the exposome, genomic, transcripts, proteome, epigenome, and microbiome interact together to drive disease and endotype. Air quality has an impact on asthma attacks and the onset of asthma episodes. Over the last decade, a better knowledge of the complicated biology of asthma has resulted in the development of novel asthma treatment alternatives. Patients with untreated breathing problems are now regularly investigated for biologic therapy as well as pulmonary thermoplasty. Long-term control therapy for asthma, such as hydrocortisone, long-acting testing phase, and oral medicines, are currently available. Acute bouts are treated with oral corticosteroids, beta-agonists, and inhaled bronchodilators. Exacerbations of asthma caused by involve exposure such as cigarette smoke, particle matter, pollen, mold, or dust mites can be reduced with climate management methods (Zhang et al., 2018). On the other hand, environmental management approaches do not address the symptoms of the disease. Obesity is a serious public health issue that is both potential risk and a condition modification for asthma in both adults and children (Peters et al., 2018). Obese people are more likely to develop asthma, and obese patients are prone to have more complaints, more frequent and more severe acute episodes, a worse response to various asthma treatments, and a lower quality of life (Tashiro & Shore, 2019). Obese asthma is a complicated illness with a variety of disease characteristics that are just now being identified. Severe asthma continues to be a global concern, with insufficient knowledge of its etiology. It is distinguished by significant treatment regimes to partially or totally manage frequent and severe illnesses, as well as excessive use of healthcare resources. Asthma is characterized by a complex interaction of inflammatory disease and remolding, resulting in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR)—variable and severe airway shrinking (King et al., 2018). Severe asthma is frequently accompanied by some measure of chronic airflow restriction (Wang et al., 2020). When opposed to regular airways or moderate asthma, where airway narrowing is restricted, these pathological alterations result in diminished baseline pulmonary function and significant, excessive airway constriction when the muscle tissue is prompted to contract. Although structural alterations in posthumous lungs after fatal asthma episodes may not generally be applicable to breathing problems, there are comparable changes in mortem and histological tissues of non-fatal but subjectively breathing problems compared to mild instances and non-asthmatic persons. There are distinct changes in central airway layer thickness between acute and slight asthma patients. The variations are less evident in the tiny airways, presumably due to the airways’ modest absolute size and diversity in airway total number. However, because of the increased wall area compared to the airway lumen size, tiny airways are more vulnerable to severe constriction and closure. Discussion The data on trends and environmental variables, especially among young children’s asthma, is comparable, albeit the evidence for childhood asthma is more extensive, which is mainly due to the greater critical attention that children’s asthma has gotten from the scientific community. The worldwide asthma pandemic is still ongoing, particularly in low- to middle-income nations, while it has lessened in several high-income ones. Although epidemiological research has helped to reveal several important environmental variables that cause asthma, the significance of environmental factors in the genesis of asthma is primarily understood. Interactions between possible variables may aid in elucidating the pathogenesis. As a result, there is an essential need to explore the complex processes behind the interdependence of genetic and environmental factors variables in order to identify high-risk populations and critical adjustable exposures. Considering the length effect of both childhood and adult asthma, some believe that our focus in reducing the health burden of respiratory problems should be squarely on addressing not only brief discomfort but also long-term lung and other clinical outcomes. The worldwide asthma pandemic, which has been reported in both adults and children, is still ongoing, particularly in low and middle-income nations, while it has lessened in some developed countries. Asthma is a diverse illness with various phenotypes and endotypes that must be thoroughly described in order to establish more accurate and relevant definitions for use in research and therapeutic settings. New clustering approaches, such as latent class analysis, may aid with this, and computational phenotyping methods are being developed to gather information from healthcare data using text analytics (NLP) technologies to aid in the early identification of asthma. The pathogenesis of breathing problems, which is marked by severe AHR, aberrant fixed lung capacity, high treatment needs, and persistent symptoms, is caused by a complicated interplay between inflammatory, airway remodeling, and modified lung dynamics. Airway inflammation in breathing problems is very complicated, encompassing both adaptation and natural processes, and a better knowledge of inflammation has allowed physicians to try and understand the clinical illness and treat severe asthma patients (Khalaf et al., 2019). More critically, there is a strong need to understand how inflammation and airflow reorganization combine, resulting in the aberrant physiology of AHR in respiratory disease. In severe asthma, the extent of structural alterations to the small airways is greater and more nonoverlapping scattered (Bush et al., 2017). Moreover, in breathing problems, the mechanical characteristics of the pulmonary parenchyma and the connection between airway and bronchoalveolar structures are more aberrant, amplifying the mechanical effects of airway inflammation (Tliba & Panettieri Jr, 2019). These mechanisms cause severe, readily triggered, and often permanent airway constriction, the complicated mechanics of which are becoming better understood. Conclusion Asthma research generates thousands of articles each year and is one of the fastest-growing fields. The majority of the recent significant advancements have focused on precision medicine, endotypes and phenotypes, biomarkers, novel therapies such as biologicals, and real-life research. Many chronic diseases will be treated in the future using a tailored approach to patients and focused medicines. The primary areas of focus for further enhancing patient treatment are a greater understanding of molecular processes and the discovery of new markers. Asthma is a condition that is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, but it can appear at any age. There is still disagreement in the industry over whether asthma is a single illness or a group of disorders with airway inflammation as a fundamental feature. There are environmental and comorbidity risk factors for the illness that are expected to play essential roles in the genesis of asthma, the development of symptoms, and the response to therapy. These considerations become even more critical when people go toward the future with the objective of individualized therapy. Asthma is a common and complex disease that is most likely caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. It is crucial to consider factors such as the microbiome, another atopic condition, viral infections in young children, and other conditions such as obesity or paracetamol respiratory issues when formulating a treatment strategy for people. For doctors, understanding the biological agent of asthma and identifying asthma phenotypes is becoming increasingly important. Asthma is associated with immunological stimulation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), epithelial cell proliferation, increased mucus production, and airway deformation. Both adaptive immune resistance and innate immune resistant play essential roles in the immunology pathways of asthma. Evidence suggests that diets rich in plant-based foods can help prevent asthma attacks and reduce asthma flare-ups by affecting inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, and bacterial equilibrium. Moreover, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, reduced animal product consumption, and weight control may alter cytokine production, free radical formation, and immunological responses involved in the creation and advancement of asthma. The danger proportion of children and adults in the highest reported group for fruits and vegetables compared to those in the lowest consumption group was examined in meta-analyses. In both children and adults, consuming fruits and vegetables has been associated with a decreased risk of developing asthma. Eating veggies can also help to relieve asthma symptoms. Over the last decade, increased understanding of the complex biology of asthma has resulted in the emergence of innovative asthma treatment options. Patients who have untreated respiratory issues are now routinely evaluated for biologic treatment and pulmonary thermoplasty. Long-term asthma control treatment, such as corticosteroid, long-acting test environment, and oral medications, is now accessible. Oral corticosteroids, beta-agonists, and inhaled bronchodilators are used to treat acute episodes. Environmental mitigation strategies, on the other hand, do not treat the disease’s symptoms. Obesity is a critical public health concern that may both be a risk factor for and a cause of asthma in both adults and children. Obese persons are more likely to acquire asthma, and obese patients have more symptoms, more frequent and intense acute attacks, worse responsiveness to various asthma therapies, and reduced quality of life. Obese asthma is a complex condition with a number of clinical features that are only now being discovered. Although radical reforms in postmortem lungs following fatal asthma episodes may not be generalizable to respiratory difficulties, there are similar changes in postmortem and histology tissue of non-fatal but apparently difficulty breathing when compared to mild cases and non-asthmatic individuals. The central airway layer thickness differs significantly between patients with acute and mild asthma. The changes are less visible in the microscopic airways, owing to their small absolute size and variability in airway total number. References Alwarith, J., Kahleova, H., Crosby, L., Brooks, A., Brandon, L., Levin, S. M., & Barnard, N. D. (2020). The role of nutrition in asthma prevention and treatment . Nutrition Reviews , 78 (11), 928-938. Antonelli, M., & Kushner, I. (2017). It is time to redefine inflammation . The FASEB Journal , 31 (5), 1787-1791. Boonpiyathad, T., Sözener, Z. C., Satitsuksanoa, P., & Akdis, C. A. (2019). Immunologic mechanisms in asthma . In Seminars in immunology . Academic Press, 46 . Bush, A., Fleming, L., & Saglani, S. (2017). Severe asthma in children . Respirology , 22 (5), 886-897. Cevhertas, L., Ogulur, I., Maurer, D. J., Burla, D., Ding, M., Jansen, K., & Akdis, C. A. (2020). Advances and recent developments in asthma in 2020 . Allergy , 75 (12), 3124-3146. Castro‐Rodriguez, J. A., Saglani, S., Rodriguez‐Martinez, C. E., Oyarzun, M. A., Fleming, L., & Bush, A. (2018). The relationship between inflammation and remodeling in childhood asthma: a systematic review. Pediatric Pulmonology , 53 (6), 824-835. Dharmage, S. C., Perret, J. L., & Custovic, A. (2019). Epidemiology of asthma in children and adults . Frontiers in pediatrics , 7 , 246. Elliot, J. G., Noble, P. B., Mauad, T., Bai, T. R., Abramson, M. J., McKay, K. O., & James, A. L. (2018). Inflammation‐dependent and independent airway remodeling in asthma . Respirology , 23 (12), 1138-1145. King, G. G., James, A., Harkness, L., & Wark, P. A. (2018). Pathophysiology of severe asthma: We have only just started . Respirology , 23 (3), 262-271. Khalaf, K., Paoletti, G., Puggioni, F., Racca, F., De Luca, F., Giorgis, V., & Heffler, E. (2019). Asthma from immune pathogenesis to precision medicine. In Seminars in Immunology . Academic Press, 46. McGregor, M. C., Krings, J. G., Nair, P., & Castro, M. (2019). Role of biologics in asthma . American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine , 199 (4), 433-445. Pahwa, R., Goyal, A., Bansal, P., & Jialal, I. (2018). Chronic inflammation . Peters, U., Dixon, A. E., & Forno, E. (2018). Obesity and asthma . Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , 141 (4), 1169-1179. Ray, A., & Kolls, J. K. (2017). Neutrophilic inflammation in asthma and association with disease severity . Trends in immunology , 38 (12), 942-954. Scherzer, R., & Grayson, M. H. (2018). Heterogeneity and the origins of asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology , 121 (4), 400-405. Tashiro, H., & Shore, S. A. (2019). Obesity and severe asthma . Allergology International , 68 (2), 135-142. Tliba, O., & Panettieri Jr, R. A. (2019). Paucigranulocytic asthma: uncoupling of airway obstruction from inflammation . Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 143(4), 1287-1294. Wang, E., Wechsler, M. E., Tran, T. N., Heaney, L. G., Jones, R. C., Menzies-Gow, A. N., & Price, D. B. (2020). Characterization of severe asthma worldwide: data from the international severe asthma registry . Chest , 157 (4), 790-804. Yang, I. V., Lozupone, C. A., & Schwartz, D. A. (2017). The environment, epigenome, and asthma . Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , 140 (1), 14-23. Zhang, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Chen, G. P., Wang, L., & Wang, G. (2018). Systemic inflammation mediates the detrimental effects of obesity on asthma control. In Allergy & Asthma Proceedings, 39 (1).

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Information Systems in the Education Sector Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Research Problem 3. Review of the Literature 4. Article’s Contribution 5. Theoretical Model 6. Data Description 7. Results 8. Conclusion 9. Reference List Introduction Modern academic facilities are interested in developing and discussing various models to evaluate adult students learning processes and the role of educators. Common approaches to contribute to the field of education include social interactions, online communication, and critical thinking. In this report, the article “Meaningful Learning from Sustained Online Communication: A Reflection with a Group of Adults” by Abdallah and Albadri in the book about information systems in the education sector will be criticized. The editor of the book, Albadri, wanted to investigate how the process of globalization influences teachers and adult students in different countries. The chosen article contains an analysis of an online discussion board to share and construct knowledge among adult students. Relying on the already offered models and learning approaches, Abdallah and Albadri (2013) introduced their model to prove that the adoption of e-learning technologies would enhance the possibilities of students in the Arab World. Despite the intention to create a unique evaluation tool, the article under analysis is characterized by certain significant conclusions and weaknesses in terms of organizing qualitative research that have to be identified and reviewed. Research Problem The online learning experience of students varies, depending on such factors as personal abilities, social standards, and the level of teachers’ professionalism. However, the necessity to evaluate results is the thing that remains permanent in any learning process. Therefore, the authors of the article under analysis shared the statement that adult education may be considerably improved by engaging students through online discussion boards under well-designed models (Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). The research problem is to understand how to use an online social constructivist tool for evaluating student learning expectations and outcomes. According to Abdallah and Albadri (2013), this question is researchable because similar methods were developed and analyzed during the last three decades. Due to the fact that the offered approach is extensive, it is possible to focus on various knowledge elements. Social interactions gain different forms, and adult students are able to use their past experiences and means of communication. However, not all of them understand how to apply their achievements to meaningful learning. The research problem and questions raised in the article have extensive background information. The quality of online discussions may be measured by the already developed models, including those of Garrison et al., Bullen, Henri, Bloom, etc. (as cited in Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). However, the reason for the discussion of a new model of evaluating is the necessity for faculty to stay experimental and consider individual levels of engagement in regard to the current e-learning technologies. The ways of how online interactions may go are unpredictable, and education performance depends on how well teachers know their students and how prepared students are for new tasks. Although the problem statement does not indicate specific variables in research, the information of the chosen exploratory case study was properly analyzed to introduce four new categories to evaluate students’ skills, processes, and results. Review of the Literature After the introduction of the study and the identification of the major research questions and problems, the authors aim at evaluating the already existing online learning discussion boards. Although there is no section name “Literature Review”, there is a part of the paper that contains the elements of a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. First, Abdallah and Albadri (2013) mentioned that many studies about online learning and the examination of students’ posting could be appropriate as a background for their research. Qualitative and quantitative methods could be appropriate for the analysis of knowledge construction. However, certain attention was paid to several primary sources, where inquiry models and cognitive processes were investigated. The results of the eight models were introduced and compared in a brief way. To underline the main ideas and differences, the authors created a table with the elements of each model. In 2000, Garrison et al. applied a community of inquiry model with three categories (cognitive, social, and teaching presence) (as cited in Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). Several years before, such authors as Gunawardena, Lowe, and Andeson (1997), Bullen (1998), and Newman, Webb and Cochrane (1997) offered their methods of evaluation of cognitive processes that could be applied to online learning. The differentiation between in-depth and surface cognitive processes was studied by Henri in 1992 to prove the role of teachers’ participation in student learning (as cited in Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). At the same time, the earlier works by Bloom (1956), Norris and Ennis (1989), and Brookfield (1987) were also necessary for measuring learning outcomes. However, the main limitation of these approaches is the necessity to use them simultaneously in order to achieve the required results. To prove the effectiveness of the chosen studies, the authors of the article under consideration wrote a brief summary of the literature to prove that challenges and concerns have to be solved. The lack of a common and simple evaluation tool was the factor to think about the creation of a new model, relying on past experiences and current demands. Today’s online learning continues developing, and adult students want to be engaged in the online environment without neglecting their personal interests and obtained knowledge. Article’s Contribution The application of discussion boards in online education is not a new thing, and many academic facilities have already implemented certain models. In Abdallah and Albadri’s article, there is a properly formulated statement that online interaction is usually determined by several cognitive activities to improve students’ critical thinking. One of the contributions made within the article is the decision to work with students from Arab schools where e-learning is promoted. It means that the demands and resources for teaching adult students in the Arab World are considered. Another benefit is the creation of a new model that has gained positive feedback among MBA graduate students who take e-business courses. Such dimensions as observation, insights, deliberation, and learning from others improve the quality of education and encourage adults to participate in multiple activities available at discussion boards (Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). An online social constructivist model is a result of current learning experiences and strategies that are frequently applied by modern students. At the same time, the lack of the hypothesis (that is usually inherent to exploratory case studies) and tests to check the appropriateness of the offered material confuse the reader. Despite evident contributions and new ideas, the researchers admit that further development and validation are required (Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). The point is that not all categories were properly discussed and explained. The authors questioned the validity of the project by the impossibility to understand if students could learn from each other the way that is convenient for the model. On the one hand, it is remarkable that Abdallah and Albadri tried to prove the correctness of their model for the evaluation of students’ skills and interactions. On the other hand, it seems that the authors were pressed in time and did not add several crucial elements to their study to make it reliable and valid in the academic field. Theoretical Model The success of education depends on how well teachers and students understand the worth of the theoretical background in their work. In the article, there is no section with a theoretical framework being properly identified and discussed. Still, the authors mentioned the importance of the andragogy theory for adult learning developed by Knowles (as cited in Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). The idea of this theory is that adults are responsible for making decisions in their education. Compared to children, adults are introduced as self-directed and autonomous students who are able to use their experience and demonstrate conscious approaches (Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). This theory helps to explain the necessity of new models for online education so adult students could construct their knowledge not only on direct collaboration with teachers but with each other. Attention to this theory makes the study under analysis rationale in terms of the offered environment and goals. Data Description The development of methodology is one of the critical steps in any research. Abdallah and Albadri (2013) clearly identified that their work was an exploratory qualitative study based on rich data. To support the choice of data gathering and data analysis methods, the authors relied on the theories of qualitative approaches. They explained that this way of investigation helps to collect information from real subjects (humans) and analyze their words and actions. The purpose of their qualitative method is to gain insights into a learning process that motivates adult students to make independent decisions and take responsibility for their steps. To demonstrate their critical abilities, Abdallah and Albadri (2013) focused on the limitations, talking about the possibility of using subjective information and personal interpretations of the gathered material. However, this observation should not be defined as a weakness but an opportunity to identify some new aspects of the same processes in which students are regularly involved. Two groups of students from the same business school were chosen for research. Abdallah and Albadri (2013) did not specify the number and gender of participants, but they mentioned their education level – graduate students. The description of a data-gathering process was also given. It was expected from each MBA e-business student to create one critical thinking question and give answers to at least nine questions (Abdallah and Albadri, 2013). At the same time, students had to attend lectures and participate in classroom activities. The discussion of the results obtained from the participants took about 70 pages, but they were not attached to the paper. Therefore, it is hard to judge the quality and credibility of information in this critique report. Several sentences were devoted to the discussion of data analysis methods. Abdallah and Albadri (2013) used NVivo qualitative analysis software for students’ replies converted into a text file. A distinctive feature of this study was that the researchers did not create some categories beforehand but used the results of the analysis for new codes, which turned out to be new categories for a social constructivist tool. The weaknesses of the study methods were not discussed in the article. However, the absence of subtests and measurements for categories could be considered as a limitation for further analysis. In addition, an unknown number of participants and no educators as direct participants of discussion board activities diminish the effectiveness of the results. No information about how the participants were chosen; thus, it was mentioned that it took a long period of time to identify the criteria for selection. Results Discussion boards are used to provoke communication between students and make them think critically. The result showed by Abdallah and Albadri (2013) was a model with four categories for cognitive processes: observation, insight, deliberations, and learning from others. Observations are necessary to search for information and complete the required tasks in regard to existing social issues. Insights must be gained by students to give appropriate answers and understand the essence of their work. Observations help gather the material, and insights are important for understanding what should be done with this information. The next step is the discussion of the offered ideas in a group, also defined as deliberation. The authors not only describe the categories but compare their characteristics to explain the reader the worth of each concept in the model. Finally, the process of learning from others was the category which the researchers wanted to validate and elaborate with time because of the impossibility to determine students’ cooperation. There were no statistically significant tests to check the project’s reliability and validity. As a part of qualitative research, the author created a table to identify and briefly describe the results. Conclusion In general, the authors of the article set a particular research question and answer it, using the information obtained from the participants. Four determinants of adult student learning were described and compared. However, the reader was not able to understand how many students were invited, what specific criteria were followed, and if gender factors played a role. Therefore, the quality of the interpretation of the problem and its solution could be improved by means of additional description and investigation. The conclusions turn out to be clear but not strong enough as it was expected. Additional work, attention to the details, and specific measurements are required to improve the study and create a framework for the analysis of cognitive processes in students who are involved in online learning. Reference List Abdallah, S. and Albadri, F. A. (2013) ‘Meaningful learning from sustained online communication: a reflection with a group of adults’, in Albadri, F. A. (ed.) Information systems applications in the Arab education sector . Hershey: IGI Global, pp. 208-216.

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Innovation and Change in Healthcare Essay The healthcare system is currently under significant strain due to the COVID 19 pandemic. The problems of supply and staff shortages in healthcare have existed before but have now worsened. In particular, the issue of shortage of medical supplies is noticeable in the outpatient surgical setting where I work. This problem is directly related to the existing principles of building supply chains in healthcare, which should be subject to change. In this situation, John’s Kotter steps in leading change can become a framework for bringing positive results. The main advantage of this theory is the holistic approach to making changes. Most importantly, Kotter’s theory includes eight steps that are based on the formation and communication of a vision of the need for change (Beauvais & Spahn, 2018). Additionally, this theory is most useful, as it allows innovation to be introduced at a structural rather than purely organizational level. With regard to the described problem, this aspect is the most significant. Eight steps suggested by Kotter that could help in the successful implementation of changes are described below. 1. The first step is to create a sense of urgency for change. Kotter notes that it takes about 75% of supporters to successfully create a sense of urgency (Beauvais & Spahn, 2018, p. 255). This can be achieved through discussions with other nurses and providing information on how the shortage of supplies negatively affects the quality of care and patient outcomes. 2. Successful implementation of change requires building a coalition through the practice of effective leadership. On the issue, you need to work with representatives of other healthcare units and organizations to acquire more supporters. At this stage, it is important to find influential associates who could make the problem public. 3. At this stage, it is necessary to create a vision and a strategy corresponding to it. In particular, it is important to provide people not only with evidence of the existence of the problem and its consequences but also to indicate the overall goal of changes. Additionally, it is necessary to articulate how changes in supply chains, as well as a focus on planning and forecasting, can make a significant difference. 4. After that, it is important to communicate the vision, for which it is necessary to use every opportunity. Structural changes are needed in relation to the problem, which complicates the process of introducing changes. At this stage, it is critical to articulate the vision not only among colleagues but also in the medical community as a whole. This will help in expanding the publicity of the issue as well as acquiring supporters. 5. A key aspect for a leader is also to stimulate action and remove barriers to change. In particular, the aspirations of nurses and their active work to implement the strategy need to be supported and inspired. It is also important to identify those who oppose change and try to convince them of the need for it. 6. For effective implementation, it is also necessary to achieve short-term results, which will become an indicator of the possibility of change. As part of solving the problem, even expanding the publicity of its existence can be a victory. To successfully resolve an issue, it is important that organizations recognize the need for long-term supply planning. 7. After each small success within the strategy, it is important to evaluate the results and adjust the plan. It is critical for a leader to consider what opportunities for change in supply management are open and how they can be effectively used. Finally, it is necessary to root the change in the organizational culture. With regard to the problem, this should be done at the structural level through maintaining publicity and active discussion of supply management change initiatives. Reference Beauvais, A. M., & Spahn, K. (2018). Innovation and change. In A. M. Beauvais (ed.), Leadership and management competence in nursing practice: Competencies, skills, decision-making (245-266). Springer Publishing Company.

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Inspiration of “Diamonds” Song by Rihanna Research Paper Elements Diamonds by Rihanna was first heard on Elvis Duran Show on September 26, 2012, availed for online download an hour after being released to the public, and was released as the album’s lead single the following day. Sia wrote the song for Rihanna, who holds the song’s copyrights and worked on it a year prior; therefore, the song is owned by an independent contractor (Anggraini 12). Unapologetic is Barbadian artist Rihanna’s seventh studio album, and the song “Diamonds” appears on it (Anggraini 7). Using Sia’s demo vocals as a guide, Rihanna imitated her inflections to the precise tiniest detail. It was only after Benny Blanco heard the finished track to the Australian songwriter did, she realize the vocals belonged to her alone. Inspiration In Diamonds , Rihanna contemplated the existence of both love and diamonds: “Yellow diamonds in the light. To make things even more awkward, we’re standing next to each other. You cross my path as your shadow does.” The diamonds in the song symbolize a silver lining that illustrates the chance for a better future and happier days among dark and depressing days. The song made me think about all the possibilities available when things do not turn out to be as I expected. I also chose the song because its presentation, which was both positive and hopeful, and I am always in a good mood when I listen to it. It is also quite inspirational because it encourages listeners to love themselves. Since its launch, the song has won multiple awards and has enjoyed massive success for years. For Rihanna’s career, the song gave a great boost because it was quite catchy and everyone could recognize it from the very first minutes of it playing. Work Cited Anggraini, Reni Herlita. Figurative Language in Rihanna’s Songs Lyrics . 2017. Thesis. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.

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Integrated Theory of Influence vs. Evaluation Information Essay Introduction Evaluation information is one of the main factors in decision-making in various spheres of public life. The data containing results of evaluation procedures gives a specific characteristic of the advantages and disadvantages of various processes, working performance of employees, the effectiveness of production, and more. Therefore, the requirements for the evaluation methods are high as they should be reliable to serve as the basis for introducing changes, revealing weaknesses, and constructing new strategies for the development of different life spheres. Although evaluation information may be subjective or non-representative, it is an essential source of concentrated facts, which is crucial for people of different professions to make quick decisions when it is necessary. Evaluation Process from the Integrated Theory of Influence Perspective Evaluation as human activity has several factors that influence it and have affected its forming in the past. Firstly, it is a language used for evaluation, which affects the perception of all the judgments and interpretations and thus predetermines the effect of such evaluation (Kirkhart, 2000). Concerning the unique elements of the language that allow evaluators to express their opinion in a certain way, suspending goals regarding people’s opinion on the information, they can even be invisible (Hopson, 2000). Therefore, the process of evaluation itself can be affected negatively by the evaluators who use it unfairly. Concerning the development of the evaluation as a process that triggers essential consequences, the main point in its evolution is the following. An integrated theory of influence was designed to create a new framework for evaluation processes and make them more profound (Kirkhart, 2000). The theory regards three aspects – “source of influence, intention, and time frame” (Kirkhart, 2000, p. 8). An integrated theory of influence considers both the process of evaluating its repercussions or using the evaluation information. Evaluation information is helpful in numerous situations as assessment of any kind always leads to consequences such as making decisions and triggering changes. Concerning the theory of influence, this type of information has a wide range of implementation opportunities. Kirkhart (2000) mentions two types of influence of the evaluation information on all the connected spheres – process-based and results-based. Hence, although the interpretation of evaluation results is a separate process, evaluation information determines the directions of future development of both the processes (operational performance) and goals (strategic performance). Moreover, evaluation information can affect different processes through another aspect related to it – intention. This means that the intentions of the primary evaluation process are not less important than the process itself because they partly reflect the purposes of the evaluator (Hopson, 2000). In other words, the evaluation intentionally depends on the purposes of the person who performs it (Kirkhart, 2000). Thus, stakeholders of the evaluation process may affect its result by placing the particular request. On the other hand, the influence of the intention of the evaluation process is not limited by the case described above. According to Kirkhart (2000), the intention of affecting the processes connected to the object of evaluation may be unintended. More specifically, this kind of influence is even more influential and may cause more powerful and profound changes than the intended evaluation. Therefore, stakeholders of the evaluation process may be affected in a completely unexpected way, meaning that evaluation is a phenomenon that evaluators cannot fully control although they initiate it. Additionally, the influence of evaluation may differ depending on the time. To be more exact, evaluation consequences may vary in a short-term and long-term perspective and diverge drastically (Kirkhart, 2000). However, this fact only highlights the significance of evaluation information and its functionality for the party that uses it. Hence, management of the business, members of state structures, and ordinary people may experience the effect of the assessment in a wide range of ways, unexpectedly, at any time, because it cannot be controlled. The usefulness of evaluation is best expressed by the fact that it is widely utilized by the business. Pinch (2009) claims it is hard to think of an organization that does not use evaluation. However, regarding business, evaluation processes often become overused, making evaluation information not a valuable tool of performance assessment but a negatively perceived obligatory routine (Pinch, 2009). At the same time, if the evaluation takes place regularly and the gathered information is systematized, the evaluation turns into research that can be helpful for business or any other interested party (Pinch, 2009). Hence, the factor is substantial for the effectiveness of the evaluation procedure and its positive impact on the assessed unit because it reflects the level of devotion of people to their sphere of activity. Moreover, the higher is the level of professionality of the person who interprets the evaluation data, and the better are the perspectives of the assessed object. In other words, people affect the evaluation outcomes more powerfully than they assume in both positive and negative ways. Evaluation is an essential instrument in research and drawing conclusions. Therefore the evaluation of informational research systems may have broader consequences than commonly thought, as we live in the era of information (Saracevic, 1995). Due to the inability of some systems to ensure their safety and reliability, the evaluation immediately showed its importance for the early information research systems (Saracevic, 1995). Then, under the influence of evaluation information, the information research systems were developed to better suit the users’ needs (Saracevic, 1995). Moreover, the standards regarding the level of reliability of particular sources of information and their relevance have been developed due to the increase of the information flow (‘Information literacy ~ IEM’ , 2021). Nowadays, IR systems have proved their functionality and tremendous capacity to help researchers find the necessary information – and this has happened because the evaluation processes were appropriately used, aiming at positive changes. The variety of opportunities to implement evaluation to reach particular goals is almost unlimited because every human-related process can be standardized and classified. For example, evaluation can be used in higher education to calculate and compare the effectiveness of different types of testing of the students’ knowledge (Jonson et al., 2014). Despite the sphere of use, evaluation has experienced drastic changes during its development and has been reconceptualized and challenged to better understand its effects (Cummings, 2002). Thus, with the use of the integrated theory of influence, evaluation processes are one of the primary sources of information for decision-making. Conclusion Overall, the integrated theory of influence portrays the system of evaluation disregarding the sphere of its implementation, the number of people involved, and the special conditions of the situation. This theory reflects the interconnection of the possible effects of evaluation processes in general and the utilization of the information gathered as a result of the evaluation process. The number of opportunities to affect the object of evaluation, employees of the company, citizens of the state, or any other group, subject, or process intentionally or unintentionally reveals the functionality of the evaluation process. Therefore, evaluation information can be helpful in many business cases for developing solutions to problems at the governmental level or just assessing the students’ level of competence in a subject. References Cummings, R. (2002). Rethinking evaluation use . Australasian Evaluation Society International Conference, Wollongong, Australia. Web. Hopson, R. (2000). How and why language matters in evaluation . New Directions for Evaluation , 86, 1–3. Web. Information literacy ~ IEM: Evaluation criteria: Relevance and reliability . (2021). University of Groningen. Web. Johnson, J. L., Guetterman, T., & Thompson Jr., R. J. (2014). An integrated model of influence: Use of assessment data in higher education . Research & Practice in Assessment, 9, 18–30. Web. Kirkhart, K. E. (2000). Reconceptualizing evaluation use: An integrated theory of influence. New Directions for Evaluation, 2000 (88), 5–23. Web. Pinch, K. J. (2009). The importance of evaluation research . Journal of Experiential Education, 31 (3), 390–394. Web. Saracevic, T. (1995). Proceedings of the 18th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. Special Issue of the SIGIR Forum.

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Integrity & Personality Tests and Their Benefits Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The personality tests are designed to methodically produce information about an individual’s inspirations, interests, preferences, emotional make-up, and way of interacting either with people or situations. Personality measures can be conducted through various means (Remaida et al., 2021). It can be conducted through interviews, the administration of questionnaires, and observer ratings. The personality self-report registers mostly require individuals seeking job opportunities to rate themselves based on the chains of statements developed to determine their opinion on absolutely stable personality traits. The information obtained is then processed by the organization to generate an individual profile which aids in predicting job performance or satisfaction with some elements of the job (Jelley, 2021). The organization’s big five personality traits commonly assessed include; extroversion, emotional intelligence, friendliness, carefulness, and openness to experience. Main body On the other hand, integrity tests can be defined as a specific form of personality test developed to aid in an individual assessment concerning their behaviors in terms of honesty, trustworthiness, and dependability. Lack of integrity anywhere or in an organization always results in theft and employee absenteeism (Jones & Terris, 2018). It is also associated with violent acts of employees and related disciplinary issues. The integrity tests and personality tests have some similarities as they measure similar factors, predominantly carefulness and bits of emotional steadiness and agreeableness. It is agreeable that organizations can rely on the integrity test to determine the employee’s performance on their overall responsibilities. This is true because integrity and carefulness are strongly related, and conscientiousness is one of the key items in predicting overall job performance. Integrity tests can be utilized to measure individual personality, and they can be of value addition to a selection process when utilized together with cognitive ability tests (Příhodová et al., 2021). The administration of the integrity test cannot eliminate dishonesty and theft at workplaces; however, through research, it has been evident that employees who have scored terribly on the integrity test when hired tend to perform poorly at workplaces and less suitable for the role. Both personality tests and integrity tests have some similarities and differences. Some of the similarities between personality and integrity tests can be seen in their ability to predict individual overall job performance. Both tests can be similarly administered to an individual via paper or electronically. The cost for administration for each test is relatively low since they do not need a skilled administrator to offer them. Another similarity is in the cost of development of the test. It is relatively cheaper to purchase the already developed test rather than develop a customized test for an organization. The integrity and personality tests usually contain items that tend to reveal individual private feelings and thoughts. The applicants consider these items as non-job-related items, thus being overly invasive. Apart from the similarities between the two tests, they also have differences between them. One of the differences between the two can be seen in their level of return on investment. The integrity test has a high return on investment in areas or organizations where counterproductive measures are highly needed. Counterproductive behaviors such as theft of the organization’s resources and absenteeism can be detrimental to the organization’s performance; thus, there is a need for the integrity test (Jones & Terris, 2018). On the other hand, the return on investment for a personality test is very high if the organization is interested in recruiting specific job-related skills, personality skills, and interpersonal skills. Conclusion In conclusion, both personality tests and integrity tests are vital to any organization. The personality tests can help the organization select the most desirable traits. On the other hand, the integrity test is vital in selection since it helps the organization avoid recruiting people with questionable traits. This allows the organization to minimize counterproductive issues such as theft and absenteeism. References Jelley, R. B. (2021). Using personality feedback for work-related development and performance improvement: A rapid evidence assessment. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement , 53 (2), 175. Jones, J. W., & Terris, W. (2018). Integrity testing for personnel selection: An overview. Occupational Crime , 353-376. Příhodová, T., Preiss, M., Straková, E., Juríčková, V., & Heissler, R. (2021). May the testing of integrity help to employ people with mood disorders?. Polish Psychological Bulletin , 52 (1). Remaida, A., Moumen, A., El Idrissi, Y. E. B., Abdellaoui, B., & Harraki, Y. (2021). The use of personality tests as a pre-employment tool: A comparative study. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 119). EDP Sciences.

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Intel, a Supply Chain Environmental, Social, and Governance Corporation Essay Introduction Intel Corporation (Intel) is a semiconductor computer circuits manufacturer based in the United States. Intel, also known as “Integrated electronics,”- the company’s name, is headquartered in Santa Clara, California. The company operates through segments such as The Internet of Things Group (IOTG) and Mobileye (Hall, 2021). It sells platform goods, including chipsets and the central processor units and system-on-a-chip and multichip packages. In addition, the company offers high-performance computing solutions for embedded and vertical applications in the retail, industrial, and healthcare markets, as well as solutions for assisted and autonomous driving that include computer vision. It also provides platforms that optimized workload and related solutions to cloud service providers, business and government customers, and communications service providers. Cloud services providers, original design, and equipment manufacturers are all served by the firm. Intel Corporation has formed a strategic agreement to utilize and develop artificial intelligence approaches for improving drug discovery. The paper describes the Supply Chain ESG as how Intel corporation creates a positive impact on the global environment. Intel Code of Conduct (COC) The Code of Conduct establishes the company’s standards for how it coordinates its activities to create and deliver products, protects the value of Intel and its subsidiaries, and interacts with customers, suppliers, and distributors. When performing Intel-related business, it is the obligation of every individual at Intel to follow the code, the employment guidelines, and other applicable regulations. The company does business with unwavering ethical standards and honesty, treating distributors, suppliers, customers, fairness, respect, and honesty in all business interactions. Intel and its subsidiaries require all employees to comply fully with internal investigations, comprising the provision of truthful information, except where the act would result in disclosing the participation of the in concerted activity under the National Labor Relations Act of the United States. Staff who fail to do so may face disciplinary action, comprising termination, depending on the applicable local legislation (Hall, 2021). Employee involvement in inquiries into suspected violations of the United States National Labor Relations Act is voluntary, albeit encouraged. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Intel’s dedication to sustainability leadership and corporate responsibility is firmly ingrained in the company’s culture. The company does not create an encompassing and positive work environment where every staff feels like they have a sense of belonging and a voice. Still, it is also proactive in its initiatives to minimize its environmental impact by using natural materials and resources efficiently and responsibly. The company also wants to use its leading position in the global digital ecosystem to assist the industry and company in achieving more progress in corporate responsibility, including governance, social impact, and environmental sustainability. Intel’s 2030 “RISE” strategy aims to utilize the company’s leading position in the global technology ecosystem to build a more inclusive, sustainable, and responsible society, powered by technology and employees’ skills and enthusiasm (Ganusov, Iyer, Cheng, & Meisler, 2020). It aims to double the number of females and the minority groups underrepresented in higher employment ranks over the following decade. Supply chain responsibility Effectively controlling and enhancing performance throughout the company’s supply chain lowers risks, enhances product quality, and aids the staff in meeting the social and environmental objectives of the company. This adds value to the business and its consumers. Intel has several rigorous initiatives to educate and educate the suppliers that support the company’s worldwide manufacturing activities to guarantee that the supply chain is accountable, respectful of human rights, and resilient. The company’s accelerating responsible standards and accountability across sectors via leadership and partnership with suppliers. Intel’s worldwide strategy of supply chain aims to establish a responsible, robust, and varied supply chain that allows customers to generate data-driven technological solutions, suppliers, stakeholders, consortia, and fellow travelers (Bowersox, 2019). Intel functions with approximately 9,000 tier-one suppliers in 89 states to deliver direct production materials, intellectual property, manufacturing equipment, machinery, delivery, and travel services, packing services, office supplies, and software (Ganusov et al., 2020). Other companies produce, assemble, and test some of the corporation’s products and components. Environmental Sustainability Intel has developed technology critical to tackling the world’s sustainability issues. The business is always looking for innovative methods to improve energy management and reduce emissions, including conservation, efficient building design, renewable energy, and other initiatives (Bowersox, 2019). The company considers key issues such as smart energy efficiency regulations, policies geared towards managing chemicals, and climate change solutions. Chemical Management Policies Chemicals are critical to semiconductor industry innovation. Intel is dedicated to chemical management that protects its employees and the environment. The company’s chemical policy is in line with the protection of the environment, chemical safety, and technological innovation in the United States. Advances in chemistry and materials science enable Intel’s technical innovation. Intel’s manufacturing competitiveness depends on the chemical suppliers’ ability to get novel chemicals authorized quickly, assure the continuity of supply of current chemicals, and safeguard their intellectual property. Solutions to Enable Climate Change Information and communications technology (ICT) devices powered by Intel silicon chips can help drive end-use energy efficiency advancements, resulting in considerable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The company’s technology enables others to lessen their footprint, which the firm refers to as the effect of the “Handprint.” Government policy should acknowledge and encourage the ICT industry to play a larger role in developing climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Intel’s corporate responsibility goals comprise a total dependence on renewable energy and producing zero trash by 2030. According to the company reports, many of the corporation’s 2020 goals were also met. It recycles over 90% of its garbage and sends virtually no hazardous material to landfills. According to the Intel code of conduct report (2021), the quantity of greenhouse gases it emits has decreased by around 30% since 2010. Yet, yearly emissions have increased somewhat since 2016 as the company has grown. According to the business, it reduced its water use by 38%, saving 44 billion gallons over the last decade (Intel code of conduct report, 2021). It will be a larger struggle to reduce those emissions, which Intel claims it is doing by attempting to make its devices more energy efficient. Efficiency Regulations of Smart Energy In regulating the energy efficiency of ICT devices, the company suggests that the governments categorize devices properly to compare related items and avoid imposing ‘one-size-fits-all’ rules on distinct classes of products. Consumer preferences should be respected, and the device’s functionality should not be restricted. For example, idle power limitations applied to ICT equipment and data centers might limit the functionality that gives the most advantages. Such limitations may have a particularly negative impact on the fast-expanding adoption of Internet of Things technology. Social Sustainability Intel is dedicated to improving the world through the strength of its technology and the passion of its employees. Around the globe, the corporation delivers high-paying professions multiple high-skill that influence local economies. Intel also thinks that helping and cooperating with the company’s communities expands opportunities and inspires the next generation of innovators. The company empowers human potential by igniting positive change; by bringing people, relationships, and charity together, the company equips society and children with the skills and confidence they need to climb, advance, and thrive. The organization focuses on using Intel workers’ enthusiasm and expertise, raising the bar for collaborative relationships that maximize shared value, and generating meaningful outcomes via long-term investments and impact. In addition to that, the company has been involved in several social aids and supports within the society, for instance, responding to crises donating towards COVID-19 relief. Governance The directors’ principal role is to utilize their expertise acumen to act in the corporation’s best interests and follow their fiduciary obligations. Directors may ask questions and perform whatever investigations they feel necessary to meet that role. They might put their faith in the information provided by the management of the corporation auditors and independent experts. In the interest of and for the advantage of the company’s investors, the Board of Directors offers supervision, guidance, and direction to the management. Conclusion Intel’s mission is to develop game-changing technology that benefits everyone on the planet as a reason that shows its dedication to corporate social responsibility. Intel and its stakeholders benefit from this obligation, built on a firm foundation of respect for human rights, governance, ethics, and transparency. This has always helped in risk mitigation, reduction costs, building brand value, and identifying new market opportunities to apply technology to help address society’s most complex issues. Intel has achieved real outcomes and challenged itself to reach better performance levels over time by focusing long-term on enhancing transparency and incorporating corporate social responsibility throughout all elements of Intel corporation. References Bowersox, D. (2019). Supply chain logistics management (5 th ed). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ganusov, I. K., Iyer, M. A., Cheng, N., & Meisler, A. (2020). Agilex™ generation of Intel® FPGAs. In 2020 IEEE Hot Chips 32 Symposium (HCS) (pp. 1-26). IEEE Computer Society. Web. Hall, M. (2021). Intel. Encyclopedia Britannica . Web. Report on Intel code of conduct. (2021). Web.

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Inter Families’ Football Competition Event Essay The ten interesting events in my community are church construction, launching of radio stations, inter families football competitions, construction, and launching of health institutions, and ceremonies such as funerals and marriage. The other two important events are church baptism activities and wrestling matches among male children between 10 to 17 years. Among the six subjects, I am not familiar with inter families football competitions, but I find it to be the most exciting event. Inter families’ competition is the most interesting event in my community. Seven families combined to form a team of seven players. This competition is normally organized by the community leaders with the goal of promoting talents and also creating a better future for the young people. The competition only involves youths from the age of 18 to 30 years. One of the leaders elaborated that this program is purely for the youths who are seeking self-discovery. These competitions are held during the school holidays between December and January. Regarding this interesting and important event, I had already known a few things. I know that this competition program is sponsored by The Association for Talent Development. Again, this program creates employment for young people; three of my cousins are currently working with the American Federation of Women. Conversely, one thing I may want to know is how the pandemic affected event’s plans and challenges they have faced during the pandemic. Talent identification and employment creation make this event interesting since it helps fight joblessness among the youths. In an interview with Mr. Bowers, the chairman of the great community event, Mr. Bowers explained that the COVID-19 pandemic policies implementation by the state interrupted the event plans. These COVID-19 pandemic policies included lockdown and curfews and social distancing. Lockdown prevented the events, financiers, and sponsors from attending football training, while curfew reduced football training hours. On the other hand, social distance did not allow the full football teams to practice, thus reducing the effectiveness of those teams. Apart from financial challenges, Mr. Bowers also mentioned that they lack spacious fields to accommodate all players concerning the social distancing COVID-19 policy by the state. According to my own research, I found out that COVID-19 indeed disrupted the event activities and plans. On watching the current videos played by Mr. Bowers in his office, it was evident that instead of 14 players, the field could only accommodate eight players. In comparing the previous and current football training sessions, there was a difference in audience volume. And this had a negative impact on supporting talent and employment creation since the audience included the event sponsors who could not attend the event to identify the talented individuals (Dönmez et al. 6). The recorded football match in 2019 backward was much better than of 2020 and 2021. During these two years, the players did not have enough space and time to train as a full team, thus leading to poor performance. The poor performance due to insufficient training has also led to the sponsor’s reluctance towards supporting the event. Based on my analysis, the COVID-19 pandemic affected the inter families football competition, the most important and interesting event in my community. This event has been interesting since it showcases amazing football talent among the youth and is important because it creates employment for the youths. From my observation of the previous and currently recorded videos, COVID-19 policies by the state have killed the event. Social distance has impeded the entire team from training together; the lockdown has prevented the sponsors from flying to physically watch and identify talents, while curfew has limited the training hours (Dönmez et al. 2). Mr. Bowers’s figurative language truly revealed how painful the pandemic cost the event. From my angle of view, Mr. Bowers should approach the national government to grant them a permit to conduct the inter families’ competitions regardless of the pandemic policies placed by the state. He should do this because this event has created jobs for the youths and earned revenue for the government. Work Cited Dönmez, Gürhan, et al. “ The Effects of Home Confinement on Physical Activity Level and Mental Status in Professional Football Players During COVID-19 outbreak “. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2021, pp. 1-7. Web.

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Interdepartmental Collaboration as an Effective Management Tool Research Paper Different circumstances under which medical staff has worked led to varying types of leadership strategies being developed. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the role of clear communication and the handling of prompt preparation in top healthcare leaders (Nicola et al., 2020). Another key tactic includes the use of external change agents that ultimately promote excellent organizational decision-making (Alagoz et al., 2018). Moreover, one study explained how implementing positivity-related and open-minded approaches as leaders can improve their employee’s resilience, providing an additional source of motivation (Wei et al., 2018). Hence, effective healthcare leaders must adapt to various external changes and strategically communicate with their coworkers. Several departments can be interacted with through the role of a healthcare administrator. One of them includes the in-patient department where multiple approaches from skilled professionals are needed. Moreover, critical care and A&E require excellent management and collaborating opportunities. As already mentioned, the selected healthcare areas are prime examples of fields requiring strong leaders to provide optimal patient care. One way this can be improved to obtain the desired outcomes is through a holistic approach that considers external and internal factors. Furthermore, collective decision-making should not be viewed as limiting to effective leadership; on the contrary, it presents an ideal strategy in healthcare management. The importance of interprofessional collaboration in medical institutions is evident through its effect on patient outcomes. Research has demonstrated significant changes in healthcare conditions after the implementation of the strategy (Spaulding et al., 2018). The method involves acquiring knowledge from colleagues and incorporating it into one’s practice, seeking advice from the respective medical staff. Therefore, the strategy impacts the range of services professionals can offer to their patients and should be worked on further to improve its practicality. References Alagoz, E., Chih, M. Y., Hitchcock, M., Brown, R., & Quanbeck, A. (2018). The use of external change agents to promote quality improvement and organizational change in healthcare organizations: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 18 (1), 1-13. Nicola, M., Sohrabi, C., Mathew, G., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Griffin, M., Agha, M. & Agha, R. (2020). Health policy and leadership models during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review. International Journal of Surgery, 81 , 122-129. Spaulding, E. M., Marvel, F. A., Jacob, E., Rahman, A., Hansen, B. R., Hanyok, L. A., Martin, S.S., & Han, H. R. (2021). Interprofessional education and collaboration among healthcare students and professionals: a systematic review and call for action. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 35 (4), 612-621. Wei, H., Roberts, P., Strickler, J., & Corbett, R. W. (2019). Nurse leaders’ strategies to foster nurse resilience . Journal of Nursing Management, 27 (4), 681-687.

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Intermodal Transportation in the European Union and the United States Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Regulation 3. Deregulation 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction In both economies, the European Union and the United States, transportation services immeasurably contribute to the economy. With manufacturing and service sectors relying on transportation, network efficiency assumes a critical role in achieving optimal value. Intermodal transportation brings competitiveness by playing a significant role in how the E.U. and the U.S. promote attractiveness in their production. The impact attributed to the legal environment associated with intermodal transportation networks resonates in other sectors of the economy. The case study focuses on both the positive and negative impact of regulation or deregulation in the E.U. and the U.S. on intermodal transportation growth. Regulation The impact of intermodal transportation regulation has varied in the U.S. and several E.U. countries. To some extent, regulation has limited competition in intermodal transportation. The transport sector has encountered massive public expenditure based on limited competition. Growth has been stalled at national levels, in both regions, due to the inefficiencies attributed to public entities. For example, in the United Kingdom, the bus industry encountered heavy resource waste in the years leading to 1980, resulting from high-level government engagement in the transport sector. Nonetheless, the U.K. government saw the need to control waste and passed the 1980 and 1985 Transportation Acts to monitor the role of the government in the transportation industry (Tudorica & Banacu, 2017). However, there are benefits associated with regulation that cannot be ignored. One positive control regulation aspect in intermodal transportation is the reduction of operation costs (Achahchah, 2018). In the U.S., for instance, the 1991 ISTEA Act was established to promote intermodal transportation (Achahchah, 2018). The act singled out corridors that helped avail funds for improvements resulting in greater efficiency and decreased delays to achieve the promotion. Deregulation Similar to regulation, deregulation has positive and negative aspects as well. One advantage of deregulation is that it freely facilitates market demand and supply forces to act. With the two forces interacting, the market experiences efficiency in outcomes, which benefits the well-being of the economies of the two regions. In the E.U., associated policies have an intermodal transportation network that fulfills member state objectives (Tudorica & Banacu, 2017). Tremendous improvements have been encountered in E.U. member states regarding goods and services movements between states. The efficiency linked to the movement of goods and services has resulted in improved economic activities in the E.U., with the economies in the member states significantly growing. Nonetheless, with deregulation, there has been a spurring, to a great extent, of cartel activities that have resulted in the loss of control of some major players in the transportation industry (Achahchah, 2018). For example, many individual careers have gone bankrupt, with others losing much of their labor due to unstable economic and political clout. In the U.S. and the E.U., cartels gained control of the transportation infrastructure when the respective governments privatized transportation activities. Conclusion Positive and negative impacts associated with the regulation or deregulation of intermodal transportation growth in the E.U. and the U.S. cannot be denied. Even with deregulation promoting market competition, intermodal transportation vulnerability to cartel-based activities results in unhealthy economic practices. Regulation directs resources to economic sectors that depend on intermodal transportation services to develop. However, with this comes limited competition that leads to public sector inefficiencies. With the inefficiencies, the growth of intermodal transport has been curtailed. Based on the impacts of regulation and deregulation of intermodal transport, stakeholders from both regions must put in place measures that ensure a state of balance between regulating or deregulating the transport sector. The significance of such measures will help achieve intermodal transportation growth. References Achahchah, M. (2018). Lean transportation management: Using logistics as a strategic differentiator . Milton: Productivity Press. Tudorica, A, & Banacu, C. S. (July 01, 2017). The potential of intermodal transport projects in Romania. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 11, 1, 649-659.

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Internet of Things Security Issues Essay The creation of intelligent devices provoked further development in this area, which led to the emergence of the Internet of things. Such devices are controlled in the same way using mobile applications, which creates additional sources of problems with the safety of their operation. Since most consumers lack technology security literacy, this problem poses a threat to users (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Also, there are no available and understandable to the end consumer security standards for such Internet things that could influence the choice of purchase. As a result, the article identifies the main security risks, demonstrates previous attempts to build a ranking model, and suggests developed directions in this area. The first such devices began to appear in 1985, gradually increasing the consumption rate, but by 2006, many were noticeably concerned about the security of these devices. Because they were controlled by Internet access, they could be easily compromised (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). 40% of homes have at least five devices with Internet access, and the same 40% have at least one device with several vulnerabilities (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Many authors and works are given in the article, where various loopholes and problems of the Internet of Things are proved. At the same time, there were appropriate safety labels, but the consumer could hardly understand them if he did not have the appropriate in-depth knowledge. Determining the relative safety of devices of this type is a rather complex multi-criteria task, especially given the different orientations of each of these devices. The models under consideration often adopted a hierarchical analytical process as a method for solving such multiobjective problems (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). This method can combine qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a device, evaluate internal consistency, and have a transparent framework for comparing devices against criteria. The article proposes the construction of such a safety rating with the condition of its understandability for the end-user. Such an approach will create a criterion by which the user will make a more informed decision about the purchase. The method is also built on AHP, offering new solutions and insights in methodology building (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Finally, the article also provides an example of the application of this technique. AHP is a goal-based approach against which criteria are built. Each criterion has its weight compared to others or relative priority. Based on the priority of criteria or sub-criteria, their contribution to the overall goal is evaluated. This method is widely used in various cyber security systems, information security, decision validation, web applications, cloud storage, networks, and mobile applications (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). The methods often focus on privacy, attack prevention, authentication, security, access, and integration. Most intelligent systems or devices in a brilliant homework with cloud storage and a service provider. In addition, wireless data transmission methods are used: Wi-fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Accordingly, given that each device is unique in its tasks, the task of the security risk assessment is to identify the main commonalities for the purpose of an integrated approach. Recently, there has also been a trend to use third-party local devices as a gateway, access to which can be restricted by the user, and as a result, their use is more secure. Also, most devices offer mobile applications to manage them. What are the common vulnerabilities of consumer smart home devices when viewed as IoT peripherals? What are common network vulnerabilities when used with smart home devices? What are the common vulnerabilities of the cloud when used with smart home devices? What are common application vulnerabilities when used with smart home devices? (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). To assess this issue, the article’s authors turned to the most researched and frequently used digital libraries that provide functionality for various technologies and devices. Peripherals are attacked by potential Internet access and default passwords, undocumented Secure Shell, end-to-end network layer delays, and more (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). As a result, attackers can gain access to control, listen and write personal data. If many privileges are granted to such devices, they pose a danger in their operation, and if an attacker can replace the voice, then in matters of control over them. Many companies cannot continue supporting the device due to closures or the creation of new models, which also raises the issue of security. Dangers can occur at the network level, hardware, cloud, and mobile. It is recommended to change passwords more often, update device software, and introduce additional authentication steps on the network. Developers use machine learning to detect third-party intrusions. Cloud security is related to the threats of information transactions between the device and the cloud. It is also recommended to look for alternative ways to deliver information to the cloud if a threat is detected on the main one, the same additional authentication methods, and diversification of different cloud providers (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). With smartphones, end-users should also change passwords more often, preventing the threat of resource restriction and information leakage through similar applications and other things using a firewall. The authors propose a security system with criteria for countering the main types of danger: applications, hardware level, cloud, and network. Then these criteria were given priority ratings, after which the relative safety of the device is calculated using formulas. As a result, appropriate sub-criteria were selected for each criterion, and a computational experiment was presented for a pairwise comparison of device security performance (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). As a result, the end-user will receive relative percentages for the four selected criteria and will be able to make an informed choice of the best device. The authors argue that although only one empirical study was evaluated with this model in this article, it can be adapted for other devices. The model’s flexibility is explained by a preliminary study conducted on the sources of vulnerabilities in most devices in the smart home (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Sufficiently wide multi-criteria sub-criteria, each having its weight, make the system universal regardless of the operational purpose of the device. Reference Allifah, N. M., & Zualkernan, I. A. (2022). Ranking Security of IoT-Based Smart Home Consumer Devices. IEEE Access, 10 , 18352-18369. Web.

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Interpersonal Communication in “He’s Just Not That Into You” Research Paper Introduction A number of psychological theories seek to formalize and structure the intricate elements of interpersonal communication. One of the foremost characteristics of interpersonal relationships is that they occur gradually through a series of steps. The Six-Stage Model of Relationships includes contact, involvement, intimacy, deterioration, repair, and dissolution (DeVito, 2016). The film He’s Just Not That Into You (2009), directed by Ken Kwapis, is an American ensemble comedy that follows the complex interpersonal mechanisms of six romantic relationships. Each couple passes through different phases of the Six-Stage Model and represents a specific relationship theory. Relationship Analysis Alex and Gigi: Relationship Rules Theory Alex and Gigi’s relationship begins with interactional contact at a bar. The initial phase of the contact stage involves forming a mental and physical picture of the other person and exchanging basic information (DeVito, 2016). Gigi goes to a bar and strikes up a conversation with the manager, Alex, admitting that she came to manufacture an accidental run-in with a man who never called after a date (Kwapis, 2009). In response, Alex buys her a drink and gives her brutally honest romantic advice. Alex and Gigi’s point of contact occurs at the bar, and he gives her the impression of a dating expert with valuable experience. This first impression precipitates involvement, the second stage of their relationship. Gigi calls Alex several times when pondering other dating prospects to ask for further advice. This evolution illustrates the relationship rules theory, which states that interpersonal relationships are maintained by adherence to certain rules and deteriorate if those rules are broken (DeVito, 2016). Gigi attempts to learn the rules of dating from Alex to understand why she has failed in relationships so far. Then, Alex offers to introduce Gigi to his single friends and invites her to a party at his apartment. However, this offer is misinterpreted by Gigi as a sign of romantic interest, and she attempts to kiss him (Kwapis, 2009). They undergo an interpersonal conflict due to intimacy issues since Gigi assumes that their involvement is leading to a serious relationship. However, Alex’s rejection and their subsequent fight result in the relationship’s temporary dissolution. The dissolution makes Alex realize that he is willing to pursue intimacy with Gigi. After his voicemail messages get ignored, he arrives at her apartment and admits that he has fallen in love with her (Kwapis, 2009). Unknowingly, he had fulfilled the rules of romantic relationships with Gigi by being genuine, spending substantial time together, reinforcing her self-esteem, and experiencing inexplicable magic when together (DeVito, 2016). The last scene shows them in a committed relationship with a shared social network, signaling their official entry into the intimacy stage. Ben and Janine: Relationship Dialectics Theory Ben and Janine are a married couple, and the film begins with their relationship in the deterioration stage. This stage is characterized by weakening bonds between lovers due to personal dissatisfaction and emotional distancing (DeVito, 2016). Janine is frustrated with Ben because he is unwilling to have a child and suspects him of smoking even though he knows her father died from lung cancer. She distracts herself with home renovations and withdraws from the relationship. Furthermore, Ben is unhappy because he is not ready for marriage and still feels sexually tempted by other women. He admits that he proposed to Janine only because they had been together for a significant period, and she gave him an ultimatum: either get married or break up (Kwapis, 2009). Once Janine finds an ashtray in the backyard, he blames the construction workers, but she does not fully believe him. Ben and Janine’s relationship is deteriorating due to their incompatible beliefs about their lifestyle and distrust issues. The distrust issues are heightened by Ben’s extramarital affair, which eventually leads to the dissolution of their relationship. Ben’s decision to begin an affair rather than divorce Janine is explainable by the Relationship Dialectics Theory. This theory claims that people in relationships experience internal tension because of contradicting motives and desires (DeVito, 2016). Ben feels the tension between novelty and predictability, craving sexual adventures with other women but simultaneously unwilling to renounce the comfort of his stable marriage with Janine. There are three main ways to resolve this tension: accepting them, exiting the relationship, or rebalancing through negotiation (DeVito, 2016). When Ben confesses to Janine about his affair, she initially forgives him and briefly attempts to renew their intimacy and sex life to rehabilitate the relationship. She believes that Ben’s actions are understandable since their sex life has been lacking for some time. However, once Janine finds a cigarette pack in his pants, she moves out of the apartment and demands a divorce. Interpersonal conflict due to intimacy issues, distrust, and personal flaws lead to the dissolution of Ben and Janine’s marriage. Ben and Anna: Attraction Theory The film also depicts Ben’s extramarital affair with Anna, the point of contact of which occurs at a supermarket and quickly evolves into intimacy. Ben lets Anna skip him in line, and she wins a prize as the thousandth customer (Kwapis, 2009). They start talking and flirting in the parking lot; Ben admits that he is married but gives Anna his business card under the guise of helping her with her music career. Although they both pretend to be pursuing a friendship, they find ways to meet each other surreptitiously, such as at Ben’s office and Anna’s yoga class. Eventually, Ben admits that his marriage is unhappy, and they enter a sexual relationship. Their chemistry and inability to resist each other illustrate the Attraction Theory. This theory states that people form relationships based on five principles of attraction: similarity, proximity, reinforcement, physical attractiveness and personality, socioeconomic and educational status, and reciprocity of liking (DeVito, 2016). Both characters express their physical attraction to each other multiple times. Anna declares that she cannot stop thinking about him and compliments his physique. Although Ben initially attempts to assert his boundaries, he admits that he finds Anna “really hot” (Kwapis, 2009, 00:41:18). Their entry into the intimacy stage is ultimately achieved by Ben’s appreciation of Anna’s body as she dives into a pool naked. Ben and Anna’s relationship is eventually beset by distrust issues. Anna initially believed that she and Ben were the loves of each other’s lives and that he would leave his wife for her. However, Ben forces her to hide in the closet when Janine unexpectedly surprises him at work. Anna overhears them having sex, and Ben admit that he wants to save his marriage with Janine. Anna realizes that she is only a mistress for Ben, and storms out of the room, declaring that he “will never touch [her] again” (Kwapis, 2009, 01:38:30). Ben and Anna’s relationship officially dissolves at that moment, and they never talk again. Anna and Conor: Social Exchange Theory The majority of Anna and Conor’s relationship in the film is shown in the deterioration stage. Although they still enjoy flirting, physical contact, and kissing, Conor feels frustrated because Anna is no longer willing to have sex with him. His attitude illustrates the Social Exchange Theory, the idea that people have a “comparison level” of what rewards and profits they expect to receive in a relationship and feel dissatisfied if that level is not met (DeVito, 2016). Conor feels resentment because the lack of sex means the costs of the relationship are unjustified, and he consults several other people for advice. He confronts Anna and argues that giving massages, talking on the phone for hours, and washing her hair after surgery means that he should be rewarded with sex and a serious relationship (Kwapis, 2009). The Social Exchange Theory explains why the relationship is deteriorating in Conor’s perception and why he ultimately demands that they move to the intimacy stage. After ending her affair with Ben, Anna agrees to enter the intimacy stage with Conor, but the relationship quickly dissolves because of their different expectations. While Conor idealizes Anna for her physical beauty and wishes to start a family with her, she is only using him as a rebound after Ben. Once again, the Social Exchange Theory illustrates that Anna is giving Conor sex and hopes for a future in exchange for some care and affection to restore her ego after Ben. Furthermore, Conor’s rewards are making Anna feel obligated to respond (Stafford & Kuiper, 2021). However, Anna realizes the injustice of this situation when Conor offers to buy a house for them to start a family in. She states that Conor deserves a girlfriend who would be happy by this offer instead of mortified. Anna dissolves the relationship because she understands that she is not attracted to Conor and does not want a future with him. Beth and Neil: Social Exchange Theory Beth and Neil are the second married couple in this film, and their relationship also begins at the deterioration stage and eventually dissolves. Beth feels frustrated because Neil refuses to propose after over seven years in a relationship. She finally expresses her feelings to Neil after five years of keeping silent out of fear of appearing “psycho” or “clingy” (Kwapis, 2009, 00:30:03). However, Neil insists that he does not believe in the institution of marriage and that they do not need to broadcast their relationship or involve the government if they are truly happy. Beth thinks Neil simply does not want to marry her and decides to dissolve the relationship; Neil moves out of the apartment and lives on a boat. Spending prolonged time with other men makes Beth reconsider the relationship. When her father has a heart attack, she stays at home to take care of him and becomes annoyed at the behavior of her sisters’ husbands. Instead of helping with the cleaning and cooking, they play video games all day and start haggling over her father’s belongings. Neil arrives to help Beth with the laundry, dishes, and groceries despite their break-up. Beth realizes that even in the absence of an official ceremony, Neil is “more of a husband to [her], not being married, than those real husbands are ever gonna be” (Kwapis, 2009, 01:47:15). They repair their relationship, and Neil eventually changes his opinion and decides to propose to Beth in order to give her what she wants. Beth and Neil’s relationship also illustrates the Social Exchange Theory. Beth believes that investing seven years into a relationship with Neil means that she should be rewarded with a wedding and marriage. Once she realizes he will never meet her comparison level, she leaves and seeks a new, more profitable relationship (DeVito, 2016). However, Beth realizes that the other rewards she gains by being with Neil, such as help with household chores, are worth more than a proposal. Sequentially, Neil comes to recognize that the rewards of a relationship with Beth require the additional cost of sacrificing his beliefs about marriage. Beth and Neil’s acceptance of each other’s beliefs is explained by the Social Exchange Theory of profits and losses. Conor and Mary: Attraction Theory Conor and Mary’s contact stage occurs at two different moments throughout the film. First, they briefly talk on the phone to discuss Conor’s newspaper advertisement since Mary seems to be the PR agent for his real estate business (Kwapis, 2009). He attempts to talk about Anna, but Mary does not engage and gives monosyllabic responses. Later in the film, she recognizes him in a cafe, and they quickly establish a rapport and decide to have a meal together. The final scene in the movie shows Mary deleting her social media as she smiles at Conor, indicating that they have entered the intimacy stage and are now in a serious relationship. Conor and Mary’s initial phase of contact illustrates the Social Penetration Model. Social Penetration Theory represents relationships in terms of the breadth and depth of the conversational topics between two people (DeVito, 2016). The more intense the relationship, the more topics are penetrated and to a deeper level. Since Conor and Mary are only acquaintances initially, their conversation is brief, superficial, and restricted to discussing work issues. Mary refuses to discuss Anna since that would veer into inappropriately personal territory. Once they meet in real life, they gradually express their interest in each other and cover more topics and to a deeper penetration level, such as expressing their romantic interest in each other. Conclusion In conclusion, He’s Just Not That Into You (2009) depicts a variety of relationships that each illustrates different elements of interpersonal interaction. Firstly, Alex and Gigi move through the contact stage at the bar to involvement through phone calls to intimacy. Their evolution is explainable through the lens of the Relationship Rules Theory. Ben and Janine’s marriage deteriorates and dissolves because they cannot resolve the internal conflicts as per the Relationship Dialectics Theory. Ben’s extramarital affair with Anna quickly progresses from contact, involvement, intimacy, and dissolution since its basis is sexual attraction, thus exemplifying the Attraction Theory. Conor and Anna’s shift from deterioration, to intimacy, to dissolution illustrates the Social Exchange Theory of profits and losses. The same theory applies to Beth and Neil’s marriage, but they move from deterioration and dissolution to eventual repair. Lastly, Conor and Mary are mostly captured in the contact phase and represent the Social Penetration Theory as their topics of conversation gradually become wider and deeper. Applying these models to fictional couples displays how useful theoretical frameworks are to understanding and improving interpersonal communication. References DeVito, J. A. (2016). The interpersonal communication book (14th ed). Pearson. Kwapis, K. (Director). (2009). He’s just not that into you [Film]. New Line Cinema. Stafford, L., & Kuiper, K. (2021). Calculating the rewards and costs of personal relationships. In D. O. Braithwaite & P. Schrodt (Eds.), Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication: Multiple Perspectives (3rd ed., pp. 379-390). Routledge.

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Interpersonal Relationship Theories Essay Table of Contents 1. Relationship Rules Theory 2. Relationship Dialectics Theory 3. Social Penetration Theory 4. Social Exchange Theory 5. Reference The attraction theory states that people form relationships based on five principles of attraction: similarity, proximity, reinforcement, physical attractiveness and personality, socioeconomic and educational status, and reciprocity of liking (DeVito, 2016). The key concept is that people generally feel attracted to individuals who look, act, and think similarly and live or work in close proximity. Physical appeal, giving or receiving reinforcement, and reciprocity intensify the attraction. Higher socioeconomic and educational status tends to lower attraction for men but heightens it for women. The two most significant strengths of this theory are that it provides a framework for understanding the underlying reasons for attraction and has been confirmed by numerous studies (DeVito, 2016). However, it underestimates the roles of other factors such as self-concept, economic forces, media influence, and physical conditions in shaping attraction. Moreover, it presents attraction as an individual choice rather than the product of biology and culture. For example, it does not explain how attraction evolves between couples in arranged marriages. Relationship Rules Theory The relationship rules theory states that interpersonal relationships are maintained by adherence to certain rules and deteriorate if those rules are broken. Friendship rules include trust, emotional support, sharing information and feelings about one’s life, and standing up for each other in the other’s absence (DeVito, 2016). Romantic rules involve expressing similar attitudes and interests, reinforcing self-esteem, being faithful, and spending substantial time together (DeVito, 2016). Workplace relationships are maintained by working hard, being cooperative, and keeping company secrets from competitors. The relationship rules theory is advantageous because it identifies healthy and destructive relationship behavior and allows people to pinpoint what social skills they need to master in order to repair them. However, this theory assumes that there is a universal standard of friendship or romance that everyone strives toward. It does not account for individual differences or varying degrees of attachment that dictate their own set of rules. Furthermore, it underestimates the role of culture in forming interpersonal expectations. Relationship Dialectics Theory Relationship dialectics theory claims that people in relationships experience internal tension because of contradicting motives and desires. The tension between autonomy and connection involves the desire to remain independent but also connect to a partner (DeVito, 2016). The contradiction between novelty and predictability centers on the simultaneous desire for adventurous newness and comfortable predictability. Finally, the tension between closeness and openness concerns the conflicting desire to be both in an exclusive and open relationship. There are three main ways to resolve these tensions: accepting them, exiting the relationship, or rebalancing through negotiation. The strengths of this theory are acknowledging the complexity of human nature and validating people’s contradictory desires even if they seem to be in a happy, healthy relationship. However, it does not address the connection between these internal tensions and heteronormative gender roles. For example, it ignores the fact that women tend to feel a desire for autonomy more often than men because they are socially pressured to be subordinate. Moreover, it explains young men’s shifts between closeness and distancing messages as a manifestation of internal tension, disregarding the possibility of intentional manipulation. Social Penetration Theory Social penetration theory represents relationships in terms of the breadth and depth of the conversational topics between two people. The breath constitutes the number of topics discussed, while the depth is the degree to which the inner personality is penetrated (DeVito, 2016). The more intense the relationship, the more topics are penetrated and to a deeper level. If a relationship deteriorates, the process reverses in a phenomenon called depenetration (DeVito, 2016). This theory acknowledges that relationships are not static and is useful for couples seeking to improve their communication skills and increase intimacy levels. However, this explanation views relationships through the lens of individualist cultures and does not describe other behaviors that foster connection, such as acts of service or spending time together. Different cultures might interpret the same information as either a casual remark or overt familiarity. Furthermore, not every relationship follows a sequential order, and numerous other variables might affect the outcome, such as the context and length of interactions. Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory claims that people seek relationships that demand the least effort and result in the most rewards, such as money, status, love, information, goods, and services (DeVito, 2016). It is based on the economic theory of profits and losses. When entering a relationship, people have a “comparison level” of what rewards and profits they expect to receive, and their satisfaction depends on whether that level is met. If the profits from the current relationships are below the comparison level, an individual might leave and seek a new, more profitable relationship (DeVito, 2016). The social exchange theory is simple and explains why relationships fail and how they might be balanced. However, it assumes that people are innately selfish, and their only goal in a relationship is maximizing personal benefits. Presenting love as a mathematical model can be viewed as a heartless interpretation of human interaction (Creel, 2011). It does not explain why people in unhealthy or abusive relationships simply do not leave if the costs outweigh the benefits. Reference Creel, A. (2011). Social exchange theory: Strengths & weaknesses . Communication Theories. Web. DeVito, J. A. (2016). The interpersonal communication book (14th ed). Pearson.

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Interpretations of “Fences” by August Wilson Essay “Fences” by American playwright August Wilson was published in 1987. This play is about an elderly scavenger Troy, a basketball star in his youth. It is worth mentioning that “Fences” contains many essential topics for discussion which are relevant nowadays. For instance, the first scene reveals the duties and responsibilities of fathers and sons. There are many interpretations of “Fences,” including staged and filmed versions, and it is important to discuss both to understand their features. The spectator sees James Earl Jones in the role of a strict father. His son, Lyons, is trying to figure out whether his father loves him, which constitutes one of this scene’s essences. It is vital to say that each of the three versions, movie, play, and text, is unique, and the spectator perceives it differently. For instance, Lyons, the son, asks his father about Troy’s affection for him. Indeed, he does not receive an expectable answer. Instead of confessing in love, Troy explains what it means to be a father. “It is my duty to take care of you” is a strong phrase that shows another variety of fatherly love (Niko Papastefanou, 2011). The excerpt from the play demonstrates Troy almost in anger; probably, he is unfamiliar with tender feelings, but he knows how to take responsibility for his family. The 2016 movie “Fences” shows the same scene, but it is perceived differently. Here, the dialogue between Troy and Lyons is extended, and it allows for understanding the characters better. Moreover, the decorations are more realistic than the staged version, creating an atmosphere of presence. The importance of money is also raised here as a vital topic (H Moga, 2017). It shows their responsibility of Troy to care about his family. Overall, the staged version seems to be more effective and moving. The absence of great decorations makes the spectator focus on the actors’ play, bringing attention to details. James Earl Jones performs Troy’s role amazingly with his intonation and facial expressions. Moreover, while reading the text version, it was possible to think about Troy as a careless father. However, after watching visualized performances, Troy is seen as an interpretation of a strict but responsible man. Overall, the message of this scene is the complexity of father-son relations; more generally, the play is about acceptance and the ability to adapt to circumstances. References Niko Papastefanou. (2011). James Earl Jones – Fences “You ain’t never liked me ” [Video]. YouTube. Web. H Moga. (2017). Fences 2016 – TV scene, “I ain’t got to like you” Scene [Video]. YouTube. Web.

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Investigating Edward Said’s Claim That Orientalism Is Dominating the Media Research Paper Introduction One of Edward Said’s core concepts in orientalism is that knowledge about the East is formed via imagined constructions rather than objective facts. Said’s definition of orientalism envisions Western superiority over Eastern cultures (Said 1981). Said observes that the global perception of the Islam community is significantly influenced by the newspapers, mainly from the United States, that have orientalist representations (Said 1981). This research paper investigates if Said’s claim that orientalism is dominating the Newspaper media is valid or not. The conclusion responds to the question; Was Said’s claim that orientalism dominates the media valid? The newspapers’ entities may be using orientalism as a product to sell to the public. Data Selection The ranking of the newspaper publisher on the global stage was considered when selecting the news outlets. The selection of the most relevant media publications was based on publication dates of no more than five years and the randomized keyword on the title. The select keywords include extremism, violence, irrational, islamophobia, racism, anti-Sufism, anti-Muslimism, Far-Right, radical Islam, and terrorism. The occurrence of one or more of these terminologies qualified the newspaper publication to count as an orientalist representation, with preference given to the document with the most recurrence of the keywords. An Analysis of the Cases Orientalists Barring Muslims from Entering the United States Several Newspapers have referred to cases of Muslims facing discriminatory treatment fueling the debates on orientalism and confirming Said’s notion of the Media. The bias against the muslin travelers existed due to increased rhetoric on trust between the East and the West. In the United States, Newspapers have highlighted cases where the political right has generally shown greater distrust of Islam and Muslims than the political left. Such bias is discussed in Said’s interpretation of orientalism and its impact on Islam. Orientalist Notion of Enmity Said’s definition of orientalism also cautions that the extremist using the Media to brand Middle East Muslims as the enemy before the invasion is also valid. There is evidence of such publications that reflect on the Muslim minority as an enemy of stability in the West (Said 1981). For instance, some conservative media celebrities have displayed significant enmity against Muslims (Hawley, 2022). Other conservative intellectual and political elites have advocated for religious tolerance (Ailworth, 2021). As a result, rural voters have gotten contradictory signals from elected Republicans and conservative political commentators (Besser & Roscoe, 2021). Recently, a right-wing populist campaign that expressly called for a ban on Muslim immigration, American views toward Islam and Muslims became an extremely contentious issue (Khan et al., 2019; da Silva & Hall, 2022). Said’s notion that orientalism is dominating the Media is true. Orientalist Warmongering Orientalism is also evident in several Newspapers published beating the drums of war between the United States and the Muslim world in the East. Most publications acknowledge an apparent connection between the increased attention to radical Islam with the increasing debate of war between the East and the West (Said 1981). The notion of aggression toward war confirms orientalism from Said’s perspective. The prejudice is that American Muslims are incapable of patriotism since Islam sets them against the United States (Key, 2022). As a result, they must constantly demonstrate their commitment (Afzal, 2021). Also, Newspapers have published that immediately after 9/11, the default assumption was that all Muslims were evil and potential terrorists until they demonstrated their commitment to the United States and its War on Terror (Chicago Reporter, 2021; Khan et al., 2021). There is an obvious concern for international security in such a context, with the United States taking an aggressive position against the Islam community. Orientalist Silencing the Muslim Voices Said’s perspective on orientalism is based on the notion that the United States is secure in its power and that the Media is over-emphasizing supremacy. In most of the select Newspapers, there is concern regarding the increased extremism in the paradigm of the devout Muslim. For instance, the journalists note that Muslims were effectively eliminated in the United States from criticizing U.S. government policy (Kanji, 2022). Some patriotic Muslims established themselves as the ultimate paradigm of the devout Muslim (Allam & Nakhlawi, 2021). The debates introduce ideas of patriotic Muslims coming forward to distinguish themselves from terrorists by openly pledging allegiance to the United States and its dominating ideals (Beauchamp, 2021). These are orientalists in the United States using the media further to marginalize the Muslim minority in the United States. Orientalists’ Increased Insecurity Concerns Orientalists in the United States fear the increase of Muslims in the military. The Media capitalizes on the subject by introducing debates on the possibility of compromise on national security (Said 1981). Newspapers have gone to the extent of publishing debates on the calls for Muslims serving in the military to prove their allegiance and share their knowledge on Islam extremism (Bayoumi, 2021; Gunter et al., 2021). Similarly, more than a dozen white supremacist organizations that biased toward young American men and women, with a slight preference for people with Islam affiliations (Mchangama, 2022). Said’s statement on the role of the Media in increasing extremist ideas is validated. Orientalist’s Perception of the Middle East Orientalists also relate to the Middle East as the breeding ground for extremists. Said’s understanding of orientalism is largely accurate considering the number of Newspaper outlets that empathize with the distorted view of the people from the Middle East (Said 1981). The Newspapers insist that the Middle East is still the breeding ground for extremist agitation and violence on the far right (Mchangama, 2022; Zahra, 2019). Men with ties to one of the banned organizations were responsible for the 2010 shooting at a Perth mosque and the 2019 assassination of a German lawmaker ( Walters & Chang, 2022; Levine, 2021). The U.K.’s Council co-authored the study for the radical right and Hedayah, a UAE-based research center on Islamic terrorism (Peterson, 2021). The report states that Australian chapters of more fringe neo-Nazi cells are actively participating in radical right terrorist acts and violent activities. Evidence on Islamophobia in American Consciousness There is also a connection with President Joe Biden’s action on former President Donald Trump’s Muslim Travel Ban shortly after his inaugural ceremony. The White House acknowledges that those activities stain our national conscience (Holt, 2021; Frum, 2022). This standpoint aligns with the tens of peaceful demonstrators who marched in the streets and airports across the home nation in January 2017, when the first Muslim Travel Ban was implemented (Cole, 2022). The extreme acts were accompanied by slogans of unity with immigrants, standing with Muslims Against Islamophobia, and stopping Islamophobia (Nguyen, 2021). It tries to exclude or deport anyone considered Muslim on the prejudiced notion that “they” are violent potential terrorist adversaries of the United States of America (Zimmerman, 2021). The ban can be defined as orientalism, the executive order that restricted entry to the United States for persons from primarily Muslim nations and several African countries. Notion on Violent Militia Extremists Against White Supremacists Said’s understating of orientalism includes the unnecessary blanket judgment of the Islam community. Some Media make little effort to protect innocent Muslims, failing to specify the individual interest in terror reporting (Said 1981). For instance, the highlight of the debate is that racially or ethnically motivated violent extremists pose the most significant severe dangers from a generalized perspective (Miller-Idriss, 2022). The extremes are critical, considering those racist organizations that preach white supremacy are more likely to commit mass-casualty attacks against civilians (Fangen et al., 2022; Miller-Idriss, 2021). There is also the generalization that militia groups often target law enforcement, government officials, and installations (Benner, 2022). Other publications highlight that right-wing extremists pose the most significant danger without mentioning the specific terror units (German & Panduranga, 2022). Emphasis on the notion of the violent militia extremists scheming against white supremacists by most of the publishers justifies orientalism. Conclusion Said’s claim that orientalism dominates the Media is valid considering the number of reputable Newspaper publishers who have orientalist representations of the Middle East. Said is justified in cautioning that some Muslims may slowly become hesitant to portray themselves in the media, producing a lack of voices and false depictions of Islam. Such extremism is dangerous as it creates the propensity of people to keep quiet when they believe that their opinions contradict the mainstream view on an issue. Typically, people stay silent because they fear solitude when the community or public finds different perspectives. They fear reprisals, such as the loss of a job or position. There is a connection between orientalism and the perceived influence of media systems in the United States. Said’s claim that orientalism dominates the Media is evident in the select Newspapers and should inform the changes in Media content. References Afzal, Madiha. 2021. “ A Global Effort to Counter Extremism Through Education “. Brookings . Web. Allam, Hannah, and Razzan Nakhlawi. 2021. “ Black, Brown and Extremist: Across The Far-Right Spectrum, People Of Color Play A More Visible Role “. The Washington Post . Web. Ailworth, Rachael. 2021. “ Who Are the Proud Boys? Canada Names Far-Right Group A Terrorist Organization “. WSJ . Web. Bayoumi, Moustafa. 2021. “ Dangerous Outsiders and Exceptional Citizens: Being Muslim American Since 9/11 “. The Guardian . Web. Beauchamp, Zack. 2017. “ Trump Loves Saying “Radical Islamic Terrorism.” He Has A Tough Time With “White Supremacy” “. Vox . Web. Benner, Katie. 2022. “ Justice Dept. Forms Domestic Terrorism Unit “. Nytimes. Web. Besser, Linton Besser, and Roscoe Whalan. 2021. “‘Fertile Ground’: Banned in Canada and Europe, Neo-Nazi Groups Set Sights On Australia ” Abc. Web. Chicago Reporter, News. 2021. “ Blatant Racism Against Muslims Is Still with Us – The Chicago Reporter “. The Chicago Reporter . Web. Cole, Juan. 2022. “ The Hypocrisy of American Islamophobia “. The Nation . Web. da Silva, Chantal, and Louise Hall. 2022. “ Can Trump Run Again In 2024 Election? “. The Independent . Web. Fangen, Katrine, Kristin Sandvik, Anette Houge, Solveig Laugerud, Anette Houge, Marta Erdal, Mareile Kaufmann, Åshild Kolås, and Arijit Sen. 2022. “ Why Did Muslims Become the New Enemy in Norway and Europe? – PRIO Blogs”. Blogs.Prio. Web. Frum, David. 2022. “ Revenge of The Donald “. The Atlantic . Web. German, Michael, and Harsha Panduranga. 2022. “ How to Combat White Supremacist Violence? Avoid Flawed Post-9/11 Counterterrorism Tactics “. Brennan Center for Justice . Web. Gunter, Booth, and Caleb Kieffer. 2021. “ Islamophobia After 9/11: How A Fearmongering Fringe Movement Exploited the Terror Attacks to Gain Political Power “. Southern Poverty Law Center . Web. Hawley, George. 2022. “ Ambivalent Nativism: Trump Supporters’ Attitudes Toward Islam and Muslim Immigration “. Brookings . Web. Holt, Jared. 2021. “ After the Insurrection: How Domestic Extremists Adapted and Evolved After The January 6 U.S. Capitol Attack “. Atlantic Council . Web. Kanji, Azeezah. 2022. “ The Coloniality of Canadian Islamophobia – And Anti-Islamophobia “. Aljazeera. Web. Khan, Mohsin Hassan, Hamedi Mohd Adnan, Surinderpal Kaur, Rashid Ali Khuhro, Rohail Asghar, and Sahira Jabeen. 2019. “Muslims’ representation in Donald Trump’s anti-Muslim-Islam statement: A critical discourse analysis.” Religions 10(1): 115. Khan, Mohsin Hassan, Farwa Qazalbash, Hamedi Mohd Adnan, Lalu Nurul Yaqin, and Rashid Ali Khuhro. 2021. “Trump and Muslims: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Islamophobic Rhetoric in Donald Trump’s Selected Tweets.” SAGE Open 11 (1): 2- 158. Key, Jim. 2022. “ Three Years into His Presidency, What’S The Impact of Trump’S Anti-Muslim Actions? > News > USC Dornsife”. Dornsife. Web. Levine, Mike. 2021. “ Becoming A Domestic Terrorist: How 3 Self-Styled ‘Patriots’ Were Led to Lethal Plot “. ABC News . Web. Mchangama, Jacob. 2022. “ The War on Free Speech “. Foreign Affairs . Web. Miller-Idriss, Cynthia. 2022. “ How Extremism Went Mainstream “. Foreign Affairs . Web. Miller-Idriss, Cynthia. 2021. “ From 9/11 To 1/6 “. Foreign Affairs . Web. Nguyen, Tina. 2022. “ Jihadists Flood Pro-Trump Social Network with Propaganda “. POLITICO . Web. Peterson, Mark. 2021. “ Blatant Racism Against Muslims Is Still with Us . The Chicago Reporter. The Chicago Reporter . Web. Raja, Irfan, and B. Abdul. 2021. “British Muslims and the Rise of Ethnic Media in the Digital Age a Case Study of 5Pillars.” Global Media Journal 19, no. 42 (2): 1-7. Said, Edward. 1981. “Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world.” Pantheon Books 1(1): 7-33. Walters, Joanna, and Alvin Chang. 2022. “ Far-Right Terror Poses Bigger Threat to US Than Islamist Extremism Post-9/11 “. The Guardian . Web. Zahra, M. S. 2019. “Racism in Donald Trump’s Tweets: A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Ph.D. diss., Doctoral dissertation, University of Mostaganem, 11 (1): 3- 15. Zimmerman, Katherine. 2021. “ Afghanistan Is Set to Become a Sanctuary for Extremists “. The hill . Web.

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Investment Significance of Net Present Value Essay Net Present Value (NPV) reflects the amount of cash an investor or funder expects to receive from a project after inflows are recouped through all sorts of costs. This figure can be understood as the investor’s total profit generated once the payback begins. NPV gives a clear indication of whether a project is worth investing in based on likely costs and potential risk. NVP has many more advantages over other investment criteria. The rules that apply to NVP include common sense and the reasonableness of the investment and take into account return criteria. Since the calculation of NVP involves a time horizon, it is already profitable over static measures. Accordingly, the first advantage of NVP is its connection to the idea of an expected value, which will be less than at the time of investment. Unlike the payback period, NVP recognizes that the value of a currency is temporary and subject to change, so it lays this metric into the calculation of discount rates. Assumptions about the cost of capital allow the NVP to be calculated and suggest a strategy for profitable ways to implement the project. Consequently, the second advantage of this criterion is flexibility and additivity, that is, understanding the benefits of all available projects or one specific one. A third advantage may be that the calculation of NVP considers the size of the investment. This means that NVP is a unidimensional criterion that allows us to estimate the degree of probability of wealth creation based on the number of cash flows. Thus, NVP has several advantages over other investment criteria based on its application. First, NVP considers the present value of money, which gives a clear picture of cash transactions. Second, it is flexible and additive, meaning it evaluates the cost of capital and the appropriateness of the investment. Third, NVP is a one-dimensional indicator that considers all, even space investments.

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I/O Model Implementation for 7-Eleven Essay To properly manage business outputs, it is crucial to examine the external environment of the industry in question. The 7-Eleven organization could greatly benefit from implementing the I/O Model of Above-Average Returns, which relies on the examination of the firm’s external conditions. As such, the first stage involves the analysis of the industry and competitor environment, creating a clear picture of the general atmosphere (Hitt et al., 2007). For the 7-Eleven corporation, the competitors are such large-scale convenience stores as Walmart and Target. However, as the overall industry grows and generates a significant amount of revenue, it creates a positive atmosphere for further development. Another factor to consider is the industry’s attractiveness, as it must possess a high potential for the firm to generate above-average returns. In the current age, the convenience store segment is considered exceptionally beneficial for securing above-average returns due to the increasing demand for large-scale product distribution shops (Graves, 2017). The demand for the variety of choices and the improving financial position of American citizens suggest that the industry’s structural characteristics are quite favorable. After that, 7-Eleven would be required to select a strategy that would ensure the provision of above-average returns. A promising approach could be the implementation of the chain store method, where several branches are established across different countries. However, to apply this technique, particular assets and skills are needed (Hitt et al., 2007). The first criterion is the possession of the products and resources necessary to launch an international branch, as the costs of sustaining a new location in a different country can be demanding (Graves, 2017). In addition, the executives must account for the economic environment of the chosen state, meaning that it is vital to be skilled in international trade and branch management. Finally, to implement the selected approach, it is necessary to establish which actions will be performed to achieve the above-average returns. For 7-Eleven, it would be beneficial to use the company’s strengths in this endeavor, namely the existence of other international branches and the successful history of operations in the US (Lee, 2021). By relying on the previously obtained knowledge and integrating global expansion into the organization’s goals, 7-Eleven might perfectly utilize the formulated strategy and earn above-average returns. References Graves, S. M. (2017). Convenience stores: A landscape perspective. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers , 79 , 134–152. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2007). Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization . Thomson South-Western. Lee, K.-K. (2021). A study on the competitive advantage strategy of Convenience Store (CVS) in Japan: Focusing on 7-Eleven. East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE) , 9 (1), 1–16. Web.

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Iran’s Involvement in Sponsoring Global Terrorism Essay Iran is a theocratic republic in the Middle East (ME) and one of the most controversial states in the region. A diverse population includes many ethnicities, such as Persian, Azerbaijani, Gilaki, and others, being a significant factor contributing to the development of the highly divided society with the various interests and political aspirations. The continuous instability in the state, the efforts to acquire weapons of mass destruction as well as Iran’s connection to the terrorist groups, give plausible reasons to discuss its sponsoring of global terrorism. This essay will analyze the reasons for Iran’s involvement, the state’s foreign policy, and its support for the specific terrorist groups, which influence the ME as well as the whole world. Due to the particular features of the theocratic regimes, in the case of Iran, the inclination towards terrorism can be explained by two pillars of the Islamic doctrine underlining the constitution. Firstly, the obligation to support jihad – the holy war waged on behalf of Islam as a religious duty (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Secondly, the mission to spread the Muslim faith, which is expressed in backing the proxy organizations (Spindlove&Simonsen, 2018). Since the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979 as a result of the Iranian Revolution prepared by the Mujahedin-e-Khalq (MEK), the secular regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown. Thus, the Islamic principles in the regime started to play an even more crucial guiding role under the religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini. Beyond the abovementioned Islamic motives, the critical implications for Iran’s foreign policy conclude in the anti-US and anti-Israel actions, posing a threat to their citizens. In Bush’s speech in 2002, he named Iran an ‘axis of evil,’ thus, accusing the state of the hostility. However, already in 1989, after Khomeini’s call to kill Rushdie, the British author, the relations between the Western powers and Iran were not favorable. According to Spindlove&Simonsen (2018), the US considers Iran the main sponsor of terrorism and indicates the impossibility of establishing normal relations between the states until the changes in Iran’s behavior. The relations with the state in the region are complicated by the propagation of Islam as well as by the explicit desire to destroy Israel. The specific examples of Iran’s involvement in sponsoring international terrorism can be observed in the ME region and the West. Iran assisted Hamas and Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) with the weapons, training, and resources, whereas the primary beneficiary of Iran’s support for terror has been Lebanese Hezbollah (Spindlove&Simonsen, 2018). The attack on the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, the violation of Arab-Israeli armistices, and interference almost in every state of the region are clear examples of the state-sponsored terrorism in the Middle East, contributing to the continuous turmoil in the area. The Qods Force is another prominent actor providing military assistance in troubled regions, including espionage and assassination. As for the terrorism outside the region, Iran has a connection with 9/11, as it was the original source of the Commission Report (Spindlove&Simonsen, 2018). Their aiding and abetting Al Qaeda and the engagement of Hezbollah in the attack led to one of the most disastrous terrorist attacks in the Western world. To conclude, Iran’s involvement in international terrorism is undeniable and can be explained through different factors, with special attention to the government’s Islamic regime. The actions of the state in the Middle East as well as outside of the region led to countless wars, revolutions, and deaths, contributing to the destabilization of the world order. References Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Jihad. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Web. Spindlove, J. R., & Simonsen, C. E. (2018). Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future (6 th ed.). Pearson.

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Irregular Warfare: Definition and Discussion Essay Introduction The nature and form of war change, but its fundamental nature remains constant. Nearly two decades of continuous irregular warfare against violent extremist organizations worldwide — the demand for skill in irregular hostilities continues. The leaders search for the best strategy for dealing with irregular warfare and preparing soldiers for operational actions. The path to changes can be the introduction of the Performance Triad and improving of the leaders’ personal qualities, taking into account the peculiarities of irregular warfare. How Leaders can Implement the Performance Triad to Help Prepare their Organizations for Irregular Warfare Irregular warfare is different from conventional ones and therefore requires special training. Irregular warfare, which is different in form, describes types of violence conducted by sub-state actors, including terrorism and insurgency (James D. Kiras, 2009, p. 3). Irregular forces on one or both sides almost entirely suppressed the ongoing conflicts after the invasion of Iraq, renewed Taliban insurgency in the 2001 war in Afghanistan, conflict in Darfur, the Lord’s Resistance Army uprising in northern Uganda, and the Second Chechen War. Conducting effective actions in irregular warfare requires even more diligent use of the physical resources of soldiers; here, the Performance Triad can help. It is a comprehensive plan to build preparedness and resilience through public health initiatives and leadership engagement. Army Medicine has the privilege of maintaining, restoring, and improving the health of the entire Army family and helped the Army create the Performance Triad (Sleep, Activity, and Nutrition) initiative. Sleep is critical to the proper cognitive and physical functioning of the body. For soldiers, lack of sleep can slow down the execution of orders both on and off the training ground, harming soldiers and units. Keeping fit is the key to making a soldier ready for action. Staying active and adhering to safe and effective training principles allows soldiers to fulfill their job responsibilities and become more potent fighters. A healthy diet provides exercise, increases energy and stamina, shortens recovery times between activities, improves focus and concentration, and helps soldiers feel better. The goal of the Performance Triad is to positively influence and maintain the health, readiness, and resilience of soldiers, and the entire army family. The pilot program, which began in 2013 and ended in 2014, reaffirmed the importance of committed leadership as a foundation to support soldiers and practice healthy sleep, activity and eating habits to support preparedness and resilience. The widespread implementation of this strategy will help strengthen the physical and moral training of soldiers, which is especially important in irregular warfare. How the Execution of Mission Command during Irregular Warfare Will Have Different Challenges than during Conventional Conflicts The increasingly complex security environment suggests the need for a revised understanding of irregular warfare. The problem of irregular cooperative solutions is in this combined routine: reactive adversaries such as terrorists, insurgents and criminal networks, advances in technology and other phenomena on a large scale such irregular infections, even more deadly, capable of causing widespread chaos. These emissions are entangling populations through the skillful use of communications, cyberspace, and technology so that their impact spreads to regional and global levels. Many of them manifest themselves, in essence, as a struggle for influence and legitimacy. The Focus is on addressing the underlying economic, political, cultural, or security conditions that fuel the population’s grievances, rather than on applying military power directly against the military and paramilitary forces of adversaries (Department of Defense, 2010, p. 20). The Cold War experience shows that long-standing traditional warfare – troop movements, partner interactions, public relations, partner logistics, security assistance, intelligence, and counterintelligence activities, and training – complement and mutually support objectives. However, due to the nature of complex and amorphous attacks, these competitions are unlikely to end in a sudden military victory. Fixing, reducing, regulating the conflict and its causes can be determined as success. Joint strength thus must find multidimensional approaches in tandem with other partners to resolve the problems. Complex political, cultural, religious, and historical factors and the various populations involved in all conflicts are difficult to understand deeply enough. Understanding the complex features and causes of irregular warfare can contribute to the formation of the right strategist, both for soldiers and leaders. How Leaders May Have to Adjust their Leadership Attribute of Intellect during Irregular Warfare The army leadership requirements layout the attributes and competencies expected of every Army leader – character, presence, and intellect. These attributes often reflect personal experience and long-term development and are not immediately gained from direct training events. At the organizational level, they directly relate to how a leader behaves, influences organizational change, and guides the unit through obstacles and setbacks. Since irregular warfare usually results in protracted and unpredictable conflicts, the government should adjust the leader attributes to ensure maximum organization support and mission accomplishment. In irregular warfare, success requires a mindset that focuses on how to influence the population to support the HN leadership positively (United States Air Force, 2013, p.21). Intelligence consists of a person’s ability and knowledge. Intelligence enables leaders to be creative and engaging to understand what is happening, judgments, tasks, and actions. Intelligence enables leaders to reason analytically, critically, ethically, and culturally sensitive. Intellect participates in consideration of intentional and unintentional consequences of decisions made by the leader. Effective leaders must anticipate second and third-order the results of their decisions. A leader’s mental ability affects how well he thinks and leads others. Every leader must be self-aware of their strengths and limitations and apply them accordingly. Leader development is the deliberate, continuous, and progressive process – founded in the Army Ethic – that develops Soldiers and Army Civilians into competent, committed professional leaders of character (Department of Army, 2017, p. 7). Innovative problem solutions tend to be inquisitive, trying to figure out why something is happening the way it is or asking questions if something might work better. Innovative leaders prevent complacency by finding new ways to challenge subordinates with alternative approaches and ideas (Department of Army, 2019, p.56). To be innovative requires creative thinking, using both adaptive (based on experience and prior knowledge) and innovative approaches (development of completely new ideas). Innovative leaders prevent complacency by finding new ways to challenge their subordinates. To be innovators, leaders rely on their intuition, experience, knowledge, and input of their subordinates. Innovative leaders strengthen team building by holding everyone accountable – and stakeholders in innovation. Conventional forces have supported or led counterinsurgency campaigns in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan; stabilization missions in Bosnia and Somalia; and other irregular campaigns. The conventional military forces should not lose the ability to wage irregular warfare. Thus, competent leadership is the basis for building tactics of conducting military operations, especially during irregular warfare. Conclusion Recent experience shows that there are more efficient and less costly ways to achieve strategic success in Irregular warfare. Since 2014, conventional and special operations forces have worked closely in Iraq and Syria to improve the long-standing “through, with and through” approach to irregular warfare. These operations have proven to be more cost-effective than doing them yourself. The government has a model, but institutionalizing these lessons requires a solid, departmental approach. It is necessary to introduce innovative methods, taking into account the peculiarities of irregular warfare. Among the improvements currently evident, the government should widely distribute the Performance Triad, which will improve soldiers’ general level of training. In addition, it is necessary to conduct further research on the differences of irregular hostilities to adapt the preparation to atypical conditions. It is also worth paying attention to the need for particular behavior of leaders during irregular military conditions to quickly respond to the enemy’s constantly changing situation and characteristics. References Department of Army. (2019). Army leadership and the profession . Army Publishing Directorate Army Publishing Directorate. Web. Department of Army. (2017). Army Training and Leader Development . Army Publishing Directorate. Web. Department of Defense. (2010). Irregular warfare: countering irregular threats joint operating concept . Official Website of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Web. James D. Kiras. (2009). Irregular warfare: terrorism and insurgency . Indian Strategic Knowledge Online. Web. United States Air Force. (2013). Air force doctrine document 3-2 . The official website of the Air Force . Web.

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Is There Press Freedom in Modern China? Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Research Problem 4. Research Objective 5. Research Relevance 6. Limitations and Delimitations 7. Previous Research 8. Conclusion Abstract According to Article 19 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, every person should have the right to request freedom of expression. This article includes the right to freedom of opinion without intrusion and liberty to pursue, obtain, and convey ideas and resources through any media and irrespective of borders. According to China’s present Constitution, residents of the People’s Republic of China have the right to freedom of speech. On the other hand, Chinese journalists cannot express themselves freely, and press freedom has become a critical issue in modern China. On the other extreme, as per the Freedom House, Taiwanese media freedom is the greatest in Asia. The social and cultural factor has the most significant impact on journalists’ perceptions of media functions. The personality characteristics have virtually no effect by comparing the goodness-of-fit of a sequence of log-linear models. Introduction China has risen to become a worldwide powerhouse in the twenty-first century. The fast development of this country’s military, political, scientific, and technological capabilities drew international attention. China plays a vital role in global relations as one of the quickest emerging countries in economic development. However, many negative aspects have arisen due to the rapid growth, such as the current significant environmental degradation and the contentious topic of China’s human rights. Concerned about fundamental rights in China, Chris Smith, the American federal upper house, Congress, and the administration of China council chair of the general staff, was interviewed by Voice of America. In 2016, it discussed the human rights situation in China. Research Problem According to the preface, Taiwan ranks top in Asia on the World Press Freedom Index, while China has constantly remained in the bottom five. The progress of news and the fundamental human rights of all Chinese journalists are inextricably linked. Unfortunately, few studies have tried to observe the discrepancy in media freedom between China and Taiwan and the challenges that Chinese press freedom faces. Looking into the distinction is an intriguing subject because, while Taiwan and China have similar cultural backgrounds and different administrations, their levels of journalistic freedom are vastly different. Research Objective This thesis aims first, to provide a thorough grasp of the current state of press freedom in modern China and then to analyze press autonomy under various regimes. A variety of factors influences the degree of media independence in any country, such as the regime, religious beliefs, and personal social system. The release of the press is the result of a long-running fight and compromise between the media and government. As a result, it is fascinating to investigate the differences in media freedom among different administrations. It is difficult to say whether a rule is excellent or dreadful. Nonetheless, the gap in media freedom between two systems can be explored and used to develop remedies in the future, thereby advancing the nation to a better position. Research Relevance The topic is particularly timely given the current state of freedom in China, particularly liberty in the way media operates. As previously said, freedom of expression is a fundamental human right. This right assures that people have the freedom to accept information from any media, and hence this type of autonomy is strongly linked to human rights. To maintain social stability, the government regulates all public media. As a result, this argument is also pertinent to human rights. Free media and information access is a necessary step toward realizing people’s independence and achieving more significant development goals. Limitations and Delimitations A potential limitation is the media selection; in this case, the researcher selected three significant media sources in China and Taiwan. There is anticipation that this media selection could limit the number of outcomes, but given the time constraints, it appears appropriate. Furthermore, writing some of the specified scholarly articles in Chinese may have some minor differences while translating into English. The author carefully selected the most representative national press in both China and Taiwan to reduce the limitation. Because these media have a significant impact on the public, the media could reduce the restriction. Previous Research There is a large body of literature in the field of freedom of the press investigations, media freedom in China, and press freedom and human rights studies. This researcher built this thesis on a solid basis of current sources. Many international non-governmental organizations have published reports on free media. RSF is a non-governmental organization dedicated to promoting and defending press and information freedom. Press releases, fact-finding studies, and monthly publications are all issued by RSF. It regularly releases mission reports on individual countries or regions or a specific issue. The CCP brought oppression to a new pinnacle, according to the RSF annual report from 2015. RSF stated that the Communist Party has complete control over China’s numerous media outlets. Their research paper gave reliable data on the state of media freedom. Conclusion The author contrasted news reports from Chinese and Taiwanese media in general. The goal is to contribute to the study of Chinese media freedom by using news stories as a lens that portrays the broad current occurrence of press freedom in China. Although the analysis results do not fully reflect the status of China’s entire media due to sample size limitations, the study can provide some proof that press freedom in China is severely restricted. Furthermore, historical origins and Chinese culture may restrain Chinese media freedom. Still, media freedom is a highly complex topic that various elements influence it with distinct analysis aspects.

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Is Tipping a Police Officer a Bribe? Essay In the context of law enforcement, a gratuity is a gift to operating officers based on their occupation. Commonly, it is a sign of goodwill in the form of free coffee or other insignificant benefits (Fleming, 2019). As such, the primary argument for allowing gratuities is that it is a voluntary gesture with no implications, unlike bribes (Fleming, 2019). However, there is a blurry line between tips, gratuity, and bribes, and it is the main argument against allowing gratuities. If I were the chief of police, I would advocate against allowing gratuities to maintain a neutral public image of the law enforcement organization. In my opinion, a gratuity can become the first step toward corruption or at least might be understood as such by the public. From these considerations, I believe that accepting gratuities should be prohibited for police officers, and a verbal commendation is sufficient in most cases. References Fleming, E. (2019). Should officers accept gratuities if so what is acceptable? . SidmartinBio. Web. Spodek Law Group. (n.d.). What is a BOLO traffic stop?. Web.

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Is Vitamin D the New Super Nutrient? Annotated Bibliography Vitamin D plays a significant role in regulating phosphorus and calcium absorption in our bones. Far from this regulation, the nutrient is also essential in facilitating communication among cells within our bodies. The other significance of vitamin D in the body is that it can be manufactured when exposed to sunlight. These characteristics distinguish the vitamin from other nutrients since it can be obtained from sun exposure apart from food and dietary supplements. Compared to other nutrients, what characterizes vitamin D makes it a super nutrient. What sets vitamin D apart from the other nutrients and arguably makes it a super nutrient is that, unlike other nutrients, it can be obtained by exposure to the sun. Exposure to the sun is the most effective way the vitamin can be obtained (Klioze, 2017). The potential magic associated with the nutrient is that it acts as a potential hormone in over a dozen of cells and tissues throughout the body. In so doing, the vitamin helps the body regulate essential gene expression and rapidly activates the already-expressed proteins and enzymes (Klioze, 2017). For example, in the heart, vitamin D binds to a certain receptor of the same vitamin, generating a calming protective effect. With a considerable amount of research on the nutrient focusing on the significance of the vitamin on overall health, some epidemiological studies have uncovered a deficiency torrent of vitamin D. Based on the read report; findings show that between 50 and 75 percent of Americans have insufficient vitamin D levels in their bodies (Feldman et al., 2018). A growing body of evidence shows that an individual’s chance for optimal health is increased if the nutrient levels are adequate and vice versa. However, important to note is that “Just because low vitamin D and disease are correlated does not mean that one causes the other” (Feldman et al., 2018). Contrary, the same scientific reports have shown that approximately 75 percent of breast and colon cancer can be prevented by maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels (Klioze, 2017). Several reasons exist why vitamin deficiency is widespread in the U.S. and the world over. Unlike other vitamins, vitamin D is one of the few nutrients the body can make. However, compared to the others, 40 percent of body exposure to ultraviolet B rays, between 15 and 30 minutes, results in the production of 20,000 IU of the nutrient (Klioze, 2017). Shocking statistics reveal that significantly few foods and supplements have the same amounts of vitamin D occurring naturally. Except for sardines, mackerel, salmon, and tunas, daily consumption of any other food results in insufficient vitamin D amounts in the body. Ironically, a one-eight-ounce of milk glass can only give 100 IU of the nutrient with a similar amount acquired in a bowl of fortified cereals (Feldman et al., 2018). Combined, both a glass of milk and cereals can only generate 200 IU of vitamin D, a one-tenth amount that can be acquired from thirty minutes under the sun (Feldman et al., 2018). Hence, it becomes physically impossible to eat your way out of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is arguably fast becoming a super nutrient, with its importance growing exponentially in the past few decades. Scientific research shows that insufficient vitamin D can be associated with widespread health consequences. However, as shown, just because low vitamin D and disease are correlated does not mean that one causes the other. Contrary, by maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels, some major health complications can be prevented. References Feldman, D., Pike, J. W., & Bouillon, R. (2018). Vitamin D: Volume 1 . Elsevier. Klioze, S. (2017). Vitamin D . YouTube. Web.

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Israeli Mass-Surveillance Technologies to Fight Coronavirus Spread Essay The suggested strategies to mitigate the effects of coronavirus in accordance with the example of Iceland could be considered as an interesting approach. This strategy acknowledges its apparent limitations, such as the resilience of the Iceland community, geographical idiosyncrasy. However, currently, this strategy might not be a valid method to address the high margins of infected individuals in NATO countries. It is certainly true that quick response and high testing rates would contribute to the deterrence of the effects imposed by the sudden growth of the number of infected. However, it is similarly meaningful that the population would be willing to undergo such a measure. Moreover, despite the financial support efforts, some countries belonging to the organization might not be able to financially withstand the high amount of testing imposed by the new waves of infection. This fact is especially relevant given that the virus dissemination might emerge across several countries simultaneously. Therefore, a different approach to the problem might be necessary. The Israeli government approached the problem of monitoring the infected with the creative solution of digital epidemiological investigation (Amit et al., 2020). This technology allowed tracking potential contacts of people that were infected and act accordingly (Amit et al., 2020). However, it is arguable that this methodology could address the geographical limitations introduced in the case of Iceland. It would be difficult for NATO countries to strictly monitor all entrances to their borders. Therefore, an analog in the form of digital tracking may solve the problem with the need for strict borders control and provide necessary tools for timely reaction to the new outbreaks. Nevertheless, it would require funds both internal and external in order to build new or reconstruct the existing infrastructure for the stated purposes. Reference Amit, M., Kimhi, H., Bader, T., Chen, J., Glassberg, E., & Benov, A. (2020). Mass-surveillance technologies to fight coronavirus spread: the case of Israel . Nature medicine , 26 (8), 1167-1169. Web.

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Israeli National Security in Era of Change Essay The introduced Canadian perspective on the provisional agenda of the North Atlantic Council seems to cover key points that concern Canadian security. Increased presence in the world peace operations and maintenance of tight relationships with other NATO members, especially remarkable is the smart defense approach that considers the military and economic needs of Canada. Although, it is difficult to judge the extent of the Syrian threat to Canadian interest during the outbreak of coronavirus, which seems to continue even today. Therefore, it would be essential to review the proposed question for a more effective approach to the defense of Canadian interests. Nevertheless, this act protects the interest of both Israel and Canada and will positively impact their relationship. Furthermore, it is notable how the Canadian government is willing to cooperate with the withdrawal of troops from Iraq if the official request were to be made. This statement in itself is probably a contribution to the international image of Canadian humanitarianism, but the extent of such image improvement is questionable. The focus on building trading relationships and close ties with other NATO countries could be seen as the most important aspect that Israel might acknowledge. Israel’s national security has experienced decades of varying threats, which included terrorism, missiles, and existential nuclear dangers (Freilich, 2018). However, the former national security strategy (NSS) is non-existent in the country as the first document of NSS was developed in 1953 (Freilich, 2018). Nevertheless, the country is more secure than ever before due to the political and military bonds it forms active trade agreements with various powerful countries such as the USA, China, Russia, Germany, Canada, Poland, and India (Freilich, 2018). Currently, the country exhibits great regional power and is able to prosper due to the seven-decades-old strategy. Reference Freilich, C. D. (2018). Israeli national security: A new strategy for an era of change . Oxford University press.

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Issue of Institutional Racism Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Motivated Reasoning and Systemic Racism 3. Modern Symbolic Prejudice 4. Arguments For and Against the Existence of Systemic Racism 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Racism is not necessarily conscious, outspoken, or visibly noticeable, and it is frequently institutional and structural. Systemic and structural racisms are a form of prejudice that is prevalent and deeply ingrained in structures, legislation, documented or unpublished guidelines, and entrenched customs and rituals. As a result, they condone and propagate commonplace inequitable treatment and subjugation of racial minorities. Residential exclusion, unequal mortgage lending, biased crime control and imprisonment of people of color, and voter disenfranchisement practices are just a few illustrations (Flournoy 3). Thus, systematic racism encompasses the institutionalized systems and institutions complicit in racial discrimination and bigotry (Flournoy 3). This paper aims at discussing and analyzing some of the reasons that support institutional racism and those against this kind of prejudice. Motivated Reasoning and Systemic Racism Motivated reasoning is a style of argumentation in which individuals access, develop, and assess arguments to reach or support a favored hypothesis. People participate in motivated reasoning to prevent or mitigate incongruence, the psychological unpleasantness that occurs when persons are challenged with contradicting facts, particularly their satisfaction, pleasure, and mental well-being (McConahay 93). Cognitive bias is a constraint on independent thought induced by the human visual cortex’s proclivity for filtering material through the lens of personal observation and inclinations. Confirmation bias is a psychological bias in which individuals seek, evaluate, and even retrieve knowledge to support established ideas and lead to motivated reasoning. The motivation for these biases is to decrease discrepancy caused by individuals’ intrinsic decision to eliminate distress, referred to as the pleasure principle. Furthermore, a significant trigger of motivated thinking is encountering a perceived threat to oneself, referred to as the conservative bias (Reyna et al. 110). Without such a compelling threat, individuals may pursue the most definitive assessment rather than the desired result. Danger to the self can manifest in various ways, which means that motivated thinking may trigger different inferences (Reyna et al. 110). For example, followers of a politician may downplay the implications of the candidate’s negative behavior or may ascribe the conduct to contextual variables. One reason is that White individuals are driven to downplay their experiences of bigotry, racism, and systemic racism to safeguard their collective reputation. Institutional inequality threatens the White stereotype by undercutting American norms of justice and inclusiveness (Beattie and Danielle 178). Additionally, institutionalized racism suggests that White people have disproportionate inherent benefits and that, as a group, they perpetuate inequity. Apart from experiences of discrimination, the desire to preserve a group image affects White public views of diversification and enthusiasm for measures that promote marginalized groups (Beattie and Danielle 178). Whites, for instance, view diversity in institutions and organizations extensively because a broad view of heterogeneity reinforces the sense that diversity happens in a variety of circumstances. Modern Symbolic Prejudice Modern symbolic discrimination is a sort of bias directed towards Blacks by Whites in specific. At the same time, it is probable in some proportion by other American ethnicities and, in theory, may target persons other than Blacks. An example of modern symbolic racism is that Blacks make unreasonable requirements and have earned more than they ought (Dovidio et al. 63). Some of the characteristics of modern symbolic prejudice include its strong bearing on how Americans view race-based governance. It is hypothesized to affect a broad spectrum of political perceptions, including resistance to liberal apartheid discrimination such as racial quotas and commuting (Reyna et al. 113). Mentalities toward less explicitly ethnic background policies that disproportionately affect blacks, such as harsh crime initiatives, encompass contemporary symbolic racism. Another characteristic of contemporary symbolic discrimination is the belief that it is learned through socialization (Sidanius et al. 112). In other words, present racist ideas are acquired through parental influences, colleagues, and the mainstream press (Sidanius et al. 112). In addition, it is developed as early as adolescence and remains constant throughout one’s lifespan. The notion of outcome fairness seeks to ensure that underprivileged people benefit. Equal outcome proponents think that because systematic inequality precludes actual equality of chances, the only way to accomplish parity is through a more equitable allocation of money, such as diversity initiatives and universal basic income (Marmot 540). On the other side, opportunity equality aims at ensuring that everyone has an equal chance at success. Defenders of equality of opportunity are criticized for using it to justify maintaining the status quo and preventing individuals from moving to a more egalitarian society (Marmot 540). As a result, proponents for equality of outcome are blamed for peddling the utopian notion that people can and should be equal, impeding industrialization and entrepreneurial progress (Marmot 541). The concept of equality overlooks the fact that the socioeconomic circumstances in which an individual is born may constrain their chances, whether regarding education, professionalism, or any other element affecting someone’s accomplishment. Arguments For and Against the Existence of Systemic Racism Some of the justifications for systemic racism in the USA are seen in the criminal justice system. While black individuals account for 13% of the American population, they account for 40% of the inmate population (Lavalley and Khalilah 4). When Black persons are charged, they are approximately 20% more likely to receive a jail term and often receive longer punishments than those imposed on whites prosecuted for identical offenses (Lavalley and Khalilah 4). Perhaps when a Black and white individual commits the same act, the Black person has a higher chance of getting apprehended. Additionally, over 80 percent of low-income Black individuals reside in neighborhoods that fit the state’s legal definition for low-income populations (Park and Mei-Po 100). Thus, this is compared to just below 50 percent of low-income white persons (Park and Mei-Po 100). These tendencies have long been evident in central cities, causing significant political conflict between a limited bunch of top wealthy, primarily white suburbs, and low-income minority populations with their interests and goals. However, there exist reasons to show that the United States government has over the years combated systemic racism and that it no longer suffices in institutions. As they have done in healthcare, federal officials have created support to ensure that well-prepared instructors are available in shortage sectors and high-need locales. Additionally, jurisdictions have balanced education funding by mandating higher teacher quality and addressing instructor shortages, as Connecticut, Kentucky, Minnesota, and North Carolina have. The deployment of a high-quality curriculum and skilled educators has had a more significant impact on the educational performance of Black populations. Conclusion I believe that systemic racism still exists in various institutions within the USA. For instance, health inequities continue and are common among minority communities, and bigotry contributes to these discrepancies. Taylor et al. reported that 30% of Black pregnant women live in neighborhoods without decent healthcare, contrasted to 20% of white pregnant women (30). Additionally, black women had a C-section of 36% in 2017, compared to 30.9 percent of white women (Braveman et al. 2). Underinsurance and a lack of health institutions offering effective maternity and infant care increase these disparities in impoverished communities. Works Cited Beattie, Peter, and Danielle Snider. “Knowledge in International Relations: Susceptibilities to Motivated Reasoning among Experts and Non-Experts.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology, Vol. 7, no. 1, 2019, pp. 172-191. Braveman, Paula, et al. “Explaining the Black-White Disparity in Preterm Birth: A Consensus Statement from a Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Work Group Convened by the March of Dimes.” Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2021, pp. 1-24. Dovidio, John F., Kerry Kawakami, and Samuel L. Gaertner. “Implicit and Explicit Prejudice and Interracial Interaction.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 82, no. 1, 2002, pp. 62-68. Flournoy, Edward Brian. “The Rising of Systemic Racism and Redlining in the United States of America.” Journal of Social Change, Vol. 13, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-7. Lavalley, Ryan, and Khalilah Robinson Johnson. “Occupation, Injustice, and Anti-Black Racism in the United States of America.” Journal of Occupational Science, 2020, pp. 1-13. Marmot, Michael. “Social Justice, Epidemiology and Health Inequalities.” European Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 32, no. 7, 2017, pp. 537-546. McConahay, John B. “Modern Racism, Ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale.” In Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, edited by John Dovidio and Samuel Gaertner, Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1996, pp. 91– 126. Park, Yoo Min, and Mei-Po Kwan. “Beyond Residential Segregation: A Spatiotemporal Approach to Examining Multi-Contextual Segregation.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 71, 2018, pp. 98-108. Reyna, Christine, et al. “Examining the Principles in Principled Conservatism: The Role of Responsibility Stereotypes as Cues for Deservingness in Racial Policy Decisions.” Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 90, no. 1, 2006, pp. 109-128. Sidanius, Jim, et al. Peering into the Jaws of the Beast: The Integrative Dynamics of Social Identity, Symbolic Racism, and Social Dominance . Russell Sage Foundation, 1999. Taylor, Yhenneko J., Tsai-Ling Liu, and Elizabeth A. Howell. “Insurance Differences in Preventive Care use and Adverse Birth Outcomes among Pregnant Women in a Medicaid Non-expansion State: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” Journal of women’s health, Vol. 29, no. 1, 2020, pp. 29-37.

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Issue of Nike: Corrupt Corporate Culture Case Study The current issue with Nike stems from its corrupt corporate culture, which puts women in a position of weakness. It allows powerful men in charge of the company to abuse and suppresses them, preventing them from reaching the positions they deserve without being harassed or denigrated. There are four potential ways of dealing with a problem: absolving, solving, resolving, and dissolving (Ackoff, 2019). Given the scope and the long-term aims for Nike and society in general, the only acceptable solution would be to dissolve it. The process of dissolution revolves around removing the underlying causes for the problem to exist in the first place. Absolving means ignoring the problem, solving – giving the women that were harmed some sort of compensation without making changes, and resolving – giving them the means to fight back without actively trying to change the toxic culture towards something better (Singh, 2018). Just allowing women to fight back is not enough – Nike should make it so that they do not have to. From an organizational framework perspective, the transformation of Nike’s culture should be done on all levels, from top to bottom. If harassment, cronyism, and corruption are acceptable at the top, there is nothing to stop them from occurring at the bottom levels (Singh, 2018). Therefore, Parker and the rest of Nike’s leadership must implement policies and solutions on all levels. This involves disincentivizing such behavior and ensuring that any potential sources of it are extinguished before they could take root again. The proposed plan of action, thus, is to conduct a massive revision of every individual employee and manager to determine their complicity in the acts that have been perpetrated in Nike for ages. All individuals found complicit should be removed from the company. That includes Mr. Parker and the rest of the board themselves, as they have been benefitting from the system while closing their eyes on it. The new leadership would be the one to implement and install a new culture based on equality, capability, and diversity. References Ackoff, R. (2019). No problem stays solved in a dynamic environment. Web. Singh, B. D. (2018). Managing conflict and negotiation (2nd ed.). Excel Books India.

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Issue of Unemployment: Social Inequality Research Paper The deep socio-economic divides in American society have impacted the unemployment rates even before the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the virus has exacerbated the issue. There have been two distinct experiences during the pandemic: first, people with graduate education, who kept stable jobs through working remotely; second, those who either lost or got reduced in their jobs with no safety net (Blustein et al., 2020). The key determinants of work availability are power and privilege, unevenly divided across racial, gender, and education lines (Blustein et al., 2020). The national socio-economic gaps lie between those who have a college education and those who do not (Galea & Abdalla, 2020). Within the framework of education access, race and ethnicity represent a major division plane between Americans. The black demographic faces racism in hiring, seeking housing, and everyday life, resulting in systemic marginalization (Galea & Abdalla, 2020). Therefore, the issue of unequal job availability persists, with racial divides being particularly striking recently. Discerning socio-economic groups’ post-pandemic recovery rates from April 2020 paints a clear picture. The divide is demonstrated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2022): there seems to be an improvement post-pandemic, with the average unemployment rate decreasing from 14.7% in April 2020 to 4% now. However, for the black population, the unemployment rate reached 16.8% in April 2020; later, stalled at 10.9% in October 2020 and then only lowered to 6.9% in January 2022 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022). In contrast, the white demographic presents a steady decrease within six months from April 2020; by October 2020, unemployment more than halved from 14.1% to 6.0%. Higher education, stable jobs, and support networks contribute to the higher-than-average unemployment rates for the black demographic (Galea & Abdalla, 2020). This statistic demonstrates the uneven struggle to recover from the pandemic-induced and general unemployment. References Blustein, D. L., Duffy, R., Ferreira, J. A., Cohen-Scali, V., Cinamon, R. G., & Allan, B. A. (2020). Unemployment in the time of COVID-19: A research agenda . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 119 , 103436. Web. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022). The Employment Situation—January 2022 (News Release USDL-22-0155; p. 43). U.S. Department of Labor. Web. Galea, S., & Abdalla, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic, unemployment, and civil unrest: Underlying deep racial and socioeconomic divides . JAMA , 324 (3), 227–228. Web. Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on The Employment Situation for December 2021 : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . (n.d.). Web.

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Italy as a Country for International Business Report Formal Institutions Political System Italy is a European nation found along the Mediterranean coastline, with Rome as its capital city. Kings initially ruled the Italian up to the Second World War. Nevertheless, in 1946, Italians decided to overthrow the empire, and the nation became an independent state. The initial State continued until 1992, when scandals devastated Italy’s main political parties. Due to those major improvements in the parties, the era is known as the Second Republic, even though there were no constitutional changes (Capussela, 2018). Sergio Matterella is the current president of Italy, even though it is a ceremonial duty. Legal System Italy is a republic with a constitution composed of 139 reports demonstrating society’s elementary ground from 1948. The reports are into three main groups: essential philosophies, human rights and responsibilities, and republican organization (Capussela, 2018). The national assembly and regional members elect Italy’s presidents by secret ballot. Parliament elects Presidents for seven-year terms to prevent re-election by the same parliament. There are three government systems in Italy, including legislative, judicial, and executive. As the head of the council, the prime ministers oversee and executive authority to the Council of Ministers who carry outlaws and other political decisions (Capussela, 2018). Acts are typically presented to the parliament, but in cases of urgency, bills can get approval through decrees or if the national assembly offers the council the responsibility to act. Economic System The Italian economy consists of established industries in the North owned by private companies and a less established, heavily subsidized agrarian in the South afflicted by poverty and poor infrastructure. The manufacturing of slightly elevated consumer products by midsized and small commercials, most of which are kinship, is a major booster of the Italian economy. In addition, Italy possesses a substantial subterranean economy, constituting approximately 17 percent of the GDP (Capussela, 2018). Farming, service industries, and infrastructure are possibly the most dominant regions to find these events. Italy falls in third place economically in Europe, but its extremely high public bills and structural growth constraints have made it sensitive to financial sector scrutiny. Since 2007, Italy’s community bills have continuously risen, surpassing 131 percent of the GDP in 2017 (Capussela, 2018). However, shareholders’ fear about Italy and the broader eurozone disaster subsided in 2013, reducing Italy’s administration bills borrowing rates. Informal Institution Components of the Culture According to research, Italian is the State’s official language, and almost 93 percent of people speak Italian as their native language (Morretta et al., 2020). Italy’s languages include Sardinian and Piedmontese. Roman Catholicism is Italy’s most commonly practiced religion (Morretta et al., 2020). It is unsurprising, provided that Vatican City is found at the center of Rome and is the place of Roman Catholicism and home of the Pope. Several architectural styles emerged in Italy but not limited to Renaissance, Baroque and Classical Roman (Morretta et al., 2020). The Colosseum and the Leaning Tower of Pisa are examples of the global’s most known structures in Italy. Most individuals view Italian cooking as an art, which has impacted food culture globally. For instance, pasta, wine, and cheese are predominant in Italian cooking. Pasta is found in various forms, including popular varieties such as spaghetti, lasagna, and linguine. Context of Culture Italy is a high-context society, and the majority of Italian cultural interaction relies heavily on physical indicators. A significant part of the content in high-context principles is hidden in the bodily setting of the person (Morretta et al., 2020). For example, the speaker believes that no explanation is necessary because the person to whom they are speaking should comprehend what they are trying to express. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions The concept is used to identify cultural variations between nations. Some of the Hofstede cultural aspects in Italy include individualism and power distance (Burton et al., 2021). The individualism aspect addresses people’s opinions of various groups in their environment. When a person is individualistic, they perceive themselves and their close family as vital. In contrast, collective individuals are concerned with the welfare of a larger group, including their corporation, and prioritize their own needs. Italians thrive in individualism because they prioritize their close family over their friends and would rather do business with individuals they recognize and rely on when there is a need. The in-group then makes decisions, and meetings are mostly intended to tell the rest of the group about the results. On the other hand, power distance refers to the degree to which those at the bottom of the hierarchy embrace and even anticipate authority to be dispersed unfairly (Burton et al., 2021). This aspect demonstrates that Italians demand a certain amount of power distance. On the other hand, they like making fun of authority, and breaching rules appear to be an Italian pastime. Resources and Capabilities Natural and Geographic Resources Italy has many natural resources, including crude oil deposits, pyrites, fluorspar, potash, pumice, coal, asbestos, and mercury, to mention a few (Cimini et al., 2020). The country’s mineral resources, such as petroleum and other rare earth elements, impact the Italian economy. Italy is a country found in a boot-shaped peninsula that extends outwards into the Adriatic Sea and Tyrrhenian and other water supply sources in the Southern part of Europe. The county’s geographical position has a significant impact on its heritage. The sea surrounds Italy, and its core is subdivided into sections by mountains. The Alps, which extend across the State’s summit, are dotted with long, thin icy lakes, and the Apennines Mountains extend from the South to the Western end of the Alps down the peninsula (Cimini et al., 2020). The wooded slopes West of the Apennines resides several of Italy’s ancient cities, especially Rome. Technological Advancement Italy has dominated the European Union and financial markets, certainly bringing severe economic issues. However, Italy is the second-largest producer among the twenty-eight European Union member nations, close after Germany (Cimini et al., 2020). Italy is at the vanguard of the Fourth Industrial Insurgency facets, particularly in the information insurgency. Italy falls in the top 10 in the world regarding robotic intensity or the number of factory robots per worker, significantly outnumbering countries such as France, the United Kingdom, and Spain, with 132, 71, and 160 robots. Development of Infrastructure Italy is concentrating on massive infrastructure projects to boost its economy. The Italian directorate declared withdrawal limitations on 130 construction projects regarded crucial for reopening the country’s economy and modernizing its infrastructure network on the same day that the European Union reduced its 2020 GDP prediction for Italy to fall by 11.2 percent (Cimini et al., 2020). Italy’s major projects include; A proposed motorway between Rome and Latina, the expressway construction joining central Italy and Liguria, and the Ionica state route with links to the Port of Civitavecchia, which is just a few cases. International Trade Imports Italy usually imports engineering and metal items, particularly from France, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Germany (Bontempi et al., 2021). Imports of vehicles, minerals, and chemicals are also significant products to the Italian economy. Italy imports energy and crude oil, especially from the Middle East and North Africa. Exports Metals, fine machinery, and metal products constitute Italy’s two largest exports. Italy is also a well-known exporter of apparel and footwear and scooters, automobiles, notably luxury motor cars and motorbikes. Pharmaceuticals, other chemicals, and various culinary goods are exported from Italy (Bontempi et al., 2021). Italy distributes approximately 56 percent of its goods to other European Union nations, primarily Spain, Germany, and France (Bontempi et al., 2021). However, the United States of America and Switzerland are also important trade associates of Italy. Trade Advantage Italy is among the five States which enjoy a trade export surplus in the European nations. Italian firms are determined to retain their export edge. They invested majorly in new production technologies such as robots, factory automation, and additive production, which boost output and lower prices (Bontempi et al., 2021). Invitalia and State agency offers broad benefits to both Italian and foreign corporations through funding initiatives of all kinds in vital sectors such as factories, environmental protection, and tourism. Economic Trade Conditions Italy had a Gross domestic product of approximately $1.85 trillion in 2020 and a per capita Gross domestic product of about $31,630 (Bontempi et al., 2021). Italy falls in eighth place economically in the current world ranking. Due to the Corona infection and the Italian administration’s containment actions, Italy’s GDP will reduce by approximately 8.9 percent in 2020 (Bontempi et al., 2021). Nevertheless, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development anticipated that Italy’s GDP would grow either in 2021 or 2022, with about 4.5 percent in 2021 and about 4.4 percent in 2022. International Trade Policy Being a part of the European Union, Italy follows EU legislation that applies throughout the EU. Import obstacles based on tariffs come from both national and EU rules (Bontempi et al., 2021). Even though some limits exist to particular categories of goods, the European Union’s international trade policy is largely flexible, for example, agricultural goods. However, Italy is a member of the European Union and the World Trade Organization. Hence, it uses the Technical Barriers to Trade team to deliberate on some critical trade issues and research the choices and executions of the regulations. Instruments of Trade policy Italy is a European Union associate; therefore, products easily move between associate states just after establishing the internal market (Bontempi et al., 2021). Even though the unrestricted distribution of goods subsists within Customs Union, the Common Custom Policy exists for products brought from other states, enabling uniform customs taxes to be applied irrespective of the origin member state. Foreign Direct Investment FDI Flow and Stock Foreign Direct Investment flows in Italy withstood an overall negative trend, increasing by 2 percent, maintaining a trend that began in 1998. Between 1990 and 2001, its outward FDI stock increased sixfold, making it a net outward investor. Italy’s FDI stock spreads geographically inbound and outbound in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France (Bayar & Ozturk, 2018). In 2020, Italy’s inward FDI stock was valued at approximately 469.29 billion dollars compared to 443.53 billion dollars in the past year (Bayar & Ozturk, 2018). The Foreign Direct Investment to GDP ratio is low, implying more investment Multinational Enterprises Numerous multinational corporations on Italian soil contribute significantly to the State’s employment rate. Over 80 percent of the 1.3 million Italians hired worked in the top ten corporations, with United States firms alone employing roughly 300.000 people (Bayar & Ozturk, 2018). However, the French retailer Auchan, which recruits over 12.000 individuals in its stores and supermarkets, is the largest multinational firm in Italy in terms of employed labor. Foreign Exchange Currency and Exchange Italians mainly use Euro as a form of exchange for products and services. One Euro is denominated into cents, and when purchasing money in Italy, one has to search for the EUR currency code, denoted by the notation (Febrero et al., 2018). The European System of Central Banks devises a model for determining the Euro’s foreign currency exchange rates in Italy. The rates are based on a day-to-day concertation mechanism among the world’s most powerful central banks. Price Difference and Balance of Payments Italy’s consumer spending financial account was about EUR2791.00 million in November 2021. According to past data, it attained an all-time high of 9404.00 Million euros in April 2021 and a slight decline of negative 1062.00 Million euros in March 2021 (Febrero et al., 2018). Economic Survey gives the exact current value, a previous data chart, and related metrics for Italy – Current account surplus, financial information – latest updated from the EUROSTAT on February 2022. References Bayar, Y., & Ozturk, O. F. (2018). Impact of foreign direct investment inflows on tax revenues in OECD countries: A panel cointegration and causality analysis. Theoretical & Applied Economics , 25 (1),31-40. Bontempi, E., Coccia, M., Vergalli, S., & Zanoletti, A. (2021). Can commercial trade represent the main indicator of the COVID-19 diffusion due to human-to-human interactions? A comparative analysis between Italy, France, and Spain. Environmental Research , 201 , 111529. Burton, L., Delvecchio, E., Germani, A., & Mazzeschi, C. (2021). Individualism/collectivism and personality in Italian and American Groups. Current Psychology , 40 (1), 29-34. Capussela, A. L. (2018). The political economy of Italy’s decline . Oxford University Press. 25 (1),69-90. Cimini, C., Boffelli, A., Lagorio, A., Kalchschmidt, M., & Pinto, R. (2020). How do industry 4.0 technologies influence organizational change? An empirical analysis of Italian SMEs. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management , 28 (11), 119-126. Febrero, E., Uxó, J., & Bermejo, F. (2018). The financial crisis in the eurozone: A balance-of-payments crisis with a single currency? Review of Keynesian Economics , 6 (2), 221-239. Morretta, V., Syrett, S., & Ramirez, L. S. (2020). Territorial capital as a source of firm competitive advantage: Evidence from the North and South of Italy. European Planning Studies , 28 (12), 2390-2408.

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James Brown’s Career in Soul Music Essay Considerable musicians have represented soul music, and James Brown was one of the most prominent. Southern soul became extremely popular towards the end of the 1960s, and Brown had his first success in 1956 (Covach and Flory 218). Initially, Brown worked as a stand-in for Little Richard, and his first record, “Please Please Please,” was quite thriving (Covach and Flory 240-241). Brown used to sing lead vocals, and his early musical style resembled that of the 1950s doo-wop (Covach and Flory 242). However, he began to develop the soul style in 1960 with “Think,” characterized by horns and a driving rhythm section (Covach and Flory 242). In 1964, Brown introduced “Out of Sight,” which represented the hard-driving soul style featured in his later songs towards the 1970s (Covach and Flory 242). James Brown was one of the performers who took control of their music, as he united an aggressive style of vocal and dance performance, production skills, and understanding of business (Covach and Flory 242). Brown’s musical style through the 1960s and into the 1970s changed from following prior era’s themes to creating his unique sounds. As Brown was searching for and evolving his individual style, his career differed from Motown, Stax, or Atlantic artists and led him to produce distinguishable songs. For instance, the stops at the end of the verses in Brown’s “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag, Pt. 1” distinct the music from a Stax arrangement (Covach and Flory 243). At the same time, the absence of background vocals in the song varies from Motown’s approach (Covach and Flory 243). Moreover, James Brown’s music was highly famous within the Black community, as, unlike Motown and Atlantic artists, Brown expressed apparent racial pride through hard-edged musical style and political lyrics (Covach and Flory 244). Brown acted passionately on his live shows as a singer, dancer, and bandleader but also hired notable musicians and rehearsed them tirelessly (Covach and Flory 240). James Brown was a remarkable performer whose vision of music and societal norms differed from other professionals. Work Cited Covach, John Rudolph, and Andrew Flory. What’s that Sound? An Introduction to Rock and its History . 5th ed., WW Norton & Company, 2018.

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Janina’s Language in the Novel “Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead” Essay Janina’s language in the novel Drive Your Plow over the Bones of the Dead is unique in many ways, as she unravels the mystery surrounding not only the murders but her personality. However, one of the most notable traits that the reader may notice on the first page is Janina’s use of nicknames as substitutes for any person or animal’s name. While many people use nicknames for friends or people they dislike, Janina’s approach is built on her feelings towards her name and names in general. She states, “I believe each of us sees the other person in our way, so we should give them the name we consider suitable.” She considers names “polyonymous” and adheres to this rule for every character she encounters. As a result, each person that Janina talks with or about is transformed into the characteristic she sees in them. Her friend is Oddball – and from the beginning, the reader has to inherently accept that this person may be strange somehow, although it may not be accurate. Similarly, the murder victims – Big Foot, Commandant, Inner – have to be seen as the traits of appearance or status they have in Janina’s eyes. In contrast, when Janina thinks about a name for a rescue dog, her first idea is a human name, Marysia. She denies other pet names, saying that “considering her personal history” they could not be suitable for the dog. Thus, Janina thinks deeply about the animal’s life and problems, basing the name on the dog’s condition and story. By looking at the contrast between names and nicknames that Janina uses for people and animals, one can see her actual values. She loves animals while humans get judged or excluded for their oddity. Therefore, while the narrator is untrustworthy, she quickly gives away her views on the murders and exposes her potential role in them. Her nature is to judge people for their treatment of animals, and the latter is perceived as better, more worthy of saving than humans.

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Japanese Advertisement and Its Standardization for the US Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction This paper aims to analyze the Japanese advertisement found on the website Ads of the World . This ad promotes a product called “Toilet Quickle Deodorant Coat Sheet,” which is intended to help housewives get rid of unpleasant odor in the toilet. An analysis of this ad shows that it cannot be standardized for the US audience; instead, it should be adapted because of the language and cultural differences, such as variations in the use of appeal and comparisons and the importance of diversity. Main body Perhaps, the most apparent reason why this ad needs to be adapted to the US audience rather than standardized is the use of the Japanese language. In this ad, the Japanese language is used in the speech of the actors delivering the information to the customers and the signs on the screen. While the actor’s speech can simply be translated into English, the signs on the screen have to be adapted. This is because the Japanese language uses characters that appear much more compact than English words. Therefore, simply writing the Japanese words in English would change the layout of the images that support the information delivered by the speakers. The next rationale for adaptation is that this ad is filmed in the format of a weather report familiar to Japanese housewives. In the US, the format for such programs is different to a certain extent, which means that this ad may appear less familiar to American housewives. The ad also shows such a common feature of Japanese etiquette as bowing, which is not used in the US and, therefore, should be removed when adapting the ad to the American audience. The way the message is delivered in the Japanese and American cultures is also different, which further supports the need for adaptation rather than standardization. In particular, in Japan, advertisements use indirect communication to convey their messages and let the audience decide for themselves what they should think about the brand. This is because Japanese people, in contrast to Americans, have negative attitudes to hard-sell practices, so ads using direct communication would be ineffective in this country. In addition, Japanese ads do not tend to use comparisons. In contrast, US advertisements use direct communication to convey the brand value to the audience and often compare different brands in their campaigns, for example, in the advertising campaigns of McDonald’s and Burger King. The ad under review does not say explicitly that the advertised brand is the best in the market and does not make any comparisons; it only offers a brief explanation of what the product is used for. In order to adapt the ad to the US audience, advertisers should explicitly state their message about the value of the brand. Furthermore, the advertisement needs adaptation rather than standardization because of the differences in the use of appeals in the US and Japan. Japanese advertisements appeal to the audience’s sentiment, while American advertisements appeal to logical reasoning. Thus, Japanese ads primarily contain images that invoke viewers’ emotions, whereas American ads use testimonies, logical arguments, and spokespeople to persuade people through rational explanations. The ad under review clearly depicts the peculiarities of Japanese culture in advertising. It does not cite any specific facts, such as what ingredients contribute to the elimination of odor or what specialists in the field of hygiene say about this product. Instead, it appeals to the audience’s emotions by targeting the pain point addressed by the advertised product – the unpleasant odor. In particular, the woman on the left represents a Japanese housewife who voices concerns similar to those that housewives all over Japan are supposed to have. While this approach may work in Japan, it can appear ineffective in the US because of the audience’s expectations of a logical explanation of why they need this product. To adapt this ad to American viewers, it can include facts supporting the effectiveness of the product. One final reason for adaptation is the difference in the ethnic composition of the population in the US and Japan. Japan is a largely monoethnic country, meaning that the majority of its population is Japanese. Hence, it is completely acceptable for Japanese ads, including the ad under review, to feature only Japanese people. In the US, the ethnic and racial composition is much more diverse, and there is a recent trend to reflect this diversity in various media, including advertisements. Therefore, the adaptation of this advertisement to the US audience is necessary to reflect the different racial compositions of the US society and follow the rising trend for diversity in advertising. Conclusion In conclusion, the given ad cannot be standardized for the US because of significant differences between American and Japanese cultures and languages. Therefore, the ad should be adapted in terms of language, communication strategy, type of appeal, and racial representation. In particular, because of the different writing systems of the English and Japanese languages, the ad’s layout should be changed for a better appearance for the English-speaking audience. It should also contain more factual details about the product and can include testimonials and direct product comparisons.

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John Smeaton and Enhanced Engineering Processes Essay (Article) John Smeaton was an English engineer who designed bridges, canals, and lighthouses. In the given article, written by Andrew M. A. Morris, the author demonstrates how this renowned engineer employed parameter variation in a far more broad context as part of an analytical procedure (Morris, 2021). Morris stresses the three distinct goals of such a process, including optimization, theory testing, and maxim development through exploratory testing. As the writer puts it, the fundamental point of this study is that Smeaton accomplished more than enhanced engineering processes by systematizing prior artisanal ways, as was the traditional interpretation of Smeaton’s method established by technology analysts in the 1990s (Morris, 2021). Rather, he claims that his method creates a link between science and technology by including both theory testing and practical testing (Morris, 2021). I agree with the author and believe that John Smeaton was successful at performing the traditionally seen hypothesis testing and developed empirical regularities through exploratory experimentation. While some scholars might claim that no scientific research was involved in the work of Smeaton, the engineer managed to go through a thorough analysis and create his own maxims. Morris also discussed the relationship between science and technology during the Industrial Revolution. According to Morris, the conventional understanding of it was determined by two nearly obsolete historical studies, which are reflected in the discussion between A.E. Musson, and Eric Robinson, and A. Rupert Hall (Morris, 2021). According to the first two researchers, science was an essential aspect of the industrial Era (Morris, 2021). Hall, conversely, believes that the 18th-century technical innovations attributed almost nothing to the era’s science. The way I see it, Hall’s opinion does not have a solid ground. The Industrial Revolution, in my perspective, was an amalgam of technology, science, and industry. Significant breakthroughs and technical advancements shaped nearly every present field of people’s lives while also introducing a slew of new ones. It is well known that during the early stages of the Revolution, natural forms of energy, such as wind and water, were harnessed to generate electricity. However, later, new technologies, including steam power, were investigated and improved by John Smeaton, and electricity was critical in enabling the Industrial Revolution to flourish. Reference Morris, Andrew M.A. “ English Engineer John Smeaton’s Experimental Method(s): Optimisation, Hypothesis Testing and Exploratory Experimentation ”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science , 89 (2021): 283–94. Web.

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Judgmental Forecasting and Cases of Its Application Essay This paper is devoted to the study of judgmental forecasting. It contains general data about this type of forecasting, cases of its application, examples of its most effective use, and its advantages and disadvantages. As an example of judgmental forecasting, the Delphi method is proposed, which involves identifying a consistent assessment of an expert group through an independent, anonymous survey of experts in several rounds, which involves reporting the previous round’s results to the experts. Resources such as the book Forecasting: Principles and practice by Hyndman and Athanasopoulos, and Sniezek’s article “A comparison of techniques for judgmental forecasting by groups with common information ” are used to support the presented data. What is Judgmental Forecasting In cases of the extreme complexity of the problem, its novelty, insufficiency of available information, or the impossibility of mathematical formalization of the solution process, one has to turn to competent experts. The solution of problems by experts, their commenting, the formation of quantitative estimates, and the processing of the latter by formal methods is called the method of judgmental forecasting. Hyndman and Athanasopoulos (2018) assert that this method involves a set of logical procedures aimed at obtaining from experts the data necessary for the preparation and selection of rational decisions. In the theoretical aspect, the legitimacy of using judgmental forecasting is confirmed because methodologically correctly obtained expert judgments meet two criteria for the reliability of any new knowledge: accuracy and reproducibility of the result. Therefore, judgmental forecasting is created by experts based on their experience and assessments. Judgmental forecasting helps to formalize the procedures for collecting, summarizing, and analyzing expert opinions to transform them into the most convenient form for making an informed decision. Moreover, this method of forecasting is continuously developed and improved. Currently, judgmental forecasting, in combination with other mathematical and statistical methods, can minimize the risk of making the wrong decision. Where is Judgmental Forecasting used Most Effectively? According to Hyndman and Athanasopoulos (2018), judgmental forecasting is applied in certain cases. Firstly, when an object or some phenomenon cannot be described mathematically. Secondly, it is used when there is no reliable, accurate, statistical information about the object that allows the use of objective methods. Thirdly, when there are no means for mathematical processing. For example, if there is no computer equipment, software, or qualified personnel. Fourth, it is a suitable method for an emergency situation when a quick decision is needed. Thus, there are four main cases in which judgmental forecasting is used. Examples of how Judgmental Forecasting is Used Most Effectively One example of the most effective use of judgmental forecasting may be the case of central banks. Hyndman and Athanasopoulos (2018) note that they involve judgment in forecasting the current level of economic activity, a procedure known as nowcasting because GDP data is only available quarterly. Moreover, this type of forecasting model is especially useful in such fields as research and development. Focus groups and expert groups can provide information that no computer model can provide. For example, by asking a group of people about what they are looking for in a product, companies can gauge their direction in developing specific product features. Advantages and Disadvantages of Judgmental Forecasting Like any other phenomenon, judgmental forecasting has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages The undoubted advantage of judgmental forecasting is that it is universal and applicable to various forecasting objects. Moreover, it is relatively simple from a methodological point of view and does not place high demands on the quality of the initial basic information. Sniezek (1990) notes that the scope of statistical forecasting methods is limited to short- and medium-term forecasts. On the contrary, judgmental forecasting will allow to make long-term forecasts. Disadvantages Judgmental forecasting has several disadvantages. First, Hyndman and Athanasopoulos (2018) affirm that it can be inconsistent. Unlike statistical forecasting, which can be generated using the same mathematical formulas, judgmental forecasting relies heavily on human cognition and is subject to its limitations. For example, a limited attention span can lead to important information being missed, or a misunderstanding of cause and effect relationships can lead to erroneous conclusions. Moreover, human judgment may vary due to psychological factors. Second, judgment can be clouded by personal or political agendas when goals and projections are not separated. Even when goals and projections are separated, judgment can be clouded by optimism or wishful thinking. Third, there can be anchoring effects in judgmental forecasting where subsequent forecasts tend to converge or be close to the original familiar reference point. Anchoring can lead to conservatism and underestimation of new and more relevant information and thus create a systematic bias. Therefore, whenever possible, the judgmental results obtained by the methods of expert assessments should be supported by other forecasting methods. The Delphi Method of Judgmental Forecasting One of the methods for obtaining an individual opinion of experts is the Delphi method. Its essential features are anonymity, multi-level, and correspondence. According to Sniezek (1990), the Delphi method is effective because it allows to consider the opinions of all people who are relevant to any issue through a consistent combination of considerations, suggestions, and conclusions, and then come to a specific agreement. The advantage of the Delphi method is the use of feedback during the survey, which significantly increases the objectivity of expert assessments. Thus, using the Delphi method, expert opinions are determined by periodically weighing their views, taking into account the answers and arguments of colleagues. References Hyndman, R.J., & Athanasopoulos, G. (2018). Forecasting: Principles and practice (2 nd ed.). OText. Sniezek, J.A. (1990). A comparison of techniques for judgmental forecasting by groups with common information. Group & Organization Studies, 15 (1), 5-19.

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Juvenile Delinquency in Ancient and Modern Times Essay Defining a historical context of juvenile delinquency studies can provide valuable information about society’s progress concerning juvenile delinquency in such aspects, as parental responsibility. Comparing the acts that were acknowledged as juvenile delinquency in ancient times and modern society can determine whether current policies effectively prevent youth from misbehavior. This essay will compare how juvenile delinquency was perceived in Ancient Greece with the way modern society approaches juvenile offenders. Firstly, searching for the historical origins of the juvenile delinquency concept could quickly become confusing because, historically, such a concept only occurred at the beginning of the modern era. While there is no significant data on youth misbehavior in ancient times, some available sources suggest that misbehavior was encouraged among young men (Bates & Swan, 2021). In particular, because masculinity and physical power were highly appreciated in Ancient Greece, one could determine that the society was pushing male youth towards violent behavior. Exposing the youth to violent behavior and stories from a young age contributed to the unruly behavior of youth In Ancient Greece. According to Regoli et al. (2020), many stories from Ancient Greek culture focus on complicated parents’ relationships with their children that end with the killing of the children. Therefore, the author suggested that juvenile delinquency was sourced in one’s relationships with parents. While other sources suggest that in punishment measures, youth were treated as adults, according to Bates and Swan (2021), the issue of juvenile delinquency could not occur at that time due to close family connections. Furthermore, as corporal punishments were common in families at that time, the state did not have to define specific punishments for youth misbehavior. The only policy related to juvenile delinquency existing in ancient Greece was the law that prohibited the youth in ancient Greece from beating their parents. Thus, for example, in cases where a young man committed misbehavior, he was primarily responsible for his parents, and they decided the punishment measures, which mainly featured corporal punishment. Exploration of the historical context of juvenile delinquency in the ancient period helps define one significant difference in parental engagement in modern society. In ancient Greece, the state encouraged parental responsibility for the child’s misbehavior, and parents could choose the punitive measures themselves. On the other hand, parental engagement in juvenile delinquency is limited in modern society. Moreover, parents, educational institutions, society, and media are acknowledged as responsible for the delinquent behavior of juvenile offenders. Furthermore, considering the punishment measures, the corporal punishment commonly used in ancient times proved ineffective in the long run. According to Finkelhor et al. (2019), corporal punishment can result in poor development outcomes, such as mental health problems and subsequent aggression. In the last fifty years, the rate of children subjected to corporal punishment significantly decreased (Finkelhor et al., 2019). In modern times, common penalties for juvenile offenders include treatment and counseling, fines, or mandated community service hours. For example, in cases where a young man committed misbehavior, he is accountable to the authorities and will be judged depending on the severity of his actions. Lastly, the punishment measures for juvenile delinquency in modern society will never include corporal methods. In conclusion, this essay explored the historical context of juvenile delinquency and compared how the state approached juvenile delinquency in ancient and modern times. The essay defined that young Greeks were exposed to violent behavior from an early age in ancient Greece, and many had problematic relationships with their parents. Moreover, as the state held parents accountable for the children’s misbehavior, parents were the ones who chose the punishment measures, often resorting to corporal punishment. In modern times, the state prohibits corporal punishments due to their ineffectiveness and limits parental engagement in juvenile delinquency, and offenders are judged based on the severity of their actions. References Bates, K. A., & Swan, R. S. (2021). Juvenile delinquency in a diverse society (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Sage. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Wormuth, B. K., Vanderminden, J., & Hamby, S. (2019). Corporal punishment: Current rates from a national survey. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28 , 1991–1997. Web. Regoli, R. M., Hewitt, J. D., & DeLisi, M. (2020). Delinquency in society. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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Juvenile Murders: Cases and Supporting Theories Essay Table of Contents 1. Eric Smith 2. Lionel Tate 3. Brayden Wright 4. Reaction 5. References Several theories explain the factors that drive offenders to commit serious crimes such as murder. In most cases, the crime is an act of rational choice done to gratify personal desires or for personal gain (Sanderson, 2019). The extant theories that explain the act of criminal behavior fall into psychological, social, and biological categories. However, as numerous cases indicate, the social and psychological factors have the strongest impact in influencing criminal behavior, especially among juveniles. This reaction paper analyses three cases of juvenile delinquents that committed murder in different contexts. Eric Smith Smith murdered a 4-year old child when he was only 13 years old. He lured the young boy into a wooded area before strangling him and hitting his head with a large rock. Smith was found guilty of second-degree murder and was sentenced to the maximum term for juvenile offenders. He served three years in the juvenile jail and later in jail for young adults. Smith cited childhood bullying experiences that he experienced from older children and his family as the reason for his rage, which caused him to kill the child. Lionel Tate Lionel Tate killed Eunick when he was only 13 years old. The two were playing when Tate forcefully stomped on Eunick’s stomach, which damaged her liver. In addition, Eunick suffered a swollen brain, fractured skull, and broken rib. For these crimes, Tate was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison. However, the sentence was later overturned and he was released on probation. Nevertheless, Tate continued with his criminal acts and was sentenced to 30 years in prison for violating the terms of the probation. This violation of probation illustrates Tate’s new identity as a criminal offender due to his previous conviction. Brayden Wright Brayden Wright fatally shot his 9-year old brother at their home. Wright, who was then aged 13 years, was acting as a cop in a game of cops and robbers. His siblings confirmed to the investigation team that Wright would occasionally point guns at them when they disagreed at home. In this case, Wright understood no negative consequences of deviant behavior because his parents never taught them. For his actions, Wright was charged with criminal homicide, while his parents were charged for endangering their child. Reaction The given cases show the outrageous, unjust conviction, where Brayden Wright was charged with criminal homicide because his parents did not teach the child about safety. Meanwhile, the first representatives were also convicted on the exact charges but were found to intentionally harm another individual. I firmly believe that the justice system and court should consider the background of the case, the age of the felons, and their mental state and punish the guilty individuals accordingly. It is also vital to consider opposite opinions on the given matter. Deflem (2018) argues that individuals charged with murdering children should be convicted without regard to age. In this situation, it is understandable that giving leeway to children and passing a lighter sentence would not lead to criminal rate prevention. This can be seen from the example with Lionel Tate, who continued his immoral actions and was later found guilty of other criminal acts. Nevertheless, the whole youth justice system was founded in order to prevent the criminal activity of children and adolescents. Many believe that while adults are capable of understanding the consequences of their actions, children’s brains are not fully developed and might especially be prone to the negative influence of external factors, such as poverty, misunderstanding, or abuse, such as in the cases mentioned above. Therefore, those who make convictions should understand this and judge the children accordingly. Social and psychological influences have a substantial impact on children’s growth and development. The sociological theories assume that criminal behavior is learned from the society and the environment. This assumption is particularly relevant for the juvenile, who look up to the society for inspiration and learning (Besemer et al., 2017). In many cases, social disorganization in families can drive most children to crime. These theories explain why children that live in dysfunctional households are overrepresented in crime. According to psychodynamic theory, an individual’s personality depends on the childhood experiences. As a result, advocates of the psychodynamic theory suggest that delinquent children are constantly drawn to negative experiences that occurred in their childhood. Consequently, offenders lack social etiquette and have a high dependency on others. Eric Smith confessed that incidences of bullying by older children in school and his siblings and home led him to vent his anger on the young victim. This corroborates the psychodynamic theory that posits that negative incidences in childhood such as lack of parental care and love, bullying, and feelings of vulnerability often weaken the child’s ego. Having been chased from a camp because of bad behavior, he viewed the victim as a representative of the society that had rejected him. Tate’s case illustrates how criminal labeling aggravates criminal behavior. Having been identified as the youngest murderer to be sentenced to life in prison, Tate saw no incentive of changing his behavior to conform to a skeptical society (Abrah, 2018). In his attempt to live up to the label, he committed other crimes that landed him back in prison. While Tate’s case would appear as a biological predisposition to criminal behavior, no evidence was adduced in the case to support these allegations. Therefore, Tate’s social labeling was the likely cause of his predisposition to crime. Now, it is vital to consider the strengths and weaknesses of my point of view. Among the strengths is the fact that consideration of age and background of the case might be helpful not to punish children who are not able to comprehend their actions fully. Though there are young individuals who have predispositions to harm others and do not show any improvement, some individuals do not have a record of problematic behavior. Among the weaknesses is the lack of data that could prove that disregard of age in the prosecution of lighter punishments leads to better outcomes. The implications of my discussion and point of view might have a positive effect on the youth justice system. With the help of focusing on the root cause of the criminal behavior, it will be possible to judge the adolescent accordingly. Brayden had not understood the negative consequences of deviant behavior because their parents did not instill in him the positive values of brotherly love and instead focused on securing their home against criminals. He perceived the positive consequences of the deviant behavior that included personal gratification for subduing a disobeying sibling as superior to all other negative consequences. Thus, children can be negatively impacted by the federal prisons, which might lead to even worse outcomes. Therefore, there might be other considerations, such as mental health institutions or therapies. In conclusion, the social and psychological factors have the greatest impact on children’s behavior. This implies that early intervention such as social support for struggling families has a major impact on the children’s wellbeing well into their adulthood. Despite the widespread notion that biological predisposition is a key factor in influencing crime, these cases illustrate that proper childhood care could have stemmed these cases. Therefore, stakeholders should invest in family stability to prevent these incidences. References Abrah, P. B. (2018). Labeling theory and life stories of juvenile delinquents transitioning into adulthood. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63 (2), 179-197. Besemer, S., Farrington, D. P., & Bijleveld, C. C. (2017). Labeling and intergenerational transmission of crime: The interaction between criminal justice intervention and a convicted parent. PloS One , 12 (3). Web. Deflem, M. (2018). Homicide and violent crime (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance) . Emerald Publishing. Sanderson, S. K. (2019). Rethinking sociological theory: Introducing and explaining a scientific theoretical sociology . Routledge.

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Kaiser Family Foundation State: The Socioeconomic Gap Essay The percentage of uninsured people in my state, Washington, is among the lowest. Particularly, it was 6.6% as of 2019, which is considerably lower than in Oklahoma (14.9%) or Texas (18.4%) (Kaiser Family Foundation, n.d.). In my opinion, the connection between the socioeconomic status and access to care is evident. The fewer opportunities a person has in terms of financial provision, the less possible it is for them to afford high-quality health care. Individuals with low income are highly likely to be uninsured or eligible for Medicaid. As a result, such citizens do not seek health care as often as it is needed. Frequently, they only address specialists in emergency cases, neglecting many other issues that require prevention or treatment. I think that the main reason why the percentage is low in my state is because of its geographic location. There are many job opportunities in the state of Washington, which means people can afford to pay for health insurance. Also, individuals living in this state are well-informed about their options regarding health needs. Apart from that, the number of healthcare facilities is much higher than, say, in rural areas. All of these factors contribute to the high level of insured people. Speaking about the gap in quality of care and access to health care, I should also note such factors as ethnic disparities, access to education, and community context. In my state, it is easier for people from diverse backgrounds to accommodate and find support. However, there are parts of the country where some ethnic groups might be accepted with prejudice, which makes it difficult for them to pursue high-quality education and find well-paid jobs. Reference Kaiser Family Foundation. (n.d.). Health insurance coverage of the total population . Web.

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Kantian Ethics in Non-Consequential Theories in Philosophy Essay Kantian ethics is the clearest example of non-consequential theories in philosophy, and by extension, in law. Support for the theory often comes from adherents of imperative social order ideas such as utilitarianism. In Kant’s philosophy, the ideas of non-consequential ethics are most clearly demonstrated by the moral and ethical phenomenon he formulated and called the categorical imperative. This concept, as conceived by Kant, is the formulation of how a person should act, striving to partake in genuinely moral behavior (Kant & Abbott, 2021). The imperative directly addresses the acting person, who makes specific moral choices according to the predetermined rational ways. It advises a person to strictly and urgently, most attentively, treat the maxims of their behavior, namely to the subjective rules of practical reason. According to Kant, the principles of pure practical reason have a specific non-consequential form (Kant & Abbott, 2021). They are statements containing a general definition of will, which is subject to many practical rules; this notion has particular problems in the very essence of the statement. It should be discussed how Kant understands ethics in greater detail. Namely, morality should not be relative, bound by private interests, but absolute and universal; otherwise, it does not exist at all (Kant & Abbott, 2021). In other words, relativism is the enemy of genuine morality, the contingency of principles, and adaptation to the situation. In this aspect of Kant’s philosophy, the conflict between the fundamental, strictly necessary, universal moral law, which Kant defends, and the always determined circumstances, the actions of specific people, acquires a particularly sharp form. This conflict arises at the forefront of Kant’s non-consequential ethical position. After all, a specific person cannot live and act otherwise than focusing on circumstances, building their own subjective maxims of behavior. Perhaps they have no reason to be guided by universal morality, and in this case, the universal moral law–the categorical imperative–becomes just an idea and a chimera. References Kant, I., & Abbott, T. K. (2021). Critique of practical reason . Independently published.

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Kincaid’s “The Girl” vs. Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour” Essay Table of Contents 1. The Girl 2. The Story of an Hour 3. Discussion 4. Works Cited The Girl “The Girl,” a short tale by Jamaican Kincaid, explores a girl’s bond with her mother. It demonstrates that in most situations, the mother tries to dictate what conduct is acceptable for women (Rabea & Nusaiba). She expects and demands that the girl behaves in this manner. The mother gives a lot of advice on what to do, including what to prepare, what to do in the house, and what to do outside the house. The girl’s mother also gives her advice on what she should and should not do. For instance, the mother instructs the girl not to go bareheaded as the sun rises (Kincaid). These mandated types of behavior clearly limit the girl’s options. Some information might potentially be harmful to the girl. For example, a mother may instruct a daughter on how to make homemade abortion drugs, which may be harmful to the girl’s health (Kincaid). In general, the girl is restricted in practically every manner by her mother’s domineering demeanor. The narrative emphasizes the importance of family bonds in influencing one’s actions (Rabea & Nusaiba). The mother embodies the belief that women should be confined to the house while men are capable of going anywhere they choose. This circumstance re-creates in the daughter the type of gender prejudice that the mother experienced, most likely when she was younger (Jayasree). Kincaid’s “Girl” of Jamaica eloquently depicts some of society’s difficulties and how parents may pass discrimination within generations. The Story of an Hour The feminist literary criticism is based on American novelist Kate Chopin’s “Story of an Hour” (Paudel). The loss of Mrs. Mallard’s husband is a watershed moment in her life since she had been her husband’s property up to that point (Chopin). Brentley Mallard’s death is Louise Mallard’s rite of passage into a new, liberated existence. Mrs. Mallard is not only horrified when she learns of her husband’s death, but she is also not as stunned as most people are when they learn of the loss of a close family or acquaintance. Mrs. Mallard is first terrified by the prospect of becoming free, as it is not something she is used to or what society accepts. Yet, as the ecstasy grows stronger and gives her a sense of imminent independence, she begins to comprehend what it is to have power in her life (Paudel). She now feels powerful and capable of making her own decisions, something she never felt in her marriage. Louise descends the stairs after only a few minutes of delight, only to be slain downstairs when she realizes Brentley Mallard is not dead. She is no longer free, as she was only moments ago, and is once again tied by the ties of matrimony (Hu). Louise Mallard, having experienced the beauty of freedom before Brentley’s illusory death, is unable to continue living the life she lived before Brentley’s illusory death (Hu). She had to die because she could not live till Brentley Mallard died, knowing she would never have that amazing sensation of freedom again. Discussion Both stories are, to some extent, an indictment of the gross mistreatment of women in the male-dominated society. The different perspectives shown in the stories represent how deep the underrepresentation of women was rooted while reflecting the notion of women’s struggle for being recognized and the ability to live the life they want. In “The Girl,” the mistreatment is caused by the generational transfer of the ingrained attitudes towards women, which is simply projected onto the daughter without any justification. Kate Chopin looks at the issue from a different angle, mainly from the institute of marriage, which is equated to being similar to husband’s clothing. The sense of freedom, once tasted by Mrs. Mallard is, shows how significant was the discovery of liberation that after she is not able to live under marriage circumstances. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The story of an hour . Joe Books Ltd, 2018. Hu, Aihua. “The Story of an Hour: Mrs. Mallard’s ethically tragic song.” ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews (2020): 1-7. Jayasree, K. “Linguistic-Literary Camouflage in Jamaica Kincaid’s” Girl”. IUP Journal of English Studies 13.2 (2018). Kincaid, Jamaica. Girl . San Francisco Examiner, 1991. Paudel, Kishor. “Existential Angst in Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour.” NCC Journal 4.1 (2019): 97-99. Rabea, Reem Ahmad, and Nusaiba Adel Almahameed. “Genre Crossing in Jamaica Kincaid’s ‘Girl’: From Short Fiction to Poetry.” Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9.3 (2018): 157-165.

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Korean Popular Culture and the Selling of Place by Youjeong Oh Essay (Book Review) Korean Popular Culture and the Selling of Place by Youjeong Oh examines the use of K-pop music and Korean dramas with an aim to promote the rural and urban places in South Korea. To facilitate this, the book provides a framework insight on ways in which South Korea has aggressively used a number of aspects such as K-pop, K-drama, K-food, plastic surgery, and tourism to develop multiple strategies. In addition, the book expounds on the crucial relationship between urban planning and Hallyu. It uses an academic point of view to bring out the role of Korean cities through its production of television and music programs to boost their images and attract tourists. The book does so by documenting, historicizing, and using visuals to support the narrative of Korean culture. Pop City examines that pop culture features place selling facilitated with two separate domains: Korean globalization and political centralization of Korean culture. Based on the book, the local elections put in place in the 1990s enhanced the desires among the cities to develop and promote their rural areas. A good example is Wando County, a rural village that invested approximately $8 million and used its historical sites to create a K-drama that resulted in an increase of 50 million tourists with an income of $160 million in 2008 (Oh, 2018). The same case has been used in other rural areas where they use Korean entertainment to attract foreign tourists and sponsors. The elected local leaders also portray the political dimension. The local council has the authority to pass the city and governor’s budget. With such authority and mandate, they have had the capacity to promote drama sponsorships. It means that the local government has a political centralization to dominate the decision-making process without the residents’ consent. In addition, Pop City analyses the process of culture featured place marketing. The book illustrates that the urban spaces in Korea are produced and sold in a similar way K-pop and k-drama are promoted using spectacular images rather than using the cultural and physical qualities that are in existence. For instance, the Anseong city attempted to commodify to be featured in the television show the Baudeogi; the city invested $9 million to develop the region and ensure that the city’s cultures stand out, such as dancing, singing, acrobatics, and circus performance (Oh, 2018). The action was nullified as the locals claimed “that the spending of taxpayers’ money should be cautious, the local council, in particular, asked for a formal process to collect citizens’ extensive opinions.” (Oh, 2018). However, it is important to note that most of the K-dramas have featured different marketing regions through pseudohistory, artificial images, and fabricated representation that creates a fantasy of the reality. Hence, Pop City has demonstrated selling places through the consumer exploitative, image-based, and speculative nature of the Korean pop culture. It enhances shaping the commodification of the rural and urban regions. Furthermore , Pop City illustrates the reasons K-pop is a popular means of entertainment globally. K-pop is popular as the production uses desirable images that create an intimacy that is appealing to the consumers; it includes visual quality, associated products, and idolized locations (Oh, 2018). It enables the consumers to create a relationship with the television show. Secondly, they use an idolized system that strongly influences K-pop. In Korea, entertainment agencies strategically produce idols who appear in films, television shows, dramas, and music. It states that “When releasing a new idol group, the gihoeksa invests a significant amount of effort in crafting unique and marketable images for it.” (Oh, 2018). The idols are used as marketing products that are used to captivate the consumer’s mind and sell the designed items such as K-pop places, music, drama show, and merchandise. The success of the idols towards the competitive market enhances profit generations. Furthermore, the book illustrates the diverse aspects of using human geography to market Korea’s urban areas and K-pop. It defined human geography as “emotional engagement with a place turns visitors into agents of value creation on its behalf—that is, into facilitators of place selling.” (Oh, 2018). It emphasizes that for a consumer to engage with K-pop music and K-drama, the entertainment needs to be invested with the consumer’s emotions and bodily experiences. These aspects can be achieved from different places through displaying emotions of desires, love, longing, and tensions. Hence, it explains how tourists visit the K-pop music and K-drama sites to engage in an interpersonal and precognitive way, as demonstrated in the emotions of these pop. Human geography plays a significant role in pop culture, capitalizing on these emotional qualities and the way humans enact, feel, and extending their cultural involvement with the physical location. Moreover, the book examines the extension of Hallyu disclosure through connecting with the urban placing. According to the reading, the Korean culture industry began during the existence of Hallyu due to the unanticipated global fame of the Korean culture that was led by the acquisition of the new markets. For instance, the K-drama series Jewel in the palace produced in 2003 reached over 60 countries (Oh, 2018). It impacted the industry to grow through attracting new industry players such as recording labels, entertainment management agencies, producers, and idols. It recognizes that the supply rather than the demand drives the Hallyu hype. It is because “Despite the risks involved in the oversupplied race, both the cultural producers and place marketers appear confident because of the sheer amount of uncertainty involved.” (Oh, 2018). It is also a result of increased finance channels. Since there is an oversupply of Hallyu talent, the industry tends to invest in the surplus value without producing any tangible benefits to society. For instance, K-pop takes advantage of the existing culture without investing in it. In conclusion, Korean Popular Culture and the Selling of Place by Youjeong studies the Korean wave from a different perspective from K-food, K-pop, K-drama, fashion, tourism, and plastic surgery. All these aspects of Korean culture have enhanced the marketing and selling of Korea’s culture and locations globally. The book has enacted this by identifying that pop culture features place selling mediates through two separate domains: Korean globalization and political centralization. The political centralization is acquired through the local government having the power to promote their regions through drama sponsorships. In comparison, the globalization aspects are illustrated on the K-pop power to use their culture to earn profit and sell the place. Such reasoning and documentation of the book with supporting evidence create a well-designed, innovative, and creative reading. It is recommendable to any reader interested in the Korean culture, urban planning, and sociology of the Hallyu. References Oh, Y. (2018). Pop city: Korean popular culture and the selling of place . Cornell University Press.

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Labor Racketeering: Definition and History Essay Labor racketeering can be defined as the illegal use of unions and authority for self-interest. Union labor corruption was perpetrated by, performed in collaboration with, or under the direction of organized criminal syndicates. The beginning of the 20th century set the foundation for labor racketeering and became a law and societal concern (Jacobs, 2020). Until the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was no systematic governmental or enforcement agencies effort to mitigate the issue (Jacobs, 2020). During prohibition, criminal groups chose to generate profit from selling illicit spirits, which maintained the alcohol demand and earnings high. When prohibition was abolished in the 1930s, the mafia’s advanced business-running methods remained (Jacobs, 2020). The most potent groups turned their focus away from alcohol to business, including narcotics, gambling, and prostitution (Jacobs, 2020). However, these were not the only money-making businesses that contributed to the profit diversification. Among other beneficial businesses for the organized crime was labor racketeering through the control of labor unions. There are many reasons why gangs prefer labor unions to other kinds of unions. For example, it can be evident from their choice to control the Teamsters and International Longshoremen’s Association (Jacobs, 2020). With the sources of such unions, members of Cosa Nostra could easily access all kinds of legitimate businesses, including waste management, construction, or demolition. Moreover, they had easy access to healthcare and pension funds from the unions. These legitimate businesses offered them ways to not only traffick illicit substances or people but also cover up their actions (Jacobs, 2020). Among other crimes, the organized groups performed extortions or threatened employers, and solicited or received bribes. Hence, it can be seen that organized crime has always tried to control local businesses and expand their influence with the help of diversification of their profits. Among the main activities of gangs were prostitution, drug trafficking, gambling, and labor racketeering. Labor unions were beneficial to organized crime due to the sources they had. Such unions gave mobsters access to legitimate demolition, construction, and waste management businesses. Reference Jacobs, J. B. (2020). The rise and fall of organized crime in the United States. Crime and Justice , 49 (1), 17-67.

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Language Discrimination in Modern Society Research Paper English is the simplest form of communication available between people from different parts of the world. It remains an indisputable fact that most people continue to speak with an accent even after many years of learning the language. This fact generates a vast wave of discrimination, especially from native speakers. The truth is that even they begin to twist their language to achieve a certain uniqueness and dissimilarity, especially in the creative sphere. The accent, which is so difficult to get rid of when speaking another language, is that our ear gets used to filtering out frequencies from childhood that are not needed to understand native speakers. It is essential to realize that speaking with an accent is normal, that this is not a reason to discriminate against a person. Still, on the contrary, it is an excellent opportunity to help them improve their language. The policy of multiculturalism, which is the parallel coexistence of different cultures, is adjacent to the social movement “The English only movement.” The latter actively advocates establishing uniform norms of the American literary language for whites and African Americans (Park Hong). Various political and socio-economic measures designed to rid the country of racist prejudices have not yet been crowned with success. In modern sociolinguistics, a special place is given to language as a social practice that establishes power relations between representatives of various racial and class groups. The feeling of their alienness, “otherness” in a largely still segregated American society generates tensions between immigrants and the indigenous population. The color of the skin, the size of the eyes or nose remain an unbreakable barrier separating the world of immigrants from the rest of Americans. Although in recent decades, there has been a significant improvement in the material and social situation (Park Hong). The Asian experience is not the only one that shows that language discrimination is still intense, although its boundaries are significantly blurred (Kim 4). Immigrants from Russia, Latin America, and the Middle East constantly face discrimination. It is mainly due to the complexity of their native language, which is not so easy to master perfectly (Ingham). The English language will be perceived very poorly in such conditions, even with many years of study experience. Linguistic appropriation as one of the forms of cultural appropriation is perceived in the USA as a continuation of the privilege of the white population. White America does not correctly refer to primary sources, ignores the historical context, and perpetuates stereotypes about immigrants. The language of immigrants becomes the object of constant criticism from the public and the basis for linguistic discrimination (Kim 7). This language is associated not with a marker of ethnicity and a means of self-identification of its speakers but with their level of education and intellectual abilities. Nevertheless, it is worth recognizing that discrimination is beginning to improve, largely thanks to creativity. Many musical artists most often become famous in the United States as migrants (Ingham). They succeed by intentionally simplifying or complicating the language, not just profanity. This experience shows blurred boundaries, and there is a smoothing of corners about a conversation with an accent. It is not important where you are from, South Asia or the Middle East, Africa, or Russia; this will not become an obstacle to dialogue. The asymmetric relationship between Americans and immigrants is directly reflected in linguistic phenomena. With any level of English proficiency, you can be understood and heard, not only in the USA but also around the world. It is necessary to let go of the fear of talking and writing on social networks in a language that is not native to you. It is a critical awareness that leads to language freedom in the USA. Works Cited Ingham, Tim. English-Language Music is Losing Its Stranglehold on Global Pop Chart and YouTube is Driving the Change. Music Business Worldwide , 2020, Web. Kim, Eunbi. “Perceived discrimination as legacy: Korean immigrants’ job attitudes and career prospects at Korean multinational enterprises in the USA.” Asian Ethnicity, vol. 1 no. 9, 2020, pp. 1-19. Park Hong, Cathy. “Bad” English Is Part of My Korean American Heritage. BuzzFeed News, 2020, Web.

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Language Studies: Prescriptive and Descriptive Approaches Essay There are many different scientific approaches to language studies; one of them is the prescriptive method. This principle can generally be described as a set of rules that prescribe speaking or writing. Crystal (1987) notes that prescriptivism is a perspective that chooses one of the interpretations of a language as the standard and extends it to the entire society. This variation is most often found in formal speech and literature. An alternative perspective is a descriptive approach based not on standards but on the actual situation. The proponent of this method simply describes the facts of linguistic variousness (Crystal, 1987). They act as an observer, not constrained by the official framework. Although these methods are opposite in meaning, each of them can be applied in the appropriate context. Crystal (1987) notes that exploring these methods often leads to an unrealistic depiction of the opposite side, the formation of prejudice and confrontation. However, both approaches should exist together, combining the positive aspects of each other. While the prescriptive approach allows the design of society to be arranged, the descriptive approach allows the recording of real language changes (Crystal, 1987). This, in turn, allows combining logic and the natural order of things. However, not all language changes are received positively due to misconceptions. The clearest example is the belief that change means deterioration, as the old generation constantly complains (Crystal, 1987). In addition, language changes are associated with a decline in the quality of education and the negative impact of the media. Nevertheless, the author selects sufficient counterarguments to all these fears. The elders are always resentful of change, as evidenced by historical correspondence. Deterioration in the quality of education and social tension arises only if these changes occur abruptly. Nevertheless, such cases are extremely rare, so I agree with these comments. As Crystal (1987) points out, it is common for the older generation to dislike the modern world, as evidenced by the literature. The influence of the media and the quality of education is not always necessarily linked to direct language changes. Therefore, my support for this position is based on the fact that people are usually afraid of change. Most people need the consistency of developed habits and methods in life. However, language change is a natural process that is not subject to official structures and is formed together with society and its most progressive members. Reference Crystal, D. (1987). Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press.

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Latino Migrant Workers’ Inadequate Access to Health Care in the US Essay Table of Contents 1. Problem Definition 2. History of the Problem 3. Causes of the Problem 4. Effects of the Problem 5. Proposed Solution Evaluation 6. Strategies to Effectively Implement the Solution 7. Conclusion 8. References In the modern globalized world, immigration, especially for employment, is a common socio-economic phenomenon. Millions of immigrants, both documented and undocumented, come to the USA in search of jobs and expose themselves to occupational risks as an unprotected population. In particular, Latino migrant workers are a vulnerable population that sacrifices their health to obtain jobs abroad where they work in an unsafe environment, and further health services are inaccessible. Immigrants often work in service industries under unsafe conditions and inadequate recruitment policies. Their workplace safety is insufficient, and the environment is often polluted, which exposes them to occupational health-related risks. However, regardless of the increased number of factors contributing to the likelihood of chronic illness or injury, this population does not have adequate access to health care services. The reasons for this problem include the lack of language knowledge, inadequate awareness about health services accessibility, psychological constraints, misbalanced cooperation between stakeholders inside the system, and others. Due to inadequate insurance policies, Latino migrant workers in the USA are disproportionately exposed to inadequate health care access, which is why a complex solution including safety improvement, insurance, and recruitment policy changes is required. Problem Definition In the USA, migrant workers are predominantly uninsured and are employed under terms that neglect safety, which is why their health is at a high level of risk while access to health care services is diminished. As the statistical data demonstrate, “in the United States, there were 26.3 million immigrant workers in 2015, comprising 16.7% of the total workforce” (Moyce & Schenker, 2018, p. 352). Latino workers in the USA have diminished access to healthcare due to their under-representation in the current legislation. Indeed, the anti-immigrant agenda in politics that has been popular within the past decade adversely influenced the tendency of Latino immigrants’ interaction with medical system, leading their poor health (Luque et al., 2018). Thus, although migrant workers constitute a substantial share of the workforce in the USA, they are disproportionately exposed to health risks, and current policies are ineffective in ensuring their adequate access to healthcare. History of the Problem The problem of health disparities among immigrants has a long history, with its modern manifestations revealed within the past several decades. With the intensification of migrant workers in the 2000s, immigrants in general and the Latino population, in particular, were under-addressed by employment and immigration policies, leading to their limited awareness about access to health care. Health care legislation concerning insurance omitted undocumented migrants’ health vulnerability in unsafe US workplaces. According to Luque et al. (2018), although the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) simplified health insurance for the uninsured, “undocumented immigrants were specifically excluded from purchasing health insurance coverage” (p. 2). Health care was unaffordable for undocumented immigrants, including Latino workers, due to their exclusion from the legislative domain. Causes of the Problem The diminished access of immigrant workers to health care is impacted by their difference in culture, language, low income, and psychological barriers due to fear. Indeed, the inadequate social protection and discrimination to which Latino immigrants are exposed daily minimize their likelihood of referring to health services. Among other causes of the problem, researchers note that migrant workers tend to take precarious jobs, have low income, lack documentation, and have little knowledge about the insurance system or the availability of health care (Moyce & Schenker, 2018). Moreover, undocumented Latino immigrants “are often ineligible for public insurance programs and, even when eligible, may be fearful of interacting with the healthcare system” (Philbin et al., 2018, p. 33). Without proper language knowledge, lack of documented status, psychological constraints, discrimination, and limited awareness about health service accessibility, Latino immigrants avoid seeking medical help. Thus, since migrant employees are culturally and linguistically alienated in the USA, they fear to interact with the system or even do not know about the possibility of accessing health care. Effects of the Problem The diminished access to health services is a significant factor contributing to increased morbidity and mortality of Latino migrant workers. Indeed, on a global scale, migrant workers are most likely to be employed in the service sector and work in a dirty and unsafe environment (Moyce & Schenker, 2018). As a result, they disproportionately suffer from severe health impairments, both physical and mental. In particular, Latino migrants are more likely to have cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and workplace injuries than their non-Latino counterparts (Philbin et al., 2018). Moreover, Mexican migrant workers aged 18-35 are at a higher level of risk of suffering from anxiety or depression disorder than their counterparts in Mexico (Philbin et al., 2018). The lack of adequate care provided in a timely manner to people with such health issues leads to their diminished well-being and increased mortality. On a more general level, the inadequate access to health represents the state’s neglect to meet the needs of this vulnerable population, which further deteriorates their trust in the system. Thus, the problem of inadequate access to health care by immigrants results in their poor physical and mental health. Proposed Solution Evaluation Due to the complexity and persistent nature of the problem, the solution should address all its causes and effects systematically. Research shows that “lack of interpreting services was identified by many studies as an important barrier to effective healthcare for refugees and migrants” (Chiarenza et al., 2019, p. 10). This finding validates the need to develop culturally sensitive policies with proper emphasis on linguistic and interpreting services for migrant workers. Moreover, state-level policies are based on “driving immigrants away from the state and restrict their rights and access to services” (Philbin et al., 2018, p. 32). Thus, it is relevant to change this agenda to meet the needs of Latino workers to welcome them in the USA. Finally, it was found that “developing health coordination mechanisms to bring together all participating stakeholders involved in the health response to the influx of refugees” is essential (Chiarenza et al., 2019, p. 11). Thus, to resolve the issue, federal policies aimed at improving coordination between stakeholders, linguistic services, and insurance opportunities should be changed to meet the health needs of Latino migrant workers. Strategies to Effectively Implement the Solution Since state-level strategies have been deemed ineffective, federal policies should be initiated with adequate resource allocation due to migrant workers’ economic contribution to the USA. Research shows that “immigration-focused legislation impacted Latinos’ access to social institutions and often created confusion over eligibility for services, even for legal immigrants” (Philbin et al., 2018, p. 36). Therefore, it is imperative to integrate all the drawbacks of the current policies and implement a multifaceted solution, including health care system coordination, interpreting services, and raising awareness about services accessibility. It might be relevant to engage with non-profit organizations to yield better results implementing the policies. Thus, to ensure that the problem is resolved fairly and timely, awareness should be raised across the country with consecutive federal policies enacted. Conclusion Due to the severity and persistence of Latino migrant workers’ diminished access to health care, multifaceted federal actions should be taken to solve the issue. Federal authorities should initiate policies for recognizing the health vulnerabilities of Latino migrant workers. Healthcare facilities and recruiting agencies should cooperate with non-profit organizations to obtain interpreting services, raise awareness, and ensure proper action coordination for beneficial outcomes. References Chiarenza, A., Dauvrin, M., Chiesa, V., Baatout, S., & Verrept, H. (2019). Supporting access to healthcare for refugees and migrants in European countries under particular migratory pressure. BMC Health Services Research, 19 (1), 1-14. Web. Luque, J. S., Soulen, G., Davila, C. B., & Cartmell, K. (2018). Access to health care for uninsured Latina immigrants in South Carolina. BMC Health Services Research, 18 (1), 1-12. Web. Moyce, S. C., & Schenker, M. (2018). Migrant workers and their occupational health and safety. Annual Review of Public Health, 39 , 351-365. Web. Philbin, M. M., Flake, M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hirsch, J. S. (2018). State-level immigration and immigrant-focused policies as drivers of Latino health disparities in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 199 , 29-38. Web.

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Law and Ethics in the Business Environment Essay Table of Contents 1. Equal Protection Analysis 2. Intermediate/Heightened Scrutiny 3. Claims Relating to Affirmative Action 4. Reference Equal Protection Analysis Equal Protection Analysis is a procedure intended for considering the possibility of the violation of fundamental human rights by the government or the state. Its origin can be traced to the corresponding clause in the Constitution as of 1868, which was adopted in order to avoid discrimination of any kind (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). This measure can be introduced by the court in any single case when there is enough evidence of implementing an improper approach to defending citizens’ rights (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). Hence, the main reason why it can be used is to ensure that equality in the matter is guaranteed by the authorities. Intermediate/Heightened Scrutiny The term “intermediate/heightened scrutiny” in the context of the Equal Protection Analysis described above is critical for understanding the way this solution can be applied. It is specifically designed to prevent discrimination related to one’s gender or sex (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). For example, in this situation, elaborating new laws providing for different treatment of male and female citizens is unacceptable. Therefore, this type of scrutiny is helpful in preventing adverse outcomes of such decisions as per the Constitution and guaranteeing the suitability of practices to the task of ensuring everyone’s wellbeing. Claims Relating to Affirmative Action The claims relating to affirmative action during their consideration with the use of Equal Protection Analysis are examined through the lens of constitutional provisions. In other words, the activists striving to support one or another population group in a less privileged position compared to the majority solely rely on them (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). In practice, their rights are restored by the introduction of state-approved modifications in different aspects of life when the need for it emerges, such as in the case of improper hiring traditions. Reference Halbert, T., & Ingulli, E. (2015). Law and ethics in the business environment (8 th ed.). Cengage Learning.

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Leadership Challenges in the Church Essay Delegation is the key to success in any type of organization, yet it can be a serious problem in church management. Many ministry leaders, used to working independently, find it hard to imagine that others can handle tasks more effectively. However, as the church grows, it is impossible to do without the help of additional church staff or volunteers. When leaders perform all tasks alone, their energies are spent on tasks that are not part of their duties (Kouzes & Posner, 2017). This decreases the effectiveness of church leadership, which is not acceptable. This problem is all the more urgent when the church leaders are not experienced and young. They may think they have the energy to manage all areas, but the reality is that multitasking can quickly stress them out. To solve the problem outlined, it will be optimal to use a systematic approach characterized by a full analysis of the situation and making rational decisions based on it. Key stakeholders are senior pastoral leadership, specific church leadership (elders, deacons), and volunteer leaders appointed to participate in the delegation process. When delegating responsibilities to others, it is necessary to explain to them what is expected of them and, in addition, to define their responsibilities in detail. The optimal solution is to provide a culture of empowerment in which leaders quickly encourage and empower employees and volunteers to participate in various initiatives. Young leaders often provoke the situation when they perform too many tasks. They are happy to help employees because such demand creates the illusion of their indispensability, value, authority, and trust on the part of the team. Inexperienced leaders do not leave time to tackle higher-level and higher-priority tasks by getting involved in every problem. The leader may take it upon himself to solve the employee’s problems, justifying his actions with his incompetence. However, such motives also lead to the trap of reverse delegation. In such a situation, it is better to assign responsibility for the task to an employee who can solve it under the guidance of a more experienced team member. The essence of a proper delegation is to plan the task and organize the work process to achieve the goals as quickly and efficiently as possible. The problem of excessive workload can lead to quick burnout of the manager, frustration with the subordinates, or simply a dulling of attention. This leads to a decrease in the motivation of subordinates and a decline in the efficiency of their work. Inexperienced leaders risk falling into the trap of reverse delegation: when they will be forced to do the work for a subordinate himself in the end. At the same time, the volume of tasks, the solution of which is left to the leader, is constantly growing. The diagram below illustrates the key reasons why delegation problems arise (Figure 1). Figure 1: Fishbone Diagram Bad leadership is costly to companies that profit from their operations. For example, employee turnover costs $5,500 per employee (Bartram, 2019). It costs a quarter of a million dollars per year in a company of 250 people (Bartman, 2019). Certainly, in the case of a church, these financial numbers have little applicability, but the purpose of its existence is to attract followers. If inexperienced leaders make fatal leadership mistakes, decreased attendance and less employee satisfaction with their time in the church are expected. The 5 Whys method will be appropriate to solve the problem of delegation. The first question is, why does the delegation problem arise? The answer is that this issue emerges because of ineffective management. The second question is, why is ineffective management common in churches? Mistakes arise from the inexperience of employees and their lack of knowledge of key leadership principles. The third question is, why is it important to delegate in the church? This mechanism is necessary because it allows for more effective management of the organization and frees up the leader for more urgent tasks. The fourth question is, why might churches refuse to implement this method? Fear of changing the power structure within an organization as conservative as the church can cause distrust. The fifth question is, why is it still worth using delegation? This mechanism is proven to improve the quality of church functioning and help young leaders feel more confident. Delegating authority and various tasks in the Christian church is an essential skill that every leader must possess. This tool increases group productivity and gives others the opportunity to learn and grow to share success. By delegating to others, church leaders are actually allowing them to serve. Knowledgeable leaders achieve better results by calling on people with diverse talents and abilities to help them. The ability to delegate to another creates space for joint discussion, for collegial work. And this is precisely the skill, the effort, because, without humility, it is impossible to participate in a dialogue. Without delegating, it is impossible to let the other participant in the collaborative process share his or her vision and knowledge. Delegation of authority can improve the functioning of the church and make it easier to serve young leaders who do not yet have all the skills needed for successful leadership. References Bartram, K. (2019). Pay up! The cost of poor leadership. The Healthcare People. Web. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2017). The leadership challenge: How to make extraordinary things happen in organizations . Wiley Professional Development.

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Leadership Development Trends and New Requirements Report Changes in the global management paradigm have affected one of the most important components of management – the leadership process. The technological and information revolution has led to the fact that most businesses have the ability to scale their activities to a global scale. This gave the leaders, on the one hand, the opportunity to enter global markets. On the other hand, it led to the need to design business changes in such a way that the company was ready to win against an unlimited number of competitors at every stage of development. This implies the first requirement for a future business leader: a company mission that does not provide for the pursuit of global leadership will not lead to success. Therefore, the design of change should be based on the goal of achieving global leadership, which refers primarily to cultural management skills. No one can deny the fact that cultural differences have a significant impact on the behavior and actions of a leader. Based on this, it becomes quite obvious that these differences are usually reflected in the ways of distributing working time, decision-making, and methods of motivation. The concept of leadership is an integral element in the system of international relations, which largely determines the course of the world’s political and economic processes. According to Ratanjee (2021), “the topic of developing a global mindset and exposing leaders to multicountry and multicultural experiences is gaining increasing interest” (pp. 2). It is clear that transformational leadership in the leadership process is strongly suggested for future leaders. Bonsu and Evans (2018) state that “embracing cross-cultural transformational leadership is strategic to business growth in an era of globalization, efficiency in technology and information dissemination, and parity of education and skills” (p. 50). With discernment and charisma, transformational leaders are able to inspire those around them to change their expectations and motivations in order to move towards higher goals. References Bonsu, S., & Evans, T.-D. (2018). Leadership Style in the Global Economy: A Focus on Cross-Cultural and Transformational Leadership. Journal of Marketing & Management , 9 (2), 37–52. Ratanjee, V. (2021). The future of Leadership development: A global mindset . Gallup.com.

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Leadership in the Criminal Justice System Essay Goals and objectives outline desired outcomes and, thus, are often used interchangeably. However, the effect, timeframe, and specificity of the two terms set them apart. Nickels et al. (2019) define goals as broad and long-term outcomes that an organization seeks, while objectives define the measurable, specific, and short-term strategies for attaining the identified goal. For example, the criminal justice system uses goals to task the police, correctional agencies, and the court with the strategy to execute, including deterrence, rehabilitation, retribution, restoration, and incapacitation. Therefore, the criminal justice system particularly addresses criminal behavior with the objective of protecting people’s rights. In an era of rapid change, diversity, and complexity, leadership and management are critical to the survival of any agency. Besides, the ability to lead and manage strongly permeates every aspect of the criminal justice system. While leaders guide the change through a vision, managers implement coordinated processes and structures to pursue organizational goals and objectives (Nickels et al., 2019). Leaders are constantly challenged to take risks and encourage transformation. In law enforcement, for example, police leaders must develop and instill high standards in other officers to work toward the same goal. Beyond leadership, criminal justice relies on managers to optimize processes and lead efforts toward reliable outcomes. Generally, criminal justice leaders and managers work effectively to balance ethical and legal considerations. Earning a degree in criminal justice would significantly contribute to meeting my long-term goals. I have always taken pride in influencing change as a leader. However, I must leverage my education with experience in the criminal justice system to become more efficient and productive. The criminal justice system is becoming increasingly complex and requires more lasting and transformative trends. As such, the second goal is to become more adaptable to change. Bringing significant change through robust analytical skills is an objective in itself. Also, gaining strong relational skills to work with professionals and serve people from diverse backgrounds. Reference Nickels, W. G., McHugh, J. M., & McHugh, S. M. (2019). Understanding Business 12th ed . McGraw-Hill Irwin: New York, NY. ISBN13: 9781259929434.

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Leadership Skills and Planning Essay Leadership is one of the most significant aspects of advanced nursing, included in most educational programs’ curriculum and inevitably occurred in practice. Indeed, solving a problem identified in a healthcare organization enables a practitioner to develop convincing arguments to encourage others to take actionEast Orange General Hospital, create plans and execute them, and evaluate the efficiency of interventions (Hickey & Giardino, 2021). In my practicum site, East Orange General Hospital, the problem of the impoverished population’s refusal to attend the follow-up visits with their doctor has been recently identified. Consequently, my practice hours completion is focused on creating interventions and solutions to the issue, and creating a plan with proper strategies is vital for success. This paper aims to explore the project management design and leadership styles appropriate for the efficient addressing of the issue of the impoverished population skipping the follow-up appointments. The problem of the impoverished beneficiaries who do not attend their follow-up visits is critical for the East Orange General Hospital because most patients represent that population, and their behavior negatively influences the services’ quality. Skipped appointments are severe for the organizations because they reduce efficiency, increase costs, and waste the previous treatment results (Dantas et al., 2018). The issue must be addressed on the healthcare organization’s end with the practitioners, physicians, and administrators involved. The initiative’s implementation requires an execution design that includes diverse leadership approaches and project management techniques where multiple activities can be performed and evaluated simultaneously. The SMART objectives and evidence-based practice implementation are the design approaches for creating a project to address the problem of impoverished patients skipping their follow-up visits (Sipes, 2020). For instance, the objectives must be formulated based on the recent evidence, with the related actions necessary to achieve them. The strategy’s focus is the population that needs an intervention to change their behavior towards attending the doctor. As the beneficiaries interact with their physicians, nurses, and administrators, a change in their practice is required to decrease the number of missed follow-up visits. The Statement of Work (SOW) must include separate action plans for each stakeholder; thus, the leadership styles to address them can vary (Sipes, 2020). In interaction with the administrators, autocratic execution is appropriate as they must follow the action plan to achieve results (Spiva et al., 2021). In contrast, physicians aware of aspects of their patient’s life and health conditions can use different influence tactics; therefore, the leadership style suitable for them is transformational. Nursing practitioners’ role in the project is to communicate with the impoverished population and encourage them to change behavior towards attending the follow-up visit. Consequently, they would benefit from the visionary leadership style through which the person in charge would support their willingness to impact patient outcomes. Several practice changes must be implemented to address the issue of the East Orange General Hospital’s impoverished patients misattending their follow-up visits. Patient education performed by a physician should explain the importance of the additional appointment and the consequences of skipping it (White et al., 2021). Nursing practitioners can influence patients’ decision-making by discussing the priorities of the impoverished population representatives and sharing information about the costs of treatment that a timely follow-up visit could prevent. From the administrators’ perspective, practice change includes new protocols of notification, such as the increased number of SMS and phone calls. The barriers to successful project management and realization are uncertain hospital attendance policies frequently updated in the East Orange General Hospital due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the patients’ reaction to practice change is unknown and might result in adjusting all execution strategies and the project’s activities (Sloane et al., 2018). A plan facilitator with various actions and participants must be the one with access to all units and authority among the stakeholders (White et al., 2021). My preceptor was willing to develop and execute the agenda; thus, they took the role. The project’s success depends on how the entire team will deal with the barriers, the facilitators’ ability to notice and address the issue timely, and the execution’s efficiency. Indeed, in the case of the COVID-19 lockdowns or other side reasons for the impoverished population’s inability to visit the hospital, physicians, practitioners, and administrators would be forced to change their activities. The autocratic leadership style would be beneficial for the latter to change their follow-up notifications or switch by following the new instructions (Sipes, 2020). Transformational relationships between the executors and physicians would allow the doctors to create individualized tactics to reach patients, such as telemedicine recently adopted in several East Orange General Hospital units. Lastly, the visionary leadership style applied to nursing practitioners will help them keep trying to impact their beneficiaries. The leader’s skills, such as listening, delegation, and evidence-based decision-making, match the identified facilitators and barriers. Indeed, the practice gap achieved through multiple actions performed by diverse employees is proven successful when an executive person hears and addresses the feedback (Sloane et al., 2018). Furthermore, a leader who prioritizes delegation over multitasking is more efficient as they make all team members feel needed and free up time for additional research or strategy improvement. Addressing the problem of the impoverished population refusing to attend their follow-up visits is crucial for the East Orange General Hospital. The project management strategies must comply with the roles of all stakeholders and include SMART objectives based on the evidence about the population and their behavior’s consequences. Diverse leadership styles, such as autocratic, transformational, and visionary, are necessary to achieve sustainable results effectively. References Hickey, J. V., & Giardino, E. R. (Eds.). (2021). Evaluation of quality in health care for DNPs (3 rd ed.). Springer Publishing. Sipes, C. (2020). Project management for the advanced practice nurse (2 nd ed.). Springer Publishing Company. Sloane, D. M., Smith, H. L., McHugh, M. D., & Aiken, L. H. (2018). Effect of changes in hospital nursing resources on improvements in patient safety and quality of care: A panel study. Medical Care, 56 (12), 1001. Web. Spiva, L., Hedenstrom, L., Ballard, N., Buitrago, P., Davis, S., Hogue, V., Box, M., Taasoobshirazi, G., & Case-Wirth, J. (2021). Nurse leader training and strength-based coaching: Impact on leadership style and resiliency. Nursing Management, 52 (10), 42-50. Web. White, K. M., Dudley-Brown, S., & Terhaar, M. F. (Eds.). (2021). Translation of evidence into nursing and healthcare (3 rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.

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Leading Change at Tufts-New England Medical Center Report (Assessment) Introduction Tufts-New England Medical Center (Tufts-NEMC) in Boston, MA, is one of the oldest permanent medical facilities in the county. Nonetheless, it is a distinguished healthcare organization known as a general medical and surgical facility rated high for performing in computer technology and education around the world. Due to the prestige and acclaimed healthcare operations, the medical center received $2.3 billion in research grant money from the National Institute of Health. The $2.3 billion grant was the highest grant amount given to any medical facility in that region, second only to California. Therefore, it was a privilege to receive that much funding. Unfortunately, in the 1970s and the 1980s, Massachusetts hospitals, along with other medical facilities in the nation, accumulated a significant amount of debt to renovate the facilities and purchase new technological equipment. As healthcare facilities faced hardship, Tufts-New England Medical Center was among the healthcare facilities that experienced financial struggles during the 1990s. The medical center was unsuccessful in forming critical network alliances with other hospitals, hurting Tufts-NEMC. Nevertheless, Tufts-New England Medical Center was able to deploy federal urban renewal and hospital construction programs to finance an aspiring expansion program designed to allow it to compete with other prestigious Boston hospitals. This was due to current CEO Ellen Zane, who put in blood, sweat, and tears in order to make changes in order to get this hospital back on top. This paper will provide an in-depth analysis of the case study focusing on the problems facing Tufts/NEMC and the approaches the organization used to position itself for change. The Multiple Elements of the Problem Tufts/NEMC’s financial position remained vulnerable; the company responded to changes in the business environment slowly and incompetently. The cash flow control and operational productivity improvement process were dysfunctional. Furthermore, Harvard-Pilgrim Health Care rejected to provide insurance coverage for Tufts/NEMC, citing high costs. Tufts/NEMC began looking for partner organizations in 1997 to alleviate its fiscal insecurity. The company’s top management chose the merger with Lifespan Corporation in Rhode Island because it was anticipated to enable the company to grow and expand its activity in academic medical center expansion in Rhode Island. Top management undervalued the complex nature of merging two different organizational structures and their implications. As a result of the Lifespan merger, Tufts/NEMC lost its identity. They also stopped communicating with the Mayor’s office and Beacon Hill. Tufts-NEMC lost $6 million per month since the split with Lifespan. Despite being on the right track with Schottland’s initiatives, Tufts-NEMC lagged behind industry benchmarks in many areas, including days in accounts receivable, days in accounts payable, the average length of stay, operating margin, and days cash on hand. For instance, the multiple elements of the ‘length of stay’ problem included attitudes about patient care, procedural failures, lack of feedback to physicians, and the use of ‘PICC lines’ in the email address. The effects of each component on the organization are critical; for instance, PICC lines were more reliable IV lines that allowed patients to proceed with their medication at home. PICC lines had to be inserted by specially trained nurses, and many times the doctor discharged the patient too late in the day, leaving these nurses unavailable. After evaluating the managed care contracts, Ellen Zane discovered that Tufts/NEMC was severely underpaid. Another problem for Tufts-NEMC was its size; the components of the problem included competition, marketplace, and volume of cases. Tufts/NEMC would be considered a significant player in any other market, but it was overshadowed by Partners, CareGroup, and Caritas in Boston. Sustaining the level of services and research required of a major medical center was incredibly challenging for an organization that did not have the volume of cases or endowments compared to competitors. The Needs of the Community as They Relate to the Organization Assessing the community’s needs as they relate to the organization is critical to success. Tufts/NEMC, for example, analyzed the needs and was the first to foresee a community medical service for the poor. As a result, the hospital quickly established a reputation for innovation. Furthermore, the hospital realized that assigning nurses to patients, forming a visiting nurse association, and establishing “dental, rehabilitation, venereal disease, lung, food, and nutrition, and evening pay clinics” were necessary (Ingols & Brem, 2016, p. 452). Tufts/NEMC was the first to offer employer-paid clinic treatment, well-child services, and moving x-rays based on the community’s needs. The tradition of innovation has continued in recent years, with vital programs in cancer treatment, transplants, and neurosurgery. Tufts/NEMC became Boston’s first full-service, private teaching hospital in 1992 when it added a maternity service (Ingols & Brem, 2016). When Ellen Zane joined the organization, she also learned the importance of reaching out to the community because identifying and satisfying needs affect the organizational reputation and performance. For instance, Zane stated that she realized the importance of parking and employee work ethic by simply asking community doctors. Hearing thoughts and ideas from the community is highly beneficial to the organization. As a result, it is critical to respond to and satisfy those needs to improve community outcomes. Approaches Used to Heighten Awareness of the Need for Change The ADKAR Model consists of five fundamental approaches or steps: awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, and reinforcement. The ADKAR lifecycle, according to Galli (2018), starts with the recognition of a change. When an organization informs employees of the need for change, it is called ‘awareness.’ At this point, the main issue is determining the level of change for a specific project. Employee and project team ‘desire’ necessitates motivation to engage in the change and the ability to perform the required adjustments. As a result, employees need to realize how to change and what the change entails. ADKAR focuses on ‘Ability,’ which are the skills required to implement change daily. To develop and sustain and sustain change in the organization, ‘reinforcement’ is needed. For instance, Ellen Zane used communication and outreach to heighten awareness and desire in the organization. Because the hospital was open 24 hours a day, Zane scheduled a series of meetings during the day and night to guarantee that everyone had an opportunity to attend. Zane decided to maintain the meeting twice a year on all shifts because they effectively spread information. Additionally, she supplemented them with regular emails in which she kept the employees and physicians up to date on finances and other matters. Ellen Zane used a variety of channels to spread the word and manage the turnaround effort (Ingols & Brem, 2016). Moreover, she reached out to physicians to spread her message of change while also retaining them in the face of widespread poaching from other AMCs. Zane invested a great deal of effort in retention and recruitment to focus on ability, knowledge, and reinforcement. How Effectively an Organization Challenges the Status Quo Notably, the status quo refers to a situation in which there is no change. Page and Schodler (2019) argue that people find transitions psychologically complicated because they find comfort in the status quo. Employees often find comfort in their traditions and established patterns of behavior. Essentially, organizations do not change due to new systems or processes; rather, changing the status quo necessitates individuals stepping into a new direction that conforms with their values and principles (Karp & Reavey, 2019). Page and Schoder (2019) suggest that it is critical that all members of the organization work toward the same goal. Most academic medical centers suffer from ‘analysis paralysis’ (Ingols & Brem, 2016). Consequently, they accept the status quo; nonetheless, the reality is that situations and matters never stay the same; they either improve or deteriorate. If a company does not actively improve the case, it will deteriorate. Leadership is critical in creating a vision of change and removing any barriers employees may face. Venus et al. (2018) acknowledge that the ideal vision of change highlights the shortcomings of the status quo and offers a disparate and desirable option, hence, creating a need for change and inspiring followers to change. Leaders provide an inspiring vision and individual attention to employees, encouraging them to challenge the status quo and boost productivity (Page & Schoder, 2019). To effectively challenge the status quo, leaders must assess the market data, act to complete tasks, and distribute the vision of change across the organization. Ellen, for instance, is the type of person who takes action; she obtains 80–90 percent of the overall information she requires before developing the strategy (Ingols & Brem, 2016). When Zane joined the company, she brought in a consulting firm called BDC Advisors, Inc, that gathered data to identify why Tufts/NEMC was losing money. Hence, Zane and BDC performed a ‘rapid diagnostic’ to assess how to stop the losses as early as possible and change the organization. These challenges were successful because Zane determined the organizational problems and developed a strategy to introduce organizational changes. Furthermore, she began assembling her management team and rebuilding the managed care contracts. Zane was completely open and transparent about the situation and necessary changes, and employees appreciated her leadership. An Organization’s Efforts at Creating a Realistic Sense of Crisis or Disequilibrium Creating a sense of disequilibrium is vital in fostering leadership development. According to McKim and Goodwin (2021), organizations indicate, classify, and support patterns of change that emerge from collaborative efforts within disequilibrium. Leaders encourage disrupting current behavioral patterns within a system because innovation, learning, and change occur from system disequilibrium. Furthermore, connecting agents within a system to other agents and emergent structures is critical for sharing information, ideas, and advancements. Disequilibrium creates great teamwork, profitable organizations, and, subsequently, strong leaders. Zane worked hard on cost-cutting and efficiency initiatives to create a sense of disequilibrium to bring Tufts/NEMC in line with industry best practices in collaboration with Schottland and BDC. Zane maintained plans to sell real estate to put the hospital on solid financial footing. She also realized the importance of re-establishing Tufts/NEMC’s brand in the Boston market. The Agenda for Change was launched in 2004 by Zane, Shottland, and BDC as the second round of cost-cutting and efficiency plans to improve Tufts/NEMC’s processes (Ingols & Brem, 2016). Along with better reimbursements, it included restructuring and basic ‘blocking and tackling,’ or day-to-day operations. The organization energized and motivated people to agree to the change through effective communication to spread the message of change. Significantly, Zane organized a series of ‘town meetings’ in which she presented financial data, details on new initiatives, and areas targeted for expansion. She was also forming strong bonds with others by greeting them, introducing herself, and expressing gratitude. As a result, the staff began to feel like Zane belonged to them. In addition, she started a monthly tour of the hospital’s various wards to connect with patients and nurses, enhance communication, and better understand their needs. The organization’s efforts were successful because changes were implemented, including the sale of a building to Tufts University for $28 million, which provided much-needed capital, cost-cutting initiatives, and improved managed care contracts; Zane began to develop a future strategy. Conclusion To summarize, Ellen Zane has successfully brought a change to Tufts/NEMC by employing appropriate approaches. She raised awareness and desire in the organization through communication and outreach. She supplemented staff by sending regular emails in which she kept employees and physicians updated on budgeting and other issues. Additionally, to implement changes, it is critical that all members of the organization work toward the same goal. Leaders must assess market data, act to accomplish projects, and spread the vision of change throughout the organization to effectively challenge the status quo. Zane conducted a “rapid diagnostic” to determine how to halt the losses and change the organization. These challenges were successful because Zane identified organizational issues, devised a strategy, and improved communication and networks. In collaboration with Schottland and BDC, Zane worked hard on cost-cutting and efficiency initiatives to instill a sense of disequilibrium and bring Tufts/NEMC in line with industry standards. Significantly, leaders encourage disrupting current behavioral patterns within a system because system disequilibrium fosters advancement, learning, and change. References Ingols, C. & Brem, L. (2016). Case study 5: Ellen Zane—Leading change at Tufts/NEMC [PDF]. In T. F. Cawsey, G. Deszca, & C. Ingols. (Eds.), Organizational change: An action-oriented toolkit (3 rd ed., pp. 448–479). Sage. Joseph Galli, B. (2018). Change management models: A comparative analysis and concerns. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 46 (3), 124–132. Web. Karp, N. A., & Reavey, N. (2019). Sex bias in preclinical research and an exploration of how to change the status quo. British Journal of Pharmacology, 176 (21), 4107-4118. Web. McKim, A. J., & Goodwin, C. M. (2021). Emergent opportunities in complexity, leadership, and sustainability. Journal of Leadership Studies. Web. Page, L., & Schoder, J. (2019). Making change last: Leadership is the key . Journal of Business Strategy, 40 (2), pp. 32-41. Web. Venus, M., Stam, D., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2018). Visions of change as visions of continuity. Academy of Management Journal, 62 (3). Web.

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Learned Optimism: Coping Mechanism for Nurses Essay The healthcare setting typically incorporates a plethora of factors that cause nurses significant stress. Specifically, nurses must manage very tight schedules, handle a tremendous amount of information, and tend to the needs of a large number of patients. The need to provide constant support to patients and ensure that they receive emotional support has necessitated the development of coping mechanisms that shield nurses form stress to an extent. Learned optimism, which can be defined as a conscious effort to recognize pessimistic ideas and choose not to be consumed by them is one of such responses. At first glance, learned optimism might seem as an artificial attempt at avoiding confrontation with real-life concerns. However, on further inspection, especially after considering the challenges that nurses must confront regularly in the workplace, one will have to recognize the need for a tool that allows nurses to keep their resilience (Chang & Daly, 2015). In this respect, learned optimism as the means of keeping one’s composure and maintaining a positive outlook in the settings that involve high levels of stress and pressure is vital for maintaining mental and emotional well-being. Therefore, as a coping mechanism for managing stress levels in the workplace, learned optimism allows a nurse to avoid a range of complications associated with mental health. For example, the use of learned optimism an as coping mechanism for stress management can prevent a workplace burnout from developing. In turn, workplace burnouts currently represent a major threat for nurses due to the continuous rise in the number of patients and the extent of workload. Therefore, the application of learned optimism as the means of releasing tension and reducing stress rates leads to a drop in the probability of a burnout (Kahlert & Brand, 2017). Finally, one must mention the positive effects that learned optimism has on the emotional well-being of nurses. Due to emotional exhaustion, working in the healthcare setting implies dealing with devastation that may lead to emotional numbness (Chang & Daly, 2015). The specified outcome is particularly dangerous for nurses since providing emotional response and being empathetic to the needs of patients is one of the facets of a nurse’s workplace performance and, thus, one of the key requirements to meet. In turn, with the rise in the levels of a workplace burnout, a nurse is unlikely to meet the described requirement, which may lead to a drop in the quality of healthcare services and the resulting drop in the efficacy of the treatment administered to a patient. Therefore, it is vital for a nurse to keep the extent of motional responsiveness high and be capable of empathizing with patients and their needs for a better rapport with them. Learned optimism has a tremendous effect on nurses’ well-being, mostly due to the effects that it has on nurses’ ability to perform under significant stress, as well as the increased influence of negative factors that increase the risk of a workplace burnout. Moreover, constant exposure to other people’s distress and the need to observe them suffering before appropriate treatment is provided to them is emotionally taxing and often devastating. Therefore, the strategies that allow managing their mental health more effectively, particularly, the ones related to meditation, contribute to nurses’ psychological and emotional well-being to a major extent. Since learning optimism as the coping strategy that allows nurses to keep their spirits high helps to avoid the described concerns, it should be recognized for the benefits that it provides to nurses. References Chang, E. M. L., & Daly, J. (2015). Transitions in nursing: Preparing for professional practice . Chatswood. Kahlert, D., & Brand, R. (2017). The role of learned optimism, proactive coping and goal adjustment in re-establishing regular exercise after a lapse . German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 47 (4), 315-323. Web.

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Legal Issues Related to Cyber Crime Investigations Essay The legal issue of consent is quite an interesting topic for discussion. The main aspect of this concept is consent, which plays an important role in this process. To study this aspect, the Georgia vs case can be applied. Randolph, which affects the seizure of evidence without approval from the suspect. This work also explores what exceptions, in addition to the absence of a concent from a search warrant, can be applied to computers or other high-tech evidence. Before proceeding to the consideration of cases related to digital information, it is necessary to understand what Georgia v. Rudolf case is. The accused was accused by his wife of using narcotic substances and the woman promised to provide evidence of the accusations that were in their common house. However, if the spouse consented to the search of the property, the man refused and resisted him. Thus, the police got access to the necessary evidence, which was later collected after receiving the order and the husband was accused of cocaine possession. However, the court ruled that since the wife had no recognized authority in the law to give consent, she gave the police no more grounds for justifying entry than they would have had in the absence of any consent at all. Thus, there was a violation of the Fourth Amendment, and the compensation claims of the state were not summed up to outweigh it. The Fourth Amendment, which is the central legislative concept in this case, prohibits unreasonable searches and detentions. Moreover, it implies the issuance of search warrants only if they are issued by a court with sufficient grounds. However, research shows that “the Supreme Court has never explained what makes an expectation of privacy reasonable, and scholars regularly complain that this standard is incomprehensible and unworkable” (Tokson, 2020, p. 1). Therefore, if we apply this aspect to Internet technologies and electronic information of a person, the police cannot obtain this information without the direct consent of the accused. This also applies to the fact that the security authorities cannot follow the consent of the roommates or neighbors, since these proofs are not their personal property. Moreover, thus, it can be concluded that the seizure of evidence is lawful with the permission of one person, when another, who will try to hide them and at the same time is present at the scene and clearly refuses to give consent illegally. The Fourth Amendment supports the fact of unauthorized actions for the uncoordinated acquisition of digital information and without a court order with the necessary amount of substantiated evidence. Therefore, using the case of Georgia v. Rudolph (2006) as an example, it can be concluded that law enforcement agencies, with assistance, can seize the necessary evidence on electronic media without consequences for the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment gives people the right to be secure in their houses and papers (Garrett & Stoughton, 2017). This is an inherent right that balances the governments need to investigate criminal activity while preventing unnecessary and unwarranted police intrusions. However, it is a limited right and is not applied to all searches and seizures. Furthermore, it is a personal right and can be claimed only by the person who is the subject of the search. On the other hand, the amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and considers many circumstances at the same time. An example would be the case United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez as a reasonable justification for the search, a set of circumstances were given and the assistance and cooperation of foreign agents was emphasized (Bailey, 2018). The Fourth Amendment in this instance did not have its force in relation to the search of property belonging to a non-resident alien and located in another country. An exception in the absence of content may be the assumption by law enforcement agencies of the validity and evidence of their actions in accordance with the appropriate authority. Another exception is the example when the electronic source of the necessary evidence has several hosts. Thus, if there is a password to the technology, a third party can consent to the data search. An example of such a case was the investigation of the United States v. Smith (1999). Thus, it is possible to circumvent consent, but this case can still be refuted by the court as a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Electronic high-tech technologies store a huge amount of information about their users. Thus, in relation to the Fourth Amendment and applying it to electronic devices, consent is required, which prevents the acquisition of evidence. Moreover, this amendment allows law enforcement agencies to conduct searches to seize documents during criminal investigations and enables judges to issue warrants authorizing police to confiscate suspects’ digital devices. The main condition in this case is a detailed indication of the places to be searched and the items to be seized. Nevertheless, this factor can be bypassed if the electronic carrier has several users who have the necessary password. References Bailey, C. E. (2018). The extraterritorial application of Constitutional Law: United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez. BU Int’l LJ, 36 , 119. Garrett, B., & Stoughton, S. (2017). A Tactical Fourth Amendment. Va. L. Rev., 103 , 211. Tokson, M. (2020). The emerging principles of fourth amendment privacy. Geo. Wash. L. Rev., 88 , 1.

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Life of Individuals Dealing with Disabilities Essay The phrase that caught me most from the video is from Isaiah, stating that Samuel has taught him that one person can play t-ball and hit it hard when sitting down. This is a powerful statement indicating that people can be prejudiced despite having good intentions. Samuel’s family did not realize the struggles disabled people go through before he was born (PinehurstPictures, 2010). The child’s image hitting the t-ball also showcased a powerful issue, that disabled individuals should be treated similarly to other people and given equal opportunities to give them the chance to perform optimally. I was intrigued to see children like Nathanial Orellana learning in a normal classroom. His mother determined they sought school actively to ensure he received the best care considering his autism (PinehurstPictures, 2010). Parents face a myriad of extra challenges raising disabled children to give them advantages that would help them compete with their peers in society. The video illustrates that communities and the government should provide parents with a variety of schools to determine the best for their child’s disability. Children with disabilities require special care but should be allowed to interact with others if their illness would not worsen based on these connections. Engagement is a crucial tool for child development as it requires them to be attentive and active, propagating greater achievement due to increased enthusiasm. Nathanial raises his hand to answer a question because each student is engaged in the classroom. His enthusiasm to answer the question shows interest and a desire to learn, traits associated with high achievement. The video is helpful because it provides a glimpse of the life individuals with disabilities pass through. Many of these parents face issues with education as they would like their children to receive the best education while also avoiding the pitfalls that other children do not face. Emily, a mental health advocate, has schizophrenia and discerns that people without the illness cannot fully understand their plight (PinehurstPictures, 2010). In this aspect, people without developmental problems may not see the issues they face and should work hard to help them optimally function in society. Keith Jones also showcases an important faction of society. He claims that individuals should not expect children to develop good social skills if they stay for eight hours in a classroom without adequate interaction (PinehurstPictures, 2010). It is crucial to recognize that inclusion would work well if children were given a chance to interact frequently despite their differences. Reference PinehurstPictures. Including Samuel 12 minute trailer Open Caption & Audio Description . (2010). Web.

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Literature on Religion: Songs of Song Essay Songs of Song is a depiction of the value, beauty, and meaning of work and love between a man and a woman. The Song relays stories of an ideal image of family, work, and life by showcasing lovers who court, marry, and then work. King Solomon, who is the author of the Song, explicitly communicated the themes of hardship, pleasure, beauty, joy, passion, diligence, and family. At the beginning of the Song, a woman is expressing her love for her man. While at it she also informs that her skin has become dark as a result of hard work in the family vineyard. She says that her brothers made her work hard there. Although this Song is about love, one cannot fail to notice that work is also given center stage. In addition, dark skin had a different meaning from the present-day racial connotation. Dark skin was used to describe people who toiled in the sun for economic reasons. Perhaps, they were mostly the peasants who ranked low in the economic hierarchy. In this Song, however, the woman’s beauty has not diminished by hard work. As she puts it in Song 1:5, “Dark am I, yet lovely,” King James Version. Moreover, the woman is not regretting her job for it has prepared her for the future when she expects to tender for her own vineyard as well (Song 8:12). Later, she will leave her brothers and get married and have her own vineyard. In many civilizations, work has always been construed as an enemy of beauty. However, the biblical perspective brought out through the Song depicts work as an essential beauty. Not only does King Solomon builds a palanquin for himself, but the Song also praises the loveliness of workmanship. Thus, as expressed in Song 3:10, it is a labor of love. Ultimately, the Song reiterates that apart from being a means to an economic end, work is also a foundation of aesthetic ingenuity. In the Song, the woman is in pursuit of her beloved, a man whom she describes to be the finest of men. She receives information from her friends that the man is at his obvious place of work where he is shepherding sheep. His work, however, does not make it hard to interact with her. The arrangement of their work allows them to freely interact as a family. This is in contrast to how work is today where family interaction time is dictated by job demands and an employer’s goodwill. The man and the woman proclaim their devotion to each other through the Song. He intones of her impeccable beauty and she sings how madly she is in love with him. When springtime arrives, they both sing in its glory and he invites her over to his place. In ancient Israel, springtime was a time to work on the farms. It was the time when crops were pruned to guarantee good harvests. It was also during this time that the young grapes were more attractive to foxes and animals. The two lovers, thus, find joy in chasing the foxes away from the farms. This is a glorious picture of finding pleasure and happiness at work. A keen observer will notice that this form of work is in contradiction to what God told Adam in Genesis 3:17-19. After the man had sinned against God, He cursed the ground and commanded that food will only be produced from it after painful toil. It is evident from this verse that this was not God’s original meaning of work. Therefore, the kind of work elaborated in Song is an exemplification of how God desires people to live and work. It is a fulfillment of Isaiah’s, “They will build houses and dwell in them; they will plant vineyards and eat their fruit” (Isaiah 65:21). This is an indication that God’s kingdom does not mean that work is eliminated but rather executed in delightful relationships. The Song has also expressed the concept of marriage between a man and a woman. The woman desires the man and, dressed in an elegant palanquin, she goes to him. On his part, the man receives her while wearing a crown. This confirms that the couple did a beautiful wedding to officiate their love. After the wedding, both sing lovely songs to each other. The author uses vivid metaphors and images to describe the events of the wedding night. Although many Christian preachers shy away from mentioning sex, the author of the Song is categorical that sex between two lovers on their wedding day should be the norm. Sex is used in the Song to connect the household and work. Indeed, the primary unit of all economic activities in the household. Sex gives rise to children who continue the generation and provide the workforce needed in the fields. Moreover, sex is also an expression of passion, which holds a household together. The modern-day work environment denies most couples an opportunity to have ample time with each other. In conclusion, the increase in the number of divorce cases among couples could partly be blamed on dissatisfaction, which arises from both partners being busy for each other. The Song advises that couples should not allow work to prevent them from having intimacies. Reference King James Bible . (2008). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1769)

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Lives of Victorians and Modern Americans Essay Most people during the Victorian era valued the virtues of society. Victorians believed that they were fixed and certain as guiding behavior to people all the time. The virtues included morals that one can be judged according to his behavior. Any betrayal of ethical standards was termed lousy behavior and could deserve punishment. These beliefs have become misguided, undesirable, and inappropriate in modern America (Schlereth, 2018). They have shifted to values that no longer have classical ideas of wisdom, justice, courage, or cleanliness (p. 691). They have become sexual connotation where people practice prostitution and other immoral behaviors. In previous years, there were low rates of crimes that have continued to rise. Victorians practiced moral principles in their lives, which maintained good morals and behavior. Currently, morals have changed and translated to destructive behaviors that contribute to higher rates of crimes (Schlereth, 2018). Victorian speaks about morality and the best ways of devising it. In modern America, a character has been substituted, and most youths indulge in immoral behavior. In the Victorian era, women were illiterate, immigrants were not socializing with others, while now women are educated, and immigrants share ideas with natives. Men used to work for wages and get involved in politics while women engaged in domestic work and childrearing. In literature, each era had a different theme according to the way we understand life (p. 693). The Victorian era focused on industrialization, imperialism, domesticity, and cultural identity (Schlereth, 2018). Modern literature focused on the theme of loss, despair, and politics. Victorian era, most people were Christian and valued religion heavily compared to the current American. The Victorian era and modern American have similarities in how the people live in the two ages. In the two generations, people practiced moral behavior cherishing virtues in society. The two value the social, economic, and political life, and the individuals participate in them (Schlereth, 2018). The eras impacted the world of literature and changed people’s lives on how they see literature (p. 695). For example, Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote a poem, ‘The cry of the children’, which has a message about industrialization on child labor. The poem narrates child labor which had become popular due to new machines and workplaces. All people were able to socialize during the Victorian era to learn formal and informal skills. Most people get involved in literature where they write poems that could talk of their current situations and life experiences. The Victorian and modern American eras have impacted changes to human life. For example, in England, the rate of indictable offences reduced by 50% and the population grew from 19 million to 33 million, the number of crimes reduced from 92000 to 81000. The people learned moral values and the virtues that correspond to better social, economic, and political life. In the two eras, men and women understood their roles, learned formal and informal skills, and could interact and socialize. People developed morals, and they were hardworking and successful in business. The Victorian era brought change, innovation, and invention that contributed to current technological advancements. The modern American misses a lot from the Victorian era regarding morality, beliefs, and virtues. During the Victorian era, people valued cultural opinions, cherished integrity in society, and practiced good moral behavior. The modern American had derailed from all the norms and changed the way of life. There are practices of immoral behavior such as prostitution, many divorces, many crimes, and a lack of seriousness in religious belief. Most people have disrespect and ignorance of everything in the current world. Victorian-era people were religious and valued their religion, but a few currently do the same. All people were able to socialize during the Victorian era to learn their roles, get an education and interact with each other. Most people get involved in literature where they write poems about their current situations and life experiences. People could write poems sensitizing an issue affecting the society for the society to take necessary measures. In the two eras, people learned formal and informal skills, which helped them handle different issues in society. Reference Schlereth, T. (2018). Victorian America (8th ed., pp. 691-696). Harper Perennial.

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